text:
Electronic dance music
|The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (October 2015)
|Electronic music
Electronic dance music (also known as EDM, electronic dance, dance music,[1] club music, or simply dance) is a broad range of percussive electronic music genres produced largely for nightclubs, raves, and festivals. Produced for playback by disc jockeys (DJs), EDM is generally used in the context of a live mix, where a DJ creates a seamless selection of tracks by segueing from one recording to the next.[2]
The term "electronic dance music" and the initialism "EDM" was adopted by the U.S. music industry and music press as a buzzword to describe the increasingly commercial American electronic music scene that developed in the late 2000s. In this context, EDM does not refer to a specific genre, but serves as an umbrella term for several commercially-popular genres, including techno, house, trance, hardstyle, drum and bass, dubstep, trap, Jersey club and their respective subgenres.[3][4][5][6]
- 1 History
- 2 Criticism
- 3 Terminology
- 4 Genres
- 5 Production
- 6 Festivals
- 7 Industry awards
- 8 See also
- 9 Notes
- 10 References
- 11 Further reading
Notable early examples include the 1977 songs "I Feel Love" (by Donna Summer and Giorgio Moroder)[7] and "Was Dog a Doughnut" (by Cat Stevens), the work of Kraftwerk and Yellow Magic Orchestra during the late 1970s to early 1980s, and 1980s genres such as electro, early house (particularly Chicago House), and Detroit techno, influenced by the sounds of the Roland TR-808 and TR-909 drum machines and the Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer.
By late 2011, Music Trades was describing electronic dance music as the fastest-growing genre in the world.[8] Elements of electronic music also became increasingly prominent in pop music.[9] Radio and television also contributed to dance music's mainstream acceptance.[10]
Acid house and rave[edit]
By 1988, house music exploded in the West with acid house becoming increasingly popular.[11] There was also a warehouse party subculture based around the sound system scene; the music at warehouse parties was predominantly house. In 1988 the Balearic party vibe associated with Ibiza-based DJ Alfredo Fiorito was transported to London, when Danny Rampling and Paul Oakenfold opened the clubs Shoom and Spectrum, respectively. Both places became synonymous with acid house, and it was during this period that MDMA gained prominence as a party drug. Other important UK clubs included Back to Basics in Leeds, Sheffield's Leadmill and Music Factory, and The Haçienda in Manchester, where Mike Pickering and Graeme Park's spot, Nude, was an important proving ground for American underground dance music.[Note 1] Acid house fever escalated in London and Manchester. MDMA-fueled clubgoers, faced with a 2 a.m. close, sought refuge at all-night underground warehouse parties. Within a year, however, up to 10,000 people at a time were attending commercially organized mass parties called raves.[1]
[12] The success of house and acid house paved the way for Detroit Techno, a style that was initially supported by a handful of house music clubs in Chicago, New York, and Northern England, with Detroit clubs catching up later.[13] According to British DJ Mark Moore, Derrick May's "Strings of Life" led London clubgoers to accept house: "because most people hated house music and it was all rare groove and hip hop...I'd play 'Strings of Life' at the Mudd Club and clear the floor".[14][Note 2]
EDM in the United States[edit]
Initially, electronic dance music achieved limited popular exposure in America when it was marketed as "electronica" during the mid-to-late 1990s.[16] At the time, a wave of electronic music bands from the UK, including The Prodigy, The Chemical Brothers, Fatboy Slim and Underworld, had been prematurely associated with an "American electronica revolution".[9][17] But rather than finding mainstream success, EDM was relegated to the margins of the industry.[9] However, despite media interest in electronica in the late 1990s, American house and techno producers continued to travel abroad to establish their careers as DJs and producers.[9]
A number of factors led to the increased prominence for dance acts in North America in the mid-2000s. In 2004, Tiësto opened the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.[18] According to Spin, Daft Punk's performance at Coachella in 2006 was the "tipping point" for EDM—it introduced the duo to a new generation of "rock kids".[9] In 2009, French house musician David Guetta began to gain prominence in mainstream pop music thanks to several crossover hits on Top 40 charts such as "When Love Takes Over", as well as his collaborations with U.S. pop and hip-hop acts such as Akon ("Sexy B*tch") and The Black Eyed Peas ("I Gotta Feeling").[19] YouTube and SoundCloud helped fuel interest in EDM, as well as electro house and dubstep. Skrillex popularized a harsher sound nicknamed "brostep".[20][21]
The increased popularity of EDM was also influenced by live events. Promoters and venues realized that DJs could generate larger profits than traditional musicians; Diplo explained that "a band plays [for] 45 minutes; DJs can play for four hours. Rock bands—there's a few headliner dudes that can play 3,000-4,000-capacity venues, but DJs play the same venues, they turn the crowd over two times, people buy drinks all night long at higher prices—it's a win-win."[9] Electronic music festivals like the Electric Daisy Carnival (EDC) also grew in size, placing an increased emphasis on visual experiences (such as video and lighting), fashion (characterized by The Guardian as an evolution from the 1990s "kandi raver" into "[a] slick and sexified yet also kitschy-surreal image midway between Venice Beach and Cirque Du Soleil, Willy Wonka and a Gay Pride parade"), and the DJs themselves, who began to attain a celebrity status.[20][21] Other major acts that gained prominence like Avicii and Swedish House Mafia held concert tours at major music venues like arenas rather than nightclubs; in December 2011, Swedish House Mafia became the first electronic music act to sell out New York City's Madison Square Garden.[20]
In 2011 Spin declared a "new rave generation" led by acts like David Guetta, Deadmau5, and Skrillex.[9] In January 2013, Billboard introduced a new EDM-focused Dance/Electronic Songs chart, tracking the top 50 electronic songs based on sales, radio airplay, club play, and online streaming.[22] According to Eventbrite, EDM fans are more likely to use social media to discover and share events or gigs. They also discovered that 78% of fans say they are more likely to attend an event if their peers do, compared to 43% of fans in general. EDM has many young and social fans.[23][23]
Corporate investment[edit]
The mainstream success of EDM made it increasingly attractive to investors to the point where there were comparisons to the dot-com boom of the late-1990s. Corporate consolidation in the EDM industry began in 2012—especially in terms of live events. In June 2012, media executive Robert F. X. Sillerman—founder of what is now Live Nation—re-launched SFX Entertainment as an EDM conglomerate, and announced his plan to invest $1 billion to acquire EDM businesses. His acquisitions included regional promoters and festivals (including ID&T, which organizes Tomorrowland), two nightclub operators in Miami, and Beatport, an online music store for EDM.[24][25] Live Nation also acquired Cream Holdings and Hard Events, and announced a "creative partnership" with EDC organizers Insomniac Events in 2013 that would allow it to access its resources whilst remaining an independent company;[26] Live Nation CEO Michael Rapino described EDM as the "[new] rock 'n' roll".[16][27][28]
U.S. radio conglomerate iHeartMedia, Inc. (formerly Clear Channel Media and Entertainment) has also made efforts to align itself with EDM. It hired noted British DJ and BBC Radio 1 personality Pete Tong to produce programming for its "Evolution" dance radio brand,[29] and announced a partnership with SFX in January 2014 to co-produce live concerts and EDM-oriented original programming for its top 40 radio stations. iHeartMedia president John Sykes explained that he wanted his company's properties to be the "best destination [for EDM]".[30][31]
Major brands have also used the EDM phenomena as a means of targeting millennials [32][33] and EDM songs and artists have increasingly been featured in television commercials and programs.[34] Avicii's manager Ash Pournouri compared these practices to the commercialization of hip-hop in the early 2000s.[34] Heineken has a marketing relationship with the Ultra Music Festival, and has incorporated Dutch producers Armin van Buuren and Tiësto into its ad campaigns. Anheuser-Busch has a similar relationship as beer sponsor of SFX Entertainment events.[34] In 2014, 7 Up launched "7x7Up"—a multi-platform campaign centered around EDM that includes digital content, advertising featuring producers, and branded stages at both Ultra and Electric Daisy Carnival.[32][35][36] Wireless carrier T-Mobile US entered into an agreement with SFX to become the official wireless sponsor of its events, and partnered with Above & Beyond to sponsor its 2015 tour.[33]
Despite the growing mainstream acceptance of EDM, a number of producers and DJs, including Carl Cox, Steve Lawler, and Markus Schulz, have raised concerns that the perceived over-commercialization of dance music has impacted the "art" of DJing. Cox saw the "press-play" approach of EDM DJs as unrepresentative of what he called "DJ ethos".[20] Writing in Mixmag, DJ Tim Sheridan argued that "push-button DJs" who use auto-sync and play pre-recorded sets of "obvious hits" has resulted in a situation overtaken by "the spectacle, money and the showbiz".[37]
Some house producers openly admitted that "commercial" EDM needed further differentiation and creativity. Avicii, whose 2013 album True featured songs incorporating elements of bluegrass, such as lead single "Wake Me Up", stated that most EDM lacked "longevity".[38] Deadmau5 has criticized the homogenization of EDM, stating that the music he hears "all sounds the same", underlining his diversification into other genres like techno. During the 2014 Ultra Music Festival, Deadmau5 made critical comments about up-and-coming EDM artist Martin Garrix and later played an edited version of Garrix's "Animals" remixed to the melody of "Old McDonald Had a Farm". Afterwards, Tiësto criticized Deadmau5 on Twitter for "sarcastically" mixing Avicii's "Levels" with his own "Ghosts 'n' Stuff".[39][40][41][42]
In May 2014, the NBC comedy series Saturday Night Live parodied the stereotypes of EDM culture and push-button DJs in a Digital Short entitled "When Will the Bass Drop?". It featured a DJ named "Davvincii" who goes about performing everyday activities—playing a computer game, frying eggs, collecting money—who then presses a giant "BASS" button, which explodes the heads of concertgoers.[43][44][45]
International expansion[edit]
China is a market where EDM has made relatively few inroads, and because it is hard for DJs to sell tickets, they hardly ever perform there. The country's first EDM festival, Storm, took place in Shanghai in November 2013; among the 25,000 fans that were attending, most were expatriates. The second Storm Festival, held in October 2014 at a large Shanghai park called Xu Hui Binjiang Green Space, was considered more of a success than the first one.[46] For example, there were more than 80 pre-parties and six larger warehouse parties in 20 Chinese cities in the leadup to the festival; in 2013 there were only five pre-parties.[47] Another example of the international expansion of EDM is when Deadmau5 became the first Canadian ever to headline Toronto's Rogers Centre in November, 2011, he turned the dome from an unwelcoming concrete hangar into the perfect rave venue.[48]
The term "electronic dance music" was used in the United States as early as 1985, although the term "dance music" did not catch on as a blanket term until the late 1990s, when the U.S. music industry created music charts for "dance".[49] In July 1995, Nervous Records and Project X Magazine hosted the first awards ceremony, calling it the "Electronic Dance Music Awards".[Note 3][51]
In The Guardian, journalist Simon Reynolds noted that the music industry's adoption of EDM as a term of art was thanks to an intentional effort to re-brand U.S. "rave culture" and differentiate it from the 1990s rave scene.[21] In the UK, "dance music" or "dance" are more common terms for EDM.[52]
What is widely perceived to be "club music" has changed over time; it now includes different genres and may not always encompass EDM. Similarly, electronic dance music can mean different things to different people. Both "club music" and EDM seem vague, but the terms are sometimes used to refer to distinct and unrelated genres (club music is defined by what is popular, whereas EDM is distinguished by musical attributes).[53]
Like other music genres, EDM has various subgenres that evolved over the past 30 years that are often defined by their varying tempo (BPM), rhythm, instrumentation, and time period. For example; hardstyle, dubstep, trance, electro, hardcore, trap, chillstep, chillout, drum and bass, house, and some other genres which came from combinations from the genre above.
In a 2014 interview with Tony Andrew, the owner and founder of the Funktion-One sound system—considered a foremost model of audio technology and installed in famous venues including Berghain, Output, and Trouw—Andrew explained the critical importance of bass to dance music:
Dance music would not be so successful without bass. If you think about it, we've really only had amplified bass for around 50 years. Big bass is only a couple of generations old. Before the invention of speakers that could project true bass frequencies, humans really only came across bass in hazardous situations—for example, when thunder struck, or an earthquake shook, or from explosions caused by dynamite or gunpowder. That is probably why it is by far the most adrenaline-inducing frequency that we have. Bass gets humans excited basically. Below 90 or 100 Hz, bass becomes more of a physical thing. It vibrates specific organs. It vibrates our bones. It causes minor molecular rearrangement, and that is what makes it so potent as a force in dance music. The molecular vibration caused by bass is what gives dance music its power. It is what makes dance music so pleasurable to hear through a proper sound system.[54]
Andrew warned that too much bass—and too much sound in general—can be harmful, stating that a "good sound engineer will understand that there is a window between enough sound to give excitement and so much that it is damaging".[54]
Electronic dance music was often played at illegal underground rave parties. These were held in secret locations, for example, warehouses, abandoned bridges, fields and any other large, open areas. In the 1990s and 2000s, aspects of the underground rave culture of the 1980s and early 1990s began to evolve into legitimate EDM concerts and festivals. Major festivals often feature a large number of acts representing various EDM genres spread across multiple stages. Festivals have placed a larger emphasis on visual spectacles as part of their overall experiences, including elaborate stage designs with complex lighting systems, laser shows, and pyrotechnics, along with the attire of their attendees.[35] These events differed from underground raves by their organized nature, often taking place at major venues, and measures to ensure the health and safety of attendees.[56] MTV's Rawley Bornstein described electronic music as "the new rock and roll",[57] as has Lollapalooza organizer Perry Ferrell.[58]
Ray Waddell of Billboard noted that festival promoters have done an excellent job at branding.[57] Larger festivals have been shown to have positive economic impacts on their host citiesl[56] the 2014 Ultra Music Festival brought 165,000 attendees—and over $223 million—to the Miami/South Florida region's economy.[36] The inaugural TomorrowWorld brought $85.1 million to the Atlanta area—as much revenue as its hosting of the NCAA Final Four earlier in the year.[59] The increasing mainstream prominence of electronic music has also led major U.S. multi-genre festivals, such as Lollapalooza and Coachella, to add more electronic and dance acts to their lineups, along with dedicated, EDM-oriented stages. Even with these accommodations, some major electronic acts, such as Deadmau5 and Calvin Harris respectively, have made appearances on main stages during the final nights of Lollapalooza and Coachella, respectively—spots traditionally reserved for prominent non-electronic genres, such as rock and alternative.[60][61]
Russell Smith of The Globe and Mail felt that the commercial festival industry was an antithesis to the original concepts of the rave subculture, citing "the expensive tickets, the giant corporate sponsors, the crass bro culture—shirtless muscle boys who cruise the stadiums, tiny popular girls in bikinis who ride on their shoulders – not to mention the sappy music itself."[62] Drug-related incidents, as well as other complaints surrounding the behaviour of their attendees, have contributed to negative perceptions and opposition to electronic music events by local authorities;[62][63] After Ultra Music Festival 2014, where a crowd of gatecrashers trampled a security guard on its first day, Miami's city commissioners considered banning the festival from being held in the city, citing the trampling incident, lewd behavior, and complaints by downtown residents of being harassed by attendees. The commissioners voted in favor of allowing UMF to be held in Miami due to its positive economic effects, under the condition that organizers address security, drug usage and lewd behavior by attendees[64][65][66]
Association with recreational drug use[edit]
|This section requires expansion. (October 2015)
Dance music has a long association with recreational drug use.[67] Russell Smith noted that the association of drugs and music was by no means exclusive to electronic music, citing previous examples such as Psychedelic rock and LSD, disco music and cocaine, and punk music and heroin.[62]
A number of deaths related to alleged drug use have occurred at major festivals in recent years, involving such drugs as MDMA and meth. Electric Daisy Carnival was forced to move to Las Vegas in 2011, when the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum refused to host any it or any other Insomniac-organized electronic music events after an underaged attendee died from an MDMA overdose at the 2010 edition.[56][68][69][70] Drug-related deaths during Electric Zoo 2013 in New York City, United States, and Future Music Festival Asia 2014 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, prompted the final day of both events to be outright cancelled,[69][71] while Life in Color cancelled a planned event in Malaysia out of concern for the incident at Future Music Festival Asia, and ther drug-related deaths that occurred at the A State of Trance 650 concerts in Jakarta, Indonesia.[72][73][74]
Industry awards[edit]
|BRIT Awards
|British Dance Act
|The BRIT awards in the UK introduced a "British Dance Act" category in 1994, first won by M People. Although dance acts had featured in the awards in previous years, this was the first year dance music was given its own category. More recently the award was removed as was "Urban" and "Rock" and other genres as the awards removed Genre-based awards and moved to more generalised artist-focused awards.
|Grammy Award
|Best Dance Recording
|Most recently won (2015) by "Rather Be", Clean Bandit featuring Jess Glynne
|Grammy Award
|Best Dance/Electronica Album
|Most recently won (2015) by Syro, Aphex Twin
|DJ Mag
|Top 100 DJs poll
|The British dance music magazine DJ Mag publishes a yearly listing of the top 100 DJs in the world; from 1991 to 1996 the Top 100 poll were ranked by the magazine's journalists; in 1997 the poll became a public vote; in 2013, Dutch electro house producer Hardwell unseated trance producer Armin van Buuren as the #1 DJ.[75]
|DJ Awards
|Best DJ Award
|The only global DJ awards event that nominates and awards international DJ's in 11 categories held annually in Ibiza, Spain, winners selected by a public vote[76] and one of the most important[77]
|Winter Music Conference (WMC)
|IDMA: International Dance Music Awards
|Project X Magazine
|Electronic Dance Music Awards
|Readers of Project X magazine voted for the winners of the first (and only) "Electronic Dance Music Awards".[50] In a ceremony organized by the magazine and Nervous Records, award statues were given to Winx, The Future Sound of London, Moby, Junior Vasquez, Danny Tenaglia, DJ Keoki, TRIBAL America Records and Moonshine Records.[50]
|American Music Awards
|Favorite Electronic Dance Music
|World Music Awards
|Best DJ and Best Dance Music Artist
See also[edit]
- Timeline of electronic music genres
- List of electronic dance music record labels
- List of electronic musicians
- List of electronic dance music venues
- Freetekno
- Rave music
- Remix
- ^ Fikentscher (2000), p. 5, in discussing the definition of underground dance music as it relates to post-disco music in America, states that: "The prefix 'underground' does not merely serve to explain that the associated type of music - and its cultural context - are familiar only to a small number of informed persons. Underground also points to the sociological function of the music, framing it as one type of music that in order to have meaning and continuity is kept away, to large degree, from mainstream society, mass media, and those empowered to enforce prevalent moral and aesthetic codes and values."
- ^ "Although it can now be heard in Detroit's leading clubs, the local area has shown a marked reluctance to get behind the music. It has been in clubs like the Powerplant (Chicago), The World (New York), The Hacienda (Manchester), Rock City (Nottingham) and Downbeat (Leeds) where the techno sound has found most support. Ironically, the only Detroit club which really championed the sound was a peripatetic party night called Visage, which unromantically shared its name with one of Britain's oldest new romantic groups".[15]
- ^ "Josh Wink, Moby, and the Future Sound Of London were among the fortunate folks honored at the first Electronic Dance Music Awards presented on July 27 in New York produced by Nervous Records and Project X magazine. Winners were tallied from ballots from Project X readers".[50]
- ^ a b Koskoff (2004), p. 44
- ^ Butler (2006), pp. 12–13, 94
- ^ "Is EDM a Real Genre?". Noisey. Vice. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
- ^ RA Roundtable: EDM in AmericaResident Advisor,. "RA Roundtable: EDM In America". N. p., 2012. Web. 18 May. 2014.
- ^ "The FACT Dictionary: How 'Dubstep', 'Juke', 'Cloud Rap' And Many More Got Their Names'", FACT Mag, July 10, 2013.
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- ^ "Just How Big is EDM?". Music Trades Magazine. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g Sherburne, Philip. "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger", Spin Magazine, pages 41-53, October 2011
- ^ "The Year EDM Sold Out: Swedish House Mafia, Skrillex and Deadmau5 Hit the Mainstream". Billboard. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- ^ Rietveld (1998), pp. 40–50
- ^ Rietveld (1998), pp. 54–59
- ^ Brewster (2006), pp. 398–443
- ^ Brewster (2006), p. 419
- ^ Cosgrove 1988a[citation needed]
- ^ a b Ben Sisario (April 4, 2012). "Electronic Dance Concerts Turn Up Volume, Tempting Investors". New York Times.
- ^ Chaplin, Julia & Michel, Sia. "Fire Starters", Spin Magazine, page 40, March 1997, Spin Media LLC.
- ^ "The EDM Bubble: What Caused It". EDM Exclusives.
- ^ "DJ David Guetta leads the EDM charge into mainstream". USA Today. June 5, 2012.
- ^ a b c d Jim Fusilli (June 6, 2012). "The Dumbing Down of Electronic Dance Music". Wall Street Journal.
- ^ a b c d "How Rave Music Conquered America". The Guardian. August 2, 2012.
- ^ "New Dance/Electronic Songs Chart Launches With Will.i.am & Britney at No. 1". Billboard. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
- ^ a b Peoples, Glenn. "EDM's Social Dance." Billboard - The International Newsweekly of Music, Video and Home Entertainment Jul 06 2013: 8. ProQuest. Web. 20 July 2015 .
- ^ "Exclusive: SFX Acquires ID&T, Voodoo Experience". Billboard. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^ "SFX Purchases 75% Stake in ID&T, Announce U.S. Edition of Tomorrowland at Ultra". Billboard. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
- ^ Zel McCarthy (June 20, 2013). "Live Nation Teams With Insomniac Events in 'Creative Partnership'". Billboard.
- ^ "Live Nation Acquires L.A. EDM Promoter HARD: Will the Mainstream Get More Ravey?". Spin. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
- ^ Dan Rys (May 9, 2012). "Live Nation Buys EDM Entertainment Company Cream Holdings Ltd, Owner of Creamfields Festivals". Billboard.
- ^ Ben Sisario (December 20, 2012). "Boston Radio Station Switches to Electronic Dance Format". New York Times.
- ^ Kerri Mason (January 6, 2014). "SFX and Clear Channel Partner for Digital, Terrestrial Radio Push". Billboard.
- ^ Kerri Mason (January 6, 2014). "John Sykes, Robert Sillerman on New Clear Channel, SFX Partnership: 'We Want to Be the Best'". Billboard.
- ^ a b "7Up Turns to Electronic Dance Music to Lift Spirits -- and Sales". Advertising Age. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
- ^ a b "Exclusive: Bolstering Massive EDM Strategy, T-Mobile Debuts Above & Beyond Video Series". Billboard. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
- ^ a b c "Booming business: EDM goes mainstream". Miami Herald. March 26, 2014.
- ^ a b Valerie Lee (June 27, 2014). "An Electric Desert Experience: The 2014 EDC Las Vegas Phenomenon". Dancing Astronaut.
- ^ a b Roy Trakin (April 3, 2014). "Ultra Music Festival's 16th Anything but Sweet, Though Still Potent". The Hollywood Reporter.
- ^ "Is EDM killing the art of DJing?". Mixmag. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
- ^ "EDM Will Eat Itself: Big Room stars are getting bored". Mixmag. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
- ^ "Deadmau5 Trolls Martin Garrix with 'Old MacDonald Had a Farm' Remix of 'Animals' at Ultra". radio.com. March 31, 2014.
- ^ "Deadmau5 gives reason for techno track: "EDM sounds the same to me"". Mixmag. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
- ^ "Deadmau5: The Man Who Trolled the World". Mixmag. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
- ^ "Afrojack and Deadmau5 argue over what's "good music"". Mixmag. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
- ^ "SNL Digital Shorts return with 'Davvincii' to skewer EDM and overpaid DJs". The Verge. May 18, 2014.
- ^ "Watch Saturday Night Live Mock Big Room DJ Culture". Mixmag. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
- ^ "SNL takes stab at EDM culture in new digital short featuring 'Davvincii'". Dancing Astronaut. May 2014.
- ^ Ako (October 14, 2014). "Shanghai's Storm 2014 Raises The Ante For Music Festivals In China". EDM Tunes.
- ^ Hannah Karp (October 5, 2014). "In China, Concert Promoter Wants EDM in the Mix". Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Doherty, Mike (Spring 2012). "Electronic Dance Music Breaks Through". Words & Music.
- ^ Jonathan Bogart (10 July 2014). "Buy the Hype: Why Electronic Dance Music Really Could Be the New Rock". The Atlantic.
- ^ a b c Larry Flick (August 12, 1995). = xAsEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA24&pg=PA24#v=onepage&q&f=false "Gonzales Prepares More Batches of Bucketheads" Check
|url=scheme (help). Billboard: 24.
- ^ David Prince (1995). "Rhythm Nation". Rolling Stone (705): 33.
- ^ "Definition".
- ^ Kembrew McLeod (2001). "Genres, Subgenres, Sub-Subgenres and More: Musical and Social Difference Within Electronic/Dance Music Communities" (PDF). Journal of Popular Music Studies 13: 59–75. doi:10.1111/j.1533-1598.2001.tb00013.x.
- ^ a b Terry Church (April 10, 2014). "Funktion-One's Tony Andrews on Setting Up Soundsystems – From Wembley Stadium to Your Bedroom". DJTechTools.
- ^ http://www.technoton-magazin.com/veranstaltung26_technotonontour_electriclove2014.html
- ^ a b c "A fatal toll on concertgoers as raves boost cities' income". Los Angeles Times. February 3, 2013.
- ^ a b Lisa Rose, "N.J. basks in the glow of the brave new rave: Electronic dance festivals go mainstream", Newark Star Ledger, May 16, 2012.
- ^ Sarah Maloy (August 4, 2012). "Lollapalooza's Perry Farrell on EDM and Elevating the Aftershow: Video". Billboard.
- ^ Melissa Ruggieri (April 8, 2014). "Study: TomorrowWorld had $85m impact". Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
- ^ "House Music Comes Home: How Chicago's Summer of Music Festivals Has Reinvigorated the City's Dance Spirit". Noisey (Vice).
- ^ "How Coachella's final day symbolizes the electronic music fever pitch". Las Vegas Weekly. April 14, 2014.
- ^ a b c "Russell Smith: Exposés on EDM festivals shift long overdue blame". The Globe and Mail. July 12, 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
- ^ "Music festival safety recommendations come too late for family". CBC News. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
- ^ "Ultra Fest to Stay in Miami, City Commission Decides". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
- ^ "Miami Commission: Ultra stays in downtown Miami". Miami Herald. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
- ^ "Ultra Music Announces Review After Festival Security Draws Criticism". Billboard.com. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
- ^ Electronic Dance Music's Love Affair with Ecstasy
- ^ "Man dies at Electric Daisy Carnival in Las Vegas". Chicago Tribune. June 22, 2014.
- ^ a b Jon Pareles (September 1, 2014). "A Bit of Caution Beneath the Thump". New York Times.
- ^ "Electric Zoo to Clamp Down on Drugs This Year". Wall Street Journal. 28 August 2014.
- ^ "Six dead from 'meth' at Future Music Festival Asia 2014: police". Sydney Morning Herald (Fairfax Media). Retrieved 3 October 2015.
- ^ "Blanked out: Life In Color cancelled due to drug deaths". Malaysia Star. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
- ^ "Police Probe 'A State of Trance' Festival Drug Deaths". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
- ^ "Three Dead After State of Trance Festival in Jakarta, Drugs Suspected". Spin.com. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
- ^ "Hardwell Wins DJ Mag's Top 100 DJs Poll". Billboard. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
- ^ Rodriguez, Krystal (23 September 2014). "Here are the winners of this year's Ibiza DJ Awards". In the Mix Webzine Australia.
- ^ Zalokar, Gregor. "DJ Awards 2014 Winners". EMF Magazine. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
- ^ "30th Annual International Dance Music Awards - Winter Music Conference 2015 - WMC 2015". Winter Music Conference.
- ^ "American Music Awards 2012: A big night for Justin Bieber". CBS News. November 18, 2012.
- ^ "Choose your Nomination Category". worldmusicawards.com. World Music Awards. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ^ "Best Dance Music Artist". worldmusicawards.com. World Music Awards. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- Butler, Mark Jonathan (2006). Unlocking the Groove: Rhythm, Meter, and Musical Design in Electronic Dance Music. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253346629.
- Fikentscher, Kai (2000). 'You Better Work'!: Underground Dance Music in New York. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 9780819564047.
- Koskoff, Ellen (2004). Music Cultures in the United States: an Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 9780415965897.
- Rietveld, Hillegonda C. (1998). This is Our House: House Music, Cultural Spaces, and Technologies. Popular Cultural Studies 13. Ashgate. ISBN 9781857422429.
Further reading[edit]
- Hewitt, Michael. Music Theory for Computer Musicians. 1st Ed. U.S. Cengage Learning, 2008. ISBN 978-1-59863-503-4
- "Electronic dance music glossary" by Moby for USA Today (December 13, 2011)


