text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 31, 1998
|Filing date
|Jul 24, 1996
|Priority date
|Jul 24, 1996
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Ralph W. Scheidecker, William W. Brooks
|Original Assignee
|Pemstar, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (1), Non-Patent Citations (23), Referenced by (29), Classifications (9), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to a method for constructing a Head Gimbal Assembly and a Head Stack Assembly. In particular, the present invention relates to the use of a Z-axis adhesive to attach a connector cable to a magnetic head assembly and an actuator flex cable.
The Head Gimbal Assembly ("HGA") is an assembly consisting of a magnetic head assembly or slider, a suspension assembly, and some type of wire connections head assembly which provides an electrical path to and from the slider. This HGA is also sometimes referred to as a Head Suspension Assembly ("HSA"), or as a hard file head. (The "gimbal" referred to in the name describes the gimballing action that a small part of the suspension, the flexure, provides to the slider.)
The slider is a rectangular block of some durable material, with some rails or other raised details that create an air bearing between the slider and the magnetic disk surface when the slider is moved at high relative velocity over a disk. The slider also has some electromagnetic structure on or near the rear surface of the slider body. This electromagnetic structure performs the writing and reading of magnetic information to and from the disk. The slider material can be a tough non-magnetic material such as the tungsten carbide used in most inductive sliders and MR1/ thin film sliders2/, or the less durable, but magnetic, ferrites used in all of the older ferrite coil-wound magnetic sliders.
A lead assembly is a collection of electrical leads and mechanical components used to connect the read/write elements of the slider with the actuator flex cable on a hard drive actuator. The oldest style lead assembly consisted of two or more small diameter (eg. 0.0013 inches diameter) insulated wires twisted together (for electrical noise rejection), with stripped ends for soldering or ultrasonic welding, all inside of a small diameter Teflon™ tube, which served to mechanically protect the wires from damage during the HGA and actuator assembly processes.
Generally, in manufacturing an HGA, fine wires are used to connect the read/write elements of the slider to the actuator flex cable on a drive actuator. These fine wires are very fragile and because of this, conventional manufacturing approaches to making the HGA for hard files have used manual assembly. The loose wires on the actuator end of the HGA also need manual assembly to connect these leads to the actuator flex cable. All of this wire routing, connection and tacking or crimping is very labor intensive, consuming more than half of the labor needed to assemble a drive, so alternatives are very desirable to reduce the cost of the drive.
The lead connection system has been automated via an automated wire stringing process, but this process requires a high capital investment. With the patented wire stringing process, the lead assembly is simply a twisted pair of wires which is robotically placed against the suspension, and permanently fastened in place with tacking dots of ultraviolet light curable adhesive.
In addition to these two methods being labor or capital intensive, thus, expensive, these two methods do not provide a convenient method for draining static charge.
Electro-Static Discharge ("ESD"), which is the rapid flow of static electricity to an uncharged body, can be very damaging to fine (i.e. small cross-section) leads in various electronic components, including the MR element of an MR slider. As the storage density in a disk goes up, the MR element must be reduced in width and thickness, which makes it increasingly vulnerable to ESD damage. For example, on current MR products, the discharge of the amount of charge that can be carried by the average human body at a potential of 100 volts (very low for static charges) is more than enough to destroy the MR element. The slider must be grounded to provide a drain for the electro-static-discharge. Currently, it is very difficult to do this grounding operation, because the most straightforward way of doing it would require using a conductive adhesive such as silver-loaded epoxy, and such adhesives shed too much debris to be used within the ultraclean hard file enclosure. Thus, a method for assembling HGA's which allows for the draining of static charge is needed.
A Head Stack Assembly comprises a plurality of HGAs placed in a comb, with the connector cables from each HGA attached to an actuator flex cable. This process of attaching each wire from each of the HGAs is very labor intensive. A Head Stack Assembly, therefore, has all the assembly issues associated with HGAs and additional issues raised by the connector cable attachment. Thus, a method which would allow these connector cables to be attached more easily is desirable.
The present invention provides an efficient and economical method for attaching connectors to magnetic head assemblies to manufacture a variety of products such as hard disk drives, floppy disk drives, tape drives, and to manufacture optical head assemblies to make CD ROM drives. In accordance with the present invention, a slider and connector cable are attached using a Z-axis adhesive. The slider comprises at least one electrical connection pad. The connector cable comprises a plastic film carrying one or more conductive leads with an overcoat of a Z-axis adhesive. A Z-axis adhesive comprises conductive particles dilutely mixed in a thermoplastic or thermosetting adhesive film. The Z-axis adhesive is used to attach the connector cable to the slider at the at least one electrical connection pad. By using the Z-axis adhesive to attach the connector cable to the slider, there is electrical conduction between the connector cable and the slider through the adhesive film thickness but not substantially within the plane of the adhesive.
Once the connector and the slider have been attached, this assembly is connected to a suspension, thereby forming a head gimbal assembly which is used in the manufacture of various drives. A plurality of these head gimbal assemblies are connected together by a comb. A Z-axis adhesive is then used to attach each of the connector cables extending from each Head Gimbal Assembly to a flex actuator cable, thereby forming a head stack assembly.
An object of the present invention is to provide an economical method for attaching a connector to a slider and for attaching a connector to an actuator cable.
Another object of the present invention is to provide drainage of static discharge from HGAs when necessary.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a method to simplify the steps necessary to attach a connector to a slider and an actuator cable.
FIG. 1 shows a Head Gimbal Assembly connected to a flex actuator cable.
FIGS. 2a-c show a top, side, and plan views of a slider.
FIG. 3 shows a plan view of a slider with additional detail for the connection pads.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating the steps for manufacturing a Head Gimbal Assembly.
FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of a tool block used to assemble a connector and a slider.
FIG. 6 shows a connector and a slider placed in a tool block.
FIG. 7 shows a connector being bonded to a slider.
FIG. 8 shows a Z-axis connection before bonding.
FIG. 9 shows a Z-axis connection after bonding.
FIG. 10 shows a connector attached to a slider.
FIG. 11 shows a completed Head Gimbal Assembly on a tool block.
FIG. 12 shows a connector attached to an actuator flex cable.
FIG. 13 shows a shows a side view of a Head Stack Assembly.
FIG. 14 shows connections pads for an actuator flex cable with a layer of Z-axis adhesive film on top of the connection pads.
FIG. 1 shows a Head Gimbal Assembly ("HGA") 10 mounted in a comb or E-block 11 attached to an actuator flex cable 12. The HGA 10 comprises a slider 14, a suspension 16, and a connector cable 18. The connector cable 18 comprises a flexible substrate 61, such as a plastic film, with a plurality of conductive lines or conductive leads 64. The connector cable 18 is attached to the slider 14 and to the actuator flex cable 12. The connector cable 18 provides electrical connection between the slider 14 and the flex actuator cable 12 through the leads 64. The present invention provides an efficient and economical method for attaching connector cables 18 to magnetic head assemblies or sliders 14 to manufacture a variety of products such as hard disk drives, floppy disk drives, tape drives, and optical head assemblies to make CD ROM drives (see FIG. 1 where the actuator flex cable 12 which is attached to the HGA 10 is connected to a hard file connector 13 for manufacturing a hard disk drive). In particular, as will be described in greater detail, a Z-axis adhesive is used to attach the connector cable 18 to the slider 14 and the actuator flex cable 12. This attachment allows electricity to be conducted through the thickness of the Z-axis adhesive and not within the plane of the Z-axis adhesive.
As will be described later, a Head Stack Assembly which comprises a plurality of HGAs 10 is formed by attaching each of the connector cables 18 of each of the HGAs 10 to an actuator flex cable 12. The Z-axis adhesive is used to attach each of the leads 64 in connector cables 18 from each of the HGAs 10 to a corresponding connector pad on the flex actuator cable 12. This use of the Z-axis adhesive reduces the labor intensive operation of carefully attaching each lead connector cable 18 to the appropriate connector pad on the actuator flex cable 12.
FIGS. 2a-2c and 3 show a top, side, and plan view of a slider 14. As described previously, a slider 14 is a rectangular block of some durable material, with some rails or other raised details that create an air bearing between the slider 14 and magnetic disk when the slider 14 is moved at a high relative velocity over a disk. The slider 14 has some electromagnetic structure on or near the rear surface of the slider body, which performs the writing and reading of magnetic information to and from the disk. The slider material can be a tough non-magnetic material such as the tungsten carbide, which is used in most inductive sliders and magneto resistive ("MR") thin film sliders, or the less durable, but magnetic, ferrites, which is used in all of the older ferrite coil-wound magnetic sliders.
Typical size and details of an MR 50% (or `nano`) slider 14 are shown in FIGS. 2a-2c. As can be seen, the 50% slider is 1.6 by 2.0 by 0.425 mm in size. The slider 14 has a suspension bonding surface 68 (see FIG. 10) where the suspension 16 will be attached to the slider 14. Furthermore, as shown in FIGS. 2a-2c and 3, the rear of the slider 14 has electrical connection pads 22 and a read/write sensor 24. As will be described in detail the flex connector cable 18 is attached to the slider 14 at the electrical connection pads 22, and the read/write sensor 24 is used to retrieve and manipulate data on the storage device (e.g., disk drive magnetic surface). Although FIGS. 2a-2c and 3 show four connection pads 22, the number of connection pads 22 may be varied. Furthermore, while "nano" sliders are currently being used, the present invention may also be practiced with pico-sliders which are smaller than the nano sliders.
Manufacturing Process for Assembling an HGA
A. General Overview
With reference to FIGS. 4-11, the manufacturing process for constructing an HGA 10 using the present invention will be described. FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of an HGA manufacturing process using the present invention. The basic idea of the assembly method illustrated in FIG. 4 is that the parts circulate around an assembly line on precisely made tool blocks 42 (see FIG. 5). The HGA geometrical tolerances are provided by the locating features of the tool blocks, and the tool blocks also serve as a robust carrier for moving and positioning of the HGA 10 in the various work stations. All of the stations would be mechanically connected via a conveyor system. All stations would operate asynchronously, independently of each other, for maximum throughput and minimal control complexity.
Before describing the manufacturing process, with reference to FIG. 5, a tool block 42 used to assemble a HGA 10 will be described. As shown in FIG. 5, the tool block 42 comprises a slider nest 44 having a slider side clamp 46 (shown in the open position in FIG. 5), slider side datum pin 48, and a slider front datum rail 50, a suspension connector datum pin 52, a suspension pull-back pin 54, a mount block hold down clamp 56, and a connector alignment slot 58.
A slider nest 44 is a mechanical structure used to hold the slider 14 and suspension 16 in a very precise location with respect to an assembly fixture (or tool block). By holding the suspension 16 very precisely with respect to the slider 14, the two parts can be attached to one another with very tight geometric tolerances. Such tight geometric tolerances are needed to provide an acceptable fly-height distribution for the HGAs 10 when used within the hard drives.
The tool block 42 has dimensions of approximately 20 millimeters ("mm") by 37 mm. The assembly operations for manufacturing a HGA 10 are performed in the tool block 42. With reference to FIGS. 4 and 6-11, these operations will now be described.
Referring to FIG. 4, the first step 26 is to clean the slider nest 44. This cleaning step 26 will remove any debris that has been left behind as the HGA 10 that was previously assembled on the tool block 42 was removed.
Next, continuing to refer to FIG. 4, the second step 28 is to remove the slider 14 from its shipping tray, tube or tape, and to place it into the nest 44. The slider 14 is held in place by the slider side clamp 46, the slider side datum pin 48, and the slider front datum rail 50. The slider side clamp 46 must be held open while the slider 14 is being placed into the nest 44. Once the slider 14 is in position and is held toward the front part of the nest 44 (the slider front datum rail 50), the slider side clamp 46 is released and clamps the slider 14 firmly in place against the slider side datum pin 48. Once the side clamp 46 is released, the pusher detail (which is part of the station and is not shown in FIG. 5) can be retracted, and the tool block 42 released to move to the next station.
Referring to FIG. 4, once the slider nest 44 (see FIG. 5) is cleaned 26 and the slider 14 is loaded 28 into the nest 44, the third step 30 is to trim the connector cable 18 free from the reel of connector parts (i.e., to `singulate` the connector), then to place it over the locating features of the tool block 42. To perform this step, an automated station is used to cut an individual connector cable 18 free from the continuous strip of connector cables 18. This strip 18 comes in from the connector cable manufacturer on a reel, and standard dereeling equipment is used to bring the connector strip 18 into this station. After the dereeler has advanced the strip by one connector cable 18, a vacuum end effector grasps the connector cable 18, and then a die clips the connector cable 18 free from the strip. As soon as a tool block 42 containing a slider 14 arrives, the end effector places the connector cable 18 down over the slider 14 and onto the tool block locating pins 58, namely the suspension/connector datum pin 52 and the connector alignment slot 58 to capture the connector tail 19 (as shown in FIG. 6). This step is not a challenging operation to perform, and the station could be built cheaply and could run as fast as any of the other stations on the line. (Note that all but the place operation can be performed while the tool blocks are in transit from station to station or from pre-stop to station.)
For the present invention, the connector cable 18 is the lead assembly which connects the read/write elements of the slider 14 with the flex actuator cable 12. The connector cable 18 used in the present invention is a special type of flex cable using anisotropic conductive film to perform the electrical and mechanical connection of the lead assembly to the slider. As shown in FIGS. 6, 8 and 9, the connector cable 18 comprises a flexible substrate 61, such as a plastic film carrying one or more conductive leads 64. The connector cable 18 has a first end 21 and a second end 23. The first end 21 of the connector cable 18 is attached to a slider 14. The second end 23 of the connector cable 18 is attached to an actuator flex cable 12. Also, the connector cable 18 has an overcoat of a Z-axis adhesive layer 66, which may be a thermoplastic or thermosetting adhesive film layer containing conductive particles 65, over the flexible substrate 61. Thus, with respect to the first end 21 of the connector cable 18, the electrical connection occurs between the connection pads 22 of a slider 14, the conductive particles 65 in the Z-axis adhesive 66 and the flex cable leads 64 at the first end of the connector cable 18. With respect to the second end 23 of the connector cable 18, the electrical connection occurs between the connection pads of an actuator flex cable 12, the conductive particles 65 of the Z-axis adhesive, and the flex cable leads 64 at the second end of the connector cable 18. This type of adhesive is sold by 3M. The design of the leads 64 in a particular connection cable 18 depends on the application for which the connection cable will be used. Thus, the number of leads and the application for particular leads will be determined based on the needs of a particular application.
B. The Z-Axis Adhesive
The Z-axis adhesive used in the present invention is designed for applications requiring relatively high current requirements. Consequently, the Z-axis adhesive used in the present invention has contact resistance of under 1 ohm. However, Z-axis adhesives having higher contact resistance may be used at the expense of causing more electrical noise on the read/write signal.
FIGS. 8 and 9 show a cross-section of conductive particles on the connector 18 before and after bonding.
The term Z-axis adhesive refers to the use of conductive particles 65 dilutely mixed in a thermoplastic or thermosetting film 66, backed up by a conductive lead 64, on a flexible film of structural plastic 61. When heat is applied through this material, the adhesive film 66 is softened and squeezes out from the junction until the conductive particles 65 are in firm, permanent contact with conductors on either side of the adhesive film. These particles 65 conduct electricity and complete the connection between the conductor in the film connector and the conductor on the device which is being attached to the connector. The `z axis` refers to the phenomenon that electricity can only flow through the adhesive film thickness and substantially not laterally within the film, thereby avoiding shorting-out the conductor pads. Electricity only flows through the thermoplastic film thickness, because the particles 65 are dilutely mixed in the thermoplastic or thermoset film 66, they are individually too small to "bridge" between two pads for which no connection is desired, and there are not enough particles present to clump together and short out adjacent conductors. The down side of using the dilute mixture is that the there are only a few particles available to make the desired connection of two leads together, so there is somewhat more contact resistance than there would be if the adhesive were heavily loaded with particles 65.
The adhesive layer 66 (see FIG. 8) on the flexible substrate 61 with one or more conductive leads 64 may be a thermoplastic layer or a thermoset layer. A thermoplastic adhesive layer 66 becomes soft or liquid upon heating. This type of adhesive is convenient for use when rework of the attachment may be necessary because the components held together by the thermoplastic adhesive may be detached by simply applying heat to the thermoplastic adhesive. However, over a period of time, a thermoplastic adhesive may allow the joint to relax.
A thermoset adhesive layer 66 (see FIG. 8) cures upon heating and then becomes solid and insoluble. This type of adhesive is more stable under extreme temperature, but reworking a joint which is attached with a thermoset adhesive is difficult. The adhesive must be peeled off.
Also, rather than having the adhesive film layer 66 integral with the flexible substrate layer 61, the adhesive film layer 66 may be separately placed between the slider 14 and the connector cable 18 so that the connector leads 64 are attached to the connector pads 22 of the slider 14.
Furthermore, the Z-axis adhesive effect obtained by using a thermoplastic or thermoset adhesive with conductive particles may be obtained without the use of conductive particles if there is sufficient connection between the pads 22 and the leads 64 to conduct electricity. For this embodiment, the leads 64 and the pads 22 must be in direct contact with the adhesive forming around the contact to hold the structures together.
C. Attachment of Slider to Connection Cable
With reference to FIGS. 4, 6-9, the step 32 of attaching the connector 18 to the slider 14 will be described. The `Heat Seal Connector To Slider` operation would be fairly complex, depending on the details of the flex cable and suspension design. For a connector intended to be used with a conventional suspension as shown in this patent application, the operation is a bit more complicated than it would need to be if the suspension were custom made for use with the connector cable 18. However, the use of a low cost conventional suspension is very desirable, so we will discuss the more complicated version of the station here.
