text:
Experimental characterization of hybrid power systems under pulse current loads
Weidner, John W.
; accepted 10 January 2002 Abstract Lithium-ion batteries, ultracapacitors, and parallel combinations Lithium-ion batteries provide 2±3 times higher speci®c energy per unit weight ($100 Wh/kg) than a series of Ragone plots (i.e. speci®c power versus speci®c energy) for a lithium-ion battery connected
Hybrid chirped pulse amplification system
Barty, Christopher P.; Jovanovic, Igor
A hybrid chirped pulse amplification system wherein a short-pulse oscillator generates an oscillator pulse. The oscillator pulse is stretched to produce a stretched oscillator seed pulse. A pump laser generates a pump laser pulse. The stretched oscillator seed pulse and the pump laser pulse are directed into an optical parametric amplifier producing an optical parametric amplifier output amplified signal pulse and an optical parametric amplifier output unconverted pump pulse. The optical parametric amplifier output amplified signal pulse and the optical parametric amplifier output laser pulse are directed into a laser amplifier producing a laser amplifier output pulse. The laser amplifier output pulse is compressed to produce a recompressed hybrid chirped pulse amplification pulse.
Sampayan, Stephen E. (Manteca, CA)
A hybrid emitter exploits the electric field created by a rapidly depoled ferroelectric material. Combining the emission properties of a planar thin film diamond emitter with a ferroelectric alleviates the present technological problems associated with both types of emitters and provides a robust, extremely long life, high current density cathode of the type required by emerging microwave power generation, accelerator technology and display applications. This new hybrid emitter is easy to fabricate and not susceptible to the same failures which plague microstructure field emitter technology. Local electrode geometries and electric field are determined independently from those for optimum transport and brightness preservation. Due to the large amount of surface charge created on the ferroelectric, the emitted electrons have significant energy, thus eliminating the requirement for specialized phosphors in emissive flat-panel displays.
Sampayan, S.E.
A hybrid emitter exploits the electric field created by a rapidly depoled ferroelectric material. Combining the emission properties of a planar thin film diamond emitter with a ferroelectric alleviates the present technological problems associated with both types of emitters and provides a robust, extremely long life, high current density cathode of the type required by emerging microwave power generation, accelerator technology and display applications. This new hybrid emitter is easy to fabricate and not susceptible to the same failures which plague microstructure field emitter technology. Local electrode geometries and electric field are determined independently from those for optimum transport and brightness preservation. Due to the large amount of surface charge created on the ferroelectric, the emitted electrons have significant energy, thus eliminating the requirement for specialized phosphors in emissive flat-panel displays. 11 figs.
Critical pulse power components
Sarjeant, W.J.; Rohwein, G.J.
Critical components for pulsed power conditioning systems will be reviewed. Particular emphasis will be placed on those components requiring significant development efforts. Capacitors, for example, are one of the weakest elements in high-power pulsed systems, especially when operation at high-repetition frequencies for extended periods of time are necessary. Switches are by far the weakest active components of pulse power systems. In particular, opening switches are essentially nonexistent for most applications. Insulaton in all systems and components requires development and improvement. Efforts under way in technology base development of pulse power components will be discussed.
Low Insertion HVDC Circuit Breaker: Magnetically Pulsed Hybrid Breaker for HVDC Power Distribution Protection
GENI Project: General Atomics is developing a direct current (DC) circuit breaker that could protect the grid from faults 100 times faster than its alternating current (AC) counterparts. Circuit breakers are critical elements in any electrical system. At the grid level, their main function is to isolate parts of the grid where a fault has occurred—such as a downed power line or a transformer explosion—from the rest of the system. DC circuit breakers must interrupt the system during a fault much faster than AC circuit breakers to prevent possible damage to cables, converters and other grid-level components. General Atomics' high-voltage DC circuit breaker would react in less than 1/1,000th of a second to interrupt current during a fault, preventing potential hazards to people and equipment.
Villa, Francesco (Alameda, CA)
A linear acceleration for charged particles is constructed of a plurality of transmission line sections that extend between a power injection region and an accelerating region. Each line section is constructed of spaced plate-like conductors and is coupled to an accelerating gap located at the accelerating region. Each gap is formed between a pair of apertured electrodes, with all of the electrode apertures being aligned along a particle accelerating path. The accelerating gaps are arranged in series, and at the injection region the line sections are connected in parallel. At the injection region a power pulse is applied simultaneously to all line sections. The line sections are graduated in length so that the pulse reaches the gaps in a coordinated sequence whereby pulse energy is applied to particles as they reach each of the gaps along the accelerating path.
Aaland, K.
A switching system for delivering pulses of power from a source to a load using a storage capacitor charged through a rectifier, and maintained charged to a reference voltage level by a transistor switch and voltage comparator. A thyristor is triggered to discharge the storage capacitor through a saturable reactor and fractional turn saturable transformer having a secondary to primary turn ratio N of n:l/n = n[sup 2]. The saturable reactor functions as a soaker'' while the thyristor reaches saturation, and then switches to a low impedance state. The saturable transformer functions as a switching transformer with high impedance while a load coupling capacitor charges, and then switches to a low impedance state to dump the charge of the storage capacitor into the load through the coupling capacitor. The transformer is comprised of a multilayer core having two secondary windings tightly wound and connected in parallel to add their output voltage and reduce output inductance, and a number of single turn windings connected in parallel at nodes for the primary winding, each single turn winding linking a different one of the layers of the multilayer core. The load may be comprised of a resistive beampipe for a linear particle accelerator and capacitance of a pulse forming network. To hold off discharge of the capacitance until it is fully charged, a saturable core is provided around the resistive beampipe to isolate the beampipe from the capacitance until it is fully charged. 5 figs.
Aaland, Kristian (Livermore, CA)
A switching system for delivering pulses of power from a source (10) to a load (20) using a storage capacitor (C3) charged through a rectifier (D1, D2), and maintained charged to a reference voltage level by a transistor switch (Q1) and voltage comparator (12). A thyristor (22) is triggered to discharge the storage capacitor through a saturable reactor (18) and fractional turn saturable transformer (16) having a secondary to primary turn ratio N of n:l/n=n.sup.2. The saturable reactor (18) functions as a "soaker" while the thyristor reaches saturation, and then switches to a low impedance state. The saturable transformer functions as a switching transformer with high impedance while a load coupling capacitor (C4) charges, and then switches to a low impedance state to dump the charge of the storage capacitor (C3) into the load through the coupling capacitor (C4). The transformer is comprised of a multilayer core (26) having two secondary windings (28, 30) tightly wound and connected in parallel to add their output voltage and reduce output inductance, and a number of single turn windings connected in parallel at nodes (32, 34) for the primary winding, each single turn winding linking a different one of the layers of the multilayer core. The load may be comprised of a resistive beampipe (40) for a linear particle accelerator and capacitance of a pulse forming network (42). To hold off discharge of the capacitance until it is fully charged, a saturable core (44) is provided around the resistive beampipe (40) to isolate the beampipe from the capacitance (42) until it is fully charged.
Petawatt pulsed-power accelerator
Stygar, William A. (Albuquerque, NM); Cuneo, Michael E. (Albuquerque, NM); Headley, Daniel I. (Albuquerque, NM); Ives, Harry C. (Albuquerque, NM); Ives, legal representative; Berry Cottrell (Albuquerque, NM); Leeper, Ramon J. (Albuquerque, NM); Mazarakis, Michael G. (Albuquerque, NM); Olson, Craig L. (Albuquerque, NM); Porter, John L. (Sandia Park, NM); Wagoner; Tim C. (Albuquerque, NM)
A petawatt pulsed-power accelerator can be driven by various types of electrical-pulse generators, including conventional Marx generators and linear-transformer drivers. The pulsed-power accelerator can be configured to drive an electrical load from one- or two-sides. Various types of loads can be driven; for example, the accelerator can be used to drive a high-current z-pinch load. When driven by slow-pulse generators (e.g., conventional Marx generators), the accelerator comprises an oil section comprising at least one pulse-generator level having a plurality of pulse generators; a water section comprising a pulse-forming circuit for each pulse generator and a level of monolithic triplate radial-transmission-line impedance transformers, that have variable impedance profiles, for each pulse-generator level; and a vacuum section comprising triplate magnetically insulated transmission lines that feed an electrical load. When driven by LTD generators or other fast-pulse generators, the need for the pulse-forming circuits in the water section can be eliminated.
Capacity fade analysis of a battery/super capacitor hybrid and a battery under pulse loads full cell studies
Popov, Branko N.
. Introduction Hybrid energy storage devices are more efficient than a battery in supplying the total powerCapacity fade analysis of a battery/super capacitor hybrid and a battery under pulse loads  full words: capacity fade, interfacial impedance, lithium ion battery/supercapacitor hybrid, pulse discharge
for Pulsed Power & erElectronics|Texas
Gelfond, Michael
for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics The Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics started as a Plasma research group at Texas Tech University in 1966. The initial work was concerned with har- monic ion
Singh, Harmohan N.
A hybrid power system is comprised of a high energy density element such as a fuel-cell and high power density elements such as a supercapacitor banks. A DC/DC converter electrically connected to the fuel cell and converting the energy level of the energy supplied by the fuel cell. A first switch is electrically connected to the DC/DC converter. First and second supercapacitors are electrically connected to the first switch and a second switch. A controller is connected to the first switch and the second switch, monitoring charge levels of the supercapacitors and controls the switching in response to the charge levels. A load is electrically connected to the second switch. The first switch connects the DC/DC converter to the first supercapacitor when the second switch connects the second supercapacitor to the load. The first switch connects the DC/DC converter to the second supercapacitor when the second switch connects the first supercapacitor to the load.
Pulsed Power Driven Fusion Energy
Pulsed power is a robust and inexpensive technology for obtaining high powers. Considerable progress has been made on developing light ion beams as a means of transporting this power to inertial fusion capsules. However, further progress is hampered by the lack of an adequate ion source. Alternatively, z-pinches can efficiently convert pulsed power into thermal radiation, which can be used to drive an inertial fusion capsule. However, a z-pinch driven fusion explosion will destroy a portion of the transmission line that delivers the electrical power to the z-pinch. They investigate several options for providing standoff for z-pinch driven fusion. Recyclable Transmission Lines (RTLs) appear to be the most promising approach.
Novette pulse-power-system description
Gritton, D.G.; Christie, D.J.; Holloway, R.W.; Merritt, B.T.; Oicles, J.A.; Whitham, K.; Wilcox, R.B.
This paper is a summary of the pulse power systems for Novette; the flashlamp power system, the pulsers for the various optical shutters and the pulse power control system.
Plasma Switch for High-Power Active Pulse Compressor
Hirshfield, Jay L. [Omega-P, Inc.] [Omega-P, Inc.
Results are presented from experiments carried out at the Naval Research Laboratory X-band magnicon facility on a two-channel X-band active RF pulse compressor that employed plasma switches. Experimental evidence is shown to validate the basic goals of the project, which include: simultaneous firing of plasma switches in both channels of the RF circuit, operation of quasi-optical 3-dB hybrid directional coupler coherent superposition of RF compressed pulses from both channels, and operation of the X-band magnicon directly in the RF pulse compressor. For incident 1.2 ?s pulses in the range 0.63 ? 1.35 MW, compressed pulses of peak powers 5.7 ? 11.3 MW were obtained, corresponding to peak power gain ratios of 8.3 ? 9.3. Insufficient bakeout and conditioning of the high-power RF circuit prevented experiments from being conducted at higher RF input power levels.
Solid state pulsed power generator
Tao, Fengfeng; Saddoughi, Seyed Gholamali; Herbon, John Thomas
A power generator includes one or more full bridge inverter modules coupled to a semiconductor opening switch (SOS) through an inductive resonant branch. Each module includes a plurality of switches that are switched in a fashion causing the one or more full bridge inverter modules to drive the semiconductor opening switch SOS through the resonant circuit to generate pulses to a load connected in parallel with the SOS.
Simulation of electric vehicles with hybrid power systems
Burke, A.F.; Cole, G.H.
Computer programs for the simulation of the operation of electric vehicles with hybrid power systems are described. These programs treat cases in which high energy density ultracapacitors or high power density pulse batteries are used to load level the main energy storage battery in the vehicle. A generalized control strategy for splitting the power between the main battery and the pulse power devices is implemented such that the user can specify the nominal battery power as a function of the state-of-charge of the ultracapacitor or pulse power battery. The programs display graphically on the screen, as they run, the power from both the main battery and the pulse power device and the state-of-charge of the pulse power device. After each run is completed, a summary is printed out from which the effect of load leveling the battery on vehicle range and energy consumption can be determined. Default input files are provided with the programs so various combinations of vehicles, driveline components, and batteries of special current interest to the EV community can be run with either type of pulse power device. Typical simulation results are shown including cases in which the pulse power devices are connected in parallel with the main battery without interface electronics. 2 refs., 7 figs., 14 tabs.
Prefire identification for pulse power systems
Longmire, Jerry L. (Los Alamos, NM); Thuot, Michael E. (Espanola, NM); Warren, David S. (Los Alamos, NM)
Prefires in a high-power, high-frequency, multi-stage pulse generator are detected by a system having an EMI shielded pulse timing transmitter associated with and tailored to each stage of the pulse generator. Each pulse timing transmitter upon detection of a pulse triggers a laser diode to send an optical signal through a high frequency fiber optic cable to a pulse timing receiver which converts the optical signal to an electrical pulse. The electrical pulses from all pulse timing receivers are fed through an OR circuit to start a time interval measuring device and each electrical pulse is used to stop an individual channel in the measuring device thereby recording the firing sequence of the multi-stage pulse generator.
Hybrid Aerocapacitor{trademark}-battery power sources
Isaacson, M.J.; Kraemer, B.J.; Laramore, T.J. [PolyStor Corp., Dublin, CA (United States)] [and others
PolyStor, Power-One, LLNL and Aerojet are participants in a Technology Reinvestment Program contract supported by the Advanced Research Project Agency for developing carbon aerogel-based Electrolytic Double Layer Capacitors (Aerocapacitors). This paper reports some recent results for organic-electrolyte Aerocapacitors developed under this contract and initial results on their use in electrolytic double layer capacitor (EDLC)-battery power sources. EDLC-battery hybrid power sources offer the potential for increased discharge time, improved low temperature performance and longer cycle life vis-a-vis batteries in pulse discharge applications. The authors previously presented performance results for AA Aerocapacitors but this is the first report of their work on hybrid power sources. Prototype organic-electrolyte Aerocapacitors exhibit low equivalent series resistance (ESR), high capacitance, excellent rate capability at room temperature and low temperatures, and long life. The AA-size devices assembled for testing have ESRs of 20-30 m{Omega} at 1000 Hz and capacitances of about 6 Farads. They are capable of being discharged at very high rates. The capacity at 15 Amps is about 71% of the capacity at 1 Amp. The capacity at 1 Amp and {minus}40{degrees}C is 57% of the room-temperature 1 Amp capacity. AA Aerocapacitors have demonstrated 32,000 cycles in cycle life testing. After an initial capacity decrease of about 17% the capacity remained almost constant between cycle 10,000 and cycle 32,000.
High power battery test methods for hybrid vehicle applications
Hunt, G.L.; Haskins, H.; Heinrich, B.; Sutula, R.
Commonly used EV battery tests are not very suitable for testing hybrid vehicle batteries, which may be primarily intended to supply vehicle acceleration power. The capacity of hybrid vehicle batteries will be relatively small, they will typically operate over a restricted range of states-of-charge, and they may seldom if ever be fully recharged. Further, hybrid propulsion system designs will commonly impose a higher regeneration content than is typical for electric vehicles. New test methods have been developed for use in characterizing battery performance and life for hybrid vehicle use. The procedures described in this paper were developed from the requirements of the government-industry cooperative Partnership for A New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) program; however, they are expected to have broad application to the testing of energy storage devices for hybrid vehicles. The most important performance measure for a high power battery is its pulse power capability as a function of state-of-charge for both discharge and regeneration pulses. It is also important to characterize cycle life, although the {open_quote}cycles{close_quote} involved are quite different from the conventional full-discharge, full-recharge cycle commonly used for EV batteries, This paper illustrates in detail several test profiles which have been selected for PNGV battery testing, along with some sample results and lessons learned to date from the use of these test profiles. The relationship between the PNGV energy storage requirements and these tests is described so that application of the test methods can be made to other hybrid vehicle performance requirements as well. The resulting test procedures can be used to characterize the pulse power capability of high power energy storage devices including batteries and ultracapacitors, as well as the life expectancy of such devices, for either power assist or dual mode hybrid propulsion system designs.
Journal of Power Sources 161 (2006) 628639 Solid-state diffusion limitations on pulse operation of
of a lithium ion cell is used to describe constant current and hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) data, high-rate pulses. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Lithium ion battery electric vehicles (HEVs) use a battery as a high-rate transient power source cycled about a relatively
Hybrid solar-fossil fuel power generation
Sheu, Elysia J. (Elysia Ja-Zeng)
In this thesis, a literature review of hybrid solar-fossil fuel power generation is first given with an emphasis on system integration and evaluation. Hybrid systems are defined as those which use solar energy and fuel ...
Arnold, P A; James, G F; Petersen, D E; Pendleton, D L; McHale, G B; Barbosa, F; Runtal, A S; Stratton, P L
The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a 192-beam laser fusion driver operating at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. NIF relies on three large-scale pulsed power systems to achieve its goals: the Power Conditioning Unit (PCU), which provides flashlamp excitation for the laser's injection system; the Power Conditioning System (PCS), which provides the multi-megajoule pulsed excitation required to drive flashlamps in the laser's optical amplifiers; and the Plasma Electrode Pockels Cell (PEPC), which enables NIF to take advantage of a fourpass main amplifier. Years of production, installation, and commissioning of the three NIF pulsed power systems are now complete. Seven-day-per-week operation of the laser has commenced, with the three pulsed power systems providing routine support of laser operations. We present the details of the status and operational experience associated with the three systems along with a projection of the future for NIF pulsed power.
Hierarchical Hybrid Power Supply Networks Farinaz Koushanfar
management, hybrid power supply, supercapacitors 1. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION Historically, almost all in a hierarchical power sup- ply network would include batteries, supercapacitors, ionic supercapacitors, and future cycle, supercapacitors are advantageous rel- ative to the standard che
Control of high power pulse extracted from the maximally compressed pulse in a nonlinear optical fiber
Yang, Guangye; Jia, Suotang; Mihalache, Dumitru
We address the possibility to control high power pulses extracted from the maximally compressed pulse in a nonlinear optical fiber by adjusting the initial excitation parameters. The numerical results show that the power, location and splitting order number of the maximally compressed pulse and the transmission features of high power pulses extracted from the maximally compressed pulse can be manipulated through adjusting the modulation amplitude, width, and phase of the initial Gaussian-type perturbation pulse on a continuous wave background.
The Homopolar Generator as a Pulsed Industrial Power Supply
Weldon, J. M.; Weldon, W. F.
power supply for numerous industrial applications such as large metal cross section pulsed resistance welding, pulsed billet heating for subsequent hot working processes, pulsed heating for localized forging processes, and magnetic metal forming. Each...
The Homopolar Generator as a Pulsed Industrial Power Supply
Weldon, J. M.; Weldon, W. F.
power supply for numerous industrial applications such as large metal cross section pulsed resistance welding, pulsed billet heating for subsequent hot working processes, pulsed heating for localized forging processes, and magnetic metal forming. Each...
Development of Nanofluids for Cooling Power Electronics for Hybrid...
Broader source: Energy.gov (indexed) [DOE]
for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Development of Nanofluids for Cooling Power Electronics for Hybrid Electric Vehicles 2013 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program and Vehicle Technologies...
Survivable pulse power space radiator
Mims, J.; Buden, D.; Williams, K.
A thermal radiator system is described for use on an outer space vehicle, which must survive a long period of nonuse and then radiate large amounts of heat for a limited period of time. The radiator includes groups of radiator panels that are pivotally connected in tandem, so that they can be moved to deployed configuration wherein the panels lie largely coplanar, and to a stowed configuration wherein the panels lie in a stack to resist micrometerorite damage. The panels are mounted on a boom which separates a hot power source from a payload. While the panels are stowed, warm fluid passes through their arteries to keep them warm enough to maintain the coolant in a liquid state and avoid embrittlement of material. The panels can be stored in a largely cylindrical shell, with panels progressively further from the boom being of progressively shorter length. 5 figs.
Pulsed Power Peer Review Committee Report
In 1993, the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA, PL 103-62) was enacted. GPRA, which applies to all federal programs, has three components: strategic plans, annual performance plans, and metrics to show how well annual plans are being followed. As part of meeting the GRPA requirement in FY2000, a 14-member external peer review panel (the Garwin Committee) was convened on May 17-19, 2000 to review Sandia National Laboratories' Pulsed Power Programs as a component of the Performance Appraisal Process negotiated with the Department of Energy (DOE). The scope of the review included activities in inertial confinement fission (ICF), weapon physics, development of radiation sources for weapons effects simulation, x-ray radiography, basic research in high energy density physics (HEDP), and pulsed power technology research and development. In his charge to the committee, Jeffrey Quintenz, Director of Pulsed Power Sciences (1600) asked that the review be based on four criteria (1) quality of science, technology, and engineering, (2) programmatic performance, management, and planning, (3) relevance to national needs and agency missions, and (4) performance in the operation and construction of major research facilities. In addition, specific programmatic questions were posed by the director and by the DOE-Defense Programs (DP). The accompanying report, produced as a SAND document, is the report of the committee's findings.
Hybrid switch for resonant power converters
Lai, Jih-Sheng; Yu, Wensong
A hybrid switch comprising two semiconductor switches connected in parallel but having different voltage drop characteristics as a function of current facilitates attainment of zero voltage switching and reduces conduction losses to complement reduction of switching losses achieved through zero voltage switching in power converters such as high-current inverters.
Pulsed Power for Solid-State Lasers
Gagnon, W; Albrecht, G; Trenholme, J; Newton, M
Beginning in the early 1970s, a number of research and development efforts were undertaken at U.S. National Laboratories with a goal of developing high power lasers whose characteristics were suitable for investigating the feasibility of laser-driven fusion. A number of different laser systems were developed and tested at ever larger scale in pursuit of the optimum driver for laser fusion experiments. Each of these systems had associated with it a unique pulsed power option. A considerable amount of original and innovative engineering was carried out in support of these options. Ultimately, the Solid-state Laser approach was selected as the optimum driver for the application. Following this, the Laser Program at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the University of Rochester undertook aggressive efforts directed at developing the technology. In particular, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, a series of laser systems beginning with the Cyclops laser and culminating in the present with the National Ignition Facility were developed and tested. As a result, a large amount of design information for solid-state laser pulsed power systems has been documented. Some of it is in the form of published papers, but most of it is buried in internal memoranda, engineering reports and LLNL annual reports. One of the goals of this book is to gather this information into a single useable format, such that it is easily accessed and understood by other engineers and physicists for use with future designs. It can also serve as a primer, which when seriously studied, makes the subsequent reading of original work and follow-up references considerably easier. While this book deals only with the solid-state laser pulsed power systems, in the bibliography we have included a representative cross section of papers and references from much of the very fine work carried out at other institutions in support of different laser approaches. Finally, in recent years, there has been a renewed interest in high-average-power solid-state glass lasers. Much of the prime power technology developed in support of this has definite applications in the long term for fusion power plant scenarios.
Chamber dynamic research with pulsed power
In Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE), Target Chamber Dynamics (TCD) is an integral part of the target chamber design and performance. TCD includes target output deposition of target x-rays, ions and neutrons in target chamber gases and structures, vaporization and melting of target chamber materials, radiation-hydrodynamics in target chamber vapors and gases, and chamber conditions at the time of target and beam injections. Pulsed power provides a unique environment for IFE-TCD validation experiments in two important ways: they do not require the very clean conditions which lasers need and they currently provide large x-ray and ion energies.
atlas pulsed power: Topics by E-print Network
Broader source: All U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Webpages (Extended Search)
Power Electronics The Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics started as a Plasma research group at Texas Tech University in 1966. The initial work was concerned with har-...
Pulse transmission transceiver architecture for low power communications
Dress, Jr., William B.; Smith, Stephen F.
Systems and methods for pulse-transmission low-power communication modes are disclosed. A method of pulse transmission communications includes: generating a modulated pulse signal waveform; transforming said modulated pulse signal waveform into at least one higher-order derivative waveform; and transmitting said at least one higher-order derivative waveform as an emitted pulse. The systems and methods significantly reduce lower-frequency emissions from pulse transmission spread-spectrum communication modes, which reduces potentially harmful interference to existing radio frequency services and users and also simultaneously permit transmission of multiple data bits by utilizing specific pulse shapes.
Optimal Power Train Design of a Hybrid Refuse Collector Vehicle
Paderborn, Universität
Optimal Power Train Design of a Hybrid Refuse Collector Vehicle Tobias Knoke, Joachim Böcker 5251 60 2212 Abstract-- Due to the stop-and-go drive cycle of refuse collector vehicles, hybrid power), optimization, refuse collector vehicle I. INTRODUCTION Today, hybrid electric vehicles are accepted as a step
Beams 92: Proceedings. Volume 1: Invited papers, pulsed power
Mosher, D.; Cooperstein, G. [eds.] [Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC (United States)
This report contains papers on the following topics: Ion beam papers; electron beam, bremsstrahlung, and diagnostics papers; radiating Z- pinch papers; microwave papers; electron laser papers; advanced accelerator papers; beam and pulsed power applications papers; pulsed power papers; and these papers have been indexed separately elsewhere.
PulsedPower Transient Plasma: Energy, Engines, and
Levi, Anthony F. J.
1Gundersen PulsedPower USC Transient Plasma: Energy, Engines, and Aerospace Applications USC: Dan phase prior to equilibration of the electron energy distribution It is studied for applications Biomedical (Cancer) A Little Wine Catalyst Yung-Hsu Andy Kuthi #12;3Gundersen PulsedPower USC Transient
Powerful, pulsed, THz radiation from laser accelerated relativistic electron bunches
Geddes, Cameron Guy Robinson
by strongly focused ( 6 µm), high peak power (up to 10 TW), ultra-short ( 50 fs) laser pulses of a 10 Hz at the exit of the plasma accelerator. Keywords: ultrahigh-fields, ultra-short, laser-plasma, wakefieldPowerful, pulsed, THz radiation from laser accelerated relativistic electron bunches Cs. T´otha, J
IBEX - a pulsed power accelerator that generates no prepulse
Ramirez, J.J.; Corley, J.P.; Mazarakis, M.G.
Intense relativistic electron beams are produced in vacuum diodes driven by pulsed power accelerators. For pulse widths approx. 100 nsec, pulse forming lines (PPL) are used to generate the accelerating voltage pulse. This pulse is produced by sequential switching of stored energy through two or more stages. Capacitance and/or inductive coupling usually results in the generation of a low level prepulse voltage some time during the switching sequence. This prepulse is known to have a substantial effect on the performance of the vacuum diode during the main accelerating pulse. Most accelerators use various schemes for reducing this prepulse to acceptable levels. The Isolated Blumlein PPL concept was developed at Sandia to allow for the generation of the main accelerating pulse without generating a prepulse voltage. This concept was implemented into the IBEX accelerator that generates a 4 MV, 100 kA, 20 nsec output pulse. Design and performance data are presented.
Metal ablation by picosecond laser pulses: A hybrid simulation Carsten Schafer and Herbert M. Urbassek*
Zhigilei, Leonid V.
applications, such as in laser modification of surfaces drilling, cutting, surface patterning .1 The emittedMetal ablation by picosecond laser pulses: A hybrid simulation Carsten Scha¨fer and Herbert M 2002; published 5 September 2002 We investigate picosecond laser ablation of metals using a hybrid
High power linear pulsed beam annealer
Strathman, Michael D. (Concord, CA); Sadana, Devendra K. (Berkeley, CA); True, Richard B. (Sunnyvale, CA)
A high power pulsed electron beam is produced in a system comprised of an electron gun having a heated cathode, control grid, focus ring, and a curved drift tube. The drift tube is maintained at a high positive voltage with respect to the cathode to accelerate electrons passing through the focus ring and to thereby eliminate space charge. A coil surrounding the curved drift tube provides a magnetic field which maintains the electron beam focused about the axis of the tube and imparts motion on electrons in a spiral path for shallow penetration of the electrons into a target. The curvature of the tube is selected so there is no line of sight between the cathode and a target holder positioned within a second drift tube spaced coaxially from the curved tube. The second tube and the target holder are maintained at a reference voltage that decelerates the electrons. A second coil surrounding the second drift tube maintains the electron beam focused about the axis of the second drift tube and compresses the electron beam to the area of the target. The target holder can be adjusted to position the target where the cross section of the beam matches the area of the target.
Optimal Power Management for a Hydraulic Hybrid Delivery Truck
Peng, Huei
Optimal Power Management for a Hydraulic Hybrid Delivery Truck BIN WU, CHAN-CHIAO LIN, ZORAN FILIPI control strategies. This paper presents a methodology for developing a power management strategy tailored specifically to a parallel Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicle (HHV) configured for a medium-size delivery truck
Spectral broadening measurement of the lower hybrid waves during long pulse operation in Tore Supra
Berger-By, G.; Decampy, J.; Goniche, M.; Ekedahl, A.; Delpech, L.; Leroux, F. [CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance (France); Antar, G. Y. [American University of Beirut, Riad el-Solh, Beirut 1107-2020 (Lebanon); Collaboration: Tore Supra Team
On many tokamaks (C-Mod, EAST, FTU, JET, HT-7, TS), a decrease in current drive efficiency of the Lower Hybrid (LH) waves is observed in high electron density plasmas. The cause of this behaviour is believed to be: Parametric Instabilities (PI) and Scattering from Density Fluctuations (SDF). For the ITER LH system, our knowledge must be improved to avoid such effects and to maintain the LH current drive efficiency at high density. The ITPA IOS group coordinates this effort [1] and all experimental data are essential to validate the numerical codes in progress. Usually the broadening of the LH wave frequency spectrum is measured by a probe located in the plasma edge. For this study, the frequency spectrum of a reflected power signal from the LH antenna was used. In addition, the spectrum measurements are compared with the density fluctuations observed on RF probes located at the antenna mouth. Several plasma currents (0.6 to 1.4 MA) and densities up to 5.2 × 10{sup 19} m?3 have been realised on Tore Supra (TS) long pulses and with high injected RF power, up to 5.4 MW-30s. This allowed using a spectrum analyser to make several measurements during the plasma pulse. The side lobe amplitude, shifted by 20-30MHz with respect to the main peak, grows with increasing density. Furthermore, for an increase of plasma current at the same density, the spectra broaden and become asymmetric. Some parametric dependencies are shown in this paper.
Publish date: 06/27/2011 ECE 4345: Pulsed Power
Gelfond, Michael
(gas, vacuum, liquid, solid, and surface) - 3 hours High power switching (closing and opening) - 5Publish date: 06/27/2011 ECE 4345: Pulsed Power Credit / Contact hours: 3 / 3 Course coordinator: Hermann Krompholz Textbook(s) and/or other required material: Pai and Zhang, Introduction to High Power
High-Power Electrochemical Storage Devices and Plug-in Hybrid...
High-Power Electrochemical Storage Devices and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery Development High-Power Electrochemical Storage Devices and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle...
Phase Modulator Programming to Get Flat Pulses with Desired Length and Power from the CTF3 Pulse Compressors
Shaker, Seyd Hamed; Skowronski, Piotr; Syratchev, Igor; Tecker, Frank
The pulse compressor is located after the klystron to increase the power peak by storing the energy at the beginning and releasing it near the end of klystron output pulse. In the CTF3 pulse compressors a doubling of the peak power is achieved according to our needs and the machine parameters. The magnitude of peak power, pulse length and flatness can be controlled by using a phase modulator for the input signal of klystrons. A C++ code is written to simulate the pulse compressor behaviour according to the klystron output pulse power. By manually changing the related parameters in the code for the best match, the quality factor and the filling time of pulse compressor cavities can be determined. This code also calculates and sends the suitable phase to the phase modulator according to the klystron output pulse power and the desired pulse length and peak power
Pulsed pyroelectric crystal-powered gamma source
Chen, A. X.; Antolak, A. J.; Leung, K.-N.; Raber, T. N.; Morse, D. H. [Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550 (United States)
A compact pulsed gamma generator is being developed to replace radiological sources used in commercial, industrial and medical applications. Mono-energetic gammas are produced in the 0.4 - 1.0 MeV energy range using nuclear reactions such as {sup 9}Be(d,n{gamma}){sup 10}B. The gamma generator employs an RF-driven inductively coupled plasma ion source to produce deuterium ion current densities up to 2 mA/mm{sup 2} and ampere-level current pulses can be attained by utilizing an array extraction grid. The extracted deuterium ions are accelerated to approximately 300 keV via a compact stacked pyroelectric crystal system and then bombard the beryllium target to generate gammas. The resulting microsecond pulse of gammas is equivalent to a radiological source with curie-level activity.
Dynamic Power Management with Hybrid Power Sources Jianli Zhuo Chaitali Chakrabarti
Kambhampati, Subbarao
source. Al- ternative power sources such as fuel cells (FCs) have substantially different power-time systems and embedded systems General Terms: Algorithms, Design Keywords: DPM, fuel cell, hybrid power based hybrid source. We develop an optimization framework that explicitly considers the FC system
Hybrid Modeling and Control of a Hydroelectric Power Plant
Ferrari-Trecate, Giancarlo
Hybrid Modeling and Control of a Hydroelectric Power Plant Giancarlo Ferrari-Trecate, Domenico,mignone,castagnoli,firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract In this work we present the model of a hydroelectric power plant in the framework of Mixed Logic with a model predictive control scheme. 1 Introduction The outflow control for hydroelectric power plants
Space and power efficient hybrid counters array
Gara, Alan G. (Mount Kisco, NY); Salapura, Valentina (Chappaqua, NY)
A hybrid counter array device for counting events. The hybrid counter array includes a first counter portion comprising N counter devices, each counter device for receiving signals representing occurrences of events from an event source and providing a first count value corresponding to a lower order bits of the hybrid counter array. The hybrid counter array includes a second counter portion comprising a memory array device having N addressable memory locations in correspondence with the N counter devices, each addressable memory location for storing a second count value representing higher order bits of the hybrid counter array. A control device monitors each of the N counter devices of the first counter portion and initiates updating a value of a corresponding second count value stored at the corresponding addressable memory location in the second counter portion. Thus, a combination of the first and second count values provide an instantaneous measure of number of events received.
Space and power efficient hybrid counters array
Gara, Alan G. (Mount Kisco, NY); Salapura, Valentina (Chappaqua, NY)
A hybrid counter array device for counting events. The hybrid counter array includes a first counter portion comprising N counter devices, each counter device for receiving signals representing occurrences of events from an event source and providing a first count value corresponding to a lower order bits of the hybrid counter array. The hybrid counter array includes a second counter portion comprising a memory array device having N addressable memory locations in correspondence with the N counter devices, each addressable memory location for storing a second count value representing higher order bits of the hybrid counter array. A control device monitors each of the N counter devices of the first counter portion and initiates updating a value of a corresponding second count value stored at the corresponding addressable memory location in the second counter portion. Thus, a combination of the first and second count values provide an instantaneous measure of number of events received.
Control of high power IGBT modules in the active region for fast pulsed power converters
Cravero, JM; Garcia Retegui, R; Maestri, S; Uicich, G
At CERN, fast pulsed power converters are used to supply trapezoidal current in different magnet loads. These converters perform output current regulation by using a high power IGBT module in its ohmic region. This paper presents a new strategy for pulsed current control applications using a specifically designed IGBT driver.
Evaluation of Light-Triggered Thyristors for Pulsed Power Applications
Tully, L K; Fulkerson, E S; Goerz, D A; Speer, R D
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has many needs for high reliability, high peak current, high di/dt switches. Solid-state switch technology offers the demonstrated advantage of reliability under a variety of conditions. Light-triggered switches operate with a reduced susceptibility to electromagnetic interference commonly found within pulsed power environments. Despite the advantages, commercially available solid-state switches are not typically designed for the often extreme pulsed power requirements. Testing was performed to bound the limits of devices for pulsed power applications beyond the manufacturers specified ratings. To test the applicability of recent commercial light-triggered solid-state designs, an adjustable high current switch test stand was assembled. Results from testing and subsequent selected implementations are presented.
High Average Power, High Energy Short Pulse Fiber Laser System
Messerly, M J
Recently continuous wave fiber laser systems with output powers in excess of 500W with good beam quality have been demonstrated [1]. High energy, ultrafast, chirped pulsed fiber laser systems have achieved record output energies of 1mJ [2]. However, these high-energy systems have not been scaled beyond a few watts of average output power. Fiber laser systems are attractive for many applications because they offer the promise of high efficiency, compact, robust systems that are turn key. Applications such as cutting, drilling and materials processing, front end systems for high energy pulsed lasers (such as petawatts) and laser based sources of high spatial coherence, high flux x-rays all require high energy short pulses and two of the three of these applications also require high average power. The challenge in creating a high energy chirped pulse fiber laser system is to find a way to scale the output energy while avoiding nonlinear effects and maintaining good beam quality in the amplifier fiber. To this end, our 3-year LDRD program sought to demonstrate a high energy, high average power fiber laser system. This work included exploring designs of large mode area optical fiber amplifiers for high energy systems as well as understanding the issues associated chirped pulse amplification in optical fiber amplifier systems.
Vehicle-to-Grid Power: Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles as Resources for Distributed Electric Power in California
Kempton, Willett; Tomic, Jasna; Letendre, Steven; Brooks, Alec; Lipman, Timothy
Vehicle-to-Grid Power: Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cellrevenue – cost). Peak power Battery, full function Battery,sources of distributed power; battery-EDVs, fuel cell EDVs,
Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid System for High-Rate Pulsed Load Applications
Pedram, Massoud
Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid System for High-Rate Pulsed Load Applications Donghwa Shin, Younghyun layer capacitors, or simply supercapacitors, have extremely low internal resistance, and a battery-supercapacitor architecture comprising a simple parallel connection does not perform well when the supercapacitor capacity
Active high-power RF switch and pulse compression system
Tantawi, Sami G. (San Mateo, CA); Ruth, Ronald D. (Woodside, CA); Zolotorev, Max (Mountain View, CA)
A high-power RF switching device employs a semiconductor wafer positioned in the third port of a three-port RF device. A controllable source of directed energy, such as a suitable laser or electron beam, is aimed at the semiconductor material. When the source is turned on, the energy incident on the wafer induces an electron-hole plasma layer on the wafer, changing the wafer's dielectric constant, turning the third port into a termination for incident RF signals, and. causing all incident RF signals to be reflected from the surface of the wafer. The propagation constant of RF signals through port 3, therefore, can be changed by controlling the beam. By making the RF coupling to the third port as small as necessary, one can reduce the peak electric field on the unexcited silicon surface for any level of input power from port 1, thereby reducing risk of damaging the wafer by RF with high peak power. The switch is useful to the construction of an improved pulse compression system to boost the peak power of microwave tubes driving linear accelerators. In this application, the high-power RF switch is placed at the coupling iris between the charging waveguide and the resonant storage line of a pulse compression system. This optically controlled high power RF pulse compression system can handle hundreds of Megawatts of power at X-band.
Optimal Design of Power-Split Transmissions for Hydraulic Hybrid Passenger Vehicles
Li, Perry Y.
Optimal Design of Power-Split Transmissions for Hydraulic Hybrid Passenger Vehicles Kai Loon Cheong, Perry Y. Li and Thomas R. Chase Abstract-- Hydraulic hybrid vehicles are inherently power dense. Power and input coupled power-split configurations. Keywords: Hybrid vehicles, hydraulics, power-split, engine
Progress in the pulsed power Inertial Confinement Fusion program
Quintenz, J.P.; Matzen, M.K.; Mehlhorn, T.A. [and others
Pulsed power accelerators are being used in Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) research. In order to achieve our goal of a fusion yield in the range of 200 - 1000 MJ from radiation-driven fusion capsules, it is generally believed that {approx}10 MJ of driver energy must be deposited within the ICF target in order to deposit {approx}1 MJ of radiation energy in the fusion capsule. Pulsed power represents an efficient technology for producing both these energies and these radiation environments in the required short pulses (few tens of ns). Two possible approaches are being developed to utilize pulsed power accelerators in this effort: intense beams of light ions and z- pinches. This paper describes recent progress in both approaches. Over the past several years, experiments have successfully answered many questions critical to ion target design. Increasing the ion beam power and intensity are our next objectives. Last year, the Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator H (PBFA II) was modified to generate ion beams in a geometry that will be required for high yield applications. This 2048 modification has resulted in the production of the highest power ion beam to be accelerated from an extraction ion diode. We are also evaluating fast magnetically-driven implosions (z-pinches) as platforms for ICF ablator physics and EOS experiments. Z-pinch implosions driven by the 20 TW Saturn accelerator have efficiently produced high x- ray power (> 75 TW) and energy (> 400 kJ). Containing these x-ray sources within a hohlraum produces a unique large volume (> 6000 mm{sup 3}), long lived (>20 ns) radiation environment. In addition to studying fundamental ICF capsule physics, there are several concepts for driving ICF capsules with these x-ray sources. Progress in increasing the x-ray power on the Saturn accelerator and promise of further increases on the higher power PBFA II accelerator will be described.
