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Navigating your way down aisle upon aisle of medicines readily available for your purchase can be a very daunting task. Which option do you choose? What's the difference between option A and option B? Should you take a liquid or a pill? How about a liqui-gel? Many over-the-counter medicines (medicines you can buy without a prescription) can help allergy symptoms, but here you'll find information about the different types of over-the-counter medicines for allergies and how to use them safely. It's advised that you check with your doctor before you take over-the-counter medicines. These medicines may interfere with other medicines you may be taking may be a poor choice for other health reasons.
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"Fee has given us a paradigm of what a commentary should be. Even where one might disagree, no one -- layperson, pastor, scholar, or student -- will find Fee's volume a disappointment."
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"An impressively thorough commentary, which offers both judicious comment and useful documentation. . . . It deserves to rank as one of the leading commentaries on 1 Corinthians."
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Gordon D. Fee is professor emeritus of New Testament studies at Regent College, Vancouver, British Columbia, and former general editor of the New International Commentary on the New Testament series. His many other books include How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth, God's Empowering Presence: The Holy Spirit in the Letters of Paul, and the NICNT volumes on Philippians and 1 & 2 Thessalonians. --This text refers to an alternate Hardcover edition.
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Great book, sticks to the exegesis of the text itself and, in doing so, portrays how many parts of this book have been blatantly mishandled by the churchPublished 3 months ago by Antoine Alivizantos
Runs from teaching that Paul in 1 Cor. commands us today that women should have long hair, be silent in church, and that men are commanded to go after speaking up in the church... Read morePublished 4 months ago by George Lawrence Clark
Good commentary, but I completely disagree on some claims that he pushes.Published 4 months ago by Brandon
Guys....Fee's commentary is very good. If not the best I have read. Great series to get, and worth your time reading. Will post a thurough review later.Published 5 months ago by Disciple of Jesus, JKP
Give me a deeply knowledge of Corinthian in 1st Century,very good references book .Published 8 months ago by Chiu Sin Fu Stephen
Just finished preaching throughout 1st Corinthian to our local church, my main textbook being Fee's commentary. Read morePublished 12 months ago by Gadiel Rios
As other books I've ordered by Fee, this was loaded with more footnotes and word studies than I could even understand. Difficult. Read morePublished 12 months ago by EYESMILE

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1867 25C PR62 PCGS. Slightly subdued in appearance, but sharply struck (save for two or three of the obverse stars) with do...Click the image to load the highest resolution version.
Description1867 25C PR62 PCGS. Slightly subdued in appearance, but sharply struck (save for two or three of the obverse stars) with dove-gray and pale gold toning, and surfaces that seem free of disturbing contact marks or bothersome hairlines.(#5566)(Registry values: P2) (NGC ID# 23WY, PCGS# 5566)
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Gov. touts expansion of CSA programMarch 15,2013
MONTPELIER Vermont Gov. Peter Shumlin says the state is expanding statewide what was a three-county pilot program to get state employees involved in community-supported agriculture.
So-called CSA farms recruit consumers to sign up by making payments to farmers in the spring. Farmers then use the money as working capital and consumers get locally produced food as crops come in and animals are slaughtered.
Vermont launched an effort to get state employees to participate in such programs in Washington, Addison and Windsor counties last year.
Laura Olsen of the Green Mountain Girls Farm in Northfield said her farm saw 20 percent more CSA members as a result. Now Shumlin and Agriculture Secretary Chuck Ross said they want to take the program statewide.MORE IN Vermont News
MONTPELIER — The Vermont Supreme Court has ruled in favor of a Perkinsville man who... Full Story
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Every week, a selection of leading experts answer a new question from Judy Dempsey on the foreign and security policy challenges shaping Europe's role in the world.
Since German reunification in 1990, the country's role in both NATO and the EU has altered. And as a consequence, Germany's relationship with the United States has evolved.
The refugee crisis is impacting political stability in the Middle East and Europe. How should leaders respond to the worst humanitarian crisis since World War II?
The nature of today's global politics calls for democratic renewal—and this renewal must look beyond the standard practices of Western democracy.
It is unrealistic to expect all NATO allies to spend 2 percent of GDP on defense. Yet the metric persists—and it has assumed a significance beyond its face value. | infographic
By establishing a strategic presence in Syria, Russian President Vladimir Putin is securing the future of a vital ally in the Middle East.
Despite the growing scale and scope of reform activity and increasing support for it, the overall effort appears to be suffering from a lack of strategic direction.
The OSCE has been the most appropriate framework to manage the Ukraine crisis. To continue to play a useful role, the body must adjust its methods and strengthen its toolbox.
Europe has ceded all influence in its Southern neighborhood, as Russia intervenes in Syria to protect its interests.
You are leaving the Carnegie–Tsinghua Center for Global Policy's website and entering another Carnegie global site.
您离开卡内基 - 清华全球政策中心网站,进入另一个卡内基全球网站。


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Courts in numerous jurisdictions continue to consider whether reinsurance-related information is discoverable in insurance coverage litigation. Decisions go both ways. Some courts find that reinsurance information and...more
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In a dispute involving the expansion of the Panama Canal, a federal district court has denied an application for an order pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1782 to obtain discovery in aid of foreign litigation. The controversy...more
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A California appellate court found that an insurer's delay in resolving and denying a claim under a commercial property liability insurance policy excused the property owner from satisfying a condition precedent to coverage,...more
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A federal district court in New York has held that the attorney-client and work-product privileges apply to coverage memoranda sought by an insured from AIG Specialty Insurance in an ongoing coverage and bad faith litigation...more
- AIG Attorney-Client Privilege Insurance Litigation Work Product Privilege
A federal district court in New York confirmed an arbitration panel's final award, but directed the parties to brief the issue of whether the continued sealing of supporting documents, filed in connection with the petition to...more
- Arbitration Arbitration Awards Insurers Reinsurance Sealed Records
The Delaware Court of Chancery has denied U.S. Bank, N.A.'s request for an order establishing its right to retain cash and securities valued at $156 million and maintained by Freestone Insurance Company, a reinsurer now in...more
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The dispute continues between Utica Mutual and Clearwater Insurance in the Northern District of New York where the court recently denied, in large part, the parties' respective motions to compel discovery of insurance and...more
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A federal district court has ordered Westchester Insurance to produce all files and documents in its possession evidencing any reinsurance agreements or related reinsurance communications that pertain to the insured's policy...more
- Discovery Document Productions Insurance Litigation Reinsurance
The North Carolina Court of Appeals has held that the state's Insurance Guaranty Association is obligated to pay for workers' compensation claims made or incurred against CompTrust, a former group self-insurer that issued...more
- Appeals Insurance Companies Insurance Litigation Mergers Self-Insurance Workers Compensation Awards
In This Issue:
..Crisis Management: Five Steps to Take Before Providing That Comment
..Third Circuit Limits ERISA Fiduciary Liability to those with Ultimate...more
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The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals has dismissed, for lack of appellate jurisdiction, a district court order granting a motion to compel arbitration filed by Certain Underwriters of Lloyds of London and several other...more
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A court in the United Kingdom has approved the transfer of the entire long-term insurance business of Prudential Annuities Limited (PAL) to The Prudential Assurance Company Limited (PAC). The transfer's purpose was to...more
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A Texas appellate court's choice of law determination proved pivotal where a life insurer contested its duty to pay proceeds on the grounds that the policy was fraudulently acquired as part of a stranger-oriented life...more
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The Council and Mayor of the District of Columbia have approved enacting amendments to the Captive Insurance Company Act of 2004 to, in part, strike references to segregated accounts; clarify certain statutory requirements...more
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Cali Roots
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USAO's president, Dr. John Feaver, says the staff works with students to secure scholarships and Pell grants and 20 percent of their students get help from Oklahoma's Promise, established in 1992 to help students whose parents make less than $50,000 a year.
