text:
|N�mero de publicaci�n
|Tipo de publicaci�n
|N�mero de solicitud
|Fecha de publicaci�n
|29 May 2007
|Fecha de presentaci�n
|27 Feb 2004
|Fecha de prioridad
|27 Feb 2004
|Tambi�n publicado como
|N�mero de publicaci�n
|Joseph A. Zupanick
|Cesionario original
|Cdx Gas, Llc
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (99), Otras citas (99), Citada por (28), Clasificaciones (9), Eventos legales (8)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesi�n de USPTO, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to the field of subterranean exploration and drilling and, more particularly, to a system and method for multiple wells from a common surface location.
Subterranean deposits of coal contain substantial quantities of entrained methane gas. Limited production in use of methane gas from coal deposits has occurred for many years. Substantial obstacles, however, have frustrated more extensive development in use of methane gas deposits in coal seams. The foremost problem in producing methane gas from coal seams is that while coal seams may extend over large areas of up to several thousand acres, the coal seams are fairly shallow in depth, varying from a few inches to several meters. Thus, while the coal seams are often relatively near the surface, vertical wells drilling into the coal deposits for obtaining methane gas can only drain a fairly small radius around the coal deposits. Further, coal deposits are not amenable to pressure fracturing and other methods often used for increasing methane gas production from rock formations. As a result, once the gas easily drained from a vertical well bore in a coal seam is produced further production is limited in volume. Additionally, coal seams are often associated with subterranean water, which must be drained from the coal seam in order to produce the methane.
Horizontal drilling patterns have been tried in order to extend the amount of coal seams exposed to a drill bore for gas extraction. Such horizontal drilling techniques, however, require the use of a radiused well bore which presents difficulties in removing the entrained water from the coal seams. The most efficient method for pumping water from a subterranean well, a sucker rod pump, does not work well in horizontal or radiused bores.
The present invention provides a system and method using multiple articulated and drainage wells from a common surface well that substantially eliminates, reduces, or minimizes the disadvantages and problems associated with previous systems and methods. In particular, certain embodiments of the present invention provide a system and method using multiple articulated and drainage wells from a single surface well for efficiently producing and removing entrained methane gas and water from a coal seam without requiring that multiple wells be drilled from the surface.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a system for accessing a subterranean zone from an entry well including an entry well extending from the surface. The entry well has a substantially vertical portion. One or more drainage wells extend from the entry well to a subterranean zone. One or more articulated wells extend from the entry well to the subterranean zone. At least one of the articulated wells intersects at least one of the one or more drainage wells at a junction proximate the subterranean zone. A drainage pattern is formed coupled to the junction and operable to conduct fluids from the subterranean zone to the junction.
The technical advantage of the present invention include providing a method and system for using multiple articulated and drainage wells from a common surface well. In particular, a technical advantage may include the formation of an entry well, a plurality of drainage wells, a plurality of articulated wells, and drainage patterns from a single surface location to minimize the number of surface wells needed to access a subterranean zone for draining of gas and liquid resources. This allows for more efficient drilling and production and greatly reduces costs and problems associated with other systems and methods.
Other technical advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art from the following figures, description, and claims.
For a more complete understanding of the present invention and its advantages, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like numerals represent like parts, in which:
Referring to
Entry well 12 is illustrated as being substantially vertical; however, it should be understood that entry well 12 may be formed at any suitable angle relative to surface 22 to accommodate, for example, surface geometries and attitudes and/or the geometric configuration or attitude of a subterranean resource. In the illustrated embodiment, drainage wells 14 are formed as slant wells that angle away from entry well 12 at an angle designated α. The angle α depends, in part, on the depth of subterranean zone 24. It will be understood that drainage wells 14 may be formed at other angles to accommodate surface topologies and other factors similar to those affecting entry well 12. Furthermore, although drainage wells 14 are illustrated as having the same angle of slant over their entire length (below entry well 12), drainage wells 14 may have two or more portions below entry well 12 that are at different angles. For example, the portion of drainage wells 14 from which cavity 18 is formed and/or which is intersected by the corresponding articulated well 16 may be substantially vertical. In the illustrated embodiment, drainage wells 14 are formed in relation to each other at an angular separation of β degrees. In one embodiment, the angle β equals twice the angle α. It will be understood that drainage wells 14 may be separated by other angles depending likewise on the topology and geography of the area and location of subterranean zone 24.
In particular embodiments, an enlarged cavity 18 may be formed from each drainage well 14 at the level of subterranean zone 24. As described in more detail below, cavity 18 provides a junction for the intersection of drainage well 14 by a corresponding articulated well 16 used to form a subterranean drainage bore pattern in subterranean zone 24. Cavity 18 also provides a collection point for fluids drained from subterranean zone 24 during production operations. In one embodiment, cavity 18 has a radius of approximately eight feet; however, any appropriate diameter cavity may be used. Cavity 18 may be formed using suitable under-reaming techniques and equipment. A portion of drainage well 14 may continue below cavity 18 to form a sump 20 for cavity 18. Although cavities 18 and sumps 20 are illustrated, it should be understood that particular embodiments do not include a cavity and/or a sump.