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
October 10, 2015
hot stuff
Sneak Peek: Adam Richman eats hot stuff on a new Man vs. Food
by Bob Sassone, posted Aug 4th 2009 8:10AM
The new season of Man vs. Food starts tomorrow on Travel Channel. If you've never seen it, host Adam Richman goes around to various eating establishments across the country and eats stuff. Not just anything on a menu, we're talking about giant hamburgers, a 13-pound pizza, 12 egg omelets, stuff like that. In tomorrow's episode he eats a burger so hot he has to wear gloves.
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Come on out and join us for beach volleyball at Belmont Shore! We welcome all levels of players and will do our best to make sure you get some good games in. We typically play 2s, 3s and 4s. Be sure to bring water, snacks, and smiles.
I decided to start Reno Motorcycle Riders Group because I wanted to be part of a group of people who enjoyed my passion... I was excited and nervous. Our group has grown by leaps and bounds. I never thought it would be this big.
— Henry, started Reno Motorcycle Riders
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Heritage Bluffs is located about 45 minutes south of Chicago near the intersection of I-55 and I-80.
The golf course is a Certified Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary with moderate elevation change throughout and a mix of links and parkland style holes. The landing areas off the tee are open and forgiving, the greens receptive in the front yet guarded by bunkers or water on the side. The fairways are somewhat rolling, there's water in play on 5 holes and only 50 sand bunkers on the course without homes or development along the holes. It's a Dick Nugent design that plays to 7,171 yards, 74.1/138, course/slope ratings from the tips, and three shorter tees.
Very reasonably priced course for the quality it's just such a hike from just about everywhere, otherwise I'd definitely play this course more often. After a fairly routine opener, the course has a good mix of tight wooded holes and open meadow/marsh-type holes. Overall the Bluffs is a fair, strong test, especially from the tips.Conditions excellent, pace of play was 4.5 hours.


