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Event Coverage
New in Event Coverage (page 13 of 52)
Apr 24, 2013 | 03:34 PM CDT
CEW Presents The Estée Lauder Companies' Dream Team
By: Nancy Jeffries
Jennifer Balbier, Anne Carullo and Karyn Khoury talk innovation and connecting with consumers.
Apr 22, 2013 | 03:38 PM CDT
Workshop for Digital Success to Take Place at Cosmoprof North America
YouBeauty.com will host the "Cornerstones of Successful Digital Marketing Campaigns Worskshop," a series of one-on-one meetings focusing on how to reinforce a strong marketing strategy and an impactful online presence.
Apr 22, 2013 | 03:18 PM CDT
CEW Announces Nominees for 2013 Achiever Awards
Nominees include women from Clinique, QVC, Revlon and Maybelline New York/Garnier/Essie.
Apr 10, 2013 | 10:17 AM CDT
Finalists Announced for in-cosmetics' Innovation Zone Best Ingredient Award
The finalists have been announced for in-cosmetics 2013's Innovation Zone Best Ingredient Award. The fifteen finalists, including texturizing agents, anti-aging actives and anti-hair loss systems, give visitors a glimpse of what cosmetic formulation may hold in the future.
Apr 08, 2013 | 12:00 PM CDT
PCHi 2013 Attracts Record Number of Visitors
Event showcases 353 ingredient suppliers; welcomes 6,842 unique visitors. The China Personal Care & Cosmetics Innovation Awards honored innovation in the designing of new ingredients and cutting edge formulations released in China between 2011 and 2013.
Apr 03, 2013 | 03:32 PM CDT
CEW Explores Strategizing In The Mobile World
By: Nancy Jeffries
Facebook's Erin Hunter, L'Oréal Paris' Kelly Solomon and Macy's Jennifer Kasper share their approaches to utilizing the online landscape to best advantage.
Apr 03, 2013 | 09:21 AM CDT
Spa Session Set for 2013 Cosmoprof North America
Panelists for the sessions includes speakers from Hilton Worldwide, Alchimie Forever, Universal Companies and Dermalogica.
Apr 03, 2013 | 09:10 AM CDT
HBA to Debut Omni Pavilion
Omni is designed as a resource center to offer solutions, products and technology to help ignite purchasing in beauty retail and distribution.
Sponsored Content
Apr 02, 2013 | 10:50 AM CDT
New York Summit Hones in on Green Ingredients and Consumer Behavior
Organic Monitor's Sustainable Cosmetics Summit, taking place in New York City May 16–18, 2013, will explore how the environmental impact of cosmetic and personal care products, juggling environmental and social issues in sustainability programs, and green ingredient alternatives.
Mar 26, 2013 | 04:02 PM CDT
CEO Panel to Help Kick Off CPNA
Cosmoprof North America is featuring the PBA CEO panel as part of its offerings this year, discussing opportunities in the professional beauty sector.


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Keep hitting REFRESH on your browser to get the most up-to-date results.
- You know, the SmackDown theme song is kind of catchy. It leads to Randy Orton's music and Mr. Money in the Bank makes his way to the ring for our opening contest. Michael Cole and JBL are at ringside. Rob Van Dam makes his entrance.
Randy Orton vs. Rob Van Dam
The bell rings as the front row chants "RVD." That skull-shirt-guy is in the audience. Some guy has a whistle as he stands up and leads "RVD" chants. Van Dam lands a heel kick to Orton. Orton pulls the ropes down and RVD falls to the floor. RVD gets the advantage at ringside and drapes Orton on the barricade. RVD rolls in to break the count and delivers a spin kick from the apron to Orton's back.
We return from a break and Orton is in full control in the ring. He lands a knee to RVD's face and delivers mounted shots in the corner. RVD hops on the top but Orton pushes him off from behind. Orton goes out and drops RVD on the guard rail and brings him back in for 2. Orton works a headlock on the mat as the vocal RVD fans continue to show support. Van Dam fights to his feet and hits the split legged moonsault in the corner for 2. Van Dam hits another dive from up top for 2. Orton side-steps RVD in the corner and hits a backbreaker but Van Dam kicks out. Cole is super late in his reaction to RVD's kick-out.
Orton hits a couple of clotheslines and his signature powerslam for 2. RVD counters the ropes-DDT. Orton hits a dropkick to RVD on the apron. Orton hits the ropes-DDT. Randy Orton coils up as the crowd comes alive. RVD blocks the RKO and lands a kick and rolls Orton up for 2. RVD hits Rolling Thunder but misses with the 5-Star Frogsplash. Orton hits the RKO for the win.
Winner by pin: Randy Orton
- Back from a break with The Miz in the ring for MizTV. Miz welcomes AJ Lee and Big E Langston to the ring. He asks what the relationship is between them. AJ says Big E is her best friend. Miz asks her about her other "friends" like Cena, Punk, Bryan, Kane, and Ziggler. AJ says she has always had her heart broken but that her title will never abandon her. She calls Ziggler a selfish, cold-hearted little man. Ziggler interrupts and joins them in the ring.
Ziggler says women just can't get over him and AJ is no different. AJ says Ziggler will never will be able to touch her again. Kaitlyn comes out and says she can touch her. All four start to argue in the ring and Miz shuts them up. Miz says it is his show and since he is also the host of SummerSlam, he will make a match: Ziggler & Kaitlyn vs. AJ & Big E. Kaitlyn says she can't wait to slap the crazy off AJ's face. AJ attacks Kaitlyn. Big E pulls Kaitlyn off AJ and Ziggler gives him the Zig Zag. Kaitlyn spears AJ and lays her out on the mat. Kaitlyn and Ziggler stand tall in the ring.
- Alberto Del Rio complains to Vickie Guerrero about having to face Christian tonight. Vickie says what Del Rio did to Ricardo was despicable and that's why she made the match. Del Rio asks what if he gets hurt and what will that do to her main event at the PPV. She says that is a risk she is willing to take.
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WWE Fury Of Chokeslams, Kofi Kingston And Bubba Ray Dudley Talk MSG, Sasha Banks And Bayley
Rashad Evans Returns To The UFC After Two Years, Ronda Rousey Gets Called Out, More
Kurt Angle Returns To Action, TNA Crowd Shots From Saturday Night, Gail Kim Vs. Awesome Kong, More
Daniel Cormier And Alexander Gustafsson Have Close Championship Fight, Jon Jones Next?
Final Card For Tonight's TNA Bound For Glory Pay-Per-View, Live Coverage Reminder
Photos: Billy Corgan Inducts Earl Hebner Into The TNA Hall Of Fame At Live Event
WWE Fan Ejected From Live Event, WWE Network To Air NXT Festival Matches?, Update On Carmella
WWE "Live From MSG: Lesnar Vs. Big Show" Results - Steel Cage Match, Team PCB, Kane, More
Why John Cena Is Taking Time Off, Top WWE Star And Hall Of Famer Added To Tour, Daniel Bryan Removed
Finn Balor Responds To CM Punk's Balor - Grado Comment, WWE NXT Attendance Note, Birthdays
Final Card For Tonight's Live WWE Network Special From MSG, Live Coverage Reminder
Scott Hall Talks Being "Uncomfortable" After WWE Return, Giving Sting His "Crow" Gimmick, Drug Abuse

subset: commoncrawl


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New dark age for Iraqi womenPeter Beaumont: The principal of equality that existed in what was once one of the Middle East's most secular countries, and guaranteed women's rights even in the midst of Saddam's atrocities, is now under threat in the negotiation of the very constitution that many hoped would guarantee equality.
Assassination leads to state of emergency in Sri Lanka
US steps in to end Iraq deadlockEthnic and religious groups still haggling over constitution - and a new name.
Defrocked bishops make Italy grinPhotographs of senior Vatican clerics chilling out on a beach near Rome have been raising chuckles in Italy. Divested of their formal, flowing robes, the right-hand men of Pope Benedict XVI were indistinguishable from other beachgoers enjoying the pleasures of the seaside.
In briefFormer New Zealand premier dies | Schröeder says no to force against Iran | Mass bee attack | Indonesian peace deal | Uganda warns press
World news p19
'No checkpoints. That'll be great'The Palestinians.
World news p21
Tragedy of US drugs craze orphansKnown as crank or ice, meth is the latest drug epidemic to hit America - and the numbers of 'meth orphans' are escalating.
Pollution threat to the backwater beauty of KeralaAn environmental crisis is threatening the heart of one of the most beautiful corners of the sub-continent.