Each articulated well 16 extends from the terminus of entry well 12 to cavity 18 of a corresponding drainage well 14 (or to the drainage well 14 if no cavity is formed). Each articulated well 16 includes a first portion 34, a second portion 38, and a curved or radiused portion 36 interconnecting portions 34 and 38. In
In the illustrated embodiment, drainage well 14 is sufficiently angled away from a corresponding articulated well 16 to permit the large radiused curved portion 36 and any desired portion 38 to be drilled before intersecting cavity 18. In particular embodiments, curved portion 36 may have a radius of one hundred to one hundred fifty feet; however, any suitable radius may be used. This angle α may be chosen to minimize the angle of curved portion 36 to reduce friction in articulated well 16 during drilling operations. As a result, the length of articulated well 16 is maximized.
After cavity 18 has been successfully intersected by articulated well 16, drilling is continued through cavity 18 using articulated well string 26 to provide a drainage bore pattern 32 in subterranean zone 24. In
During the process of drilling drainage bore pattern 32 in a coal seam or other appropriate formations, drilling fluid or "mud" may be pumped down articulated drill string 26 and circulated out of drill string 26 in the vicinity of a bit 28, where it is used to scour the formation and to remove formation cuttings. The cuttings are then entrained in the drilling fluid which circulates up through the annulus between drill string 26 and the walls of articulated well 16 until it reaches surface 22, where the cuttings are removed from the drilling fluid and the fluid is then recirculated. This conventional drilling operation produces a standard column of drilling fluid having a vertical height equal to the depth of articulated well 16 and produces a hydrostatic pressure on the well bore corresponding to the well bore depth. Because coal seams tend to be porous and fractured, they may be unable to sustain such hydrostatic pressure, even if formation water is also present in subterranean zone 24. Accordingly, if the full hydrostatic pressure is allowed to act on subterranean zone 24, the result may be loss of drilling fluid in entrained cuttings into the formation. Such a circumstance is referred to as an "over-balanced" drilling operation in which they hydrostatic fluid pressured in the well bore exceeds the ability of the formation to withstand the pressure. Loss of drilling fluids and cuttings into the formation not only is expensive in terms of the lost drilling fluids, which must be made up, but also tends to plug the pores in subterranean zone 24, which are needed to drain the coal seam of gas and water.
To prevent over-balanced drilling conditions during formation of drainage bore pattern 32, air compressors or other suitable pumps may be provided to circulate compressed air or other suitable fluids down drainage wells 14 and back up through corresponding articulated wells 16. The circulated air or other fluid will mix with the drilling fluid in the annulus around the articulated drill string 26 and create bubbles throughout the column of drilling fluid. This has the effect of lightening the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling fluid and reducing the down-hole pressure significantly that drilling conditions do not become over-balanced. Aeration of the drilling fluid reduces down-hole pressure to approximately 150–200 pounds per square inch (psi). Accordingly, low pressure coal seams and other subterranean zones can be drilled without substantial loss of drilling fluid and contamination of the zone by the drilling fluid. Alternatively, tubing may be inserted into drainage well 14 such that air pumped down through the tubing forces the fluid back through the annulus between the tubing and drainage well 14.
In yet another embodiment, a down-hole pumping unit 40 may be installed in cavity 18, as illustrated in
Foam, which may be compressed air mixed with water, may also be circulated down through the articulated drill string 26 along with the drilling mud in order to aerate the drilling fluid in the annulus as articulated well 16 is being drilled and, if desired, as drainage bore pattern 32 is being drilled. Drilling of drainage bore pattern 32 with the use of an air hammer bit or an air-powered down-hole motor will also supply compressed air or foam to the drilling fluid. In this case, the compressed air or foam which is used to power the down-hole motor and bit 28 exits articulated drill string 26 in the vicinity of drill bit 28. However, the larger volume of air which can be circulated down drainage wells 14 permits greater aeration of the drilling fluid than generally is possible by air supplied through articulated drill string 26.
Referring to
Each down-hole pump 40 is connected to surface 22 via a respective tubing string 42 and may be powered by sucker rods extending down through wells 14 of tubing strings 42. Sucker rods are reciprocated by a suitable surface mounted apparatus, such as a powered walking beam 46 to operate each down-hole pump 40. Each down-hole pump 40 is used to remove water and entrained coal finds from subterranean zone 24 via drainage bore patterns 32. In the case of a coal seam, once the water is removed to the surface, it may be treated for separation of methane which may be dissolved in the water and for removal of entrained finds. After sufficient water has been removed from subterranean zone 24, pure coal seam gas may be allowed to flow to surface 22 through the annulus of wells 14 around tubing strings 42 and removed via piping attached to a well head apparatus. At surface 22, the methane is treated, compressed and pumped through a pipeline for use as fuel in a conventional manner. Each down-hole pump 40 may be operated continuously or as needed to remove water drained from subterranean zone 24 into cavities 18.