text:
Dina Schlossberg
Lecturer in Law
Dina Schlossberg is the faculty supervisor of the Small Business Clinic that provides legal service to start-up and existing businesses and nonprofits on transaction-related matters. Schlossberg has more than 15 years experience specializing in non-profit, corporate, business and real estate-related transactions with a specialized focus on housing and community economic development.
- Corporate Law and Community
- Economic Development
- Real Estate
Articles and Book Chapters
An Examination of Transactional Law Clinics and Interdisciplinary Education, 11 WASH. U. J.L. & POL'Y 195 (2002).
ESOP Fiduciary Committees, J. EMPLOYEE OWNERSHIP, L. & FIN., VOL. 12, NO.3 (Summer, 2000).
Department of Housing and Urban Development and Section 3: Challenges and Opportunities, CLEARINGHOUSE REV., May, June 1999.
Empowerment Zones/Enterprise Communities: The New Cure for Distressed Urban Communities or the Same Old Band-Aid?, HYBRID: J. L. & SOC. CHANGE, Vol. 2, No. 1 (1994).
Community Land Trusts: Stabilizing Communities, Preserving Affordability, ECON. DEV. & L. CENTER REP., VOL 22, Issue 4, December 1993.
Community Land Trusts: A Model for Affordable Housing, HOUSING & DEV. DIG., Vol. 1 Issue 2, January 1991.
More publications can be found here.
Research Areas
- Community Economic Development
- Entrepreneurship
- Micro-enterprise Development Pedagogy of Transactional Clinical Programs
Penn Law - Practice Associate Professor of Law (2004 -); Clinical Supervisor and Lecturer, Small Business Clinic (2000-04)
Steiker, Fischer & Olson, P.C. - Senior Associate (1999-2000)
Regional Housing Legal Services - Director of Economic Development (1997-99)
City of Philadelphia Law Department - Deputy City Solicitor (1995-97)
Regional Housing Legal Services - Staff Attorney (1989-95)
Community Legal Services, Inc. - Staff Attorney (1985-89)
- Small Business Clinic


