text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 15, 2006
|Filing date
|Dec 10, 2004
|Priority date
|Dec 10, 2004
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Bradley Collar, Jeffrey Bruce Lotspiech, Florian Pestoni, Michael Ripley, Spencer Stephens
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation, Warner Bros Entertainment Inc., Intel Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (16), Classifications (4), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention generally relates to physical storage or memory media. In particular, the present invention pertains to a media comprising enhanced portions of content enabled for use by an encrypted key provided by a third party such as a web service provider.
The entertainment industry is in the midst of a digital revolution. Music, television, and movies are increasingly becoming digital, offering new advantages to the consumer in quality and flexibility. At the same time, since digital data can be perfectly and quickly copied, the digital revolution also comprises a threat. If consumers may freely copy entertainment content and offer that content on the Internet, the market for entertainment content would evaporate.
Another issue faced by content owners is fraudulent manufacturing of media such as DVDs. DVDs are typically manufactured by replicators. On occasion, replicators producing these DVDs do overruns without telling the content owner, for example, a movie studio. After replicating the DVDs for the movie studio, the replicator runs an additional batch for sale on the black market. Movie studios at present have little control over the replicators. However, this source of fraud may be minimized if the DVD were encrypted in such a way that authorization was required before the DVD is played.
One conventional content encryption method encrypts the content on pre-recorded media. The content is enabled for play after the user purchases through an Internet transaction the right to play or otherwise use the content. This approach to content protection has been implemented in several conventional content protection schemes. IBM has implemented a method in which a CD-ROM disc was recorded with encrypted software for many different applications, which is referred to as CD Showcase. The CD-ROM disc was given away for free by mass mailings or at trade shows. After paying a fee, the user would be given a decryption key that would allow them to decrypt a particular application and install it on the system. The disc often contained free demonstration versions of the software that the user may preview, with the intent that the user might decide to purchase the fully featured version.
Another conventional content encryption method was used as a method for renting compact disks (i.e., CD or DVD) movies, implemented by the Divx Company. In one example, the DVD movies were encrypted on the disc using the triple-DES cipher. When the user played a movie, the DVD player may decrypt the content without external authorization from the rental company. However, the DVD player would periodically call a processing center and report the movies it had played.
The DVD player would not play movies if it was unable to call the processing center. The discs were sold for a rental fee and comprised one 48-hour viewing period. If the disc was played after the initial viewing period or if it were played on a DVD player other than the one authorized, these additional viewings would be charged to the user. This approach using content encryption method provided several advantages: the user did not have to return the "rental" disc after playing, and the period of free viewing did not start until the user played the disc. Consequently, the user may "rent" the disc at his convenience, i.e., on a Tuesday for later playing on Saturday night. However, this approach required a specialized DVD player that can call a specific processing system.
One of the shortcomings of both of these content encryption methods was that the cryptographic keys used were essentially global secrets. However, global secrets often do not remain secret very long. In one conventional application of the content encryption method, the global secret may be updated periodically for new discs as the DVD players connected to the processing center. However, the old discs were still compromised.
One approach to protecting copyrighted content on physical storage or memory media is to have the user connect to a web service provided on the Internet to authorize or purchase the content. A conventional approach for this connection is a public/private key system. A web service provider and the DVD player each have a public key. The DVD player and the web service provider handshake on a public/private key to verify the web service provider and the DVD player. The key would be delivered based on the handshake, establishing a secret key. However, the public key calculation is a complicated calculation and is difficult to perform. Furthermore, the handshake requires an active online connection, which may be inconvenient for the user.
What is needed is a system, a service, a computer program product, and an associated method for a content encryption method for pre-recorded physical media that is secure, is easily implemented, may be authorized by a transaction such as an Internet transaction, and can be allowed a deferred interaction with that processing center. The need for such a solution has heretofore remained unsatisfied.
The present invention satisfies this need, and presents a system, a service, a computer program product, and an associated method (collectively referred to herein as "the system" or "the present system") for delivering enhanced multimedia content on physical media. The physical media comprises any portable memory or storage medium such as, for example, compact discs (CDs), digital video discs (DVDs), flash memory, flash cards, etc. For exemplary purposes, the physical memory is referenced as a DVD.