One or more secondary lateral bores 152 may be formed off one or more of the primary lateral bores 152. In a particular embodiment, a set of secondary laterals 154 may be formed off the primary lateral bores 152 of each pattern 32 a and 32 b closest to the corresponding cavity 18 a and 18 b. The secondary laterals 154 may provide coverage in the area between the primary lateral bores 152 of patterns 32 a and 32 b. In a particular embodiment, a first primary lateral 154 may include a reversed radius section to provide more uniform coverage of subterranean zone 24.
The subterranean patterns 32 a and 32 b with their central bore and generally symmetrically arranged and appropriately spaced auxiliary bores on each side may provide a substantial uniform pattern for draining fluids from subterranean zone 24 or other subterranean zone. The number and spacing of the lateral bores may be adjusted depending on the absolute, relative and/or effective permeability of the coal seam and the size of the area covered by the pattern. The area covered by the pattern may be the area drained by the pattern, the area of a spacing unit that the pattern is designed to drain, the area within the distal points or periphery of the pattern and/or the area within the periphery of the pattern as well as surrounding area out to a periphery intermediate to adjacent or neighboring patterns. The coverage area may also include the depth, or thickness of the coal seam or, for thick coal seams, a portion of the thickness of the seam. Thus, the pattern may include upward or downward extending branches in addition to horizontal branches. The coverage area may be a square, other quadrilateral, or other polygon, circular, oval or other ellipsoid or grid area and may be nested with other patterns of the same or similar type. It will be understood that other suitable drainage bore patterns may be used.
As previously described, the well bore 150 and the lateral bores 152 and 154 of patterns 32 a and 32 b are formed by drilling through the corresponding cavity 18 a or 18 b using the drill string 26 in appropriate drilling apparatus. During this operation, gamma ray logging tools and conventional MWD technologies may be employed to control the direction and orientation of drill bit 28 so as to retain the drainage bore pattern within the confines of subterranean zone 24 and to maintain proper spacing and orientation of wells 150 and 152. In a particular embodiment, the main well bore 150 of each pattern 32 a and 32 b is drilled with an incline at each of the plurality of lateral branch points 156. After the main well bore 150 is complete, the drill string 26 is backed up to each successive lateral point 156 from which a primary lateral bore 152 is drilled on each side of the well bore 150. The secondary laterals 154 may be similarly formed. It will be understood that the subterranean patterns 32 a and 32 b may be otherwise suitably formed. Furthermore, as described above, a pattern (as illustrated in
At step 406, drill string 26 is inserted through entry well 12 and one of the guide tubes in the guide tube bundle. At step 408, drill string 26 is used to drill approximately fifty feet past the casing. At step 410, the drill is oriented to the desired angle of the drainage well 14 and, at step 412, drainage well bore 14 is drilled down into and through target subterranean zone 24.
At step 414, down-hole logging equipment may be utilized to identify the location of the subterranean zone 24. At step 416, cavity 18 a is formed in first drainage well 14 at the location of subterranean zone 24. As previously discussed, cavity 18 may be formed by underreaming and other conventional techniques. At decisional step 418, if additional drainage wells are to be drilled, the method returns to step 406. If no additional drainage wells 14 are to be drilled, then the method proceeds to step 420.
At step 420, articulated well 16 is drilled to intersect cavity 18. At step 422, drainage bore pattern 32 is drilled into subterranean zone 24. At step 424, production equipment is installed into drainage wells 14 and at step 426 the process ends with the production of fluids (such as water and gas) from the subterranean zone 24.
Although the steps have been described in a certain order, it will be understood that they may be performed in any other appropriate order. Furthermore, one or more steps may be omitted, or additional steps performed, as appropriate.
Corresponding with step 404 of
In operation, drill string 26 is positioned to enter one of the guide tubes 48. In order to keep drill string 26 relatively centered in casing 50, a stabilizer 54 may be employed. Stabilizer 54 may be a ring and fin type stabilizer or any other stabilizer suitable to keep drill string 26 relatively centered. To keep stabilizer 54 at a desired depth in well bore 12, stop ring 56 may be employed. Stop ring 56 may be constructed of rubber or metal or any other foreign down-hole environment material suitable. Drill string 26 may be inserted randomly into any of a plurality of guide tubes 48, or drill string 26 may be directed into a selected guide tube 48 a. This corresponds to step 406 of
Although the present invention has been described with several embodiments, various changes and modifications may be suggested to one skilled in the art. It is intended that the present invention encompass such changes and modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.