Plasma relaxation mechanics of pulsed high power microwave surface flashover
Beeson, S.; Dickens, J.; Neuber, A. [Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Department of Physics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409 (United States)] [Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Department of Physics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409 (United States)
Microwave transmission and reflection characteristics of pulsed radio frequency field generated plasmas are elucidated for air, N{sub 2}, and He environments under pressure conditions ranging from 10 to 600 torr. The pulsed, low temperature plasma is generated along the atmospheric side of the dielectric boundary between the source (under vacuum) and the radiating environment with a thickness on the order of 5 mm and a cross sectional area just smaller than that of the waveguide. Utilizing custom multi-standard waveguide couplers and a continuous low power probing source, the scattering parameters were measured before, during, and after the high power microwave pulse with emphasis on the latter. From these scattering parameters, temporal electron density estimations (specifically the longitudinal integral of the density) were calculated using a 1D plane wave-excited model for analysis of the relaxation processes associated. These relaxation characteristics ultimately determine the maximum repetition rate for many pulsed electric field applications and thus are applicable to a much larger scope in the plasma community than just those related to high power microwaves. This manuscript discusses the diagnostic setup for acquiring the power measurements along with a detailed description of the kinematic and chemical behavior of the plasma as it decays down to its undisturbed state under various gas type and pressure conditions.
Reinforcement Learning Based Dynamic Power Management with a Hybrid Power Supply
Pedram, Massoud
Reinforcement Learning Based Dynamic Power Management with a Hybrid Power Supply Siyu Yue, Di Zhu management (DPM) in battery- powered mobile systems attempts to achieve higher energy efficiency to a previously reported expert- based learning approach. Keywords-dynamic power management; reinforcement
Advances in long pulse operation at high radio frequency power in Tore Supra
Goniche, M.; Dumont, R.; Bourdelle, C.; Decker, J.; Delpech, L.; Ekedahl, A.; Guilhem, D.; Guimarăes-Filho, Z.; Litaudon, X.; Lotte, Ph.; Maget, P.; Mazon, D.; Saoutic, B. [CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance (France)
The lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) system of Tore Supra has been upgraded for long pulse operation at higher power (7–8?MW). The two launchers have coupled on plasma 3.8?MW and 2.7?MW separately. This new power capability allows extending the operational domain of Tore Supra for long pulses at higher current and density. 38 long (20?s –155?s) discharges with very low loop voltage (V{sub L}?=?30-60?mV) were performed with combined LHCD (5-5.7?MW) and ICRH (1–3?MW) powers, with up to 1 GJ of injected energy. Higher LHCD efficiency, with respect to the previous long discharges, is reported. MHD stability of these discharges is very sensitive to the LHCD power and parallel wave index, in particular in the preforming phase. For theses evanescent loop voltage plasmas, the ICRH power, in excess of 1?MW, is found to have a beneficial effect on the MHD stability.
High efficiency carbonate fuel cell/turbine hybrid power cycle
Steinfeld, G.; Maru, H.C. [Energy Research Corp., Danbury, CT (United States); Sanderson, R.A. [Sanderson (Robert) and Associates, Wethersfield, CT (United States)
The hybrid power cycle studies were conducted to identify a high efficiency, economically competitive system. A hybrid power cycle which generates power at an LHV efficiency > 70% was identified that includes an atmospheric pressure direct carbonate fuel cell, a gas turbine, and a steam cycle. In this cycle, natural gas fuel is mixed with recycled fuel cell anode exhaust, providing water for reforming fuel. The mixed gas then flows to a direct carbonate fuel cell which generates about 70% of the power. The portion of the anode exhaust which is not recycled is burned and heat transferred through a heat exchanger (HX) to the compressed air from a gas turbine. The heated compressed air is then heated further in the gas turbine burner and expands through the turbine generating 15% of the power. Half the exhaust from the turbine provides air for the anode exhaust burner. All of the turbine exhaust eventually flows through the fuel cell cathodes providing the O2 and CO2 needed in the electrochemical reaction. Exhaust from the cathodes flows to a steam system (heat recovery steam generator, staged steam turbine generating 15% of the cycle power). Simulation of a 200 MW plant with a hybrid power cycle had an LHV efficiency of 72.6%. Power output and efficiency are insensitive to ambient temperature, compared to a gas turbine combined cycle; NOx emissions are 75% lower. Estimated cost of electricity for 200 MW is 46 mills/kWh, which is competitive with combined cycle where fuel cost is > $5.8/MMBTU. Key requirement is HX; in the 200 MW plant studies, a HX operating at 1094 C using high temperature HX technology currently under development by METC for coal gassifiers was assumed. A study of a near term (20 MW) high efficiency direct carbonate fuel cell/turbine hybrid power cycle has also been completed.
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Hybrid System for Distributed Power Generation
Faress Rahman; Nguyen Minh
This report summarizes the work performed by Hybrid Power Generation Systems, LLC (HPGS) during the July 2003 to December 2003 reporting period under Cooperative Agreement DE-FC26-01NT40779 for the U. S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE/NETL) entitled ''Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Hybrid System for Distributed Power Generation''. The main objective of this project is to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of a highly efficient hybrid system integrating a planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) and a micro-turbine. In addition, an activity included in this program focuses on the development of an integrated coal gasification fuel cell system concept based on planar SOFC technology. Also, another activity included in this program focuses on the development of SOFC scale up strategies.
Pulsed Power for a Dynamic Transmission Electron Microscope
dehope, w j; browning, n; campbell, g; cook, e; king, w; lagrange, t; reed, b; stuart, b; Shuttlesworth, R; Pyke, B
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has converted a commercial 200kV transmission electron microscope (TEM) into an ultrafast, nanoscale diagnostic tool for material science studies. The resulting Dynamic Transmission Electron Microscope (DTEM) has provided a unique tool for the study of material phase transitions, reaction front analyses, and other studies in the fields of chemistry, materials science, and biology. The TEM's thermionic electron emission source was replaced with a fast photocathode and a laser beam path was provided for ultraviolet surface illumination. The resulting photoelectron beam gives downstream images of 2 and 20 ns exposure times at 100 and 10 nm spatial resolution. A separate laser, used as a pump pulse, is used to heat, ignite, or shock samples while the photocathode electron pulses, carefully time-synchronized with the pump, function as probe in fast transient studies. The device functions in both imaging and diffraction modes. A laser upgrade is underway to make arbitrary cathode pulse trains of variable pulse width of 10-1000 ns. Along with a fast e-beam deflection scheme, a 'movie mode' capability will be added to this unique diagnostic tool. This talk will review conventional electron microscopy and its limitations, discuss the development and capabilities of DTEM, in particularly addressing the prime and pulsed power considerations in the design and fabrication of the DTEM, and conclude with the presentation of a deflector and solid-state pulser design for Movie-Mode DTEM.
Pulsed power supply for three APS septum magnets
McGhee, D.G.
Three septum magnets will be operated at a repetition-rate of 2 Hz. Two of the septum magnets are identical and operate at the same values; these are the synchrotron extraction and the storage ring injection magnets. They are transformer septum magnets, with a primary inductance of 23 {mu}H and resistance of 6.3 m{Omega}, and must be pulsed at a 2 Hz rate to extract beam from the synchrotron and inject beam into the storage ring at 7.7 GeV. The third septum magnet is used to inject electrons into the synchrotron at 650 MeV or positrons at 450 MeV. It is also a transformer septum magnet, with a primary inductance of 21 {mu}H and resistance of 6.7 m{Omega}, and must be pulsed at a 2 Hz rate. A design study was performed of the power supply proposed in the APS Title I design. This supply produces a pulse that is approximately a half-sine-wave with a base width of approximately 1/3 ms; its peakcurrent is adjustable from 470 A to 4.7 kA and is repeatable within {plus_minus}0.05%. The septum steel is reset by a half-sine pulse of reverse polarity a few milliseconds after the forward current pulse. No beam is present during reset. The use of the transformer design minimizes the cost of the capacitors used for energy storage.
Nuclear electromagnetic pulse and the electric power system
Legro, J.R.; Reed, T.J.
A single, high-altitude nuclear detonation over the continental United States can expose large geographic areas to transient, electromagnetic pulse (EMP). The initial electromagnetic fields produced by this event have been defined as high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP). Later-time, low frequency fields have been defined as magnetohydrodynamic-electromagnetic pulse (MHD-EMP). Nuclear detonations at, or near the surface of the earth can also produce transient EMP. These electromagnetic phenomena have been defined as source region electromagnetic pulse (SREMP). The Division of Electric Energy Systems (EES) of the United States Department of Energy (DOE) has formulated and implemented a Program Plan to assess the possible effects of the above nuclear EMP on civilian electric power systems. This unclassified research effort is under the technical leadership of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This paper presents a brief perspective of EMP phenomenology and important interaction issues for power systems based on research performed by Westinghouse Advanced Systems Technology as a principal subcontractor in the research effort.
Hybrid Fuel Cell / Gas Turbine Systems Auxiliary Power Unit
Mease, Kenneth D.
Hybrid Fuel Cell / Gas Turbine Systems Auxiliary Power Unit Abstract Recent interest in fuel cell fuel cell (SOFC) and fuel processor models have been developed and incorporated into the Numerical performance with experimental data is presented to demonstrate model validity. Introduction Fuel cell
Reinforcement Learning Based Power Management for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Pedram, Massoud
combustion engine (ICE) propelled vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) can achieve both higher fuel combustion engine (ICE) propelled vehicles, HEVs can simultaneously achieve higher fuel economy and lower that applies the reinforcement learning technique to the HEV power management problem. Simulation results over
Hybrid solar central receiver for combined cycle power plant
Bharathan, Desikan (Lakewood, CO); Bohn, Mark S. (Golden, CO); Williams, Thomas A. (Arvada, CO)
A hybrid combined cycle power plant including a solar central receiver for receiving solar radiation and converting it to thermal energy. The power plant includes a molten salt heat transfer medium for transferring the thermal energy to an air heater. The air heater uses the thermal energy to preheat the air from the compressor of the gas cycle. The exhaust gases from the gas cycle are directed to a steam turbine for additional energy production.
Hybrid solar central receiver for combined cycle power plant
Bharathan, D.; Bohn, M.S.; Williams, T.A.
A hybrid combined cycle power plant is described including a solar central receiver for receiving solar radiation and converting it to thermal energy. The power plant includes a molten salt heat transfer medium for transferring the thermal energy to an air heater. The air heater uses the thermal energy to preheat the air from the compressor of the gas cycle. The exhaust gases from the gas cycle are directed to a steam turbine for additional energy production. 1 figure.
Failure modes in high-power lithium-ion batteries for use in hybrid electric vehicles
MODES IN HIGH-POWER LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES FOR USE IN HYBRIDof high-power lithium-ion batteries for hybrid electricthe development of lithium-ion batteries for hybrid electric
Application of Homopolar Pulsed Power to Metals Joining
Keith, R. E.; Aanstoos, T. A.; Weldon, W. F.
-20, 1983 In 1977, the Energy Storage Group was upgraded to its present status of a full research center (CEM-UT). Since 1978, we have conducted pulse resistance welding research sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), the National... Corporation, was concerned with welding railroad rails and vehicle components. The EPRI project [2,7,8J involved welding -in. (10-em) schedule 80 type 304 stainless steel p pe. The objective was to determine the feasibility of joining boiling water...
Effects of pulsed-power loads upon an electric power grid
Smolleck, H.A.; Ranade, S.J.; Prasad, N.R. (New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces, NM (USA). Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering); Velasco, R.O. (Los Alamos National Lab., NM (USA))
Certain proposed particle-accelerator and laser experiments, and other devices related to fusion research, require multi-megawatt, repetitive power pulses, often at low (subsynchronous) frequency. While some power-delivery technologies call for a certain degree of buffering of the utility demand using capacitive, inductive, or inertial energy storage, considerations have also been made for serving such loads directly from the line. In either case, such pulsed loads represent non-traditional applications from the utility's perspective which, in certain cases, can have significant design and operational implications. This paper outlines an approach to the analysis of the effects of such loads upon the electric power grid using existing analysis techniques. The impacts studied include busvoltage flicker, transient and dynamic stability, and torsional excitation. The impact of a particular pulsed load is examined and illustrated for the power network serving the Los Alamos National Laboratory. 19 refs., 13 figs.
Vehicle-to-Grid Power: Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles
Firestone, Jeremy
i Vehicle-to-Grid Power: Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles as Resources for Distributed more robust. This report analyzes V2G power from three types of EDVs--battery, hybrid, and fuel cell and prices are high. Fuel cell and hybrid EDVs are sources of new power generation. For economic reasons
Hybrid Energy Cell for Degradation of Methyl Orange by Self-Powered Electrocatalytic Oxidation
Wang, Zhong L.
Hybrid Energy Cell for Degradation of Methyl Orange by Self- Powered Electrocatalytic Oxidation Ya of superoxidative hydroxyl radical on the anode. Here, we report a hybrid energy cell that is used for a self-powered electrocatalytic process for the degradation of MO without using an external power source. The hybrid energy cell
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Hybrid System for Distributed Power Generation
David Deangelis; Rich Depuy; Debashis Dey; Georgia Karvountzi; Nguyen Minh; Max Peter; Faress Rahman; Pavel Sokolov; Deliang Yang
This report summarizes the work performed by Hybrid Power Generation Systems, LLC (HPGS) during the April to October 2004 reporting period in Task 2.3 (SOFC Scaleup for Hybrid and Fuel Cell Systems) under Cooperative Agreement DE-FC26-01NT40779 for the U. S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE/NETL), entitled ''Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Hybrid System for Distributed Power Generation''. This study analyzes the performance and economics of power generation systems for central power generation application based on Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) technology and fueled by natural gas. The main objective of this task is to develop credible scale up strategies for large solid oxide fuel cell-gas turbine systems. System concepts that integrate a SOFC with a gas turbine were developed and analyzed for plant sizes in excess of 20 MW. A 25 MW plant configuration was selected with projected system efficiency of over 65% and a factory cost of under $400/kW. The plant design is modular and can be scaled to both higher and lower plant power ratings. Technology gaps and required engineering development efforts were identified and evaluated.
Design concepts for a pulse power test facility to simulate EMP surges in overhead power lines. Part I. Fast pulse
Ramrus, A.
Objective of the study was to create conceptual designs of high voltage pulsers capable of simulating two types of electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) caused by a high-altitude nuclear burst; the slow rise time magnetohydrodynamic (MHD-EMP) and the fast rise time high-altitude EMP (HEMP). The pulser design was directed towards facilities capable of performing EMP vulnerability testing of components used in the national electric power system.
Nuclear electromagnetic pulse (EMP) and electric power systems
Barnes, P.R.; Vance, E.F.; Askins, H.W. Jr.
A nuclear detonation at high altitudes produces a transient electromagnetic pulse (EMP) of high-intensity electromagnetic fields. A single high-altitude burst can subject most of the continental United States to a strong EMP. These intense fields induce voltage and current transients in electrical conductors. Surges would be induced by EMP in transmission and distribution circuits and in control and communication elements in electric power systems throughout the national grid. Such widespread disturbances could upset the stability of electrical energy systems and result in massive power failures. The extent and nature of EMP-caused damages are not well known for utility electric power systems. Failures are likely to be associated with insulation damage and failures of low-voltage and solid-state components. It is concluded from a review of past studies that EMP may pose a serious threat to the nation's electrical energy supply.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS 1 A Hybrid Power Control Concept for PV Inverters with Reduced
Kerekes, Tamas
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS 1 Letters A Hybrid Power Control Concept for PV Inverters- cept for grid-connected Photovoltaic (PV) inverters. The control strategy is based on either a Maximum utilization factor of PV inverters, and thus to cater for a higher penetration level of PV systems
Integrated Hybrid-Simulation of Electric Power and Communications Systems
Nutaro, James J [ORNL; Kuruganti, Phani Teja [ORNL; Miller, Laurie E [ORNL; Mullen, Sara [ORNL; Shankar, Mallikarjun [ORNL
The modern power grid is strongly integrated with its communication network. While a power system primarily consists of elements that are modeled by continuous equations, a communication system has discrete event dynamics. We model the integrated operation of these two systems with a hybrid modeling and simulation technique. Systematically combining continuous and discrete event system models is necessary for correctly simulating critical system behaviors. This paper discusses an approach based on the discrete event system specification (DEVS) that characterizes the interaction of the two systems formally to preserve simulation correctness. We demonstrate the implementation of our integrated hybrid simulation technique with detailed generator and network models in a wide-area cooperative automatic load-control scenario.
Time series modeling of autonomous hybrid power systems
Quinlan, P.J.; Beckman, W.A.; Mitchell, J.W.; Klein, S.A.; Blair, N.J. [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States). Solar Energy Lab.
The Solar Energy Laboratory (SEL) has developed a wind diesel PV hybrid systems simulator, UW-HYBRID 1.0, as an application of the TRNSYS 14.2 time-series simulation environment. The simulator provides a customizable user interface. The simulation provides an AC/DC buss, diesel generators, wind turbines, PV modules, a battery bank, and power converter. PV system simulations include solar angle and peak power tracking options. Diesel simulations include estimated fuel-use and waste heat output, and are dispatched using a least-cost of fuel strategy. Wind system simulations include varying air density, wind shear and wake effects. Time step duration is user-selectable. This paper provides a description of the simulation models and example output.
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
MEDIUM POWER 352 MHZ SOLID STATE PULSED RF AMPLIFIERS FOR THE CERN LINAC4 PROJECT J. Broere, J in the CERN Linac4. The amplifiers are water-cooled and can provide up to 33 kW pulsed RF Power, 1.5 ms pulse RF Power for the debuncher cavity. The concept is based on 1.2 kW RF power modules using the latest 6
Design concepts for a pulse power test facility to simulate EMP surges. Part II. Slow pulses
Dethlefsen, R.
The work described in this report was sponsored by the Division of Electric Energy Systems (EES) of the US Department of Energy (DOE) through a subcontract with the Power Systems Technology Program at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The work deals with the effect of high altitude nuclear bursts on electric power systems. In addition to fast voltage transients, slow, quasi-dc currents are also induced into extended power systems with grounded neutral connections. Similar phenomena at lower magnitude are generated by solar induced electromagnetic pulses (EMP). These have caused power outages, related to solar storms, at northern latitudes. The applicable utility experience is reviewed in order to formulate an optimum approach to future testing. From a wide variety of options two pulser designs were selected as most practical, a transformer-rectifier power supply, and a lead acid battery pulser. both can be mounted on a trailer as required for field testing on utility systems. The battery system results in the least cost. Testing on power systems requires that the dc pulser pass high values of alternating current, resulting from neutral imbalance or from potential fault currents. Batteries have a high ability to pass alternating currents. Most other pulser options must be protected by an ac bypass in the form of an expensive capacitor bank. 8D truck batteries can meet the original specification of 1 kA test current. Improved batteries for higher discharge currents are available.
HypoEnergy: Hybrid supercapacitor-battery power-supply optimization for Energy efficiency
HypoEnergy: Hybrid supercapacitor-battery power-supply optimization for Energy efficiency Azalia the hybrid battery-supercapacitor power supply life- time. HypoEnergy combines high energy density and supercapacitors' charging overhead. HypoEnergy-KI studies the hybrid supply lifetime optimization
Topology, design, analysis and thermal management of power electronics for hybrid electric vehicle
Mi, Chunting "Chris"
an important role in the success of electric, hybrid and fuel cell vehicles. Typical power electronics circuits/DC converter; electric drives; electric vehicles; fuel cell; hybrid electric vehicles; power electronics, motor for fuel cells and advanced heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles. He also has experience with alternative
atlas pulsed-power systems: Topics by E-print Network
Broader source: All U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Webpages (Extended Search)
Power Electronics The Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics started as a Plasma research group at Texas Tech University in 1966. The initial work was concerned with har-...
Robust Optimal Control Strategies for a Hybrid Fuel Cell Power Management System
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
Robust Optimal Control Strategies for a Hybrid Fuel Cell Power Management System David Hern strategies are proposed for the power management subsystem of a hybrid fuel cell/supercapacitor power generation system. The control strate- gies are based on different control configurations involving the power
Numerical simulations of output pulse extraction from a high-power microwave compressor with a plasma switch
Shlapakovski, Anatoli; Beilin, Leonid; Bliokh, Yuri; Donskoy, Moshe; Krasik, Yakov E. [Physics Department, Technion, Haifa 32000 (Israel); Hadas, Yoav [Department of Applied Physics, Rafael, PO Box 2250, Haifa 31021 (Israel); Schamiloglu, Edl [Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 (United States)
Numerical simulations of the process of electromagnetic energy release from a high-power microwave pulse compressor comprising a gas-filled cavity and interference switch were carried out. A microwave plasma discharge in a rectangular waveguide H-plane tee was modeled with the use of the fully electromagnetic particle-in-cell code MAGIC. The gas ionization, plasma evolution, and interaction with RF fields accumulated within the compressor were simulated using different approaches provided by the MAGIC code: particle-in-cell approach accounting for electron-neutral collisions, gas conductivity model based on the concept of mobility, and hybrid modeling. The dependences of the microwave output pulse peak power and waveform on parameters that can be controlled in experiments, such as an external ionization rate, RF field amplitude, and background gas pressure, were investigated.
Soft x-ray diagnostics for pulsed power machines
Idzorek, G.C.; Coulter, W.L.; Walsh, P.J.; Montoya, R.R.
A variety of soft x-ray diagnostics are being fielded on the Los Alamos National Laboratory Pegasus and Procyon pulsed power systems and also being fielded on joint US/Russian magnetized target fusion experiments known as MAGO (Magnitoye Obzhatiye). The authors have designed a low-cost modular photoemissive detector designated the XRD-96 that uses commercial 1100 series aluminum for the photocathode. In addition to photocathode detectors a number of designs using solid state silicon photodiodes have been designed and fielded. They also present a soft x-ray time-integrated pinhole camera system that uses standard type TMAX-400 photographic film that obviates the need for expensive and no longer produced zero-overcoat soft x-ray emulsion film. In a typical experiment the desired spectral energy cuts, signal intensity levels, and desired field of view will determine diagnostic geometry and x-ray filters selected. The authors have developed several computer codes to assist in the diagnostic design process and data deconvolution. Examples of the diagnostic design process and data analysis for a typical pulsed power experiment are presented.
Kurt Montgomery; Nguyen Minh
This report summarizes the work performed by Honeywell during the October 2001 to December 2001 reporting period under Cooperative Agreement DE-FC26-01NT40779 for the U. S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE/NETL) entitled ''Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Hybrid System for Distributed Power Generation''. The main objective of this project is to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of a highly efficient hybrid system integrating a planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) and a turbogenerator. The conceptual and demonstration system designs were proposed and analyzed, and these systems have been modeled in Aspen Plus. Work has also started on the assembly of dynamic component models and the development of the top-level controls requirements for the system. SOFC stacks have been fabricated and performance mapping initiated.
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Hybrid System for Distributed Power Generation
Nguyen Minh
This report summarizes the work performed by Honeywell during the January 2002 to March 2002 reporting period under Cooperative Agreement DE-FC26-01NT40779 for the U. S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE/NETL) entitled ''Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Hybrid System for Distributed Power Generation''. The main objective of this project is to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of a highly efficient hybrid system integrating a planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) and a turbogenerator. For this reporting period the following activities have been carried out: {lg_bullet} Conceptual system design trade studies were performed {lg_bullet} System-level performance model was created {lg_bullet} Dynamic control models are being developed {lg_bullet} Mechanical properties of candidate heat exchanger materials were investigated {lg_bullet} SOFC performance mapping as a function of flow rate and pressure was completed
This report summarizes the work performed by Honeywell during the July 2001 to September 2001 reporting period under Cooperative Agreement DE-FC26-01NT40779 for the U. S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE/NETL) entitled ''Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Hybrid System for Distributed Power Generation''. The main objective of this project is to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of a highly efficient hybrid system integrating a planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) and a turbogenerator. An internal program kickoff was held at Honeywell in Torrance, CA. The program structure was outlined and the overall technical approach for the program was presented to the team members. Detail program schedules were developed and detailed objectives were defined. Initial work has begun on the system design and pressurized SOFC operation.
Presumed Pulmonary Embolism Following Power-Pulse Spray Thrombectomy of Upper Extremity Venous Thrombosis
Tsai, Jason; Georgiades, Christos S.; Hong, Kelvin; Kim, Hyun S. [Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (United States)], E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
To achieve more effective thrombolysis in a shorter treatment time, percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy has been increasingly used in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). The power-pulse spray is a new technique to combine chemical and rheolytic effects on clots. We present a case of presumed pulmonary embolism following power-pulse spray treatment for upper extremity DVT which necessitated resuscitation and intubation. The power-pulse spray technique should be used with caution when treating DVT.
Ferroelectric opening switches for large-scale pulsed power drivers.
Brennecka, Geoffrey L.; Rudys, Joseph Matthew; Reed, Kim Warren; Pena, Gary Edward; Tuttle, Bruce Andrew; Glover, Steven Frank
Fast electrical energy storage or Voltage-Driven Technology (VDT) has dominated fast, high-voltage pulsed power systems for the past six decades. Fast magnetic energy storage or Current-Driven Technology (CDT) is characterized by 10,000 X higher energy density than VDT and has a great number of other substantial advantages, but it has all but been neglected for all of these decades. The uniform explanation for neglect of CDT technology is invariably that the industry has never been able to make an effective opening switch, which is essential for the use of CDT. Most approaches to opening switches have involved plasma of one sort or another. On a large scale, gaseous plasmas have been used as a conductor to bridge the switch electrodes that provides an opening function when the current wave front propagates through to the output end of the plasma and fully magnetizes the plasma - this is called a Plasma Opening Switch (POS). Opening can be triggered in a POS using a magnetic field to push the plasma out of the A-K gap - this is called a Magnetically Controlled Plasma Opening Switch (MCPOS). On a small scale, depletion of electron plasmas in semiconductor devices is used to affect opening switch behavior, but these devices are relatively low voltage and low current compared to the hundreds of kilo-volts and tens of kilo-amperes of interest to pulsed power. This work is an investigation into an entirely new approach to opening switch technology that utilizes new materials in new ways. The new materials are Ferroelectrics and using them as an opening switch is a stark contrast to their traditional applications in optics and transducer applications. Emphasis is on use of high performance ferroelectrics with the objective of developing an opening switch that would be suitable for large scale pulsed power applications. Over the course of exploring this new ground, we have discovered new behaviors and properties of these materials that were here to fore unknown. Some of these unexpected discoveries have lead to new research directions to address challenges.
Hybrid vehicle powertrain system with power take-off driven vehicle accessory
Beaty, Kevin D.; Bockelmann, Thomas R.; Zou, Zhanijang; Hope, Mark E.; Kang, Xiaosong; Carpenter, Jeffrey L.
A hybrid vehicle powertrain system includes a first prime mover, a first prime mover driven power transmission mechanism having a power take-off adapted to drive a vehicle accessory, and a second prime mover. The second prime mover is operable to drive the power transmission mechanism alone or in combination with the first prime mover to provide power to the power take-off through the power transmission mechanism. The invention further includes methods for operating a hybrid vehicle powertrain system.
High power linear pulsed beam annealer. [Patent application
Strathman, M.D.; Sadana, D.K.; True, R.B.
A high power pulsed electron beam system for annealing semiconductors is comprised of an electron gun having a heated cathode, control grid and focus ring for confining the pulsed beam of electrons to a predetermined area, and a curved drift tube. The drift tube and an annular Faraday shield between the focus ring and the drift tube are maintained at a high positive voltage with respect to the cathode to accelerate electrons passing through the focus ring, thereby eliminating space charge limitations on the emission of electrons from said gun. A coil surrounding the curved drift tube provides a magnetic field which maintains the electron beam focused about the axis of the tube. The magnetic field produced by the coil around the curved tube imparts motion to electrons in a spiral path for shallow penetration of the electrons into a target. It also produces a scalloped profile of the electron beam. A second drift tube spaced a predetermined distance from the curved tube is positioned with its axis aligned with the axis of the first drift tube. The second drift tube and the target holder are maintained at a reference voltage between the cathode voltage and the curved tube voltage to decelerate the electrons. A second coil surrounding the second drift tube, maintains the electron beam focused about the axis of the second drift tube. The magnetic field of the second coil comprises the electron beam to the area of the semiconductor on the target holder.
Optimizing a Hybrid Energy Storage System for a Virtual Power Plant for Improved Wind Power
Teodorescu, Remus
. Possibilities to overcome this problem are to increase transmission capacities, demand side management approach to find two optimum energy storages (ESs) to build a hybrid system which is part of a virtual and the EU renewable directive [1] is even demanding for even higher rates of renewable power generation
Vehicle-to-Grid Power: Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles
Firestone, Jeremy
Vehicle-to-Grid Power: Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles as Resources for Distributed, and fuel cell. Battery EDVs can store electricity, charging during low demand times and discharging when power is scarce and prices are high. Fuel cell and hybrid EDVs are sources of new power generation
On the Robust Control of DC-DC Converters: Application to a Hybrid Power
Boyer, Edmond
synthesis is performed for a hybrid power generation structure composed by a Fuel Cell and a Supercapacitor Inequalities, Fuel Cells, Supercapacitors, Hybrid Power Generation. 1. INTRODUCTION It is believed power generation system composed by a FC and a Supercapacitor (SC). A complete review of FC models
Pulsed laser deposition with a high average power free electron laser: Benefits of subpicosecond pulses with high repetition rate
Reilly, Anne
Pulsed laser deposition with a high average power free electron laser: Benefits of subpicosecond average power Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Free Electron Laser. The combination of the free electron laser leads to very different plasma emission and produces films with high quality
Electromagnetic pulse research on electric power systems: Program summary and recommendations. Power Systems Technology Program
Barnes, P.R.; McConnell, B.W.; Van Dyke, J.W. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States); Tesche, F.M. [Tesche (F.M.), Dallas, TX (United States); Vance, E.F. [Vance (E.F.), Fort Worth, TX (United States)
A single nuclear detonation several hundred kilometers above the central United States will subject much of the nation to a high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (BENT). This pulse consists of an intense steep-front, short-duration transient electromagnetic field, followed by a geomagnetic disturbance with tens of seconds duration. This latter environment is referred to as the magnetohydrodynamic electromagnetic pulse (NMENT). Both the early-time transient and the geomagnetic disturbance could impact the operation of the nation`s power systems. Since 1983, the US Department of Energy has been actively pursuing a research program to assess the potential impacts of one or more BENT events on the nation`s electric energy supply. This report summarizes the results of that program and provides recommendations for enhancing power system reliability under HENT conditions. A nominal HENP environment suitable for assessing geographically large systems was developed during the program and is briefly described in this report. This environment was used to provide a realistic indication of BEMP impacts on electric power systems. It was found that a single high-altitude burst, which could significantly disturb the geomagnetic field, may cause the interconnected power network to break up into utility islands with massive power failures in some areas. However, permanent damage would be isolated, and restoration should be possible within a few hours. Multiple bursts would likely increase the blackout areas, component failures, and restoration time. However, a long-term blackout of many months is unlikely because major power system components, such as transformers, are not likely to be damaged by the nominal HEND environment. Moreover, power system reliability, under both HENT and normal operating conditions, can be enhanced by simple, and often low cost, modifications to current utility practices.
An Optimal Fuzzy Logic Power Sharing Strategy for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Brest, Université de
An Optimal Fuzzy Logic Power Sharing Strategy for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles F. Khoucha1 presents a fuzzy logic controller for a Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV). The PHEV required driving economy, and emissions. Index Terms--Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), Internal Combustion Engine
Hierarchical Control Strategy for a Hybrid Hydro-mechanical Transmission (HMT) Power-Train
Li, Perry Y.
1) manages the accumulator energy storage (high level); 2) performs vehicle level optimization (mid and the efficiency is dependent on the energy management used. I. INTRODUCTION Hydraulic hybrid vehicles reduce fuel energy. Compared to electric hybrids, hydraulic hybrids have the advantage of power density. A passenger
This paper present a preliminary design of a 300 kA, 2.5 Hz pulsed power system. This system will drive the focusing horn of proposed Brookhaven AGS Neutrino Super Beam Facility for Very Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experiment. The peak output power of the horn pulsed power system will reach Giga-watts, and the upgraded AGS will be capable of delivering 1 MW in beam power.
Plasma Imaging and Spectroscopy Diagnostics Developed on 100500-kA Pulsed Power Devices
Plasma Imaging and Spectroscopy Diagnostics Developed on 100500-kA Pulsed Power Devices DANIEL B-ray and ultraviolet en- ergy ranges developed and used on 100500 kA pulsed power facil- ities. Requiring just a few people to run and modest infrastructure investment, these facilities are cost-effective test beds for new
Failure modes in high-power lithium-ion batteries for use in hybrid electric vehicles
for ATD 18650 GEN 1 lithium ion cells, Revision 4, DecemberFAILURE MODES IN HIGH-POWER LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES FOR USE INdevelopment of high-power lithium-ion batteries for hybrid
Design of a Control Strategy for a Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Power Supply
Smith, Richard C.
The purpose of this thesis is to design hardware and a control strategy for a fuel cell/battery hybrid power supply. Modern fuel cell/battery hybrid power supplies can have 2 DC/DC converters: one converter for the battery ...
Control of Ultracapacitor-Battery Hybrid Power Source for Vehicular Applications
with 97-98% typical efficiency. I. INTRODUCTION Batteries often constitute the energy storage systemControl of Ultracapacitor-Battery Hybrid Power Source for Vehicular Applications Jonathan J of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE. #12;Control of Ultracapacitor-Battery Hybrid Power
Design of a Control Strategy for a Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Power Supply
Smith, Richard C.
The purpose of this thesis is to design hardware and a control strategy for a fuel cell/battery hybrid power supply. Modern fuel cell/battery hybrid power supplies can have 2 DC/DC converters: one converter for the battery and one for the fuel cell...
Engine optimal operation lines for power-split hybrid electric vehicles
Papalambros, Panos
. Keywords: hybrid electric vehicle, power split, energy management strategy, optimal operation lineEngine optimal operation lines for power-split hybrid electric vehicles Kukhyun Ahn* and P Y of degrees of freedom in energy management. Optimization problems for the two operation modes are formulated
Through conferences and technical publications, personnel at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and the All-Russian Institute of Experimental Physics (VNIIEF) learned of each other's interests in both high explosive pulsed power (HEPP) systems and their applications to fusion and high magnetic field research. The principle forum for contact was the Megagauss (MG) Conference series, becoming visible in 1979 at the MG-II Conference in Washington DC and culminating in Novosibirsk at MG-V in 1989. Conversations at MG-V led to a proposal, advanced by VNIIEF in 1991, to form a collaborative research agreement. After further preliminary conversations, a contingent from VNIIEF arrived at the MG-VI conference in Albuquerque in 1992 with plans to visit Los Alamos after the conference and finalize an agreement. The two laboratories signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) at this time, November of 1992, agreeing to conduct joint experiments using at least two HEPP systems developed by VNIIEF. Since that time, joint experiments have been conducted both at LANL and VNIIEF facilities using a variety of HEPP systems. On a few occasions, the effort has focused on the HEPP system itself, but more often it has focused on scientific applications of mutual interest.
Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) interaction with electric power systems. Power Systems Technology Program. Final report
Zaininger, H.W.
A high altitude nuclear burst, detonated at a height of 50 km or more, causes two types of electromagnetic pulses (EMP) - high altitude EMP (HEMP) and magnetohydrodynamic EMP (MHD-EMP). This high altitude EMP scenario is of principal concern when assessing the effects of EMP on electric power systems, because the total United States can be simultaneously illuminated by HEMP and MHD-EMP can cover a large area of up to several hundred kilometers in diameter. The purpose of this project was first to define typical electrical power system characteristics for EMP analysis, and second, to determine reasonable worst case EMP induced surges on overhead electric power system transmission and distribution lines for reasonable assumptions, using unclassified HEMP and MHD-EMP electric field waveforms.
Effect of Pulsed Nd: YAG Laser Powers On 304 Stainless Steel Welding
Candan, L.; Demir, A.; Akman, E. [University of Kocaeli, Laser Technologies Research and Application Center, Kocaeli (Turkey)
In this study, optimum welding parameters are obtained for 1mm thickness type 304 stainless steel welding using the Lumonics JK760TR pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The influences of laser welding parameters such as pulse duration, focal position, frequency, laser power, welding speed, and shielding gas (N2) pressure on penetration defining welding quality are investigated. Also comparisons of overlap ratios are presented between theory and experiment for pulse duration, frequency and welding speed.
Optimal Design of a PV/Fuel Cell Hybrid Power System for the City of Brest in France
Brest, Université de
. Keywords--Hybrid power system, renewable energy, fuel cell, photovoltaic, generation unit sizing, energy with the optimal design of a stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic and fuel cell power system without battery storage-17]. For such king of hybrid power systems, the sources can be optimally sized with different techniques
LQ Optimal Control of Wind Turbines in Hybrid Power Systems N.A. Cutululis1
LQ Optimal Control of Wind Turbines in Hybrid Power Systems N.A. Cutululis1 , H. Bindner1 , I power systems represent a viable solution for rural electrification. One of the most important aspects taken into account for the design of a wind diesel power system is the wind power penetration, which
Electrochemical Capacitors as Energy Storage in Hybrid-Electric Vehicles: Present Status and Future Prospects
Burke, Andy; Miller, Marshall
Power Systems EPCOS EVS24 International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicleelectric vehicles Type of hybrid System Useable energy Maximum pulse Cycle life driveline voltage storage powerPower Systems Laboratory and performs research and teaches graduate courses on advanced electric driveline technologies, specializing in batteries, ultracapacitors, fuel cells and hybrid vehicle
Title of Dissertation: HIGH POWER NONLINEAR PROPAGATION OF LASER PULSES IN TENUOUS GASES
Anlage, Steven
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: HIGH POWER NONLINEAR PROPAGATION OF LASER PULSES IN TENUOUS GASES AND PLASMA CHANNELS Jianzhou Wu, Doctor of Philosophy, 2005 Dissertation Directed By: Professor Thomas M PROPAGATION OF LASER PULSES IN TENUOUS GASES AND PLASMA CHANNELS By Jianzhou Wu Dissertation submitted
Experimental Investigation of Non-Thermal Electric Fields and Plasma Waves in Pulsed-Power Plasmas
-field-plasma interaction, particle accelera- tion, growth of instabilities and plasma waves. As yet, to the hest of our and the properties of plasmas under high-power pulses at the nanosecond time scale. The method is based on resonant in a coaxial-pulsed-plasma configura- tion. The plasma is doped with a laser-produced lithium heam, fol- lowed
Detection of nanosecond-scale, high power THz pulses with a field effect transistor
Preu, S. [Physics Department and Institute for Terahertz Science and Technology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106 (United States); Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106 (United States); Chair for Applied Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen (Germany); Lu, H.; Gossard, A. C. [Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106 (United States); Sherwin, M. S. [Physics Department and Institute for Terahertz Science and Technology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106 (United States)
We demonstrate detection and resolution of high power, 34 ns free electron laser pulses using a rectifying field effect transistor. The detector remains linear up to an input power of 11 {+-} 0.5 W at a pulse energy of 20 {+-} 1 {mu}J at 240 GHz. We compare its performance to a protected Schottky diode, finding a shorter intrinsic time constant. The damage threshold is estimated to be a few 100 W. The detector is, therefore, well-suited for characterizing high power THz pulses. We further demonstrate that the same detector can be used to detect low power continuous-wave THz signals with a post detection limited noise floor of 3.1 {mu}W/{radical}(Hz). Such ultrafast, high power detectors are important tools for high power and high energy THz facilities such as free electron lasers.
Hybrid monitor for both beam position and tilt of pulsed high-current beams
Pang, J., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; He, X.; Ma, C.; Zhao, L.; Li, Q.; Dai, Z. [Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power, Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, P.O. Box 919-106, Mianyang 621900 (China)
A Hybrid beam monitor, integrated with both azimuthal and axial B-dot probes, was designed for simultaneous measurement of both beam position and beam angle for pulsed high-current beams at the same location in beam pipe. The output signals of axial B-dot probes were found to be mixed with signals caused by transverse position deviation. In order to eliminate the unwanted signals, an elimination method was developed and its feasibility tested on a 50-? coaxial line test stand. By this method, a waveform, shape-like to that of input current and proportional to the tilt angle, was simulated and processed by following integration step to achieve the tilt angle. The tests showed that the measurement error of displacement and tilt angle less than 0.3 mm and 1.5 mrad, respectively. The latter error could be reduced with improved probes by reducing the inductance of the axial B-dot probe, but the improvement reached a limit due to some unknown systemic mechanism.
Online Capable Optimized Planning of Power Split in a Hybrid Energy Storage System
Paderborn, Universität
Online Capable Optimized Planning of Power Split in a Hybrid Energy Storage System Karl Stephan, D-33095 Paderborn (Germany) {stille,romaus,firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract--A hybrid energy storage system is an energy storage consisting of more than one type of energy storages combining
A Feasibility Study for Wind/Hybrid Power System Applications for New England Islands
Massachusetts at Amherst, University of
wind/hybrid systems. A feasibility study, carried out at the Renewable Energy Research Laboratory (RERLA Feasibility Study for Wind/Hybrid Power System Applications for New England Islands Gabriel Blanco, James F. Manwell, and Jon G. McGowan Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, University
Optimization and hybridization of membrane-based oxy-combustion power plants
Gunasekaran, Surekha
This thesis considers the optimization and hybridization of advanced zero emissions power (AZEP) cycles. More specifically, existing flowsheets for zero and partial emissions are optimized, and new integration schemes with ...