The basic operations which need to be done by the `Heat Seal Connector To Slider` station are to place the connector 18 into the correct position for heat sealing, and then to perform the heat seal. As shown in FIG. 7, the cable folding and positioning end effecter gasps the free end of the connector 18 outboard of the slider 14 (away from the suspension), symmetrically folds the connector 18 over a central fixed finger, then pulls both halves of the connector 18 to the center. This places the connector 18 in position for performing the heat seals.
The following describes the process for attaching the leads 64 of the connector cable 18 to the electrical pads 22 of the slider 14 using a thermoplastic adhesive. The two seals needed over the slider electrical pads 22 are very small and in a tightly constrained area (remember that the connector 18 is being held in place by an end effector in almost the same physical location as where the heat seals need to be made) so that these two seals would need to be made by something as compact as the laser heated sealing pads. It should be noted that the electrical connection pads 22 on the rear of the slider 14 have been tailored to match the capabilities and the design of the flex cable connector 18. In other words, the slider electrical pads 22 have been vertically stacked on the rear of slider 14 so that connector leads coming around the side to the end will line up over the electrical pads 22. Once the thermoplastic adhesive 66 on the connector cable 18 is briefly brought up to its 250� F. bonding temperature, the joints will have been made. After a brief cool down period, the heat sealing pads could be withdrawn, and the tool block released from the station. The heat seals establish the joints via the Z-axis adhesive 66 which is on the connector cable 18 in these areas.
When the Z-adhesive 66 used contains a thermoset film, the following technique should be used to attach the connector cable 18 to a slider 14 having a hard bias MR head. Because the MR head (electromagnetic element in the slider) cannot withstand high temperatures for an extended period of time, the initial connection of the connector cable 18 to the connector pads 22 is made by a flash tacking operation. In a flash tacking operation, a pulse of heat (lasting approximately 1 second) at a temperature of around 250� F. to 300� F. is applied to the connector cable lead 64 at the connector pad 22. This flash tacking operation catalyzes the polymerization of the thermoset adhesive. Then the thermoset is cured in a baking operation at a lower temperature around 200� F. This method protects the magnets in the MR head from losing their magnetic properties because of the high temperatures.
It should be noted that for inductive sliders and sliders having a soft bias MR head these two step process need not be implemented for a thermoset adhesive. For inductive sliders and sliders having a soft bias, the thermoset adhesive can be heated at temperatures which will cure the adhesive in a few seconds. For these type of sliders, the thermoset adhesive may be cured at around 300� F.
Although the Z-axis adhesive generally contains conductive particles, the same effect may be obtainable without the use of conductive particles if there is sufficient connection between the pads 22 and the leads 64 to conduct electricity.
D. Connection For Draining Static Charge
One heat seal needs to be made over the top of the slider 14 in roughly the front 1/3 of the slider length. This seal attaches the connector cable 18 to the body of the slider 14. This seal is relatively large and could be done with something like a Hughes soldering station. This connection allows static charge to drain to ground. Furthermore, this connection prevents capacitive coupling of external noise that enters a disk in the hard file and enters the slider body to affect the read back signal. If an application requires this type of attachment to drain static charge, the connection cable 18 must be designed to contain a lead for grounding the slider 14. This attachment will be made if there is such a lead in the connector cable 18.
A preferred alternative for making this attachment would be to use a heated pad having small thermal inertia to perform the seal. This heated pad would be isolated from the rest of the world by a low thermal conductivity support structure, and it would be heated by the use of a short burst from a low powered solid state laser. Such lasers are cheap and reliable and could easily deliver the power level needed to heat the connector adhesive up to its 250� F. bonding temperature.
E. Waste Removal Station
With reference to FIGS. 4 and 6, the fifth step 34 is to remove the waste portion 60 of the connector 18 by grasping that portion and pulling it free. The `Remove Connector Waste` operation may or may not be needed, depending on how the MR stripe (which is under the read/write element and is connected to the electrical connection pads 22) shorting is provided. During the manufacturing of a hard drive, the MR stripe is shorted to prevent static charge from disabling the MR slider. One method for shorting the MR stripe is to use the leads 64 on the waste section 60 (see FIG. 6) of the connector 18 which span from one electrical connection pad 22 to the other and attach it to the pads 22. This attachment will short the MR stripe, thereby protecting the slider. In this case, the connector waste would be left in place until the actuator was placed in the enclosure that forms the housing for the hard file. However, removing the connector waste when the hard file is almost completely assembled would be very difficult to do because of the forces needed to remove the waste and the weakness of the suspension system at the slider 14. So, in spite of the ESD desirability of shorting the MR slider right at the element, this option would probably not be done.
Rather, the shorting the MR slider at the pads 22 of the slider 14, the present invention provides for this shorting to be provided at the second end 23 of the connector cable 18, which attaches to the actuator flex cable 12. As shown in FIG. 12, the connector cable 12 may be designed to provide a shorting connection between the two MR leads. This shorting connection is shown in FIG. 12 by the loop. This connection lead is looped at the second end 23 of the connector cable with the two conductive leads extending from this loop 92 being connected to an MR lead such that the MR stripe is shorted. This shorting loop 92 may be located on a removable section of the connector cable 18.
Thus, if the shorting loop solution to the ESD problem is used, the connector waste 60 at the slider 14 would be removed on the HGA assembly line. (Note that this operation would not be needed if the connector 18 could go over the top of the slider 14 as it could in the Seagate-style slider with top electrical pads, or as it could if the connector 18 was used to replace the flexure as it was in the IBM Rochester HGA flex cable disclosure). This removal could be a very simple operation involving grasping the connector waste 60, using a small gripper, and pulling the waste section 60 free from the rest of the connector 18. The connector 18 could be weakened on either end by perforations or notches so that the break away would be clean and not weaken the existing heat seals. Since the slider 14 is held solidly in the tool block nest 44, tugging on the connector 18 to remove the waste 60 would not over-stress any part of the HGA 10.
F. Attachment of Suspension to Slider and Connector Cable
Referring to FIGS. 4 and 10, the sixth step is to apply `instant` adhesive to the slider 14 and to the back of the connector 68. The adhesive is placed at the back of the slider 14 indicated by the number 18, and on the connector 18 at 70. The volume and placement of the spot of adhesive on the back of the slider 14 at 68 needs to be tightly controlled to give a good slider bond strength distribution, and this can be done using vision inspection software coupled with a positive displacement adhesive applicator. The adhesive on the back of the connector 18 for the connector to suspension bond 70 does not have to be controlled tightly, so a second adhesive system could be used to apply that spot without the need for vision inspection, and also to speed up this station.
In the preferred embodiment, the adhesive system used is a cyanoacrylate adhesive (similar to `Super Glue`) modified by the addition of fine black rubber powder. This addition of fine black powder gives the adhesive better tolerance to thermal and mechanical shock than conventional "Super Glue". This adhesive cures rapidly so it is a preferred adhesive for products such as HGAs which need to be fixtured while the adhesive cures.
G. Finishing Steps
Referring to FIGS. 4, 5, and 11, the seventh step 38 is to pick the suspension 18 out of its incoming tray, and to place it over the suspension locating pin 52, and also over the suspension pull back pin 54. The suspension pull back pin 54 needs to be held open while this is happening, then needs to be released to pull the suspension 16 back and into XY alignment. Finally, a mount block clamp 56 is swung over the mount block 70 to hold it down onto the tool block 42.
Referring to FIG. 4, the eighth step is to allow the tool block 42 with all parts locked in place to circulate for approximately 21/2 minutes to develop a nearly full cure of the `instant` adhesive. This step can be done by just providing enough conveyor length to provide the holdup time.
The ninth and final step is to release the HGA 10 from the toolblock 42, pick it up and place it into an HGA tray ready for eventual cleaning and delivery to an actuator build area where the HGA 10 is connected to a flex actuator cable 12.
The present invention, by using a single sided flexible connector cable 18, eliminates the use of wires on Head Gimbal Assemblies used in magnetic storage drives. It further makes use of a conductive thermoplastic or thermosetting film matrix and anisotropic conductive particles to provide both the mechanical and the electrical connection between the read/write sensor and the connector, and also between the connector and the actuator flex cable assembly. One new feature of this invention is the use of a highly conductive adhesive system to achieve conduction through the adhesive film thickness but not within the plane of the adhesive (a `z axis` adhesive). This allows for a much simpler assembly process than the prior wire stringing process, giving a low manufacturing tooling cost and a consequent low product cost.
It also provides an opportunity to ground the slider body, and this could be beneficial in reducing ESD damage to the read element of an MR head, and also in reducing noise pickup to MR or conventional inductive thin film heads.
Finally, the use of the cable would allow the creation of a shorting connection between both sides of the MR element, and this shorting connection could be removed simply at actuator level once the risk of ESD damage has been eliminated (as, for example, by connecting the actuator flex cable assembly to the file circuit board). Attaching HGA to Actuator Flex Cable
With reference to FIGS. 12-14, the attachment of the HGA 10 to an actuator flex cable 12 and the assembly of a Head Stack Assembly will be described. Before describing the Head Stack Assembly, with reference to FIGS. 12 and 14, the attachment of a connector cable 18 to an actuator flex cable 12 using a Z-axis adhesive 66 will be described.
The thermoplastic or thermosetting adhesive with the conductive particles may also be used to attach the HGA 10 to an actuator flex cable 12. Most of the drawings do not show the rear-most portion of the connector 18 because this portion of the connector 18 would need to be customized for each different actuator design. For completeness, FIG. 12 shows a schematic of one possible implementation of the connector 18 to flex cable 12 connection. As shown in FIG. 12, the actuator flex cable 12 may be attached to the connector 18 by using a Z-axis adhesive. As clearly shown in FIG. 12, the leads 64 of the connector cable 18 are terminated with pads 67. Furthermore, FIG. 14 shows actuator flex cable connection pads 80, which extend from an actuator flex cable 12. The Z-axis adhesive 66 would be layered between the pads 67 of the connector cable 18 and the pads 80 of the actuator flex cable 12. Heat is them applied to pads and the adhesive, thereby, forming the joint. Because the concerns regarding the MR head is not present at the actuator flex cable 12, heat can be applied to both the thermoplastic or thermoset adhesive until the thermoplastic adhesive has melted and cooled to form the joint or the thermoset adhesive film has cured to form the joint. Once the joint is formed, the actuator flex cable 12 is electrically and mechanically connected to the connector cable 18 through the Z-axis adhesive.
With reference to FIG. 13, the Head Stack Assembly 82 will be described. A Head Stack Assembly 82 is formed by a plurality of HGAs 10 connected to a comb or e-block 11. As described above, the connector cables 18 from each of the plurality of HGAs 10 is connected to an actuator flex cable 12 containing a plurality of connection pads 80 for connecting the leads 64 of the connector cables 18. Rather than connecting each of the leads individually (which is very labor intensive, time consuming and tedious (thereby prone to assembly error), a Z-axis adhesive 66 is used to attach all of the leads 64 of the connector cables 18 to the flex actuator cables 12.
To attach the connector cable 18 to the actuator flex cable 12, the Z-axis adhesive layer 66 may be integral with the connector cable 18 or the Z-axis adhesive film layer 66 may be separately placed between the connector cable 18 and the actuator flex cable 12.
This invention could provide a significant process simplification to the electrical termination of the head gimbal assembly for magnetic storage drives as well as providing strain relief to the connections, and this translates into a significant actuator level cost reduction. Such a cost reduction opportunity would make such a design extremely attractive to the hyper-competitive hard file industry.
Further, for the MR head which is sensitive to ESD, this invention would provide the ability to temporarily short the MR stripe, and it would also provide a permanent conductive path from the slider to ground. A permanent static ground would be a significant advantage in draining off static charge (created by the rapid motion of sliders through the air within the hard file), as well as eliminating capacitive coupling which can and does bring electrical noise into the read circuit on present generation heads.
Further cost reduction may be achieved with the elimination of the gold pads currently used for wire bonding if a non-oxidizing replacement metal may be found for the gold pads, or if the copper studs which are under the gold plated pads can be used quickly enough and then sealed against further oxidation to provide a reliable long term electrical connection.
While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described, it should be appreciated that various modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, reference should be made to the claims to determine the scope of the present invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 16, 1993
|Nov 8, 1994
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Electrically conductive adhesive compositions
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|3M, 3M Tech Paper Flexible Circuit, Conductive Adhesives and Their Applications, 1995.
|3M, 3M Tech Paper, Options for Adhesively Bonded Display Driver Interconnect, 1995.
|3M, 3M Tech Paper--Adhesive-Based Interconnection System Provides Low-Cost, High Performance Packaging Solution, 1996.
|3M, 3M Tech Paper--Flexible Circuit, Conductive Adhesives and Their Applications, 1995.
|3M, 3M™ Heat Seal Connector AS2 Series Data Sheet-Preliminary, May 14, 1996.
|3M, 3M™ Heat Seal Connector Cross Section, 1996.
|3M, 3M™ Heat Seal Connector Design Guidelines, pp. 1-18, Jun. 3, 1996.
|3M, 3M™Heat seal Connector C1 Series Data Sheet, Sep. 2, 1995.
|3M, M Heat Seal Connectors Faster prototyping, superior support and greater design flexibilty.
|3M, M™ Heat Seal Connectors--Faster prototyping, superior support and greater design flexibilty.
|3M, Preliminary 3M Flexible Circuit DCA Interconnect System, Sep. 1996.
|3M, Take advantage of 3M s new, easy to use on line services.
|3M, Take advantage of 3M's new, easy-to-use on-line services.
|3M, Tech Tip, Rework and Cleaning Procedure, 3M Heat Seal Connector C1 Series, 1995.
|3M, Tech Tip, Rework and Cleaning Procedure, 3M™Heat Seal Connector C1 Series, 1995.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 4, 1998
|Sep 26, 2000
|Read-Rite Corporation
|Head gimbal assembly with low stiffness flex circuit and ESD Protection
|Nov 13, 1998
|Oct 31, 2000
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Self-aligning end effector for small components
|Sep 22, 1998
|Dec 19, 2000
|Fujitsu Limited
|Actuator having MR element protecting means
|Jul 30, 1999
|May 1, 2001
|International Business Machines Corporation
|High operating temperature gold leads for a read sensor
|Feb 4, 1999
|Jun 19, 2001
|Read-Rite Corporation
|Head gimbal assembly with a flexible printed circuit having a serpentine substrate
|May 6, 1999
|Jul 23, 2002
|Read-Rite Corporation
|Method and system for providing electrostatic discharge protection for flex-on suspension, trace-suspension assembly, or cable-on suspension
|Oct 25, 2000
|Mar 9, 2004
|Sae Magnetics (H.K.), Ltd.
|Bonding structure for a hard disk drive suspension using anisotropic conductive film
|Dec 11, 2001
|Mar 9, 2004
|Seagate Technology Llc
|Attachment of a head-gimbal assembly to a printed circuit board actuator arm using Z-axis conductive adhesive film
|Jun 11, 2001
|Mar 23, 2004
|Alps Electric Co., Ltd.
|Magnetic head and read/write apparatus having reduced stress in a slider and supporter
|Jul 25, 2001
|Jun 29, 2004
|Seagate Technology Llc
|Leading edge bond pads
|Oct 23, 2000
|Aug 3, 2004
|Tdk Corporation
|Magnetic head assembly having a rotational arm for electrically connecting the magnetic head to an external circuit and methods of manufacturing the same
|Jun 20, 2002
|Mar 8, 2005
|Seagate Technology Llc
|Load beam attachment to actuator arm
|Jun 6, 2002
|Dec 6, 2005
|Alps Electric Co., Ltd.
|Method of manufacturing a magnetic head
|Sep 6, 2002
|Aug 29, 2006
|Sae Magnetics (H.K.) Ltd.
|Head gimbal assembly with precise positioning actuator for head element, disk drive apparatus with the head gimbal assembly, and manufacturing method of the head gimbal assembly
|Nov 8, 2002
|Sep 26, 2006
|Seagate Technology Llc
|HGA plateau gimbal design
|Oct 14, 2003
|Jun 12, 2007
|Seagate Technology Llc
|Features for improved slider attachment
|Dec 19, 2003
|Jul 22, 2008
|Sae Magnetics (H.K.) Ltd.
|System and method for improving hard drive actuator lead attachment
|May 6, 2005
|May 12, 2009
|Nitto Denko Corporation
|Suspension board with circuit
|Jan 6, 2009
|Aug 2, 2011
|Western Digital Technologies, Inc.
|System for assembling a disk drive using a robotic end effector
|Feb 26, 2008
|Feb 21, 2012
|Seagate Technology Llc
|Assembly of data storage components
|Jul 26, 2002
|Apr 17, 2012
|Sae Magnetics (H.K.) Ltd.
|Method and apparatus for the prevention of electrostatic discharge (ESD) by a hard drive magnetic head involving the utilization of anisotropic conductive paste (ACP) in the securement to a head-gimbal assembly (HGA)
|Sep 24, 2007
|Oct 28, 2014
|HGST Netherlands B.V.
|Apparatus for positioning components in HDD
|Feb 18, 2004
|Aug 19, 2004
|Tdk Corporation
|Magnetic head assembly having a rotational arm for electrically connecting the magnetic head to an external circuit and methods of manufacturing the same
|Dec 19, 2003
|Oct 14, 2004
|Ho Yiu Sing
|System and method for improving hard drive actuator lead attachment
|Oct 14, 2003
|Apr 14, 2005
|Seagate Technology Llc
|Features for improved slider attachment
|May 6, 2005
|Nov 10, 2005
|Nitto Denko Corporation
|Suspension board with circuit
|Dec 8, 2004
|Jun 8, 2006
|Riospring, Inc.
|Disk drive head stack assemblies with improved grounding paths
|Jun 28, 2005
|Dec 28, 2006
|Seagate Tecnology Llc
|Adhesive attachment of a first member to a second member
|Dec 11, 2001
|Dec 19, 2002
|Seagate Technology Llc
|Attachment of a head-gimbal assembly to a printed circuit board actuator arm using z-axis conductive adhesive film
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 20, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 15, 2002
|Jun 6, 2003
|Oct 19, 2005
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 31, 2006
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|May 30, 2006
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20060331
|Mar 28, 2007
Owner name: PEMSTAR INC., MINNESOTA
Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST IN PATENTS AS RECORDED AT REEL 014128 FRAME 0241;ASSIGNOR:WACHOVIA CAPITAL FINANCE CORPORATION (CENTRAL), FORMERLY KNOWN AS CONGRESS FINANCIAL CORPORATION (CENTRAL), AS AGENT;REEL/FRAME:019365/0647
Effective date: 20070108
Owner name: PEMSTAR INC., MINNESOTA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:WACHOVIA CAPITAL FINANCE CORPORATION (CENTRAL), FORMERLY KNOWN AS CONGRESS FINANCIAL CORPORATION (CENTRAL), AS AGENT;REEL/FRAME:019094/0479
Effective date: 20070108