text:
John Langerwrote a review of Goorin Brothers Animal Farm Trucker Hat - Wild Collection on September 3, 2015
My Favorite Hat
Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
I have a lot of hats, but this one is my favorite. It is awesome. Buy it.
(But not in Lone Star Brown - That one's mine.)


text:
Funny Or Die
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Holiday Hooker Videos, Holiday Hooker Pictures, Holiday Hooker Articles
A Hooker's Comic Con (2011)
Comic Con 2011: A Hooker's busiest day of the year!
A Hooker's Comic Con 2011 (Director's Cut)
Comic Con 2011: A Hooker's busiest day of the year!
A Hooker's Thanksgiving
Its Thanksgiving day and She's back on the streets! IF YOU LIKE THIS ONE, CHECK OUT A HOOKER'S CHRISTMAS.
Tech Town: Happy Holidays Part 1
Holiday stories from real Tech Town employees.
All I Want For Chanukah (is Hookers and Blow)
Violent dreidel gangs, unwanted pregnancies, and public drunkenness - all the hallmarks of a new holiday classic!
Santa's Holiday Movie Recommendations! - SHAME
SUBSCRIBE! If you have a crack-like addiction to movies, SUBSCRIBE to our channel! New content posted weekly! Visit http://www.themovieguys.net for more fro...
A Hooker's Easter
Guess who's workin on Easter? With Damien Fahey, Matthew Harris and Neil Garguilo.
'Twas the Whorified! Night Before Christmas
A heartwarming tail tale. Happy Holidays!
Dec. 6th: "FROSTY" (snowman?) CHICKEN PRODS. "SURPRISE" GUEST
Video Advent calendar--December 6th, 2012. Today Piastra interviews an historic holiday guest: Frosty the Snowman...he hopes! http://www.youtube.com/hoo...
St. Paddy's Day Drinking Game
Three friends say "yes" to an authentic Irish Drinking game, and get more than they bargained for.
A New Kind of Halloween
Happy Halloween
The Kissing Problem - Problems With The Professor Valentine's Day Special
Should I kiss on the first date?
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Bennie Boardwalk, Bonk, and Randy relive memories from Thanksgiving 2011.
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HBOs GIRLS of SILICON VALLEY
Sex Education
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Business Work: New Initiative


text:
Cycling Active magazine September 2014 issue on sale now, priced £4.25
Mike Hawkins
Fizik Superlight bar tape
Listed as just 2mm thick, Fizik's Superlight bar tape is made from MicroTex and manages to combine being incredibly thin with enough flexibility to give a good fit. Unlike a…
Rapha Arm Warmers
A long time in the making, but after several adjustments and revisions, the 2014 version of Rapha's Arm Warmer is commendably close to perfection. Made from Roubaix fabric, the built-in…
Cycle Sport September 2014
Available from the App Store
Shimano Ultegra R785 road hydraulic disc brakes: First ride
With hydraulic disc brakes promising to be the future for road bikes, we test out Shimano's offering
Storck Aernario Disc G1
Lightweight carbon fibre road bike with Shimano Ultegra discs and bolt-through axles
Cycle Sport August 2014 issue
Download from the App Store
Cycling Active August 2014
Cycling Active August 2014 issue on sale now
Mio Link heart-rate band
Years of heart-rate monitor use means that you get used to the mildly annoying strap around your chest and accept that it's just part of the deal. With Mio's Link,…
Canyon unveils Aeroad CF SLX model
Lighter, stiffer and more aerodynamic than its predecessor


text:
What's Happening in
Legislator Mazur, Chairperson Grant Recognize Veterans Games Organizers
Erie County Legislature Chairperson Betty Jean Grant (D-Buffalo), left, and County Legislature Majority Leader Thomas J. Mazur (D-Buffalo, Cheektowaga), center, a U.S. Army Vietnam War veteran, honored organizers of the National Veterans Golden Age Games at the May 23 session for their hard work in arranging the games in Erie County. The games will be held in Buffalo through June 4.
Majority Leader Mazur, Legislature Honor Buffalo Gateway Show Chorus
Members of the award-winning Buffalo Gateway Show Chorus, rated one of the top 10 female barbershop choruses in the world, were honored at the May 9 Erie County Legislature session for their winning the blue ribbon at the Lake Ontario Sweet Adelines Region 16 competition in Syracuse; the chorus, led by Director Diane Porsch, performed to an appreciative audience before the session. Among those honoring the Buffalo Gateway Show Chorus were Erie County Legislature Chairperson Betty Jean Grant (D-Buffalo), County Legislature Majority Leader Thomas J. Mazur (D-Buffalo, Cheektowaga), and Legislators Terrence D. McCracken (D-Buffalo) and Timothy R. Hogues (D-Buffalo).
District 7
New County Legislator Tom Mazur is married with four children and lives in the Town Park area of Cheektowaga.
He has a tremendous amount of government service ... [Read more »]


text: You are viewing Favorites - 3 of 3 7 Websites That Should Never Become TV Shows By The 'Shop Shop, Nate Maggio, Dan Abramson Published October 13, 2010 More Info » Full Credits The 'Shop Shop Uploader Nate Maggio Network Exec Dan Abramson Network Exec Stats & Data 1,281 Funny Votes 399 Die Votes 35,524 Views Published October 13, 2010 Keywords: websites to tv shit my dad says awkward family photos websites adapted website tv deals terrible tv shows First, Shit My Dad Says, and now Awkward Family Photos. So it's official, right? TV's out of ideas? Okay, great. Glad we settled that. Here are seven more that should never be adapted. Browse Related Comments Favorites 5+ more View All ▶ Funny Photoshops 5+ more View All ▶ Lists! 80+ more View All ▶ Shop Talk 10+ more View All ▶ 10+ more View All ▶ The 'Shop Shop 30+ more View All ▶ Nate Maggio 360+ more View All ▶ Dan Abramson Vaguely Related Pics & Words Vaguely Related Videos Advertisement Dan Abramson Advertisement