Multi-Objective Capacity Planning of a Pv-Wind-Diesel-Battery Hybrid Power System
Saif, A.
A new solution methodology of the capacity design problem of a PV-Wind-Diesel-Battery Hybrid Power System (HPS) is presented. The problem is formulated as a Linear Programming (LP) model with two objectives: minimizing ...
Towards "Zero-energy" using NEMFET-based Power Management for 3D Hybrid Stacked ICs
Kuzmanov, Georgi
potentially autonomous "zero-energy" devices. Index Terms--Low power electronics, Energy efficiency, Na experiment we believe that such 3D hybrid NEMS/CMOS approach creates the premises for the substantial
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
ROBUST CONTROL ANALYSIS USING REAL-TIME IMPLEMENTATION OF A HYBRID FUEL CELL POWER GENERATION the control of two identical boost power converters. For the closed-loop control a previously proposed proposed by the authors in former works. The control actuators are the duty cycles of the boost power
Supervisory hybrid model predictive control for voltage stability of power networks
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
Supervisory hybrid model predictive control for voltage stability of power networks R.R. Negenborn voltage control problems in electric power networks have stimulated the interest for the imple- mentation dynamics to restore power consumption beyond the capability of the transmission and generation system
A Hybrid Adiabatic Content Addressable Memory for Ultra Low-Power Applications
Tessier, Russell
A Hybrid Adiabatic Content Addressable Memory for Ultra Low-Power Applications Aiyappan Natarajan/write operation. The adiabatic CAM is suitable for ultra low-power, low per- formance applications such as smart, Performance Keywords Ultra-low power, Energy recovery, adiabatic switching 1. INTRODUCTION Content Addressable
Krstic, Miroslav
A STOCHASTIC OPTIMAL CONTROL APPROACH FOR POWER MANAGEMENT IN PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES on optimizing PHEV power management for fuel economy, subject to charge sustenance constraints, over individual dynamic programming to optimize PHEV power management over a distribution of drive cycles, rather than
A Hybrid Systems Model for Power Control in Multicell Wireless Data Networks
Boyer, Edmond
A Hybrid Systems Model for Power Control in Multicell Wireless Data Networks Tansu Alpcan 1 of other users can be modeled as interfering noise signals, the goal of power control is more precisely and Tamer Bas¸ar 1 (alpcan, tbasar)@control.csl.uiuc.edu Abstract-- We present a power control scheme based
The polyphase resonant converter modulator for pulse power and plasma applications
Reass, W. A. (William A.); Baca, D. M. (David M.); Doss, James D.; Gribble, R. (Robert F.); North, W. R.
This paper describes a new technique to generate high voltage pulses (100 kV and up) with high peak power (10 MW and up) and high average power (1 MW and up) from a low voltage input source (e.g. +/- 1.2 kV). This technology is presently being used to provide cathode pulse modulation for the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) accelerator klystron RF amplifiers, which operate to 140 kV 11 MW peak power and 1.1 MW average power. The design of the modulator, referred to as the Polyphase Resonant Converter-Modulator takes advantage of high-power component advances, in response to the needs of the traction motor industry (in particular, railroad locomotives), such as Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT's) and self-clearing metallized hazy polypropylene capacitors. In addition, the use of amorphous nanocrystalline transformer core alloy permits high frequency voltage and current transformation with low loss and small size. Other unique concepts embodied in the converter-modulator topology are polyphase resonant voltage multiplication and resonant rectification. These techniques further reduce size and improve electrical efficiency. Because of the resonant conversion techniques, electronic 'crowbars' and other load protective networks are not required. A shorted load detunes the circuit resonance and little power transfer can occur. This yields a high-power, high-voltage system that is inherently self-protective. To provide regulated output voltages, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) of the individual IGBT pulses is used. A Digital signal Processor (DSP) is used to control the IGBT's, with adaptive feed forward and feedback control algorithms that improve pulse fidelity. The converter-modulator has many attributes that make it attractive to various pulse power and plasma applications such as high power RF sources, neutral beam modulators, and various plasma applications. This paper will review the design as used for the SNS accelerator and speculate on related plasma applications.
Pulsed power supply for Nova Upgrade. Final report, August 1, 1991 to March 31, 1992
Bacon, J.L.; Kajs, J.P.; Walls, A.; Weldon, W.F.; Zowarka, R.C. [Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (US). Center for Electromechanics] [Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (US). Center for Electromechanics
This report describes work carried out at the Center for Electromechanics at The University of Texas at Austin (CEM-UT). A baseline design of the Nova Upgrade has been completed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The Nova Upgrade is an 18 beamline Nd: glass laser design utilizing fully relayed 4x4 30 cm aperture segmented optical components. The laser thus consists of 288 independent beamlets nominally producing 1.5 to 2.0 MJ of 0.35 {mu}m light in a 3 to 5 ns pulse. The laser design is extremely flexible and will allow a wide range of pulses to irradiate ICF targets. This facility will demonstrate ignition/gain and the scientific feasibility of ICF for energy and defense applications. The pulsed power requirements for the Nova Upgrade are given. CEM-UT was contracted to study and develop a design for a homopolar generator/inductor (HPG/inductor) opening switch system which would satisfy the pulsed power supply requirements of the Nova Upgrade. The Nd:glass laser amplifiers used in the Nova Upgrade will be powered by light from xenon flashlamps. The pulsed power supply for the Nova Upgrade powers the xenon flashlamps. This design and study was for a power supply to drive flashlamps.
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
between the two major components of the power supply (flywheel-generator-convertors (FGC) and transformer between the two possible components of the power supply, i. e. flywheel. generator-convertors and transformer-controlled-convertors. The proposed JET power supply system is described, together with an outline
Power Conditioning for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Farhangi, Babak
Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) propel from the electric energy stored in the batteries and gasoline stored in the fuel tank. PHEVs and Electric Vehicles (EVs) connect to external sources to charge the batteries. Moreover, PHEVs can supply...
Design and operation of a geopressurized-geothermal hybrid cycle power plant
Campbell, R.G.; Hattar, M.M.
Geopressured-geothermal resources can contribute significantly to the national electricity supply once technical and economic obstacles are overcome. Power plant performance under the harsh conditions of a geopressured resource was unproven, so a demonstration power plant was built and operated on the Pleasant Bayou geopressured resource in Texas. This one megawatt facility provided valuable data over a range of operating conditions. This power plant was a first-of-a-kind demonstration of the hybrid cycle concept. A hybrid cycle was used to take advantage of the fact that geopressured resources contain energy in more than one form -- hot water and natural gas. Studies have shown that hybrid cycles can yield thirty percent more power than stand-alone geothermal and fossil fuel power plants operating on the same resource. In the hybrid cycle at Pleasant Bayou, gas was burned in engines to generate electricity directly. Exhaust heat from the engines was then combined with heat from the brine to generate additional electricity in a binary cycle. Heat from the gas engine was available at high temperature, thus improving the efficiency of the binary portion of the hybrid cycle. Design power output was achieved, and 3445 MWh of power were sold to the local utility over the course of the test. Plant availability was 97.5% and the capacity factor was over 80% for the extended run at maximum power production. The hybrid cycle power plant demonstrated that there are no technical obstacles to electricity generation at Pleasant Bayou. 14 refs., 38 figs., 16 tabs.
Use of a Geothermal-Solar Hybrid Power Plant to Mitigate Declines in Geothermal Resource Productivity
Dan Wendt; Greg Mines
Many, if not all, geothermal resources are subject to decreasing productivity manifested in the form of decreasing brine temperature, flow rate, or both during the life span of the associated power generation project. The impacts of resource productivity decline on power plant performance can be significant; a reduction in heat input to a power plant not only decreases the thermal energy available for conversion to electrical power, but also adversely impacts the power plant conversion efficiency. The reduction in power generation is directly correlated to a reduction in revenues from power sales. Further, projects with Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) contracts in place may be subject to significant economic penalties if power generation falls below the default level specified. A potential solution to restoring the performance of a power plant operating from a declining productivity geothermal resource involves the use of solar thermal energy to restore the thermal input to the geothermal power plant. There are numerous technical merits associated with a renewable geothermal-solar hybrid plant in which the two heat sources share a common power block. The geo-solar hybrid plant could provide a better match to typical electrical power demand profiles than a stand-alone geothermal plant. The hybrid plant could also eliminate the stand-alone concentrated solar power plant thermal storage requirement for operation during times of low or no solar insolation. This paper identifies hybrid plant configurations and economic conditions for which solar thermal retrofit of a geothermal power plant could improve project economics. The net present value of the concentrated solar thermal retrofit of an air-cooled binary geothermal plant is presented as functions of both solar collector array cost and electricity sales price.
Load-shedding probabilities with hybrid renewable power generation and energy storage
Xu , Huan
Load-shedding probabilities with hybrid renewable power generation and energy storage Huan Xu, Ufuk to the intermittency in the power output. These difficulties can be alleviated by effectively utilizing energy storage turbines, supplemented with energy storage. We use a simple storage model alongside a combination
Hydro: A Hybrid Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks
California at Berkeley, University of
1 Hydro: A Hybrid Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks Stephen Dawson-based traffic, or optimize for point-to-point traffic in a homogeneous network. As these networks become more by the resource constraints of low-power and lossy networks (L2Ns). Our design leverages the predominantly two
New Power Electronics Converter Interfacing a Hybrid Dc/Ac Microgrid M. Alibeik, E. C. dos Santos Jr.
Zhou, Yaoqi
New Power Electronics Converter Interfacing a Hybrid Dc/Ac Microgrid M. Alibeik, E. C. dos Santos microgrid is that it has higher efficiency and lesser power conversion. In this work is proposed a new integrated power electronics converter able to connect a Distributed Generation (DG) unit with a hybrid dc
A Novel Solar-Fossil Hybrid Power Plant
Brown, Daryl R.
This is a short article prepared for Power Magazine about our development of a solar-powered steam-methane reformer.
High-power, hybrid Er:fiber/Tm:fiber frequency comb source in the 2 {\\mu}m wavelength region
Adler, Florian
We present a 2-\\mum frequency comb based on a reliable mode-locked Er:fiber laser with 100 MHz repetition rate. After shifting the spectrum of the amplified Er:fiber comb to longer wavelengths, a single-clad Tm/Ho:fiber is used as a self-pumped pre-amplifier to generate a coherent and broadband spectrum centered at 1.93 \\mum. Subsequently, a cladding-pumped Tm:fiber amplifier boosts the system to a maximum output power of 4.8 W at 1.96 \\mum. After compression in a compact grating compressor, our amplified Er:fiber/Tm:fiber hybrid system delivers as much as 2.9 W with a pulse duration of 141 fs. The system's comb properties are examined via heterodyne measurement.
A high voltage pulsed power supply for capillary discharge waveguide applications
Abuazoum, S.; Wiggins, S. M.; Issac, R. C.; Welsh, G. H.; Vieux, G.; Jaroszynski, D. A. [Department of Physics, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG (United Kingdom); Ganciu, M. [Low Temperature Plasma Department, National Institute of Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125, Magurele, Bucharest (Romania)
We present an all solid-state, high voltage pulsed power supply for inducing stable plasma formation (density {approx}10{sup 18} cm{sup -3}) in gas-filled capillary discharge waveguides. The pulser (pulse duration of 1 {mu}s) is based on transistor switching and wound transmission line transformer technology. For a capillary of length 40 mm and diameter 265 {mu}m and gas backing pressure of 100 mbar, a fast voltage pulse risetime of 95 ns initiates breakdown at 13 kV along the capillary. A peak current of {approx}280 A indicates near complete ionization, and the r.m.s. temporal jitter in the current pulse is only 4 ns. Temporally stable plasma formation is crucial for deploying capillary waveguides as plasma channels in laser-plasma interaction experiments, such as the laser wakefield accelerator.
FERROELECTRIC SWITCH FOR A HIGH-POWER Ka-BAND ACTIVE PULSE COMPRESSOR
Hirshfield, Jay L. [Omega-P, Inc.] [Omega-P, Inc.
Results are presented for design of a high-power microwave switch for operation at 34.3 GHz, intended for use in an active RF pulse compressor. The active element in the switch is a ring of ferroelectric material, whose dielectric constant can be rapidly changed by application of a high-voltage pulse. As envisioned, two of these switches would be built into a pair of delay lines, as in SLED-II at SLAC, so as to allow 30-MW ?s-length Ka-band pulses to be compressed in time by a factor-of-9 and multiplied in amplitude to generate 200 MW peak power pulses. Such high-power pulses could be used for testing and evaluation of high-gradient mm-wave accelerator structures, for example. Evaluation of the switch design was carried out with an X-band (11.43 GHz) prototype, built to incorporate all the features required for the Ka-band version.
Study on lower hybrid current drive efficiency at high density towards long-pulse regimes in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak
Li, M. H.; Ding, B. J.; Zhang, J. Z.; Gan, K. F.; Wang, H. Q.; Zhang, L.; Wei, W.; Li, Y. C.; Wu, Z. G.; Ma, W. D.; Jia, H.; Chen, M.; Yang, Y.; Feng, J. Q.; Wang, M.; Xu, H. D.; Shan, J. F.; Liu, F. K. [Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031 (China); Peysson, Y. [CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance (France); and others
Significant progress on both L- and H-mode long-pulse discharges has been made recently in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) with lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) [J. Li et al., Nature Phys. 9, 817 (2013) And B. N. Wan et al., Nucl. Fusion 53, 104006 (2013).]. In this paper, LHCD experiments at high density in L-mode plasmas have been investigated in order to explore possible methods of improving current drive (CD) efficiency, thus to extend the operational space in long-pulse and high performance plasma regime. It is observed that the normalized bremsstrahlung emission falls much more steeply than 1/n{sub e-av} (line-averaged density) above n{sub e-av}?=?2.2?×?10{sup 19}?m{sup ?3} indicating anomalous loss of CD efficiency. A large broadening of the operating line frequency (f?=?2.45?GHz), measured by a radio frequency (RF) probe located outside the EAST vacuum vessel, is generally observed during high density cases, which is found to be one of the physical mechanisms resulting in the unfavorable CD efficiency. Collisional absorption of lower hybrid wave in the scrape off layer (SOL) may be another cause, but this assertion needs more experimental evidence and numerical analysis. It is found that plasmas with strong lithiation can improve CD efficiency largely, which should be benefited from the changes of edge parameters. In addition, several possible methods are proposed to recover good efficiency in future experiments for EAST.
A low-power, CMOS peak detect and hold circuit for nuclear pulse spectroscopy
Ericson, M.N.; Simpson, M.L.; Britton, C.L. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States); Allen, M.D. [Tennessee Univ., Knoxville, TN (United States); Kroeger, R.A. [Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC (United States); Inderhees, S.E. [Alexandria, VA (United States)
A low-power CMOS peak detecting track and hold circuit optimized for nuclear pulse spectroscopy is presented. The circuit topology eliminates the need for a rectifying diode, reducing the effect of charge injection into the hold capacitor, incorporates a linear gate at the input to prevent pulse pileup, and uses dynamic bias control that minimizes both pedestal and droop. Both positive-going and negative-going pulses are accommodated using a complementary set of track and hold circuits. Full characterization of the design fabricated in 1.2{mu}m CMOS including dynamic range, integral nonlinearity, droop rate, pedestal, and power measurements is presented. Additionally, analysis and design approaches for optimization of operational characteristics are discussed.
High-power rf-pulsed modulators for the Los Alamos free-electron laser
Johnson, W.J.D.; Lynch, M.T.; Tallerico, P.J.; Keffeler, D.R.; Hornkohl, J.O.
In the rf-driven free-electron laser (FEL) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, there are two pulsed-power rf modulators as sources for two tandem, side-coupled 20-MeV linear accelerators. The rf power used to control the cavity fields is supplied by two 5.5-MW modulating anode klystrons operating at a center frequency of 1300.2 MHz. The modulation of the 125 kV klystron is achieved by using a triode switch tube that provides a pulse width up to 300 ..mu..s and a pulse repetition rate up to 10 Hz. This paper describes the present configuration of these two duplicate systems and presents plans for meeting the requirements of future rf FEL experiments at Los Alamos. 12 refs., 5 figs.
Methodology to assess the effects of magnetohydrodynamic electromagnetic pulse (MHD-EMP) on power systems
Legro, J.R.; Abi-Samra, N.C.; Crouse, J.C.; Tesche, F.M.
This paper summarizes a method to evaluate the possible effects of magnetohydrodynamic-electromagnetic pulse (MHD-EMP) on power systems. This method is based on the approach adapted to study the impact of geomagnetic storms on power systems. The paper highlights the similarities and differences between the two phenomena. Also presented are areas of concern which are anticipated from MHD-EMP on the overall system operation. 12 refs., 1 fig.
Possible applications of powerful pulsed CO{sub 2}-lasers in tokamak reactors
Nastoyashchii, A.F.; Morozov, I.N. [Troitsk Inst. for Innovation and Fusion Research, Moscow (Russian Federation); Hassanein, A. [Argonne National Lab., IL (United States)
Applications of powerful pulsed CO{sub 2}-lasers for injection of fuel tablets or creation of a protective screen from the vapor of light elements to protect against the destruction of plasma-facing components are discussed, and the corresponding laser parameters are determined. The possibility of using CO{sub 2}-lasers in modeling the phenomena of powerful and energetic plasma fluxes interaction with a wall, as in the case of a plasma disruption, is considered.
McDonald, Kirk
.1 15.2 Cases 2 and 3 require the same power supply, but differ in the magnet cooling scheme. #12;0 4 8EXPERIMENT E951 POWER SUPPLY TO PULSE A 14.5 TESLA SOLENOID MAGNET IOANNIS MARNERIS BOOSTER supply. #12;0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 0 2 4 6 8 10 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500
Generation of high peak power pulse using 2 stage erbium-doped fiber amplifier
Lee, Kyung-Woo
This thesis presents the results obtained from generation of high repetition rate, high power output pulse using an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). Two stage amplification was employed. The first stage setup used 980nm pump laser to pump erbium...
Doron, Ramy
Transmission Lines, Plasma Switches, Ion and Electron Diodes, and Plasma Sources. I.INTRODUCTION Atomic physicsPROPERTIES OF RELATIVELY-DILUTEPLASMAS IN PULSED-POWER SYSTEMS OBTAINED FROM HIGH-ACCURACY LASER application of laser-spectroscopy to investigate the electric fields and the properties of relatively dilute
Pulse-Density Modulation for RF Applications: The Radio-Frequency Power Amplifier (RF PA)
Sanders, Seth
. This enables complex digital processing and control of RF switching waveforms. Trends in processing speed demonstrates, techniques previously used for audio amplifiers, motor control, and power conversion may now generations of CMOS technology. We implement digital control of the carrier amplitude using pulse
Hybrid Cooling Systems for Low-Temperature Geothermal Power Production
Ashwood, A.; Bharathan, D.
This paper describes the identification and evaluation of methods by which the net power output of an air-cooled geothermal power plant can be enhanced during hot ambient conditions with a minimal amount of water use.
Power Conditioning for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Farhangi, Babak
converter design. A conceptual design approach is proposed to select the proper power converter topologies according to the determined power conditioning needs. The related standards and previous works are reviewed to determine the design guidelines. A set...
Model Predictive Control in Power Electronics: A Hybrid Systems Approach
Sontag, Eduardo
to transform electrical power from one usually unregulated form to another regulated one (consider e of semiconductor devices that operate as power switches, turning on and off with a high switching frequency. From of an underlying optimization problem. Given the high switching frequency used in power electronics app
Power System Level Impacts of Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles
(PSERC) is a multi-university Center conducting research on challenges facing the electric power industry to the electric power industry. The impact of PHEVs on the power grid is investigated. The methodology electric and gas, (b) simulation of the electric infrastructure (distribution systems) and the loading
Supervisory Power Management Control Algorithms for Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A Survey
Malikopoulos, Andreas [ORNL
The growing necessity for environmentally benign hybrid propulsion systems has led to the development of advanced power management control algorithms to maximize fuel economy and minimize pollutant emissions. This paper surveys the control algorithms for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in HEVs (PHEVs) that have been reported in the literature to date. The exposition ranges from parallel, series, and power split HEVs and PHEVs and includes a classification of the algorithms in terms of their implementation and the chronological order of their appearance. Remaining challenges and potential future research directions are also discussed.
Load sharing operation of a 14kW photovoltaic/wind hybrid power system
Kim, S.; Kim, C. [Kongju National Univ., Chungnam (Korea, Republic of). Dept. of Electrical Engineering; Song, J.; Yu, G.; Jung, Y. [Korea Inst. of Energy Research, Taejon (Korea, Republic of). Photovoltaic Research Team
In this paper, a design procedure for photovoltaic/wind hybrid power generation system is presented. The hybrid system is composed of a DC/DC converter for a photovoltaic energy conversion, a DC/DC converter for a wind energy conversion, a four switch IGBT inverter converting the combined DC power to the AC power and a backup power battery. Here, it is very important to select the desired battery size to meet the stable output and economic cost aspect since this system utilizes fluctuating and finite energy resource. The purpose of this paper is to develop a sizing method for the PV/Wind energy hybrid system with load sharing operation. The method demonstrates a simple tool to determine the desired battery size that satisfies the energy demand from the user with the photovoltaic and wind natural source. The proposed method is verified on a 14kW hybrid power system including a 10kW PV generator and a 4kW wind generator established in Cheju island, Korea.
Hybrid robust predictive optimization method of power system dispatch
Chandra, Ramu Sharat (Niskayuna, NY); Liu, Yan (Ballston Lake, NY); Bose, Sumit (Niskayuna, NY); de Bedout, Juan Manuel (West Glenville, NY)
A method of power system dispatch control solves power system dispatch problems by integrating a larger variety of generation, load and storage assets, including without limitation, combined heat and power (CHP) units, renewable generation with forecasting, controllable loads, electric, thermal and water energy storage. The method employs a predictive algorithm to dynamically schedule different assets in order to achieve global optimization and maintain the system normal operation.
Performance Optimization of Battery-Super Capacitor Hybrid System Electrochemical capacitors (ultracapacitors) offer high power density when compared to battery
Popov, Branko N.
Performance Optimization of Battery-Super Capacitor Hybrid System Electrochemical capacitors a decreased value of power and energy densities for the hybrid system. Figure 1shows the fractional capacity (ultracapacitors) offer high power density when compared to battery systems and also have a relatively large energy
Scalable and Power Efficient Data Analytics for Hybrid Exascale...
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
GPUs, and SSDs. Furthermore, the power-aware trend drives the advances in our performance-energy tradeoff analysis framework which enables our data analysis kernels algorithms and...
Simulation of geomagnetic currents induced in a power system by magnetohydrodynamic electromagnetic pulses
Rackliffe, G.B.; Crouse, J.C.; Legro, J.R.; Kruse, V.J.
This paper quantifies the quasi-dc currents induced on a power system by a simulated magnetohydrodynamic pulse (MHD-EMP). The determination of the quasi-dc currents is based upon the similarity between the effects of MHD-EMP and the impact of geomagnetic storms. The paper highlights how the methodology to calculate geomagnetic-induced currents from solar storms was modified to calculate the currents induced by a MHD-EMP event. After specification of the MHD-EMP environment and the selection of a power system to study, the quasi-dc currents induced in the power system were calculated.
Interaction of electromagnetic pulse with commercial nuclear-power-plant systems
Ericson, D.M. Jr.; Strawe, D.F.; Sandberg, S.J.; Jones, V.K.; Rensner, G.D.; Shoup, R.W.; Hanson, R.J.; Williams, C.B.
This study examines the interaction of the electromagnetic pulse from a high altitude nuclear burst with commercial nuclear power plant systems. The potential vulnerability of systems required for safe shutdown of a specific nuclear power plant are explored. EMP signal coupling, induced plant response and component damage thresholds are established using techniques developed over several decades under Defense Nuclear Agency sponsorship. A limited test program was conducted to verify the coupling analysis technique as applied to a nuclear power plant. The results are extended, insofar as possible, to other nuclear plants.
Amp-hour counting control for PV hybrid power systems
Hund, T.D. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States); Thompson, B. [Biri Systems, Ithaca, NY (United States)
The performance of an amp-hour (Ah) counting battery charge control algorithm has been defined and tested using the Digital Solar Technologies MPR-9400 microprocessor based PV hybrid charge controller. This work included extensive field testing of the charge algorithm on flooded lead-antimony and valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries. The test results after one-year have demonstrated that PV charge utilization, battery charge control, and battery state of charge (SOC) has been significantly improved by providing maximum charge to the batteries while limiting battery overcharge to manufacturers specifications during variable solar resource and load periods.
Mitigation of magnetohydrodynamic electromagnetic pulse (MHD-EMP) effects from commerical electric power systems. Power Systems Technology Program
Barnes, P.R. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States); Tesche, F.M. [Tesche (F.M.), Dallas, TX (United States); Vance, E.F. [Vance (E.F.), Fort Worth, TX (United States)
A large nuclear detonation at altitudes of several hundred kilometers above the earth distorts the earth`s magnetic field and produces a strong magnetohydrodynamic electromagnetic pulse (MHD-EMP). This can adversely affect electrical power systems. In this report, the effects of this nuclear environment on critical facilities connected to the commercial power system are considered. Methods of mitigating the MHD-EMP impacts are investigated, and recommended protection schemes are presented. Guidelines for testing facilities to determine the effects of MHD-EMP and to validate the mitigation methods also are discussed.
Diagnostic Characterization of High Power Lithium-Ion Batteries for Use in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Diagnostic Characterization of High Power Lithium-Ion Batteries for Use in Hybrid Electric Vehicles for perfor- mance characterization of these batteries in HEV applications in contrast to the constant microscopy, atomic force microscopy, gas chromatography, etc., were used to characterize the anode, cathode
Diagnostic Characterization of High-Power Lithium-Ion Batteries For Use in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Diagnostic Characterization of High-Power Lithium-Ion Batteries For Use in Hybrid Electric Vehicles generated specifically for performance characterization of these batteries in HEV applications in contrast to the constant-current profiles typically used in the characterization of lithium-ion batteries for portable
Journal of Power Sources 134 (2004) 130138 Performance optimization of a batterycapacitor hybrid system
Popov, Branko N.
-ion battery with commercial super capacitors using impedance measurement were car- ried out by Chu and Braatz and the battery system were compared under a similar set of operating parameters. 2. Experimental A Sony US 18650Journal of Power Sources 134 (2004) 130138 Performance optimization of a batterycapacitor hybrid
The Hybrid Power Flow Controller A New Concept for Flexible AC Transmission
Lehn, Peter W.
large and costly projects. Over the years, environmental, rightofway, and cost prob- lems have delayedThe Hybrid Power Flow Controller A New Concept for Flexible AC Transmission Jovan Z. Bebic Electric flow controller topologies are proposed for flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS). The first one
A pulsed power hydrodynamics approach to exploring properties of warm dense matter
Reinovsky, Robert Emil [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Pulsed Power Hydrodynamics, as an application of low-impedance, pulsed power, and high magnetic field technology developed over the last decade to study advanced hydrodynamic problems, instabilities, turbulence, and material properties, can potentially be applied to the study of the behavior and properties of warm dense matter (WDM) as well. Exploration of the properties, such as equation of state and conductivity, of warm dense matter is an emerging area of study focused on the behavior of matter at density near solid density (from 10% of solid density to a few times solid density) and modest temperatures ({approx}1-10 eV). Warm dense matter conditions can be achieved by laser or particle beam heating of very small quantities of matter on timescales short compared to the subsequent hydrodynamic expansion timescales (isochoric heating) and a vigorous community of researchers is applying these techniques using petawatt scale laser systems, but the microscopic size scale of the WDM produced in this way limits access to some physics phenomena. Pulsed power hydrodynamics techniques, either through high convergence liner compression of a large volume, modest density, low temperature plasma to densities approaching solid density or through the explosion and subsequent expansion of a conductor (wire) against a high pressure (density) gas background (isobaric expansion) techniques both offer the prospect for producing warm dense matter in macroscopic quantities. However, both techniques demand substantial energy, proper power conditioning and delivery, and an understanding of the hydrodynamic and instability processes that limit each technique. Similarly, liner compression of normal density material, perhaps using multiple reflected shocks can provide access to the challenging region above normal density -- again with the requirement of very large amounts of driving energy. In this paper we will provide an introduction to techniques that might be applied to explore this interesting new application of the energy-rich technology of pulse power and high magnetic fields.
Hybrid Wet/Dry Cooling for Power Plants (Presentation)
Kutscher, C.; Buys, A.; Gladden, C.
This presentation includes an overview of cooling options, an analysis of evaporative enhancement of air-cooled geothermal power plants, field measurements at a geothermal plant, a preliminary analysis of trough plant, and improvements to air-cooled condensers.
Solar-thermal hybridization of Advanced Zero Emissions Power Plants
El Khaja, Ragheb Mohamad Fawaz
Carbon Dioxide emissions from power production are believed to have significant contributions to the greenhouse effect and global warming. Alternative energy resources, such as solar radiation, may help abate emissions but ...
A source of high-power pulses of elliptically polarized ultrawideband radiation
Andreev, Yu. A., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Efremov, A. M.; Koshelev, V. I.; Kovalchuk, B. M.; Petkun, A. A.; Sukhushin, K. N.; Zorkaltseva, M. Yu. [Institute of High Current Electronics SB RAS, IHCE SB RAS, Tomsk 634055 (Russian Federation)
Here, we describe a source of high-power ultrawideband radiation with elliptical polarization. The source consisting of a monopolar pulse generator, a bipolar pulse former, and a helical antenna placed into a radioparent container may be used in tests for electromagnetic compatibility. In the source, the helical antenna with the number of turns N = 4 is excited with a high-voltage bipolar pulse. Preliminary, we examined helical antennas at a low-voltage source aiming to select an optimal N and to estimate a radiation center position and boundary of a far-field zone. Finally, characteristics of the source in the operating mode at a pulse repetition rate of 100 Hz are presented in the paper as well. Energy efficiency of the antenna is 0.75 at the axial ratio equal to 1.3. The effective potential of radiation of the source at the voltage amplitudes of the bipolar pulse generator equal to -175/+200 kV reaches 280 kV.
Hybrid solid state qubits: the powerful role of electron spins
John J. L. Morton; Brendon W. Lovett
We review progress on the use of electron spins to store and process quantum information, with particular focus on the ability of the electron spin to interact with multiple quantum degrees of freedom. We examine the benefits of hybrid quantum bits (qubits) in the solid state that are based on coupling electron spins to nuclear spin, electron charge, optical photons, and superconducting qubits. These benefits include the coherent storage of qubits for times exceeding seconds, fast qubit manipulation, single qubit measurement, and scalable methods for entangling spatially separated matter-based qubits. In this way, the key strengths of different physical qubit implementations are brought together, laying the foundation for practical solid-state quantum technologies.
Electromagnetic pulse research on electric power systems: Program summary and recommendations
Barnes, P.R.; McConnell, B.W.; Van Dyke, J.W. (Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States)); Tesche, F.M. (Tesche (F.M.), Dallas, TX (United States)); Vance, E.F. (Vance (E.F.), Fort Worth, TX (United States))
A single nuclear detonation several hundred kilometers above the central United States will subject much of the nation to a high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (BENT). This pulse consists of an intense steep-front, short-duration transient electromagnetic field, followed by a geomagnetic disturbance with tens of seconds duration. This latter environment is referred to as the magnetohydrodynamic electromagnetic pulse (NMENT). Both the early-time transient and the geomagnetic disturbance could impact the operation of the nation's power systems. Since 1983, the US Department of Energy has been actively pursuing a research program to assess the potential impacts of one or more BENT events on the nation's electric energy supply. This report summarizes the results of that program and provides recommendations for enhancing power system reliability under HENT conditions. A nominal HENP environment suitable for assessing geographically large systems was developed during the program and is briefly described in this report. This environment was used to provide a realistic indication of BEMP impacts on electric power systems. It was found that a single high-altitude burst, which could significantly disturb the geomagnetic field, may cause the interconnected power network to break up into utility islands with massive power failures in some areas. However, permanent damage would be isolated, and restoration should be possible within a few hours. Multiple bursts would likely increase the blackout areas, component failures, and restoration time. However, a long-term blackout of many months is unlikely because major power system components, such as transformers, are not likely to be damaged by the nominal HEND environment. Moreover, power system reliability, under both HENT and normal operating conditions, can be enhanced by simple, and often low cost, modifications to current utility practices.
Nonlinear excitation of photonikos and plasmons by high-power, short pulse lasers
Levan N. Tsintsadze; Hitoshi Hojo
Modulational excitation of longitudinal photons (photonikos) and electron Langmuir waves, as well as ion sound waves by an incoherent strong and superstrong radiation (high-power short pulse lasers, non-thermal equilibrium cosmic field radiation, etc.) in plasmas are investigated. A simultaneous generation of photonikos and plasmons are demonstrated. Furthermore, the kinetic instability is considered when a low frequency photonikos are generated alone. Growth rates of these new modes are obtained.
The HEMP (high altitude electromagnetic pulse) response of an overhead power distribution line
Tesche, F.M.; Barnes, P.R.
A study of the HEMP response of a realistic power distribution system was undertaken, and its results are described in this paper. This study involved the following elements: (1) the use of the new HEMP environment, (2) the use of a multiconductor coupling model, and (3) the measurement of the pulse response of an actual distribution transformer to permit the use of this data in the analysis.
Modeling surfaces in the context of pulsed-power : work functions, electron emission and dynamic response.
Cochrane, Kyle Robert (Ktech Corporation, Albuquerque, NM); Chantrenne, Sophie (SAIC, Albuquerque, NM); Mattsson, Thomas Kjell Rene; Faleev, Sergey V. (SNAMI Inc., AL)
The ability to quickly understand and deal with issues on ZR, or to virtually design a future ZX accelerator, requires a physics-based capability to simulate all key pulsed power components. Highly important for gas switches and transmission lines are surface phenomena: thermionic emission, photoemission, field emission, and ion-surface dynamics. These are complex processes even at normal conditions, when coupled to the dynamic environment in pulsed power components, the current state of the art of understanding is not at the level of science based predictive modeling. Modeling efforts at the macroscopic level (finite element based hydrodynamic simulations) require detailed information of these processes to yield more reliable results. This is the final report of an LDRD project in the science of extreme environments investment area; the project was focused on describing the physics of surfaces of materials of interest in pulsed-power components. We have calculated the temperature dependence of work functions for metals from first principles using density functional theory (DFT) as well as investigated the effect of initial oxidation and alloying. By using the GW method, we have gone beyond DFT to calculate work functions for Al. The GW work required base-lining the GW results for different systems, since GW lacks a description of total energy. Lastly, we investigated the more macroscopic physics of how a surface and bulk material responds to a very high current under a short time, representative for current loads in pulsed-power components, with emphasis on materials modeling. These simulations were made using two hydrodynamic codes, ALEGRA and MACH2, in order to focus on the materials models themselves.
Efficient Spectral Broadening in the 100-W Average Power Regime Using Gas Filled Kagome HC-PCF and Pulse Compression
Emaury, Florian; Debord, Benoit; Ghosh, Debashri; Diebold, Andreas; Gerome, Frederic; Suedmeyer, Thomas; Benabid, Fetah; Keller, Ursula
We present nonlinear pulse compression of a high-power SESAM-modelocked thin-disk laser (TDL) using an Ar-filled hypocycloid-core Kagome Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber (HC-PCF). The output of the modelocked Yb:YAG TDL with 127 W average power, a pulse repetition rate of 7 MHz, and a pulse duration of 740 fs was spectrally broadened 16-fold while propagating in a Kagome HC-PCF containing 13 bar of static Argon gas. Subsequent compression tests performed using 8.4% of the full available power resulted in a pulse duration as short as 88 fs using the spectrally broadened output from the fiber. Compressing the full transmitted power through the fiber (118 W) could lead to a compressed output of >100 W of average power and >100 MW of peak power with an average power compression efficiency of 88%. This simple laser system with only one ultrafast laser oscillator and a simple single-pass fiber pulse compressor, generating both high peak power >100 MW and sub-100-fs pulses at megahertz repetition rate, is very int...
Rincon-Mora, Gabriel A.
-on-ship (SOC) solution with fully integrated micro-fuel cell/thin-film lithium-ion battery hybrids. A power scheme is proposed whereby micro-fuel cells charge an in-package thin-film lithium-ion battery, which temperatures (e.g., 0-85şC) and only emergent micro-fuel cells (Kohl, 2004) and thin-film lithium-ion batteries
Potential of hybrid geothermal/coal fired power plants in Arizona
White, D.H.; Goldstone, L.A.
The City of Burbank and the Ralph M. Parsons Company studies showed several advantages for hybrid geothermal/coal fired power plants, as follows: (1) the estimated cost of producing electricity in hybrid plant is about 18.3 mills/kWh, compared to 19.3 mills/kWh in an all-coal fired power plant; (2) the coal requirements for a given plant can be reduced about 12 to 17%; and (3) the geothermal brines can be used for power plant cooling water, and in some cases, as boiler feedwater. The pertinent results of the City of Burbank studies are summarized and applied to the geothermal and coal resources of Arizona for possible future utilization.
Identification of environmental issues: Hybrid wood-geothermal power plant, Wendel-Amedee KGRA, Lassen County, California: First phase report
Not Available
The development of a 55 MWe power plant in Lassen County, California, has been proposed. The proposed power plant is unique in that it will utilize goethermal heat and wood fuel to generate electrical power. This report identifies environmental issues and constraints which may impact the proposed hybrid wood-geothermal power plant. (ACR)
The Techno-economic Impacts of Using Wind Power and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles for Greenhouse Gas
Victoria, University of
and wind power in three Canadian jurisdictions, namely British Columbia, Ontario and Alberta. An Optimal baseload mixtures. The large premium paid for displacing hydro or nuclear power with wind power does littleThe Techno-economic Impacts of Using Wind Power and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles for Greenhouse
Mitigation of magnetohydrodynamic electromagnetic pulse (MHD-EMP) effects from commerical electric power systems
Barnes, P.R. (Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States)); Tesche, F.M. (Tesche (F.M.), Dallas, TX (United States)); Vance, E.F. (Vance (E.F.), Fort Worth, TX (United States))
A large nuclear detonation at altitudes of several hundred kilometers above the earth distorts the earth's magnetic field and produces a strong magnetohydrodynamic electromagnetic pulse (MHD-EMP). This can adversely affect electrical power systems. In this report, the effects of this nuclear environment on critical facilities connected to the commercial power system are considered. Methods of mitigating the MHD-EMP impacts are investigated, and recommended protection schemes are presented. Guidelines for testing facilities to determine the effects of MHD-EMP and to validate the mitigation methods also are discussed.
Effect of the fast nuclear electromagnetic pulse on the electric power grid nationwide: A different view
Rabinowitz, M.
This paper primarily considers the potential effects of a single high-altitude nuclear burst on the US power grid. A comparison is made between electromagnetic pulse(EMP) and natural phenomena such as lightning. This paper concludes that EMP is no more harmful to the power grid than its counterparts in nature. An upper limit of the electric field of the very fast, high-amplitude EMP is derived from first principles. The resulting values are significantly lower than the commonly presented values. Additional calculations show that the ionization produced by a nuclear burst severely attenuates the EMP. 21 refs., 2 figs., 6 tabs.
Adaptive-feedback spectral-phase control for interactions with transform-limited ultrashort high-power laser pulses
Umstadter, Donald
Adaptive-feedback spectral-phase control for interactions with transform-limited ultrashort high-power large spectral bandwidths. The availability of ultrashort pulses (femto- second) of high-power (petawatt Powers, Isaac Ghebregziabher, and Donald Umstadter* Department of Physics and Astronomy, University
Hybrid power management system and method - Energy Innovation Portal
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Magnetohydrodynamic electromagnetic pulse (MHD-EMP) interaction with power transmission and distribution systems
Tesche, F.M. [Tesche (F.M.), Dallas, TX (United States); Barnes, P.R. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States); Meliopoulos, A.P.S. [Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, GA (United States). Dept. of Electrical Engineering
This report discusses the effects of the late-time high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) on electrical transmission and distribution (T&D) systems. This environment, known as the magnetohydrodynamic electromagnetic pulse (MHD-EMP), is a very slowly varying electric field induced in the earth`s surface, similar to the field induced by a geomagnetic storm. It can result in the flow of a quasi-dc current in grounded power lines and in the subsequent magnetic saturation of transformers. This saturation, in turn, causes 6-Hz harmonic distortion and an increase in the reactive power required by generation facilities. This report analyzes and discusses these phenomena. The MHD-EMP environment is briefly discussed, and a simplified form of the earth-induced electric field is developed for use in a parametric study of transmission line responses. Various field coupling models are described, and calculated results for the responses of both transmission- and distribution-class power lines are presented. These calculated responses are compared with measurements of transformer operation under dc excitation to infer the MHD-EMP response of these power system components. It is found that the MHD-EMP environment would have a marked effect on a power system by inducing up to several hundreds of amperes of quasi-dc current on power lines. These currents will cause transformers to saturate which could result in excessive harmonic generation, voltage swings, and voltage suppression. The design of critical facilities which are required to operate during and after MHD-EMP events will have to be modified in order to mitigate the effects of these abnormal power system conditions.