Associate degrees
The other is Oklahoma City Community College.
The community college offers associate degrees that can be completed in two years and prepares students for jobs in top career fields.
According to OCCC President Dr. Paul Sechrist, Oklahoma City Public Schools and Western Heights High School graduates can attend OCCC and have 100 percent of their tuition waived. This program is called OKC Go!
If you find yourself standing on the corner of hope and worry, don't despair. There are options out there and skilled people to help you explore them.
Charlotte Lankard is a licensed marriage and family therapist in private practice. Contact her at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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This package supports the following driver models:ATI Radeon X1250 ATI Radeon Xpress 1250 ATI RADEON XPRESS 200 Series Radeon Xpress...
This package supports the following driver models:ATI Radeon X1250 ATI Radeon Xpress 1250 ATI RADEON XPRESS 200 Series Radeon Xpress...
The Radeon R9 Nano, which chipmaker AMD announced this week, delivers high-end gaming in a card that fits in smaller, less power-hungry systems. At a chip conference earlier this week, AMD talked about the development of the new memory technology behind it.
AMD says that it has finally realized the full potential of the APU with the launch of the Carrizo, a true single-chip solution capable of delivering solid gaming performance and longer battery life in mainstream laptops. But the next-generation Radeon GPUs were a no-show.
Chipmaker AMD once again has gamers looking to be able to buy high-performance parts at a decent price in its sights with the new A10-7870K chip.
AMD's next-generation A-Series Accelerated Processing Unit (APU) for laptops and low-power desktops, codenamed "Carrizo", will simultaneously ramp up energy efficiency and boost performance.
AMD unveils the specs for its first range of ARM-based processors aimed at the server market.
This patch for Echelon is for any non-Pentium or non-AMD computers. It fixes the Instant Action bug.
AMD announced the mobile version of its Kaveri mainstream processor and claimed it was now prepared to go 'toe-to-toe' with Intel's Core processors. Along with the new mobile APUs, AMD announced new branding and rolled out a Pro Series to challenge Intel's vPro in the enterprise.
The AMD Opteron A1100 series server chip, which features 28-nanometer process technology, will be sampling in the next few weeks.
AMD is in hot water with investors who claim the company overestimating how well the Llano chip would do, especially in emerging markets.
AMD has detailed what it has planned for its new ARM-based chip targeted at the datacentre.
While there's no doubt that the PC industry is in a nose dive, the last quarter will have bought some cheers to AMD and Intel. Unfortunately, the same can't be said for Nvidia, which saw a dramatic fall in chip shipments.
AMD wants to be more than just an alternative to Intel. It wants to lead ARM's gains in the data center as 2014 shapes up to be a pilot year for hyperscale servers.
AMD announced desktop versions of its latest Richland A-Series processors and gave the first public demonstration of its upcoming Kaveri processor at the Computex tradeshow today.
The 11.6-inch slate sports a 1080p display and packs a dual-core AMD Z60 chip, but the company has revealed no pricing or availability info.
The 4300 Series and 3300 Series processors are based on AMD's Piledriver architecture and, according to the chipmaker, are ideal for cloud providers, web hosts and SMBs.
Beleaguered chipmaker AMD slashes prices of its budget processors by between four and 30 percent ahead of the holiday season. Will it be enough to grab market share from chip giant Intel?
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In the short term, ARM chips will continue to have a low-power advantage over processors from x86 chipmakers like Intel and AMD, but eventually this advantage will disappear, according to AMD.
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Apple's hiring of 16-year AMD chip veteran could allow the Cupertino tech giant to shift A-series processor production away from Samsung. But the move could also have implications for Intel, which supplies CPUs for Macs.
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Windows 10
Ed Bott's Weekly Wrap: New Surface devices, Azure adds Touch ID support, Google's 'do the right thing'
Presenting the 20 dumbest Ashley Madison passwords, in no particular order


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 25, 2003
|Filing date
|Sep 9, 1999
|Priority date
|Sep 9, 1999
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Guy L. Grenier, Bruce D. Keats
|Original Assignee
|Nortel Networks Limited
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (42), Classifications (15), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to asynchronous transfer mode ("ATM") networks, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for detecting and reacting to defects on such a network.
Many modern communications networks are adapted to detect and react to defects that may impair the transmission of data along such networks. Synchronous Optical networks ("SONET"), for example, detect network defects and switch the routing of traffic within the network a long differing physical paths in the presence of a defect, to ensure data traffic delivery between end points. Such switching is typically referred to as "protection switching".
Modern ATM networks, as for example detailed in International Telecommunication Union Recommendations ITU-T I.326, I.361, I.610, I.630, and I.732, the contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference, support similar protection switching in the presence of defects to provide a signal across the network in the presence of signal failure (signal fail—"SF"), or in the presence of a degraded signal (signal degrade—"SD").
As detailed in ITU-T Recommendation I.630, ATM protection switching may be effected for single virtual channels ("VC"s); virtual paths ("VP"s); and logical groups of VPs or VCs ("VPG"s or "VCG"s).
SF on an ATM network is often manifested in loss of frames (LOF); loss of signal (LOS); or loss of cell delineation (LCD) at the physical layer carrying ATM traffic. As such ITU-T Recommendation I.630, suggests that a SF may be detected at the physical layer. SD, on the other hand, typically manifests itself in the presence of bit errors within the ATM signal. As such, ITU-T Recommendation I.630 suggests detecting SD within VCs at the ATM layer, by using performance monitoring ("PM") cells. That is, PM cells that may be used to assess the presence of signal degrade are inserted into an ATM stream. Using these inserted PM cells, the quality of user cells may be assessed at a downstream node.
ITU-T Recommendation I.630, however, does not address a mechanism for effecting protection switching for VPs, VPGs or VCGs in the presence of SD. Unfortunately, the use of PM flows for all VCs within a VP, VPG or VCG would require undue network resources, in order to monitor such flows on all VPs within a VPG or all VCs within a VCG.
Accordingly, a method and apparatus that facilitates ATM layer protection switching for VPGs or VCGs in the presence of SD is desirable.
Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, SD is monitored on a subset of VPs within a VPG or within a subset of VCs within a VCG. If SD is detected on this subset of VPs or VCs, all VPs or VCs within the VPG or VCG are switched from a working entity to a protection entity.
In accordance with the present invention, receipt of traffic is switched from a group of working ATM channels/paths to a group of protection ATM channels/paths on a network element in an ATM network. Specifically, ATM monitoring cells are received on a subset of ATM channels/paths of the group of working ATM channels/paths. Each of the ATM monitoring cells includes an error detection code for a plurality of ATM cells received at the network element within an associated ATM channel/path. In response to the error detection codes indicating a degraded signal within an associated ATM channel/path, the network element receives the traffic from all channels within the group of protection ATM channels/paths in favour of receiving the traffic on the group of working ATM channels/paths.
Advantageously then, as SD need only be monitored on a subset of VCs or VPs within a VCG or VPG, network resources are conserved.
Network elements and software may embody these methods.
Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures.
In figures which illustrate, by way of example only, preferred embodiments of the invention,
FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of two network elements ("NE"s) within an ATM network, exemplary of the resent invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates the format of forward performance monitoring ("PM") operations and management ("OAM") cell passed between the NEs of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of an NE of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4A is a simplified block diagram of two NEs configured for 1:1 virtual channel group ("VCG") protection switching; and
FIG. 4B is a simplified block diagram of two NEs configured for 1+1 VCG protection switching;
FIG. 1 illustrates ATM NEs 12 a, 12 b, (collectively, or individually 12) forming part of an ATM network, and exemplary of embodiments of the present invention. As will be appreciated, the ATM network will be foamed upon a physical network, adhering to a physical layer protocol. This physical network, may for example, be a Synchronous Optical Network ("SONET"), as it is called in North America, or its European counterpart, a Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH). It may also be a DSn based telephony network.