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Béla Fleck's Banjo Summit: Six Popular Players Pickin'
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What an amazingly talented group of musicians. The seats were great (mid orchestra), and the price was too!
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Visit Béla Fleck's website.
Béla Fleck began making waves with a series of progressive banjo-centric recordings in the 1970's and as a member of the Newgrass Revival in the 1980's. As leader of the genre-busting Béla Fleck and the Flecktones since 1989, he has used the banjo to define the band's one of a kind fusion of jazz, rock, bluegrass and world music.
Tony Trischka is a bluegrass banjo master and was a teacher to the young Béla Fleck. Bill Keith was a member of both Bill Monroe's Bluegrass Boys and the Jim Kewskin Jug Band, while Eric Weissberg was one-half of the signature Dueling Banjos instrumental on the Deliverance soundtrack. Richie Stearns plays with jam and trend-setting bands, and Noam Pikelny is part of The Punch Brothers.


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Pakistani Fashion Show being held in New York Sunday night
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UNITED NATIONS, Oct 9 (APP): On World Post Day, the head of the Universal Postal Union (UPU) has emphasized that the future of postal services strongly depends on their ability to innovate and to embrace new technologies.
Senior UN official slams killing of civilians by air strikes at Yemeni wedding party
UNITED NATIONS, Oct 9 (APP): The top United Nations humanitarian official has said he was "deeply disturbed" by the news of civilians being killed by coalition air strikes that hit a wedding party in Yemen's Dhamar Governorate on Wednesday.
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UN chief calls for internal probe over corruption claims against Ex-UNGA president
UNITED NATIONS, Oct 9 (APP): UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has ordered an internal probe of the dealings between the UN and two companies whose executives have been linked to a "serious" bribery scandal involving former President of UN General Assembly John Ashe, according to a UN spokesman.
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text:
Why Book Business Class with Us?
Save up to 60% on International Airfares Whether you are flying in two months or within 24 hours, we'll help you secure discount First Class and Business Class tickets for up to 60% off. Many of our tickets are refundable and changeable.
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text:
everyone have their own opinion but try not to bash the game too much lol
everyone have their own opinion but try not to bash the game too much lol
Just look at Tera the only restrioction is 2 chars and some auction house restriction. But what I seen and read so far about Arche age is if your f2p player you need to spend 2-3 times the more time in the game and p2p people you don´t want that.
Any one with some brain cells now is to piss on potential costumers or they leave to find a better company. So make a shitty f2p option and people will go does does mmos that offer better and if your out of luck it will be to many and you will stand there with your hands up your butt and then maybe have to close down because you lose to much cash.
Last edited by Duero; 07-19-2014 at 01:16 PM.
it's very much an rpg in that you can actually choose whatever role you want to play.
do you want to craft, farm, trade, be a pirate? you can do any of those. does 'modern' mmos let you do that? no.
you never actually have to do a single quest if you don't feel like it.
also, the pvp is ****ing awesome, how can you find it dull?
the reason archeage was so ridiculously popular in korea was because a mmo finally had good combat that wasn't instanced.
oh, and no, magic is not op (except for reaper but shhh).
I just hit level 17. I'm not sure I really understand what the hate is about the game. People are mad about the labor points system? It doesn't affect me at all. Currently I am a patron yes, but I believe this a p2p quality game. Combat is smooth as butter, crafting is pretty deep, exploration is fun, you can steal people's crops if they're dumb enough to put it on unprotected land(hahaha); Just to name a few things. I don't mind paying a monthly fee for a game that is free in the first place. I consider the f2p model for this game a demo to see if it's worth forking money over for. I personally think it is. This game has A LOT to do, even just at my level, so I'm sure more opportunities open up even past 30. If you're rushing through the content trying to level up as quick as possible and not exploring your other options, you're doing it WRONG.
I wanna be a pirate. Are there Devil fruits in this game?