Subsurface Hybrid Power Options for Oil & Gas Production at Deep Ocean Sites
Farmer, J C; Haut, R; Jahn, G; Goldman, J; Colvin, J; Karpinski, A; Dobley, A; Halfinger, J; Nagley, S; Wolf, K; Shapiro, A; Doucette, P; Hansen, P; Oke, A; Compton, D; Cobb, M; Kopps, R; Chitwood, J; Spence, W; Remacle, P; Noel, C; Vicic, J; Dee, R
An investment in deep-sea (deep-ocean) hybrid power systems may enable certain off-shore oil and gas exploration and production. Advanced deep-ocean drilling and production operations, locally powered, may provide commercial access to oil and gas reserves otherwise inaccessible. Further, subsea generation of electrical power has the potential of featuring a low carbon output resulting in improved environmental conditions. Such technology therefore, enhances the energy security of the United States in a green and environmentally friendly manner. The objective of this study is to evaluate alternatives and recommend equipment to develop into hybrid energy conversion and storage systems for deep ocean operations. Such power systems will be located on the ocean floor and will be used to power offshore oil and gas exploration and production operations. Such power systems will be located on the oceans floor, and will be used to supply oil and gas exploration activities, as well as drilling operations required to harvest petroleum reserves. The following conceptual hybrid systems have been identified as candidates for powering sub-surface oil and gas production operations: (1) PWR = Pressurized-Water Nuclear Reactor + Lead-Acid Battery; (2) FC1 = Line for Surface O{sub 2} + Well Head Gas + Reformer + PEMFC + Lead-Acid & Li-Ion Batteries; (3) FC2 = Stored O2 + Well Head Gas + Reformer + Fuel Cell + Lead-Acid & Li-Ion Batteries; (4) SV1 = Submersible Vehicle + Stored O{sub 2} + Fuel Cell + Lead-Acid & Li-Ion Batteries; (5) SV2 = Submersible Vehicle + Stored O{sub 2} + Engine or Turbine + Lead-Acid & Li-Ion Batteries; (6) SV3 = Submersible Vehicle + Charge at Docking Station + ZEBRA & Li-Ion Batteries; (7) PWR TEG = PWR + Thermoelectric Generator + Lead-Acid Battery; (8) WELL TEG = Thermoelectric Generator + Well Head Waste Heat + Lead-Acid Battery; (9) GRID = Ocean Floor Electrical Grid + Lead-Acid Battery; and (10) DOC = Deep Ocean Current + Lead-Acid Battery.
Energy management of power-split plug-in hybrid electric vehicles based on simulated annealing and Pontryagin's minimum principle
Mi, Chunting "Chris"
Energy management of power-split plug-in hybrid electric vehicles based on simulated annealing Accepted 14 August 2014 Available online 27 August 2014 Keywords: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles Fuel-rate Pontryagin's minimum principle Simulated annealing State of health a b s t r a c t In this paper, an energy
Large Hybrid Energy Systems for Making Low CO2 Load-Following Power and Synthetic Fuel
Robert S. Cherry; Richard D. Boardman; Steven Aumeier
Hybrid energy systems using nuclear heat sources can economically produce load-following electrical power by exploiting the surplus generation capacity available at night or seasonally to make synthetic fuel. Vehicle fuel is the only current energy use large enough to absorb all the energy capacity that might be diverted from the power industry, and its ease of storage obviates problems with discontinuous synfuel production. The potential benefits and challenges of synfuels integration are illustrated by the production of methanol from natural gas (as a source of carbon) using steam from a light water nuclear power reactor which is assumed to be available in accord with a year's worth of power demand data. Methanol's synthesis process is easily adapted to using 300 C heat from a light water reactor and this simple compound can be further processed into gasoline, biodiesel, or dimethyl ether, fuels which can be used with the current vehicle fleet. A supplemental feed to the methanol process of natural gas (for energy) allows operation at constant full rate when the nuclear heat is being used to produce electrical power. The higher capital costs of such a system are offset by a lower cost of heat and power production from a large base load type of plant and by reduced costs associated with much lower CO2 emissions. Other less tangible economic benefits of this and similar hybrid systems include better use of natural resource for fuels and greater energy services security from the domestic production of vehicle fuel.
Improvement of the Temporal Contrast of High-Power Laser Pulses
high gain8 pass amplifier ultrafast pulse cleaner 107 preamplifierJ ultrafast pulse cleaner ASE for pulse amplification. In our laser system, we insert the preamplifier and ultrafast pulse cleaner before for optimizing the performance of the ultrafast pulse cleaner. After passing through the pulse cleaner, the high
Hybrid Cooling for Geothermal Power Plants: Final ARRA Project Report
Bharathan, D.
Many binary-cycle geothermal plants use air as the heat rejection medium. Usually this is accomplished by using an air-cooled condenser (ACC) system to condense the vapor of the working fluid in the cycle. Many air-cooled plants suffer a loss of production capacity of up to 50% during times of high ambient temperatures. Use of limited amounts of water to supplement the performance of ACCs is investigated. Deluge cooling is found to be one of the least-cost options. Limiting the use of water in such an application to less than one thousand operating hours per year can boost plant output during critical high-demand periods while minimizing water use in binary-cycle geothermal power plants.
Time resolved measurement of film growth during reactive high power pulsed magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) of titanium nitride
Mitschker, Felix; Benedikt, Jan; Maszl, Christian; von Keudell, Achim
The growth rate during reactive high power pulsed magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) of titanium nitride is measured with a temporal resolution of up to 25 us using a rotating shutter concept. According to that concept a 200 um slit is rotated in front of the substrate synchronous with the HIPIMS pulses. Thereby, the growth flux is laterally distributed over the substrate. By measuring the resulting deposition profile with profilometry and with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the temporal variation of the titanium and nitrogen growth flux per pulse is deduced. The analysis reveals that film growth occurs mainly during a HIPIMS pulse, with the growth rate following the HIPIMS phases ignition, current rise, gas rarefaction, plateau and afterglow. The growth fluxes of titanium and nitrogen follow slightly different behaviors with titanium dominating at the beginning of the HIPIMS pulse and nitrogen at the end of the pulse. This is explained by the gas rarefaction effect resulting in a dense initial metal plasma and...
Means and method for characterizing high power, ultra short laser pulses in a real time, on line manner
Veligdan, James T. (Manorville, NY)
An ultra short (<10 ps), high power laser pulse is temporally characterized by a system that uses a physical measurement of a wavefront that has been altered in a known manner. The system includes a first reflection switch to remove a portion of a pulse from a beam of pulses, then includes a second reflection switch, operating in a mode that is opposite to the first reflection switch, to slice off a portion of that removed portion. The sliced portion is then directed to a measuring device for physical measurement. The two reflection switches are arranged with respect to each other and with respect to the beam of ultra short pulses such that physical measurement of the sliced portion is related to the temporal measurement of the ultra short pulse by a geometric or trigonometric relationship. The reflection switches are operated by a control pulse that is directed to impinge on each of the reflection switches at a 90.degree. angle of incidence.
Study to assess the effects of electromagnetic pulse on electric power systems. Phase I. Executive summary
Legro, J.R.; Abi-Samra, N.C.; Crouse, J.C.; Hileman, A.R.; Kruse, V.J.; Taylor, E.R. Jr.; Tesche, F.M.
The high-altitude detonation of a nuclear device over the continental United States can expose electric utility power systems to intense, transient electromagnetic pulses (EMP). In addition to the initial transient fields designated as early-time, high-altitude EMP and intermediate-time, high-altitude EMP, electromagnetic signals are also produced at times from seconds to hundreds of seconds after the burst. Nuclear detonations at or near the earth's surface can also produce transient EMP. This volume presents an executive summary of the preliminary research effort to investigate the nature and coupling of EMP environments to electric power systems, define the construction of approximate system response models, and document the development of a methodology to assess equipment and system vulnerability. The research to date does not include an attempt to quantify power system performance in EMP environments. This effort has been to define the analytical methods and techniques necessary to conduct such assessments at a later time.
Renewable energy powered membrane technology. 2. The effect of energy fluctuations on performance of a photovoltaic hybrid membrane system
Richards, B.S.; Capăo, D.P.S.; Schäfer, Andrea
This paper reports on the performance fluctuations during the operation of a batteryless hybrid ultrafiltration – nanofiltration / reverse osmosis (UF-NF/RO) membrane desalination system powered by photovoltaics treating ...
Performance of a small solar-powered hybrid membrane system for remote communities under varying feedwater salinities
Schäfer, Andrea; Remy, C.; Richards, B.S.
An estimated 1 billion people are living both without access to clean drinking water or electricity. The small photovoltaic (PV)-powered hybrid membrane system described here is designed to address the plight of some ...
National Laboratory(a) ABSTRACT The U.S. electric power infrastructure is a strategic national asset.S. electric infrastructure is designed to meet the highest expected demand for power and, as a resultIMPACTS ASSESSMENT OF PLUG-IN HYBRID VEHICLES ON ELECTRIC UTILITIES AND REGIONAL U.S. POWER GRIDS
Impact of SiC Power Electronic Devices for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Leon M. Tolbert1,2
Tolbert, Leon M.
02FCC-37 Impact of SiC Power Electronic Devices for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Leon M. Tolbert1 properties of silicon carbide (SiC) power electronic devices compared with silicon (Si) are expected to have characteristics of Si and SiC are used to develop a simulation model for SiC power electronics devices. The main
The nuclear electromagnetic pulse and the electric power grid: A different perspective: Special report
Rabinowitz, M.
This report primarily considers the potential effects of a single high-altitude nuclear burst on the US power grid. It describes various types of electromagnetic pulses (EMP) from a nuclear explosion and provides a brief historical overview of EMP. A comparison is made between EMP and natural phenomena such as lightning and solar storms. This report concludes that EMP effects are exaggerated because of an unrealistic assumption of the pulse that can be seen by the power system. An upper limit of the electric field of the very fast, high-amplitude EMP is derived from first principles. The resulting values indicate that although electric fields approaching 50 kV/m might be obtained locally, the energy content is significantly lower than the commonly presented values, and the electric field decreases rapidly with distance. Additional calculations show that the ionization produced by a nuclear burst severely attenuates the EMP. These findings all indicate that EMP damage to the US power grid in equipment flashovers and line flashovers from a high-altitude nuclear bomb will be negligible, except for localized damage to some unshielded electronic control systems. Since it is difficult to make accurate calculations of the coupling of EMP into complex electronic systems, this report relies on the results of other studies which indicate the possibility of minimal damage. 42 refs., 23 figs., 6 tabs.
Optimal Design of a Stand-Alone Hybrid PV/Fuel Cell Power System for the City of Brest in France
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
, energy cost, HOMER. Nomenclature HOMER = Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables; PV as a secondary source of energy [18-19]. For such king of hybrid power systems, the sources can be optimallyOptimal Design of a Stand-Alone Hybrid PV/Fuel Cell Power System for the City of Brest in France
Impact of pulsed irradiation upon neutron activation calculations for inertial and magnetic fusion energy power plants
Latkowski, J.F. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (United States); Sanz, J. [Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (Spain); Vujic, J.L. [Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sisolak et al. defined two methods for the approximation of pulsed irradiation: the steady-state (SS) and the equivalent steady-state (ESS) methods. Both methods have been shown to greatly simplify the process of calculating radionuclide inventories. However, they are not accurate when applied to magnetic fusion energy (MFF) and inertial fusion energy (IFE) experimental facilities. In the work reported here, an attempt has been made to evaluate the accuracy of the SS and ESS methods as they might be applied to typical MFE and IFE power plants. 18 refs., 6 figs.
Hybrid energy storage test procedures and high power battery project FY-1995 interim report
Hunt, G.L.
Near the end of FY 1994, DOE provided funding and guidance to INEL for two separate but closely related tasks involving high power energy storage technology. One task was intended to develop and refine application-specific test procedures appropriate to high power energy storage devices for potential use in hybrid vehicles, including batteries, ultracapacitors, flywheels, and similar devices. The second task was intended to characterize the high power capabilities of presently available battery technologies, as well as eventually to evaluate the potential high power capabilities of advanced battery technologies such as those being developed by the USABC. Since the evaluation of such technologies is necessarily dependent to some extent on the availability of appropriate test methods, these two tasks have been closely coordinated. This report is intended to summarize the activities and results for both tasks accomplished during FY-1995.
Non-intrusive beam power monitor for high power pulsed or continuous wave lasers
Hawsey, Robert A. (Oak Ridge, TN); Scudiere, Matthew B. (Oak Ridge, TN)
A system and method for monitoring the output of a laser is provided in which the output of a photodiode disposed in the cavity of the laser is used to provide a correlated indication of the laser power. The photodiode is disposed out of the laser beam to view the extraneous light generated in the laser cavity whose intensity has been found to be a direct correlation of the laser beam output power level. Further, the system provides means for monitoring the phase of the laser output beam relative to a modulated control signal through the photodiode monitor.
Downstream plasma transport and metal ionization in a high-powered pulsed-plasma magnetron
Meng, Liang; Szott, Matthew M.; McLain, Jake T.; Ruzic, David N. [Center for Plasma-Materials Interactions, Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (United States); Yu, He [Center for Plasma-Materials Interactions, Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (United States); State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054 (China)
Downstream plasma transport and ionization processes in a high-powered pulsed-plasma magnetron were studied. The temporal evolution and spatial distribution of electron density (n{sub e}) and temperature (T{sub e}) were characterized with a 3D scanning triple Langmuir probe. Plasma expanded from the racetrack region into the downstream region, where a high n{sub e} peak was formed some time into the pulse-off period. The expansion speed and directionality towards the substrate increased with a stronger magnetic field (B), largely as a consequence of a larger potential drop in the bulk plasma region during a relatively slower sheath formation. The fraction of Cu ions in the deposition flux was measured on the substrate using a gridded energy analyzer. It increased with higher pulse voltage. With increased B field from 200 to 800 Gauss above racetrack, n{sub e} increased but the Cu ion fraction decreased from 42% to 16%. A comprehensive model was built, including the diffusion of as-sputtered Cu flux, the Cu ionization in the entire plasma region using the mapped n{sub e} and T{sub e} data, and ion extraction efficiency based on the measured plasma potential (V{sub p}) distribution. The calculations matched the measurements and indicated the main causes of lower Cu ion fractions in stronger B fields to be the lower T{sub e} and inefficient ion extraction in a larger pre-sheath potential.
Generation of Alfven waves by high power pulse at the electron plasma frequency
California at Los Angles, University of
to a pulse of field aligned superthermal electrons. This electron current pulse then launches an Alfve´n wave with w wci. In space plasmas, there are many instances where pulses of field aligned superthermal-plasma interaction is the means of generating the electron pulse. Superthermal electron pulses, with duration
Composite Organic Radical - Inorganic Hybrid Cathode for Lithium-ion Batteries
Huang, Qian; Cosimbescu, Lelia; Koech, Phillip K.; Choi, Daiwon; Lemmon, John P.
A new organic radical inorganic hybrid cathode comprised of PTMA/LiFePO4 composite system is developed and reported for the first time. The hybrid cathodes demonstrate high pulse power capability resulting in a significant improvement over the pure PTMA or LiFePO4 cathode which is very promising for transportation and other high pulse power applications that require long cycle life and lower cost.
Concept of Powerful Multistage Coaxial Cyclotron for Pulsed and Continuous Beam Production
Tumanyan, A R; Guiragossian, Z G T; Akopov, N Z
The concept of large-radius multistage coaxial cyclotrons having separated orbits is described, to generate proton beams of 120-2000 MeV energy at tens of GW pulsed and hundreds of MW in continuous beam power operation. Accelerated beam losses must be less than 0.1 W/m for the intercepted average beam power linear density. The concept is inherently configured to actively compensate the longitudinal and transverse space charge expansion in beam bunches. These are based on (1) actively varying the bunch acceleration equilibrium phase while maintaining isochronism, independently for each cyclotron turns; (2) independently changing the acceleration voltage for each turn together with orbit corrections that preserve isochronism; (3) independently changing the transverse betatron oscillation tune shift, to assure non-resonant operation. Also, (4) sextupole lenses are included to compensate for chromaticity effects. Moreover, the concept is based on optimum uses of practical successful results so far achieved in bea...
This paper describes the pulse modulator power supplies used to drive the kicker magnets that inject the muon beam into the 8-2 storage ring that has been built at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Three modulators built into coaxial structures consisting of a series circuit of an energy storage capacitor, a damping resistor and a fast thyratron switch are used to energize three magnets that kick the beam into the proper orbit. A 100 kV charging power supply is used to charge the capacitor to 95kV. The damping resistor shapes the magnet current waveform to a 450 nanosecond half-sine to match the injection requirements. This paper discusses the modulator design, construction and operation.
A Pulsed Modulator Power Supply for the g-2 Muon Storage Ring Injection Kicker
Mi,J.; Lee, Y.Y.; Morse, W. M.; Pai, C.; Pappas, G.; Sanders, R.; Semertzidis, Y.
This paper describes the pulse modulator power supplies used to drive the kicker magnets that inject the muon beam into the g-2 storage ring that has been built at Brookhaven. Three modulators built into coaxial structures consisting of a series circuit of an energy storage capacitor, damping resistor and a fast thyratron switch are used to energize three magnets that kick the beam into the proper orbit. A 100 kV charging power supply is used to charge the capacitor to 95 kV. the damping resistor shapes the magnet current waveform to a 450 nanosecond half-sine to match the injection requirements. this paper discusses the modulator design, construction and operation.
Gas breakdown driven by L band short-pulse high-power microwave
Yang Yiming; Yuan Chengwei; Qian Baoliang [College of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073 (China)
High power microwave (HPM) driven gas breakdown is a major factor in limiting the radiation and transmission of HPM. A method that HPM driven gas breakdown could be obtained by changing the aperture of horn antenna is studied in this paper. Changing the effective aperture of horn antenna can adjust the electric field in near field zone, leading to gas breakdown. With this method, measurements of air and SF{sub 6} breakdowns are carried out on a magnetically insulated transmission-line oscillators, which is capable of generating HPM with pulse duration of 30 ns, and frequency of 1.74 GHz. The typical breakdown waveforms of air and SF{sub 6} are presented. Besides, the breakdown field strengths of the two gases are derived at different pressures. It is found that the effects of air and SF{sub 6} breakdown on the transmission of HPM are different: air breakdown mainly shortens the pulse width of HPM while SF{sub 6} breakdown mainly reduces the peak output power of HPM. The electric field threshold of SF{sub 6} is about 2.4 times larger than that of air. These differences suggest that gas properties have a great effect on the transmission characteristic of HPM in gases.
Vehicle-to-Grid Power: Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles as Resources for Distributed Electric Power in California
Kempton, Willett; Tomic, Jasna; Letendre, Steven; Brooks, Alec; Lipman, Timothy
to approximately 40 kW. The hybrid vehicles are of interestat $0.84/therm). The hybrid vehicles in motor-generator modegas reformer, and the hybrid vehicle. However, the simple
Precision voltage regulation on the 5 kHz, 3. 125 MW ETA-II pulsed power system
Watson, J.A.; Payne, A.N.; Sampayan, S.E.; Ollis, C.W.
Each of four pulsed power units (PPUs) for the Experimental Test Accelerator 2 (ETA-2) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory delivers a 25kV, 20kA, 4{mu}S pulse at a 5kHz repetition rate into a magnetic pulse compression modulator (MAG-1D). In our present configuration, we are capable of producing a 50 pulse burst using a 1000{mu}F capacitor bank. In this configuration, the input voltage to the PPU droops 22% during the burst. Accelerator operating requirements, however, dictate {plus minus}0.1% regulation of the PPU output voltage during the burst. We are employing a de-Qing network to achieve this regulation goal. In this paper, we describe an output voltage predict-ahead scheme that we are using to generate de-Q trigger pulses at the proper time to insure accurate regulations. 8 refs., 5 figs.
Designing of Hybrid Power Generation System using Wind energy- Photovoltaic Solar energy- Solar energy with Nanoantenna
All the natural wastage energies are used for production of Electricity. Thus, the Electrical Power or Electricity is available with a minimum cost and pollution free to anywhere in the world at all times. This process reveals a unique step in electricity generation and availability from natural resources without hampering the ecological balance. This paper describes a new and evolving Electrical Power Generation System by integrating simultaneously photovoltaic Solar Energy, solar Energy with Nano-antenna, Wind Energy and non conventional energy sources. We can have an uninterrupted power supply irrespective of the natural condition without any sort of environmental pollution. Moreover this process yields the least production cost for electricity generation. Utilization of lightning energy for generation of electricity reveals a new step. The set-up consists of combination of photo-voltaic solar-cell array & Nano-anteena array, a mast mounted wind generator, lead-acid storage batteries, an inverter unit to convert DC power to AC power, electrical lighting loads and electrical heating loads, several fuse and junction boxes and associated wiring, and test instruments for measuring voltages, currents, power factors, and harmonic contamination data throughout the system. This hybrid solar-wind power generating system will extensively use in the Industries and also in external use like home appliance.
The Development of the Electrically Controlled High Power RF Switch and Its Application to Active RF Pulse Compression Systems
Guo, Jiquan; /SLAC
In the past decades, there has been increasing interest in pulsed high power RF sources for building high-gradient high-energy particle accelerators. Passive RF pulse compression systems have been used in many applications to match the available RF sources to the loads requiring higher RF power but a shorter pulse. Theoretically, an active RF pulse compression system has the advantage of higher efficiency and compactness over the passive system. However, the key component for such a system an element capable of switching hundreds of megawatts of RF power in a short time compared to the compressed pulse width is still an open problem. In this dissertation, we present a switch module composed of an active window based on the bulk effects in semiconductor, a circular waveguide three-port network and a movable short plane, with the capability to adjust the S-parameters before and after switching. The RF properties of the switch module were analyzed. We give the scaling laws of the multiple-element switch systems, which allow the expansion of the system to a higher power level. We present a novel overmoded design for the circular waveguide three-port network and the associated circular-to-rectangular mode-converter. We also detail the design and synthesis process of this novel mode-converter. We demonstrate an electrically controlled ultra-fast high power X-band RF active window built with PIN diodes on high resistivity silicon. The window is capable of handling multi-megawatt RF power and can switch in 2-300ns with a 1000A current driver. A low power active pulse compression experiment was carried out with the switch module and a 375ns resonant delay line, obtaining 8 times compression gain with a compression ratio of 20.
A methodology to assess the effects of high altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) on electric power systems
Taylor, E.R. Jr.; Eichler, C.H.; Barnes, P.R.
Nuclear electromagnetic pulse (EMP) from high altitude nuclear detonations (HEMP) has the potential to seriously disrupt electric power systems. A methodology has been developed to assess the vulnerability of electric power systems to this phenomena for any specified nuclear burst scenario. The methodology is based on a structured approach whereby the power system is broken down into subsystems, functional groups, and circuits and devices. Vulnerability (likelihood of failure) is assessed for individual equipment (circuits and devices) for each nuclear burst scenario. These effects are then evaluated for their performance impact on successively higher system levels. This forms the input for classical load flow, short circuit and transient stability studies to evaluate system stability and survivability. Applicability of the assessment methodology is not dependent on the quality of component/equipment vulnerability data. Susceptibility of power equipment to HEMP damage may be determined by established technical analysis, by intepretation of equipment design and testing standards, and by laboratory testing. This paper has been written not only for the electric utility engineer, but also for experts in EMP who may not be knowledgeable in electric utility systems. 12 refs., 11 figs., 1 tab.
Concentrating Solar Power Hybrid System Study: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-13-506
Turchi, C.
The purpose of this PTS is to collaboratively leverage the collective resources at General Electric Global Research (GEGRC) and National Renewable Energy Laboratories (NREL) in the areas of concentrating solar power hybrid systems to advance state-of-the-art concentrating solar and conventional power generation system integration.
A High-Performance Hybrid Computing Approach to Massive Contingency Analysis in the Power Grid
Gorton, Ian; Huang, Zhenyu; Chen, Yousu; Kalahar, Benson K.; Jin, Shuangshuang; Chavarría-Miranda, Daniel; Baxter, Douglas J.; Feo, John T.
Operating the electrical power grid to prevent power black-outs is a complex task. An important aspect of this is contingency analysis, which involves understanding and mitigating potential failures in power grid elements such as transmission lines. When taking into account the potential for multiple simultaneous failures (known as the N-x contingency problem), contingency analysis becomes a massively computational task. In this paper we describe a novel hybrid computational approach to contingency analysis. This approach exploits the unique graph processing performance of the Cray XMT in conjunction with a conventional massively parallel compute cluster to identify likely simultaneous failures that could cause widespread cascading power failures that have massive economic and social impact on society. The approach has the potential to provide the first practical and scalable solution to the N-x contingency problem. When deployed in power grid operations, it will increase the grid operator's ability to deal effectively with outages and failures with power grid components while preserving stable and safe operation of the grid. The paper describes the architecture of our solution and presents preliminary performance results that validate the efficacy of our approach.
The effects of lightning and high altitude electromagnetic pulse on power distribution lines
Uman, M.A.; Rubinstein, M.; Yacoub, Z. [Florida Univ., Gainesville, FL (United States)
We simultaneously recorded the voltages induced by lightning on both ends of an unenergized 448-meter long unenergized electric power line and the lightning vertical electric and horizontal magnetic fields at ground level near the line. The lightning data studied and presented here were due both to cloud lightning and to very close (about 20 m from the line) artificially initiated lightning. For cloud sources, a frequency-domain computer program called EMPLIN was used to calculate induced line voltages as a function of source elevation, angle of incidence, and wave polarization of the radiated cloud discharge pulses in order to compare with the measurements. For very-close lightning, the measured line voltages could be grouped into two categories, those in which multiple, similarly shaped, evenly spaced pulses were observed, which we call oscillatory, and those dominated by a principal pulse with subsidiary oscillations of much smaller amplitude, which we call impulsive. The amplitude of the induced voltage ranged from tens of kilovolts for oscillatory voltages to hundreds of kilovolts for impulsive voltages. A new technique is derived for the calculation of the electromagnetic fields from nearby lightning to ground above an imperfectly conducting ground. This technique was used in conjunction with an existing time domain coupling theory and lightning return stroke model to calculate voltages at either end of the line. The results show fair agreement with the measured oscillatory voltage waveforms if corona is ignored and improved results when corona effects are modeled. The modeling of the impulsive voltage, for which local flashover probably successful. In an attempt to understand better the sources of the line voltages for very close lightning, measurements of the horizontal and vertical electric fields 30 m from triggered lightning were obtained.
A. Nehrozoglu
Research has been conducted under United States Department of Energy Contract DEFC26-02NT41621 to analyze the feasibility of a new type of coal-fired plant for electric power generation. This new type of plant, called the Advanced CO{sub 2} Hybrid Power Plant, offers the promise of efficiencies nearing 36 percent, while concentrating CO{sub 2} for 100% sequestration. Other pollutants, such as SO{sub 2} and NOx, are sequestered along with the CO{sub 2} yielding a zero emissions coal plant. The CO{sub 2} Hybrid is a gas turbine-steam turbine combined cycle plant that uses CO{sub 2} as its working fluid to facilitate carbon sequestration. The key components of the plant are a cryogenic air separation unit (ASU), a pressurized circulating fluidized bed gasifier, a CO{sub 2} powered gas turbine, a circulating fluidized bed boiler, and a super-critical pressure steam turbine. The gasifier generates a syngas that fuels the gas turbine and a char residue that, together with coal, fuels a CFB boiler to power the supercritical pressure steam turbine. Both the gasifier and the CFB boiler use a mix of ASU oxygen and recycled boiler flue gas as their oxidant. The resulting CFB boiler flue gas is essentially a mixture of oxygen, carbon dioxide and water. Cooling the CFB flue gas to 80 deg. F condenses most of the moisture and leaves a CO{sub 2} rich stream containing 3%v oxygen. Approximately 30% of this flue gas stream is further cooled, dried, and compressed for pipeline transport to the sequestration site (the small amount of oxygen in this stream is released and recycled to the system when the CO{sub 2} is condensed after final compression and cooling). The remaining 70% of the flue gas stream is mixed with oxygen from the ASU and is ducted to the gas turbine compressor inlet. As a result, the gas turbine compresses a mixture of carbon dioxide (ca. 64%v) and oxygen (ca. 32.5%v) rather than air. This carbon dioxide rich mixture then becomes the gas turbine working fluid and also becomes the oxidant in the gasification and combustion processes. As a result, the plant provides CO{sub 2} for sequestration without the performance and economic penalties associated with water gas shifting and separating CO{sub 2} from gas streams containing nitrogen. The cost estimate of the reference plant (the Foster Wheeler combustion hybrid) was based on a detailed prior study of a nominal 300 MWe demonstration plant with a 6F turbine. Therefore, the reference plant capital costs were found to be 30% higher than an estimate for a 425 MW fully commercial IGCC with an H class turbine (1438 $/kW vs. 1111 $/kW). Consequently, the capital cost of the CO{sub 2} hybrid plant was found to be 25% higher than that of the IGCC with pre-combustion CO{sub 2} removal (1892 $/kW vs. 1510 $/kW), and the levelized cost of electricity (COE) was found to be 20% higher (7.53 c/kWh vs. 6.26 c/kWh). Although the final costs for the CO{sub 2} hybrid are higher, the study confirms that the relative change in cost (or mitigation cost) will be lower. The conceptual design of the plant and its performance and cost, including losses due to CO{sub 2} sequestration, is reported. Comparison with other proposed power plant CO{sub 2} removal techniques reported by a December 2000 EPRI report is shown. This project supports the DOE research objective of development of concepts for the capture and storage of CO{sub 2}.
Influence of Ar/Kr ratio and pulse parameters in a Cr-N high power pulse magnetron sputtering process on plasma and coating properties
Bobzin, Kirsten; Bagcivan, Nazlim; Theiß, Sebastian; Trieschmann, Jan; Brugnara, Ricardo Henrique, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Surface Engineering Institute, RWTH Aachen University, D-52072 Aachen (Germany); Preissing, Sven; Hecimovic, Ante [Institute of Experimental Physics II, Research Department Plasmas with Complex Interactions, Ruhr-University Bochum, D- 44780 Bochum (Germany)
Krypton is sometimes used in physical vapor deposition processes due to its greater atomic mass and size compared to argon, which leads to a lower gas incorporation and may have beneficial effects on kinetics of the coating growth. In this paper, the authors investigate the plasma composition and properties of deposited high power pulse magnetron sputtering Cr-N coatings for discharges with various Ar/Kr ratios and for various pulse lengths of 40??s, 80??s, and 200??s, keeping the average discharge power constant. The results show that an addition of Kr influences the discharge process by altering the ignition and peak values of the discharge current. This influences the metal ion generation and growth conditions on the substrate by reducing the nucleation site densities, leading to a predominantly columnar grow. However, the deposition rate is highest for an Ar/Kr ratio of 120/80. The integral of the metal ion and atom emission exhibits the same trend, having a maximum for Ar/Kr ratio of 120/80. By decreasing the pulse length, the deposition rate of coatings decreases, while the hardness increases.
Generation of high power pulsed terahertz radiation using a plasmonic photoconductive emitter array with logarithmic spiral antennas
Berry, Christopher W. [Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 (United States); Hashemi, Mohammad R.; Jarrahi, Mona [Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 (United States); Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 (United States)
An array of 3?×?3 plasmonic photoconductive terahertz emitters with logarithmic spiral antennas is fabricated on a low temperature (LT) grown GaAs substrate and characterized in response to a 200 fs optical pump from a Ti:sapphire mode-locked laser at 800?nm wavelength. A microlens array is used to split and focus the optical pump beam onto the active area of each plasmonic photoconductive emitter element. Pulsed terahertz radiation with record high power levels up to 1.9 mW in the 0.1–2 THz frequency range is measured at an optical pump power of 320 mW. The record high power pulsed terahertz radiation is enabled by the use of plasmonic contact electrodes, enhancing the photoconductor quantum efficiencies, and by increasing the overall device active area, mitigating the carrier screening effect and thermal breakdown at high optical pump power levels.
Supercontinuum generation and filamentation of ultrashort laser pulses in hybrid silicate nanocomposite materials on the basis of polysaccharides and hyperbranched polyglycidols
Kul'chin, Yurii N; Golik, S S; Proshenko, D Yu; Chekhlenok, A A; Postnova, I V; Maior, A Yu; Shchipunov, Yurii A
The possibility of using hybrid silicate nanocomposite materials on the basis of polysaccharides and hyperbranched polyglycidols for efficient conversion of pulsed radiation of a femtosecond Ti : sapphire laser at the wavelength 800 nm into supercontinuum in the range from 400 to 1000 nm is experimentally demonstrated. It is established that the addition of a small concentration of Au and CdS nanoparticles to the studied materials essentially affects the efficiency of conversion of the laser radiation energy into the supercontinuum spectrum. (extreme light fields and their applications)
IFE chamber dry wall materials response to pulsed X-rays and ions at power-plant level fluences
Raffray, A. René
IFE chamber dry wall materials response to pulsed X-rays and ions at power-plant level fluences T initiated to test IFE chamber wall materials response to X-rays on the Z facility, and to ions on RHEPP-1 a collaborative investigation of the response of candidate first-wall inertial fusion energy (IFE) reactor chamber
Predicted Pulsed-Power/Flash-Lamp Performance of the NIF Main Amplifier
Fulkerson, E. Steven; Hammond, Jud; Harjes, Henry C.; Moore, William B.S.; Smith, David L.; Wilson, J. Michael
The laser glass for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) Main Amplifier system is pumped by a system of 192 pulsed power/flash lamp assemblies. Each of these 192 assemblies consists of a 1.6 MJ (nominal) capacitor bank working with a Pre-Ionization/Lamp Check (PILC) pulser to drive an array of 40 flash lamps. This paper describes the predicted performance of these Power Conditioning System (PCS) modules in concert with flashlamp assemblies in NIF. Each flashlamp assembly consists of 20 parallel sets of lamps in series pairs. The sensitivity of system performance to various design parameters of the PILC pulser and the main capacitor bank is described. Results of circuit models are compared to sub-scale flashlamp tests and to measurements taken in tests of a PCS module driving a flashlamp assembly in the First Article NIF Test Module facility at Sandia National Laboratories. Also included are predictions from a physics-based, semi-empirical amplifier gain code.
Impacts of a nominal nuclear electromagnetic pulse on electric power systems
Kruse, V.J.; Nickel, D.L.; Bonk, J.J.; Taylor, E.R. Jr. (ABB Power Systems, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA (USA))
A high-altitude nuclear detonation several hundred kilometers above the central United States will subject much of the nation to an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) consisting of intense steep-front short- duration transient electromagnetic fields followed by a geomagnetic disturbance with a duration of tens of seconds. Since 1983, the Department of Energy has been actively pursuing a research program to assess the potential impacts of one or more EMP events on the nation's electric energy supply. A nominal EMP environmental suitable for assessing geographically large systems has been used to provide an indication of EMP impacts on electric power systems. It was found that a single high-altitude burst, which significantly disturbs the geomagnetic field, could cause significant load and generation loss, but permanent damage would be isolated. Multiple bursts would increase the disturbance. Nevertheless, based on the effects of a nominal EMP environment, a long-term blackout is not expected since major components such as power transformers are not likely to be damaged. 60 refs., 10 figs., 8 tabs.
Impacts of a nominal nuclear electromagnetic pulse on electric power systems; A probabilistic approach
Kruse, V.J.; Nickel, D.L.; Taylor, E.R. Jr. (ABB Power Systems Inc., Pittsburgh, PA (US)); Barnes, P.R. (Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States))
This paper reports on a high-altitude nuclear detonation several hundred kilometers above the central United States that will subject much of the nation to an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) consisting of intense steep-front short-duration transient electromagnetic fields followed by a geomagnetic disturbance with a duration of tens of seconds. Since 1983, the Department of energy has been actively pursuing a research program to assess the potential impacts of one or more EMP events on the nation's electric energy supply. A nominal EMP environment suitable for assessing geographically large systems has been used to provide an indication of EMP impacts on electric power systems. It was found that a single high-altitude burst, which significantly disturbs the geomagnetic field, could cause significant load and generation loss, but permanent damage would be isolated. Multiple bursts would increase the disturbance. Nevertheless, based on the effects of a nominal EMP environment, a long term blackout is not expected since major components such as power transformers are not likely to be damaged.
The impact of pulsed irradiation upon neutron activation calculations for inertial and magnetic fusion energy power plants
Latkowski, J.F. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (United States); Sanz, J. [Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (Spain); Vujic, J.L. [California Univ., Berkeley, CA (United States)
Inertial fusion energy (IFE) and magnetic fusion energy (MFE) power plants will probably operate in a pulsed mode. The two different schemes, however, will have quite different time periods. Typical repetition rates for IFE power plants will be 1-5 Hz. MFE power plants will ramp up in current for about 1 hour, shut down for several minutes, and repeat the process. Traditionally, activation calculations for IFE and MFE power plants have assumed continuous operation and used either the ``steady state`` (SS) or ``equivalent steady state`` (ESS) approximations. It has been suggested recently that the SS and ESS methods may not yield accurate results for all radionuclides of interest. The present work expands that of Sisolak, et al. by applying their formulae to conditions which might be experienced in typical IFE and MFE power plants. In addition, complicated, multi-step reaction/decay chains are analyzed using an upgraded version of the ACAB radionuclide generation/depletion code. Our results indicate that the SS method is suitable for application to MFE power plant conditions. We also find that the ESS method generates acceptable results for radionuclides with half-lives more than a factor of three greater than the time between pulses. For components that are subject to 0.05 Hz (or more frequent) irradiation (such as coolant), use of the ESS method is recommended. For components or materials that are subject to less frequent irradiation (such as high-Z target materials), pulsed irradiation calculations should be used.
Ultra-powerful compact amplifiers for short laser pulses* V. M. Malkin,
modification of the material refraction index causes unacceptable distortions of the laser pulses terawatt (TW 1012 W) per cm2 intensities by means of longitudinal compression of laser pulses after their amplification. The compression of specially prepared chirped pulses is usually accomplished by two parallel dif
Means and method for characterizing high power, ultra short laser pulses in a real time, on line manner
Veligdan, J.T.
An ultra short (<10 ps), high power laser pulse is temporally characterized by a system that uses a physical measurement of a wavefront that has been altered in a known manner. The system includes a first reflection switch to remove a portion of a pulse from a beam of pulses, then includes a second reflection switch, operating in a mode that is opposite to the first reflection switch, to slice off a portion of that removed portion. The sliced portion is then directed to a measuring device for physical measurement. The two reflection switches are arranged with respect to each other and with respect to the beam of ultra short pulses such that physical measurement of the sliced portion is related to the temporal measurement of the ultra short pulse by a geometric or trigonometric relationship. The reflection switches are operated by a control pulse that is directed to impinge on each of the reflection switches at a 90[degree] angle of incidence. 8 figures.
An Efficient Hybrid Power Control Algorithm for Capacity Improvement of CDMA-based Fixed Wireless Applications
Zeeshan, Muhammad; Malik, Muhammad Yasir
In Fixed Wireless Applications (FWA), the Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is the most promising candidate for wideband data access. The reason is the soft limit on the number of active mobile devices. Many Fixed Wireless Applications impose an upper bound on the BER performance which restricts the increase in number of mobile users. The number of active mobile users or Capacity is further reduced in Multipath Fading Environment (MFE). This paper presents an effective method of improving the capacity of CDMA based Fixed Wireless Networks by using a hybrid power control algorithm. The proposed scheme improves the capacity two times as compared to the conventional CDMA based networks. Simulation results have been presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Reliability Analysis of Electric Power Systems Using an Object-oriented Hybrid Modeling Approach
Schläpfer, Markus; Kröger, Wolfgang
The ongoing evolution of the electric power systems brings about the need to cope with increasingly complex interactions of technical components and relevant actors. In order to integrate a more comprehensive spectrum of different aspects into a probabilistic reliability assessment and to include time-dependent effects, this paper proposes an object-oriented hybrid approach combining agent-based modeling techniques with classical methods such as Monte Carlo simulation. Objects represent both technical components such as generators and transmission lines and non-technical components such as grid operators. The approach allows the calculation of conventional reliability indices and the estimation of blackout frequencies. Furthermore, the influence of the time needed to remove line overloads on the overall system reliability can be assessed. The applicability of the approach is demonstrated by performing simulations on the IEEE Reliability Test System 1996 and on a model of the Swiss high-voltage grid.
Energy Management of DVS-DPM Enabled Embedded Systems Powered by Fuel Cell-Battery Hybrid Source
Kambhampati, Subbarao
minimization policy and an optimal fuel flow control policy. The proposed method, when applied to a randomized and embedded systems General Terms: Algorithms, Design Keywords: DPM, DVS, fuel cell, hybrid power, embedded system 1. INTRODUCTION Energy minimization has always been a critical design criteria for portable
Interaction of electromagnetic pulse with commercial nuclear-power-plant systems. Volume I. Executive summary
Ericson, D.M. Jr.; Strawe, D.F.; Sandberg, S.J.; Jones, V.K.; Rensner, G.D.; Shoup, R.W.; Hanson, R.J.; Williams, C.B.