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|Fong, David K., Wong, Frank Y., and McIntyre, Frank J., "An Unexpected Benefit of Horizontal Wells on Offset Vertical Well Productivity in Vertical Miscible Floods," Canadian SPE/CIM/CANMET Paper No. HWC94-09, paper to be presented Mar. 20-23, 1994, Calgary, Canada, 10 pages.
|Franck Labenski, Paul Reid, SPE, and Helio Santos, SPE, Impact Solutions Group, "Drilling Fluids Approaches for Control of Wellbore Instability in Fractured Formations," SPE/IADC 85304, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Copyright 2003, presented at the SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology Conference & Exhibition in Abu Chabi, UAE, Oct. 20-22, 2003, 8 pages.
|G. Twombly, S.H. Stepanek, T.A. Moore, Coalbed Methane Potential in the Waikato Coalfield of New Zealand: A Comparison With Developed Basins in the United States, 2004 New Zealand Petroleum Conference Proceedings, Mar. 7-10, 2004, pp. 1-6.
|Gamal Ismail, A.S. Fada'q, S. Kikuchi, H. El Khatib, "Ten Years Experience in Horizontal Application & Pushing the Limits of Well Construction Approach in Upper Zakum Field (Offshore Abu Dhabi)," SPE 87284, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Oct. 2000 (17 pages).
|Gamal Ismail, H. El-Khatib-ZADCO, Abu Dhabi, UAE, "Multi-Lateral Horizontal Drilling Problems & Solutions Experienced Offshore Abu Dhabi," SPE 36252, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Oct. 1996 (12 pages).
|Gardes Directional Drilling, "Multiple Directional Wells From Single Borehole Developed," Reprinted from Jul. 1989 edition of Offshore, Copyright 1989 by PennWell Publishing Company (4 pages).
|Gardes, Robert, "Multi-Seam Completion Technology," Natural Gas Quarterly, E&P, Jun. 2004, pp. 78-81.
|H.H. Fields, Stephen Krickovic, Albert Sainato, and M.G. Zabetakis, "Degasification of Virgin Pittsburgh Coalbed Through a Large Borehole," RI-7800, Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations/1973, United States Department of the Interior, 1973 (31 pages).
|Hartman, Howard L., et al., "SME Mining Engineering Handbook;" Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc. 2<SUP>nd </SUP>Edition, vol. 2, 1992, Title Page, pp. 1946-1950 (6 pages).
|Hassan, Dave, et al., "Multi-Lateral Technique Lowers Drilling Costs, Provides Environmental Benefits," Drilling Technology, Oct. 1999, pp. 41-47 (7 pages).
|Jackson, P., et al., "Reducing Long Term Methane Emissions Resulting from Coal Mining," Energy Convers. Mgmt, vol. 37, Nos. 6-8, pp. 801-806, 1996 (6 pages).
|Jeffrey R. Levine, Ph.D., "Matrix Shrinkage Coefficient," Undated, 3 pages.
|Jones, Arfon H., et al., "A Review of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Coal with Implications for Coal-Bed Methane Well Completion and Production," Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, 1988, pp. 169-181 (13 pages).
|Karen Bybee, highlights of paper SPE 84424, "Coalbed-Methane Reservoir Simulation: An Evolving Science," by T.L. Hower, JPT Online, Apr. 2004, Website: http://www.spe.org/spe/jpt/jsp/jptpapersynopsis/0,2439,1104<SUB>-</SUB>11038<SUB>-</SUB>2354946<SUB>-</SUB>2395832,00.html, printed Apr. 14, 2005, 4 pages.
|Kevin Meaney and Lincoln Paterson, "Relative Permeability in Coal," SPE 36986, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Copyright 1996, pp. 231-236.
|King, Robert F., "Drilling Sideways-A Review of Horizontal Well Technology and Its Domestic Application," DOE/EIA-TR-0565, U.S. Department of Energy, Apr. 1993, 30 pages.
|Langley, Diane, "Potential Impace of Microholes Is Far From Diminutive," JPT Online, http://www.spe.org/spe/jpt/jps, Nov. 2004 (5 pages).
|Listing of 174 References received from Third Party on Feb. 16, 2005 (9 pages).
|Lukas, Andrew, Lucas Drilling Pty Ltd., "Technical Innovation and Engineering Xstrata-Oaky Creek Coal Pty Limited," Presentation at Coal Seam Gas & Mine Methane Conference in Brisbane, Nov. 22-23, 2004 (51 pages).
|Mahony, James, "A Shadow of Things to Come," New Technology Magazine, Sep. 2002, pp. 28-29 (2 pages).
|McCray and Cole, "Oil Well Drilling and Technology," University of Oklahoma Press, 1959, pp. 315-319 (7 pages).
|McLennan, John, et al., "Underbalanced Drilling Manual," Gas Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, GRI Reference No. GRI-97/0236, copyright 1997, 502 pages.
|Mike Chambers, "Multi-Lateral Completions at Mobil Past, Present, and Future," presented at the 1998 Summit on E&P Drilling Technologies, Strategic Research Institute, Aug. 18-19, 1998 in San Antonio, Texas (26 pages).
|Molvar, Erik M., "Drilling Smarter: Using Directional Drilling to Reduce Oil and Gas Impacts in the Intermountain West," Prepared by Biodiversity Conservation Alliance, Report issued Feb. 18, 2003, 34 pages.
|Nackerud Product Description, Harvest Tool Company, LLC, Received Sep. 27, 2001, 1 page.
|Nazzal, Greg, "Moving Multilateral Systems to the Next Level," Strategic Acquistion Expands Weatherford's Capabilities, 2000 (2 pages).