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Search: guys who have piercings and…Search profiles »
AUTUMN_FOR_KEEPSMatch % Unknown Join to find out!
You want to and will take time to compose a real message illustrating that you think with your brain, maybe even slightly out of the box, and don't mind a person who uses hers too... I kinda have somewhat a geeky passionate zest for life, dorky, at times, dark, morbid,...
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Advanced Gas Turbine Cycles
A Brief Review of Power Generation Thermodynamics
- J.H. Horlock, Whittle Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
A review of recent proposals for a number of novel gas turbine cycles is also included. In the past few years work has been directed towards developing gas turbines which produce less carbon dioxide, or plants from which the CO2 can be disposed of; the implications of a carbon tax on electricity pricing are considered.In presenting this wide survey of gas turbine cycles for power generation the author calls on both his academic experience (at Cambridge and Liverpool Universities, the Gas Turbine Laboratory at MIT and Penn State University) and his industrial work (primarily with Rolls Royce, plc.) The book will be essential reading for final year and masters students in mechanical engineering, and for practising engineers.
Practicing Engineers, Researchers and academics in Mechanical Engineering and Energy
Book information
- Published: July 2003
- Imprint: PERGAMON
Harmut Zabel, Materials Today


text:
Academics . Interior Architecture . Student Work
CIA students create appealing designs for co-working space
Plans would transform vacant, gutted floor into stylish, shared office more
See more event details here.
Michael Gollini
Associate Professor/Chair of Interior Architecture
Associate Professor Michael Gollini is the chair of the Interior Architecture Department and an independent de...more
While at CIA, you'll learn from the masters through our rigorous, world-class curriculum and connect with working professionals to begin your career.


text: 500 pts Beauty Pageant Trivia <Country Club According to this report, what is the name of the teen beauty queen who is resigning from her title? Click here for the answer. Sign in to Participate Category: Trivia Ends: Thursday February 28 at 10:59PM CST Visit our sponsor: Click here for the answer. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! More Ways To Get and Use Points Snow BlowerWin a Clarisonic Cleansing SystemWin an LG 42-inch LED TVWin a $100 Target Gift CardWin a Trip to the CMA AwardsAcer Chromebook


text:
iHerb Customer Reviews
Love it!
1 person found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer2505410 on Sep 10, 2009
just like Truvia only more powerful- best for coffee & tea
Not so happy about it
1 person found the following review helpful
Posted by 4982797686030923443 on Jun 08, 2015
The packets are very convinient if you are a first-time user of stevia as it is probably the most suitable quantity to take. However I'm not pleased with the taste. was excited to try stevia for the first time as I had heard it is no different in taste from sugar, but much healthier. Well... I'm not sure if it's this product or the stevia itself, but it has a weird taste, a bit bitterish and it resembles the conventional sweeteners. I will finish this packing and if I don't get used to the taste I don't think Ill buy it again.
1 person found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer2821504 on Sep 01, 2008
This definitely made my coffee sweet but I thought it left a weird aftertaste in my mouth. But, I'm also sensitive to "fake" sugar tastes, so if you don't have a problem with diet pop then you should probably find this ok too.
Company Changed Extract No Longer Good Taste
1 person found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer2787335 on Jul 23, 2013
I have been using this for years. The company has recently changed the extract and it no longer tastes good. (July 2013) New extract is not as sweet, does not dissolve as well in cold beverages, has an after taste. Cannot recommend the new extract. Need to find another company. Wish they would go back to the old extract. It is shame as this was a great product before the company recently changed it. Service from I Herb has been great and prompt delivery.
Excellent taste!
Posted by Reviewer1421961 on Oct 06, 2010


text:
Maeva Residence Le Chamois Blanc
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
- Kitchenette
- Pets allowed
Travelers also recommend:
TripAdvisor Reviews Maeva Residence Le Chamois Blanc Chamonix
Travel Blogs from Chamonix
A Cooling Excursion to the French Alps
... 8221; lasted approximately 90 minutes before it was time to board the cog rail train to Mer du Glace. We were able to the abrasive effects of a former glacier on the geography of the mountain. It looked almost like a quarry.
After our two Alpine excursions, a nice meal, and a brief walk through the town, Attilio whisked us back to the heat and humidity of Geneva, where we promptly crashed and burned to regain our ...
Glacier d'Argentiere
We were very excited to see blue sky when we woke up! Since the wether was good we decided to take the cablecar up Grands Montets. We only went half way and got off at Lognan (1972m) and hiked for 45mins to the Glacier d'Argentiere. It was beautiful! Mat did an extra little hike up to the snow line. After enjoying the serenity for a ...
Long rainy lunch
... Perfect for a wintery summers day :) Since we were close we decided to walk to Switzerland! It was a 30min trail through the woods. We bought some Swiss chocolate, then jumped on the train back to Argentiere. It was still raining!! The weather cleared about 7pm so we did a quick walk through the mountains, then a quick dinner and bed. Rain rain go ...
Written by Alison: Circus French Style
We had front row seats for the Circus. I think they were an Italian Family Circus. There were only 5 performers but the Lion Trainer then became the Trapeze artist and then the stage hand. I wasn't so sure about the way the animals were treated especially the awful noise ...
Sun, snow and BIG mountains
... kids used to putting all the gear on before going anywhere, and then keeping it on. On the other hand I need to get used to the hour it takes to leave the house and all the extra things I need to keep track of when we leave the house, a cafe or playground! Not to mention all the washing & packing!
Stew worked pretty hard our first week in Chamonix. Marg and I entertained the kids by taking them to an 'enchanted' playground ...


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Submited: 5 years old
Views: 3167
Copyright © 2006 - 2015 DeviantClip.com - All Rights Reserved.
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Section 2257


text:
My Nonprofit Reviews
Amy Newman
Review for Astoria Rescue Mission, Astoria, OR, USA
My husband and I have worked with the Astoria Rescue Mission for 8 years, before that my father was the Executive Director since 1990.
This mission is funded only by private donors. It is not often we obtain outside grant money, unless they are yearly contributors such as the local high school, and grocery store and even then these are usually for small projects. We have great hopes for this mission, and hope to see a solid GED and Work Program established
More Feedback
Would you volunteer for this group again?
For the time you spent, how much of an impact did you feel your work or activity had?
Did the organization use your time wisely?
Quite well
Would you recommend this group to a friend?
When was your last experience with this nonprofit?