It has been recognized for many years that the detonation of a nuclear weapon at high altitude leads to the creation of an intense electromagnetic field of very short duration, the electromagnetic pulse (EMP). The EMP from a single burst at the proper altitude could induce large currents and voltages in electrical equipment over the entire continental United States. Commercial nuclear power plants are not required to have protection against EMP. Therefore, the study has the following objectives: determine the vulnerability of systems required for safe shutdown of a specific nuclear plant to the effects of EMP; establish how any safe shutdown systems vulnerable to EMP may best be hardened against it; and characterize to the extent possible, the effects of EMP on nuclear plants in general based upon the results for systems in the example plant. The systems of concern in an example plant were identified and defined. Then, estimates were made of the currents and voltages which might exist at key points if the plant were subjected to EMP. Concurrently, component damage thresholds were estimated. These two sets of estimates were combined to assess the vulnerability of selected components. Because nuclear plants are complex, a modest experimental program was conducted to verify (or reject) conclusions reached about signal distribution and attenuation in the plant electrical systems.
Analysis of dc harmonics using the three-pulse model for the intermountain power project HVDC transmission
Dickmander, D.L.; Peterson, K.J.
The harmonic analysis of the dc-side of an HVDC line transmission requires realistic models of the converters, the dc line, and other relevant equipment. These models must include all important paths for harmonic current, and appropriate sources of harmonic voltage generation. The classical converter modeling technique has been demonstrated to be insufficient in field measurements and analysis of the harmonic spectra found on recent HVDC line transmission. For this reason, a new model of the converter bridge which takes into account the major stray capacitances in the converter (the three-pulse model) has been developed, and is described in detail elsewhere. This paper presents comparisons between the classical and three-pulse calculations for the Intermountain Power Project (IPP) HVDC transmission. The calculation results from the three-pulse model agree favorably with the harmonics found in field measurements.
Binary power multiplier for electromagnetic energy
Farkas, Zoltan D. (203 Leland Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025)
A technique for converting electromagnetic pulses to higher power amplitude and shorter duration, in binary multiples, splits an input pulse into two channels, and subjects the pulses in the two channels to a number of binary pulse compression operations. Each pulse compression operation entails combining the pulses in both input channels and selectively steering the combined power to one output channel during the leading half of the pulses and to the other output channel during the trailing half of the pulses, and then delaying the pulse in the first output channel by an amount equal to half the initial pulse duration. Apparatus for carrying out each of the binary multiplication operation preferably includes a four-port coupler (such as a 3 dB hybrid), which operates on power inputs at a pair of input ports by directing the combined power to either of a pair of output ports, depending on the relative phase of the inputs. Therefore, by appropriately phase coding the pulses prior to any of the pulse compression stages, the entire pulse compression (with associated binary power multiplication) can be carried out solely with passive elements.
Simultaneously harvesting mechanical and chemical energies by a hybrid cell for self-powered biosensors
Wang, Zhong L.
Simultaneously harvesting mechanical and chemical energies by a hybrid cell for self. Moreover, we also demonstrated that the produced hybrid energies can be stored in a Li-ion battery information (ESI) available: Additional gures include the photograph of the fabricated hybrid energy cell
Horton, J.A.
Apparatus for increasing the length of a laser pulse to reduce its peak power without substantial loss in the average power of the pulse is disclosed. The apparatus uses a White cell having a plurality of optical delay paths of successively increasing number of passes between the field mirror and the objective mirrors. A pulse from a laser travels through a multi-leg reflective path between a beam splitter and a totally reflective mirror to the laser output. The laser pulse is also simultaneously injected through the beam splitter to the input mirrors of the optical delay paths. The pulses from the output mirrors of the optical delay paths go simultaneously to the laser output and to the input mirrors of the longer optical delay paths. The beam splitter is 50% reflective and 50% transmissive to provide equal attenuation of all of the pulses at the laser output. 6 figures.
Safety training and safe operating procedures written for PBFA (Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator) II and applicable to other pulsed power facilities
Donovan, G.L.; Goldstein, S.A.
To ensure that work in advancing pulsed power technology is performed with an acceptably low risk, pulsed power research facilities at Sandia National Laboratories must satisfy general safety guidelines established by the Department of Energy, policies and formats of the Environment, Safety, and Health (ES and H) Department, and detailed procedures formulated by the Pulsed Power Sciences Directorate. The approach to safety training and to writing safe operating procedures, and the procedures presented here are specific to the Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II (PBFA II) Facility but are applicable as guidelines to other research and development facilities which have similar hazards.
High-power efficient cw and pulsed lasers based on bulk Yb : KYW crystals with end diode pumping
Kim, G H; Yang, G H; Lee, D S; Kulik, Alexander V; Sall', E G; Chizhov, S A; Yashin, V E; Kang, U
End-diode-pumped lasers based on one and two Yb : KYW crystals operating in cw and Q-switched regimes, as well as in the regime of mode-locking, are studied. The single-crystal laser generated stable ultrashort (shorter than 100 fs) laser pulses at wavelengths of 1035 and 1043 nm with an average power exceeding 1 W. The average output power of the two-crystal laser exceeded 18 W in the cw regime and 16 W in the Q-switched regime with a slope efficiency exceeding 30%.
Atlas - a new pulsed power tool at Los Alamos National Laboratory
Archuleta, S. A. (Stephanie A.); Ballard, E. O. (Evan O.); Barr, G. W. (Gerald W.); Cochrane, J. C. (James C.), Jr.; Davis, H. A. (Harold A.); Griego, J. R. (Jeff R.); Hadden, E. S. (E. Staley); Hinckley, W. B. (William B.); Hosack, K. W. (Keith W.); Martinez, J. E. (John E.); Mills, D. (Diann); Padilla, J. N. (Jennifer N.); Parker, J. V. (Jerald V.); Parsons, W. M. (William Mark); Reinovsky, R. E. (Robert E.); Stokes, J. L. (John L.); Thompson, M. C. (M. Clark); Tom, C. Y.; Wysocki, Frederick Joseph; Vigil, B. N. (Billy N.); Elizondo, J. (Juan); Miller, R. Bruce (Robert Bruce),; Anderson, H. D.; Campbell, T. N. (Timothy N.); Owens, R. S. (Ronnie S.); Scudder, D. W. (David W.)
The Atlas pulsed power driver has recently been commissioned at Los Alamos National Laboratory. This paper provides an overview of the Atlas facility, its initial experimental program and plans for the future. The reader desiring more detailed information is referred to papers in this conference by Keinigs et al. on materials studies, Cochrane et al.on machine performance and Ballard et al. on fabrication and assembly. Atlas is a high current generator capable of driving 30 megamps through a low-inductance load. It has been designed to require minimal maintenance, provide excellent diagnostic access, and rapid turnaround. Its capacitor bank stores 23.5 megajoules in a four-stage Marx configuration which erects to 240 kV at maximum charge. It has a quarter-cycle time of 4.5 microseconds. It will typically drive cylindrical aluminum liners in a z-pinch configuration to velocities up to 10 mm/msec while maintaining the inner surface in the solid state. Diagnostic access includes 360 of radial view as well as axial views from above and below. The photograph shows the circle of tanks containing capacitor banks, the diagnostic platform and load area. Atlas construction began in 1996 and high-current acceptance tests were completed in December of 2000. Initial shots include liner characterization shots using a target design similar to NTLX experiments (see several papers by Turchi et al., this meeting). These will be followed by experiments studying hydro features, useful for validating hydrodynamic algorithms used in weapons computer codes. DOE plans to relocate the Atlas generator to the Nevada Test Site as early as 2002, where it will continue its experimental program supporting the Stockpile Stewarship program and the other users.
Numerical Analysis of Fifth-Harmonic Conversion of Low-Power Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser with Resonance of Second Harmonic
Kung, Andy
Numerical Analysis of Fifth-Harmonic Conversion of Low-Power Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser with Resonance of Second Harmonic Lien-Bee CHANG1Ă? , S. C. WANG1 and A. H. KUNG1;2 1 Institute of Electro March 13, 2003) A model for the fifth-harmonic generation of pulsed IR lasers involving an external ring
Hybrid solid state laser system using a neodymium-based master oscillator and an ytterbium-based power amplifier
Payne, Stephen A. (Castro Valley, CA); Marshall, Christopher D. (Livermore, CA); Powell, Howard T. (Livermore, CA); Krupke, William F. (Pleasanton, CA)
In a master oscillator-power amplifier (MOPA) hybrid laser system, the master oscillator (MO) utilizes a Nd.sup.3+ -doped gain medium and the power amplifier (PA) utilizes a diode-pumped Yb.sup.3+ -doped material. The use of two different laser gain media in the hybrid MOPA system provides advantages that are otherwise not available. The Nd-doped gain medium preferably serves as the MO because such gain media offer the lowest threshold of operation and have already been engineered as practical systems. The Yb-doped gain medium preferably serves in the diode-pumped PA to store pump energy effectively and efficiently by virtue of the long emission lifetime, thereby reducing diode pump costs. One crucial constraint on the MO and PA gain media is that the Nd and Yb lasers must operate at nearly the same wavelength. The 1.047 .mu.m Nd:YLF/Yb:S-FAP [Nd:LiYF.sub.4 /Yb:Sr.sub.5 (PO.sub.4).sub.3 F] hybrid MOPA system is a preferred embodiment of the hybrid Nd/Yb MOPA.
Correlation chemical shift imaging with low-power adiabatic pulses and constant-density spiral trajectories
Andronesi, Ovidiu C.
In this work we introduce the concept of correlation chemical shift imaging (CCSI). Novel CCSI pulse sequences are demonstrated on clinical scanners for two-dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY) and Total Correlation ...
An Ultra-Low-Power Pulse Oximeter Implemented With an Energy-Efficient Transimpedance Amplifier
Maziar Tavakoli
Pulse oximeters are ubiquitous in modern medicine to noninvasively measure the percentage of oxygenated hemoglobin in a patient's blood by comparing the transmission characteristics of red and infrared light-emitting diode ...
Development of a 33 kV, 20 A long pulse converter modulator for high average power klystron
Reghu, T.; Mandloi, V.; Shrivastava, Purushottam [Pulsed High Power Microwave Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, M.P. (India)] [Pulsed High Power Microwave Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, M.P. (India)
Research, design, and development of high average power, long pulse modulators for the proposed Indian Spallation Neutron Source are underway at Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology. With this objective, a prototype of long pulse modulator capable of delivering 33 kV, 20 A at 5 Hz repetition rate has been designed and developed. Three Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT) based switching modules driving high frequency, high voltage transformers have been used to generate high voltage output. The IGBT based switching modules are shifted in phase by 120° with respect to each other. The switching frequency is 25 kHz. Pulses of 1.6 ms pulse width, 80 ?s rise time, and 70 ?s fall time have been achieved at the modulator output. A droop of ±0.6% is achieved using a simple segmented digital droop correction technique. The total fault energy transferred to the load during fault has been measured by conducting wire burn tests and is found to be within 3.5 J.
PNGV Battery Testing Procedures and Analytical Methodologies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Motloch, Chester George; Belt, Jeffrey R; Christophersen, Jon Petter; Wright, Randy Ben; Hunt, Gary Lynn; Haskind, H. J.; Tartamella, T.; Sutula, R.
Novel testing procedures and analytical methodologies to assess the performance of hybrid electric vehicle batteries have been developed. Tests include both characterization and cycle life and/or calendar life, and have been designed for both Power Assist and Dual Mode applications. Analytical procedures include a battery scaling methodology, the calculation of pulse resistance, pulse power, available energy, and differential capacity, and the modeling of calendar and cycle life data. Representative performance data and examples of the application of the analytical methodologies including resistance growth, power fade, and cycle and calendar life modeling for hybrid electric vehicle batteries are presented.
Worldwide wind/diesel hybrid power system study: Potential applications and technical issues
King, W.R.; Johnson, B.L. III (Science Applications International Corp., McLean, VA (USA))
The world market potential for wind/diesel hybrid technology is a function of the need for electric power, the availability of sufficient wind resource to support wind/diesel power, and the existence of buyers with the financial means to invest in the technology. This study includes data related to each of these three factors. This study does not address market penetration, which would require analysis of application specific wind/diesel economics. Buyer purchase criteria, which are vital to assessing market penetration, are discussed only generally. Countries were screened for a country-specific market analysis based on indicators of need and wind resource. Both developed countries and less developed countries'' (LDCs) were screened for wind/diesel market potential. Based on the results of the screening, ten countries showing high market potential were selected for more extensive market analyses. These analyses provide country-specific market data to guide wind/diesel technology developers in making design decisions that will lead to a competitive product. Section 4 presents the country-specific data developed for these analyses, including more extensive wind resource characterization, application-specific market opportunities, business conditions, and energy market characterizations. An attempt was made to identify the potential buyers with ability to pay for wind/diesel technology required to meet the application-specific market opportunities identified for each country. Additionally, the country-specific data are extended to corollary opportunities in countries not covered by the study. Section 2 gives recommendations for wind/diesel research based on the findings of the study. 86 refs.
A Revolutionary Hybrid Thermodynamic Cycle for Bianary Geothermal...
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
A Revolutionary Hybrid Thermodynamic Cycle for Bianary Geothermal Power A Revolutionary Hybrid Thermodynamic Cycle for Bianary Geothermal Power A Revolutionary Hybrid Thermodynamic...
Low-jitter high-power thyristor array pulse driver and generator
Hanks, Roy L. (Byron, CA)
A method and apparatus for generating low-jitter, high-voltage and high-current pulses for driving low impedance loads such as detonator fuses uses a MOSFET driver which, when triggered, discharges a high-voltage pre-charged capacitor into the primary of a toroidal current-multiplying transformer with multiple isolated secondary windings. The secondary outputs are suitable for driving an array of thyristors that discharge a precharged high-voltage capacitor and thus generating the required high-voltage and high-current pulse.
Vehicle-to-Grid Power: Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles as Resources for Distributed Electric Power in California
Kempton, Willett; Tomic, Jasna; Letendre, Steven; Brooks, Alec; Lipman, Timothy
at the power plant as the figure suggests; in California, itplants running at full power, or about 4% of current Californiastationary power plants is 0.75 TW e . In California, under
Study to assess the effects of high-altitude electromagnetic pulse on electric power systems. Phase I, final report
Legro, J.R.; Abi-Samra, N.C.; Crouse, J.C.; Hileman, A.R.; Kruse, V.J.; Taylor, E.R. Jr.; Tesche, F.M.
The high-altitude burst of a nuclear device over the continental United States can expose civilian electric utility systems to transient electromagnetic pulses (EMP). The electromagnetic fields experienced within one second after the burst have been collectively defined by the term high-altitude EMP (HEMP). The phenomena has been subdivided, for this report, into an early-time HEMP field followed by an intermediate-time HEMP field. This volume documents a preliminary research effort to: investigate the nature and coupling of the HEMP environments to electric power systems, define the construction of approximate system response models, and document the development of a methodology to assess equipment and system vulnerability.
Generation of high power, high repetition-rate pulses using erbium-doped fiber ring laser
Hinson, Brett Darren
. The second setup used a ring cavity. A polarization controller and a temperature-controlled chamber were also employed to stabilize the output. The signal laser was modulated to produce pulses with the highest possible repetition rate and the highest possible...
Generation of high power, high repetition-rate pulses using erbium-doped fiber ring laser
Hinson, Brett Darren
. The second setup used a ring cavity. A polarization controller and a temperature-controlled chamber were also employed to stabilize the output. The signal laser was modulated to produce pulses with the highest possible repetition rate and the highest possible...
LS-69 DEVELOPING PULSE WIDTH MODULATED POWER SUPPLY FOR THE GeV...
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Connected Load 2.3 Resonant Power Converter With Parallel Connected Load TWO-QUADRANT POWER CONTROLLERS 3.1 Transistorized Two-Quadrant Chopper Control 3.2 3.3 Resonant...
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Power Management Solutions Based on Isolated and Non-Isolated Configurations of MMCCC Converter
Khan, Faisal H [ORNL; Tolbert, Leon M [ORNL; Webb, William E [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
This paper presents the various configurations of a multilevel modular capacitor-clamped converter (MMCCC), and it reveals many useful and new formations of the original MMCCC for transferring power in either an isolated or nonisolated manner. The various features of the original MMCCC circuit are best suited for a multibus system in future plug-in hybrid or fuel-cell-powered vehicles' drive train. The original MMCCC is capable of bidirectional power transfer using multilevel modular structure with capacitor-clamped topology. It has a nonisolated structure, and it offers very high efficiency even at partial loads. This circuit was modified to integrate single or multiple high-frequency transformers by using the intermediate voltage nodes of the converter. On the other hand, a special formation of the MMCCC can exhibit dc outputs offering limited isolation without using any isolation transformer. This modified version can produce a high conversion ratio from a limited number of components and has several useful applications in providing power to multiple low-voltage loads in a hybrid or electric automobile. This paper will investigate the origin of generating ac outputs from the MMCCC and shows how the transformer-free version can be modified to create limited isolation from the circuit. In addition, this paper will compare various modified forms of the MMCCC topology with existing dc-dc converter circuits from compactness and component utilization perspectives.
Hybrid Solvent-Membrane CO2 Capture: A Solvent/Membrane Hybrid Post-combustion CO2 Capture Process for Existing Coal-Fired Power Plants
IMPACCT Project: The University of Kentucky is developing a hybrid approach to capturing CO2 from the exhaust gas of coal-fired power plants. In the first, CO2 is removed as flue gas is passed through an aqueous ammonium-based solvent. In the second, carbon-rich solution from the CO2 absorber is passed through a membrane that is designed to selectively transport the bound carbon, enhancing its concentration on the permeate side. The team's approach would combine the best of both membrane- and solventbased carbon capture technologies. Under the ARPA-E award, the team is enabling the membrane operation to be a drop-in solution.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS 1 A Soft-Switched Hybrid-Modulation Scheme
Mazumder, Sudip K.
)/208-V (ac) HF inverter.21 Index Terms--Capacitor-less, high-frequency (HF) link, hybrid22 modulation, inverter, pulsating-dc link (PDCL), soft switching,23 three phase.24 I. INTRODUCTION25 Apulsating-dc link
Overview of Pulse Jet Mixer/Hybrid Mixing System Development to Support the Hanford Waste Treatment Plant
Kurath, Dean E.; Meyer, Perry A.; Stewart, Charles W.; Barnes, Steven M.
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of River Protection's Waste Treatment Plant (WTP) will process and treat radioactive waste that is stored in underground tanks at the Hanford Site. Pulse jet mixer (PJM) technology was selected for mixing the contents of many of the process vessels. Several of the tanks are expected to contain concentrated slurries that exhibit a non-Newtonian rheology and the understanding required to apply this technology to mobilize the non-Newtonian slurries was not mature. Consequently, an experimental testing effort was undertaken to investigate PJM performance in several scaled versions of WTP vessels and to develop mixing system configurations that met WTP requirements. This effort evolved into a large, multifaceted test program involving many different test facilities. Elements of the test program included theoretical analysis, development and characterization of simulants, development of instrumentation and measurement techniques, hundreds of tests at various scales in numerous test stands, and data analysis and application. This program provided the technical basis for the selection of pulse jet mixers along with air spargers and steady jets generated by recirculation pumps to provide mixing systems for several of the vessels with non-Newtonian slurries. This paper provides an overview of the testing program and a summary of the key technical results that formed the technical basis of the final mixing system configurations to be used in the WTP.
Potential Impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Regional Power Generation
Hadley, Stanton W [ORNL; Tsvetkova, Alexandra A [ORNL
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are being developed around the world, with much work aiming to optimize engine and battery for efficient operation, both during discharge and when grid electricity is available for recharging. However, the general expectation has been that the grid will not be greatly affected by the use of PHEVs because the recharging will occur during off-peak hours, or the number of vehicles will grow slowly enough so that capacity planning will respond adequately. This expectation does not consider that drivers will control the timing of recharging, and their inclination will be to plug in when convenient, rather than when utilities would prefer. It is important to understand the ramifications of adding load from PHEVs onto the grid. Depending on when and where the vehicles are plugged in, they could cause local or regional constraints on the grid. They could require the addition of new electric capacity and increase the utilization of existing capacity. Usage patterns of local distribution grids will change, and some lines or substations may become overloaded sooner than expected. Furthermore, the type of generation used to meet the demand for recharging PHEVs will depend on the region of the country and the timing of recharging. This paper analyzes the potential impacts of PHEVs on electricity demand, supply, generation structure, prices, and associated emission levels in 2020 and 2030 in 13 regions specified by the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) and the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Energy Information Administration (EIA), and on which the data and analysis in EIA's Annual Energy Outlook 2007 are based (Figure ES-1). The estimates of power plant supplies and regional hourly electricity demand come from publicly available sources from EIA and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Electricity requirements for PHEVs are based on analysis from the Electric Power Research Institute, with an optimistic projection of 25% market penetration by 2020, involving a mixture of sedans and sport utility vehicles. The calculations were done using the Oak Ridge Competitive Electricity Dispatch (ORCED) model, a model developed over the past 12 years to evaluate a wide variety of critical electricity sector issues. Seven scenarios were run for each region for 2020 and 2030, for a total of 182 scenarios. In addition to a base scenario of no PHEVs, the authors modeled scenarios assuming that vehicles were either plugged in starting at 5:00 p.m. (evening) or at 10:00 p.m.(night) and left until fully charged. Three charging rates were examined: 120V/15A (1.4 kW), 120V/20A (2 kW), and 220V/30A (6 kW). Most regions will need to build additional capacity or utilize demand response to meet the added demand from PHEVs in the evening charging scenarios, especially by 2030 when PHEVs have a larger share of the installed vehicle base and make a larger demand on the system. The added demands of evening charging, especially at high power levels, can impact the overall demand peaks and reduce the reserve margins for a region's system. Night recharging has little potential to influence peak loads, but will still influence the amount and type of generation.
Optimal sizing study of hybrid wind/PV/diesel power generation unit
Belfkira, Rachid; Zhang, Lu; Barakat, Georges [Groupe de Recherche en Electrotechnique et Automatique du Havre, University of Le Havre, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, BP 1123, 76063 Le Havre (France)
In this paper, a methodology of sizing optimization of a stand-alone hybrid wind/PV/diesel energy system is presented. This approach makes use of a deterministic algorithm to suggest, among a list of commercially available system devices, the optimal number and type of units ensuring that the total cost of the system is minimized while guaranteeing the availability of the energy. The collection of 6 months of data of wind speed, solar radiation and ambient temperature recorded for every hour of the day were used. The mathematical modeling of the main elements of the hybrid wind/PV/diesel system is exposed showing the more relevant sizing variables. A deterministic algorithm is used to minimize the total cost of the system while guaranteeing the satisfaction of the load demand. A comparison between the total cost of the hybrid wind/PV/diesel energy system with batteries and the hybrid wind/PV/diesel energy system without batteries is presented. The reached results demonstrate the practical utility of the used sizing methodology and show the influence of the battery storage on the total cost of the hybrid system. (author)
Renewable Energy Powered Membrane Technology. 1. Development and Characterization of a Photovoltaic Hybrid Membrane System
Schäfer, Andrea; Broeckmann, Andreas; Richards, Bryce
the unavailability of power in many such situations, renewable energy is an obvious solution to power such systems. However, renewable energy is an intermittent power supply and with regards to the performance of intermittently operated desalination systems, only...
Application of Pulsed Electrical Fields for Advanced Cooling and Water Recovery in Coal-Fired Power Plant
Young Cho; Alexander Fridman
The overall objective of the present work was to develop technologies to reduce freshwater consumption in a cooling tower of coal-based power plant so that one could significantly reduce the need of make-up water. The specific goal was to develop a scale prevention technology based an integrated system of physical water treatment (PWT) and a novel filtration method so that one could reduce the need for the water blowdown, which accounts approximately 30% of water loss in a cooling tower. The present study investigated if a pulsed spark discharge in water could be used to remove deposits from the filter membrane. The test setup included a circulating water loop and a pulsed power system. The present experiments used artificially hardened water with hardness of 1,000 mg/L of CaCO{sub 3} made from a mixture of calcium chloride (CaCl{sub 2}) and sodium carbonate (Na{sub 2}CO{sub 3}) in order to produce calcium carbonate deposits on the filter membrane. Spark discharge in water was found to produce strong shockwaves in water, and the efficiency of the spark discharge in cleaning filter surface was evaluated by measuring the pressure drop across the filter over time. Results showed that the pressure drop could be reduced to the value corresponding to the initial clean state and after that the filter could be maintained at the initial state almost indefinitely, confirming the validity of the present concept of pulsed spark discharge in water to clean dirty filter. The present study also investigated the effect of a plasma-assisted self-cleaning filter on the performance of physical water treatment (PWT) solenoid coil for the mitigation of mineral fouling in a concentric counterflow heat exchanger. The self-cleaning filter utilized shockwaves produced by pulse-spark discharges in water to continuously remove scale deposits from the surface of the filter, thus keeping the pressure drop across the filter at a relatively low value. Artificial hard water was used in the present fouling experiments for three different cases: no treatment, PWT coil only, and PWT coil plus self-cleaning filter. Fouling resistances decreased by 59-72% for the combined case of PWT coil plus filter compared with the values for no-treatment cases. SEM photographs showed much smaller particle sizes for the combined case of PWT coil plus filter as larger particles were continuously removed from circulating water by the filter. The x-ray diffraction data showed calcite crystal structures for all three cases.
Stresa, Italy, 26-28 April 2006 THERMOELECTRIC AND MICROBATTERY HYBRID SYSTEM WITH ITS POWER
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
change depending on the outside conditions) and required by the thin film solid state battery developed. It consists in hybriding an energy storage system (thin film solid state battery control charge of the battery by the thermogenerator and discharge of the battery by the load, i
Origin of the energetic ion beams at the substrate generated during high power pulsed magnetron sputtering of titanium
Maszl, Christian; Benedikt, Jan; von Keudell, Achim
High power pulsed magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) plasmas generate energetic metal ions at the substrate as a major difference to conventional direct current magnetron sputtering. The origin of these energetic ions in HiPIMS is still an open issue, which is unraveled by using three fast diagnostics: time resolved mass spectrometry with a temporal resolution of 2 $\\mu$s, phase resolved optical emission spectroscopy with 1 $\\mu$s and the rotating shutter experiment with a resolution of 50 $\\mu$s. A power scan from dcMS-like to HiPIMS plasmas was performed, with a 2-inch magnetron and a titanium target as sputter source and argon as working gas. Clear differences in the transport as well in the energetic properties of Ar$^+$, Ar$^{2+}$, Ti$^+$ and Ti$^{2+}$ were observed. For discharges with highest peak power densities a high energetic group of Ti$^{+}$ and Ti$^{2+}$ could be identified. A cold group of ions is always present. It is found that hot ions are observed only, when the plasma enters the spokes regime, ...
Study to assess the effects of magnetohydrodynamic electromagnetic pulse on electric power systems. Phase I, final report. Volume 3
Legro, J.R.; Abi-Samra, N.C.; Tesche, F.M.
In addition to the initial transients designated as fast transient high-altitude EMP (HEMP) and intermediate time EMP, electromagnetic signals are also perceived at times from seconds to hundreds of seconds after a high-altitude nuclear burst. This signal has been defined by the term magnetohydrodynamic-electromagnetic pulse (MHD-EMP). The MHD-EMP phenomena has been both detected in actual weapon tests and predicted from theoretical models. This volume documents a preliminary research effort to investigate the nature and coupling of the MHD-EMP environments to electric power systems, define the construction of approximate system response network models, and document the development of a unified methodology to assess equipment and systematic vulnerability. The MHD-EMP environment is compared to a qualitatively similar natural event, the electromagnetic environment produced by geomagnetic storms.
Plasma wakefields driven by an incoherent combination of laser pulses: a path towards high-average power laser-plasma accelerators
Benedetti, C.; Schroeder, C.B.; Esarey, E.; Leemans, W.P.
he wakefield generated in a plasma by incoherently combining a large number of low energy laser pulses (i.e.,without constraining the pulse phases) is studied analytically and by means of fully-self-consistent particle-in-cell simulations. The structure of the wakefield has been characterized and its amplitude compared with the amplitude of the wake generated by a single (coherent) laser pulse. We show that, in spite of the incoherent nature of the wakefield within the volume occupied by the laser pulses, behind this region the structure of the wakefield can be regular with an amplitude comparable or equal to that obtained from a single pulse with the same energy. Wake generation requires that the incoherent structure in the laser energy density produced by the combined pulses exists on a time scale short compared to the plasma period. Incoherent combination of multiple laser pulses may enable a technologically simpler path to high-repetition rate, high-average power laser-plasma accelerators and associated applications.
Tunable sub-20 fs pulses from a 500 kHz OPCPA with 15 W average power based on an all-ytterbium laser
Puppin, Michele; Prochnow, Oliver; Ahrens, Jan; Binhammer, Thomas; Morgner, Uwe; Krenz, Marcel; Wolf, Martin; Ernstorfer, Ralph
An optical parametric chirped pulse amplifier fully based on Yb lasers at 500 kHz is described. Passive optical-synchronization is achieved between a fiber laser-pumped white-light and a 515 nm pump produced with a 200 W picosecond Yb:YAG InnoSlab amplifier. An output power up to 19.7 W with long-term stability of 0.3% is demonstrated for wavelength tunable pulses between 680 nm and 900 nm and spectral stability of 0.2%; 16.5 W can be achieved with a bandwidth supporting 5.4 fs pulses. We demonstrate compression of 30 microjoule pulses to sub-20 fs duration with a prism compressor, suitable for high harmonic generation.
Shelkovenko, T. A.; Pikuz, S. A.; Mishin, S. A.; Mingaleev, A. R. [Russian Academy of Sciences, P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute (Russian Federation); Tilikin, I. N. [Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (Russian Federation); Knapp, P. F.; Cahill, A. D.; Hoyt, C. L.; Hammer, D. A. [Cornell University (United States)
Results from experimental studies of a hybrid X-pinch with an initial configuration in the form of a high-current diode with conical tungsten electrodes spaced by 1-2 mm and connected to one another with 20- to 100-{mu}m-diameter wires are presented. The experiments were carried out at four facilities with a current amplitude from 200 to 1000 kA and front duration from 45 to 200 ns. It is shown that, in spite of their simpler configuration, hybrid X-pinches with a short rise time of the current pulse (50-100 ns) are highly competitive with standard X-pinches in the generated soft X-ray power and the formation of a single hot spot in them is much more stable, while hard X-ray emission is almost absent. The possibility of using hybrid X-pinches as soft X-ray sources for point projection X-ray imaging of plasma objects is considered.
Hybrid Control Network Intrusion Detection Systems for Automated Power Distribution Systems
Parvania, Masood; Koutsandria, Georgia; Muthukumar, Vishak; Peisert, Sean; McParland, Chuck; Scaglione, Anna
Security protocols against cyber attacks in the distributioncyber security weak- ness and system fragility of power distribution
Applied spectroscopy in pulsed power plasmasa... G. A. Rochau,1,b
can time compress the equivalent electrical energy consumption in one evening's operation of a TV set Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1196, USA 2 Faculty of Physics, Weizmann online 11 March 2010 Applied spectroscopy is a powerful diagnostic tool for high energy density plasmas
Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Asymmetric Multilevel Inverter for High Voltage Active Power Filter Applications
Catholic University of Chile (Universidad Católica de Chile)
. of Electrical Engineering (2) Dept. of Electrical Engineering Universidad de Concepción Universidad Católica de and reactive power in power distribution systems [1], [2], [3]. Although many technical papers related power to compensate converter losses and to keep the dc voltages constant. Simulated results for steady
High-Power Warm-White Hybrid LED Package for Illumination
Soer, Wouter
In this project, an integrated warm-white hybrid light engine was developed. The hybrid approach involves combining phosphor-converted off-white InGaN LEDs and direct-emitting red AlInGaP LEDs in a single light engine to achieve high efficacy together with high color rendering index. We developed and integrated technology improvements in InGaN and AlInGaP die technology, phosphor technology, package architecture and encapsulation, to realize a hybrid warm-white LED package with an efficacy of 140 lm/W at a correlated color temperature of 3000K and a color rendering index of 90, measured under representative operating conditions. This efficacy is 26% higher than the best warm-white LEDs of similar specification that are commercially available at the end of the project. Since the InGaN- and AlInGaP-based LEDs used in the hybrid engine show different behavior as a function of current and temperature, a control system needs to be in place to ensure a stable color point over all operating conditions. In this project, we developed an electronic control circuit that is fully integrated into the light engine in such a way that the module can simply be driven by a conventional single-channel driver. The integrated control circuit uses a switch-mode boost converter topology to control the LED drive currents based on the temperature and the input current of the light engine. A color control performance of 5 SDCM was demonstrated, and improvement to 3 SDCM is considered well within reach. The combination of high efficacy and ease of integration with existing single-channel drivers is expected to facilitate the adoption of the hybrid technology and accelerate the energy savings associated with solid-state lighting. In the product commercialization plan, downlights and indirect-lit troffers have been selected as the first target applications for this product concept. Fully functional integrated prototypes have been developed for both applications, and the business case evaluation is ongoing as of the end of the project.
DYNAMIC FRICTION EXPERIMENTS AT THE ATLAS PULSED POWER C. L. Rousculp, J. E. Hammerberg, D. M. Oro, G. Rodriguez, P. M. Goodwin,
Kurien, Susan
DYNAMIC FRICTION EXPERIMENTS AT THE ATLAS PULSED POWER FACILITY C. L. Rousculp, J. E. Hammerberg, D contract DE-AC52-06NA25396 Abstract A Series of dynamic friction experiments has been conducted frictional forces occurring there. Other diagnostics included a single-point VISAR and line-ORVIS to measure
Solar Central Receiver Hybrid Power Systems sodium-cooled receiver concept. Final report. Volume II, Book 2. Conceptual design, Sections 5 and 6
The overall, long-term objective of the Solar Central Receiver Hybrid Power System program is to identify, characterize, and ultimately demonstrate the viability and cost effectiveness of solar/fossil, steam Rankine cycle, hybrid power systems that: (1) consist of a combined solar central receiver energy source and a nonsolar energy source at a single, common site, (2) may operate in the base, intermediate, and peaking capacity modes, (3) produce the rated output independent of variations in solar insolation, (4) provide a significant savings (50% or more) in fuel consumption, and (5) produce power at the minimum possible cost in mills/kWh. It is essential that these hybrid concepts be technically feasible and economically competitive with other systems in the near to mid-term time period (1985-1990) on a commercial scale. The program objective for Phase I is to identify and conceptually characterize solar/fossil steam Rankine cycle, commercial-scale, power plant systems that are economically viable and technically feasible. This volume contains the detailed conceptual design and cost/performance estimates and an assessment of the commercial scale solar central receiver hybrid power system. (WHK)
Method and apparatus for generating high power laser pulses in the two to six micron wavelength range
MacPherson, D.C.; Nelson, L.D.; O`Brien, M.J.
Apparatus performs a method of generating one or more output laser pulses in a range of 2 to 6 microns. When a plurality of the output laser pulses are generated, a first output pulse has any selected wavelength within the range and a second output pulse is temporally closely spaced relative to the first output pulse and has a chosen wavelength differing from the selected wavelength. An oscillator laser cavity is provided with a tunable oscillator rod capable of generating initial laser pulses within a range of from 750 to 1000 nm, and a tuning element is coupled to the rod. A flashlamp is operable to pump the rod. For two pulse operation, the flashlamp has a given duration. A Q-switch provides the initial laser pulses upon operation of the tuning element and the flashlamp. A Raman device coupled to the rod shifts the wavelength of such initial laser pulse into the range of from 2 to 6 microns to form the output laser pulse having a wavelength within the range. For multiple pulses, a controller causes the Q-switch to provide first and second ones of the initial laser pulses, spaced by a time interval less than the given duration. Also, a selector coupled to the tuning element is operable within such duration to successively select the wavelength of the first output pulse and the chosen wavelength of the second initial pulse. The Raman device is responsive to each of the initial light pulses to generate radiation at first and second Stokes wavelengths, each of said the output laser pulses being radiation at the second Stokes wavelength. 30 figs.
A simple mathematical description of an off-grid hybrid solarwind power generating system This article has been downloaded from IOPscience. Please scroll down to see the full text article.
Blasone, Massimo
A simple mathematical description of an off-grid hybrid solarÂwind power generating system/763 Abstract We give a detailed description of the energy balance equation for a stand-alone hybrid solarÂwind degree of availability of solar and wind power, renewable sources could in the future fulfil planetary
Testing Low-Energy, High-Power Energy Storage Alternatives in a Full-Hybrid Vehicle (Presentation)
Cosgrove, J.; Gonger, J.
Automakers have been mass producing hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) for well over a decade, and the technology has proven to be very effective at reducing per-vehicle gasoline use. However, the battery cost in HEVs contribute to higher incremental cost of HEVs (a few thousand dollars) than the cost of comparable conventional vehicles, which has limited HEV market penetration. Significant cost reductions/performance improvements to the energy storage system (ESS) can improve the vehicle-level cost vs. benefit relationship for HEVs. Such an improvement could lead to larger HEV market penetration and greater aggregate gasoline savings. After significant analysis by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) and Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Storage program suggested a new set of requirements for ESS for power-assist HEVs for cost reduction without impacting performance and fuel economy significantly. With support from DOE, NREL has developed an HEV test platform for in-vehicle performance and fuel economy validation testing of the hybrid system using such LEESS devices. This poster will describe development of the LEESS HEV test platform, and LEESS laboratory as well as in-vehicle evaluation results. The first LEESS technology tested was lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) - i.e., asymmetric electrochemical energy storage devices possessing one electrode with battery-type characteristics (lithiated graphite) and one with ultracapacitor-type characteristics (carbon). We will discuss the performance and fuel saving results with LIC with comparison with original NiMH battery.
Method for the Production of Ultrashort Peak Power Laser Pulses and System
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Vehicle-to-Grid Power: Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles as Resources for Distributed Electric Power in California
Kempton, Willett; Tomic, Jasna; Letendre, Steven; Brooks, Alec; Lipman, Timothy
Battery cycle life (cycles) c Battery calendar life (years) Battery costin the battery during its life cycle in kWh, C B is cost ofBattery cycle life (cycles) Battery calendar life (years) Maximum electrical power output to motor (kW) Battery cost
FPGA Based Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulated Waveform Generation for Solar (PV) Rural Home Power Inverter
Singh, S N
With the increasing concern about global environmental protection and energy demand due to rapid growth of population in developing countries and the diminishing trend of resources of conventional grid supply, the need to produce freely available pollution free natural energy such as solar/wind energy has been drawing increasing interest in every corner of the world. In an effort to utilize these energies effectively through Power converter, a great deal of research is being carried out by different researchers / scientist and engineers at different places in the world to meet the increasing demand of load. The study presents methodology to integrate solar (PV) energy (which is freely available in every corner of the world) with grid source and supplement the existing grid power in rural houses during its cut off or restricted supply period. In order to get consistency in supply a DG is also added as a standby source in the proposed integration of network. The software using novel Direct PWM modulation strate...
Hybrid Human Powered Vehicle (Phase 3) The Zero EMission (ZEM) Vehicle Project
Su, Xiao
Continuous charging batteries by solar PV while driving the vehicle in sunny days, and parking in open lot and testing P-2 Sponsors: SJSU-COE, SunPower Corp. San Jose, and Clean Battery Technologies Inc. Santa Clara Base: 4' wide x 8'-6" long Power Sources: Human pedaling/ Electricity/Solar PV Freight Weight: 1200 lbs
Karney, Charles
is an envelope solitary wave. These solitary waves are not solitons. The occurrence of the constant phase pulses-state propagation of one of the two lower hybrid rays in a homogeneous considering the balance between thermal break up into two types of solitary waves, constant phase pulses or envelope pulses. e examine
Optically pulsed electron accelerator
Fraser, J.S.; Sheffield, R.L.
An optically pulsed electron accelerator can be used as an injector for a free electron laser and comprises a pulsed light source, such as a laser, for providing discrete incident light pulses. A photoemissive electron source emits electron bursts having the same duration as the incident light pulses when impinged upon by same. The photoemissive electron source is located on an inside wall of a radiofrequency-powered accelerator cell which accelerates the electron burst emitted by the photoemissive electron source.
Optically pulsed electron accelerator
Fraser, John S. (Los Alamos, NM); Sheffield, Richard L. (Los Alamos, NM)
An optically pulsed electron accelerator can be used as an injector for a free electron laser and comprises a pulsed light source, such as a laser, for providing discrete incident light pulses. A photoemissive electron source emits electron bursts having the same duration as the incident light pulses when impinged upon by same. The photoemissive electron source is located on an inside wall of a radio frequency powered accelerator cell which accelerates the electron burst emitted by the photoemissive electron source.
Dual-temperature Kalina cycle for geothermal-solar hybrid power systems
Boghossian, John G
This thesis analyzes the thermodynamics of a power system coupling two renewable heat sources: low-temperature geothermal and a high-temperature solar. The process, referred to as a dual-temperature geothermal-solar Kalina ...