|Notification of Transmittal of the International Preliminary Examination Report (1 page) and International Preliminary Examination Report (3 pages) for International Application No. PCT/US03/13954 mailed Apr. 14, 2005.
|Notification of Transmittal of the International Preliminary Examination Report (1 page) and International Preliminary Examination Report (3 pages) mailed Apr. 22, 2004 and Written Opinion mailed Sep. 4, 2003 for International Application No. PCT/US02/33128.
|Notification of Transmittal of the International Preliminary Examination Report (1 page) and International Preliminary Examination Report (5 pages) mailed Jan. 18, 2005 and Written Opinion (8 pages) mailed Aug. 25, 2005 for International Application No. PCT/US03/30126.
|Notification of Transmittal of the International Preliminary Examination Report (1 page) and International Preliminary Examination Report (6 pages) mailed Apr. 2, 2001 and Written Opinion mailed Sep. 27, 2000 for International Application No. PCT/US99/27494.
|Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration (3 pages), International Search Report (3 pages) and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority (5 pages) re International Application No. PCT/US2005/002162 mailed Apr. 22, 2005.
|Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration (3 pages), International Search Report (3 pages) and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority (5 pages) re International Application No. PCT/US2005/005289 mailed Apr. 29, 2005.
|Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration (3 pages), International Search Report (3 pages) and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority (7 pages) re International Application No. PCT/US2004/017048 mailed Oct. 21, 2004.
|Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration (3 pages), International Search Report (3 pages), and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority (5 pages) re International Application No. PCT/US2004/024518 mailed Nov. 10, 2004.
|Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration (3 pages), International Search Report (5 pages) and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority (5 pages) re International Application No. PCT/US2004/036616 mailed Feb. 24, 2005.
|Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration (3 pages), International Search Report (5 pages) and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority (6 pages) re International Application No. PCT/US2004/012029 mailed Sep. 22, 2004.
|Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report or the Declaration (3 pages) and International Search Report (5 pages) mailed Jun. 6, 2002 for International Application No. PCT/US02/02051.
|Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report or the Declaration (3 pages) and International Search Report (5 pages) mailed Nov. 10, 2000 for International Application No. PCT/US99/27494.
|Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report or the Declaration (3 pages) and International Search Report (6 pages) mailed Mar. 13, 2003 for International Application No. PCT/US02/33128.
|P. Corlay, D. Bossie-Codreanu, J.C. Sabathier and E.R. Delamaide, "Improving Reservoir Management With Complex Well Architectures," Field Production & Reservoir Management, World Oil, Jan. 1997 (5 pages).
|P. Reid, SPE, and H. Santos, SPE, Impact Solutions Group, "Novel Drilling, Completion and Workover Fluids for Depleted Zones: Avoiding Losses, Formation Damage and Stuck Pipe," SPE/IADC 85326, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Copyright 2003, presented at the SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Conference & Exhibition in Abu Chabi, UAE, Oct. 20-22, 2003, 9 pages.
|Pasiczynk, Adam, "Evolution Simplifies Multilateral Wells," Directional Drilling, Jun. 2000, pp. 53-55 (3 pages).
|Peter Jackson, "Drilling Technologies for Underground Coal Gasification," IMC Geophysics Ltd., International UCG Workshop-Oct. 2003 (20 pages).
|PowerPoint Presentation entitled, "Horizontal Coalbed Methane Wells," by Bob Stayton, Computalog Drilling Services, date is believed to have been in 2002 (39 pages).
|R. Purl, J.C. Evanoff and M.L. Brugler, "Measurement of Coal Cleat Porosity and Relative Permeability Characteristics," SPE 21491, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Copyright 1991, pp. 93-104.
|R.W. Cade, "Horizontal Wells: Development and Applications," Presented at the Fifth International Symposium on Geophysics for Mineral, Geotechnical and Environmental Applications, Oct. 24-28, 1993 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Website: http://www.mgls.org/93Sym/Cade/cade.html, printed Mar. 17, 2005, 6 pages.
|Ramaswamy, Gopal, "Advances Key For Coalbed Methane," The American Oil & Gas Reporter, Oct. 2001, Title Page and pp. 71 and 73 (3 pages).
|Ramaswamy, Gopal, "Production History Provides CBM Insights," Oil & Gas Journal, Apr. 2, 2001, pp. 49, 50 and 52 (32 pages).
|Robert E. Snyder, "Drilling Advances," World Oil, Oct. 2003, 1 page.
|Santos, Helio, SPE, Impact Engineering Solutions and Jesus Olaya, Ecopetrol/ICP, "No-Damage Drilling: How to Achieve this Challenging Goal?," SPE 77189, Copyright 2002, presented at the IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology, Jakarta, Indonesia, Sep. 9-Nov. 2002, 10 pages.
|Santos, Helio, SPE, Impact Engineering Solutions, "Increasing Leakoff Pressure with New Class of Drilling Fluid," SPE 78243, Copyright 2002, presented at the SPE/ISRM Rock Mechanics Conference in Irving, Texas, Oct. 20-23, 2002, 7 pages.