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Visit a Branch!
You Can Do That @ the Library?!
We will help you to recycle it
The Libraries accept cell phones and chargers, PDAs, pagers, books, videos and music CDs--and some branches will even take your used batteries. Ask at your nearest branch to find out what they will accept for recycling.
See our Calendar, Online Catalog or Branch pages for more details and contact information.
SCPL News & Announcements - Latest Posts
Pet Food/Supplies for Fines
In celebration of the 2014 Summer Reading Program theme Paws to Read, SCPL is accepting donations of pet food and supplies as payment for overdue library fines up to $20. We will be collecting pet food/supplies for fines beginning on May 12th all the way through May 28th. Proceeds will benefit the Santa Cruz ASPCA.
- Wish List Items:
Find out what supplies the SPCA needs and easily buy them online at bit.ly/spca-wish
- Donate Money:
Make a monetary donation online at bit.ly/spca-donate
- Donate Gently Used Items:
Bring used item donations to any branch
- Bring Your Receipt:
Present receipts from your donation or purchase at any branch
- Reduce Your Library Fines:
Receive a fine reduction for the cash value of your donation of new items or $1 for each used item
View similarly tagged posts: Services, Fundraiser, Events
Posted by teeterj on May 6, 2014 at 7:30 a.m.
Permalink: http://www.santacruzpl.org/news/permalink/234/


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Browsing by Issue Date
Showing results 81 to 100 of 1057 < previous next >
|Issue Date
|Swiphiqo eka ku vumba matheme ya Xitsonga ku suka eka Xinghezi : Theminoloji ya andziso wa swimilana hi ku kongomisa eka hotikhalicha
|Nxumalo, N.E; Sifunda, Thoko Christinah
|Corruption in Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) houses with special reference to Maphata Village, Ward 26 in Mopani District of Limpopo Province, South Africa
|Kanyane. M.H.; Ngobeni, Ellah Nkhensani
|Teenagers with oculocutaneous Albinism in Polokwane : their self-esteem and perceptions of societal attitudes
|Selepe, Dorothy Mabore
|Problems affecting young mothers in attending ABET classes in Bohlabela District in the Limpopo Province
|Manyike, Norman Msumbuluko
|The impact of water problems on the development of Mhangweni Community, Limpopo Province: South Africa
|Moyo, T.; Nkwinika, Mdanisi Joseph
|The benefits of the development and promotion of tourism in Thulamela Municipality
|kanyane, M. H.; Mutshekwa, Ndidzulafhi Prince
|The impact of redeployment on teacher performance in Maune Circuit Department of Education Limpopo.
|Ledwaba, Lesetja Peter
|Genetic characterisation of colophospermum mopane (sensu lato) using RAPD analyses
|Ncube, I.; Legodi, Mankone Priscilla; Potgieter, M.J.; Wessels, D.C.J.
|A performance assessment of women in managerial positions in the Lepelle-Nkumbi Municipality, Limpopo Province
|Ruhiiga, T.M.; Thaba, Kgomotlokoa Linda; Sebola, D.
|Job satisfaction amongst doctors working at rural hospitals of Waterberg District in the Limpopo Province
|Rangongo, M.F.; Somo, Tlou
|The impact of expanded public works programme on job creation on the community of Rambuda in Mutale Municipality, Limpopo Province
|Moyo, T.; Nesengani, Thinandavha J.
|An analysis of revenue collection in Capricorn District Hospitals in Limpopo from 2001-2006
|Wolmarans, H. P.; Mabyana, Ruth Sebolaishi
|Effect of selection at weaning on genetic parameters of weight gain for centralized and on farm test for beef bulls
|Maiwashe, A.; Mashiloane, Majela Lesley; Nephawe, A.; Ng'ambi, J.W.; Malatje, M.S.
|Effect of time of initiation of feeding after hatching and influence of dietary lysine and ascorbic acid supplementation on productivity and mortality of Ross 308 broiler chickens
|Ng'ambi, J.W.; Mbajiorgu, Christian A.; Norris, D.
|Morphological and genetic diversity analysis in selected vernonia lines
|Shimelis, H.A.; Ramalema, Seganka Piet; Ncube, I.
|The effect of learner discipline on academic achievement of grade 12 learners
|Matsaung, L. E.; Machika, Nonhlahla Mildred
|Exploration of challenges faced by Grade 9 educators in the implementation of outcomes-based education (OBE) in Maleboho East Circuit of the Limpopo Province Department of Education
|Moyo, T. M.; Moganwa, Lesiba Samuel
|The challenges of teaching biology through the medium of English: the case of Jim Chavane High School, Limpopo Province
|Maluleke, M'zamane Johannes
|Contract-farming : a case study of sunflower farming in the Bojanala district of the North West Province
|Anim, F.D.K.; Raphala, Balefilwe Solomon
|Evaluation of the impact of transformation at the University of Limpopo in South Africa : a review of the progress during the period 2000-2007
|Kanyane, M.H.; Mothapo, Sentshuhleng Jacob


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Make collaboration meaningful in healthcare.
Meaningful collaboration is critical in the transformation of healthcare. Next Wave Connect makes that possible for those who lead.
As a healthcare leader, no longer do you have to waste time sorting through the noise of diluted global social platforms, build collaboration technology, nor wade in the "sea of disparity" known as email, cloud file sharing, and voice mail. Next Wave Connect is a unique community ecosystem where you make collaboration meaningful, for your members, your team mates, and you, from day one.
The Ecosystem
The community ecosystem connects healthcare leaders from associations, solutions companies, and care providers to collaborate in a more meaningful way. The ecosystem is exclusively healthcare and comprised of hundreds of communities both event driven and topic centered. Communities focus on Analytics, Value Based Reimbursement, Clinical Integration, Population Health, Nursing, and more.
Three unique attributes of the ecosystem that enable meaningful collaboration are committed community thought leaders, dubbed Advisory Council Experts (maybe you qualify to be one), Community Managers, and Producers. Click on the tile below to learn more about ACEs or how members accomplish their goals by using Community Managers and Producers.


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- Coat Apron, Blue, 51" Length, 64" Width, Vinyl Material, EA1Coat Apron, Blue, 51" Length, 64" Width, Vinyl Material, EA1
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Price $73.25 / pkg. of 50
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 31, 1982
|Filing date
|Feb 15, 1973
|Priority date
|Feb 7, 1969
|Publication number
|Jacob Schwartz
|Original Assignee
|Sanders Associates, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (13), Classifications (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of my copending application entitled "Laser Detector and Spectral Analyzer", Ser. No. 797,596, filed Feb. 7, 1969, now abandoned.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of electro-optics and more particularly to apparatus for the detection and spectographic analysis of laser energy.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The prior art in the field to which the present invention relates may be separated into two basic categories; spectral research instruments and field apparatus.
With the increasing significance of spectral research a wide variety of spectrographic instruments have been produced, which generally involve the use of either prisms or diffraction gratings to disperse the incoming radiation. Prisms, however, have very poor linearity of wavelength scale which is uncontrollable and which results in a limitation upon the dynamic range of the instrument. The use of diffraction gratings, on the other hand, introduces an ambiguity due to the overlap of orders of interference which also serves to limit the usable dynamic range of the instrument. Particularly in the field of infrared spectroscopy the detector elements which may be used with the conventional spectrograph are limited due to the low energy which is generally available in the dispersed radiation beam. If maximum sensitivity is needed, spectroscopic apparatus must have high energy throughout for efficiency.
It will be appreciated that there are many instances where it is desirable in a field rather than a laboratory environment to detect laser radiation and to differentiate it from other light sources. Since the conventional spectrograph is typically a delicate, bulky and expensive instrument, its use in a field environment is at least infeasible if not impossible. The alternative apparatus for laser detection in the field has in the past involved the use of a multiplicity of detector elements, each having a narrow bandpass filter corresponding to the wavelengths of lasers with which an encounter may be anticipated. The shortcomings of this approach lie basically in its incapacity to provide for unanticipated wavelengths and its susceptability to false alarms due to naturally occurring phenomena such as solar radiation. Further the use of multiple filtered detectors requires an output lead pair for each detector. If a large spectral range is to be covered the generation of a yes/no indication as to whether the detected radiation is from a laser can thus require apparatus of considerable complexity.
It is therefore a primary object of the present invention to provide a new and novel apparatus for the detection and spectral analysis of laser radiation.