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Museum complex exhibits American Indian, pioneer settlement and Depression era life. Works of art by Charles Hargens, Oscar Howe, Harvey Dunn and many others on exhibit. Kids explore Discovery Land!
We are a Geology Museum that focuses on paleontology in South Dakota and minerals from around the world. We are located at the center of the South Dakota School of Mines Campus.
Located at the gateway to the beautiful Black Hills. We are your base camp headquarters for a perfect Black Hills visit.
10,000 acre scenic ranch. Trail rides,hiking,spearfishing,cattledrives, feed deer fawns, buffalo, kayak,hunt, fish, drive tractors, ranch work, roping, lodging, meals, fossil hunting, campfires, archery, gun range,excape the city life!
Your basecamp in the beautiful Black Hills of South Dakota. From full service RV sites with 50 amp service and cable TV to rustic tents sites your sure to find a place to call home while you explore all the area has to offer.
We offer world class hunting, lodging and food at a very reasonable price. We are located in south central South Dakota. The hunting in this area is second to none. You will have access to over one million acres of hunting land.
Comfortable, convenient and clean! This campground within the city limits of Sioux Falls will surprise you with it's spacious park-like setting.
Contemporary Lodge set high in the forests of the Black Hills. Peaceful surroundings with great views and close to all of the National Parks, Monuments, and visitor sites.
A unique straw bale constructed SD winery. Tucked away between a 100-year-old barn, shelter belt, and grape vines, this winery, its farm setting and surroundings may remind you of a simpler time. Wine tastings available during business hours.
130 unit campground w/sleeping cabins, tents & RV sites. Storybook Land and Land of Oz theme parks are located within our park area. Also mini golf, go-karts, train, carousel and balloon rides, volleyball, basketball, softball, & zoo. No admission.
Central, South Dakota visitors guide to accommodations, adventure travel, unique tours and rentals. Check out top Central, South Dakota getaways & destinations. Central, South Dakota vacations, packages & travel spots. Visit Central, South Dakota !.