The present system utilizes a unique ID, a media key block, and a set of special files burned on each DVD. Additional IDs may be provided for pieces of content on the DVD. Physical media with these IDs, media key block, and special files are referenced as enhanced media because of its ability to interact with the user through a media player and the Internet. On the enhanced media is a file with a list of uniform resource locators (URLs) for web sites on the WWW.
Following standard DVD video terminology, the disc comprises a number of titles, grouped into title sets. A title may correspond to a stand-alone piece of content or it may correspond to a particular path through the content. In other words, a single content file is associated with one or more titles; i.e., a title set. For example, a movie might contain both a PG version and an R version in a single title set, each as a different title (path). As the enhanced media plays a title requiring an external permission, the media player accesses the URL for that section and obtains the permission.
The DVD player playing the enhanced media connects to the Internet by means of a dial-up modem, cable modem, DSL, etc. Each DVD disc has a media key block. The DVD player connects to the uniform resource locator (URL) provided on the DVD in one of the special files. The present system does not use a "global secret" for encryption or perform a public/private handshake to establish a secret ID enabling the DVD player to play the content. Rather, the present system uses a recently developed encryption technique, broadcast encryption.
Fundamentally, broadcast encryption is based on a block of data on the media called a media key block. Each DVD player has a unique set of keys that allow the DVD player to process the media key block; however, each player follows a unique path through the media key block. All legitimate players end up with the result, the media key. However, if circumvention devices appear, newly released discs can be manufactured so that the circumvention devices, following their particular paths through the media key block, get the wrong answer. All innocent devices continue to correctly calculate the media key. Consequently, only the circumvention devices are excluded from the system.
The present system uses the media key block on the physical media as an aid to deliver content keys across the Internet, thereby avoiding a single global secret. A web service provider or other processing center delivers permission to play a title across the Internet. This permission is delivered in terms of an encrypted content key. If the title is just one of many paths through the content, the player may already know the content key as a result of having played another title. Nonetheless, the player must verify that it receives the correct content key before it proceeds to play the title. The media key protects this content key. In an embodiment, the media key is combined with the volume ID using a cryptographic hash, providing a disc unique key. The disc unique key is then encrypted in the various title keys on the disc, one for each set of titles. In another embodiment, the disc unique key is simply the media key.
The special files on the disc provide, for example, a URL for the web service provider. The integrity of this URL is very important. If a hacker or adversary corrupts the URL, the user can be sent to an alternate URL not representing the web service provider. Without adequate security or verification techniques for the DVD, hackers or adversaries might set up URLs for alternate web sites to obtain credit card information from the consumers. To ensure the integrity of the special files, the special files are cryptographically hashed and the results are XORed with the Internet content key before the content unique key encrypts the content key. The result is burned on the DVD.
Likewise, each title contains a notation whether or not it requires Internet permission before it can be played. In existing DVDs, the per-title information is stored in the "IFO" file. Therefore, the IFO file hash must also be part of the XOR protecting the content key, or else an attacker might be able to simply mark a title as not needing external permission.
The sequence and type of the calculations are somewhat arbitrary. For example, the disc unique key calculation might comprise the hash of the special files, or the content ID may be XORed with Internet content key. Likewise, XORs may be replaced by other operations such as addition or subtraction, without changing the net effect. Variations in the sequence and type of the calculations may be made as long as the end user cannot tamper with the content ID and the special files on the disc without disrupting the calculation.
The present system introduces improved cryptography in enhanced media, eliminating the need for a single global secret or public/private key exchanges. Enhanced media in the form of a DVD video might be used in a variety of business and marketing scenarios. For example, enhanced media might be used in a video rental format, where the user obtains a content-protected movie on DVD for free or a fee. When played on the user's DVD, the user's DVD player contacts a web service provider and the movie is enabled for a period of time specified by the web service provider. The enabling transaction may or may not involve a purchase. Additional features may be placed on the movie DVD that may be enabled for additional fees, for example.