NEs 12 may be conventional ATM switches. NEs 12 may be end nodes with which traffic originates on the ATM network, or intermediate nodes connected between end nodes. As illustrated, NEs 12 are communicatively coupled by at least two links (hereafter referred to as "entities") 14 and 16 capable of transporting payload traffic between NEs 12 a and 12 b. As will become apparent, third and fourth links 18 and 20, used to carry out-of band signaling messages may further connect NEs 12. Entities 14 and 16 and links 18, 20 may directly connect NEs 12 a and 12 b, or alternatively couple NEs 12 a and 12 b by way of intermediate NEs (not illustrated). For simplicity of illustration, entities 14 and 16 and links 18 and 20 are illustrated as bidirectional links. Each entity 14 or 16, and links 18 or 20 however, is intended to represent two unidirectional links, with one carrying traffic from NE 12 a to NE 12 b, an(i the other from NE 12 b to NE 12 a. As will be appreciated each unidirectional link may be logically and physically separate from another associated unidirectional link.
NEs 12 exchange communications traffic in accordance with known ATM protocols. Specifically, prior to the exchange of payload traffic one or more virtual circuits, for the exchange of payload data is negotiated between end NEs on the network. Each virtual circuit is made up of a series of virtual channels ("VC"s)carried on physical connections between adjacent nodes on the network. For illustration, each of entities 14, 16 is intended to represent an entity transporting logical groups of VCs, between nodes 12 a and 12 b. As will be appreciated, entities 14 and 16 could alternatively transport single VCs; virtual paths("VP"s); or groups of VPs between nodes 12 a and 12 b. Links 18 and 20 are intended to represent single channels (or a series of channels) between NEs 12 a and 12 b.
Preferably entities 14 and 16 are physically as well as logically separate. However, as will be appreciated, any two or more of entities 14, 16 and links 19, 20 may follow the same physical route between NEs 12.
Traffic is exchanged between NEs 12 in packets. Each packet has fifty-three bytes and is known as a "cell". Each cell includes a five byte header. The cell header includes a payload type identifier ("PTI"), a virtual channel identifier ("VCI") associated with the cell, and a virtual path identifier ("VPI"). The VPI identifies a path between two nodes, while a VCI identifies a channel along such a path. If NEs 12 are adjacent to each other, all traffic passing from NEs 12 a to 12 b associated with a particular virtual circuit is transported on a virtual channel ("VC") between NEs 12 a and 12 b. The VC may be uniquely identified by a VPI/VCI pair contained in cells transferred between NEs 12 a and 12 b. A routing table maintained at NE 12 a, allows NEs 12 a to switch all traffic arriving at the input of NE 12 a in one VC to another VC associated wit)i a unique VPI/VCI pair at the output of NE 12 a. Similarly, NE 12 b switches cells associated with a VC at the input of NE 12 b to a single VC associated with a unique VPI/VCI pair at the output of NE 12 b. Thereby all cells associated with a virtual circuit are routed along a defined route along the network. A virtual circuit between end-nodes on an ATM network is thus identified by a series of VPI/VCI pairs, across the network.
In addition to negotiating a primary traffic carrying channel between NEs 12 a and 12 b, a secondary channel may also be negotiated between NEs 12 a and 12 b. A primary channel is typically referred to as a working channel. As will be appreciated, secondary channels may be negotiated for a virtual circuit across the network, )r for a portion of a virtual circuit across the network. A secondary channel is often referred to as a protection channel carried on a protection entity, and may be used to carry traffic normally transported by a working channel, in the event of a defect.
ITU-T Recommendation I.630 details ATM layer protection switching, from a working channel to a projection channel, performed in response to the detection of certain defects. Such protection switching at the ATM layer should avoid contentions between any protection switching available at the physical layer of the network. Preferably, then, when SONET is used as a physical layer for an ATM network, SONET protection switching is disabled in order to avoid such contention.
As will be appreciated, by those of ordinary skill in the art, current ATM protocols contemplate 1:1 protection switching; 1+1 protection switching or m:n protection switching. That is, identical traffic may be carried along two entities as in 1+1 protection switching; alternatively traffic may be carried along one entity, with a second entity allocated to potentially carry traffic in the event of a defect, as in 1:1 protection switching; or traffic may be carried along m entities with n further entities allocated for protection switching. Moreover, this protection switching may be implemented by way of linear network element connections, as illustrated, in FIG. 1, or alternatively by way of ring or mesh connections between nodes (not illustrated).
A portion of an ATM network for which protection switching is supported is referred to as a protected domain within the ATM network. Protection switching may be supported for a single VC (ie. a single VPI/VCI pair) between two nodes ("VC protection switching"); or for all VCs within a virtual path ("VP protection switching").
Alternatively, and as illustrated in FIG. 1, multiple VPs or VCs may be protected as virtual path or virtual channel groups ("VPG"s or "VCG"s). That is, for the purposes of protection switching, NEs 12 a and 12 b are configured to group VCs in VCGs, in manners understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. A relationship identifying VCs within a VCG is maintained within the memory of each NE 12 a and 12 b. An example configuration of NEs configured for VCG or VPG protection switching is detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,838,924, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
As will be appreciated, protection switching for VPGs and VCGs is established for an entire VCG or VPG, based on data associating various VCs within a VCG or VPs within a VPG, and stored at each NE. That is, in the event a defect is detected on any working VC or VP within the group at an NE, traffic carried by the entire VCG or VPG may be switched to the established protection entity for the VPG or VCG by an NE 12 a or 12 b. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 1, entity 16 transports a logical group of projection channels for a logical group of working channels on entity 14.
In addition to exchanging payload carrying ("user") cells, NEs 12 a and 12 b further exchange operations and management ("OAM") cells dedicated to the management of nodes 12 the associated ATM network. Currently, the format of OAM cells is defined in ITU Recommendations ITU-T I.610 and I.630. OAM cells are identified by the values of the PTI or VCI fields of the cell header.
As specified in ITU-T I.610 OAM cells specific to a VC may be identified by a PTI field value (binary) of 100 (4) or 101 (5). Sequential VC specific OAM cells passed within a VP or VC are referred to as F4 or F5 flows. F4 and F5 flows are carried in band for a specific channel and are identified by the VC's VPI/VCI pair contained in the OAM cell header. Alternatively, OAM cells specific to an entire VP are identified by VCI value of 3 or 4. VP specific OAM cells are carried in band for a specific VP identified by its VPI contained in the OAM cell header.
Protection switching, (ie. the switching of traffic from a working ATM entity to a protection entity) is accomplished through the exchange of OAM cells, generated in response to certain sensed conditions. Such OAM cells may be transported in-band along each affected VP or VC, and are identified by VPI/VCI, pairs identical to the protected VC.
Alternatively, a dedicated out-of-band OAM channel used for protection switching may be provisioned and associated with a VPG or VCG. This dedicated OAM channel acts as a signaling channel and is referred to as an ()AM ATM Protection Switching ("APS") channel, and is identified between NEs by its own unique VPI/VCI pair. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, links 18 and 20 may each carry an APS channel. Link 18 carries an APS channel associated with the group of logical channels associated with entity 14; link 20 carries and APS channel associated with the group of logical channels associated with entity 16.
OAM cells may be generated and inserted into a stream of ATM cells by any element of the ATM network, including NEs 12. As detailed in I.610, in the event certain failures are detected at the SONET layer, as manifested by LOS, LOF, or LCD, the NEs affected by the fault may exchange OAM cells, known as Virtual Path—Alarm Indication Signal ("VP-AIS") cells or Virtual Circuit—Alarm Indication Signal ("VC-AIS") cells and Remote Defect Indicator ("RDI") cells. OAM AIS cells are generated and-sent downstream within an affected VP or VC at fixed intervals by a source NE, indicating a defect in the channel or entity. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, upon detecting a fault, AIS cells are typically generated at the detecting NE on each VP or VC within a group. Typically one AIS cell is sent each second. At a sink NE receiving the AIS cell, an AIS state is declared in response to receiving an AIS cell. The sink NE, in response, sends RDI cells upstream to the source NE. RDI cells have the same format as AIS cells, with the exception of a function type of 0001 contained in the OAM function type field. Upon receipt of an RDI cell, the source NE assumes an RDI state.