|Schenk, Christopher J., "Geologic Definition and Resource Assessment of Continuous (Unconventional) Gas Accumulations-the U.S. Experience," Website, http://aapg.confex.com/...//, printed Nov. 16, 2004 (1 page).
|Snyder, Robert E., "What's New in Production,"WorldOil Magazine, Feb. 2005, [retrieved from the internet on Mar. 7, 2005], http://www.worldoil.com/magazine/MAGAZINE<SUB>-</SUB>DETAIL.asp?ART<SUB>-</SUB>ID=2507@MONTH<SUB>-</SUB>YEAR (3 pages).
|Solutions From the Field, "Coalbed Methane Resources in the Southeast," Copyright 2004, Website: http://www.pttc.org/solutions/sol<SUB>-</SUB>2004/537.htm, printed Mar. 17, 2005, 7 pages.
|Solutions From the Field, "Horizontal Drilling, A Technology Update for the Appalachian Basin," Copyright 2004, Website: http://www.pttc.org/solutions/sol<SUB>-</SUB>2004/535.htm, printed Mar. 17, 2005, 6 pages.
|Stayton, R.J. "Bob", "Horizontal Wells Boost CBM Recovery," Special Report: Horizontal and Directional Drilling, The American Oil and Gas Reporter, Aug. 2002, pp. 71, 73-75 (4 pages).
|Stevens, Joseph C., "Horizontal Applications for Coal Bed Methane Recovery," Strategic Research Institute, 3rd Annual Coalbed and Coal Mine Methane Conference, Slides, Mar. 25, 2002, Title Page, Introduction Page and pp. 1-10 (13 pages).
|Taylor, Robert W., et al. "Multilateral Technologies Increase Operational Efficiencies in Middle East," Oil and Gas Journal, Mar. 16, 1998, pp. 76-80 (5 pages).
|Technology Scene Drilling & Intervention Services, "Weatherford Moves Into Advanced Multilateral Well Completion Technology" and "Productivity Gains and Safety Record Speed Acceptance of UBS," Reservoir Mechanics, Weatherford International, Inc., 2000 Annual Report (2 pages).
|Technology Scene Drilling & Intervention Services, "Weatherford Moves Into Advanced Multilateral Well Completion Technology," Reservoir Mechanics, Weatherford International, Inc., 2000 Annual Report (2 pages).
|Terry R. Logan, "Horizontal Drainhole Drilling Techniques Used in Rocky Mountains Coal Seams," Geology and Coal-Bed Methane Resources of the Northern San Juan Basin, Colorado and New Mexico, Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, Coal-Bed Methane, San Juan Basin, 1988, pp. cover, 133-142.
|Thakur, P.C., "A History of Coalbed Methane Drainage From United States Coal Mines," 2003 SME Annual Meeting, Feb. 24-26, Cincinnati, Ohio, 4 pages.
|The Need for a Viable Multi-Seam Completion Technology for the Powder River Basin, Current Practice and Limitations, Gardes Energy Services, Inc., Believed to be 2003 (8 pages).
|The Official Newsletter of the Cooperative Research Centre for Mining Technology and Equipment, CMTE News 7, "Tight-Radius Drilling Clinches Award," Jun. 2001, 1 page.
|Tom Engler and Kent Perry, "Creating a Roadmap for Unconventional Gas R&D," Gas TIPS, Fall 2002, pp. 16-20.
|U.S. Climate Change Technology Program, "Technology Options for the Near and Long Term," 4.1.5 Advances in Coal Mine Methane Recovery Systems, pp. 162-164.
|U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, "Characteristics of Discrete and Basin-Centered Parts of the Lower Silurian Regional Oil and Gas Accumulation, Appalachian Basin: Preliminary Results From a Data Set of 25 oil and Gas Fields," U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 98-216, Website, http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-216/introl.htm, printed Nov. 16, 2004 (2 pages).
|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Directional Drilling Technology," prepared for the EPA by Advanced Resources International under Contract 68-W-00-094, Coalbed Methane Outreach Program (CMOP), Website: http://search.epa.gov/s97is.vts, printed Mar. 17, 2005, 13 pages.
|Website of PTTC Network News vol. 7, 1<SUP>st </SUP>Quarter 2001, Table of Contents, http://www.pttc.org/../news/v7n1nn4.htm printed Apr. 25, 2003, 3 pages.
|William P. Diamond, "Methane Control for Underground Coal Mines," IC-9395, Bureau of Mines Information Circular, United States Department of the Interior, 1994 (51 pages).
|Zupanick, J., "CDX Gas-Pinnacle Project," Presentation at the 2002 Fall Meeting of North American Coal Bed Methane Forum, Morgantown, West Virginia, Oct. 30, 2002 (23 pages).
|Zupanick, J., "Coalbed Methane Extraction," 28<SUP>th </SUP>Mineral Law Conference, Lexington, Kentucky, Oct. 16-17, 2003 (48 pages).
|Zupanick, Joseph A, "Coal Mine Methane Drainage Utilizing Multilateral Horizontal Wells," 2005 SME Annual Meeting & Exhibit, Feb. 28-Mar. 2, 2005, Salt Lake City, Utah (6 pages).