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 13, 2001
|Filing date
|Nov 19, 1999
|Priority date
|Aug 3, 1998
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Donald Masters
|Original Assignee
|Scimed Life Systems, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (7), Classifications (12), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation in part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/128,396, filed Aug. 3, 1998 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,062), the complete disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.
This invention relates to electronic processing of image information, and more particularly to spectral analysis of acoustic signals used to identify images in tissue and other complex close-spaced structures.
Arteriosclerosis, also known as atherosclerosis, is a common human ailment arising from the deposition of fatty-like substances, referred to as atheromas or plaque, on the walls of blood vessels. Such deposits occur in both the peripheral blood vessels, which feed the limbs of the body, and the coronary vessels, which feed the heart. When deposits accumulate in localized regions of a blood vessel, stenosis, or narrowing of the vascular channel, occurs. As a result, blood flow is restricted and the person's health and life are at great risk.
Numerous approaches for reducing and removing such vascular deposits are known, including balloon angioplasty, in which a balloon-tipped catheter is used to dilate a region of atheroma; atherectomy, in which a blade or cutting bit is used to sever and remove the atheroma; spark gap reduction, in which an electrical spark burns through the plaque; and laser angioplasty, in which laser energy is used to ablate at least a portion of the atheroma. In order to facilitate treatment of stenosis, it is often desirable to obtain a visual image of the interior of the blood vessel within the region of interest. Catheters with imaging elements such as ultrasonic transducers are often used to obtain these images.
In intraluminal ultrasound imaging, the ultrasonic transducers direct ultrasonic pressure waves radially at a target area. These transducers then collect echos from the target area to form an image. The resolution of the images can be increased by utilizing higher frequency ultrasound waves. However, as the frequencies are increased, a significant problem arises.
The ultrasound waves pass through blood to reach the vessel wall tissue. As a result, the transducers also collect undesirable echoes and scattered waveforms from blood cells. In fact, the amount of ultrasound scattering from the blood cells is proportional to the fourth power of the frequency of the ultrasonic wave. As the size of the acoustic wavelength approaches the size of the blood cell, the blood cells start absorbing the energy and radiating the energy back. This problem becomes so significant at higher frequencies that the generated images are practically unusable because the tissue is indistinguishable from the blood.
FIG. 1A illustrates an exemplary ultrasound image according to the prior art. A transducer with a frequency of 20 MHz may be utilized to produce such an image. Regions 102 represent elements that may be of interest to an inspecting user such as a physician. These elements may include atheromas, plaque, and calcium deposits. However, since blood cells have a tendency to scatter some energy, the unprocessed image may also include undesirably bright blood echo regions. Accordingly, the current ultrasound images can include unwanted regions. These undesired regions increase in number and area as higher frequency transducers are utilized.
FIG. 1B illustrates an exemplary unprocessed ultrasound image from a higher frequency transducer. A transducer frequency of 30 MHz and higher may be utilized to produce such an image. Regions 104 represent elements that may be of interest to the user. As shown, the higher frequency transducer creates more regions for the user to inspect. Some of the additional regions are due to the blood echoes. Hence, the user will have a harder task when attempting to identify the true elements of interest such as atheromas, plaque, or calcium deposits.
In the past, the spectrum of interest of an ultrasound image was chosen by selecting from among a group of fixed bandpass filters. Several bandwidths and center frequencies would be chosen in an attempt to match the mechanical parameters of the transducer from which the image information was obtained. The result was a complex and cumbersome process for analyzing the image information. Prior ultrasound image processors include the Ultra instrument system marketed by Scimed Life Systems, Inc. of Maple Grove, Minn.
From the foregoing, it will be readily understood that it is desirable to provide ultrasound imaging over a broad range of frequencies, especially higher ultrasonic frequencies, while eliminating the undesired backscatter from the blood cells.
According to the invention, in an ultrasound image processing apparatus operative to receive analog signals representative of acoustic information reports from a tissue, such as in intravascular ultrasound imaging, a bandpass filter system forms a a well-defined passband which is used to produce a continuous-phase signal from the received raw ultrasound signal to minimize the effects of unwanted signals produced by excitation interaction with normal blood. In a particular embodiment, the filter system employs fixed electroacoustic filters with very narrow bandwidth through which a signal to be filtered is applied and is selectively and optionally dynamically tuned to frequencies of responses to ultrasound excitation. The filter system is variably tunable around either the fundamental or the second harmonic frequency of ultrasound excitation. In a particular embodiment, the filter system is realized through one or more mixers in conjunction with one or more fixed-frequency surface acoustic wave bandpass filters.
The invention has numerous advantages. The filter system can be matched to the exact characteristic frequency and mechanical parameters of a chosen transducer as characterized by the bandwidth of the transducer, so that the full sensitivity of the individual transducer can be exploited. The bandwidth and center frequency of the filter can also be selectively tuned to maximize the tissue-signal to blood-noise ratio, with appropriate selection of a transducer which is deployed via a catheter within a vascular system. This improves the ability to locate tissue material and stents. Further, the filter system may be tuned to filter out unwanted room noise, such as may be caused by patient monitoring equipment.
In particular, the ability to tune to the second harmonic allows the segmentation of portions of the image for selective examination. For example, reflections from healthy tissue can be segmented from dense tissue and stents because they reflect ultrasound energy with a discernable spectral difference. The segmentation also permits easier inspection when comparing different images. For example, in one embodiment, fundamental and second harmonic images are displayed side-by-side. In another embodiment, selective artifacts representing the segments are colorized and the colorized images are overlaid in the display presentation for case of comparison.
In the present invention, different frequency components of the return echo can be selected for viewing, e.g., blood reflectivity is very frequency dependent. In addition, frequency can be changed over time so as to permit different portions of the echo along the vector to be inspected at different frequencies. Scanning the spectrum with an adaptive slewing bandpass filter system can produce a change in the brightness ratio of blood-to-tissue in the ultrasound image. An operator may select a desired spectrum. An optimum signal-to-noise ratio can be maintained along the vector of the echoed return signal by reducing the bandwidth versus time. The passband slewing concept can be in part implemented by using two tunable mixer stages and two fixed bandpass filters.
The invention will be better understood by reference to the following detailed description in connection with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1A illustrates an exemplary ultrasound image according to the prior art;
FIG. 1B illustrates an exemplary unprocessed ultrasound image from a higher frequency transducer than that used to produce the image of FIG. 1A;
FIG. 2 is a circuit block diagram according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3A illustrates an exemplary signal envelope of the input signal;
FIG. 3B illustrates a resulting exemplary signal envelope after the input signal is processed according to one aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 3C illustrates a resulting exemplary signal envelope after a signal is processed in accordance with another aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary ultrasound image produced in accordance with one aspect of the present invention; and
FIG. 4B illustrates an improved exemplary second harmonic ultrasound image produced in accordance with another aspect of the present invention.
FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of the present invention. An electronic filter system 200 comprises a pair of slewing mixers 218 and 226 (which produce a slewing bandpass filter passband) and bracketing filters 220 and 228 operative in intermediate frequency ranges. The filter system 200 receives an input signal at an input node 202 (IN). The input signal can be an analog signal representative of acoustic information reports from a tissue. The input signal can be generated by any of a variety of transducers, such as acoustic transducers. The transducer equipment is preferably one of Scimed Models Ultra-30 and Discovery-40, which generate an electrical signal at about 30 MHz or higher with a bandwidth of about 25 percent (+/−7.5 MHz at 30 MHz, +/−10 MHz at 40 MHz).
A buffer 204 amplifies the received input signal and supplies it to an input mixer 218, which also receives a variable frequency local oscillator signal LO1 out of a relatively broad-band bandpass filter 216. The signal supplied to the filter 216 originates with reference signal generated by a signal source 208. The reference signal is preferably a sinusoidal waveform with a fundamental frequency of about 170 MHz, which is supplied directly to a first mixer 206.
The first mixer 206 also receives a signal from a first digital controller 210. Digital controllers are the primary tuning elements. It is preferably a direct digital signal synthesizer which produces a phase-continuous accurate analog sinusoidal signal, such as Analog Devices Model 8007 which is tunable between about 0 MHz and 40 MHz. Alternatively, a voltage controlled oscillator can be used instead of the digital controller, so long as the tuning range includes the bandwidth. The digital controller 210 may be internally preprogrammed, or an input control can be provided by an external digital computer (not shown) which enables real-time software controlled adjustments to establish the rate and range of frequency slew.
The first mixer 206 mixes the reference signal from the reference generator 208 and the digital controller 210 to generate an output signal in the range of about 180 MHz to 150 MHz. The output frequency of the first mixer 206 can be controlled precisely by the digital controller 210.
The output of the first mixer 206 is applied to a first bandpass filter 212. The first bandpass filter 212 can have any configuration but preferably it is a fixed electronic filter with a center frequency of 70 MHz and a bandwidth of 40 MHz. The first bandpass filter 212 is optionally coupled to a signal multiplier 214 through a selector switch 215. The signal multiplier 214 preferably multiplies the signal from the first bandpass filter 212 by two where second harmonic image analysis is undertaken. Otherwise the signal is fed directly on. The output, optionally via the signal multiplier 214, is coupled to a second bandpass filter 216. The second bandpass filter 216 preferably also is an electronic filter with a center frequency of 140 MHz and a bandwidth of 40 MHz. Bandpass filters 212 and 216 are required for each mixer output to assure suppression of unnecessary spurious product signals. (It is not necessary to provide two sets of filters if there is a way to generate a slewing reference signal of the desired frequency. The signal may be required to be phase synchronized to other signals in other subsystems not a part of this invention.)
The output of the second bandpass filter 216 provides the first local oscillator signal (LO1), which is fed to the input mixer 218 together with the amplified input signal. The input mixer 218 is preferably a high-side mixer to provide the difference between the amplified input signal and the first local oscillator as an output. Alternatively, the input mixer 218 can be a low-side mixer, which would provide as an output the sum of the amplified input signal and the first local oscillator. For example, if the first local oscillator has a frequency of about 170 MHz and the amplified input signal has a frequency of about 30 MHz, a high-side mixer would provide an output at about 140 MHz. Alternatively, a low-side mixer would provide the desired output at about 140 MHz if the first local oscillator has a frequency of about 110 MHz and the amplified input signal has a frequency of about 30 MHz.
The output of the input mixer 218 is coupled to a third bandpass filter 220. The third bandpass filter 220 can have any configuration but preferably it is a surface acoustic wave device with sharp roll-off on a bandwidth of 28 MHz around a center frequency of 140 MHz. In one embodiment, based on the frequency of the first local oscillator (LO1), the input mixer 218 adaptively adjusts the frequency band of the output of the input mixer 218 relative to the pass band of the third bandpass filter 220.
The output of a second reference signal source 209 and the output of a second digital controller 211 are also coupled to a third mixer 222.
Output of the third mixer 222 is coupled to a fourth bandpass filter 224. The fourth bandpass filter can have any configuration but preferably has a center frequency of 210 MHz and a bandwidth of 40 MHz. The fourth bandpass filter 224 is required primarily to eliminate unnecessary, spurious signal artifacts from the mixer 222. Output of the fourth bandpass filter 224 provides a second local oscillator signal (LO2) which is fed to a fourth mixer 226. The fourth mixer 226 is also coupled to receive a signal from the third bandpass filter 220. The fourth mixer 226 can be a low-side mixer or a high-side mixer. Preferably, both the fourth mixer 226 and the input mixer 218 are high-side mixers for optimum image noise rejection, and local oscillator leakage, but this selection could be modified depending upon the nature of the transducer.
The fourth mixer 226 is coupled to a fifth bandpass filter 228. The fifth bandpass filter can have any configuration but preferably is a surface acoustic wave filter which has a sharp roll-off around a bandwidth of 28 MHz at a center frequency of 70 MHz. In one embodiment, based on the frequency of the second local oscillator (LO2), the fourth mixer 226 adaptively adjusts the frequency band of the output of the fourth mixer 226 relative to the fixed passband of the fifth bandpass filter 228. The circuit 200 generates an output signal at node 230 (OUT) which is used to produce a display based on selected frequency-sensitive components to be observed in a desired processed image extracted from the input signal.
FIG. 3A illustrates an exemplary signal envelope of the input signal 300. The input signal has a center frequency of about fc MHz. The center frequency of the input signal can be any value but is preferably 30 MHz or higher. The input signal has two sides labeled as A and B.
FIG. 3B illustrates a resulting exemplary signal envelope after the input signal is passed through a first stage of the circuit shown in FIG. 2, according to one aspect of the present invention. In FIG. 2, this signal is referred as IF1. Also, with respect to FIG. 3A, the input signal sides are flipped, so that side A appears where side B was, and vice versa. The first stage can include the input mixer 218, the first local oscillator (LO1), and the third bandpass filter 220. As shown in FIG. 3B, the upper sideband of the signal is cut based on the values utilized for the first stage of the filter. For example, the upper sideband is cut at a frequency of fc+fb, where fc is the center frequency of the input signal and fb is the half power bandwidth of the desired passband.
FIG. 3C illustrates a resulting exemplary signal envelope after the IF1 signal is passed through a second stage of the circuit shown in FIG. 2. Again, the signal sides are flipped and side A appears where side B was, and vice versa. The second stage can include the fourth mixer 226, the second local oscillator (LO2), and the fifth bandpass filter 228. In FIG. 2, the output of the second stage is referred as IF2. As shown in FIG. 3C, the lower sideband of the signal is cut based on the values utilized for the second stage of the filter. For example, the lower sideband is cut at a frequency of |fc−fa|, where fc is the center frequency of the input signal and fa is the half power bandwidth of the desired passband. The resultant signal envelope is a very narrow, continuous phase passband.
For second harmonic imaging, the first and second stage parameters are set to pass the second harmonic values of the transducer, tissue, or dense tissue. For this purpose, the frequency doubler 214 is invoked.
Other examples of center frequency values are shown in Table 1. In Table 1, all values are in MHz. The bandwidth for each center frequency is 50%. LO1, LO2, IF1, and IF2 are all shown in FIG. 2. Parameters fbpf1 and fbpf2 represent the center frequency of the third 220 and fifth 228 bandpass filters of FIG. 2, respectively. It is also assumed that the signal is first mixed down and then mixed up.
Bandwidth = 20 MHz +/− 10 MHz fbpf1 = 150 MHz; fbpf2 = 60 MHz
Bandwidth = 30 MHz +/− 15 MHz fbpf1 = 155 MHz; fbp2 = 55 MHz
Bandwidth = 40 MHz +/− 20 MHz fbpf1 = 160 MHz; fbpf2 = 50 MHz
FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary ultrasound image produced in accordance with one aspect of the present invention. According to the present invention, a transducer with a frequency of about 30 MHz or higher is utilized to produce the input signal. The input signal is then processed in accordance with one aspect of the present invention. In FIG. 4A, regions 402 represent elements that may be of interest to the user, as opposed to regions 403, which may also appear and are of lesser interest. When compared with an unprocessed image such as illustrated in FIG. 1B, FIG. 4A illustrates the advantage of the present invention provided by segmentation of the image elements.
FIG. 4B illustrates an improved exemplary second harmonic ultrasound image produced in accordance with one aspect of the present invention. As discussed above, the first and second filter stages may be tuned to the second harmonic. Regions 402 represent a segmentation of elements between elements 402 and 403 that may be of interest to the user. The relatively lower number of elements shown, together with a higher segmentation of the image, enables a viewer to identify regions of interest more quickly and accurately.
The ultrasound images may be displayed on any high-resolution video display monitor. Multiple images may also be displayed side-by-side. For example, the image of the processed fundamental frequency can be displayed next to the image of the second harmonic. The side-by-side display of images enables the user to more quickly compare the regions of interest. The images may also be overlapped for comparison purposes. For example, the second harmonic image may be colored differently and overlaid onto the fundamental image.
Alternatively, a computer can be utilized to display the ultrasound images. The computer can capture the images into a digital format. The digital images may then be more readily manipulated. For example, the area of each region may be measured. The intensity of signal in each region may be color coded to more clearly demonstrate the elements of interest. Also, a color coded second fundamental image can be displayed next to the fundamental picture, or alternatively, overlaid on the fundamental picture.
Although FIG. 2 illustrates a filter system having two sections, i.e. to filter a top portion and a bottom portion of a signal envelope as illustrated in FIGS. 3B and 3C, it will be appreciated that the circuit may be simplified using only the components needed to produce output signal IF1. In this way, the signal envelope may either have a top portion cut or a low portion cut. Such a circuit is advantageous when the frequencies to be filtered are found at either the top end of the envelope or the bottom end of the envelope. For example, blood noise may be found at the top end of the envelope. By filtering the top end of the envelope, the blood noise is filtered requiring only half of the circuit of FIG. 2.
As another example, many operating rooms can experience significant background room noise. This noise may be the result of various pieces of patient monitoring equipment, such as EKG systems. Such noise may conveniently be filtered by cutting the lower end or the upper end of the envelope using the techniques previously described.
While the above is a complete description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, various alternatives, modifications, and equivalents may be utilized. For example, different types of mixers and filters, such as acoustic wave filters, may be used. A bank of bandpass filters can be used to choose different rejection slopes. High-side and low-side mixers may be utilized to achieve the best signal-to-noise ratio. Other values for center frequencies and bandwidths can also be utilized. Additional buffers and matching networks can be included, for example, on the input and output of each filter. Therefore, the above description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention which is defined by the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 26, 1993
|Jan 18, 1994
|Hitachi Medical Corporation
|Ultrasonic doppler blood flow measuring apparatus
|Feb 22, 1994
|Oct 31, 1995
|Shibano; Yoshihide
|Method of oscillating ultrasonic vibrator for ultrasonic cleaning
|Nov 2, 1993
|Apr 9, 1996
|Winegard Company
|Method and apparatus for satellite receiver with variable predetection bandwidth
|Aug 27, 1996
|Dec 1, 1998
|Seale; Joseph B.
|Ultrasound beam alignment servo
|Aug 22, 1997
|Feb 23, 1999
|Acuson Corporation
|Ultrasound imaging system and method for improving resolution and operation
|Jun 30, 1997
|Mar 2, 1999
|Siemens Medical Systems, Inc.
|System and method for 3-D ultrasound imaging and motion estimation
|Dec 18, 1997
|Apr 27, 1999
|Acuson Corporation
|Ultrasonic imaging system and method for displaying composite fundamental and harmonic images
|Jun 17, 1998
|Jun 1, 1999
|Atl Ultrasound, Inc.
|Ultrasonic diagnostic imaging of harmonic frequencies with speckle reduction processing
|Aug 3, 1998
|Dec 14, 1999
|Scimed Life Systems, Inc.
|Slewing bandpass filter for selective passage of time varying acoustic signals
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 10, 2003
|Aug 14, 2007
|Visualsonics Inc.
|High frequency, high frame-rate ultrasound imaging system
|Aug 4, 2004
|Oct 20, 2009
|General Electric Company
|Method and system of controlling ultrasound systems
|Jan 10, 2007
|Nov 9, 2010
|Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
|Arrayed ultrasonic transducer
|Nov 2, 2006
|Mar 8, 2011
|Visualsonics Inc.
|High frequency array ultrasound system
|Sep 18, 2009
|Nov 27, 2012
|Visualsonics Inc.
|Methods for manufacturing ultrasound transducers and other components
|Apr 28, 2010
|Sep 9, 2014
|Fujifilm Sonosite, Inc.
|High frequency, high frame-rate ultrasound imaging system
|Aug 4, 2004
|Feb 9, 2006
|Adams Qian Z
|Method and system of controlling ultrasound systems
|U.S. Classification
|600/443, 600/447
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 19, 2000
|Mar 29, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 31, 2006
Owner name: BOSTON SCIENTIFIC SCIMED, INC.,MINNESOTA
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:SCIMED LIFE SYSTEMS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:018463/0097
Effective date: 20050101
|May 25, 2009
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 13, 2009
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jan 5, 2010
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20091113
|Mar 24, 2015
Owner name: BOSTON SCIENTIFIC SCIMED, INC., MINNESOTA
Free format text: CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE INCORRECT APPL. NO. 6669991 PREVIOUSLY RECORDED AT REEL: 018463 FRAME: 0097. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:SCIMED LIFE SYSTEMS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:035520/0964
Effective date: 20041222