A Hybrid Network IDS for Protective Digital Relays in the Power Transmission Grid
Koutsandria, Georgia; Muthukumar, Vishak; Parvania, Masood; Peisert, Sean; McParland, Chuck; Scaglione, Anna
shows whether a fault occurred and the transformer should befault current. The expected behavior of the power transformer,transformer. We focus on the instantaneous overcurrent relay which provides rapid clearing of severe internal faults
American Recovery & Reinvestment Act: Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Packs and Hydrogen Refueling for Lift Trucks
Block, Gus
HEB Grocery Company, Inc. (H-E-B) is a privately-held supermarket chain with 310 stores throughout Texas and northern Mexico. H-E-B converted 14 of its lift reach trucks to fuel cell power using Nuvera Fuel Cells' PowerEdge™ units to verify the value proposition and environmental benefits associated with the technology. Issues associated with the increasing power requirements of the distribution center operation, along with high ambient temperature in the summer and other operating conditions (such as air quality and floor surface condition), surfaced opportunities for improving Nuvera's PowerEdge fuel cell system design in high-throughput forklift environments. The project included on-site generation of hydrogen from a steam methane reformer, called PowerTap™ manufactured by Nuvera. The hydrogen was generated, compressed and stored in equipment located outside H-E-B's facility, and provided to the forklifts by hydrogen dispensers located in high forklift traffic areas. The PowerEdge fuel cell units logged over 25,300 operating hours over the course of the two-year project period. The PowerTap hydrogen generator produced more than 11,100 kg of hydrogen over the same period. Hydrogen availability at the pump was 99.9%. H-E-B management has determined that fuel cell forklifts help alleviate several issues in its distribution centers, including truck operator downtime associated with battery changing, truck and battery maintenance costs, and reduction of grid electricity usage. Data collected from this initial installation demonstrated a 10% productivity improvement, which enabled H-E-B to make economic decisions on expanding the fleet of PowerEdge and PowerTap units in the fleet, which it plans to undertake upon successful demonstration of the new PowerEdge reach truck product. H-E-B has also expressed interst in other uses of hydrogen produced on site in the future, such as for APUs used in tractor trailers and refrigerated transport trucks in its fleet.
Experimental observation of the behaviour of cogenerated dusty plasma using a bipolar pulsed direct current power supply
Sarkar, Sanjib; Bose, M. [Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032 (India); Pramanik, J. [Kharagpur College, Kharagpur 721305, West Bengal (India); Mukherjee, S. [FCIPT, Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar 382428 (India)
We have experimentally observed the behaviour of cogenerated dusts in unmagnetized plasma produced using a bipolar pulsed dc power supply. In this experiment, the dust particles have been generated through sputtering of graphite cathode and were stratified between two electrodes. This stratification of dust clouds has obtained at a typical range of plasma parameters, namely, 650 V (peak-to-peak) with 0.2 mbar pressure. In above condition, we detected the Taylor-like instability at the interface of two dusty clouds with different densities. A very less dust density (void like) region inside the lesser dust density portion is also noted. Again, it has been observed that a self excited dust density wave propagates towards the higher density dust fluid inside the system as well as a stationary band structure of thin multiple layers of dust particles when we apply a higher voltage (750 V peak-to-peak). The wavelength, phase velocity, and frequency of the excited wave have also been estimated.
Fundamental studies on initiation and evolution of multi-channel discharges and their application to next generation pulsed power machines.
Schwarz, Jens; Savage, Mark E.; Lucero, Diego Jose; Jaramillo, Deanna M.; Seals, Kelly Gene; Pitts, Todd; Hautzenroeder, Brenna M.; Laine, Mark Richard; Karelitz, David B.; Porter, John L.
Future pulsed power systems may rely on linear transformer driver (LTD) technology. The LTD's will be the building blocks for a driver that can deliver higher current than the Z-Machine. The LTD's would require tens of thousands of low inductance ( < 85nH), high voltage (200 kV DC) switches with high reliability and long lifetime ( 10 4 shots). Sandia's Z-Machine employs 36 megavolt class switches that are laser triggered by a single channel discharge. This is feasible for tens of switches but the high inductance and short switch life- time associated with the single channel discharge are undesirable for future machines. Thus the fundamental problem is how to lower inductance and losses while increasing switch life- time and reliability. These goals can be achieved by increasing the number of current-carrying channels. The rail gap switch is ideal for this purpose. Although those switches have been extensively studied during the past decades, each effort has only characterized a particular switch. There is no comprehensive understanding of the underlying physics that would allow predictive capability for arbitrary switch geometry. We have studied rail gap switches via an extensive suite of advanced diagnostics in synergy with theoretical physics and advanced modeling capability. Design and topology of multichannel switches as they relate to discharge dynamics are investigated. This involves electrically and optically triggered rail gaps, as well as discrete multi-site switch concepts.
Nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) low cost generator design using power MOSFET and Cockcroft-Walton multiplier circuit as high voltage DC source
Sulaeman, M. Y.; Widita, R. [Department of Physics, Nuclear Physics and Biophysics Research Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung (Indonesia)
Purpose: Non-ionizing radiation therapy for cancer using pulsed electric field with high intensity field has become an interesting field new research topic. A new method using nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) offers a novel means to treat cancer. Not like the conventional electroporation, nsPEFs able to create nanopores in all membranes of the cell, including membrane in cell organelles, like mitochondria and nucleus. NsPEFs will promote cell death in several cell types, including cancer cell by apoptosis mechanism. NsPEFs will use pulse with intensity of electric field higher than conventional electroporation, between 20–100 kV/cm and with shorter duration of pulse than conventional electroporation. NsPEFs requires a generator to produce high voltage pulse and to achieve high intensity electric field with proper pulse width. However, manufacturing cost for creating generator that generates a high voltage with short duration for nsPEFs purposes is highly expensive. Hence, the aim of this research is to obtain the low cost generator design that is able to produce a high voltage pulse with nanosecond width and will be used for nsPEFs purposes. Method: Cockcroft-Walton multiplier circuit will boost the input of 220 volt AC into high voltage DC around 1500 volt and it will be combined by a series of power MOSFET as a fast switch to obtain a high voltage with nanosecond pulse width. The motivation using Cockcroft-Walton multiplier is to acquire a low-cost high voltage DC generator; it will use capacitors and diodes arranged like a step. Power MOSFET connected in series is used as voltage divider to share the high voltage in order not to damage them. Results: This design is expected to acquire a low-cost generator that can achieve the high voltage pulse in amount of ?1.5 kV with falltime 3 ns and risetime 15 ns into a 50? load that will be used for nsPEFs purposes. Further detailed on the circuit design will be explained at presentation.
Hybridizing Energy Conversion and Storage in a Mechanical-to-Electrochemical Process for Self-Charging Power Cell
Wang, Zhong L.
Hybridizing Energy Conversion and Storage in a Mechanical-to- Electrochemical Process for Self that directly hybridizes the two processes into one, in which the mechanical energy is directly converted hybridizes the two processes into one, through which the mechanical energy is directly converted
Design and evaluation of a nuclear-electric hybrid power/propulsion system
Keil, Ralph
investigating and comparing various closed and open cycles. El ? Genk et al. ' have investiga, ted three different cycles: A potassium Rankine cycle, a. closed and an open Brayton cycle. These systems v'ere optimized for a power level of 160 MWe and compared... with each other. The optimized systems were also analyzed v;hen used for the generation of only 3. 3 MWe. However, since the above mentioned optimization is performed at a power level well above our design point, it can no longer be considered optimal...
Design and Performance Evaluation of an Hybrid Reservation-Polling MAC Protocol for Power-Line
Tinnirello, Ilenia
channel. Moreover, by slightly reducing the system utilization, a target 1% packet loss ratio can be met remote electricity meter reading, energy management, appliance control and maintenance, home automation) is a quickly developing technology, aiming at the utilization of low-voltage power lines for the transmission
Fuzzy Based Energy Management Control of A Hybrid Fuel Cell Auxiliary Power System
Simões, Marcelo Godoy
battery auxiliary power unit (APU) for remote applications where a fuel cell is the main energy source for decentralized or distributed energy production, such as telecom, remote sites or even for military applications by hydrogen cartridges a fuel cell has nearly no noise operation, providing electricity and heat with water
Measurements of leakage, power loss and rotordynamic force coefficients in a hybrid brush seal
Baker, Jose Enrique
in diameter and integrates 20-arcuate pads connected with thin EDM-webs to the seal casing. The measured drag power at low rotor speeds (< 11 m/s at 1,300 rpm) decreases as the pressure differential across the seal increases. At a fixed rotor speed, a...
uranium energy content recovered in present LWR "once-through" fuel cycles (uranium would be depleted it is the delayed neutron fraction, _. _ is 2-3 times smaller for transuranics (Pu, Am, Np..) than for uranium fuel to the expansion of carbon-free nuclear power than is the shortage of uranium fuel. · Burner reactors could
Modeling and Control of Co-generation Power Plants: A Hybrid System Approach
Ferrari-Trecate, Giancarlo
of turning on/off the gas and steam turbine, the operat- ing constraints (minimum up and down times and produces electric power through the expansion of the gas in the gas turbine; the steam cycle is supplied with the output ex- haust gas from the gas turbine and generates both electricity and steam for the industrial
Impact Assessment of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles on the U.S. Power Grid
Kintner-Meyer, Michael CW; Nguyen, Tony B.; Jin, Chunlian; Balducci, Patrick J.; Secrest, Thomas J.
The US electricity grid is a national infrastructure that has the potential to deliver significant amounts of the daily driving energy of the US light duty vehicle (cars, pickups, SUVs, and vans) fleet. This paper discusses a 2030 scenario with 37 million plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) on the road in the US demanding electricity for an average daily driving distance of about 33 miles (53 km). The paper addresses the potential grid impacts of the PHEVs fleet relative to their effects on the production cost of electricity, and the emissions from the electricity sector. The results of this analysis indicate significant regional difference on the cost impacts and the CO2 emissions. Battery charging during the day may have twice the cost impacts than charging during the night. The CO2 emissions impacts are very region-dependent. In predominantly coal regions (Midwest), the new PHEV load may reduce the CO2 emission intensity (ton/MWh), while in others regions with significant clean generation (hydro and renewable energy) the CO2 emission intensity may increase. Discussed will the potential impact of the results with the valuation of carbon emissions.
Potential Impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) on Regional Power Generation
Hadley, Stanton W [ORNL; Tsvetkova, Alexandra A [ORNL
PHEVs are expected to penetrate market soon. If recharging occurs during off-peak hours, the grid will not be significantly affected. However, peak-time recharging may lead to capacity shortfalls. This paper analyzes the potential impact of PHEVs on electricity demand, supply, generation structure, prices, and emissions levels in 2020 and 2030 in 13 U.S. regions under 7 recharging scenarios. The simulations predict that the PHEV introduction could impact demand peaks, reduce reserve margins, and increase prices. The type of power generation used to recharge the PHEVs and associated emissions will depend upon the region and the timing of the recharge.
Design and evaluation of a nuclear-electric hybrid power/propulsion system
Keil, Ralph
element volume in the core ms w = Radiator mass per unit area ikg/ms] Greek symbols: Specific mass [kg/W] 6 = Difl'erence Radiator emissivity e, ?, = Core void fraction ef, = Volume fraction of UC in the fuel peHet efficiency P? Average fluid... cycles. Open-Loop Brayton Cycle In this cycle the working fluid, which is also used as the propellant, is heated by going through a nuclear reactor and expanded through a turbine in order to generate the electric power needed for the operation...
Hybrid Air-Cooled Condenser for Power Plants and other applications -
Broader source: All U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Webpages (Extended Search)
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel), 2002; Level: National5Sales for4,645U.S. DOEThe Bonneville PowerCherries 82981-1cnHigh School football HighdefaultSandy-Nor'easter SituationEnergy Innovation
Evaluation of Hybrid Air-Cooled Flash/Binary Power Cycle
Greg Mines
Geothermal binary power plants reject a significant portion of the heat removed from the geothermal fluid. Because of the relatively low temperature of the heat source (geothermal fluid), the performance of these plants is quite sensitive to the sink temperature to which heat is rejected. This is particularly true of air-cooled binary plants. Recent efforts by the geothermal industry have examined the potential to evaporatively cool the air entering the air-cooled condensers during the hotter portions of a summer day. While the work has shown the benefit of this concept, air-cooled binary plants are typically located in regions that lack an adequate supply of clean water for use in this evaporative cooling. In the work presented, this water issue is addressed by pre-flashing the geothermal fluid to produce a clean condensate that can be utilized during the hotter portions of the year to evaporatively cool the air. This study examines both the impact of this pre-flash on the performance of the binary plant, and the increase in power output due to the ability to incorporate an evaporative component to the heat rejection process.
A multiconductor model for determining the response of power transmission and distribution lines to a high altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP)
Tesche, F.M.; Barnes, P.R.
A calculation model for electromagnetic pulse coupling to transmission and transmission line is discussed. Sample calculations for a 345 kV transmission line are given. 3 refs., 8 figs.
Hybrid Powertrain Optimization for Plug-In Microgrid Power Generation Automated Modeling Laboratory Slide 1 of 28
Krstic, Miroslav
PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE IC ENGINE OR FUEL CELL Use plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV to minimize fuel consumption BATTERY SIZE POWERPLANT SIZE CONTROL ARCHITECHTURE IC ENGINE OR FUEL CELL CONTROL MANIFOLD COOLER & HUMIDIFIER COMPRESSOR MOTOR Air Supply H2 FUEL CELL STACK Voltage CATHODESIDE ANODESIDE
Optimum Performance of Direct Hydrogen Hybrid Fuel Cell Vehicles
Zhao, Hengbing; Burke, Andy
of an experimental fuel cell/supercapacitor-powered hybridof fuel cell/battery/supercapacitor hybrid power source for
Fishbone-like internal kink instability driven by supra-thermal electrons on FTU generated by lower hybrid radiofrequency power
Zonca, Fulvio
hybrid current drive (LHCD) is of strong interest for the burning plasma research, as the trapped heating (ECRH) is of strong interest for the burning plasma research. The charged fusion product effects
Module 8: Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Broader source: Energy.gov [DOE]
This course covers hybrid electric vehicles, electric motors, auxiliary power units, generators, energy storage systems, regenerative braking, control systems
Ion mass spectrometry investigations of the discharge during reactive high power pulsed and direct current magnetron sputtering of carbon in Ar and Ar/N{sub 2}
Schmidt, S.; Greczynski, G.; Jensen, J.; Hultman, L. [Thin Film Physics Div., Department of Physics (IFM), Linkoeping University, SE-581 83 (Sweden); Czigany, Zs. [Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly Thege Miklos ut 29-33. H-1121 Budapest (Hungary)
Ion mass spectrometry was used to investigate discharges formed during high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) and direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) of a graphite target in Ar and Ar/N{sub 2} ambient. Ion energy distribution functions (IEDFs) were recorded in time-averaged and time-resolved mode for Ar{sup +}, C{sup +}, N{sub 2}{sup +}, N{sup +}, and C{sub x}N{sub y}{sup +} ions. An increase of N{sub 2} in the sputter gas (keeping the deposition pressure, pulse width, pulse frequency, and pulse energy constant) results for the HiPIMS discharge in a significant increase in C{sup +}, N{sup +}, and CN{sup +} ion energies. Ar{sup +}, N{sub 2}{sup +}, and C{sub 2}N{sup +} ion energies, in turn, did not considerably vary with the changes in working gas composition. The HiPIMS process showed higher ion energies and fluxes, particularly for C{sup +} ions, compared to DCMS. The time evolution of the plasma species was analyzed for HiPIMS and revealed the sequential arrival of working gas ions, ions ejected from the target, and later during the pulse-on time molecular ions, in particular CN{sup +} and C{sub 2}N{sup +}. The formation of fullerene-like structured CN{sub x} thin films for both modes of magnetron sputtering is explained by ion mass-spectrometry results and demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy as well as diffraction.
Electrical system for pulse-width modulated control of a power inverter using phase-shifted carrier signals and related operating methods
Welchko, Brian A. (Torrance, CA)
Systems and methods are provided for pulse-width modulated control of power inverter using phase-shifted carrier signals. An electrical system comprises an energy source and a motor. The motor has a first set of windings and a second set of windings, which are electrically isolated from each other. An inverter module is coupled between the energy source and the motor and comprises a first set of phase legs coupled to the first set of windings and a second set of phase legs coupled to the second set of windings. A controller is coupled to the inverter module and is configured to achieve a desired power flow between the energy source and the motor by modulating the first set of phase legs using a first carrier signal and modulating the second set of phase legs using a second carrier signal. The second carrier signal is phase-shifted relative to the first carrier signal.
Benefits of battery-uItracapacitor hybrid energy storage systems
Smith, Ian C., S.M. (Ian Charles). Massachusetts Institute of Technology
This thesis explores the benefits of battery and battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage systems (ESSs) in pulsed-load applications. It investigates and quantifies the benefits of the hybrid ESS over its battery-only ...
Study of the pulse power supply unit for the four-horn system of the CERN to Fréjus neutrino super beam
Baussan, E; Dracos, M; Gaudiot, G; Osswald, F; Poussot, P; Vassilopoulos, N; Wurtz, J; Zeter, V
The power supply studies for the four-horn system for the CERN to Fréjus neutrino Super Beam oscillation experiment are discussed here. The power supply is being studied to meet the physics potential and the mega-watt (MW) power requirements of the proton driver of the Super Beam. A one-half sinusoid current waveform with a 350 kA maximum current and pulse length of 100 \\mu s at 50 Hz frequency is generated and distributed to four-horns. In order to provide the necessary current needed to focus the charged mesons producing the neutrino beam, a bench of capacitors is charged at 50 Hz frequency to a +12 kV reference voltage and then discharged through a large switch to each horn via a set of strip-lines at the same rate. A current recovery stage allows to invert rapidly the negative voltage of the capacitor after the discharging stage in order to recuperate large part of the injected energy and thus to limit the power consuption. The energy recovery efficiency of that system is very high at 97%. For feasibilit...
Time-resolved electron thermal conduction by probing of plasma formation in transparent solids with high power subpicosecond laser pulses
Vu, B.T.V.
This dissertation work includes a series of experimental measurements in a search for better understanding of high temperature (10{sup 4}-10{sup 6}K) and high density plasmas (10{sup 22}-10{sup 24}cm{sup {minus}3}) produced by irradiating a transparent solid target with high intensity (10{sup 13} - 10{sup 15}W/cm{sup 2}) and subpicosecond (10{sup {minus}12}-10{sup {minus}13}s) laser pulses. Experimentally, pump and probe schemes with both frontside (vacuum-plasma side) and backside (plasma-bulk material side) probes are used to excite and interrogate or probe the plasma evolution, thereby providing useful insights into the plasma formation mechanisms. A series of different experiments has been carried out so as to characterize plasma parameters and the importance of various nonlinear processes. Experimental evidence shows that electron thermal conduction is supersonic in a time scale of the first picosecond after laser irradiation, so fast that it was often left unresolved in the past. The experimental results from frontside probing demonstrate that upon irradiation with a strong (pump) laser pulse, a thin high temperature ({approximately}40eV) super-critical density ({approximately}10{sup 23}/cm{sup 3}) plasma layer is quickly formed at the target surface which in turn becomes strongly reflective and prevents further transmission of the remainder of the laser pulse. In the bulk region behind the surface, it is also found that a large sub-critical ({approximately}10{sup 18}/cm{sup 3}) plasma is produced by inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption and collisional ionization. The bulk underdense plasma is evidenced by large absorption of the backside probe light. A simple and analytical model, modified from the avalanche model, for plasma evolution in transparent materials is proposed to explain the experimental results. Elimination of the bulk plasma is then experimentally illustrated by using targets overcoated with highly absorptive films.
The lower hybrid (LH) heating and current drive system can generate 10-12 MW of microwave power
Background The lower hybrid (LH) heating and current drive system can generate 10-12 MW reflecting optics · Remote vacuum window manufactured by CCFE · Industrial contract for periscope manufacture with Zemax model · Remote, IR compatible, double vacuum window with pumped interspace · 4, two colour
E-Print Network 3.0 - acetate-al2o3 hybrid material Sample Search...
Broader source: All U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Webpages (Extended Search)
loads - full... words: capacity fade, interfacial impedance, lithium ion batterysupercapacitor hybrid, pulse ... Source: Popov, Branko N. - Center for Electrochemical...
Hybrid vehicle design using global optimisation Wenzhong Gao
Mi, Chunting "Chris"
systems, power system modelling and simulation, alternative power systems, renewable energy and electric electronics, hybrid electric vehicles, electric machines, and renewable energy systems. He). A hybrid powertrain is comprised of electric motors with power electronic converters, energy storage
Application of Pulse Spark Discharges for Scale Prevention and Continuous Filtration Methods in Coal-Fired Power Plant
Cho, Young; Fridman, Alexander
The overall objective of the present work was to develop a new scale-prevention technology by continuously precipitating and removing dissolved mineral ions (such as calcium and magnesium) in cooling water while the COC could be doubled from the present standard value of 3.5. The hypothesis of the present study was that if we could successfully precipitate and remove the excess calcium ions in cooling water, we could prevent condenser-tube fouling and at the same time double the COC. The approach in the study was to utilize pulse spark discharges directly in water to precipitate dissolved mineral ions in recirculating cooling water into relatively large suspended particles, which could be removed by a self-cleaning filter. The present study began with a basic scientific research to better understand the mechanism of pulse spark discharges in water and conducted a series of validation experiments using hard water in a laboratory cooling tower. Task 1 of the present work was to demonstrate if the spark discharge could precipitate the mineral ions in water. Task 2 was to demonstrate if the selfcleaning filter could continuously remove these precipitated calcium particles such that the blowdown could be eliminated or significantly reduced. Task 3 was to demonstrate if the scale could be prevented or minimized at condenser tubes with a COC of 8 or (almost) zero blowdown. In Task 1, we successfully completed the validation study that confirmed the precipitation of dissolved calcium ions in cooling water with the supporting data of calcium hardness over time as measured by a calcium ion probe. In Task 2, we confirmed through experimental tests that the self-cleaning filter could continuously remove precipitated calcium particles in a simulated laboratory cooling tower such that the blowdown could be eliminated or significantly reduced. In addition, chemical water analysis data were obtained which were used to confirm the COC calculation. In Task 3, we conducted a series of heat transfer fouling tests using a condenser heat exchanger in the laboratory cooling tower, from which we confirmed that the plasma water treatment technology could prevent or significantly mitigate mineral foulings in condenser tubes when compared with the no-treatment case. With the completion of the present work, a cooling water treatment technology using pulse spark discharges is currently ready for field-validation tests. The plasma water treatment technology is a true mechanical water softener with almost no maintenance, which continuously converts hard water to soft water spending a relatively small amount of energy. Such a mechanical water softener could find wide-spread applications to solve hard water problems both in industry and at home.
Optimum Performance of Direct Hydrogen Hybrid Fuel Cell Vehicles
Zhao, Hengbing; Burke, Andy
system, the power consumption of the hydrogen EVS24 International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicleelectric vehicles, uninterruptible power sources, distributed power generation systems,
A new high power, fast charge, sealed lead acid battery
Juergens, T.; Nelson, R.F.; Ruderman, M.A. [Bolder Technology Corp., Wheat Ridge, CO (United States)
A new approach to the design of lead acid batteries has been developed based on the use of very thin lead foil current collectors and very high current carrying capacity. The basic cell construction and the performance characteristics for the new cell are described. Spiral wrap cells based on this electrode concept exhibit extremely high power output with excellent capacity maintenance. Additionally, these cells exhibit flat voltage at all currents, and are capable of very rapid recharge. Applications for this high power technology cover a broad spectrum such as portable power tools, UPS systems, electrically heated catalytic converters, pulse power applications and electric and hybrid vehicles. 9 refs.
Ultracapacitor Technologies and Application in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
Burke, Andy
Power Battery for Hybrid Vehicle Applications. ProceedingsAF. Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Design and Performance.A, Thornton M. Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Analysis. NREL/MP-540-
Preliminary investigation of the effects of lower hybrid power on asymmetric behaviors in the scrape-off layer in experimental advanced superconducting tokamak
Zhang, L.; Ding, B. J., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Li, M. H.; Liu, F. K.; Shan, J. F.; Wei, W.; Li, Y. C.; Yang, J. H.; Wu, Z. G.; Liu, L.; Wang, M.; Zhao, L. M.; Ma, W. D.; Xiu, H. D.; Wang, X. J.; Jia, H.; Yang, Y.; Cheng, M.; Wu, D. J.; Xu, L. [Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031 (China)] [Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031 (China); and others
The striations in front of the lower hybrid (LH) launcher have been observed during LH injection by a visible video camera in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak. Edge density at the top of the LH launcher tends to be much larger in reversed magnetic field (B{sub t}) than that in the normal B{sub t}. To study the mechanisms of the observations, the diffusive-convective model is employed. Simulations show that the LH power makes the density in scrape-off layer asymmetric in poloidal direction with five density peaks. The locations of the striations are approximately in agreement with the locations of the density peaks in different directions of B{sub t}. Higher LH power strengths the asymmetry of the density and leads to a bad coupling which is in conflict with the experimental results showing a good coupling with a higher power. Furthermore, an ionization term is introduced into this model and the increase of edge density with LH power can be qualitatively explained. The simulations also show that the density peaks in front of the waveguides become clearer when taking into account gas puffing.
Diagnosis of Lower Hybrid on MST
Burke, D. R.; Goetz, J. A.; Kaufman, M. C.; Almagri, A. F.; Anderson, J. K.; Forest, C. B.; Prager, S. C. [University of Wisconsin--Madison, Madison WI 53706 (United States)
RF driven current has never been demonstrated in a Reversed Field Pinch. Recently the lower hybrid system on the Madison Symmetric Torus reached a new operating regime. This upgrade allows RF powers of up to 5% of the Ohmic input power to be injected. It is therefore anticipated that the lower hybrid system is on the threshold of producing meaningful changes to the RFP equilibrium. A diagnostic set is under development to facilitate the study of such changes and lay the foundation for near megawatt operations. Many measurements are being studied for viability. These include electron cyclotron emission, examinations of bulk ion and electron heating, surface perturbation pickup coils, magnetic probe measurements, and Langmuir probe measurements. In addition, several x-ray diagnostics are in operation: pulse height analysis is performed on detector arrays to determine the 5-200 keV spectrum. An insertable target probe is available to create x-rays from fast electrons. Tomographic inversion of 2-D Soft x-ray detectors yields equilibrium information through island structure. Results from experiments with source power up to 225 kW will be presented. Preliminary results from CQL3D Fokker-Planck simulations will also be presented.
METAHEURISTIC HYBRIDIZATION WITH GRASP 1. Introduction ...
Apr 14, 2008 ... Combinatorial optimization can be defined by a finite ground set E = {1,...,n}, ... shipping), energy (electrical power, petroleum, natural gas), and ... Hybrid construction schemes are considered in Section 3 and hybrid local.
Powerful, Efficient Electric Vehicle Chargers: Low-Cost, Highly-Integrated Silicon Carbide (SiC) Multichip Power Modules (MCPMs) for Plug-In Hybrid Electric
ADEPT Project: Currently, charging the battery of an electric vehicle (EV) is a time-consuming process because chargers can only draw about as much power from the grid as a hair dryer. APEI is developing an EV charger that can draw as much power as a clothes dryer, which would drastically speed up charging time. APEI's charger uses silicon carbide (SiC)-based power transistors. These transistors control the electrical energy flowing through the charger's circuits more effectively and efficiently than traditional transistors made of straight silicon. The SiC-based transistors also require less cooling, enabling APEI to create EV chargers that are 10 times smaller than existing chargers.
The design of power amplifiers in any semi-conductor process is not a trivia exercise and it is often encountered that the simulated solution is qualitatively different than the results obtained. Phenomena such as oscillation occurring either in-band or out of band and sometimes at subharmonic intervals, continuous spectrum noticed in some frequency bands, often referred to as chaos, and jumps and hysteresis effects can all be encountered and render a design useless. All of these problems might have been identified through a more rigorous approach to stability analysis. Designing for stability is probably the one area of amplifier design that receives the least amount of attention but incurs the most catastrophic of effects if it is not performed properly. Other parameters such as gain, power output, frequency response and even matching may suitable mitigation paths. But the lack of stability in an amplifier has no mitigating path. In addition to of loss of the design completely there are the increased production cycle costs, costs involved with investigating and resolving the problem and the costs involved with schedule slips or delays resulting from it. The Linville or Rollett stability criteria that many microwave engineers follow and rely exclusively on is not sufficient by itself to ensure a stable and robust design. It will be shown that the universal belief that unconditional stability is obtained through an analysis of the scattering matrix S to determine if 1 and |{Delta}{sub S}| < 1 is only part of the procedure and other tools must be used to validate the criteria. The research shown contributes to the state of the art by developing a more thorough stability design technique for designing amplifiers of any class, whether that be current mode or switch mode, than is currently undertaken with the goal of obtaining first pass design success.
Microwave Regenerated DPF for Auxiliary Power Units and Diesel...
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
Microwave Regenerated DPF for Auxiliary Power Units and Diesel Hybrid Vehicles Microwave Regenerated DPF for Auxiliary Power Units and Diesel Hybrid Vehicles Microwave regeneration...
Development of a hybrid intelligent system for on-line real-time monitoring of nuclear power plant operations
Yildiz, Bilge, 1976-
A nuclear power plant (NPP) has an intricate operational domain involving systems, structures and components (SSCs) that vary in scale and complexity. Many of the large scale SSCs contribute to the lost availability in the ...
Advanced Coal Wind Hybrid: Economic Analysis
Phadke, Amol
advanced coal-wind hybrid combined cycle power plant naturalwhen the wind generation drops, the power plant needs toa CSP plant, a wind plant produces power during all hours of
Present Status and Marketing Prospects of the Emerging Hybrid-Electric and Diesel Technologies to Reduce CO2 Emissions of New Light-Duty Vehicles in California
Burke, Andy
of Conventional vs. Hybrid Vehicles, paper to be presented15 Table 10 Hybrid Vehicle Sales to Date - North America &Power Projections of Hybrid Vehicle Characteristics (1999-
Effect of oxygen incorporation on the structure and elasticity of Ti-Al-O-N coatings synthesized by cathodic arc and high power pulsed magnetron sputtering
Hans, M., E-mail: email@example.com; Baben, M. to; Music, D.; Ebenhöch, J.; Schneider, J. M. [Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 10, D-52074 Aachen (Germany); Primetzhofer, D. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, S-75120 Uppsala (Sweden); Kurapov, D.; Arndt, M.; Rudigier, H. [Oerlikon Balzers Coating AG, Iramali 18, LI-9496 Balzers, Principality of Liechtenstein (Liechtenstein)
Ti-Al-O-N coatings were synthesized by cathodic arc and high power pulsed magnetron sputtering. The chemical composition of the coatings was determined by means of elastic recoil detection analysis and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The effect of oxygen incorporation on the stress-free lattice parameters and Young's moduli of Ti-Al-O-N coatings was investigated by X-ray diffraction and nanoindentation, respectively. As nitrogen is substituted by oxygen, implications for the charge balance may be expected. A reduction in equilibrium volume with increasing O concentration is identified by X-ray diffraction and density functional theory calculations of Ti-Al-O-N supercells reveal the concomitant formation of metal vacancies. Hence, the oxygen incorporation-induced formation of metal vacancies enables charge balancing. Furthermore, nanoindentation experiments reveal a decrease in elastic modulus with increasing O concentration. Based on ab initio data, two causes can be identified for this: First, the metal vacancy-induced reduction in elasticity; and second, the formation of, compared to the corresponding metal nitride bonds, relatively weak Ti-O and Al-O bonds.
History of HERMES III diode to z-pinch breakthrough and beyond : learning about pulsed power and z-pinch ICF.
Sanford, Thomas W. L.
HERMES III and Z are two flagship accelerators of Sandia's pulsed-power program developed to generate intense-ray fields for the study of nuclear radiation effects, and to explore high energy-density physics (including the production of intense x-ray fields for Inertia Confinement Fusion [ICF]), respectively. A diode at the exit of HERMES III converts its 20-MeV electron beam into-rays. In contrast, at the center of Z, a z-pinch is used to convert its 20-MA current into an intense burst of x-rays. Here the history of how the HERMES III diode emerged from theoretical considerations to actual hardware is discussed. Next, the reverse process of how the experimental discovery of wire-array stabilization in a z-pinch, led to a better theory of wirearray implosions and its application to one of the ICF concepts on Z--the DH (Dynamic Hohlraum) is reviewed. Lastly, the report concludes with how the unexpected axial radiation asymmetry measured in the DH is understood. The first discussion illustrates the evolution of physics from theory-to-observationto- refinement. The second two illustrate the reverse process of observationto- theory-to refinement. The histories are discussed through the vehicle of my research at Sandia, illustrating the unique environment Sandia provides for personal growth and development into a scientific leader.
The inverter in a hybrid or fully
Davies, Christopher
The inverter in a hybrid or fully electric vehicle, such as the Toyota Prius, supplies power from Semiconductor (MOS), IGBT and diode devices, for applications in hybrid vehicles and portable power supplies of renewable energy systems, sustainable transport and many other applications. The area of power electronics
Techno-Economic Feasibility of Highly Efficient Cost-Effective Thermoelectric-SOFC Hybrid Power Generation Systems
Jifeng Zhang; Jean Yamanis
Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems have the potential to generate exhaust gas streams of high temperature, ranging from 400 to 800 C. These high temperature gas streams can be used for additional power generation with bottoming cycle technologies to achieve higher system power efficiency. One of the potential candidate bottoming cycles is power generation by means of thermoelectric (TE) devices, which have the inherent advantages of low noise, low maintenance and long life. This study was to analyze the feasibility of combining coal gas based SOFC and TE through system performance and cost techno-economic modeling in the context of multi-MW power plants, with 200 kW SOFC-TE module as building blocks. System and component concepts were generated for combining SOFC and TE covering electro-thermo-chemical system integration, power conditioning system (PCS) and component designs. SOFC cost and performance models previously developed at United Technologies Research Center were modified and used in overall system analysis. The TE model was validated and provided by BSST. The optimum system in terms of energy conversion efficiency was found to be a pressurized SOFC-TE, with system efficiency of 65.3% and cost of $390/kW of manufacturing cost. The pressurization ratio was approximately 4 and the assumed ZT of the TE was 2.5. System and component specifications were generated based on the modeling study. The major technology and cost barriers for maturing the system include pressurized SOFC stack using coal gas, the high temperature recycle blowers, and system control design. Finally, a 4-step development roadmap is proposed for future technology development, the first step being a 1 kW proof-of-concept demonstration unit.
Ultracapacitors and Batteries in Hybrid Vehicles
Pesaran, A.; Markel, T.; Zolot, M.; Sprik, S.
Using an ultracapacitor in conjunction with a battery in a hybrid vehicle combines the power performance of the former with the greater energy storage capability of the latter.
Pulse transmission receiver with higher-order time derivative pulse correlator
Dress Jr., William B.; Smith, Stephen F.
Systems and methods for pulse-transmission low-power communication modes are disclosed. A pulse transmission receiver includes: a higher-order time derivative pulse correlator; a demodulation decoder coupled to the higher-order time derivative pulse correlator; a clock coupled to the demodulation decoder; and a pseudorandom polynomial generator coupled to both the higher-order time derivative pulse correlator and the clock. The systems and methods significantly reduce lower-frequency emissions from pulse transmission spread-spectrum communication modes, which reduces potentially harmful interference to existing radio frequency services and users and also simultaneously permit transmission of multiple data bits by utilizing specific pulse shapes.
Adaptive control system for pulsed megawatt klystrons
Bolie, Victor W. (Albuquerque, NM)
The invention provides an arrangement for reducing waveform errors such as errors in phase or amplitude in output pulses produced by pulsed power output devices such as klystrons by generating an error voltage representing the extent of error still present in the trailing edge of the previous output pulse, using the error voltage to provide a stored control voltage, and applying the stored control voltage to the pulsed power output device to limit the extent of error in the leading edge of the next output pulse.
Ultracapacitor Technologies and Application in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
Burke, Andy
Ultracapacitor vs. a High Power Battery for Hybrid Vehiclevarious ranges and motor power Battery 200 Wh/kg 100 Wh/kg
Impacts Assessment of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles on Electric Utilities and Regional US Power Grids: Part 1: Technical Analysis
Kintner-Meyer, Michael CW; Schneider, Kevin P.; Pratt, Robert G.
This initial paper estimates the regional percentages of the energy requirements for the U.S. light duty vehicle stock that could be supported by the existing grid, based on 12 NERC regions. This paper also discusses the impact of overall emissions of criteria gases and greenhouse gases as a result of shifting emission from millions of tailpipes to a relatively few power plants. The paper concludes with an outlook of the technology requirements necessary to manage the additional and potentially sizable new load to maintain grid reliability.
Battery-Powered Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Projects to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Resource for Project Development
National Energy Technology Laboratory
The transportation sector accounts for a large and growing share of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Worldwide, motor vehicles emit well over 900 million metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) each year, accounting for more than 15 percent of global fossil fuel-derived CO2 emissions.1 In the industrialized world alone, 20-25 percent of GHG emissions come from the transportation sector. The share of transport-related emissions is growing rapidly due to the continued increase in transportation activity.2 In 1950, there were only 70 million cars, trucks, and buses on the world's roads. By 1994, there were about nine times that number, or 630 million vehicles. Since the early 1970s, the global fleet has been growing at a rate of 16 million vehicles per year. This expansion has been accompanied by a similar growth in fuel consumption.3 If this kind of linear growth continues, by the year 2025 there will be well over one billion vehicles on the world's roads.4 In a response to the significant growth in transportation-related GHG emissions, governments and policy makers worldwide are considering methods to reverse this trend. However, due to the particular make-up of the transportation sector, regulating and reducing emissions from this sector poses a significant challenge. Unlike stationary fuel combustion, transportation-related emissions come from dispersed sources. Only a few point-source emitters, such as oil/natural gas wells, refineries, or compressor stations, contribute to emissions from the transportation sector. The majority of transport-related emissions come from the millions of vehicles traveling the world's roads. As a result, successful GHG mitigation policies must find ways to target all of these small, non-point source emitters, either through regulatory means or through various incentive programs. To increase their effectiveness, policies to control emissions from the transportation sector often utilize indirect means to reduce emissions, such as requiring specific technology improvements or an increase in fuel efficiency. Site-specific project activities can also be undertaken to help decrease GHG emissions, although the use of such measures is less common. Sample activities include switching to less GHG-intensive vehicle options, such as electric vehicles (EVs) or hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). As emissions from transportation activities continue to rise, it will be necessary to promote both types of abatement activities in order to reverse the current emissions path. This Resource Guide focuses on site- and project-specific transportation activities. .
Z-Pinch Inertial Fusion Energy Fusion Power Associates Annual
82 kV #12;7 Outline · Refurbished Z · Pulsed power fusion · Advances in pulsed power technology · Z-pinch;10 Outline · Refurbished Z · Pulsed power fusion · Advances in pulsed power technology · Z-pinch IFE Linear1 Z-Pinch Inertial Fusion Energy Fusion Power Associates Annual Meeting and Symposium December 4
Hybrid Fuel Cell Technology Overview
None available
For the purpose of this STI product and unless otherwise stated, hybrid fuel cell systems are power generation systems in which a high temperature fuel cell is combined with another power generating technology. The resulting system exhibits a synergism in which the combination performs with an efficiency far greater than can be provided by either system alone. Hybrid fuel cell designs under development include fuel cell with gas turbine, fuel cell with reciprocating (piston) engine, and designs that combine different fuel cell technologies. Hybrid systems have been extensively analyzed and studied over the past five years by the Department of Energy (DOE), industry, and others. These efforts have revealed that this combination is capable of providing remarkably high efficiencies. This attribute, combined with an inherent low level of pollutant emission, suggests that hybrid systems are likely to serve as the next generation of advanced power generation systems.
Pulse shaping effects on weld porosity in laser beam spot welds : contrast of long- & short- pulse welds.
Ellison, Chad M. (Honeywell FM& T, Kansas City, MO); Perricone, Matthew J. (R.J. Lee Group, Inc., Monroeville, PA); Faraone, Kevin M. (BWX Technologies, Inc., Lynchburg, VA); Norris, Jerome T.
Weld porosity is being investigated for long-pulse spot welds produced by high power continuous output lasers. Short-pulse spot welds (made with a pulsed laser system) are also being studied but to a much small extent. Given that weld area of a spot weld is commensurate with weld strength, the loss of weld area due to an undefined or unexpected pore results in undefined or unexpected loss in strength. For this reason, a better understanding of spot weld porosity is sought. Long-pulse spot welds are defined and limited by the slow shutter speed of most high output power continuous lasers. Continuous lasers typically ramp up to a simmer power before reaching the high power needed to produce the desired weld. A post-pulse ramp down time is usually present as well. The result is a pulse length tenths of a second long as oppose to the typical millisecond regime of the short-pulse pulsed laser. This study will employ a Lumonics JK802 Nd:YAG laser with Super Modulation pulse shaping capability and a Lasag SLS C16 40 W pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Pulse shaping will include square wave modulation of various peak powers for long-pulse welds and square (or top hat) and constant ramp down pulses for short-pulse welds. Characterization of weld porosity will be performed for both pulse welding methods.