As a promotional event, a DVD video movie might be given away free in the theater after a movie, for example. When played in the user's DVD player, the DVD player contacts a web service provider and the user may purchase the contents on the DVD. A conventional DVD might contain optional content that may be purchased through the web service provider, for example, a "director's cut" with additional scenes and director's comments already encrypted on the disc, but only available to the user for an additional fee.
Even if the bonus content is free, there is an advantage to the studios to ask the consumers to get it through the studio's Web site. This allows the studios to identify their actual consumers, to make them special offers, and to form electronic communities around certain movies.
Using a mechanism available in a DVD player, the enhanced media can offer to the user through the web service provider physical merchandise such as logo t-shirts, action figures, or other spin-off merchandise associated with, for example, a movie. As users enable certain features of a DVD through the web service provider either for free or for purchase, the content owners are able to monitor the actual usage of different features on the DVD. Content creators may then use this information to design future productions.
The present system is applicable to other types of content such as audio, gaming, and computer software, with corresponding similar applications. A DVD might contain software or a game console given away by a software manufacturer with demonstration models in addition to the full-featured software. The user may connect with the web service provider to purchase the full-featured software after trying the demonstration version. In addition, a game might contain extra features that are enabled after the user completes a transaction with the web service provider.
With unique IDs and a media key block on each DVD, content owners can verify each piece of content when the user connects to the web service provider. This feature allows content owners a method for combating fraud committed by replicators. As users connect with the web service provider to obtain features offered by the DVD, the content owner would know whether a replicator created extra copies because, for example, DVD IDs would be duplicated. The content owners would then have proof of the fraud and be able to better control production of the DVDs.
The various features of the present invention and the manner of attaining them will be described in greater detail with reference to the following description, claims, and drawings, wherein reference numerals are reused, where appropriate, to indicate a correspondence between the referenced items, and wherein:
The following definitions and explanations provide background information pertaining to the technical field of the present invention, and are intended to facilitate the understanding of the present invention without limiting its scope:
HTTPS (HyperText Transport Protocol Secure): Protocol for accessing a secure Web server.
Internet: A collection of interconnected public and private computer networks that are linked together with routers by a set of standard protocols to form a global, distributed network.
World Wide Web (WWW, also Web): An Internet client—server hypertext distributed information retrieval system.
Content: copyrighted media such as music or movies presented in a digital format on electronic devices.
A media player 20 can access a web service provider 25 through a network 30. The media player 20 comprises software that allows the media player 20 to interface securely with the web service provider 25. The media player 20 comprises any compliant module that can verify the physical presence of media such as, for example, a disc. A compliant module is one that follows the usage rules that are cryptographically bound to that enhanced media 15. For example, a compliant recorder would not record content encoded "do not copy". The media player 20 is connected to network 30 via a communications link 35 such as telephone, cable DSL, satellite link, etc. The web service provider is connected to the Internet through a communications link 40.
An enhanced media 15 may be played on the media player 20. The enhanced media 15 comprises enhanced functions that are extra functions available through Internet connectivity. These enhanced functions may be separately priced, or may be included in the original price of the disc. Some of the enhanced functions may require the media player 20 to participate in an interaction with the web service provider 25. The media player 20 can simply enable other enhanced functions.
Enhanced functions that may require the media player 20 to participate in an interaction with the web service provider 25 comprise:
The block diagram of
To play encrypted content 220, the media player 20 contacts the web service provider 25 to obtain the content key 225. The web service provider 25 encrypts the content key 225 using a disc unique key provided by the content creator. This disc unique key is derived from the media key in the media key block 205. The web service provider 25 may encrypt the content key itself, or it may be delivered already encrypted by the content creator. The web service provider 25 delivers the encrypted content 220 key 225 to the media player 20. The broadcast decryption module 235 of the media player 20 decrypts the encrypted content key 225 using the media key; this decrypted content key 225 allows the media player to play encrypted title 220.