It is another object of the present invention to provide apparatus of the above-described character having wide dynamic range.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide apparatus of the above-described character which provides a substantially instantaneous and independent indication of the wavelength, bandwidth and power of radiant energy incident thereon.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide apparatus of the above-described character which is operable with analog signal processing apparatus.
The foregoing as well as other objectives of the present invention are accomplished through the use of a wedge type interference filter in combination with a plurality of photoelectric detector elements and suitable electronic signal processing apparatus. The wedge filter essentially distributes the energy which is impingent thereupon along its length as a function of wavelength. Any given wavelength will be transmitted by one and only one transverse strip along the filter. Disposed behind the filter are a first detector which is fully exposed to all radiation passing through the filter, a second detector covered by a mask having an aperture which increases linearly with position and thus wavelength and a third detector covered by a mask having an aperture which increases quadratically with wavelength. The detector output signals thus provide the basis for electronically determining the wavelength, bandwidth and power of impingent radiant energy.
The objectives stated hereinabove together with other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the appended drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-section view of an alternative embodiment of the detector elements of the present invention including collecting optics.
FIG. 3 is a cross-section view of a second alternative embodiment of the detector elements of the present invention wherein small detectors and focusing means are provided.
Turning now to FIG. 1 there is illustrated a schematic diagram of a laser detector and spectral analyzer constructed according to the principles of the present invention.
Laser detector apparatus embodying the present invention includes at least three substantially identical photoelectric detectors 12, 14 and 16 disposed behind a wedge filter 18. The photoelectric detectors 12, 14 and 16 may take the form of any suitable detector which responds to laser energy, preferably a silicon device, such as type SGD-100 manufactured by E.G.&G. Corporation. The wedge filter 18 is an interference filter having a systematic positional variation in the thickness of deposited interference layers such that there is a systematic known variation in the center of the local passband with position along the left-right axis of the filter. Filters of this type are known in the art and may be typified by the Schott S-60 linear wedge filter which is available from the Jena (Schott) Glass Company. Thus, light will pass through the wedge filter in narrow strips, such as strip 20, corresponding to each band of wavelengths contained in the incident light and fall upon the detectors 12, 14 and 16. When illuminated by monochromatic light the filter 18 passes that light in a single strip 20 which is centered at a known position along the length of the filter corresponding to the wavelength of the light. In the illustrated embodiment the laser source is assumed to be a pulsed source with a pulse repetition rate on the order of 20 pulses per second or more, located on the side of filter 18 which is opposite to the detectors 12, 14 and 16. The width of the transmitted strip 20 may be preselected from any value between approximately 5 angstroms to hundred of angstroms depending upon the desired wavelength resolution.
The detectors 12, 14 and 16 are masked to receive differently weighted portions of the filtered radiation. The detector 12 has all of its surface exposed to the filtered radiation (i.e., it has no aperture mask) so as to provide an electrical output signal, the amplitude of which is proportional to the power contained in the incident radiation.
The second detector 14 has a portion of its surface covered by an aperture mask 26 having a geometrical shape such as the one illustrated, whereby the area of detector 14 illuminated by the strip 20 is a linear function of the center wavelength of light passing through the wedge filter 18 and the power in the illuminating light. Accordingly, the detector 14 produces an electrical output signal having an amplitude which is proportional to the product of the center wavelength and of the power of the incident radiation. Hence, when placed in a proper form, the output signal of detector 14 can be divided by the output signal of detector 12 to produce a signal proportional to the center wavelength of the incident radiation.
The third photoelectric detector 16 has a portion of its surface covered by another aperture mask 36 such that the detector area illuminated by the strip 20 is a quadratic (parabolic) function of the wavelength of the illuminating light. Thus, the amplitude of the output signal of detector 16 is also a quadratic function of the filtered radiation wavelength. When placed in proper form, the output signal of detector 16 can be subtracted from the square of the center wavelength signal to produce an electrical signal which is proportional to the square of the bandwidth of the illuminating light.
Since the output signals of the detectors 12, 14 and 16 are very low level pulses, they need to be placed in a proper signal form to drive such circuits as signal dividers and indicating instruments. To this end, the output signals of the detectors 12, 14 and 16 are coupled to signal detection networks 80-1, 80-2, and 80-3, respectively. Each of these signal detection networks is operative to filter out background noise (due to ambient light), to amplify the associated pulse signal and to convert the peak or maximum amplitude of the pulse signal to a d.c. level. Since these signal detection networks are identical to one another, only the network 80-1 is illustrated in detail in FIG. 1.
The network 80-1 includes a series capacitor 81-1 and a shunt resistor 82-1 which are arranged to a.c. couple the output signal of detector 12 to the non-inverting (NI) input of an operational amplifier 83-1. The capacitor 81-1 and resistor 82-1 additionally serve as a high pass filter so as to block d.c. components in the output signal of detector 12 which are due to ambient light conditions.
Assuming the use of the aforementioned SGD-100 type photodetector element connected and biased in the manner suggested by the manufacturer, the output signal of detector 12 consists of a negative going pulse for each burst or pulse of incident laser radiation. The operational amplifier 83-1 is connected as a noninverting amplifier so that the signal at its output also consists of corresponding negative going pulses. To this end, a feedback resistor 84-1 is connected between the output and inverting (I) input of amplifier 83-1. A shunt resistor 85-1 is connected between the I input and a point of reference potential, such as circuit ground illustrated by the conventional symbol therefor.
The negative going output pulses from amplifier 83-1 are applied via an a.c. coupling network and a series input resistor 88-1 to the I input of another operational amplifier 89-1. The a.c. coupling network includes a series capacitor 86-1 and a shunt resistor 87-1. The operational amplifier 89-1 has its output coupled to a peak detector circuit which includes a series diode 93-1 and a shunt capacitor 94-1. The amplifier 89-1 is connected as an inverting type amplifier so as to convert the negative going pulses at its input to positive going pulses at its output. To this end, a feedback resistor 94-1 is coupled between the cathode of diode 93-1 and the I input of amplifier 89-1. The NI input is connected to circuit ground by way of a resistor 95-1. In order to suppress any spurious positive going pulses at the I input of amplifier 89-1 an additional feedback network consisting of the parallel combination of a resistor 91-1 and a diode 92-2 are connected between the output and I input of the amplifier. It should be noted that the resistor 91-1 is made significantly larger than the resistor 90-1 (e.g., by a factor of 10 ) so that the gain of amplifier 89-1 is primarily determined by the value of resistor 90-1.
The series diode 93-1 and shunt capacitor 94-1 together with the input impedance of another operational amplifier 99-1 essentially operate as a conventional diode peak detector. However, due to the large input impedance of the operational amplifier 99-1, the peak detector has a relatively long time constant so that the peak detector additionally holds or stores the peak value of the positive going pulse at the output of amplifier 89-1. For an exemplary design, this time constant is on the order of 100 milliseconds which proved suitable for laser pulse repetition rates on the order of 20 pulses per second or more. This results in a stretched or wider pulse at the output of amplifier 99-1. As the repetition rate decreases, the time constant becomes longer.
The d.c. voltage value at the output of the peak and hold detector is coupled via a series input resistor 96-1 to the I input of operational amplifier 99-1. This operational amplifier is connected as an inverting low pass filter type amplifier so as to filter out remaining high frequency components of the short input pulse to the divide detector. To this end, a feedback circuit including a parallel connection of resistor 97-1 and capacitor 98-1 is connected between the output and I input of amplifier 99-1. The output of amplifier 99-1 then is a sequence of stretched pulses which are more negative than the pulses at the output of the peak and hold circuit.
The operational amplifiers 83-1, 89-1 and 99-1 may take on any suitable form as dictated by the choice of the designer. By way of example, each of these amplifiers may be a model 709 type manufactured by the Fairchild Semiconductor Corp. In the interest of clarity, the power terminal and frequency compensation connections for each of these amplifiers has been omitted from the drawing. All of these connections are made in the manner recommended by the manufacturer.
The stretched output pulses of the network 80-1, being proportional to the peak power incident upon the wedge filter 18 are applied directly to a power indicator 24 so as to give a direct reading of the peak power. The power indicator 24, as well as each of the indicators 34 and 48, may suitably take the form of a 0 to 1 milliampere D'Arsonval type meter.
The output pulses from network 80-2 while being proportional to the product of center wavelength and incident power are divided by the output signal of network 80-1 by means of a divider network 32. The output signal from the divider 32 is thus directly representative of the center wavelength of the incident light and is applied to the meter 34.