text:
Hotel Ibis Xi'an
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TravelPod Member ReviewsHotel Ibis Xi'an
Close to everything touristy.
This review is the subjective opinion of a TravelPod member and not of TravelPod.com.
Walking distance from the city wall, the drum tower and the bell tower and a 30min walk form the big goose pagoda, I would deffinitely stay again!!
This review is the subjective opinion of a TravelPod member and not of TravelPod.com.
TripAdvisor Reviews Hotel Ibis Xi'an
Travel Blogs from Xi'an
What an amazing sight
Quite a long drive to the Hotel think the driver got lost somehow, arrive to late in the day to do much so just take a walk, lots of shops around and a huge supermarket where we buy a few snack foods.
Off on our adventure today to the Teracotta Warriors, we take a local bus to the meeting point for the bus that goes out to the complex, (got …
Lazy day in Xian
We switched hotels today. All the sleeper train tickets to Chengdu were sold out so we had to book another night in Xian. Booked into the Ibis in the city walls and it is luxury for £16. Noel wanted to walk from our other hotel to this one with the back packs which would have taken about an hour. I chose a taxi. It cost £1!! The taxi …
Final Day in Xi'An
... I thought was the train station, but soon realized was a long-distance bus station. Having wasted even more precious time, I rushed to the actual train station (which was just across the street from the bus station), got through security, ran upstairs, and barreled my way through the gate toward my train. I made it just in time, having put my things in the storage area in my cabin and flopping down on my bed sweaty and out of breath.
The train soon pulled off, and I rested ...


text: Went with a large party of adults and kids. Called ahead and easily got a table. Menu had a wide variety of choices and a nice kids menu. The service was good and the food excellent. Seems to do a lot of take out business. Not busy for a Friday night. Great for a quick family night out.