Self-consistent fluid modeling and simulation on a pulsed microwave atmospheric-pressure argon plasma jet
Chen, Zhaoquan, E-mail: email@example.com [Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504 (Russian Federation); College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001 (China); Yin, Zhixiang, E-mail: email@example.com; Chen, Minggong; Hong, Lingli; Hu, Yelin; Huang, Yourui [College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001 (China); Xia, Guangqing; Liu, Minghai [State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 (China); Kudryavtsev, A. A. [Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504 (Russian Federation)
In present study, a pulsed lower-power microwave-driven atmospheric-pressure argon plasma jet has been introduced with the type of coaxial transmission line resonator. The plasma jet plume is with room air temperature, even can be directly touched by human body without any hot harm. In order to study ionization process of the proposed plasma jet, a self-consistent hybrid fluid model is constructed in which Maxwell's equations are solved numerically by finite-difference time-domain method and a fluid model is used to study the characteristics of argon plasma evolution. With a Guass type input power function, the spatio-temporal distributions of the electron density, the electron temperature, the electric field, and the absorbed power density have been simulated, respectively. The simulation results suggest that the peak values of the electron temperature and the electric field are synchronous with the input pulsed microwave power but the maximum quantities of the electron density and the absorbed power density are lagged to the microwave power excitation. In addition, the pulsed plasma jet excited by the local enhanced electric field of surface plasmon polaritons should be the discharge mechanism of the proposed plasma jet.
Electrochemical Capacitors as Energy Storage in Hybrid-Electric Vehicles: Present Status and Future Prospects
Burke, Andy; Miller, Marshall
hybrid vehicle applications ultracap energy stored Wh ultracap peak power kW systemhybrid-electric vehicles Type of hybrid System Useable energysystem. In the case of a charge sustaining hybrid, the useable energy
U.S. Department of Energy electric and hybrid vehicle Site Operator Program at Platte River Power Authority. Final report, July 3, 1991--August 31, 1996
Emmert, R.A.
The Platte River Power Authority (Platte River) is a political subdivision of the state of Colorado, owned by the four municipalities of Fort Collins, Loveland, Longmont and Estes Park, Colorado. Platte River is a non-profit, publicly owned, joint-action agency formed to construct, operate and maintain generating plants, transmission systems and related facilities for the purpose of delivering to the four municipalities electric energy for distribution and resale. Platte River, as a participant in the US Department of Energy (DOE) Site Operator Program, worked to accomplish the Site Operator Program goals and objectives to field test and evaluate electric and electric-hybrid vehicles and electric vehicle systems in a real world application/environment. This report presents results of Platte River`s program (Program) during the five-years Platte River participated in the DOE Site Operator Program. Platte River participated in DOE Site Operator Program from July 3, 1991 through August 31, 1996. During its Program, Platte River conducted vehicle tests and evaluations, and electric vehicle demonstrations in the Front Range region of Northern Colorado. Platte River also investigated electric vehicle infrastructure issues and tested infrastructure components. Platte River`s Program objectives were as follows: evaluate the year round performance, operational costs, reliability, and life cycle costs of electric vehicles in the Front Range region of Northern Colorado; evaluate an electric vehicle`s usability and acceptability as a pool vehicle; test any design improvements or technological improvements on a component level that may be made available to PRPA and which can be retrofit into vehicles; and develop, test and evaluate, and demonstrate components to be used in charging electric vehicles.
Voltage controlled MESFET pulse shape generator
Burkhart, S.C.
A programmable pulse shape generator capable of producing pulse shapes for Nova and Beamlet has been designed and simulated using the circuit code SPICE. The design utilizes power MESFETS, which are commonly used in microwave amplifiers. The pulse shape is varied by setting a bias voltage on each in a chain of MESFETS with a 200 ps temporal resolution. The electrical pulse then drives an integrated electro-optic modulator similar to what is on Beamlet. Pulse shapes 22 and 25, used on Nova, have been generated by this design. There is no fundamental barrier to making such a pulse generator for use on the National Ignition Facility. In fact, the longer time scales on the NIF pulse will ease the high speed requirements of the pulse shape generator allowing the use of less expensive components. The next step will be to build a prototype circuit for initial testing on Beamlet and Nova.
A study in hybrid vehicle architectures : comparing efficiency and performance
Cotter, Gavin M
This paper presents a comparison of performance and efficiencies for four vehicle power architectures; the internal combustion engine (ICE), the parallel hybrid (i.e. Toyota Prius), the serial hybrid (i.e. Chevrolet Volt), ...
Application of Yb:YAG short pulse laser system
Erbert, Gaylen V.; Biswal, Subrat; Bartolick, Joseph M.; Stuart, Brent C.; Crane, John K.; Telford, Steve; Perry, Michael D.
A diode pumped, high power (at least 20W), short pulse (up to 2 ps), chirped pulse amplified laser using Yb:YAG as the gain material is employed for material processing. Yb:YAG is used as the gain medium for both a regenerative amplifier and a high power 4-pass amplifier. A single common reflective grating optical device is used to both stretch pulses for amplification purposes and to recompress amplified pulses before being directed to a workpiece.
Water Research 38 (2004) 38693880 A reactor model for pulsed pumping groundwater remediation
Lastoskie, Christian M.
Water Research 38 (2004) 3869Â3880 A reactor model for pulsed pumping groundwater remediation C; accepted 11 June 2004 Abstract A hybrid in situ bioremediation/pulsed pumping strategy has been developed to cost effectively remediate a carbon tetrachloride plume in Schoolcraft, Michigan. The pulsed pumping
Bohachevsky, I.O.; Torrey, M.D.
An underwater pulsed hydrojet propulsion system is provided for accelerating and propelling a projectile or other vessel. A reactant, such as lithium, is fluidized and injected into a water volume. The resulting reaction produces an energy density in a time effective to form a steam pocket. Thrust flaps or baffles direct the pressure from the steam pocket toward an exit nozzle for accelerating a water volume to create thrust. A control system regulates the dispersion of reactant to control thrust characteristics.
Hybrid electroluminescent devices
Shiang, Joseph John (Niskayuna, NY); Duggal, Anil Raj (Niskayuna, NY); Michael, Joseph Darryl (Schenectady, NY)
A hybrid electroluminescent (EL) device comprises at least one inorganic diode element and at least one organic EL element that are electrically connected in series. The absolute value of the breakdown voltage of the inorganic diode element is greater than the absolute value of the maximum reverse bias voltage across the series. The inorganic diode element can be a power diode, a Schottky barrier diode, or a light-emitting diode.
Journal of Power Sources 159 (2006) 14221427 Li diffusion in LiCoO2 thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition
Ceder, Gerbrand
to be in the range of 10-11 to 10-13 cm2 s-1 depending on Li concentration and on the characterization method used. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Thin-film battery; LiCoO2; Lithium diffusion; Pulsed-ion batteries. Without the presence of a polymer binder and carbonaceous powders, the dense and flat thin films
C. A. Meyer; E. S. Swanson
A review of the theoretical and experimental status of hybrid hadrons is presented. The states $\\pi_1(1400)$, $\\pi_1(1600)$, and $\\pi_1(2015)$ are thoroughly reviewed, along with experimental results from GAMS, VES, Obelix, COMPASS, KEK, CLEO, Crystal Barrel, CLAS, and BNL. Theoretical lattice results on the gluelump spectrum, adiabatic potentials, heavy and light hybrids, and transition matrix elements are discussed. These are compared with bag, string, flux tube, and constituent gluon models. Strong and electromagnetic decay models are described and compared to lattice gauge theory results. We conclude that while good evidence for the existence of a light isovector exotic meson exists, its confirmation as a hybrid meson awaits discovery of its iso-partners. We also conclude that lattice gauge theory rules out a number of hybrid models and provides a reference to judge the success of others.
A Quantum Leap for Heavy-Duty Truck Engine Efficiency - Hybrid...
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
A Quantum Leap for Heavy-Duty Truck Engine Efficiency - Hybrid Power System of Diesel and WHR-ORC Engines A Quantum Leap for Heavy-Duty Truck Engine Efficiency - Hybrid Power...
One dimensional electromagnetic relativistic PIC-hydrodynamic hybrid simulation code H-VLPL
Grimm, Volker
One dimensional electromagnetic relativistic PIC-hydrodynamic hybrid simulation code H-VLPL (Hybrid full electromagnetic relativistic hybrid plasma model. The full kinetic particle-in cell (PIC, there is a demand to simulate high density plasmas, e.g., in the experiments where the laser pulse interacts
Thermoelectric Power Generation System with Loop Thermosyphon...
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
Power Generation System with Loop Thermosyphon in Future High Efficiency Hybrid Vehicles Thermoelectric Power Generation System with Loop Thermosyphon in Future High Efficiency...
Uppsala High Power Test Stand for ESS Spoke Cavities
Yogi, RA; Dancila, D; Gajewski, K; Hermansson, L; Noor, M; Wedberg, R; Santiago-Kern, R; Ekelöf, T; Lofnes, T; Ziemann, V; Goryashko, V; Ruber, R
The European Spallation Source (ESS) is one of the world's most powerful neutron source. The ESS linac will accelerate 50mA pulse current of protons to 2.5GeV in 2.86 ms long pulses at a repetition rate of 14 Hz. It produces a beam with 5MW average power and 125MW peak power. ESS Spoke Linac consist of 28 superconducting spoke cavities, which will be developed by IPN Orsay, France. These Spoke Cavities will be tested at low power at IPN Orsay and high power testing will be performed in a high power test stand at Uppsala University. The test stand consists of tetrode based RF amplifier chain (352MHz, 350 kW) power and related RF distribution. Outputs of two tetrodes shall be combined with the hybrid coupler to produce 350 kW power. Preamplifier for a tetrode shall be solid state amplifier. As the spoke cavities are superconducting, the test stand also includes horizontal cryostat, Helium liquefier, test bunker etc. The paper describes features of the test stand in details.
Tapered pulse tube for pulse tube refrigerators
Swift, Gregory W. (Sante Fe, NM); Olson, Jeffrey R. (San Mateo, CA)
Thermal insulation of the pulse tube in a pulse-tube refrigerator is maintained by optimally varying the radius of the pulse tube to suppress convective heat loss from mass flux streaming in the pulse tube. A simple cone with an optimum taper angle will often provide sufficient improvement. Alternatively, the pulse tube radius r as a function of axial position x can be shaped with r(x) such that streaming is optimally suppressed at each x.
Energy Storage Systems Considerations for Grid-Charged Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Preprint
Markel, T.; Simpson, A.
This paper calculates battery power and energy requirements for grid-charged hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) with different operating strategies.
Hybrid Transmission Corridor study
Clairmont, B.A.; Johnson, G.B.; Zaffanella, L.E. (General Electric Co., Lenox, MA (United States))
Hybrid Transmission Corridors are areas where High Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC) transmission lines and High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission lines exist in close proximity of each other. Because of the acceptance of HVDC as a means of transporting electric power over long distances and the difficulties associated with obtaining new right-of-ways, HVDC lines may have to share the same transmission corridor with HVAC lines. The interactions between conductors energized with different types of voltages causes changes in the electrical stresses applied to the conductors and insulators. As a result, corona phenomena, field effects and insulation performance can be affected. This report presents the results of an investigation of the HVAC-HVDC interaction and its effect on corona and AC and DC electric field phenomena. The method of investigation was based on calculation methods developed at the EPRI High Voltage Transmission Research Center (HVTRC) and supported by the results of full and reduced-scale line tests. Also, a survey of existing hybrid corridors is given along with the results of measurements made at one of those corridors. A number of examples in which an existing AC corridor may be transformed into a hybrid corridor are discussed. The main result of the research is an analytical/empirical model for predicting the electrical/environmental performance of hybrid corridors, a definition of ACDC interaction and a set of criteria for specifying when the interaction becomes significant, and a set of design rules.
Single mode pulsed dye laser oscillator
Hackel, R.P.
A single mode pulsed dye laser oscillator is disclosed. The dye laser oscillator provides for improved power efficiency by reducing the physical dimensions of the overall laser cavity, which improves frequency selection capability. 6 figs.
Bradley, P. E.; Gerecht, E.; Radebaugh, R. [National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, 80305 (United States); Garaway, I. [National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, 80305 (United States); Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (Israel)
We discuss in this paper the design and development of a 4 K Stirling-type pulse tube cryocooler for a mobile terahertz detection system. This system integrates new heterodyne detector technology at terahertz frequencies with advancements of Stirling-type pulse tube technology that brings the advent of cooled detector sensitivities in a mobile, compact, and long duration operation system without degradation of sensitivity. To achieve this goal we reduced overall system size, input power, and temperature fluctuations and mechanical vibrations in order to maintain the detector sensitivity. The Stirling-type pulse tube cryocooler developed for this system is a hybrid design employing a He-4 pulse-tube cryocooler operating at 60 Hz and 2.5 MPa average pressure that precools a He-3 pulse tube cryocooler operating at 30 Hz and 1.0 MPa average pressure to achieve 4 K cooling for the terahertz receiver. The He-4 cryocooler employs stainless steel mesh regenerators for the first stage and ErPr spheres for the second stage, while the He-3 cryocooler employs stainless mesh for the first stage and ErPr spheres for the second stage with a layered rare-earth third stage regenerator. Design details and cooler performance goals are discussed.
2011 Hyundai Sonata Hybrid - vin 4932 Advanced Vehicle Testing...
Broader source: Energy.gov (indexed) [DOE]
Powertrain Type: Full Parallel Peak Electric Drive Power: 30 kW 2011 Hyundai Sonata Hybrid - VIN 4932 Advanced Vehicle Testing - Baseline Testing Results VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES...
Graphene and its Hybrid Nanostructures for Nanoelectronics and Energy Applications
and their role in supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources,Hybrid Films for Supercapacitors. Journal of PhysicalDu, C. S. and N. Pan. Supercapacitors using carbon nanotubes
Hybrid and Plug-In Electric Vehicles (Brochure), Vehicle Technologies...
Broader source: Energy.gov (indexed) [DOE]
vehicle into an electric power source. Although electricity production may contribute to air pollution, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers EVs Hybrid and...
Continuous flow Systems and Control Methodology Using Hybrid Petri nets
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
modeling tool of positive systems, while Hybrid Automata are a powerful tool giving formally the reachable is based on the control of a hybrid system modelled by a D-elementary hybrid Petri Net. The control is maximally permissive. 1. INTRODUCTION Modelling and control of physical systems are crucial issues
Highly efficient pulsed power supply system with a two-stage LC generator and a step-up transformer for fast capillary discharge soft x-ray laser at shorter wavelength
Sakai, Yusuke; Takahashi, Shnsuke; Komatsu, Takanori; Song, Inho; Watanabe, Masato; Hotta, Eiki [Department of Energy Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-J2-35, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502 (Japan)
Highly efficient and compact pulsed power supply system for a capillary discharge soft x-ray laser (SXRL) has been developed. The system consists of a 2.2 {mu}F two-stage LC inversion generator, a 2:54 step-up transformer, a 3 nF water capacitor, and a discharge section with a few tens of centimeter length capillary. Adoption of the pulsed transformer in combination with the LC inversion generator enables us to use only one gap switch in the circuit for charging the water capacitor up to about 0.5 MV. Furthermore, step-up ratio of a water capacitor voltage to a LC inversion generator initial charging voltage is about 40 with energy transfer efficiency of about 50%. It also leads to good reproducibility of a capillary discharge which is necessary for lasing a SXRL stably. For the study of the possibility of lasing a SXRL at shorter wavelength in a small laboratory scale, high-density and high-temperature plasma column suitable for the laser can be generated relatively easily with this system.
Letter box line blackener for the HDTV/conventional-analog hybrid system
Wysocki, Frederick J.; Nickel, George H.
A blackener for letter box lines associated with a HDTV/conventional-analog hybrid television transmission where the blackener counts horizontal sync pulses contained in the HDTV/conventional-analog hybrid television transmission and determines when the HDTV/conventional-analog hybrid television transmission is in letter-box lines: if it is, then the blackener sends substitute black signal to an output; and if it is not, then the blackener sends the HDTV/conventional-analog hybrid television transmission to the output.
Fault tolerant pulse synchronization
Deconda, Keerthi
Pulse synchronization is the evolution of spontaneous firing action across a network of sensor nodes. In the pulse synchronization model all nodes across a network produce a pulse, or "fire", at regular intervals even without access to a shared...
Method and apparatus for improved high power impulse magnetron sputtering
Anders, Andre
A high power impulse magnetron sputtering apparatus and method using a vacuum chamber with a magnetron target and a substrate positioned in the vacuum chamber. A field coil being positioned between the magnetron target and substrate, and a pulsed power supply and/or a coil bias power supply connected to the field coil. The pulsed power supply connected to the field coil, and the pulsed power supply outputting power pulse widths of greater that 100 .mu.s.
Jankovic, Miroslava (Birmingham, MI); Powell, Barry Kay (Belleville, MI)
A hybrid powertrain for a vehicle comprising a diesel engine and an electric motor in a parallel arrangement with a multiple ratio transmission located on the torque output side of the diesel engine, final drive gearing connecting drivably the output shaft of transmission to traction wheels of the vehicle, and an electric motor drivably coupled to the final drive gearing. A powertrain controller schedules fuel delivered to the diesel engine and effects a split of the total power available, a portion of the power being delivered by the diesel and the balance of the power being delivered by the motor. A shifting schedule for the multiple ratio transmission makes it possible for establishing a proportional relationship between accelerator pedal movement and torque desired at the wheels. The control strategy for the powertrain maintains drivability of the vehicle that resembles drivability of a conventional spark ignition vehicle engine powertrain while achieving improved fuel efficiency and low exhaust gas emissions.
Driving Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Reports from U.S. Drivers of HEVs converted to PHEVs, circa 2006-07
Kurani, Kenneth S; Heffner, Reid R.; Turrentine, Tom
Assessment for Battery Electric Vehicles, PowerAssist Hybrid Electric Vehicles, and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles. EPRI: Palo Alto, CA.
Self-Optimization Energy Management Considering Stochastic Influences for a Hybrid
Paderborn, Universität
Self-Optimization Energy Management Considering Stochastic Influences for a Hybrid Energy Storage--Electric and hybrid-electric vehicles place high de- mands for peak power, energy content and efficiency on the en management, hybrid energy storage system, self-optimization I. INTRODUCTION TODAY'S electric and hybrid
Long pulse production from short pulses
Toeppen, John S. (Livermore, CA)
A method of producing a long output pulse (SA) from a short pump pulse (P), using an elongated amplified fiber (11) having a doped core (12) that provides an amplifying medium for light of one color when driven into an excited state by light of a shorter wavelength and a surrounding cladding 13. A seed beam (S) of the longer wavelength is injected into the core (12) at one end of the fiber (11) and a pump pulse (P) of the shorter wavelength is injected into the cladding (13) at the other end of the fiber (11). The counter-propagating seed beam (S) and pump pulse (P) will produce an amplified output pulse (SA) having a time duration equal to twice the transit time of the pump pulse (P) through the fiber (11) plus the length of the pump pulse (P).
Long pulse production from short pulses
Toeppen, J.S.
A method of producing a long output pulse from a short pump pulse is disclosed, using an elongated amplified fiber having a doped core that provides an amplifying medium for light of one color when driven into an excited state by light of a shorter wavelength and a surrounding cladding. A seed beam of the longer wavelength is injected into the core at one end of the fiber and a pump pulse of the shorter wavelength is injected into the cladding at the other end of the fiber. The counter-propagating seed beam and pump pulse will produce an amplified output pulse having a time duration equal to twice the transit time of the pump pulse through the fiber plus the length of the pump pulse. 3 figs.
Construction of an Ultra-Broad Preamplifier of a 100-TW Ultra-short Pulse Laser System
Construction of an Ultra-Broad Preamplifier of a 100-TW Ultra-short Pulse Laser System duration to obtain ultra-short and high peak power laser pulses. The amplified pulse from the output) (laser preamplifier for contrast improvement) Chirped-pulse amplificationCPA (Pulse stretcher
Recent progress on lower hybrid current drive and implications for ITER
Hillairet, Julien; Goniche, M; Achard, J; Armitano, A; Beckett, B; Belo, J; Berger-By, G; Corbel, E; Delpech, L; Decker, J; Dumont, R; Guilhem, D; Kazarian, F; Litaudon, X; Magne, R; Marfisi, L; Mollard, P; Namkung, W; Nilsson, E; Park, S; Peysson, Y; Preynas, M; Sharma, P K; Prou, M
The sustainment of steady-state plasmas in tokamaks requires efficient current drive systems. Lower Hybrid Current Drive (LHCD) is currently the most efficient method to generate a continuous additional off-axis toroidal plasma current as well as reduce the poloidal flux consumption during the plasma current ramp-up phase. The operation of the Tore Supra ITER-like LH launcher has demonstrated the capability to couple LH power at ITER-like power densities with very low reflected power during long pulses. In addition, the installation of eight 700kW/CW klystrons at the LH transmitter has allowed increasing the total LH power in long pulse scenarios. However, in order to achieve pure stationary LH sustained plasmas, some R\\&D are needed to increase the reliability of all the systems and codes, from the RF sources to the plasma scenario prediction. The CEA/IRFM is addressing some of these issues by leading a R\\&D program towards an ITER LH system and by the validation of an integrated LH modeling suite of...
White Paper for U.S. Army Rapid Equipping Force: Waste Heat Recovery with Thermoelectric and Lithium-Ion Hybrid Power System
Farmer, J C
By harvesting waste heat from engine exhaust and storing it in light-weight high-capacity modules, it is believed that the need for energy transport by convoys can be lowered significantly. By storing this power during operation, substantial electrical power can be provided during long periods of silent operation, while the engines are not operating. It is proposed to investigate the potential of installing efficient thermoelectric generators on the exhaust systems of trucks and other vehicles to generate electrical power from the waste heat contained in the exhaust and to store that power in advanced power packs comprised of polymer-gel lithium ion batteries. Efficient inexpensive methods for production of the thermoelectric generator are also proposed. The technology that exists at LLNL, as well as that which exists at industrial partners, all have high technology readiness level (TRL). Work is needed for integration and deployment.
Fuel Cell Powered Vehicles Using Supercapacitors: Device Characteristics, Control Strategies, and Simulation Results
Zhao, Hengbing; Burke, Andy
of fuel cell/battery/supercapacitor hybrid power source for479 7. Soonil Jeon, Hyundai Supercapacitor Fuel Cell Hybridtechnology, fuel cell/supercapacitor hybrid fuel cell
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OBSERVED HYBRID OSCILLATIONS IN AN ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Vaibhav Donde
. 1 therefore provide an example of a hybrid limit cycle.1 Analysis of power system large disturbance-changing transformers and switched capacitors. Analysis required a hybrid systems framework, due to the non from usual power system oscillations [1]: 1) behav- iour was quite non-smooth, and 2) the oscillation
Beach, Raymond J.; Dawson, Jay W.; Messerly, Michael J.; Barty, Christopher P. J.
Single, or near single transverse mode waveguide definition is produced using a single homogeneous medium to transport both the pump excitation light and generated laser light. By properly configuring the pump deposition and resulting thermal power generation in the waveguide device, a thermal focusing power is established that supports perturbation-stable guided wave propagation of an appropriately configured single or near single transverse mode laser beam and/or laser pulse.
Weldon, William F. (Austin, TX); Driga, Mircea D. (Austin, TX); Woodson, Herbert H. (Austin, TX)
This invention relates to an electromechanical energy converter with inertial energy storage. The device, a single phase, two or multi-pole alternator with stationary field coils, and a rotating armature is provided. The rotor itself may be of laminated steel for slower pulses or for faster pulses should be nonmagnetic and electrically nonconductive in order to allow rapid penetration of the field as the armature coil rotates. The armature coil comprises a plurality of power generating conductors mounted on the rotor. The alternator may also include a stationary or counterrotating compensating coil to increase the output voltage thereof and to reduce the internal impedance of the alternator at the moment of peak outout. As the machine voltage rises sinusoidally, an external trigger switch is adapted to be closed at the appropriate time to create the desired output current from said alternator to an external load circuit, and as the output current passes through zero a self-commutating effect is provided to allow the switch to disconnect the generator from the external circuit.
A Self-Biasing Pulsed Depressed Collector
Kemp, Mark A.; Jensen, Aaron; Neilson, Jeff; /SLAC
Depressed collectors have been utilized successfully for many years to improve the electrical efficiency of vacuum electron devices. Increasingly, pulsed, high-peak power accelerator applications are placing a premium on electrical efficiency. As RF systems are responsible for a large percentage of the overall energy usage at accelerator laboratories, methods to improve upon the state-of-the-art in pulsed high-power sources are desired. This paper presents a technique for self-biasing the stages in a multistage depressed collector. With this technique, the energy lost during the rise and fall times of the pulse can be recovered, separate power supplies are not needed, and existing modulators can be retrofitted. Calculations show that significant cost savings can be realized with the implementation of this device in high-power systems. In this paper, the technique is described along with experimental demonstration. (auth)
Wurtele, Jonathan
to be a promising alternative for obtaining ultra-powerful peta-watt laser pulses. Issues in the system are the kiULTRAINTENSE AND ULTRASHORT LASER PULSES FROM RAMAN AMPLIFICATION IN PLASMA FOR LASER trapping effect in the Raman pulse amplification in plasma. An ultraintense and ultrashort laser pulse
The Potential of Plug-in Hybrid and Battery Electric Vehicles as Grid Resources: the Case of a Gas and Petroleum Oriented Elecricity Generation System
Greer, Mark R
Ferdowsi, M. (2007). Plug-hybrid vehicles – A vision for thepower: battery, hybrid and fuel cell vehicles as resources2010). Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles as regulating power
Bernstein, Michael Scott
Crowd-powered systems combine computation with human intelligence, drawn from large groups of people connecting and coordinating online. These hybrid systems enable applications and experiences that neither crowds nor ...
Ultrafast Pulse Shaping Approaches to Quantum Computing
Debabrata Goswami
Quantum computing exploits the quantum-mechanical nature of matter to exist in multiple possible states simultaneously. This new approach promises to revolutionize the present form of computing. As an approach to quantum computing, we discuss ultrafast laser pulse shaping, in particular, the acousto-optic modulator based Fourier-Transform pulse-shaper, which has the ability to modulate tunable high power ultrafast laser pulses. We show that optical pulse shaping is an attractive route to quantum computing since shaped pulses can be transmitted over optical hardware and the same infrastructure can be used for computation and optical information transfer. We also address the problem of extending coherence-times for optically induced processes.
Recent advances in long-pulse high-confinement plasma operations in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak
Guo, H. Y. [Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei 230031 (China) [Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei 230031 (China); Tri Alpha Energy, Inc., P.O. Box 7010, Rancho Santa Margarita, California 92688 (United States); Li, J.; Wan, B. N., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Gong, X. Z.; Xu, G. S.; Zhang, X. D.; Ding, S. Y.; Gan, K. F.; Hu, J. S.; Hu, L. Q.; Liu, S. C.; Qian, J. P.; Sun, Y. W.; Wang, H. Q.; Wang, L.; Xia, T. Y.; Xiao, B. J.; Zeng, L.; Zhao, Y. P. [Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei 230031 (China)] [Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei 230031 (China); and others
A long-pulse high confinement plasma regime known as H-mode is achieved in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) with a record duration over 30?s, sustained by Lower Hybrid wave Current Drive (LHCD) with advanced lithium wall conditioning and divertor pumping. This long-pulse H-mode plasma regime is characterized by the co-existence of a small Magneto-Hydrodynamic (MHD) instability, i.e., Edge Localized Modes (ELMs) and a continuous quasi-coherent MHD mode at the edge. We find that LHCD provides an intrinsic boundary control for ELMs, leading to a dramatic reduction in the transient power load on the vessel wall, compared to the standard Type I ELMs. LHCD also induces edge plasma ergodization, broadening heat deposition footprints, and the heat transport caused by ergodization can be actively controlled by regulating edge plasma conditions, thus providing a new means for stationary heat flux control. In addition, advanced tokamak scenarios have been newly developed for high-performance long-pulse plasma operations in the next EAST experimental campaign.
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of low electrical demand by dynamically altering their production mode to deliver power, heat or chemical products. One LDRD project is a laboratory-scale demonstration of...
Properties of water surface discharge at different pulse repetition rates
Ruma,; Yoshihara, K. [Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555 (Japan); Hosseini, S. H. R., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Sakugawa, T.; Akiyama, H. [Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555 (Japan); Institute of Pulsed Power Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555 (Japan); Akiyama, M. [Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065 (Japan); Lukeš, P. [Institute of Plasma Physics, AS CR, Prague, Prague 18200 (Czech Republic)
The properties of water surface discharge plasma for variety of pulse repetition rates are investigated. A magnetic pulse compression (MPC) pulsed power modulator able to deliver pulse repetition rates up to 1000?Hz, with 0.5?J per pulse energy output at 25?kV, was used as the pulsed power source. Positive pulse with a point-to-plane electrode configuration was used for the experiments. The concentration and production yield of hydrogen peroxide (H{sub 2}O{sub 2}) were quantitatively measured and orange II organic dye was treated, to evaluate the chemical properties of the discharge reactor. Experimental results show that the physical and chemical properties of water surface discharge are not influenced by pulse repetition rate, very different from those observed for under water discharge. The production yield of H{sub 2}O{sub 2} and degradation rate per pulse of the dye did not significantly vary at different pulse repetition rates under a constant discharge mode on water surface. In addition, the solution temperature, pH, and conductivity for both water surface and underwater discharge reactors were measured to compare their plasma properties for different pulse repetition rates. The results confirm that surface discharge can be employed at high pulse repetition rates as a reliable and advantageous method for industrial and environmental decontamination applications.
Multiple laser pulse ignition method and apparatus
Early, James W. (Los Alamos, NM)
Two or more laser light pulses with certain differing temporal lengths and peak pulse powers can be employed sequentially to regulate the rate and duration of laser energy delivery to fuel mixtures, thereby improving fuel ignition performance over a wide range of fuel parameters such as fuel/oxidizer ratios, fuel droplet size, number density and velocity within a fuel aerosol, and initial fuel temperatures.
Scott, A.C.
Some recent experimental and theoretical results on mechanisms through which individual nerve pulses can interact are reviewed. Three modes of interactions are considered: (1) interaction of pulses as they travel along a single fiber which leads to velocity dispersion; (2) propagation of pairs of pulses through a branching region leading to quantum pulse code transformations; and (3) interaction of pulses on parallel fibers through which they may form a pulse assembly. This notion is analogous to Hebb's concept of a cell assembly, but on a lower level of the neural hierarchy.
Moses, E.I.
A laser pulse stacking method is disclosed. A problem with the prior art has been the generation of a series of laser beam pulses where the outer and inner regions of the beams are generated so as to form radially non-synchronous pulses. Such pulses thus have a non-uniform cross-sectional area with respect to the outer and inner edges of the pulses. The present invention provides a solution by combining the temporally non-uniform pulses in a stacking effect to thus provide a more uniform temporal synchronism over the beam diameter. 2 figs.
Green Bank Telescope Studies of Giant Pulses from Millisecond Pulsars
H. S. Knight; M. Bailes; R. N. Manchester; S. M. Ord; B. A. Jacoby
We have conducted a search for giant pulses from four millisecond pulsars using the 100m Green Bank Telescope. Coherently dedispersed time-series from PSR J0218+4232 were found to contain giant pulses of very short intrinsic duration whose energies follow power-law statistics. The giant pulses are in phase with the two minima of the radio integrated pulse profile but are phase aligned with the peaks of the X-ray profile. Historically, individual pulses more than 10-20 times the mean pulse energy have been deemed to be ``giant pulses''. As only 4 of the 155 pulses had energies greater than 10 times the mean pulse-energy, we argue the emission mechanism responsible for giant pulses should instead be defined through: (a) intrinsic timescales of microsecond or nanosecond duration; (b) power-law energy statistics; and (c) emission occurring in narrow phase-windows coincident with the phase windows of non-thermal X-ray emission. Four short-duration pulses with giant-pulse characteristics were also observed from PSR B1957+20. As the inferred magnetic fields at the light cylinders of the millisecond pulsars that emit giant pulses are all very high, this parameter has previously been considered to be an indicator of giant pulse emissivity. However, the frequency of giant pulse emission from PSR~B1957+20 is significantly lower than for other millisecond pulsars that have similar magnetic fields at their light cylinders. This suggests that the inferred magnetic field at the light cylinder is a poor indicator of the rate of emission of giant pulses.
HAVE you ever noticed a friend or neighbour driving a new hybrid
Rand, David G.
HAVE you ever noticed a friend or neighbour driving a new hybrid car and felt pressure to trade? The power of reputation is already being harnessed to protect the environment. Hybrid cars
Modeling and analysis of hybrid geothermal-solar thermal energy conversion systems
Greenhut, Andrew David
Innovative solar-geothermal hybrid energy conversion systems were developed for low enthalpy geothermal resources augmented with solar energy. The goal is to find cost-effective hybrid power cycles that take advantage of ...
Evaluation of a Current Source Active Power Filter to Reduce the DC Bus Capacitor in a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Traction Drive
Tolbert, Leon M.
system, additional heat, audible noise, mechanical stress, and vibration [1]. DC bus harmonic current- powered three-phase inverter is used to drive the traction motor. Due to the switching behavior combustion engine, electric motor, and energy storage device (for example, batteries and ultracapacitors
Merging photovoltaic hardware development with hybrid applications in the USA
Bower, W.
The use of multi-source power systems, ``hybrids,`` is one of the fastest growing, potentially significant markets for photovoltaic (PV) system technology today. Cost-effective applications today include remote facility power, remote area power supplies, remote home and village power, and power for dedicated electrical loads such as communications systems. This market sector is anticipated to be one of the most important growth opportunities for PV over the next five years. The US Department of Energy (USDOE) and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) are currently engaged in an effort to accelerate the adoption of market-driven PV hybrid power systems and to effectively integrate PV with other energy sources. This paper provides details of this development and the ongoing hybrid activities in the United States. Hybrid systems are the primary focus of this paper.
Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation, Journal Vol. XIII, No. 2, 2007 Quasi-Instantaneous Generation of Reference
Czarnecki, Leszek S.
that by their very nature operate with high power variation. Spot welding devices, industrial robots, pulse
246 Int. J. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2011 Copyright 2011 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.
Mi, Chunting "Chris"
246 Int. J. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2011 Copyright © 2011 firstname.lastname@example.com *Corresponding author Abstract: This paper studies the power management of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle-based strategy; quadratic programming; QP; plug-in hybrid electric vehicle; PHEV; electric and hybrid vehicles
Pulse width modulation inverter with battery charger
Slicker, James M. (Union Lake, MI)
An inverter is connected between a source of DC power and a three-phase AC induction motor, and a microprocessor-based circuit controls the inverter using pulse width modulation techniques. In the disclosed method of pulse width modulation, both edges of each pulse of a carrier pulse train are equally modulated by a time proportional to sin .theta., where .theta. is the angular displacement of the pulse center at the motor stator frequency from a fixed reference point on the carrier waveform. The carrier waveform frequency is a multiple of the motor stator frequency. The modulated pulse train is then applied to each of the motor phase inputs with respective phase shifts of 120.degree. at the stator frequency. Switching control commands for electronic switches in the inverter are stored in a random access memory (RAM) and the locations of the RAM are successively read out in a cyclic manner, each bit of a given RAM location controlling a respective phase input of the motor. The DC power source preferably comprises rechargeable batteries and all but one of the electronic switches in the inverter can be disabled, the remaining electronic switch being part of a "flyback" DC-DC converter circuit for recharging the battery.
Advanced Power Batteries for Renewable Energy Applications 3.09
Rodney Shane
This report describes the research that was completed under project title â?? Advanced Power Batteries for Renewable Energy Applications 3.09, Award Number DE-EE0001112. The report details all tasks described in the Statement of Project Objectives (SOPO). The SOPO includes purchasing of test equipment, designing tooling, building cells and batteries, testing all variables and final evaluation of results. The SOPO is included. There were various types of tests performed during the project, such as; gas collection, float current monitoring, initial capacity, high rate partial state of charge (HRPSoC), hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC), high rate capacity, corrosion, software modeling and solar life cycle tests. The grant covered a period of two years starting October 1, 2009 and ending September 30, 2011.
Pulse transmission receiver with higher-order time derivative pulse generator
Dress Jr., William B.; Smith, Stephen F.
Systems and methods for pulse-transmission low-power communication modes are disclosed. A pulse transmission receiver includes: a front-end amplification/processing circuit; a synchronization circuit coupled to the front-end amplification/processing circuit; a clock coupled to the synchronization circuit; a trigger signal generator coupled to the clock; and at least one higher-order time derivative pulse generator coupled to the trigger signal generator. The systems and methods significantly reduce lower-frequency emissions from pulse transmission spread-spectrum communication modes, which reduces potentially harmful interference to existing radio frequency services and users and also simultaneously permit transmission of multiple data bits by utilizing specific pulse shapes.
Ultrasonic unipolar pulse/echo instrument
Hughes, M.J.; Hsu, D.K.; Thompson, D.O.; Wormley, S.J.
An ultrasonic unipolar pulse/echo instrument uses active switches and a timing and drive circuitry to control electrical energy to a transducer, the discharging of the transducer, and the opening of an electrical pathway to the receiving circuitry for the returning echoes. The active switches utilize MOSFET devices along with decoupling circuitry to insure the preservation of the unipolar nature of the pulses, insure fast transition times, and maintain broad band width and time resolution. A housing contains the various circuitry and switches and allows connection to a power supply and a movable ultrasonic transducer. The circuitry maintains low impedance input to the transducer during transmitting cycles, and high impedance between the transducer and the receiving circuit during receive cycles to maintain the unipolar pulse shape. A unipolar pulse is valuable for nondestructive evaluation, a prime use for the present instrument.
Diagnostics and applications of ultrashort pulsed laser ablation /
ultra-short and high power pulsed laser system to study laser plasma interactions has attracted people Diagnostics and applications of ultrashort pulsed laser ablation / deposition 694220044 #12 attentions. Productions of GeV monoenergetic electron beams, generations of high-efficiency soft x-ray lasers
Sandia National Laboratories: Z Pulsed Power Facility
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Pulsed Power Technology at Sandia National Laboratories
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Pulsed Power Technology at Sandia National Laboratories
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Pulsed Power Technology at Sandia National Laboratories
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Pulsed Power Technology at Sandia National Laboratories
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Pulsed Power Technology at Sandia National Laboratories
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Pulsed Power Technology at Sandia National Laboratories
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Pulsed Power Technology at Sandia National Laboratories
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Pulsed Power Technology at Sandia National Laboratories
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Pulsed Power Technology at Sandia National Laboratories
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Pulsed Power Technology at Sandia National Laboratories
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The Homopolar Pulse Billet Heating Process
Keith, R. E.; Weldon, W. F.
- or gas-fired furnace machine. (7) Also during 1981, under the heating. Although most billet heating sponsorship of the Electric Power Research today is done using fuel-fired furnaces, Institute (EPRI), CEM-UT carried out a electric heating... obtained frDm Electromechanics at The University of Texas the EPRI study. at Austin (CEM-UT) has been engaged in research on large pulsed power supplies for use in experiments leading to controlled TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS IN BILLET HEATING...
Energy Harvesting Communications with Hybrid Energy Storage and Processing Cost
Ulukus, Sennur
Energy Harvesting Communications with Hybrid Energy Storage and Processing Cost Omur Ozel Khurram with an energy harvesting transmitter with non-negligible processing circuitry power and a hybrid energy storage for energy storage while the battery has unlimited space. The transmitter stores the harvested energy either
Massachusetts at Amherst, University of
WIND POWER AT GUANTANAMO BAY: A HYBRID WIND-DIESEL SYSTEM FOR THE US NAVY AT GUANTANAMO NAVAL BASE Laboratory and are actively developing what will be the world's largest wind-diesel hybrid electric plant. The pending installation of four 950-kW wind turbines to supplement the 22.8 MW diesel electricity plant
High voltage pulse conditioning
Springfield, Ray M. (Sante Fe, NM); Wheat, Jr., Robert M. (Los Alamos, NM)
Apparatus for conditioning high voltage pulses from particle accelerators in order to shorten the rise times of the pulses. Flashover switches in the cathode stalk of the transmission line hold off conduction for a determinable period of time, reflecting the early portion of the pulses. Diodes upstream of the switches divert energy into the magnetic and electrostatic storage of the capacitance and inductance inherent to the transmission line until the switches close.
SunLine Begins Extended Testing of Hybrid Fuel Cell Bus; DOE...
Broader source: Energy.gov (indexed) [DOE]
to environmentally friendly alternative power systems by testing a prototype hybrid fuel cell bus. SunLine's experience with gaseous fuels began in 1994, when a concern for...
Performance Characteristics of Lithium-ion Batteries of Various Chemistries for Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles
Burke, Andrew; Miller, Marshall
Power Systems Laboratory and performs research and teaches graduate courses on advanced electric driveline technologies, specializing in batteries, ultracapacitors, fuel cells and hybrid vehicle
Geothermal: Sponsored by OSTI -- Use of a Geothermal-Solar Hybrid...
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
Use of a Geothermal-Solar Hybrid Power Plant to Mitigate Declines in Geothermal Resource Productivity Geothermal Technologies Legacy Collection HelpFAQ | Site Map | Contact Us |...