The output pulses from the network 80-3 are divided by the output signal of network 80-1 by means of a second divider network 42 so as to eliminate the peak power factor. The output signal of divider 42 is then subtracted from the square of the center wavelength signal output 32. To this end, the output of divider 32 is applied to both the multiplier and multiplicand inputs of a multiplier 46 so that its output signal is the square of the center wavelength signal. This output signal multiplier 46 is then applied to the I input of a difference amplifier 44. The NI input of the difference amplifier 44 is connected to receive the output of the divider 42. The output of the difference amplifier 44 then is proportional to the square of the bandwidth of the incident laser radiation pulse and is applied to a meter 48.
The difference amplifier 44 may also take the form of the aforementioned model 709 type operational amplifier connected in the manner shown at page 57 of the Handbook of Operational Amplifier Applications, a publication of Burr-Brown Research Corporation. The divider networks 32 and 42 and the multiplier network 46 may suitably take the form of the multiplier/divider unit, model 4029/25 manufactured by Burr-Brown Research Corp.
Since the sensitivity of most detector elements varies with the wavelength of the incident energy an error could be introduced into the detector output signals. The present invention may readily provide for correction of this error by corresponding adjustment of the aperture masks 26 and 36.
A fourth detector element (not shown) may also be provided which is not covered by any filter or mask and which is optimized for response speed. The output signal from such a detector is thus an approximation of the waveshape of the illuminating light. Generally the receipt of a pulse of light having a duration of between one and ten microseconds may be taken as a strong indication that the illuminating light is emanating from a Q-switched laser since no known background noise source and few if any non-laser sources could yield so short a pulse. Accordingly, the output signal from such a detector could be employed to provide an indication whether or not a laser was in fact illuminating the apparatus.
The output signal from detector 12 may in addition to providing a direct indication of incident power be utilized to activate an audio or visual alarm (not shown) when the power being received is in excess of a predetermined threshold level.
It will thus be seen that the Applicant has invented a laser detector and spectral analyzer, which although simple and reliable, has the capacity to determine the wavelength, bandwidth, power and approximate pulse duration of light received from a remote laser source as well as to discriminate lasers from non-laser sources. It should be apparent that the laser detector and spectral analyzer can also be designed to detect and analyze laser pulses with extremely low repetition rates by lengthening the time constant of the peak or sample and hold circuit. The apparatus of the invention as shown in its preferred embodiment requires no imaging optical elements and thus provides a full hemispherical field of view if desired and completely avoids the introduction of chromatic aberration problems which are involved with the use of imaging optics between the dispersing element and detector.
Particularly in a field environment it is foreseeable that it would be required to detect a laser from outside the direct beam by such means as aerosol scattering or radiation which is diffusely reflected from a target. Apparatus according to the principles of the present invention and having the additional sensitivity required to detect and analyze such low intensity light is illustrated in cross-section in FIG. 2. In this embodiment three photoelectric detector elements 12, 14 and 16 are disposed behind a wedge filter 18 in the manner described with reference to FIG. 1 and an unfiltered detector 50 is disposed adjacent thereto. The detector output signals are applied to signal processing electronics 64 as shown in detail in FIG. 1 and illustrated in FIG. 2 as a single element for the purposes of brevity and clarity. A condensing cone or cone channel optical element 66 is disposed on the light incident side of the filter 18 with its narrower end adjacent the filter. In this manner the sensitivity of the apparatus is improved without resort to imaging optics and their attendant problems due to chromatic aberration. The degree of improvement provided by the condensing cone 66 is determined by the field-of-view θ of the cone and by the ratio of the detector to collector apertures of the cone.
FIG. 3 illustrates a cross section view through the transverse dimension of the wedge filter of an alternative embodiment of the present invention wherein detectors which are smaller than available filters must be used and some measure of chromatic aberration may be acceptable. In this embodiment the wedge filter 18 is disposed adjacent a diffusing screen 68 such as ground glass whereby the strip of light passing through the filter is imaged thereon. A lens 70 is disposed such as to image the diffusing screen on the detectors 12, 14 and 16. It will be noted that it is not required that the diffusing screen be imaged on detector 50. Thus detector 50 may conveniently be disposed adjacent lens 70. The detector outputs are applied to suitable signal processing electronics 64 as discussed hereinabove.
It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained, and since certain changes may be made in the above construction without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 24, 1943
|Nov 29, 1949
|Standard Telephones Cables Ltd
|Electronic pulse filtering system
|Jan 28, 1960
|Aug 6, 1963
|Polarad Electronics Corp
|Star energy identification system for space navigation
|Feb 15, 1966
|Feb 3, 1970
|Philco Ford Corp
|System,including pulse shape discriminator for detecting flaws in transparent material
|May 5, 1969
|Dec 14, 1971
|Harley John
|Readout system for analytical equipment
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 5, 1985
|Mar 17, 1987
|The Perkin-Elmer Corporation
|Spatial/spectral real time imaging
|Feb 4, 1988
|Apr 17, 1990
|The Boeing Company
|Boresight alignment measuring apparatus and method for electro-optic systems
|Dec 11, 1987
|Sep 18, 1990
|Santa Barbara Research Center
|Wedge-filter spectrometer
|Nov 26, 1990
|Jun 23, 1992
|Welner Jerome M
|System and method for detection and identification of laser wavelengths
|Apr 3, 1992
|Jul 11, 1995
|Hughes Aircraft Company
|Spatially tunable rugate narrow reflection band filter and applications therefor
|Apr 3, 1992
|Jan 30, 1996
|Hughes Aircraft Company
|Spatially tunable rugate narrow reflection band filter
|Jun 7, 1995
|Jun 2, 1998
|Masimo Corporation
|Optical filter for spectroscopic measurement and method of producing the optical filter
|Jun 1, 1998
|Aug 17, 1999
|Masimo Corporation
|Optical filter for spectroscopic measurement and method of producing the optical filter
|May 26, 1999
|Aug 21, 2001
|Masimo Laboratories
|Optical filter for spectroscopic measurement and method of producing the optical filter
|Mar 30, 2001
|Aug 9, 2005
|Oseir Oy
|Method for imaging measurement, imaging measurement device and use of measured information in process control
|Mar 9, 2004
|Sep 27, 2005
|Daniel John Peterson
|Motorcycle mounted radar/laser detector
|Mar 9, 2004
|Sep 15, 2005
|Peterson Daniel J.
|Motorcycle mounted radar/laser detector
|Nov 2, 1988
|Jun 15, 1989
|Santa Barbara Res Center
|Wedge-filter spectrometer
|U.S. Classification
|356/73, 356/419, 356/227
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Don't shorts cover when the price of the stock drops? I mean that when FTR ran up to 8.38 if FEB, what was the short volume then? When FTR fell to 510 in AUG, that would be a good time for them to cover, right? That would pay for a lot of dividends. No wonder the short interest fell. Or am I looking at short interest wrong?
Didn't Frontier raise prices on Fios when they took over WA. and OR.?
Gee, how does yahoo let that long of a post?


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Homecoming 2015
THIS IS AN ACTUAL REPORT. It is not related in any way to the active shooter exercise that is taking place on campus today. More Information
Fort Hays State University > About FHSU > Academic Divisions > College of Arts and Sciences > Department of Psychology > Experimental Psychology
Fort Hays State University
600 Allan Park Street
Martin Allen Hall 102
Phone: 785-628-4405
Contact Us
Program SummaryCareers in Experimental PsychologyProgram Contact InformationThe Master's Degree (MS) Program in Experimental Psychology is a flexible graduate program that can be a stepping stone to a more specialized doctoral degree program, preparation for research-based careers in various fields like non-profits, academia, and businesses. Working with a mentor, students build a plan of study that suits their career interests and future goals. All students take coursework that provides a strong foundation in research methods and statistical analysis that culminates in the completion of a master's thesis. Multiple opportunities to pursue individual research interests, as well as to conduct collaborative research with faculty are available. Graduate Teaching Assistantships are available. Students are able to tailor a portion of their coursework to their individual career plans.
Graduates from the MS program in Experimental Psychology at FHSU have gone on to doctoral programs in psychology at institutions such as the University of Oklahoma, Kansas State University, and Texas Tech University. In addition, graduates now work at businesses or with non-profit organizations, have attended medical school and law school, and have sought advanced degrees in other related fields. Faculty involved with the MS program in Experimental Psychology conduct research in various fields and are able to help students develop a specific program of study and research.