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Owner name: CDX GAS, LLC, TEXAS
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Roller-Drummond / Southwest
10900 Interstate 30, Little Rock
Phone: 501-455-5800
Velma Casey Wood
E-mail | Print | Comment (1)
Published: November 8, 2012
Velma Casey Wood, 92, of Little Rock, went to be with the Lord on Tuesday, November 6, 2012. She was born in Shiloh, Arkansas on December 14, 1919 to the late John Robert Casey and Lois Mae Haskins Casey. She was a friend and caregiver to all. She knew no strangers. She was a member of Liberty Missionary Baptist Church of Little Rock, Arkansas.
She was preceded in death by her husband, Herman L. Wood; and parents; two brothers and grandson, Ricky Bruck. She is survived by daughters, Sherry Roberts and husband, Mike (the son she never had); Pam Bruck both of Benton; sister, Tommie Burchett; sisters-in-law, Elsie Abbott and Laniece Wood; granddaughters, Amanda Maston and husband, Jonathan; Calli Roberts of North Little Rock; three great-grandchildren, Dylan, Carson and Mackenzie Matson of Bryant and a host of nieces and nephews.
The family wishes to extend heartfelt appreciation to Alexander First Baptist Church and her caregivers at Saline Memorial Hospital Hospice House. Funeral services will be 2 p.m. Friday, November 9, 2012 at Roller-Drummond Funeral Home, 10900 Interstate 30, Little Rock, Arkansas 72209 (501) 455-5800. Interment to follow at Pinecrest Memorial Park. Family will receive friends 6-8 p.m., Thursday at the funeral home. Oneline guestbook: www.rollerfuneralhomes.com/drummond.
Comment on obituary for: Velma Casey Wood
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V W says...
Were very sorry about your loss. Losing a loved one can bring pain and sadness. But the Bible can provide us with comfort and hope. At John 5:28, 29 were told that soon there will be a resurrection and we will be reuinted with our loved ones. I hope this thought provides your family with some comfort
November 8, 2012 at 10:59 p.m. ( permalink | suggest removal )


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Filmmaker Hali Lee thought her own prom was a real letdown, yet she continued to be fascinated by the endurance of this quintessentially American coming-of-age ritual. To discover why, she returns to her hometown of Kansas City to track the pomp, preparations and individual stories of would be promgoers as diverse as America itself. Among them: Smurf, an inner-city track star who is gunning for Prom King; Nick, who attends a No-Dancing-or-Spaghetti-Straps celebration of an ultra-conservative Christian school; Gayla, an openly lesbian teen who participates in an alternative event by a gay & lesbian youth group; and Oliver, an anti-prom slacker who takes his video camera as his date. With wry humor and an analytical eye, Lee and co-director Peter von Ziegesar breezily capture the fabricated fantasies, kitsch and pageantry that keep proms eternal.
DVD Special Features
- New video interview with directors Hali Lee and Peter von Ziegesar
- Prom Pop Culture List: Essential prom tunes and movies
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SME Internationalisation through Clusters Publicado el: 29/08/2011, Última actualización: 10/10/2011
- Fecha límite:
- 14/10/2011.
- Número::
The purpose of this call for tenders is to support the preparation and organisation of five events in 2012-2013 offering matchmaking opportunities for European cluster organisations and their member SMEs, with international partners outside Europe.
NEW - 10/10/2011 - Questions and answers have been published


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All degrees offered at the Integrated Innovation Institute require the following components. Specific requirements for each campus are listed at the end of this list.
DecisionDesk Application Form & Non-Refundable Application Fee ($100)
The application fee can be paid by credit card through the online application.
Official College Transcripts
Official transcripts must arrive in a sealed envelope from the issuing institution, to be considered official. Please upload unofficial copies in your on-line application for the admissions committee to review. A final decision cannot be confirmed until after your official transcripts are received. If you are having difficulty obtaining official transcripts, please contact the Admissions Office for your program for an alternative official verification process using the original transcripts you were issued as a a student.
Transcript GPAs must be evaluated on a 4.0 GPA scale for the Admissions Committee to review. If your undergraduate or graduate institution did not calculate your GPA on a 4.0 scale, please contact World Education Service for an official transcript evaluation. The evaluated transcripts must be submitted directly from WES before the admissions committe will process your application.
GRE or GMAT Score Report
Applicants are required to take the GRE or GMAT exam and request an official GRE/GMAT score report be sent by ETS/GMAC directly to the Integrated Innovation Institute campuses. We also recommend that applicants upload an unofficial copy of these scores into their online application.
Pittsburgh/Brooklyn Campuses Codes:
Silicon Valley Campus Codes:
The minimum GRE scores for Carnegie Mellon University are: Verbal (400 or 146 for new scoring system); Quantitative (500 or 144 for new scoring system).