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Book your room at Orange Extended Stay Hotel
Please enter your travel dates.
Get an overview of this hotelHotel in Dallas with fitness center and business center
Situated near the airport, this hotel is within 3 mi (5 km) of MoneyGram Soccer Park, Zero Gravity Thrill Amusement Park, and Bachman Lake Park. Irving Convention Center and University of Dallas are also within 6 mi (10 km).
Hotel Features
Along with a fitness center, this hotel has a business center and laundry facilities. Free WiFi in public areas and free self parking are also provided. Additionally, a 24-hour front desk, a computer station, and express check-in are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 130 rooms have free WiFi and feature kitchens with refrigerators, stovetops, and microwaves. Cable TV, coffee makers, and free local calls are among the other amenities available to guests. Weekly housekeeping is available.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
A computer station is located on site and high-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. This hotel offers access to a business center. This Dallas hotel also offers a fitness center, laundry facilities, and express check-in. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
- 24-hour front desk
- Business center
- Computer station
- Elevator/lift
- Express check-in
- Express check-out
- Fitness facilities
- Free self parking
- Free WiFi
- Laundry facilities
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Number of floors - 3
- RV, bus, truck parking
- Total number of rooms - 130
Family Friendly Amenities
- Free Wi-Fi
- Full-sized refrigerator/freezer
- Kitchen
- Laundry facilities
- Microwave
- Rollaway/extra beds available
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Cable TV service
- Climate control
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free toiletries
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Desk
- Free local calls
- Free WiFi
- Full-sized refrigerator/freezer
- Hair dryer (on request)
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Kitchen
- Microwave
- Phone
- Premium TV channels
- Private bathroom
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Shower/tub combination
- Stovetop
- Weekly housekeeping provided
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
Hotel Policies
Check-in time ends at 5 AM
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available for USD 20 per night.
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Optional extras
- Rollaway bed fee: USD 20 per night


text:
After numerous trips to Aruba and stays at other Marriot properties in Aruba, we decided to stay at the Marriot's Ocean Club. This Marriot property is adjacent to the other Marriot properties (Surf Club and Stellaris) and you can easily walk from property to property.
The Ocean Club was recently updated but was still built prior to the Surf Club. The Ocean Club is definitely a lot quieter and the clientele is a lot older. We did not see many children on this property like we saw at the Surf Club. It is a very quiet property overall. The pool is nice and of average size and features a swim-up bar. Again, very quiet!
We had a one bedroom villa and the room was updated and complete with a full size kitchen, granite countertops and new appliances. One thing we did not like was the lack of a clothes washer/dryer which is featured in every villa room at the Surf Club. The hallways were dark and the rooms were not brightly decorated. The bathroom was not as nice as the Surf Club bathrooms. The elevators were recently equipped with a security swipe requiring a room key to activate the elevator to the higher floors.
If you are a guest at the Ocean Club, you are free to visit the other Marriot properties and utilize their facilities. You are NOT allowed to use the lazy river at the Surf Club. The Ocean Club has a few good restaurants like Champions, which is standard at many Marriot properties worldwide, and is your typical sports bar. The Ocean Club also has a great buffet which is an excellent deal for breakfast and features different themes and cuisines for dinners.
The Ocean Club is also conveniently located across from the main strip of restaurants and you can easily walk to each of them (Smokey Joes, Texas deBrazil, Petit Cafe, etc.). It is also features one of the largest beaches on the entire strip of high rise hotels. Cabanas on the beach can be reserved and the ones closest to the ocean water book first (must do so the day prior).
Overall, you will be happy with the above average quality of rooms, friendly & helpful staff and location of the property itself. If you are looking for a wild party, this is not the hotel for you. If you are looking for a quiet, relaxing time in Aruba with good accomodations, then I would recommend the Ocean Club.
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- Also Known As:
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- Marriott's Aruba Ocean Club Palm - Eagle Beach


text:
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This project aims to improve the harmonisation of GMO analysis by establishing regional and eventually, international networks, and providing training to enforcement laboratories. It involves:
Why is it necessary?
A GMO event is the unique DNA recombination in a plant cell which then is used to generate transgenic plants. According to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, the GMO events approved for marketing in the world are 130 and increasing. Some 20 of these are authorised for food or feed use in Europe. A specific organism may be authorised in an exporting country but not in an importing country.
A more uniform approach to GMO analysis and understanding of EU control and safety requirements will help international trade. Capacity-building through training can increase the expertise of non-EU operators, helping them adapt their procedures for checking compliance with EU requirements.
Who manages the programme?
The Joint Research Centre Institute for Health and Consumer Protection
Who is the programme aimed at?
The programme targets representatives of enforcement bodies and project leaders involved in GMO analysis from non-EU, especially developing countries:
Events take place in different regions of the world. Each is tailored to countries in that region.
How can you participate?
Currently, 5 events are planned for:
When and where?
Exact dates and locations are to be defined.


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Share-Life is a sole proprietorship in Saline County, Missouri, near Marshall, owned and farmed since 1929 by our family, currently Rosie and Jim Thomas, Jr., with Jim Thomas, Sr.. On our 10 acres of land we grow Certified Organic produce that we distribute to our CSA customers, Columbia Farmer's Market customers and restaurant partners.
Creamed Kale: Beloved Even By People Who Don't Like Kale
1 Tbsp butter
1 cup onion
3/4 cup water
2 bunches Kale, finely chopped (about 8 cups, uncooked)
1/3 cup sour cream at room temperature
1/8 tsp sea salt
1/4 tsp black pepper
pinch of nutmeg
Melt butter in a large skillet. Add onion and sauté. Remove onions and set aside.
Cook kale, water, salt and pepper on medium high heat until water is dissipated, 7-10 minutes. Drain.
Whip cream until smooth and thin.
Add kale and onion. Mix until warm. Add nutmeg
Rain, rain…
"It's not the amount of rain – it's that it rains every day." That is why CSA customers are mainly getting potatoes, onions and kale (and some peppers and cukes from the hoop houses) lately, instead of green beans, okra and cabbage, says Jim Jr.. "We've got the corn planted, but we're not sure what's going to happen with it." So much depends on getting some sunny days between rainfalls – just a few days without rain will let the summer vegetables thrive. If it doesn't rain on your 4th of July picnic, get ready to make some Purple Potato Salad with our Majestic Purple potatoes. And about that kale: one of our customers' husband doesn't like kale. Or at least he didn't, until he tried Creamed Kale. Now, he can't get enough of that vegetable!
Onions and Potatoes are in the ground!
Our Greens are Great!
The other week, a customer came by and said, "Your vegetables are the best tasting in the whole market!" We thanked him for his kind words and he said, "No, really! They really taste the best!" We think the quality of our soil helps our vegetables taste the best. Here in Marshall, Missouri we've been utilizing good soil practices for 15 years, and it shows in the taste of our produce.


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First Trailer for Philip Seymour Hoffman's 'God's Pocket' (Video)
Starring in John Slattery's directorial debut, the late actor plays a blue-collar tough guy who finds himself in trouble after his stepson dies in a suspicious accident.
Mad Men star John Slattery's feature-length directorial debut, God's Pocket -- starring the late, great Philip Seymour Hoffman -- has dropped its first trailer.
Based on the novel of the same name by Pete Dexter, the film centers on a gritty blue-collar neighborhood where a construction "accident" leads to the burial of a body and the truth.
PHOTOS: Philip Seymour Hoffman on the Parts He Played
The independent film made its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival in mid-January, just two weeks before Hoffman died of an overdose. The actor was at Sundance to promote the film, in which he stars opposite Richard Jenkins, Christina Hendricks and John Turturro. Slattery directed from an adapted script by Alex Metcalf.
IFC Films will release the movie in select theaters on May 9 before making the film available on VOD a week later.
Watch one of Hoffman's last interviews below.
Never miss a story. Stay up-to-date with THR's Daily Headlines.
Must Reads
'The Martian's' Matt Damon Talks 'Bourne' Return, Politics and PC Flubs: "Oh My God, I Look Like an Asshole"
Hollywood's 100 Favorite TV Shows
The Insane Battle Over Sam Simon's Will — Should the Simpson's Co-Creator's Trust Pay $140,000 Per Year For One Dog's Care?
'Empire's' "Batshit Crazy" Behind-the-Scenes Drama: On the Set of TV's Hottest Show
Drought Panic, Guilt, Finger-Pointing Put Hollywood to the Test
Hollywood's Notable Deaths of 2015


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Even if You Hate Heights and the French... You'll Like This
Corrib's Production Gets Out of the Pub and Onto the Boards
It's a big weekend for Idom. Not only is designer Modi Soondarotok moving into her new space, she's showing her fall collection at Strut on Saturday.
I think it's going to be a great show (another favorite of mine, May Tee, is also showing a collection) and it's for a good cause, Basic Rights Oregon. You guys should definitely check it out.
Yesterday, Modi gave me a little peek at the collection. Partly inspired by Bob Dylan's music (you know, complex and layered, masculine and feminine), it's awash in gorgeous detail. Plus, in addition to her signature cocktail dresses, she'll be showing pants and tailored jackets for the first time!
My favorite piece so far is this red column dress:
Can't wait to see how it looks on a model.