This is an on-campus program only. The program consists of 33 graduate credit hours, split between the requirements of research methodology, content breadth and depth, and research experience. Although 33 hours is the minimum requirement, students are allowed to take more credits as necessary to meet their long-term career goals.Experimental Methods (3 credits)Inferential Statistics (3 credits)Thesis (6 credits)Developmental Psychology (3 credits)Cognitive Psychology 3 credits)Neuropsychology 3 credits)Service to the Discipline (IDS) 3 credits)
Test and Measurement (3 credits)Appraisal of Adults (5 credits)Advanced Abnormal (3 credits)
Child Psychopathology (3 credits)IDS of Aging, Human Sexuality, Evolution, or Adolescence (6 credits)
IDS of Perception or Evolution (3 credits)History and Systems (3 credits)Linguistic based course from English, SLP or Biology (3 credits)
The program requires all students to take a year-long sequence of two courses in research methodology. The first course, Experimental Methods, focuses on the broad process of conducting research, while the second, Inferential Statistics concentrates on the application of statistics to this process.
The program requires all students to complete a master's thesis. This will be an empirical study, requiring the student to design, conduct, and analyze the results of their own research project. From initial hypothesis generation to final write-up, this will typically span two semesters in time. Faculty guidance will be provided throughout the entire process in the form of a thesis committee selected by the student.
The program requires activities that are focused on research, service and teaching to prepare students for the structure of most PhD programs. These activities are to be conducted throughout 2-year sequence.


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Attorney Brooke Benzio joins Rossway Moore Swan, Attorneys at Law
VERO BEACH - Bradley W. Rossway, managing partner of of the legal firm Rossway Moore Swan announced Brooke M. Benzio has joined the firm.
Benzio is working with partner Michael J. Swan focusing in the areas of estate planning and estate administration, long-term care planning and elder law, health law and estate administration.
Benzio graduated from Loyola University of Chicago School of Law after completing her undergraduate degree at Florida State University. Prior to joining the firm, she worked at a St. Lucie law firm practicing in estate planning and elder law.
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Brooke Benzio can be reached by calling 772-231-4440. For more information on the firm, visit www.verobeachlawyers.com.
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Responding to Exercise-Deficit Disorder in Youth: Integrating Wellness Care Into Pediatric Physical Therapy
ABSTRACT THE PROBLEM:: The decline and disinterest in regular physical activity among contemporary youth have created an immediate need to identify and treat these youngsters before they become resistant to our interventions. KEY POINTS:: Exercise-deficit disorder is a term used to describe a condition characterized by reduced levels of physical activity that are inconsistent with current public health recommendations. Pediatric physical therapists are in an enviable position to identify and treat exercise-deficit disorder in youth, regardless of body size or physical ability. RECOMMENDATION:: If pediatric physical therapists want to become advocates for children's health and wellness, there is a need to address limitations in the physical therapist professional curriculum, educate families on the benefits of wellness programming, and initiate preventive strategies that identify youth who are inactive, promote daily physical activity, and encourage healthy lifestyle choices.
Full-textDOI: · Available from: Avery Faigenbaum, Jun 16, 2015
- Pediatric physical therapy: the official publication of the Section on Pediatrics of the American Physical Therapy Association 03/2013; 25(1):1. DOI:10.1097/PEP.0b013e31827c5cc6 · 1.04 Impact Factor
Article: Training the Developing Brain, Part I: Cognitive Developmental Considerations for Training Youth.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Based on the fundamental principles of pediatric exercise science and developmental physiology, childhood provides a critical window to develop the physical readiness of youth through age-related training programs that are designed purposely to teach and reinforce fundamental movement skills to enhance preparedness for physical activity and sport. Successful implementation of developmental programs requires age-related instruction by qualified professionals who understand the physical and psychosocial uniqueness of children and adolescents. An understanding of the interaction of physical and cognitive development is needed to design and implement training strategies that optimize training outcomes. Regular training with structured and integrative modalities throughout the developmental years as part of physical education, recreation, and sports practice can improve athletic performance while reducing common sports-related injuries and can facilitate the adoption of healthy lifestyles throughout adulthood. In this commentary, we outline cognitive developmental considerations in youth that may influence the design and implementation of training programs aimed at optimizing motor skill development in youth.Current Sports Medicine Reports 09/2013; 12(5):304-310. DOI:10.1097/01.CSMR.0000434106.12813.69 · 1.55 Impact Factor
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In this study we examined the relationship between physical fitness and motor competence in adolescents aged 15 to 16 years. A sample of 94 adolescents participated in the study. To test motor competence, the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 was used. Physical fitness was assessed using the following test items: standing broad jump, 20-m dash, reduced Cooper test, and sit-and-reach test. The results revealed a significant but weak relationship (0.248) between motor competence and physical fitness for the whole sample. More specifically, the correlation between the 2 variables was significant for girls (0.353) but not for boys (0.248). The relatively weak relationship between motor competence and physical fitness suggests that motor competence might not be critical in adolescents to maintain their physical fitness.Pediatric physical therapy: the official publication of the Section on Pediatrics of the American Physical Therapy Association 03/2014; 26(1):69-74. DOI:10.1097/PEP.0000000000000006 · 1.04 Impact Factor


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+1 for SSDs
CNET bought a house!
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text:
Page 1
Extracellular Glutamate Concentration in Hippocampal Slice
Melissa A. Herman and Craig E. Jahr
Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
Synaptic glutamate transients resulting from vesicular exocytosis are superimposed on a low baseline
concentration of glutamate in the extracellular space. Reported values of baseline glutamate
concentrations range up to 4 μM. If glutamate were present tonically at low micromolar concentrations,
many receptors, especially the high-affinity NMDA receptors (NMDARs), would be activated or
desensitized, altering neuronal excitability. Using NMDARs expressed by CA1 pyramidal cells in
acute hippocampal slices to monitor extracellular glutamate, we find that its baseline concentration
is much lower, near 25 nM. In addition, superfusion of low micromolar concentrations of glutamate
had no effect on neurons, indicating that glutamate transport prevents access to receptors within the
slice. However, equipotent concentrations of NMDA, a nontransported agonist, depolarized neurons
dramatically. We suggest that ambient concentrations of glutamate in vivo are also in the nanomolar
range and are too low to cause significant receptor activation.
hippocampus; NMDA receptors; ambient glutamate; glutamate transporter; dihydrokainate; TBOA
Glutamate transporters, along with diffusion, terminate excitatory neurotransmission mediated
by exocytosis of glutamate-filled vesicles (Isaacson and Nicoll, 1993; Takahashi et al., 1996;
Asztely et al., 1997; Diamond and Jahr, 1997; Wadiche and Jahr, 2005) (for review, see
Danbolt, 2001). In addition, the densely expressed glutamate transporters maintain baseline
levels of extracellular glutamate at concentrations low enough to prevent excitotoxicity (Choi,
1992; Rothstein et al., 1996; Tanaka et al., 1997). Although the thermodynamic coupling of
Na+ and K + gradients to glutamate transport predicts a lower limit of 2 nM extracellular
glutamate (Zerangue and Kavanaugh, 1996), the constant efflux of glutamate results in a higher
steady-state ambient concentration in the extracellular space (Sah et al., 1989; Rossi and Slater,
1993; Lauri et al., 2006; Le Meur et al., 2007). Microdialysis studies report an in vivo ambient
glutamate concentration as high as 1–4 μM (Lerma et al., 1986; Baker et al., 2002; Nyitrai et
al., 2006). Given that the EC50 of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) for glutamate is ∼2 μM
(Patneau and Mayer, 1990), this concentration range would have significant effects on neuronal
excitability. In contrast to the microdialysis studies, measurements of ambient glutamate in
acute brain slice suggest a much lower concentration (Cavelier and Attwell, 2005; Cavelier et
al., 2005; Le Meur et al., 2007), although a definitive estimate is lacking, and whether one can
extrapolate from brain slice to brain is unclear.
By measuring the tonic current mediated by NMDARs in CA1 pyramidal cells, we estimated
the concentration of ambient glutamate. We determined that the tonic spatially and temporally
Correspondence should be addressed to Craig E. Jahr, Vollum Institute, Oregon Heath and Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam
Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098. E-mail: E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.
NIH Public Access
Author Manuscript
J Neurosci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 April 20.
Published in final edited form as:
J Neurosci. 2007 September 5; 27(36): 9736–9741. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3009-07.2007.
NIH-PA Author Manuscript
NIH-PA Author Manuscript
NIH-PA Author Manuscript
Page 2
averaged concentration of extracellular glutamate in acute hippocampal slices with intact
glutamate transport is ∼25 nM, 100-fold lower than reported previously (Lerma et al., 1986;
Baker et al., 2002; Nyitrai et al., 2006). We suggest that this low concentration of extracellular
glutamate is controlled by densely expressed glutamate transporters (Garthwaite, 1985;
Jabaudon et al., 1999; Danbolt, 2001; Cavelier and Attwell, 2005).