Software Management Part-time Applicants: You may petition to waive the GRE or GMAT requirement if you have already earned a qualifying graduate degree in the U.S. Waiver decisions are made by the admissions committee. If the waiver is approved, under certain circumstances we may require demonstration of necessary quantitative skills to succeed in the program.
TOEFL or IELTS Score Report
All applicants whose native language (mother tongue) is not English MUST provide TOEFL scores from tests taken within the last 1-3 years. Unofficial scores should be added to the online application and official copies sent directly to Carnegie Mellon.
Pittsburgh/Brooklyn campuses
- ETS Code: 5325
Silicon Valley campus
- ETS Code: 5759
We require a minimum iBT score of 95 (with no sub-score below 23) to be considered for admission. Minimum subscores for reading, listening, speaking and writing = 23
*Part-time only: Petitions for waiver may be reviewed on a case-by-case basis by the admissions committee. Under certain circumstances we may require demonstration of necessary English communication skills to succeed in the program.
Applicants are required to submit a current resume in DecisionDesk describing their educational and professional background.
Degree Specific Requirements: Review the details below for more information about each of the following categories.
- Statement of Purpose/Essay Questions
- Letters of Recommendation
- Video Interview
- Portfolio
Pittsburgh & Brooklyn Campus - Requirements
Please note that applicants are highly discouraged from completing multiple applications for the MII-PS degrees. Please complete the degree application for your priority campus (Pittsburgh or Brooklyn). You will have the option to notify the Admissions Committe of your interest in the alternate campus within the application process.
Statement of Purpose
The Statement of Purpose is a 1-2 page document (1000 words or less) that answers the following questions:
- What are your reasons for applying to the MII-PS program at Carnegie Mellon University?
- How will your education, experiences and graduate training in the MII-PS program help you fulfill your professional goals?
- Why are you a great candidate for the program?
Letters of Recommendation (3)Applicants are required to submit 3 letters of recommendation. Letters are typically submitted by professors, work supervisors, or mentors who you have studied with, worked for or partnered with and who know you, your skills, strengths, capabilities, etc... Recommenders can submit their letters through DecisionDesk or to us directly via email. Once you've created an application in the system you will be asked for the email addresses of your writers. DecisionDesk will take care of emailing each writer and later adding their letters to your application.
Video Interview
In addition to your personal statement, you may be required to complete a brief video interview through the DecisionDesk application process. These questions are designed to share more insight into your interest in product & service development with the Admissions Committee.
A portfolio is a body of supporting work representing recent professional, academic or personal projects. We require a portfolio from all applicants. (Applicants with business backgrounds may want to include business plans, marketing and/or branding projects as part of the portfolio process.) A strong portfolio includes a range of projects that best illustrates your skills, talents and interests demonstrating your problem solving abilities, visualization skills, and overall level of craftsmanship. Quality of work is more important than quantity. As a guide, highlighting work from 3-6 projects is sufficient.
Photographs, drawings, videos, and/or interactive presentations are all acceptable. For each piece submitted, include a brief description so we understand the project/challenge and the solution/deliverable. If you include collaborative work, make sure to identify your contributions.
The maximum number of images/media you can upload is 18. You are advised to edit thoughtfully – consider this a short narrative of your experiences but you want to share a complete story. We advise against uploading a multiple page PDF as one image. If you take this approach only the first image will be reviewed and considered.All materials must be submitted through DecisionDesk to be considered. External portfolio links will not be considered.
Silicon Valley Requirements
Additional requirements for the Software Management Program
Undergraduate degree & Software Development experience
- Undergraduate degree in computer science, electrical and computer engineering, information science, information systems, information technology, or a related field, with a minimum cumulative GPA of 3.0 or equivalent; from an accredited institution [Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc.], Higher Learning Commission or U.S. Dept. of Education). Some work experience preferred.
- Applicants should have experience in hands-on software development, including knowledge of data structures and an object-oriented programming language such as C++ or Java. Experience can be from industry or academia.
Two letters of recommendation
We prefer letters of recommendation come from an individual who can offer insight into your performance outside of the classroom environment. Wor experience, project experience, team work, leadership skills, etc.
Video Interview
In addition to your application materials, you may be asked to conduct a video interview for the admissions committee. The video interview gives the admissions committee an opportunity to learn more about you beyond the written materials you have provided in your application. Specifically, the interview enables the admissions committee to learn more about your communication and interpersonal skills, background, education, and professional goals.
Information for Re-Applicants
In some cases, students choose to reapply. We allow for a reapplication within one year of the original application term. We will retain your original application on file, and any components you submitted previously, including your transcripts, GRE or GMAT test scores, and recommendation letters. As a re-applicant, you will need to submit the following:
- An updated application
- One additional letter of recommendation
- Any new test score reports for the GRE or GMAT
- Any new transcripts for classes or degrees you may have received
- An updated resume
The application fee is waived for re-applicants. Please keep in mind that, in general, the quality of the applicant pool increases each year, so it will be to your advantage to update your application with your most recent accomplishments.