text:
Oh oh, could you do a twisted Periwinkle(Tink's Sister.), or maybe Zarina(The Pirate Fairy.)? Pweeeeeease!
I literally just forgot the Animal Fairy's name (;-, but you should do her when you have time!!
You never finished the twisted faeries series
I am in love with all of your twisted princess, so I think it would be amazing if you finish the fairies! Really, I love your art.
oh please draw periwinkle she is so cute
Your art is amazing!!!
This is totally awesome! Make twisted Vidia next, please, please!
Would love to see your verison of Rani or Prilla.
You should do Vidia next
Can you do a Metal Gear Solid-themed gallery by using your Twisted Princess and Fairies pictures? That will be great!


text:
In a deposition taken after Solyndra's bankruptcy, Mr. Mitchell was asked whether the survival of Solyndra's net operating losses was "an intended outcome," according to a transcript included in the court filings.
"You know, if I have stock for 363 days, and if I decide to sell it three days later so I can take advantage of that situation, it's not the reason I sold the stock, but it's an outcome, right?" Mr. Mitchell replied.
"Why wouldn't I get capital gains in a situation where money was lost," he said. "It's an asset there. We're paying these dollars to deal with other situations, which is to deal with the liabilities. But the asset is there, why not preserve it?"
In a separate deposition, Jamie McJunkin, a managing director with Madrone, answered "no" when asked whether one of the key components of the Solyndra restructuring was to preserve the company's net operating losses. At the same time, he said he didn't see a reason why the operating losses would be destroyed.
"They do have potential value at some point in the future," Mr. McJunkin said. "Size unknown."
Once a poster child of the Obama administration's stimulus program and Mr. Obama's efforts to encourage clean energy, Solyndra turned into a big political headache after its bankruptcy. Republicans have seized on Mr. Kaiser's political ties to Mr. Obama, but administration officials have said politics played no role in the loan deal and that investment decisions were made on the merits.


text:
The Pines Resort
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TravelPod Member ReviewsThe Pines Resort Bass Lake
This place is beautiful, everything I imagined of a cabin in the woods! Really want to come back one day :)
This review is the subjective opinion of a TravelPod member and not of TravelPod.com.
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Travel Blogs from Bass Lake
A long drive from Vegas to Bass Lake
After only 3 hours sleep, we were up and on the coach at 7.30am. Everyone slept on the coach journey and actually the hangovers weren't too bad. We stopped a few times on the way to Bass Lake. We were travelling for 9 hours today and I have swollen ankles and feet again. We arrived at the lake around 5pm, chilled for a bit and then went to the boys …
Peaceful Tuolumne
... or about to see! Chad went to get sandwiches at Degnan's Deli for our lunch later while the kids and I toured the Miwok Native American Village and the museum nearby featuring intricate baskets woven throughout the Valley's history. Then, the trek began! We drove for almost two and a half hours to reach Tuolumne Meadows (pronounced like "follow me" for example "Follow me to Tuolumne" rhymes.) Tioga Pass is closed because of snow from around October to May ...
Yosemite, into the wilderness - Days 84 - 88
... by offering us a cocktail and immediately offering up recommendations of restaurants and bars in the area.
For dinner we decided to head into Mission, SF's Latino district, for a Mexican feed. We ended up in the pretty chic, Tacolicious, where we feasted on all sorts of gorgeous tacos, washed down with a margarita for Kate and beer for Chris. We stopped off at a bar, Churchill, on the way home and were sorry to see Golden State just beat the Houston Rockets in a play off game. The locals were ...
The pass is open - YAY!
... floor. The autumn colours are beautiful, lots of golden leaves, the air is crisp and the imposing granite cliffs surround you on all sides. There are gorgeous stone bridges over creeks and meadows of golden coloured grasses. We checked into our little cabin, which thankfully had good heating. The sun disappears behind the granite cliffs pretty early (like 3pm) and then it's gets mighty nippy. We stayed in cabins in ...
Kings Canyon & Bass Lake
... first and then up again along all those hairpin bends around mountains sides with a drop off to take your breath away.
Roaring River Falls - the walk in so peaceful and sunny with no wind, just the rushing of the water to break the silence. Trout fishers along the river. Backtracked to Fresco (still very hot here) and then ...