In 1+1 or 1:1 protection switching, the sink NE begins to use data received on the protection enuity, immediately upon receipt of an AIS cell. In 1:1 protection switching, the source NE only begins to send traffic on the protection entity upon receipt of an RDI cell. Upon receipt, the protection entity will be used to transport traffic between the source and sink NEs.
ITU-T Recommendation I.630 further defines the use of APS coordination protocol ("CP") cells to effect ATM protection switching. CP cells are identified by an OAM function type of 0101 (binary) contained in the OAM type field of such cells. Further the value of the function type field indicates whether a CP cell is relevant to a VPG or VCG (function type=0000), or to an individual channel (function type=0001). CP cells, unlike AIS cells, may be passed in-band within a VC without loss of traffic. Alternatively, CP cells may be passed within an APS channel associated with a VPG or VPC. As detailed in ITU-T Recommendation I.630, CP cells are preferably generated and transmitted periodically, at five second intervals. Values within CP cells indicate the current perceived state of an entity at an NE. Thus, CP cells may signify that an NE has detected a defect within a VP or VC, or alternatively that no defect has been detected. Unlike an AIS cell, a CP cell indicates to a downstream or upstream NE the current state of a entity as perceived by an NE. A CP cell need not indicate an alarm. Moreover, CP cells are not transmitted in place of traffic within a VP or VC, but instead are transmitted in addition to traffic within the VP or VC. In response to receiving a CP cell indicative of a defect condition, a downstream NE may begin receiving data on a protection entity. Similarly, for 1:1 or m:n protection switching, upon generating or receiving a CP cell indicative of a working entity defect, a source NE may transmit traffic on the protection entity.
As will be appreciated the state of each entity is maintained by an associated NE. A transition from one state to another may be effected by receipt of AIS cells (AIS state), or lack of receipt of AIS cells for a duration. Alternatively, a transition from one state to another may be effected by receipt of CP cells signifying a particular state.
ITU Recommendation I.630 further suggests use of F4 or F5 end-to-end or segment PM OAM flows to detect the degradation of working or protection entities. The format of PM OAM cells is further detailed in ITU-T Recommendation I.610. Specifically, a forward PM OAM cell is typically inserted at a source NE, periodically between user cells. PM OAM cells are extracted at the sink NE. PM OAM cells may be inserted into F4 flows, on individual channels or F5 flows, relative to entire VPs.
The format of a typical forward PM cell, as suggested in ITU-T Recommendation I.610, is illustrated in FIG. 2. As illustrated, a typical PM OAM cell 22 includes a standard forty bit header 24; a four bit OAM type field 26 (having a value of 0010); a four bit function type field 28 (having a value of 0000); an eight bit monitoring cell sequence number ("MSN") in field 30; a two byte (sixteen bit) running counter of the number of user transmitted Cells ("TUC-0+1), since the last PM cell in field 26; a two byte (sixteen bit) bit interleaved parity ("BIP") code ("BEDC")calculated over the information fields of the previous uses cells in field 34; a two byte (sixteen bit) running counter of number of priority "0" user cells transmitted ("TUC-0") since the last PM cell in field 36; and an optional four byte (thirty-two bit) time stamp in field 38. The remaining thirty-four function specific bytes in field 40 within the PM OAM cell 22 are unused, and preferably contain the value of 6A (hex).
A sink NE may count the total number of cells it receives on a VP or VC, depending on whether F4 or F5 flows are used, and between PM cells. It may also calculate a BIP error detection code for the received cells, in a conventional manner in the same way as a BXP error detection code is calculated at a source NE for insertion into a PM OAM. Additionally, the NE may count the total number of priority "0" cells it receives. To determine if a signal degrade condition exists using PM OAM cells, the sink NE may compare the count of priority "0" cells in field 36 with the count maintained at the NE. If the two do not match, a SD state may be declared. If the two match, a further comparison of total number of cells received to the count in field 32 may be made. If these two do not match, the lost cells may be attributable to cells dropped by the ATM layer in order to ensure a certain quality of service for other transported cells. If the total number of cells received matches the value of field 32, the BIP error detection code contained within field 34 and the BIP error detection code calculated at the NE may be compared. If these are not equal a SD may be declared.
As will be appreciated, calculating a BIP at the NE injecting the OAM PM cells, and at a sink NE, as well as injecting OAM PM cells consumes network resources and does not allow for the fast detection of signal degrade conditions. Moreover, using this technique to monitor signal degrade conditions for entire VPs or entire logical groups of VCs or VPs would require monitoring of PM flows on all channels within the VPG or VCG.
In practice signal degrade as detected by the ATM layer is caused almost entirely by signal degrade in the physical layer. As such, all VPs or VCs following the same physical route should be similarly impacted. Monitoring individual ATM VCs following the same physical route, using PM OAM flows may thus be unnecessary. Similarly, in most configurations, monitoring all VCs within a VCG will be unnecessary, as most if not all of these will follow the same physical path, and will be switched together.
Accordingly, in a manner exemplary of the present invention, PM OAM flows are used on a small subset of VPs within a VPG or VCs within a VCG to detect SD. Preferably OAM PM flows are injected on a single VP within a VPG or a single VC within a VCG to detect SD within the VPG or VCG. In the event that SD is detected along the single VP or VC, a SD state is declared for the entire VPG or VCG, and traffic is switched to the protection entity.
An example architecture of any one of NEs 12 is therefore illustrated in FIG. 3. Practically, NE 12 may be formed as part of a conventional SONET add-drop multiplexer ("ADM"). As illustrated, NEs 12 each include an ATM switch fabric 46, functionally interconnected with an ATM processor 48; input port controllers 50, and output port controllers 52. Input port controllers 50 and output Port controllers 52 are further interconnected with physical layer interface 54, illustrated in two portions 54 a and 54 b.
As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, switch fabric 46 includes input and output ports interconnected with port controllers 50 and 52. Switch fabric 46 routes incoming ATM cells received at the input ports to desired output ports. Switch fabric 46 may be formed as a time division switch; a fully interconnected mesh; a crossbar or matrix switch; a Banyan switch fabric; a Batcher-Banyan switch fabric; an augmented Banyan switch fabric; a BeNEs switch fabric; a Clos switch fabric; a parallel switch fabric; or any other switch fabric known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Input port controllers 50 receive streams of data from physical layer interface portion 54 a and manage streams of input ATM cells. Controllers 50 may delineate cells; buffer incoming cells; align cells for switching; or identify output ports and establish a path across switch fabric 46 on the basis of information in the cell headers.
Output port controllers 52 similarly manage streams of output ATM cells from switch fabric 46. Output port controllers 52 may strip off self-routing labels; buffer ATM cells awaiting transmission; align cells; and transfer cells to physical layer interface portion 54 b.
ATM processor 48 controls the overall operation of NE 12, and may include a processor and storage memory (not specifically illustrated) including program instructions and adapts NE 12 to operate in accordance with ATM protocols, and in manners exemplary of the present invention. As such, ATM processor 48 extracts and injects OAM cells including PM OAM cells from and to ATM streams. As will be appreciated, in order to achieve high speed operations, many of the control functions of ATM processor 48 may alternatively be formed in hardware.
As will become apparent, control processor 48 is adapted to generate ATM CP cells; AIS cells; and OAM PM cells as described below that are indicative of the signal degrade. These cells are further passed to a downstream or upstream NE.