Materials and Methods
Slice preparation
Postnatal day 15–19 rats were deeply anesthetized with isofluorane and decapitated, as
approved by the Oregon Health and Science University Institutional Animal Care and Use
Committee. Hippocampi were removed, and transverse slices (300 μm) were cut using a
vibroslicer (Leica, Bannockburn, IL) in ice-cold solution containing the following (in mM): 110
choline chloride, 7 MgCl2, 2.5 KCl, 1.25 KH2PO4, 0.5 CaCl2, 25 NaHCO3, 1.3 Na-ascorbate,
and 10 glucose (saturated with 95% O2/5% CO2). The slices were incubated for 30–45 min at
34°C and then stored at room temperature in an external solution containing the following (in
mM): 119 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 2.0 CaCl2, 1.3 MgCl2, 1.0 NaH2PO4, 26.2 NaHCO3, and 11 glucose
(saturated with 95% O2/5% CO2).
Experimental procedures
Whole-cell recordings were obtained, using an Axopatch-1B amplifier (Molecular Devices,
Union City, CA), from CA1 pyramidal cells visually identified with differential interference
contrast optics (Zeiss, Thornwood, NY). Slices were superfused with the above external
solution with 2.5 mM CaCl2, 100 μM picrotoxin, 10 μM 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-
tetrahydrobenzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (NBQX), and 10 μM D-serine, except when noted.
Experiments were performed at 32–35°C, with the temperature maintained by an in-line
heating device (Warner Instruments, Hamden, CT), unless otherwise noted (see Fig. 3). Patch
pipettes (2.0–3.5 MΩ) were filled with an internal solution containing the following (in mM):
135 Cs+ methanesulfonate, 8 NaCl, 10 HEPES, 10 Cs-BAPTA, 4 Mg-ATP, 0.4 Na-GTP, 0.2
verapamil (voltage-clamp experiments) or 135 K+ methanesulfonate, 8 NaCl, 10 HEPES, 10
K-BAPTA, 4 Mg-ATP, 0.4 Na-GTP (current-clamp experiments). Nucleated patch recordings
were performed in the standard external solution with 5 mM CaCl2 and 0 mM MgCl2, using patch
pipettes of ≤2.0 MΩ resistance. Electrophysiological recordings were acquired using custom
software (J. S. Diamond, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda,
MD) written in IgorPro (WaveMetrics, Lake Oswego, OR).
Agonists and antagonists were applied using a custom-built flow-pipe perfusion apparatus with
a flow rate of ∼ 0.1 ml/min positioned above the slice (Fig. 1A). Flow-pipe solutions were
continuously bubbled with 95% O2/5% CO2.
Data analysis and statistics
AxoGraph X software (AxoGraph Scientific, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) was used
for analysis. Whole-cell recordings were excluded from analysis if series resistance was ≥10
MΩ or changed ≥15% during the course of an experiment. Current amplitudes were measured
at peak deflection relative to baseline. The current blocked by application of 100 μM D-(−)-2-
amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D-AP-5) (Tocris Bioscience, Ellisville, MO) was
normalized by the amplitude of the current evoked by 5 μM NMDA (Tocris Bioscience) for
cells recorded in the presence of TTX. Currents recorded from hippocampal astrocytes were
normalized to the plateau of the test pulse, to scale for proportional rundown of the synaptic
transporter current with increase in access resistance (Diamond et al., 1998). Statistical analysis
was performed using Excel (Microsoft, Seattle, WA) and Instat (GraphPad Software, San
Diego, CA). Error bars on graphs correspond to the SEM. Significance was determined using
Herman and JahrPage 2
J Neurosci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 April 20.
NIH-PA Author Manuscript
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Page 3
ANOVA (Dunnett's or Tukey's post hoc) or Student's t test. Nonlinear regression analyses and
EC50 estimates for dose–response data were performed with Prism (GraphPad Software).
In every whole-cell recording in which the standing NMDAR-mediated current was determined
by block with D-AP-5, the current evoked by 5 μM NMDA was also measured (see Results). To
estimate the concentration of NMDA that would evoke a current the size of the standing current,
each current evoked by 5 μM NMDA was set to 0.073, the fraction of the maximal response (1
mM NMDA) evoked by 5 μM NMDA in nucleated patches. The standing current was scaled by
the factor required to scale the 5 μM NMDA current to 0.073. Because the ratio of standing
current to 5 μM NMDA current amplitude was 0.09, the standing current was 0.0065, i.e., <1%
of the maximal current evoked by saturating NMDA. The concentration of NMDA necessary
to evoke such a current was found by reading it off the abscissa of the dose–response curve at
the point at which the current was 0.65% of maximal.
Ambient glutamate generates a standing NMDAR current in hippocampus
Ambient extracellular glutamate activates an NMDAR-mediated current in hippocampal
pyramidal cells (Sah et al., 1989; Cavelier and Attwell, 2005; Le Meur et al., 2007), which we
used to estimate the concentration of glutamate in acute hippocampal slices. NMDAR currents
were recorded in the presence of D-serine (10 μM), NBQX (10 μM), TTX (0.5 μM), and picrotoxin
(100 μM) at +40 mV. To determine the amplitude of the standing NMDAR current, we applied
the competitive NMDAR antagonist D-AP-5 (100 μM) via a flow pipe to CA1 pyramidal neurons
(Fig. 1A). D-AP-5 application decreased the holding current by 73.7 ± 11.2 pA (Fig. 1B) (n =
7), blocking the NMDAR-mediated standing current generated by ambient glutamate. For
comparison across cells, we divided this current amplitude by the current evoked by 5 μM
NMDA (Fig. 1B) (831 ± 74.5 pA; n = 7), a nontransported agonist (Garthwaite, 1985; Dowd
et al., 1996). The resulting measure of the standing current was 0.090 ± 0.01 (n = 7), a value
that was used to quantify the ambient glutamate concentration.
To confirm that the current evoked by 5 μM NMDA application was a direct effect of the agonist
and not contaminated with depolarization-induced glutamate release from other cells in the
slice, we recorded the action of 5 μM NMDA on CA1 pyramidal neurons in current clamp in
the same conditions. These cells were depolarized by 2.56 ± 0.9 mV during a 90 s application
of 5 μM NMDA (n = 6). It seems unlikely that this depolarization would release enough
glutamate to influence the evoked current.
It is possible that the ambient glutamate concentration is altered with changes in the level of
synaptic activity. To test this, we investigated the magnitude of the NMDAR-mediated standing
current while altering neuronal activity. The size of the current blocked by D-AP-5 was not
different in the presence or absence of TTX (Fig. 1E) (n = 7) nor with continuous 1 Hz
stimulation of Schaffer collaterals, which evoked NMDAR EPSCs (Fig. 1C–E) (n = 7). This
suggests that the concentration of ambient glutamate is unaltered by activity, which is
consistent with the results of other groups that vesicular release of glutamate does not contribute
to the ambient extracellular concentration (Jabaudon et al., 1999;Cavelier and Attwell, 2005).
The ambient glutamate concentration is submicromolar
To estimate the average extracellular glutamate concentration, we first constructed dose–
response relationships for NMDA and glutamate to which we could compare the normalized
current blocked by D-AP-5 (Fig. 2). An accurate dose–response curve for glutamate could not
be determined in the slice, because of the powerful uptake system present in the tissue
(Garthwaite, 1985;Danbolt, 2001). Therefore, responses of pyramidal cells to the
Herman and JahrPage 3
J Neurosci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 April 20.
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Page 4
nontransported agonist NMDA (1–10 μM) (Dowd et al., 1996) were recorded in acute slices
(Fig. 2A) (n = 6). These NMDA concentrations define only the foot of the dose–response curve
(Patneau and Mayer, 1990). The entire dose–response curve could not be determined with
whole-cell recordings, because the currents evoked with higher concentrations of NMDA were
so large that we were concerned about the adequacy of the voltage clamp. Therefore, the
complete dose–response curves for both NMDA and glutamate were generated with nucleated
patches from CA1 pyramidal cell somata (Fig. 2B) (n = 7). A semi-log plot was constructed,
and the patch data were fitted with the Hill equation yielding an EC50 of 37.7 μM for NMDA
and 1.8 μM for glutamate (Fig. 2C), which are values close to those reported from dispersed
neurons or neurons in primary culture at room temperature (Garthwaite, 1985;Patneau and
Mayer, 1990). The whole-cell currents activated by 5 μM NMDA were scaled to the NMDA
patch dose–response curve at the 5 μM point. The whole-cell measurements for 1–10 μM NMDA
were well described by the Hill equation fit of the patch responses to NMDA (Fig. 2C, inset).