text:
'Fifty Shades of Grey' Casts Anastasia's Roommate
UPDATED: Eloise Mumford is joining the Sam Taylor-Johnson-directed adaptation from Universal and Focus Features.
Eloise Mumford, best known for her work on TV's The River and Lone Star, has nabbed the role of Kate in Fifty Shades of Grey.
Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson are starring as Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele, respectively, in the adaptation of E L James' best-selling novel that Sam Taylor-Johnson is directing for Universal and Focus Features.
PHOTOS: 'Fifty Shades of Grey's' Jamie Dornan and 18 More Male Models Turned Actors
The cast also includes Luke Grimes as Christian's brother, Elliot; Victor Rasuk as Anastasia's close friend, José; and Jennifer Ehle as Anastasia's mother, Carla.
Kate Kavanagh is Steele's best friend and her polar opposite. She is also meant to be drop-dead gorgeous, leaving men panting.
Mumford recently starred as the female lead in ABC pilot Reckless opposite Patrick Fugit and directed by Martin Campbell. She was also in Universal and Blumhouse's Not Safe for Work, a thriller which will likely bypass a theatrical release and find other distribution avenues.
Never miss a story. Stay up-to-date with THR's Daily Headlines.
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text:
- 110Promote
Stationery Cards
Dumboby Vin Zzep
Set of folded stationery cards printed on bright white, smooth card stock to bring your personal artistic style to everyday correspondence. Each card is blank on the inside and includes a soft white, European fold envelope for mailing.
An Elephant with balloons lifting him into the sky
Beautiful work!
Thanks so much Viviana
stunning work
Thanks so much Dirk
Love it! :p
Thanks Lulla
Great piece, love the contrast and colours.
well done!
Thanks Mark and Matt
Very cool
Thanks you Violet and Irina
Awesome! Love your work!
Wow…. fantastic work!
this is incredible!
Thank you Joyfull Roots, Amy and RDelean
Great concept!
Thanks Peter
cute !
Thanks Captainsilva
Very beautiful
thanks Tyler
Love it
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text:
Increase your efficiency and productivity with this 5.6" LCD Test Monitor from Monoprice!
Without a test monitor, installing a security system can be either a 2-person job or one that involves tons of legwork, as you move back and forth between cameras and the central display. With a test monitor, you just hook up the camera, adjust the aim, zoom, and focus, then move on to the next camera.
This test monitor has a 5.6" LCD screen (112.9 x 84.7 mm) with a resolution of 640x480, which matches the basic resolution of most security cameras. It features two composite BNC video inputs and a single BNC output. The 200 cd/m2 brightness is sufficient for work in even the brightest environments.
The monitor is powered by a rechargeable lithium battery (included) with a 2600mAh capacity. For extended field work, additional batteries can be purchased, charged, and installed as needed. The internal battery is recharged using the included AC adapter.
The monitor comes in a nylon carrying case, which securely holds the monitor in place while you work. Two adjustable nylon straps can be fixed to any of the four mounting points, so you can configure the straps arrangement to best suit your own needs.
- 640x480 maximum resolution
- NTSC/PAL auto-recognition
- Two BNC inputs and one BNC output
- OSD menu with multi-language support
- Includes nylon carry case and straps
- Rechargeable battery
- Automatic power off with no signal input
- Last use settings saved on power off
- Includes a 1/4"x20 mounting point
MONOPRICE will replace defective monitors with a new monitor if the RMA is issued within thirty (30) days of the original date of purchase, as shown on the original invoice. Monitors identified as defective after 30 days, but within the twelve (12) month warranty period, will be replaced with refurbished, reconditioned, or used monitors at MONOPRICE'S discretion. All returned products are the property of MONOPRICE and must be returned to MONOPRICE for a replacement to be issued.
|Display Type
|5.6" Color a-Si TFT active matrix
|Screen size
|Viewing Area
|112.9 x 84.7 mm
|Maximum Resolution
|640 x 480
|Expected Life Time
|20,000 hours
|Dot pitch
|0.0588 x 0.1764 mm
|Contrast Ratio
|200 cd/m2
|Response Time (Tr/Tf)
|15/10 ms
|Horizontal Viewing Angle (L/R)
|Vertical Viewing Angle (U/D)
|Display Mode
|Video 1, Video 2, Test Pattern
|Video Inputs
|2x BNC (1.0Vp-p at 75 ohms)
|Audio Input
|1x 3.5mm TRS stereo audio jack
|Video Output
|1x BNC (1.0Vp-p at 75 ohms)
|Audio Output
|1x 3.5mm TRS stereo audio jack
|Audio Speaker
|1W (Max)
|Operating Temperature
|Storage Temperature
|AC Adapter Input Power
|100 ~ 240 VAC, 50/60Hz, 0.5A
|Monitor Input Power
|Power Consumption
11.25W (without battery charge)
19.875W Max (with battery charge)
|Rechargeable Battery
|Lithium (7.4 VDC, 2600mAh)
|Mount Support
|1/4" x20 threaded mounting point
|7.5" x 5.0" x 1.8" (190 x 126 x 44.5 mm)
|2.6 lbs (1.2 Kg)
Included in the Package:
- 1x 5.6" test monitor
- 1x EP-2FC2S1P rechargeable battery
- 1x Nylon carry case
- 2x Nylon straps
- 1x 3.5mm TRS to 2x RCA audio adapter cable
- 1x Universal AC adapter with 58" cord
- 1x NEMA 1-15 (US) plug adapter
- 1x Car charger with 69" cord
| rated by 2 user(s)
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text:
Author has written 9 stories for Halo, Half-Life, 28 Days Later, and Fallout.
Well damn it seems like its been awhile since Ive been around the neighborhood. Last time I was on here I was 17. Time for an update people!
The Goods
Name: Dan
Occupation: US Air Force mechanic
Hobbies:Games, Books, Guns, Writing, Muddin, Anything that has the potential to be life endangering
Random Shit: I recently found the joy that is Supernatural. I just got out of the hospital for blood poisoning and found out i had a disease thats fairly uncommon and theres nothing i couldve done to not get it. Yaay. Im addicted to various energy drinks.
Quotes:"Dont take life too seriously, you'll never get out alive." -Van Wylder, "There is no way you can pick up chicks in a tank!" -Tucker, "Trainee I swear to god if you dont get on your face right now and push Texas I will fuck your world up so bad you wish you were a 3 year old little girl! Now PUSH!" -my TI in basic. I was really sore after that.


text:
With 1.7 million freelancers, we'll match you with the perfect talent.
The client has made the following changes to the job.
Job canceled.
Bidding period extended.
Client prefers freelancers from:
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a different location.
HI all.
I need workbooks ( content + exercises ) for grade 1 to 6.
Each book must be 150-200 pages.
Those interested please bid as it is open for all.
Pmb me for the subjects.
Please make your lowest bid per book to be considered and also attach samples if u have any
Also please in bid explain yor expertise in the subject you can do..
Waiting for your bids.
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text:
Select Local Merchants
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Connecticut v Notre Dame
Parole chiave
Ariel Braker of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish dribbles the ball up... Foto di attualitàAdulto,Basket femminile,Basket universitario femminile,Campo sportivo,Composizione verticale,Connecticut Huskies,Donne,Dribbling,Indiana,Mezzo busto,NCAA,Notre Dame Fighting Irish,Palla sportiva,South Bend,Sport,Stati Uniti d'America,University of Connecticut,University of Notre DamePhotographer Michael HickeyCollection: Getty Images Sport 2013 Michael HickeySOUTH BEND, IN - MARCH 04: Ariel Braker #44 of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish dribbles the ball up court against the Connecticut Huskies at Purcel Pavilion on March 4, 2013 in South Bend, Indiana. Notre Dame defeated Connecticut 96-87 in triple overtime to win the Big East regular season title. (Photo by Michael Hickey/Getty Images)


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Conair True Glow Thermal Spa Heated Beauty Mitts
We know you want the goods as soon as possible, which is why orders received by 3pm ET leave our warehouse the very same day. We'll send you an email that day to confirm shipment and the email will include your tracking information.
Our warehouse is closed Saturday & Sunday, so orders received after 3pm ET on Fridays will not ship out until Monday.
Relieve and reinvigorate your stressed and weary hands with the luxury and comfort of True Glow Thermal Spa Heated Beauty Mitts. Simply choose the heat setting that's right for you, apply your favorite moisturizer, cover hands in plastic wrap, and slip them into the soothing heated mitts. As your pores open, the moisturizer penetrates deeply. Even heat ensures that every inch of skin is stimulated and softened. Your hands emerge smooth and healthy-looking.
- 3 temperature settings
- Allows your moisturizer to condition even the driest of skin
- Select the heat setting that's comfortable for you - High, Medium or Low
- Massage hands with favorite moisturizer
- cover hands with household plastic wrap (not included)
- Slip hands into the heated mitts
- Keep hands in mitts for up to 20 minutes
- Remove mitts and plastic wrap. Turn off device.
Folica stands behind the authenticity of everything we sell. Since 1998, Folica has made it our mission to provide you with an outstanding selection of hair and beauty products at highly competitive prices.