In operation, example NEs 12 a and 12 b are configured to provide protection switching of VCGs and thus provide protection switching, as illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B. For simplicity of illustration, FIGS. 4A and 4B only illustrates protection switching for traffic transported from NE 12 a to NE 12 b. FIG. 4A illustrates NEs 12 a and 12 b configured for 1+1 VCG protection switching. FIG. 4B illustrates NEs 12 a and 12 b configured for 1:1 VCG protection switching. The protected VCGs are configured at NEs 12 a and 12 b, and any intermediate NEs with each of the NEs maintaining configuration data identifying those VPI/VCI pairs contained within a VCG. An APS channel (or series of channels) on link 18 carries OAM cells relevant to a group protection switching for the VCG that is transported on entity 14. Again, entity 14 acts as a working entity, while entity 16 acts as a protection entity and is thus part of the protection group. An APS channel (or series of channels) on link 20 carries OAM cells relevant to the protection VCG transported on entity 16.
In normal operation, traffic is transported on entity 14. In 1:1 protection switching, entity 16 is provisioned but does not carry redundant traffic. Upon detection of a conventional fault, such as an LOC, LOD, LOS, on any VG or VP within a group, ATM processor 48 (FIG. 3) of NE 12 a generates AIS cells on each VC within the VCG and injects these on the APS channel on link 18. These are passed to NE 12 b. ATM processor 48 of NE 12 b in turn Generates RDI cells, and passes them along the affected VCs and the APS channel to NE 12 a. In 1:1 protection switching (FIG. 4A), NE 12 a begins to transmit traffic on entity 16. NE 12 b, also switches to receive traffic previously carried on entity 14 from entity 16, as illustrated. That is, upon receipt of traffic on entity 16, NE 12 b switches to receive this traffic in place of traffic on entity 14. In 1+1 protection switching (FIG. 4B) NE 12 under control of ATM processor 48 switches to receive traffic on entity 14 immediately upon receipt of AIS cells, or upon detection of a fault.
At the same time, and in a manner exemplary of the present invention, ATM processor 48 of NE 12 a periodically injects OAM PM cells into one VC within each defined VC group. The VC on which OAM PM cells are injected may be configured at NEs 12 a and 12 b. Practically, any VC within the VCG may be used to transport injected OAM PM cells. Specifically, as noted, forward PM OAM cells, having the format of PM cell 22 illustrated in FIG. 2 may be inserted at a source NE (such as NE 12 a) and extracted at a sink NE (such as NE 12 b) on a single VC within a VCG. Each PM cell may be sent after a block of user cells. Typically, a PM cell is transported after 1024 user cells. Of course, PM cells may be transported at other intervals as detailed in ITU Recommendation I.610.
An ATM processor 48 of a sink NE, such as NE 12 b counts the number of user cells it receives and also calculates a BIP error detection code for the received user cells, in the same manner as this BIP is calculated by NE 12 a. Moreover, it tracks the sequence number of each received OAM PM cell injected into the stream. To determine if a signal degrade condition exists, ATM processor 48 of NE 12 b first compares the sequence number in field 30 of a received OAM PM cell. If incorrect (ie. the received sequence number does not equal the previously received sequence number, incremented by one) ATM processor 48 of NE 12 b may declare an SD state for the VCG on entity 14 at NE 12 b. If the sequence number is in order, ATM processor 48 of NE 12 b compares the total count; priority "0" count; and BIP error detection code to the contents of the received PM cell, to assess SD as described above. If appropriate, ATM processor 48 of the sink NE 12 b recognizes a SD on the entity 14.
In response to detecting a SD condition on a single VC within a VCG, the sink NE 12 b, switches to receive traffic on protection entity 14. Specifically, if configured for 1+1 protection switching (FIG. 4a), NE 12 b may receive traffic on entity 16 in favour of traffic on entity 14 for all VCs within the VCG immediately upon detecting a SD condition on a single channel. Specifically, ATM processor 48 may direct switch fabric 46 to receive traffic from entity 16. For 1:1 protection switching (FIG. 4B), ATM processor 48 of NE 12 b may generate CP cells indicative of the signal degrade and forward these by way of switch fabric 46 to the upstream NE 12 a on the APS channel carried by link 18. Assuming that the state of entity 16 is not failed, NE 12 a may begin to transmit data carried or, entity 14 on the protection entity 16 for all channels within the VPG. NE 12 b, upon receipt of traffic on entity 16 switches to receive traffic transported on entity 16 in favour of traffic on entity 14. NEs 12 a and 12 b continue to monitor the signal degrade state of entity 14 by periodically injecting OAM PM cells into a single channel within a VCG at NE 12 a, and in response periodically, exchange CP cells indicative of this signal degrade state of entity 14 on the APS channel on link 18. NEs 12 a and 12 b similarly monitor the signal degrade state of entity 16 by injecting OAM PM cells on a single VC within the carried on entity 16.
In the event of signal degrade on th(e monitored VC channel on entity 16, CP cells may be generated on link 20. NEs 12 a and 12 b continue to transport traffic on entity 16 in favour of entity 14, until exchanged CP cells indicates a more severe condition of entity 16 than entity 14. That is, in the event entity 16 assumes a SF state, traffic may be switched back to entity 14 even in the event of a signal degrade condition on entity 14.
As will be appreciated, the above described embodiments may easily be modified for VPG protection switching. OAM cells are simply injected and monitored on subset of VPs within a VPG. In response to sensing signal degrade on the subset, traffic in the entire VPG is switched to a protection entity. As will further be appreciated, the particular format of PM cells, CP cells and AIS cells is somewhat arbitrary, and may be varied, as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, a CRC or similar error detection code could be used instead of a BIP error detection code in field 34.
As will also be appreciated, while the organization of hardware functional blocks, have been illustrated as clearly delineated, a person skilled in the art will appreciate that the delineation between blocks is somewhat arbitrary. Numerous other arrangements of hardware blocks are possible.
The above described embodiments, are intended to be illustrative only and in no way limiting. The described embodiments of carrying out the invention, are susceptible to many modifications of form, size, arrangement of parts, and details of operation. The invention, rather, is intended to encompass all such modification within its cope, as defined by the claims.
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|Sep 9, 1999
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Instruments: Choir, Guitar, Piano Accompaniment, Percussion, Drums, Vocal, Piano, Piano and Keyboard
Genres: Gospel, Christian, Religious
Los Caminos Del Cajon DVD. (The Ways of the Cajon). By Paolo De Gregorio. For Percussion (Miscellaneous). Concert/Documentary. World Music. DVD. Duration 65 minutes. Published by Mel Bay Publications, Inc (MB.8428353407710). ISBN 8428353407710. World Music. 5.25x7.5 inches. A musical journey in the company of artists like: Juan Medrano Cotito, Paco de Lucia, Rubem Dantas, Cepillo, Paquito Gonzalez, Ramon Porrina, Pirana, Anga Diaz, Horacio El Negro Hernandez, Omar Sosa, Zakir Hussain, Stewart Copeland, Sheila E, Hamid Drake, Richard Galliano, Chano Dominguez, and many more. Spanish language with subtitles in English, French, German, Italian and Japanese. Includes booklet and a double-sided DVD: one side in PAL format and the other in NTSC.
Instruments: Percussion
Genres: World
By Ted Reed. For Drumset. Method/Instruction; Percussion - Drum Set Method or Collection. Ted Reed Publications. Book. 48 pages. Published by Alfred Music Publishing
Pages: 48
Instruments: Percussion, Drum Set, Drums
Orchestra, Sheet Music Download, Orchestra, Level 2 to 3. Arranger: Johnnie Vinson. Composer: Jay Livingston; Ray Evans. Writer: Jay Livingston; Johnnie Vinson; Ray Evans.
Pages: 1
Instruments: Horn, French Horn, Bells, Brass, Woodwinds, Percussion
Choral Instrumental Pak, Sheet Music Download, Rhythm Section. Arranger: Ed Lojeski. Composer: Jim Brickman; Victoria Shaw. Writer: Ed Lojeski; Jim Brickman; Victoria Shaw.