When the whole-cell data alone were fitted with the Hill equation, assuming a maximal
response at 1 mM, the resulting fit was nearly identical (EC50 of 39 μM). From the Hill fit, a
concentration of 0.790 ± 0.069 μM NMDA would be necessary to produce a current equivalent
to the normalized D-AP-5-blocked standing current (see Materials and Methods).
The concentration of glutamate required to activate a current of the same size as that blocked
by D-AP-5 was estimated by comparing the dose–response curves for NMDA and glutamate.
Comparison of the EC50 values resulted in an NMDA to glutamate conversion factor of 0.048.
Multiplying the NMDA dose–response regression fit by this conversion factor results in a good
fit of glutamate responses (Fig. 2C). Using this conversion factor, the ambient glutamate
concentration necessary to produce the standing current in pyramidal cells is 37.9 ± 10.8 nM.
Agonists for the NMDAR can have different efficacies as well as different affinities (Lester
and Jahr, 1992). With heterologously expressed NMDARs, the maximum response to
glutamate is 1.2- to 1.5-fold larger than that of NMDA (Priestley et al., 1995). We tested this
in our system by applying 100 μM glutamate and 1 mM NMDA, both saturating concentrations,
to nucleated patches from CA1 pyramidal neurons. Glutamate produced a current that was 1.77
± 0.08-fold larger than NMDA (Fig. 2D,E) (n = 5). Scaling the glutamate dose–response curve
by this factor decreased our estimate of ambient glutamate to ∼25 nM (Fig. 2E).
Flow-pipe and bath-applied drugs have comparable access to receptors
Flow-pipe drug applications are often used for patches and cultures but not for acute brain
slice. We performed control experiments to examine the extent to which drugs applied via flow
pipe penetrate the slice tissue and affect receptors on the recorded cell (Figs. 1, 3). Flow-pipe
application of 100 μM D-AP-5 blocked the NMDAR-mediated EPSC by 94.4 ± 0.9% (87 ± 13%
recovery with washout; n = 8) (Fig. 1C,D). In addition, we used the NMDAR-mediated current
to investigate the concentration of agonist that reached the receptors (Fig. 3). To do so, we
compared the extent to which D-aminoadipic acid (DAA), a competitive low-affinity NMDAR
antagonist, would block currents evoked with bath or flow-pipe applications of 5 μM NMDA.
If bath-applied NMDA penetrated the slice better than flow-pipe applied NMDA, DAA should
block the current evoked by bath application to a lesser extent. On the contrary, there was no
difference in the block of currents evoked by flow-pipe and bath-applied NMDA (69.4 ± 8.8
and 66.8 ± 8.7% of control, respectively) (Fig. 3A, B), suggesting that drug applied by flow
pipe reaches the receptors at a similar concentration as drug applied by bath.
Ambient glutamate estimate is not an artifact of washout
The ambient glutamate value of 25 nM could be an underestimate if endogenous extracellular
glutamate were washed out of the slice with bath perfusion. We addressed this concern by
comparing the magnitude of the standing NMDAR current blocked by 100 μM D-AP-5 in control
Herman and Jahr Page 4
J Neurosci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 April 20.
NIH-PA Author Manuscript
NIH-PA Author Manuscript
NIH-PA Author Manuscript
Page 5
and while incubating the slice in 2 μM glutamate, a concentration in the range found by
microdialysis (Lerma et al., 1986; Baker et al., 2002; Nyitrai et al., 2006). We found that the
currents blocked by D-AP-5 with 2 μM glutamate in the bath were not different from controls
(103.8 ± 7.21% of control; n = 6) (Fig. 4A). As we would expect, a half-maximal activation
of NMDARs with this glutamate concentration (equivalent to ∼40 μM NMDA), yet the standing
current was not increased, we suggest that glutamate uptake is capable of maintaining
extracellular glutamate at very low levels even in the presence of an endless supply of
exogenous glutamate (Garthwaite, 1985).
If uptake is an important mechanism for maintaining low ambient glutamate levels, transporter
antagonists should increase the standing current. As others have shown (Jabaudon et al.,
1999; Baker et al., 2002; Cavelier and Attwell, 2005), application of the glutamate transporter
competitive antagonist DL-threo-benzyloxyaspartic acid (TBOA) (200 μM; n = 8) (Fig. 4B)
caused a rapid increase in current (τ1 = 14.1 ± 2.85 s; τ2 = 65.3 ± 9.03 s), but the current did
not reach steady state during a 2.5 min application, suggesting a continual buildup of glutamate.
The rising phase of this current reflects both the rate at which transporters are blocked as TBOA
enters the slice and the rate at which glutamate is being released into the extracellular space.
This current was mediated by NMDARs because it was blocked by D-AP-5 (Fig. 4C,D). Of the
transporters expressed in the hippocampus, the astrocytic glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1)
subtype accounts for ∼80% of uptake (Lehre and Danbolt, 1998; Danbolt, 2001). Blocking
GLT-1 transporters with dihydrokainate (DHK) (100 μM) (Fiacco et al., 2007) increased the
standing current almost fourfold, whereas blocking the remaining 20% of uptake with TBOA
caused an additional doubling of the current (Fig. 4C,D). This suggests that the ambient
glutamate concentration is controlled by transporters in a nonlinear manner. In contrast,
although DHK decreased the amplitude of transporter currents evoked in hippocampal
astrocytes by Schaffer collateral stimulation, it did not decrease the amount of glutamate taken
up, as measured by the integral of the transporter current (Fig. 4E,F) (Diamond and Jahr,
2000). TBOA, conversely, blocked the transporter current leaving only the astrocytic response
to elevated extracellular potassium (Fig. 4E) (Bergles and Jahr, 1997). These results suggest
glutamate transporters play a dual role in the homeostasis of extracellular glutamate. First, they
maintain low levels of ambient glutamate, and, second, they rapidly curtail the fast transients
of glutamate after exocytotic release.
Diffusion of ambient glutamate from the surface of the slice into the bath inevitably occurs.
However, given the sensitivity of extracellular glutamate concentration to transporter
impairment and its resistance to change with exogenous glutamate in the bath, we suggest that
tonic glutamate release and uptake are much more important in controlling the extracellular
glutamate concentration in acute brain slice than diffusion into the bath.
NMDAR activation dramatically alters neuronal excitability
If extracellular glutamate were as high as reported previously (1–4 μM), what effect would this
have on neuronal excitability? To determine this, we applied NMDA at concentrations
equivalent to this range of glutamate to cells recorded in current clamp in the absence of
receptor antagonists. Using the conversion factor generated by the EC50 values of the NMDAR
for glutamate and NMDA, 15, 30, and 60 μM NMDA should mimic effects of 0.75, 1.5, and 3
μM glutamate, respectively. All concentrations of NMDA produced profound depolarization
and spiking (Fig. 5). A 30 s application of 15 μM NMDA produced an average depolarization
of 24.9 ± 10.1 mV, which was increased to 47.4 ± 22.9 mV with a 60 s application (Fig. 5 A,C).
Application of 30 and 60 μM NMDA for 30 s produced more rapid and larger depolarizations
(60.6 ± 6.60 and 60.9 ± 5.77 mV, respectively) accompanied by spike accommodation (Fig.
5B,C). These results indicate that neurons in healthy acute slices are not normally enveloped
by micromolar concentrations of glutamate. Were ambient glutamate to rise into the
Herman and JahrPage 5
J Neurosci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 April 20.
NIH-PA Author Manuscript
NIH-PA Author Manuscript
NIH-PA Author Manuscript


text:
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In this game, you need to help a boy to get rid of toys. Click on a group of two or more cubes to ma...
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mikroC PRO for pic is a full-featured ANSI C compiler for pic devices.
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text:
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In this paper, the effect of long-axis length of oval-shaped chassis on the bandwidth potential of GSM antennas is analyzed for the first time. The optimal long-axis lengths for oval-shaped chassis to achieve the maximum antenna bandwidth at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz are obtained. Simulation results show that the optimal long-axis length of oval chassis at 900 MHz is about 155 mm, and at 1800 MHz the optimal lengths are about 80 mm and 165 mm. In addition, a comparison in optimal length between rectangular and oval-shaped chassis is also discussed.