Harvesting-Aware Energy Management for Multicore Platforms with Hybrid Energy Storage
Pasricha, Sudeep
possesses several advantages, including (i) a battery- supercapacitor hybrid energy storage module for more, Supercapacitor, Dynamic Power Management, Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling, Task Scheduling 1. INTRODUCTION
Nova power systems: status and operating experience
Whitham, K.; Merritt, B.T.; Gritton, D.G.; Smart, A.J.; Holloway, R.W.; Oicles, J.A.
This paper describes the pulse power systems that are used in these lasers; the status and the operating experiences. The pulsed power system for the Nova Laser is comprised of several distinct technology areas. The large capacitor banks for driving flashlamps that excite the laser glass is one area, the fast pulsers that drive pockels cell shutters is another area, and the contol system for the pulsed power is a third. This paper discusses the capacitor banks and control systems.
Four dimensional hybrid ultrasound and optoacoustic imaging via passive element optical excitation in a hand-held probe
Fehm, Thomas Felix; Razansky, Daniel, E-mail: email@example.com [Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg (Germany); Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich (Germany); Deán-Ben, Xosé Luís [Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg (Germany)
Ultrasonography and optoacoustic imaging share powerful advantages related to the natural aptitude for real-time image rendering with high resolution, the hand-held operation, and lack of ionizing radiation. The two methods also possess very different yet highly complementary advantages of the mechanical and optical contrast in living tissues. Nonetheless, efficient integration of these modalities remains challenging owing to the fundamental differences in the underlying physical contrast, optimal signal acquisition, and image reconstruction approaches. We report on a method for hybrid acquisition and reconstruction of three-dimensional pulse-echo ultrasound and optoacoustic images in real time based on passive ultrasound generation with an optical absorber, thus avoiding the hardware complexity of active ultrasound generation. In this way, complete hybrid datasets are generated with a single laser interrogation pulse, resulting in simultaneous rendering of ultrasound and optoacoustic images at an unprecedented rate of 10 volumetric frames per second. Performance is subsequently showcased in phantom experiments and in-vivo measurements from a healthy human volunteer, confirming general clinical applicability of the method.
Gupta, Avinash
Hybrid networks are networks that have wired as well as wireless components. Several routing protocols exist for traditional wired networks and mobile ad-hoc networks. However, there are very few routing protocols designed for hybrid networks...
Formula Hybrid International Competition
Carver, Jeffrey C.
torque at low speeds than do internal combustion engines, a hybrid could offer competitive advantages with a traditional combustion engine into a hybrid vehicle, overcoming numerous technical challenges along the way
Power Supply and Consumption Co-Optimization of Portable Embedded Systems with
Pedram, Massoud
Power Supply and Consumption Co-Optimization of Portable Embedded Systems with Hybrid Power Supply proposed. In this work, we consider a portable embedded system with a hybrid power supply and executing periodic real-time tasks. We perform system power management from both the power supply side and the power
E-Print Network 3.0 - advanced pulsed-neutron research Sample...
Broader source: All U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Webpages (Extended Search)
Dr Martyn Bull ISIS Second Target Station Project ISIS Pulsed Neutron... and powerful Neutron scattering 12;12;12;12;12;Over 2000 ... Source: Council for the Central...
A pulsed UWB receiver SoC for insect motion control
Levine, Richard B.
This paper presents a pulsed ultrawideband (UWB) RX SoC designed for the stringent weight, volume and power constraints of the cyborg moth system.
Mesoscale hybrid calibration artifact
Tran, Hy D. (Albuquerque, NM); Claudet, Andre A. (Albuquerque, NM); Oliver, Andrew D. (Waltham, MA)
A mesoscale calibration artifact, also called a hybrid artifact, suitable for hybrid dimensional measurement and the method for make the artifact. The hybrid artifact has structural characteristics that make it suitable for dimensional measurement in both vision-based systems and touch-probe-based systems. The hybrid artifact employs the intersection of bulk-micromachined planes to fabricate edges that are sharp to the nanometer level and intersecting planes with crystal-lattice-defined angles.
Broader source: All U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Webpages (Extended Search)
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel), 2002; Level: National5Sales for4,645U.S. DOEThe Bonneville PowerCherries 82981-1cnHigh School footballHydrogen and Fuel Cell Hydrogen and
The Hybrid Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) and Gas Turbine (GT) Systems Steady State Modeling
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
The Hybrid Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) and Gas Turbine (GT) Systems Steady State Modeling Penyarat Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are of great interest nowadays. The feature of SOFCs makes them suitable for hybrid plants offer high cycle efficiencies. In this work a hybrid solid oxide fuel cell and gas turbine power
Modeling and Analysis of Hybrid Converters Michael Evzelman Shmuel (Sam) Ben-Yaakov
the characteristics of hybrid converters. Renewable energy sources such as a single PV panel have, in general, a lowModeling and Analysis of Hybrid Converters Michael Evzelman Shmuel (Sam) Ben-Yaakov Power.ee.bgu.ac.il/~pel/ Abstract--A generic behavioral average-circuit model that analyzes hybrid converters that include
A Hybrid Energy System Using Cascaded H-bridge Converter , Zhong Du2
Tolbert, Leon M.
A Hybrid Energy System Using Cascaded H-bridge Converter Hui Li1 , Zhong Du2 , Kaiyu Wang1 , Leon M proposes a hybrid energy system to integrate the variable-speed wind turbine, fuel cell, and battery using generation, storage, and transmission. The power from hybrid energy systems can be combined on the dc side
On the Energy Efficiency of Hybrid-ARQ Protocols in Fading Channels
Yener, Aylin
On the Energy Efficiency of Hybrid-ARQ Protocols in Fading Channels Igor Stanojev1, Osvaldo Simeone the power amplifier. In this paper, the energy efficiency of Hybrid-ARQ Type I, Chase Combining protocols, such as Automatic-Repeat- ReQuest (ARQ) and Hybrid-ARQ (HARQ) are known to provide energy
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
ENERGY MODELING OF A LEAD-ACID BATTERY WITHIN HYBRID WIND / PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS O. GERGAUD, G Abstract: Within the scope of full-scale energy modeling of a hybrid wind / photovoltaic system coupled-power hybrid wind/photovoltaic production system (20 ASE modules for a 2- kW polycrystalline silicon peak
A Fuel-Cell-Battery Hybrid for Portable Embedded Kyungsoo Lee, Naehyuck Chang
Kambhampati, Subbarao
, and also helps explore new energy management strategies for embedded systems powered by hybrid sourcesA Fuel-Cell-Battery Hybrid for Portable Embedded Systems Kyungsoo Lee, Naehyuck Chang Dept. of EECS on the development of a fuel cell (FC) and battery hybrid (FC- Bh) system for use in portable microelectronic systems
Wind-Diesel Hybrid Options for Remote Villages in Alaska Dr. James Manwell
Massachusetts at Amherst, University of
Wind-Diesel Hybrid Options for Remote Villages in Alaska Mia Devine Dr. James Manwell University patterns, wind energy resource potential, and wind-diesel hybrid power options for remote communities and the exposure to fuel price volatility. Demonstration wind-diesel hybrid systems are currently operating
Liskiewicz, Maciej
Virginia Corn Hybrid and Management Trials 2007 Virginia Corn & Small Grain Management #12;VIRGINIA CORN HYBRID AND MANAGEMENT TRIALS IN 2007 Coordinators of Virginia Corn Hybrid Trials in 2007 Wade Thomason, Extension Specialist, Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech Harry
Liskiewicz, Maciej
Virginia Corn Hybrid Management and Trials 2006 Virginia Corn & Small Grain Management #12;#12;Virginia Corn Hybrid and Management Trials 2006 Coordinators of Virginia Corn Hybrid Trials in 2006 Wade Thomason, Extension Specialist, Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech Harry
Hawke, R.S.; Asay, J.R.; Hall, C.A.; Konrad, C.H.; Sauve, G.L.; Shahinpoor, M.; Susoeff, A.R.
A projectile for a railgun that uses a hybrid armature and provides a seed block around part of the outer surface of the projectile to seed the hybrid plasma brush. In addition, the hybrid armature is continuously vaporized to replenish plasma in a plasma armature to provide a tandem armature and provides a unique ridge and groove to reduce plasma blowby.
Hawke, Ronald S. (Livermore, CA); Asay, James R. (Los Lunas, NM); Hall, Clint A. (Albuquerque, NM); Konrad, Carl H. (Albuquerque, NM); Sauve, Gerald L. (Berthoud, CO); Shahinpoor, Mohsen (Albuquerque, NM); Susoeff, Allan R. (Pleasanton, CA)
A projectile for a railgun that uses a hybrid armature and provides a seed block around part of the outer surface of the projectile to seed the hybrid plasma brush. In addition, the hybrid armature is continuously vaporized to replenish plasma in a plasma armature to provide a tandem armature and provides a unique ridge and groove to reduce plasama blowby.
Hybrid 320 Ton Off Highway Haul Truck: Quarterly Technical Status Report 7, DOE/AL68080-TSR07
Lembit Salasoo
Analysis and results show hybrid system weight and efficiency affect productivity and fuel usage. Analysis shows equivalent hybrid benefits for adjacent size classes of mine truck. Preparations are ongoing for full power test. The battery cycling test protocol was modified.
The assessment of battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage systems
He, Yiou
Battery-ultracapacitors hybrid energy storage systems (ESS) could combine the high power density and high life cycle of ultracapacitors with the high energy density of batteries, which forms a promising energy storage ...
Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for a Dynamically Positioned Buoy
Wood, Stephen L.
of the vessel and environmental conditions, power requirements for DP tend to be quite substantial and costly of powering a low cost, simple, dynamic positioning system. This system was implemented on a dynamically a theoretical hybrid renewable energy system to power it, thereby improving on the station keeping buoy (SKB
Hybrid 320 Ton Off Highway Haul Truck: Quarterly Technical Status Report 1
Salasoo, Lembit
The mine proving ground to be used for the hybrid off highway vehicle (OHV) demonstration was visited, to obtain haul route profile data and OHV vehicle data. A 6500-ft haul mission with 7% average grade was selected. Enhancements made to a dynamic model of hybrid missions provided capability to analyze hybrid OHV performance. A benefits study defined relationships between fuel and productivity benefits and hybrid system parameters. OHV hybrid system requirements were established, and a survey of candidate energy storage technology characteristics was carried out. Testing of the performance of an existing power battery bank verified its suitability for use in the hybrid OHV demonstration.
SF STATE STUDENT PULSE SURVEY Spring 2013 Academic Planning and Development Academic Institutional Research (air.sfsu.edu) March 2013 #12;SF State Student Pulse Survey, Spring 2013 Page 1 Table of Contents is most effective. 79% of all respondents reported spending most of their time in class listening while
OPTI-583: Computational Optics I: Ultrafast pulses and strong-field light-matter interactions.
Arizona, University of
OPTI-583: Computational Optics I: Ultrafast pulses and strong-field light-matter interactions. Time-power femtosecond pulses. Prerequisites: Knowledge of basic electromagnetic theory (e.g. Phys-241). While previous that govern the interaction of ultrashort pulses with var- ious media, and the Numerical methods track
Rogers, J. S.; McAfee, T. E.
hybrid, was superior to all othey hybrids in freedom from root lodging. Watsrr 124, Keystone 222, Texas 24, Funk G711 an( Texas 30 were superior to other yellow hybrid\\ in resistance to root lodging. Texas 15W agair Angleton Lake Charles clay... degrees of damage. hybrids in resistance to stalk breakage. Ic.\\db L4, Texas 30 and Watson 124 were the I :ellow hybrids most resistant to stalk breakage. 3nk G711 and Keystone 222 were especially ' :u~eeptible to stalk breakage. a Growers who plan...
Pulsed electrodeposition. Final report
Stimetz, C.J.
Pulse plating of cobalt-hardened gold alloys increases the cobalt content in the alloy. At lower duty cycles, the electrodeposits become dull. Little change in the microhardness was observed between pulsed and direct current electrodeposits. The TEM and electron diffraction analyses indicated no significant difference in microstructure between pulsed and conventional gold alloy electrodeposits. Pulse plated and conventional nickel deposits have been compared for differences in morphology, mechanical properties, and microstructure. The deposits were obtained from nickel sulfamate, nickel chloride, and Watts nickel plating solutions. No significant differences were found in the direct and pulse current deposits from the sulfamate and chloride solutions; however, significant differences in microstructure, yield strength, and microhardness were observed in deposits from the Watts nickel solution.
Pulse transmission transmitter including a higher order time derivate filter
Dress Jr., William B.; Smith, Stephen F.
Systems and methods for pulse-transmission low-power communication modes are disclosed. A pulse transmission transmitter includes: a clock; a pseudorandom polynomial generator coupled to the clock, the pseudorandom polynomial generator having a polynomial load input; an exclusive-OR gate coupled to the pseudorandom polynomial generator, the exclusive-OR gate having a serial data input; a programmable delay circuit coupled to both the clock and the exclusive-OR gate; a pulse generator coupled to the programmable delay circuit; and a higher order time derivative filter coupled to the pulse generator. The systems and methods significantly reduce lower-frequency emissions from pulse transmission spread-spectrum communication modes, which reduces potentially harmful interference to existing radio frequency services and users and also simultaneously permit transmission of multiple data bits by utilizing specific pulse shapes.
Proceedings of the 2002 Advanced Vehicle Control Conference, Hiroshima, Japan, September 2002. Optimization of Power Management Strategies for a
Peng, Huei
. Optimization of Power Management Strategies for a Hydraulic Hybrid Medium Truck Bin Wu, Chan-Chiao Lin, Zoran regenerating and reusing of significant amounts of braking energy. Consequently, power flows through the hybrid with parallel hydraulic hybrid powertrain. The hydraulic hybrid vehicle (HHV) system is modeled in MATLAB
Comprehensive Diagnosis of Complex Electrical Power Distribution Systems
Daigle, Matthew
Comprehensive Diagnosis of Complex Electrical Power Distribution Systems Indranil Roychoudhury Abstract: Electrical power distribution systems are composed of heterogeneous components, which include and discrete faults in electrical power distribution systems that include dc and ac components. We use a hybrid
An 8-GW long-pulse generator based on Tesla transformer and pulse forming network
Su, Jiancang; Zhang, Xibo; Li, Rui; Zhao, Liang, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Sun, Xu; Wang, Limin; Zeng, Bo; Cheng, Jie; Wang, Ying; Peng, Jianchang; Song, Xiaoxin [Science and Technology on High Power Microwave Laboratory, Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710024 (China)
A long-pulse generator TPG700L based on a Tesla transformer and a series pulse forming network (PFN) is constructed to generate intense electron beams for the purpose of high power microwave (HPM) generation. The TPG700L mainly consists of a 12-stage PFN, a built-in Tesla transformer in a pulse forming line, a three-electrode gas switch, a transmission line with a trigger, and a load. The Tesla transformer and the compact PFN are the key technologies for the development of the TPG700L. This generator can output electrical pulses with a width as long as 200 ns at a level of 8 GW and a repetition rate of 50 Hz. When used to drive a relative backward wave oscillator for HPM generation, the electrical pulse width is about 100 ns on a voltage level of 520 kV. Factors affecting the pulse waveform of the TPG700L are also discussed. At present, the TPG700L performs well for long-pulse HPM generation in our laboratory.
Stanley J. Miller; Ye Zhuang; Michelle R. Olderbak
This project was awarded under U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) Program Solicitation DE-PS26-00NT40769 and specifically addresses Technical Topical Area 4-Testing Novel and Less Mature Control Technologies on Actual Flue Gas at the Pilot Scale. The project team includes the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) as the main contractor; W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc., as a technical and financial partner; and the Big Stone Power Plant operated by Otter Tail Power Company, host for the field-testing portion of the research. Since 1995, DOE has supported development of a new concept in particulate control called the advanced hybrid particulate collector (AHPC). The AHPC has been licensed to W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc., and is now marketed as the ADVANCED HYBRID{trademark} Filter by Gore. The AHPC combines the best features of electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and baghouses in a unique configuration, providing major synergism between the two collection methods, both in the particulate collection step and in the transfer of dust to the hopper. The AHPC provides ultrahigh collection efficiency, overcoming the problem of excessive fine-particle emissions with conventional ESPs, and it solves the problem of reentrainment and re-collection of dust in conventional baghouses. The AHPC appears to have unique advantages for mercury control over baghouses or ESPs as an excellent gas-solid contactor. The objective of the three-task project is to demonstrate 90% total mercury control in the AHPC at a lower cost than current mercury control estimates. The approach includes bench-scale batch testing that ties the new work to previous results and links results with larger-scale pilot testing with real flue gas on a coal-fired combustion system, pilot-scale testing on a coal-fired combustion system with both a pulse-jet baghouse and an AHPC to prove or disprove the research hypotheses, and field demonstration pilot-scale testing at a utility power plant to prove scaleup and demonstrate longer-term mercury control. This project, if successful, will demonstrate at the pilot-scale level a technology that would provide a cost-effective technique to accomplish control of mercury emissions and, at the same time, greatly enhance fine particulate collection efficiency. The technology can be used to retrofit systems currently employing inefficient ESP technology as well as for new construction, thereby providing a solution to a large segment of the U.S. utility industry as well as other industries requiring mercury control.
The Pulse Scale Conjecture and the Case of BATSE Trigger 2193
Robert J. Nemiroff
The pulses that compose gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are hypothesized to have the same shape at all energies, differing only by scale factors in time and amplitude. This "Pulse Scale Conjecture" is confirmed here between energy channels of the dominant pulse in GRB 930214c (BATSE trigger 2193), the single most fluent single-pulsed GRB that occurred before May 1998. Furthermore, pulses are hypothesized to start at the same time independent of energy. This "Pulse Start Conjecture" is also confirmed in GRB 930214c. Analysis of GRB 930214c also shows that, in general, higher energy channels show shorter temporal scale factors. Over the energy range 100 KeV - 1 MeV, it is found that the temporal scale factors between a pulse measured at different energies are related to that energy by a power law, possibly indicating a simple relativistic mechanism is at work. To test robustness, the Pulse Start and Pulse Scale Conjectures were also tested on the four next most fluent single-pulse GRBs. Three of the four clearly passed, with a second smaller pulse possibly confounding the discrepant test. Models where the pulse rise and decay are created by different phenomena do not typically predict pulses that satisfy both the Pulse Start Conjecture and the Pulse Scale Conjecture, unless both processes are seen to undergo common time dilation.
Pulse measurement apparatus and method
Marciante, John R. (Webster, NY); Donaldson, William R. (Pittsford, NY); Roides, Richard G. (Scottsville, NY)
An embodiment of the invention is directed to a pulse measuring system that measures a characteristic of an input pulse under test, particularly the pulse shape of a single-shot, nano-second duration, high shape-contrast optical or electrical pulse. An exemplary system includes a multi-stage, passive pulse replicator, wherein each successive stage introduces a fixed time delay to the input pulse under test, a repetitively-gated electronic sampling apparatus that acquires the pulse train including an entire waveform of each replica pulse, a processor that temporally aligns the replicated pulses, and an averager that temporally averages the replicated pulses to generate the pulse shape of the pulse under test. An embodiment of the invention is directed to a method for measuring an optical or an electrical pulse shape. The method includes the steps of passively replicating the pulse under test with a known time delay, temporally stacking the pulses, and temporally averaging the stacked pulses. An embodiment of the invention is directed to a method for increasing the dynamic range of a pulse measurement by a repetitively-gated electronic sampling device having a rated dynamic range capability, beyond the rated dynamic range of the sampling device; e.g., enhancing the dynamic range of an oscilloscope. The embodied technique can improve the SNR from about 300:1 to 1000:1. A dynamic range enhancement of four to seven bits may be achieved.
Planar repetitively pulsed microwave-pumped CO{sub 2} laser
Mineev, A P; Nefedov, S M; Pashinin, Pavel P [A M Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow (Russian Federation)
A planar repetitively pulsed microwave-pumped CO{sub 2} laser with discharge channel lengths of 250 and 470 mm is experimentally investigated. An average laser power of 60 W at a wavelength of 10.6 {mu}m is attained. A peak power of 1300 W is reached in the repetitively pulsed regime. The dependences of the shape and energy of CO{sub 2} laser pulse on the introduced power, working gas mixture composition and pressure, and pump-pulse repetition rate and width are analysed. (lasers)
Pulse compression in plasma: generation of femtosecond pulses without CPA
frequency laser beam into the energy of a short lowerfrequency laser pulse. The standard approach to generating highintensity ultrashort laser pulses is Chirped Pulse Amplification [1] (CPA), in which a laser Garching, Germany Abstract: Laser pulses can be e#ciently compressed to femto second duration when
Mook, Jr., Herbert A. (Oak Ridge, TN)
In one aspect, the invention is an improved pulsed-neutron monochromator of the vibrated-crystal type. The monochromator is designed to provide neutron pulses which are characterized both by short duration and high density. A row of neutron-reflecting crystals is disposed in a neutron beam to reflect neutrons onto a common target. The crystals in the row define progressively larger neutron-scattering angles and are vibrated sequentially in descending order with respect to the size of their scattering angles, thus generating neutron pulses which arrive simultaneously at the target. Transducers are coupled to one end of the crystals to vibrate them in an essentially non-resonant mode. The transducers propagate transverse waves in the crystal which progress longitudinally therein. The wave are absorbed at the undriven ends of the crystals by damping material mounted thereon. In another aspect, the invention is a method for generating neutron pulses characterized by high intensity and short duration.
Mook, H.A. Jr.
In one aspect, the invention is an improved pulsed-neutron monochromator of the vibrated-crystal type. The monochromator is designed to provide neutron pulses which are characterized both by short duration and high density. A row of neutron-reflecting crystals is disposed in a neutron beam to reflect neutrons onto a common target. The crystals in the row define progressively larger neutron-scattering angles and are vibrated sequentially in descending order with respect to the size of their scattering angles, thus generating neutron pulses which arrive simultaneously at the target. Transducers are coupled to one end of the crystals to vibrate them in an essentially non-resonant mode. The transducers propagate transverse waves in the crystal which progress longitudinally therein. The waves are absorbed at the undriven ends of the crystals by damping material mounted thereon. In another aspect, the invention is a method for generating neutron pulses characterized by high intensity and short duration.
Battery control system for hybrid vehicle and method for controlling a hybrid vehicle battery
Bockelmann, Thomas R. (Battle Creek, MI); Hope, Mark E. (Marshall, MI); Zou, Zhanjiang (Battle Creek, MI); Kang, Xiaosong (Battle Creek, MI)
A battery control system for hybrid vehicle includes a hybrid powertrain battery, a vehicle accessory battery, and a prime mover driven generator adapted to charge the vehicle accessory battery. A detecting arrangement is configured to monitor the vehicle accessory battery's state of charge. A controller is configured to activate the prime mover to drive the generator and recharge the vehicle accessory battery in response to the vehicle accessory battery's state of charge falling below a first predetermined level, or transfer electrical power from the hybrid powertrain battery to the vehicle accessory battery in response to the vehicle accessory battery's state of charge falling below a second predetermined level. The invention further includes a method for controlling a hybrid vehicle powertrain system.
Extending the lifetime of fuel cell based hybrid systems
Jianli Zhuo; Chaitali Chakrabarti; Naehyuck Chang; Sarma Vrudhula
Fuel cells are clean power sources that have much higher energy densities and lifetimes compared to batteries. However, fuel cells have limited load following capabilities and cannot be efficiently utilized if used in isolation. In this work, we consider a hybrid system where a fuel cell based hybrid power source is used to provide power to a DVFS processor. The hybrid power source consists of a room temperature fuel cell operating as the primary power source and a Li-ion battery (that has good load following capability) operating as the secondary source. Our goal is to develop polices to extend the lifetime of the fuel cell based hybrid system. First, we develop a charge based optimization framework which minimizes the charge loss of the hybrid system (and not the energy consumption of the DVFS processor). Next, we propose a new algorithm to minimize the charge loss by judiciously scaling the load current. We compare the performance of this algorithm with one that has been optimized for energy, and demonstrate its superiority. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the hybrid system under different system configurations and show how to determine the best combination of fuel cell size and battery capacity for a given embedded application.
Center for Sustainability Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HyRES) Laboratory
Lee, Dongwon
is powered by a redundant hybrid system including solar and wind power, and is grid connected. Net metering is used to balance energy use, and surplus power used to make hydrogen for a fuel cell vehicle. Power - Net metered grid connection Back-up Mode: In rare cases when the sun, wind, and grid power
Cullen, Raymond Paul
PULSED ZEEMAN SPECTROSCOPY A Thesis Raymond P. Cullen Submitted to the Graduate Collepe of the Texas MM University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OE SCIENCE August 1967 Major Subject: Chemistry PULSRD... ZEEHA&'I SPRCTPOSC::)Py A The. ", is by Raymond P. Cullen Approved es to style and content by: (Chairman o~ Commi. tee) August 1967 Pulsed Zceman Spectroscopy (August 1967) Raymond P. Cullen, B. S. , Texas A6M University Directed by: Dr...
Christiansen, D.W.; Brown, W.F.
A welder is described for automated closure of fuel pins by a pulsed magnetic process in which the open end of a length of cladding is positioned within a complementary tube surrounded by a pulsed magnetic welder. Seals are provided at each end of the tube, which can be evacuated or can receive tag gas for direct introduction to the cladding interior. Loading of magnetic rings and end caps is accomplished automatically in conjunction with the welding steps carried out within the tube.
Paper Number Development of a Hydro-Mechanical Hydraulic Hybrid Drive
Li, Perry Y.
for the Center for Compact and Efficient Fluid Power at the University of Minnesota. The hydro-mechanical hybrid is leveraging the intrinsically high power density of the hydraulic energy storage system through optimal enginePaper Number Development of a Hydro-Mechanical Hydraulic Hybrid Drive Train with Independent Wheel
JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE Colloque C9, suppt6ment au nolZ, Tome 41, novembre 1980, page cg-351 A REPETITIVELY PULSED CARBON DIOXIDE LASER WITH MEAN POWER OUTPUT IN EXCESS OF 3 0 kW
Boyer, Edmond
. Abstract.- A pulsed electron beam sustained atmospheric pressure carbon dioxide laser with an active volume of 17 l i t r e s has been incorporated i n a closed cycle gas recirculation system. Gas flow and e l e window design, and the mechanical s t a b i l i t y of the optical cavity. The effect of gas purity, gas
Method and apparatus for stabilizing pulsed microwave amplifiers
Hopkins, Donald B. (Sacramento, CA)
Phase and amplitude variations at the output of a high power pulsed microwave amplifier arising from instabilities of the driving electron beam are suppressed with a feed-forward system that can stabilize pulses which are too brief for regulation by conventional feedback techniques. Such variations tend to be similar during successive pulses. The variations are detected during each pulse by comparing the amplifier output with the low power input signal to obtain phase and amplitude error signals. This enables storage of phase and amplitude correction signals which are used to make compensating changes in the low power input signal during the following amplifier output pulse which suppress the variations. In the preferred form of the invention, successive increments of the correction signals for each pulse are stored in separate channels of a multi-channel storage. Sequential readout of the increments during the next pulse provides variable control voltages to a voltage controlled phase shifter and voltage controlled amplitude modulator in the amplifier input signal path.
Method and apparatus for stabilizing pulsed microwave amplifiers
Hopkins, D.B.
Phase and amplitude variations at the output of a high power pulsed microwave amplifier arising from instabilities of the driving electron beam are suppressed with a feed-forward system that can stabilize pulses which are too brief for regulation by conventional feedback techniques. Such variations tend to be similar during successive pulses. The variations are detected during each pulse by comparing the amplifier output with the low power input signal to obtain phase and amplitude error signals. This enables storage of phase and amplitude correction signals which are used to make compensating changes in the low power input signal during the following amplifier output pulse which suppress the variations. In the preferred form of the invention, successive increments of the correction signals for each pulse are stored in separate channels of a multi-channel storage. Sequential readout of the increments during the next pulse provides variable control voltages to a voltage controlled phase shifter and voltage controlled amplitude modulator in the amplifier input signal path.
Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss energetic responses to pulsed flows in the American River, California, assessed
Klimley, A. Peter
to hydroelectric-power-generation-related pulsed flows, the associated energetic costs are un- known. We implanted consumption rates were estimated for their in-river EMG data, through a complete hydroelectric power . Hydroelectric . Electromyogram . Radio telemetry. Rainbow trout Introduction Human-controlled pulsed flows
Femtosecond thin disk laser oscillator with pulse energy beyond the 10-microjoule level
Keller, Ursula
length to a total of 37 m. The nearly transform-limited pulses at 45 W of average output power have atmosphere to eliminate the air nonlinearity inside the resonator that previously limited the pulse energy for Diode-Pumped High-Power Solid-State Lasers," Appl. Phys. B 58, 365-372 (1994). 4. U. Keller, D. A. B
IV CESPC, August 21 -25, 2011, Zlatibor, Serbia LIMITATIONS OF NOX REMOVAL BY PULSED CORONA REACTORS
Ebert, Ute
IV CESPC, August 21 - 25, 2011, Zlatibor, Serbia 37 LIMITATIONS OF NOX REMOVAL BY PULSED CORONA depends on the deposited energy. There are presently only a few papers investigating this problem [1 volume of 322 L. It is powered by pulses of 80 kV with 15 ns rise time, 150 ns width (power) and energy
Proceedings of a Topical Meeting On Small Scale Geothermal Power Plants and Geothermal Power Plant Projects
These proceedings describe the workshop of the Topical Meeting on Small Scale Geothermal Power Plants and Geothermal Power Plant Projects. The projects covered include binary power plants, rotary separator, screw expander power plants, modular wellhead power plants, inflow turbines, and the EPRI hybrid power system. Active projects versus geothermal power projects were described. In addition, a simple approach to estimating effects of fluid deliverability on geothermal power cost is described starting on page 119. (DJE-2005)
Hybrid Rotaxanes: Interlocked Structures for Quantum Computing?
Broader source: All U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Webpages (Extended Search)
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel), 2002; Level: National5Sales for4,645U.S. DOEThe Bonneville PowerCherries 82981-1cnHigh School football HighdefaultSandy-Nor'easterInnovationHybridHybrid
Maxey, L Curt [ORNL
Hybrid solar lighting systems focus highly concentrated sunlight into a fiber optic bundle to provide sunlight in rooms without windows or conventional skylights.
Rogers, J. S.; Bockholt, A. J.; Collier, J. W.
- Corn Hybrid$ for . ;mE Tgmt 4.College Sta. 9Sulphw Spgr. @.Holland l9.GreenviUe 24Stephmville 5.Kibyvilb IO.(;brkrvilb B.Tanpb 20Mm 25.Chilkothe TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIC R. D. LEWIS. DIRECTOR, COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS DIGEST... - . Corn hybrids were planted on 81 percent of the Texas corn acreage in 1956. Most of this acreage was devoted to hybrids developed and released by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. These hybrids usually outyield open-pollinated varieties by 20...
17.March.2005 1 Connection to the CERN Power System
McDonald, Kirk
electricity costs #12;17.March.2005 3 Characteristics of the load - power pulses (1 pulse every 30 min) -3.0E harmonic distortion - in addition: harmonic filtering for Meyrin at JURA substation Conclusion: No Problem
Model Validation with Hybrid Dynamic Simulation
Huang, Zhenyu; Kosterev, Dmitry; Guttromson, Ross T.; Nguyen, Tony B.
Abstract—Model validation has been one of the central topics in power engineering studies for years. As model validation aims at obtaining reasonable models to represent actual behavior of power system components, it has been essential to validate models against actual measurements or known benchmark behavior. System-wide model simulation results can be compared with actual recordings. However, it is difficult to construct a simulation case for a large power system such as the WECC system and to narrow down to problematic models in a large system. Hybrid dynamic simulation with its capability of injecting external signals into dynamic simulation enables rigorous comparison of measurements and simulation in a small subsystem of interest. This paper presents such a model validation methodology with hybrid dynamic simulation. Two application examples on generator and load model validation are presented to show the validity of this model validation methodology. This methodology is further extended for automatic model validation and dichotomous subsystem model validation.
Pulse shaping with transmission lines
Wilcox, Russell B. (Oakland, CA)
A method and apparatus for forming shaped voltage pulses uses passive reflection from a transmission line with nonuniform impedance. The impedance of the reflecting line varies with length in accordance with the desired pulse shape. A high voltage input pulse is transmitted to the reflecting line. A reflected pulse is produced having the desired shape and is transmitted by pulse removal means to a load. Light activated photoconductive switches made of silicon can be utilized. The pulse shaper can be used to drive a Pockels cell to produce shaped optical pulses.
Pulse shaping with transmission lines
Wilcox, R.B.
A method and apparatus for forming shaped voltage pulses uses passive reflection from a transmission line with nonuniform impedance. The impedance of the reflecting line varies with length in accordance with the desired pulse shape. A high voltage input pulse is transmitted to the reflecting line. A reflected pulse is produced having the desired shape and is transmitted by pulse removal means to a load. Light activated photoconductive switches made of silicon can be utilized. The pulse shaper can be used to drive a Pockels cell to produce shaped optical pulses.
Efficient optical pulse stacker system
Seppala, Lynn G. (Pleasanton, CA); Haas, Roger A. (Pleasanton, CA)
Method and apparatus for spreading and angle-encoding each pulse of a multiplicity of small area, short pulses into several temporally staggered pulses by use of appropriate beam splitters, with the optical elements being arranged so that each staggered pulse is contiguous with one or two other such pulses, and the entire sequence of stacked pulses comprising a single, continuous long pulse. The single long pulse is expanded in area, and then doubly passed through a nonstorage laser amplifier such as KrF. After amplification, the physically separated, angle-encoded and temporally staggered pulses are recombined into a single pulse of short duration. This high intensity output beam is well collimated and may be propagated over long distance, or used for irradiating inertial confinement fusion targets.
Pulse spectral evolution of GRBs: implication as standard candle
Basak, Rupal
Using an \\emph{empirical} description of a prompt GRB pulse, we analyze the individual pulses of all Fermi/GBM GRBs with known redshifts, till July 2009. This description is simultaneous in time and energy and allows one to determine the peak energy of Band spectrum at zero fluence ($E_{peak,0}$). We demonstrate, for the first time, that the $E_{peak,0}$ bears a very strong correlation with the isotropic energy of the individual pulses, and hence, each pulse can be used as a luminosity indicator. As a physical description is needed in order to use GRB pulses for cosmological purposes, we explore other physical spectral models. As pulses are the building blocks of a GRB, we choose another sample of Fermi/GBM GRBs having bright, long and single/ separable pulse(s) and fit the time-resolved spectra of the individual pulses with the Band model and a model consisting of a blackbody and a power-law. Both these models give acceptable fits. We find that the peak energy/ temperature always decreases exponentially with...
High voltage bus and auxiliary heater control system for an electric or hybrid vehicle
Murty, Balarama Vempaty (West Bloomfield, MI)
A control system for an electric or hybrid electric vehicle includes a vehicle system controller and a control circuit having an electric immersion heater. The heater is electrically connected to the vehicle's high voltage bus and is thermally coupled to a coolant loop containing a heater core for the vehicle's climate control system. The system controller responds to cabin heat requests from the climate control system by generating a pulse width modulated signal that is used by the control circuit to operate the heater at a duty cycle appropriate for the amount of cabin heating requested. The control system also uses the heater to dissipate excess energy produced by an auxiliary power unit and to provide electric braking when regenerative braking is not desirable and manual braking is not necessary. The control system further utilizes the heater to provide a safe discharge of a bank of energy storage capacitors following disconnection of the battery or one of the high voltage connectors used to transmit high voltage operating power to the various vehicle systems. The control circuit includes a high voltage clamping circuit that monitors the voltage on the bus and operates the heater to clamp down the bus voltage when it exceeds a pre-selected maximum voltage. The control system can also be used to phase in operation of the heater when the bus voltage exceeds a lower threshold voltage and can be used to phase out the auxiliary power unit charging and regenerative braking when the battery becomes fully charged.
Pulse Cable for TESLA Modulators Hans-Jrg Eckoldt
to the radiation inside the TESLA tunnel and the accessibility of the units the power part of the modulators shall be installed into the service halls. However the transformer tank and the klystrons have to be inside ..........................................................................................................................8 #12;1 Introduction Modulators are used to generate the pulsed power for the klystrons
Laser-Energy Transfer and Enhancement of Plasma Waves and Electron Beams by Interfering High-Intensity Laser Pulses
Umstadter, Donald
603, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China (Received 14 February 2003; published 25 November 2003 the higher-power to the lower-power pulse, increasing the amplitude of the plasma wave propagating- sible for the energy transfer in this case differs from that studied in previous long-pulse and low-power
Hossein Ghezel-Ayagh
The subMW hybrid DFC/T power plant facility was upgraded with a Capstone C60 microturbine and a state-of-the-art full size fuel cell stack. The integration of the larger microturbine extended the capability of the hybrid power plant to operate at high power ratings with a single gas turbine without the need for supplementary air. The objectives of this phase of subMW hybrid power plant tests are to support the development of process and control and to provide the insight for the design of the packaged subMW hybrid demonstration units. The development of the ultra high efficiency multi-MW power plants was focused on the design of 40 MW power plants with efficiencies approaching 75% (LHV of natural gas). The design efforts included thermodynamic cycle analysis of key gas turbine parameters such as compression ratio.
Photoconductive circuit element pulse generator
Rauscher, Christen (Alexandria, VA)
A pulse generator for characterizing semiconductor devices at millimeter wavelength frequencies where a photoconductive circuit element (PCE) is biased by a direct current voltage source and produces short electrical pulses when excited into conductance by short laser light pulses. The electrical pulses are electronically conditioned to improve the frequency related amplitude characteristics of the pulses which thereafter propagate along a transmission line to a device under test.
advanced power electronic: Topics by E-print Network
Broader source: All U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Webpages (Extended Search)
Power Electronics The Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics started as a Plasma research group at Texas Tech University in 1966. The initial work was concerned with har-...
advanced power electronics: Topics by E-print Network
Broader source: All U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Webpages (Extended Search)
Power Electronics The Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics started as a Plasma research group at Texas Tech University in 1966. The initial work was concerned with har-...
International magnetic pulse compression workshop: (Proceedings)
Kirbie, H.C.; Newton, M.A.; Siemens, P.D.
A few individuals have tried to broaden the understanding of specific and salient pulsed-power topics. One such attempt is this documentation of a workshop on magnetic switching as it applies primarily to pulse compression (power transformation), affording a truly international perspective by its participants under the initiative and leadership of Hugh Kirbie and Mark Newton of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and supported by other interested organizations. During the course of the Workshop at Granlibakken, a great deal of information was amassed and a keen insight into both the problems and opportunities as to the use of this switching approach was developed. The segmented workshop format proved ideal for identifying key aspects affecting optimum performance in a variety of applications. Individual groups of experts addressed network and system modeling, magnetic materials, power conditioning, core cooling and dielectrics, and finally circuits and application. At the end, they came together to consolidate their input and formulate the workshop's conclusions, identifying roadblocks or suggesting research projects, particularly as they apply to magnetic switching's trump card--its high-average-power-handling capability (at least on a burst-mode basis). The workshop was especially productive both in the quality and quantity of information transfer in an environment conducive to a free and open exchange of ideas. We will not delve into the organization proper of this meeting, rather we wish to commend to the interested reader this volume, which provides the definitive and most up-to-date compilation on the subject of magnetic pulse compression from underlying principles to current state of the art as well as the prognosis for the future of magnetic pulse compression as a consensus of the workshop's organizers and participants.
Dynamic photorefractivity guided by single-pulse voltage
Agashkov, A. V., E-mail: email@example.com; Kovalev, A. A. [National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Institute of Electronics (Belarus); Parka, J. [Military University of Technology, Institute of Applied Physics (Poland)
The dynamic photorefractivity in a cell with photoconducting orienting layers, filled with a nematic liquid crystal (LC) 6CHBT and a mixture of anthraquinone dyes AD1 and AD2, has been investigated. The single-pulse mode, in which the polarity and amplitude of a dc electric field applied to an LC cell are switched for a fixed time interval, has been used. The scheme of dynamic self-diffraction of low-power laser beams was used in the experiment. The dependences of the width and intensity of diffraction pulses on the bias and switching voltages have been investigated. It is established that the width and intensity of the diffraction pulse arising after initial voltage recovery depends also on the switching pulse width. At the optimal width of the control pulse, the diffraction efficiency increases by two orders of magnitude.
A long pulse modulator for reduced size and cost
Pfeffer, H.; Bartelson, L.; Bourkland, K.; Jensen, C.; Kerns, Q.; Prieto, P.; Saewert, G.; Wolff, D.
A novel modulator has been designed, built and tested for the TESLA test facility. This e{sup +} e{sup {minus}} accelerator concept uses superconducting RF cavities and requires 2ms of RF power at 10 pps. As the final accelerator will require several hundred modulators, a cost effective, space saving and high efficiency design is desired. This modulator used a modest size switched capacitor bank that droops approximately 20% during the pulse. This large droop is compensated for by the use of a resonant LC circuit. The capacitor bank is connected to the high side of a pulse transformer primary using a series GTO switch. The resonant circuit is connected to the low side of the pulse transformer primary. The output pulse is flat to within 1% for 1.9 ms during a 2.3 ms base pulse width. Measured efficiency, from breaker to klystron and including energy lost in the rise time, is approximately 85%.