Pages: 1
Instruments: Choir, Bells, Vocal, Percussion
Big Note, Sheet Music Download. Artist: Hairspray (Musical); Marc Shaiman. Writer: Marc Shaiman; Scott Wittman.
Pages: 6
Instruments: Bells, Percussion
The Miraculous Mandarin by Bela Bartok (1881-1945). Arranged by James Ancona. Percussion Ensemble. For Glockenspiel, 3 marimbas (low A), xylophone, crotales, 3 vibraphones, 5 timpani, large tam tam, chimes, 2 china cymbals, 18" suspended cymbal, 4 toms, wind gong, medium gong, 2 small gongs of different sizes, dark sus. cym., bright sus. cym., sizzle cym., (8 players). Percussion Feature. Marching Band. Advanced. Score and parts. 36 pages. Duration 4'00". Published by Tapspace Publications (TA.TSPCE-04). This percussion ensemble arrangement of "The Miraculous Mandarin" is based upon three movements of Bartok's original work. The Beginning - A challenging display of technique, timbral variety, and creative orchestration. The Second Seduction - Featuring the vibraphones, this movement creates a rubato, tense beauty. The Chase - A relentless conclusion which drives to the ultimate point of release. This arrangement will challenge performers, and offers a programmatic piece which will showcase the versatility of the percussion ensemble's timbral range. It was first performed by the Santa Clara Vanguard Percussion Ensemble in 2000.
Pages: 36
Instruments: Percussion, Timpani, Marimba, Vibraphone, Xylophone, Glockenspiel
Genres: 20th Century, Hungarian, Classical, World
Our God, Our Help In Ages Past by Anderson. Arranged by Kenneth T. Kosche. For handbell solo (C5-C7), keyboard. New Year. Level III. Published by Concordia Publishing House (CR.97-6527U1).
Instruments: Piano, Organ, Percussion, Piano and Keyboard
Genres: Christian, New Year, Religious, Celebrations
Sue's Blues for String Orchestra with Piano and Drums by Thom Sharp. For string orchestra, piano, drum set. String Orchestra. Grade 3.5. Conductor's score and parts. Published by Latham Music Enterprises (LA.SO172). A 3/4 jazz-blues form with a twist, this piece is set in the Dorian mode and features unusual changes. It also includes rhythm parts and room for an improvised solo for violin, viola or cello. Suggested solos are provided as well as changes.
Instruments: Piano Accompaniment, Percussion, Drum Set, Piano, Piano and Keyboard, Drums
Genres: Classical, Blues, Jazz & Blues
Love Will Find a Way by Dan R. Edwards. For handbells (3-5 octaves) / handchimes (3-5 octaves). Level 2. Sheet music. Published by Chorister's Guild (LO.CGB666). Level 2 - This lovely original composition will find a home in church, school, and festival settings. Playable by either handbells or handchimes, ringers and listeners will enjoy the memorable melody and harmonies that this piece offers.
Instruments: Percussion, Handbell, Handchime
Genres: Christian, Religious
My Favorite Things arranged by Douglas E. Wagner and Douglas Wagner. For handbell choir (3-5 octaves). Secular. Grade 3. Handbell score. Published by Hope Publishing Company (HP.1609).
Instruments: Percussion, Handbell
The Beatles! arranged by Douglas E. Wagner and Douglas Wagner. For handbell choir (3-5 octaves). Secular. Pop/Rock. Grade 3. Handbell score. Published by Hope Publishing Company (HP.1616). A medley of "Yesterday," "I Wanna Hold Your Hand," and "The Long and Winding Road" by John Lennon and Paul McCartney.
Instruments: Percussion, Handbell
Genres: Rock
Keep Your Lamps! arranged by Andre Thomas. For SATB choir and conga drums (Accompaniment: Conga Drums). Choral. Medium Easy Jr. High/High School or Easy Adult. Gospel. Medium Easy Jr. High/High School or Easy Adult. Octavo. 8 pages. Duration 2m16s. Published by Hinshaw Music Inc. (HI.HMC577). As with many of the slave songs, this song's impetus came from hearing a sermon based upon the parable found in the book of Matthew, chapter 25, verses 1-13. In this passage of scripture, Jesus tells the story of the wise and foolish virgins. They had been told that the bridegorrm would be coming, thus they got their Lamps, trimmed them, and set them burning and went to the appointed place. However, the bridegroom did not arrive at the appointed time and the foolish only brought enough oil for one night. They then returned to get more oil and of course the bridegroom came while they were away. Jesus then says to his disciples, you know not the day nor the hour of my return. Be ye ready! As a response to this, one can only imagine the song stirring from the soul of one slave listener. Jesus was indeed deliverer and a hope for the slave. One can only speculate that this song wasw sung often, when there was a possibility of deliverance.
Pages: 8
Instruments: Choir, Percussion, Drums, Vocal
Genres: Gospel, Christian, Religious
Choral, Sheet Music Download, SATB. Artist: Casting Crowns. Author: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Arranger: Mac Huff. Composer: Bernie Herms; Dale Oliver; Mark Hall. Writer: Bernie Herms; Casting Crowns; Dale Oliver; Henry Wadsworth Longfellow; Mac Huff; Mark Hall.
Instruments: Choir, Bells, Vocal, Percussion
Amboss Polka arranged by Jerome Naulais. For trombone and keyboard (piano) with optional drums. Swiss import. Grade 3. Score and parts. Published by Editions Marc Reift (MA.EMR-2363).
Instruments: Piano, Organ, Trombone, Percussion, Drums, Piano and Keyboard, Brass
Genres: Polka, Folk
Medi-tango by Astor Piazzolla (1921-1992). Arranged by Jean-Louis Maton. Percussion duet. For marimba, vibraphone. Tango. Level 3. Published by Alfonce Production (AF.A26-003-P). Arrangement of the piece by Astor Piazzola for 4 & 1/3 Octave Marimba and Vibraphone.
Instruments: Percussion, Marimba, Vibraphone
Genres: Classical, Argentinian, Latin, Tango
Taylor Swift - In Concert - Percussion 2 by Taylor Swift. Arranged by Michael Brown. Concert Band. For Percussion 2. Country; Pop. Individual instrument part. 1 pages. Duration 5:15. Published by Hal Leonard - Digital Sheet Music (HX.129053). This item is the replacement part to the concert band set. It is not recommended to purchase this as a solo piece. About Digital Print Sheet Music Digital Print is printable sheet music available anytime, anywhere. Just purchase, print and play! View your online sheet music at home, school, work or anywhere you have a computer connected to the Internet. With Digital Print, you can print your digital sheet music immediately after purchase, or wait until its convenient. And our software installation is easy - we'll guide you through the simple steps to make sure you have Adobe Flash Player, Adobe AIR and the Sheet Music Plus AIR application. Learn more
Pages: 1
Instruments: Percussion
Genres: Country, Pop
A delicate melody swirls and twirls like drifting snow in this tasteful arrangement of a traditional Japanese school song. The three short Japanese phrases (and several English words) are easy-to-learn and bring to mind icy images of wintertime. Simple parts for glockenspiel, triangle, and sand blocks can be heard on the Asian-inspired SoundTrax CD and are also included in the publication.
Instruments: Choir, Glockenspiel, Triangle, Vocal, Percussion
Delight your audiences in worship services, retreats, and at special church gatherings with these sketches. The beloved recurring characters Torry presents will turn memorable performances into messages remembered. Actors will have the chance to delve deeper into characterization whether playing the confused Christian basic training drill instructor, Sergeant Salvation; the extremely misguided honorable Judge Mental; motorcycle mama and mall missionary, Granny Glockenspiel; or any of the support roles that go with them.