text:
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Apple's A9 impresses and the Nexus strikes back: The TR Podcast 188
Our discussion last night was wide-ranging. After a rough start due to technical issues, we took on a bunch of your questions while addressing some...
Type: News story Tags: Mobile computing Personal tech Podcast
Shield Android TV firmware update turns on 4K gaming
Nvidia is giving native Android TV gaming and local media playback some extra love to go alongside the revamped GeForce Now service. Shield Android...
Type: News story Tags: Gaming Game consoles
AMD goes Pro with TrustZone-enabled APUs
AMD has released a Pro family of APUs and management tools targeted at business environments. These APUs hail from the Godavari and Carrizo families,...
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Report: AMD, Silver Lake in stalled talks for 25% stake
Amid declining fortunes in every sector of its business, it appears AMD is looking to outside investors for a capital lifeline. According to
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13 million iPhone 6Ses find homes in first weekend of sales
Sales for many big smartphone vendors are declining, yet Apple continues to hit new heights. In just three days, the company says it's...
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The Core i7-6700K and 5775C are both available now
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Nexus 5X and 6P peek out ahead of Google event
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Apple cleans up elusive malware in the iOS App Store
Apple's iOS app store is a notorious walled garden, but it seems to have sprung a leak. Reuters reports that Macs belonging to certain...
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2007 Kenworth W900L
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2016 Freightliner BUSINESS CLASS M2 106
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1995 Chevrolet 3500HD
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2001 Western Star 4964FX
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Description: 4 axle " SUPER TAG " DUMP
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Speakers: Jonathan Braun (University of CaliforniaLos Angeles), Rodolphe Clerval (Enterome), Stanislav Dusko Ehrlich (King's College London), Michael A. Fischbach (University of California, San Francisco), Andy Goodman (Yale School of Medicine), Randy Longman (Weill Cornell Medical College), Sarkis Mazmanian (California Institute of Technology), Paul O'Toole (University College Cork), R. Balfour Sartor (University of North Carolina School of Medicine)
Microbial communities maintain numerous functions to keep humans healthy. This symposium will highlight recent research innovations and therapeutic applications from the microbiome with a focus on gut health.
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For many, panettone is a staple of Christmas celebrations. It is a lightly sweetened yeast bread that is traditionally served around Christmas in Italy. The bread is rich with butter and eggs, and is packed with dried fruits and candied citrus. The fluffy texture, as well as its sweetness, put it somewhere between a bread and a cake. The beautifully packaged breads also make popular ... Read More »
Category Archives: Holidays
Merry Christmas 2011!
It wouldn't be Christmas morning with a big mug of hot chocolate topped with marshmallows – preferably Homemade Vanilla Marshmallows! Hope that your holiday is filled with hot chocolate, cookies and all kinds of other goodies. Merry Christmas everyone! Read More »
What's your favorite holiday treat to bake?
The holidays are all about traditions and, for most of us, that tradition includes baking. Even people who don't use their oven at all the rest of the year often pull out an old favorite recipe and bake a batch of cookies before Christmas. Of course, I'm going to be an advocate for baking year-round, but there are definitely some treats that only pop up ... Read More »
Holiday Cookie Stamps, reviewed
There are plenty of ways to decorate cookies. They can be shaped and sliced, rolled and cut with cookie cutters, topped with sprinkles or spread with frosting. Cookies can also be stamped with designs, and the Holiday Cookie Stamps from Williams Sonoma are a fun way to decorate cookies for the holidays. The stamps are made of cast aluminum (produced by Nordic Ware) and feature ... Read More »
Classic Christmas Cutout Cookies
There are many kinds of cut-out cookie doughs that you can choose from when you're setting out to make some festively decorated cookies for Christmas or another holiday occasion. Chocolate doughs, vanilla doughs, gingerbread doughs – you really can't go wrong with any of them. Some doughs are much easier to work with than others, however, and that is what makes these Classic Christmas Cutout ... Read More »
5 Must-Read Holiday Baking How-Tos!
The holidays can be an incredibly enjoyable time of the year, but they can also be a stressful time for many of us. Entertaining family and friends, baking holiday goodies and even wrapping up gifts take time and organization, and when you have to budget time (and finances), it is helpful to have a few handy how-tos to guide you through the season. These are ... Read More »
NordicWare Gingerbread Loaf Pan, reviewed
Gingerbread is usually one of those cakes that tastes a lot better than it looks. The dark molasses-colored cake, whether baked in a loaf pan or in another type of cake pan, tends not to be quite as pretty to the eye as, for instance, a brown golden sponge cake. Fortunately, that dark coloring hints at the rich flavor and spices inside every bite of ... Read More »
Baking Bites 2011 Holiday Gift Guide
It always helps to get a few more gift ideas as the holidays approach. Inspiration just might help you to pick out that perfect gift for the cook or baker or foodie in your lift – and might even inspire you to add something to your wish list, too. Kitchen Gifts for Bakers and Cooks A stand mixer is and will always be one of ... Read More »


text:
Remaking China Policy: U.S.-China Relations and Governmental Decision-making
Harvard University Press, 1971 - Political Science - 136 pages
Authors Moorsteen and Abramowitz propose a plan of action for improving U.S.–China relations that should stimulate the American public as well as Washington decisionmakers. Dealing effectively with China requires both a long–term perspective and an approach that faces up to fundamental issues, going beyond "atmospherics" and gestures. Yet such a goal must be achieved within the prevailing uncertainty about China's intentions. It must be sought through an evolving process of exploratory steps that would enable policymakers to discover more about Chinese responses and to incorporate this knowledge into future policy.
Some of the opening moves advocated by the authors are:
Moorsteen and Abramowitz analyze deficiencies in the way the United States now develops its China policy. To implement their new approach, they propose both organizational and procedural changes, including new modes of interaction between government China specialists and their policymaking superiors and the establishment of a policy group high enough in rank and broad enough in responsibility to deal with U.S.–China relations as a whole.


text:
LeBron James Signs with WME for Hollywood Projects (Exclusive)
UPDATED: The NBA All-Star is looking to expand his reach in the entertainment industry.
LeBron James has signed with WME on all entertainment and acting projects, sources tell The Hollywood Reporter. The Miami Heat superstar will be represented by a five-member team at WME.
James left CAA in 2012 for a newly formed agency topped by his childhood friend and former CAA agent Rich Paul. James has multiple CAA-packaged entertainment projects in the works. There's the six-episode Starz series Survivor's Remorse, which is penned by actor-writer Mike O'Malley and begins production this spring in Atlanta. And the big-screen feature Ballers with Kevin Hart for Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment. Hart (who is a diminutive 5-foot-3) is writing the screenplay for the comedy in which he'll star as James' (who is 6-foot-8) brother, who has something of an inferiority complex when it comes to on-the-court skills.
Paul went on to form Klutch Sports Group, which will continue to represent James for on-court basketball deals, while Fenway Sports Group and LRMR will continue to handle James' off-court marketing. But signing with a Hollywood agency signals James' seriousness about expanding his brand into scripted content.
The WME deal was negotiated by Maverick Carter, James' longtime business manager, and lawyer Matt Johnson.
Never miss a story. Stay up-to-date with THR's Daily Headlines.
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KTTS Presents the 2nd Annual KTTS Springfield Country Music Awards!
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Elsmere Canyon is located near Santa Clarita, California and features a waterfall. The trail is primarily used for hiking, trail running & walking. Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.
Lucia Channels (364)
2 months ago
Definitely not a trail for youngsters....one end of it is very steep and slippery. I have good hiking shoes and a trekking pole and I still slipped a few times. It's a great workout with lots of inclines and declines. I would suggest using the All Trails App map as the trail is not clearly marked in places. If you miss the U-turn to the right across from the Electrical Towers then you will end up going the long way around (10+ miles). MapMyWalk recorded it as 3.42 miles which took an hour walking at a brisk pace.
Paul Sartain (274)
1 year ago
This trail probably shouldn't be rated as easy. It is definitely moderate, with long slow climb and short downhill. The view at the top is nice but the trail is exposed almost the entire way and is not very well marked.
Robert Walters (216)
1 year ago
What a great hike! Our map my walk app said it was 3.9 miles. It's a really good workout with all the hills. It does get close to the freeway but the view of the Santa Clarita Valley is amazing! The views inside the canyon are equally beautiful. About halfway through you can follow the creek trail SW a ways to a waterfall.