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Author Archives: admin
Philadelphia United Jazz Festival presented by the Philadelphia Daily News coming September 12, 2015!
Saturday, September 12th some of Philly's finest jazz cats will take to the stage on Broad and South Street to bring to light the rich jazz history and future of jazz! From 12 noon through 10 pm, enjoy the music … Continue reading
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LMC greatly appreciates your support of the 2015 Philadelphia United Jazz Festival. If you can, please donate at gofundme.com/philajazzfestival
Click the link below to donate to our Go Fund Me Account!! Philadelphia United Jazz Festival ______________________________________________________________ Please join us Saturday, April 18, 2015 at the Philadelphia Clef Club of Jazz and Performing Arts as we celebrate Jazz Appreciation Month. … Continue reading
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Leamington Vacation Motel
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Travel Blogs from Leamington
European cities
... way there, we had a little confrontation: as we were riding by a house, a couple dogs came running after us, and as we tried to outride them, I slipped on the gravel road... Just got a few scratches, nothing major.
The following morning, we left at 5:45 in the morning to catch the ferry in Leamington to Sandusky, Ohio. We rode 75km in 3.5 hours. We arrived in Leamington at 9:15, and had time to ...
Sitting in the YQG airport
So here we are, my brother and I, about to depart on the trip of a lifetime. We have just arrived at the airport, after our parents drove us to Canada for our flight. Windsor has such a small airport, and not realizing this, we arrived two hours early. However, this is not the O'Hare airport, and we checked our bags, checked in, and went through security in 20 minutes. Therefore, we are waiting for the first of three flights to finally arrive in Valencia, Spain in over 24 hours... Here we ...
... 8226; 410-761-8001 7271 Baltimore-Annapolis Blvd. Glen Burnie, MD 21061 9:00am: Great Falls Park - 9200 Old Dominion Drive, McLean, VA or STEVEN F. UDVAR-HAZY CENTER, Hours: 10:00 am to 5:30 pm 14390 Air and Space Museum Parkway Chantilly, Virginia 20151 12:00pm: Arlington Cemetery, Changing of the Guards (every 30 mins) Opens at 8am-7pm. Arlington House ...
CANADA, Ontario: Greetings from the Tip!
... lane of a truck stop.
We did find the right lane to get to the border into Canada. This visit to Canada was for a brief stay near Point Pelee, an international very important bird area. Point Pelee is part of a peninsula, the southernmost tip of Canada and a black sand spit into Lake Erie. It is at the crossroads of two major migration routes, the Atlantic Flyway and the Mississippi Flyway. This small point of land is one of the ...
Couch Surfing fun in LaSalle
... at the border and took a bus across through the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel. A couple of Americans tried to cross the border without documents but they were not let through and were reprimanded sternly. We, thankfully were greeted with a smile.
Kevin and Eric met us at the bus stop in Windsor and took us to the bank and to get some Greek take out. Their house is actually in LaSalle just outside of Windsor, so they ...
Other places to stay in Leamington
Pelee Motor Inn566 Bevel Line Rd, 566 Bevel Line Rd, Rr 1, Leamington | 2 star hotelfrom $102
Days Inn - Leamington201 Erie Street North, Leamington | 3 star hotelfrom $108
Comfort Inn279 Erie St. S., Leamington | 2 star hotelfrom $102


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Product Information for Sharp AQUOS LC-60C8470U 60" 3D 1080p LED-LCD TV - 16:9 - HDTV 1080p - 240 Hz
Highlights for Sharp AQUOS LC-60C8470U 60" 3D 1080p LED-LCD TV - 16:9 - HDTV 1080p - 240 Hz
- Screen Size:60
- Dynamic Contrast Ratio:10,000,000:1
- Maximum Resolution:1920 x 1080
Marketing Information
The LC-60C8470U is part of our large-screen premium AQUOS® Quattron™ LED Smart TV line. This 60" Class (60-1/32" diagonal) model with brushed black aluminum bezel features our Quattron™ technology, delivering the most natural, vibrant picture quality with enhanced yellows, blues, and golds. And with built-in Wi-Fi and our intuitive SmartCentral user interface, you can access and download today's most popular apps or browse the Internet - all without disrupting what you're watching. Membership and/or additional fees may apply.
Technical Information
Remote Control
General Information
Package Contents
- AQUOS 60" Class Quattron LED Smart 3D TV
- Table Stand
- Remote Control
- 3D TV Glasses
Network & Communication
Physical Characteristics
Power Description
Technical Information


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Top Apps
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MICO is a mature, secure, robust, fully standards-compliant implementation of the CORBA standard. It is available as GNU open source software and is widely used for robust application integration.34 weekly downloads
Common Image Generator Interface (CIGI)
Software libraries and tools designed for implementation and testing of the Common Image Generator Interface (CIGI), an interface for communication between an image generator and host device in simulations.81 weekly downloads
Parallel Iterative Deconvolution
Parallel Iterative Deconvolution is a multithreaded ImageJ plugin for iterative image deblurring.44 weekly downloads
Parallel Spectral Deconvolution
Parallel Spectral Deconvolution is a multithreaded ImageJ plugin for spectral image deblurring.18 weekly downloads
EPSILON is a powerful Open Source wavelet image compressor. The project is aimed on parallel and robust image processing.4 weekly downloads
Vehicle Simulation Environment
Modeling, Simulation, & Control4 weekly downloads
Multidimensional optimization problems
NEW OPTIMIZATION TECHNOLOGY & PLANNING EXPERIMENT. Technology is designed for multidimensional optimization practical problems with continuous object functions. Technology higher efficiency than traditional optimization methods.3 weekly downloads
The DIVERSE Toolkit
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(serial ports on) steroids enables users to execute remote c functions in python shell over serial interface. It generates c code for the target and a python script for the host automatically from a c header file.1 weekly downloads
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Turkish Airborne Simulator is a 3D flight simulation. You can fly above the all earth surface or roam the earth with using mouse like Google Earth. TAsim is based on OpenSceneGraph and VirtualPlanetBuilder.1 weekly downloads
An Open Source IEC 61131-3 Integrated Development Environment, providing PLCOpen SoftPLC programming, CanOpen IO's, and SVG based HMI.0 weekly downloads
ESP Open Avionics
A project to develop open source aircraft avionics systems for the Microsoft ESP Platform. Targeted towards Microsoft Flight simulator add on developers, ESP Open Avionics aims to provide reusable avionics system components for Microsoft Flight Simulator0 weekly downloads
Fagor 8055TC Offline Programmer
Intend to reproduce most of the conversational programming functionality of the Fagor 8055TC lathe controller. Web browser interface for easy portability between different OS. Visit project web-site for demo.0 weekly downloads
Maghsad.com CMS
Maghsad.com CMS 2 is a phpBB 3 Based CMS. This CMS has alot of feutures that not included in a normal phpBB 3,infact by using Maghsad.com CMS you do NOT need to spend alot of time to installing common popular modes.0 weekly downloads
Simplified MAC Kernel
Smack is the the Simplified Mandatory Access Control Kernel. Smack is a kernel based implementation of mandatory access control that includes simplicity in its primary design goals.0 weekly downloads
GAIUS is an data centric automation framework. Core is the RTPS protocol (Real Time Publish Subscribe, see IEC/PAS 62030 (2004)) and a time triggered / event triggered paradigm with variant data transport, client side supported for C/C++ and Python.0 weekly downloads
open iik'
This project have as objective bring a open solution for air transportation0 weekly downloads


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Aleqs Notal
Parisian, Aleqs Notal comes with the freshest, craftiest Bass/Tech sound on his killer debut for CleckCleckBoom. Borrowing ideas from Kowton's gritty Grime-House, 3D Night Slugs styles, and A Made Up Sound's deft jungle reductions, the 'A.E.T. E.P.' is 2014's first real dancefloor shocker for those that know. A-side he exhibits a very canny feel for spatial layering and tightly tucked groove with the spidery web of electroid polyrhythms, lush pads and reduced boogie vibes of 'Ancient Theory', and 'Informal Utility' finds a seductive blend of fluid, Substance-like dub chords and corroded, itchy drums. Flip it for the ruder, teched-out step of 'Side Huit' with intricate drum programming up there with the dopest 2562/AMUS's convolutions, whilst 'Clear Mind' dips out on a rugged reduction of bashment and minimal techno. Highly recommended!