Instruments: Choir, Glockenspiel, Vocal, Percussion
Arranged by Patricia Cota. For handbell choir (2 octaves, C5-g6). Twelve Bells. General, Sacred. Handbell collection. Published by Hope Publishing Company
Instruments: Percussion, Handbell
Genres: Christian, Christmas, Religious, Miscellaneous
You Raise Me Up by Josh Groban. Edited by Gwyn Michel. Arranged by Teena Chinn. Choir Sacred. For SATB choir and piano accompaniment (with optional bass, guitar, drums and violin solo) (SATB choir). Choral (Sacred); Choral Octavo; Worship Resources. Sacred choral octavo (SATB). Choral, Pop Vocal and Adult Contemporary. Grade 3. Octavo. Chord names. 16 pages. Published by Alfred Music Publishing (AP.BSCM04006). With chord names. Choral, Pop Vocal and Adult Contemporary. 9x12 inches. Pop singing sensation Josh Groban caught the world by storm this year with the stirring YOU RAISE ME UP. The inspired lyrics and sentiment of this popular anthem make it as appropriate for worship as for the concert stage. Accompaniment CD (CDM04017) goes with this product.
Pages: 16
Instruments: Choir, Piano Accompaniment, Violin, Electric Guitar, Percussion, Drums, Vocal, Piano, Piano and Keyboard, Strings, Guitar
Genres: Adult Contemporary, Graduation, Pop, Miscellaneous, Celebrations
Orchestra, Sheet Music Download, Orchestra, Level 2 to 3. Arranger: Johnnie Vinson. Composer: Jay Livingston; Ray Evans. Writer: Jay Livingston; Johnnie Vinson; Ray Evans.
Pages: 1
Instruments: Percussion, Bells


text:
It's Essential to Consider the Matters of Real Estate Profoundly.
Real Estate being the biggest investment option in recent times is lead to confront with the challenges faced due to the growing competition. The real estate Kolkata is now a days dealing with the demands of present day needs of an individual in sighted to obtain a personal property enabling the major investment. The sector would have demonstrated a vast change considering the lifestyle that would much likely be demanded by the individual.
Two Email Marketing Providers Comparison: GetResponse Vs aWeber
Email marketing is an essential part of online marketing. Email marketing is a method that makes it easier for a businessman to send lucrative emails to the masses in order to get more business. Well, there are numerous email marketing software up for grabs today, and after comparing and using most of them, I use GetResponse for reasons you'll read in this review. But back then, I was truly amazed by the features of Aweber. I have been using AWeber for a while, and I still remember the day when I signed up (I don't use it now).
Best Web Hosting Deals with Money Back Guarantees.
As with many big purchasing decisions, signing up to a web hosting package is a big commitment. If we're to get the best value for our money from our new plan, we usually have to sign up for a minimum commitment of at least a year, if not longer.
So it's no surprise that lots of people think carefully and do as much research as they can before breaking out the credit card and making that commitment. After all, if something goes wrong -or the hosting company itself fails to live up to its sales promise- aren't we essentially tied into a long-term plan that isn't suitable, all with no means of escape ?
How to Use Content Marketing to Stand Out in Your Niche.
Unless your company happens to fulfill an extremely small niche, the odds are high that you have multiple local and international competitors that are vying for the same customer base. With this in mind, you need to think carefully about your content marketing strategy and the many ways that it can influence consumer opinion. Additionally, never forget about the importance of a well-designed website that is aesthetically pleasing for desktop and mobile users. In fact, 94 percent of Internet users choose whether or not to trust a site based solely on its design, so the importance of your site's design cannot possibly be overstated. The only other thing that is equally important is the quality of your content.
6 Biggest Cloud Security Threats and Why You Should Care
When you're running a busy e-commerce site, high-traffic blog, or application that you've developed, cloud hosting helps you meet demand and avoid costly downtime. In fact, your hosting provider probably already uses cloud computing to host your site, whether or not you realize it.
Create Brand Advocates by Converting Customers through UGC
If you strive to increase brand awareness in the world of today, you can't rely on old marketing practices solely. In the past, businesses had complete control over promotional messages and how these were consumed by the public. However, in the highly transparent world we live in today, in which the social media empowers the consumer, modern businesses are aware that engagement and authenticity are on top of their priorities.


text:
Retro-mode imaging and fundus autofluorescence with scanning laser ophthalmoscope of retinal dystrophies
1 Department of Ophthalmology, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
2 G. B. Bietti Foundation, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), Rome, Italy
3 Clinica Oculistica, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Udine, Italy
BMC Ophthalmology 2012, 12:8 doi:10.1186/1471-2415-12-8Published: 15 May 2012
Retinal dystrophies display a considerably wide range of phenotypic variability, which can make diagnosis and clinical staging difficult. The aim of the study is to analyze the contribution of retro-mode imaging (RMI) and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) to the characterization of retinal dystrophies.
Eighteen consecutive patients affected by retinal dystrophies underwent a complete ophthalmological examination, including best corrected visual acuity with ETDRS charts, blue-light fundus autofluorescence, (BL-FAF), near-infrared fundus autofluorescence (NIR-FAF), and RMI. The primary outcome was the identification of abnormal patterns on RMI. The secondary outcome was the correlation with the findings on BL-FAF and NIR-FAF.
Overall, the main feature of RMI is represented by a pseudo-3D pattern of all the lesions at the posterior pole. More specifically, any accumulation of material within the retina appears as an area of elevation of different shape and size, displaying irregular and darker borders. No precise correlations between RMI, BL-AF, and NIR-AF imaging was found.
RMI and FAF appear to be useful tools for characterizing retinal dystrophies. Non-invasive diagnostic tools may yield additional information on the clinical setting and the monitoring of the patients.


text:
BISP working for women empowerment: Marvi- Islamabad—BISP Chairperson and Minister of State Marvi Memon said that it was the vision of Prime Minister Muhammad Nawaz Sharif to empower women and the Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) was working to realize it. We are committed to ... Pakistan Observer, 4 weeks ago
Hope on the horizon as Pakistan celebrates Independence Day
ISLAMABAD: Pakistan's Independence Day has always invoked a great deal of introspection among its citizens. Sixty-eight years ago, millions of people were uprooted and displaced when the Indian subcontinent won its independence from British rule and ...Channel NewsAsia, 1 month ago
The Kasur fallout
Lahore: Child pornography is a crime in USA, UK, Zambia, South Africa and India,generally the punishments for the crime ranges from criminal penalties may include imprisonment, fines, registration as a sex offender, and restrictions on probation and ...The Nation Pakistan, 1 month ago
Social media outrage over Kasur incident continues
After the Kasur child abuse scandal came to light, social media has raged with people calling for strict action against the perpetrators of child abuse. Famous personalities and celebrities from Pakistan continued the tirade against child ...ARY News.tv, 1 month ago
voidist go on...display your depravity.........you back this monsters...? easy to see from ur attitude to women
The civil society has reacted strongly following the child abuse scandal reported on the front page of today's (Saturday) The Nation. Action has been demanded from the Punjab Government. Some of the renowned journalists, activists and politicians ...The Nation Pakistan, 1 month ago
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Results for peregrine
Blog Post:
Recent Sightings 18.09.2015
Stephen Couch
No doubt the star of the week was the Glossy Ibis. It was first seen on Sunday from the second viewing platform where it showed well for some time. On Monday it was seen here again but also in the section to the left (between the 2 platforms). It was viewed by crossing the new bridge and taking a right...
18 Sep 2015
Blog Post:
Skyfall from the Skytower – black-tailed godwits do a James Bond
Jarrod Sneyd, Site Manager
The whoosh of wings and circling in the sky is the spectacle of the week from the Skytower. Black-tailed godwits can be heard chattering as you ascend the tower, but then it really is incredible when they all 'get the jitters' and lift up and wheel around. We've been managing the water...
27 Aug 2015
Blog Post:
Have we seen the best of our summer?
Dan Trotman
Here we are already in August, and so far summer has not lived up to the heights of last year, at least in terms of the weather. The birds however, have been as pleasing as ever, with a true highlight of the breeding season being 29 pairs of avocets fledging 20 young at Burton Mere Wetlands , and a further...
4 Aug 2015
Blog Post:
Wonderful Wednesday
We have experienced some dry (and even hot!) days over the last week which has given us excellent conditions for wildlife spotting. Daily walks around the reserve are wildly exciting with over 100 linnets and 50+ goldfinches a regular sight. Several meadow pipits are feeding a second brood and they can...
22 Jul 2015
Blog Post:
More eyes in the skies
Howard Vaughan
Just had to share this short video from Pat Hart of one of the new local juvenile Peregrines that came to play on Friday. A whopper of a bird and already very proficient at stopping on unsuspecting lunch! What was probably the mother of this bird had a more successful time of things over the Purfleet...
19 Jul 2015
Blog Post:
Recent Sightings at RSPB Ham Wall - 10.07.2015
Stephen Couch
It's been a bit of a changeable week on the reserve and there's a distinct sense of bird life just slowing down a little as we approach the end of the breeding season for many species. The sight of c60 Lapwings flocking together - often disturbed by birds of prey such as Marsh Harriers passing...
10 Jul 2015
Blog Post:
Recent Sightings at RSPB Ham Wall - 05.06.2015
Stephen Couch
The very windy weather on Monday & Tuesday meant there was a lot less activity - that is apart from the hundreds of Swifts swooping around the reserve who seemed to buck the trend - it was a fantastic sight. I'm guessing the wind must have kept the insect life a lot lower and the Swifts took...
5 Jun 2015
Blog Post:
Recent Sightings at RSPB Ham Wall - 29.05.2015
Stephen Couch
There seems to have been an increase in Bittern activity this week - suggests that perhaps some females are off nests and out feeding youngsters. There have again been several chases involving multiple birds. his photograph taken by John Crispin is likely to be a female being chased by a male. The size...
29 May 2015
Blog Post:
Recent Sightings 11/05/15
RSPB Arne T
Hi there everyone! So after a busy bank holiday weekend at Arne the sightings have been rolling in! Everything ranging from Marsh Harriers to Spotted Flycatchers, Sand Lizards to Wall Browns have been observed between Shipstal Point and Coombe Heath, making it a perfect experience for anyone visiting...
11 May 2015
Blog Post:
A Swift Visit
Yesterday (Friday 8 th May) saw the return of the first swift to be sighted over the Mull of Galloway this year. These miraculous aerial acrobats spend almost their entire lives on the wing, rarely ever touching land. Swifts are generally considered the last of the migrant birds to arrive in the UK and...
9 May 2015
Blog Post:
Recent Goings On
John L
Now that the sun is shining, spring has well and truly arrived. Recently, the RSPB has led a guided walk to highlight the wildlife finding a home at Hesketh Out Marsh and the surrounding area. Although the weather conditions were ideal for wildlife watching, it had a calming effect on the tide, which...
4 May 2015
Blog Post:
Photo diary, 17th -23rd April
John & Judith Rogers
Robin in the Spring sunshine - will join you as you walk along the Lonning. A surprise find today - a Spotted Redshank feeding with two Common Redshank on the floodwater - LHS of the Lonning. Spotted Redshank and Redshank. Swallow over the wetlands in front of the hide. A few Shelduck...
3 May 2015
Blog Post:
Migrant Arrivals
Gavin C
From late March the summer migrants start to arrive back at Lake Vyrnwy, often a little later than the surrounding area given its altitude. The first migrant to arrive was the Chiffchaff during the last week in March and can now be heard all around the lake and a Redstart was reported just off the reserve...
11 Apr 2015
Blog Post:
Recent Sightings at RSPB Ham Wall - 10.04.2015
Stephen Couch
It's been a wonderful week at Ham Wall - the sun has been shining making it almost feel like summer and the wildlife is very active. It's a special time of year for wildlife enthusiasts as creatures awaken from winter slumbers and migrants are on the move. Ham Wall has had its share with grass...
10 Apr 2015
Blog Post:
Recent Sightings at RSPB Ham Wall - 20.03.2015
Stephen Couch
Spring has most definitely sprung and the evidence is all around. Last weekend saw the arrival of 100's of Sand Martins on the reserve and even during this week small groups c20 can be seen most days. They are not always flying low though so familiarising yourself with their call can help you locate...
20 Mar 2015
Blog Post:
Signs of Spring at South Stack
Maureen B
The weather is finally warming up and the Spring birds are starting to arrive. Up to five thousand guillemots can often be seen on the cliffs - they have been coming and going since January but won't stay permanently until they start breeding sometime in April. Guillemots on the cliff Razorbills...
17 Mar 2015
Blog Post:
That was close...
Howard Vaughan
Our Kingfisher season was almost over before we started last weekend as one of the local male Peregrines made a valiant attempt to snaffle him up for breakfast. Dave Morrison saw him being persistently chased up and down the river over Aveley Bay. He dived into the Thames on several occasions but unusually...
15 Mar 2015
Blog Post:
Ynys-hir Recent Sightings 9th -15th February 2015
Adam J
Hi, Of the five British owl species, the Barn Owl is one of the most nocturnal in habit, therefore a day flying Barn Owl observed hunting over Covert Coch (10 th ) was a real treat and a personal highlight for me on the reserve this week. Another sign of Barn Owl presence on the reserve are their...
16 Feb 2015
Blog Post:
A snowy end to January.
John & Judith Rogers
29th January Snowed heavily overnight which left a good covering of snow in the morning. Inspite of a strong westerly wind blowing, a hardy workparty turned out for a gorse coppicing detail on the saltmarsh. Some comfort would be gained from the bonfire which they soon got burning.There was very little...
7 Feb 2015
Blog Post:
Continuing a theme...
Howard Vaughan
A young Peregrine was having a whale of a time out on the pools today and was practicing his hunting skills of all the terrified wildfowl. Bob Cooper was in the right place to get some wonderful shots. You can feel the speed and adrenaline of the massed flight.... and no he did not catch anything! ...
29 Jan 2015
Blog Post:
Flurry of activity at the feeders
Annabel Rushton
The feeders at the back of the visitor centre are a flurry of activity at the moment, with great spotted woodpeckers and tree sparrows making regular appearances, so it's definitely worth a peek when you're heading onto the reserve. Among the more common blue tits , great tits and coal tits ...
27 Jan 2015
Blog Post:
Ynys-hir Recent Sightings 19th-24th January 2015
Adam J
Hi, In a week with large high tides fingers were crossed that a few goodies would turn up on the reserve. We weren't left disappointed with 1x Bean Goose in amongst a flock of 25x Greenland White-fronted Geese (viewed from Poggles Bench, 24 th ), 2x Slavonian Grebe (Estuary, 22 nd ) and 1x Glaucous...
24 Jan 2015
Blog Post:
Recent Sightings at RSPB Ham Wall - 23.01.2015
Stephen Couch
Yet another busy week on the reserve this week, scrub work underway on the old canal bank/footpath side of the reserve and the new small pedestrian bridge is now open. This will eventually allow access to a new hide (the Avalon Hide) which will be built behind the wood diagonally right of the first platform...
23 Jan 2015
Blog Post:
Recent Sightings at RSPB Ham Wall 16.01.2015
Stephen Couch
Happy New Year Everyone!! Welcome to the first sightings blog for 2015!!! Firstly, apologies for the lack of blog last week - I simply just ran out of time. It was notable by its absence - as many of you picked up on the fact it wasn't there and quizzed me - I should of known I wouldn't get away...
16 Jan 2015
Blog Post:
Happy New Year from Bowland
Gavin Thomas
With little movement from Burt and Highlander since my last update (still residing in North Cumbria and the South Pennines respectively), this blog is simply an excuse to share some photographs (all my own unless stated otherwise) and experiences with you of a place that is really special to me. I'm...
12 Jan 2015
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