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Nature/* BEGIN: Block 2 of 2 Greg Add 2013 (Jan 29) */ ?> /* END: Block 2 of 2 Greg Add 2013 (Jan 29) */ ?>
Moscow Will House Europe's Biggest Oceanariumby M Dee Dubroff
By 2011, it is expected that Moscow will boast of having one of the world's largest oceanariums. It is expected to contain an area of over 180, 000 square meters (over 44 acres) and will be situated in the western part of the city at the territory of Victory Park close to the Moscow Triumphal Arch. Read on for more amazing details.
Vote Fact or Fake? Genetically Engineered Glowing Fishby Alex Eremenko
Goldfish are by far the most well known and wide-spread of freshwater fish, being both cheap and easy to keep. The downside to them, however, is that they are rather common in appearance. A company called GloFish seeking to remedy this problem has introduced fluorescent goldfish
Ultimate Survival Technologies Allows You to Start a Fire Under Any Conditionsby Chris Weiss
Starting a fire can be tough work. Don't struggle, get the BlastMatch and WetFire tinder and get the fire lit in no time.
Cactus, Skyscraper Sizeby T Goodman
A skyscraper in the shape of a cactus is planned for the new Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Agriculture in Qatar. Designed by Aesthetics Architects in Bangkok, the giant structure doesn't just look like a cactus. The shades around the building open and close in response to the heat, like cactus cells, making the cactus tower a true example of biomimicry.
Wearable Art In Kathleen Dustin's Innovative and Artistic Handbags And Pursesby Fashion Finds
Handbags and purses have often fallen into the "been there, done that" mentality for true innovative fashion lovers. That is, until Kathleen Dustin's artistic handbags came along which combine art and fashion to create unique, beautiful and fashionable accessories.
Engineers Create Biocomposites That Can Curb Global Warmingby T Goodman
What we can do when we put our minds to it! Well, not "we," but a group of environmental engineers at Stanford University's Woods Institute for the Environment. They created an artificial wood, which is just as strong as the real thing, using biocomposites that are completely biodegradable. This faux wood has the potential of saving our forests, reducing green house gases, and actually shrinking landfills. Stay tuned... these researchers are on to their next big breakthrough.
12 Hot Designs From The 2009 IceHotel: Catch Them Before They Melt!by Toby
While we in the U.S. are looking forward to Spring's budding flora, 124 miles north of the Artic Circle in Sweden, lies at least one more month of winter. It is here, in the town of Jukkasjärvi ("meeting place") in the Swedish Lapland, that world famous architects, sculptors, and designers submit their designs to the IceHotel in hopes that they will be chosen to contribute to its annual building... even though their contributions will melt after four or five months.
Scientists Develop Laser Gun To Destroy Mosquitoesby Rane
Scientists are working on a laser gun that could kill millions of mosquitoes in just minutes.
Xtrai Sensor System Protects Your Gear from Your Stupidityby Chris Weiss
EK Xtrai sensor protects your bikes, boat and racks attached to your car roof rack.
Morristown UFO: Close Encounter of the Jersey Kind?by M Dee Dubroff
On January 5, 2009, between 8:30 and 9 pm, both cops and residents reported seeing five eerie red blinking lights hovering in the night sky over quiet, little Morris County, New Jersey. One family captured the images and released them to the media. Some twenty-five miles from my own home, that's a bit too close for me, but no one there seems very comfortable about it either. Read on for more details, and forget about going back to sleep.
Therm-a-Rest NeoAir: Camping Comfort and Warmth Minus the Weightby Chris Weiss
An incredible combination of warmth, comfort and lightweight construction, the Therm-a-Rest Neo Air, set for retail next month, is setting a new standard in camping mats.
Elegant Toilet Paper Rolls Take Eco-Crafting To Another Levelby Gloria Campos
Yuken Teryua doesn't do it for the environment. He doesn't just do it for politics either. He just takes regular household items that would otherwise be thrown away and he turns them into art for what seems is the love of art.
Vote Fact or Fake? Vivid Rainbow Colored Flowersby Alex Eremenko
Don't you ever just wish that the common easy to care for and affordable flowers were beautiful and had vivid coloring? That's were Vivid Illusions comes in. Vivid Illusions comes in a wide variety of hues and promises to be able to radically alter and enhance the color of any flower it's fed to.
Rule the Stars by Drawing Pictures with Themby Austin Keenan
For thousands of years, man has traced the stars in the heavens to make shapes out of them. Even our modern-day calendar is full of references to the ancient zodiac. Remember when you were a kid, and you laid on your front lawn just making up shapes out of constellations that probably didn't even exist? Well, even if you don't, you'll still get a kick out of Arcelik's Rule the Stars.
Seal, Sierra Club and Facebook Marketplace Sell For A Causeby Gloria Campos
What do Grammy-award winning artist Seal, the Sierra Club and the Facebook Market Place have in common? The Sale For a Cause tab where Facebook members can sell items and then donate the money they receive to the Sierra Club Foundation. It is an easy way to raise money for an environmental cause.


text: Andy Katz Idiot Insult by Hilton Hater at February 14, 2013 2:24 pm. Comments Syracuse coach Jim Boeheim refers to Andy Katz in this press conference clip as a "disloyal idiot." Watch the exchange now. This video is no longer available. Please check below for related videos. Edit Delete Follow Sports? Facebook Disqus Tag: Sports Related Videos: Sports Videos Related Post: Jim Boeheim Shoots Down Andy Katz as "Disloyal Idiot" Uploaded by: Hilton Hater Uploaded: February 14, 2013 Duration: 35 seconds


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Your personal credit history is key to securing a business loan, writes Karin Price Mueller, so it's important to know your weaknesses and take steps to bolster your scores. Pay on time, keep old accounts open and show that you can handle credit cards as well as installment loans. Also, don't open too many new credit lines at once -- it makes you look desperate, she writes.
Full Story:Entrepreneur online


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Top Definition
Unexplained urine spots commonly found on bedding, floors or other areas.
When I went into the kitchen this morning I found a big puddle of piss. It's a pisstery!
by Shart Shittler August 14, 2009
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Welcome to Thunderbird Add-ons.
Add extra features and styles to make Thunderbird your own.Close
Review for Aurora Australis by Elias Sanchez TauRox3000
TauRox3000 Rated 5 out of 5 stars
Gracias combina genial con el ke tengo en Chrome thank's nice very good!!
To create your own collections, you must have a Mozilla Add-ons account.


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Professional Services
Company Overview of Leader's Edge
Executive Profile
Molly D. Shepard
Founder, Chief Executive Officer and President, Leader's Edge
|Total Calculated Compensation
|This person is connected to 1 Board Members in 1 different organizations across 3 different industries.
See Board Relationships
Ms. Molly D. Shepard is Founder of The Leader's Edge/Leaders By Design and serves as its Chief Executive Officer and President. Ms. Shepard has more than twenty years' experience in career counseling, leadership development, executive coaching and executive search. She Co-founded Manchester Inc., in 1983 and served as its Chairman and President. Ms. Shepard served as Regional Vice President of Hay Career Consultants, a division of The Hay Group, and was responsible for ...
Corporate Headquarters
Two Bala PlazaPhone: 610-660-6684
Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania 19004
United States
Fax: 610-617-1051
Board Members MembershipsThere is no Board Members Memberships data available.
Master's Degree
The University of Pennsylvania
Wheaton College (Illinois)
Honorary Doctorate 2006
West Chester University of Pennsylvania
The American College of Financial Services
British American College London
Other Affiliations
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The Whippet Inn Steak and Alehouse is a sympathetically restored Victorian pub with quirky modern twist, giving it an understated decadence. This new addition to the York restaurant scene is hidden
away on Yorkメs North Street and celebrates the best in British food and drink. The Whippet Innメs main aim is to get the best food produce they can find in Yorkshire and then pair it with real ales,
lagers, spirits and wines from around Great Britain. A fine example of this is their air dried on the bone 40 day aged Yorkshire beef from Ripon.
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Release Date:
March 6, 2012
Date Published:
March 6, 2012
Spring has sprung in the Hundred-Acre Wood and Winnie the Pooh is planting a garden. Turn the pages and lift the flaps of this delightful tale to see what surprises are springing up in Pooh's secret garden!
Genre: Juvenile Fiction
Sub-Genre: Humorous Stories, Fairy Tales + Folklore / General
- Genre: Juvenile Fiction
- Subgenre: Humorous Stories, Fairy Tales + Folklore / General
- Language: English
- Author: Cathy Hapka
- Illustrator: Disney Storybook Artists
other Info.
- Online Item #: 14343312
- Store Item Number (DPCI): 247-07-7479
- Made in the USA or Imported


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About how he saved Louis Awerbuck's life on a hot day at Gunsite Academy:
LOL damn, Pat Rogers is a Riot!
Anyone know what Louis said about Pat in SWAT magazine? Pat mentioned something at the end of the video but I couldn't find any info on it.
LOL damn, Pat Rogers is a Riot!
Anyone know what Louis said about Pat in SWAT magazine? Pat mentioned something at the end of the video but I couldn't find any info on it.
Flesh colored custom ear plugs? Or good old fashioned stupidity? I had 720p on and couldn't distinctively spot "ear hole" so i'm going to give him the benefit of the doubt.
What's with the location he's carrying his 1911 at? That looks real awkward.
I often wonder how they went from filming slow paced videos of girls shooting at that range, to jackassery like the above and this.
According to commentor pikid89, it's the Babcock Webb WMA range near Fort Myers Florida in case you're looking for a place to avoid.
Pfffft whatevs S&W… you probably know I would have just unfavorably compared it to my beloved Glocks. :P Yea… at least that's what i'll tell myself so it doesn't hurt so much inside. *sniff sniff*… *tear wipe*
Glock doesn't have a single stack 9mm or .40 yet though, so good for S&W for making what people are asking for. I'm looking forward to handling and shooting it someday.
Check out the Shield product page over at S&W for the specs.
Yeager can shoot… i'll give him that. Better than I can anyway (not that i'm surprised).
Hat tip: Ryan W.
One of the more entertaining videos they have done lately. I know these are supposed to be short… but seriously we need some longer stuff Freddie. I believe their full length film "Video Game High School" should have been out by now from what they said in their updates. I know how it is when things come up and the date gets pushed back though.
The video takes until about 3:00 min to get going, but it's worth it.
Forward roll! Basejumping! OPERATOR STATUS ACHIEVED.
ROFL I lost it at 4:17 when he shot an explosive target on the side of the mountain while in free fall. Screw the holster… just throw the Glock away into the water below and yank the ripcord.
OHhhhhh shit… underwater test sequence! Wait a minute, did he just shoot from underwater to a target on land? The dramatic rise out of the water and smooth donning of the sunglasses was a nice touch *slow clap*.
Tank Attack! If there's one thing I hate, it's when tanks chase me through fields. This operator is really into tossing his gun rather than just holstering it…. oh wait it's for the sake of the "test".
Did the tank kill the operator at the end? I guess we'll never know… What we do know is that the Glock passed all those tests. No surprise there.