Alternatively, in the case that the title is part of a set of titles for which the player already has the key, the web server 25 merely delivers a yes/no permission to play the title. This might happen, for example, if the title corresponds to bonus scenes in a "director's cut" of the movie, and the normal scenes are part of the freely playable content. It is important that the yes/no permission not be easily forged by an attacker. It is convenient to continue to deliver the permission as the actual content key 225. The player compares the content key against the one it already has. If they are equal, the permission is "yes". It should be clear to persons skilled in the art, however, that many cryptographic values could serve as a secure permission signal, and all such approaches are within the scope of the present invention.
The special files 215 comprise an IFO file and a title usage file. The IFO file is a standard file in DVD video and contains the navigation information (the path) for each title. In this invention, the standard IFO file is augmented for each title with a notation that says whether or not playing the title requires external permission. The title usage keys file comprises information on how the media player 20 obtains permission to play encrypted title 220.
Media player 20 is required to have an Internet connection. Any standard Internet connection is allowed, for example, Ethernet, IEEE 1394, wireless, or dial-up modem with PPP protocol, etc. In addition, each player may contain non-volatile storage to save, for example account numbers and PINs (Personal Identification Numbers) that the user has with one or more content providers. For example, the user might go to the Warner Bros. Web site and set up an account. He enters that account number and PIN when playing bonus content on Warner Bros. movie discs. It is very possible that the bonus material is free; Warner Bros. would find value in simply identifying the end consumer for future selling opportunities.
The verification module 240 of the media player 20 calculates the hash of the content of each of the special files 215. These hashes are necessary to correctly decrypt the content keys 225. The actual keys are given to the player XORed with the hash, and then encrypted with the disc unique key Ku. In other words, the player can calculate the enhanced key Kn from the encrypted data Dn as follows:
K n =AES — D128(D n , K u){circle around (+)}AES — hash(IFO){circle around (+)}AES — hash(titleUsageFile)
Keys in the title usage file of special files 215 comprise instant or deferred types. Instant keys can be further marked "cacheable". If an instant key is not in the cache of the media player 20, the media player 20 connects to the Internet to obtain the key from the web service provider 25 to continue playing the enhanced media 15. Obtaining the key may or may not require a purchase transaction.
Deferred keys allow the media player 20 to calculate the key without connecting to the web service provider 25. However, the media player 20 connects "at its convenience" to reset the "deferred" status. For example, the frequency of connection for deferred keys may be set by user preference during set-up of the media player 20. A media player 20 may elect to treat a deferred key as an instant key based on, for example, previously stored user preferences.
An exemplary form of the programming lines within the title usage file of special files 215 is as follows:
<nn><url>[CACHEABLE|DEFERRABLE][[<price>]<maximum price>]
Each line begins with the number (or other identification) of the title to which it applies. The second element is the URL of the service center that provides the permission. The URLs begin https://. The optional price is "currency:nnn", for example, "USD1.00". If the price is offered in multiple currencies, they are listed in brackets, for example: "{USD2.00 YEN150}". The price field may be omitted if the key is free, or if the price of the key is revealed to the user when the media player 20 connects to the web service provider 25.
In an embodiment, the deferred key allows the user to play enhanced media 15 immediately with an implicit understanding that the user will pay for the viewing of enhanced media 15 later. The user is essentially operating a credit account with the content provider, managed by the web service provider 25. If the content owner charges for a deferred key, the title usage file may comprise the price for the deferred key. To protect the user, the price cannot be revealed later when the player connects. Otherwise, the user may be playing enhanced media 15 expecting one charge and find another when the media player 20 later connects to the web service provider 25.
In addition, deferred keys with a price have a maximum accumulated value, to protect the content provider. If the price of a deferred key plus the prices of all previous deferred keys whose URLs have the same domain name (even keys from other discs) exceeds a pre-determined maximum accumulated value, the media player 20 shall connect immediately to the web service provider 25 and process all the deferred transactions. This protects the content provider from a user that might accumulate a large debt that the content provider cannot collect. If the transactions are not successful for whatever reason, the media player 20 shall not process the current deferred key.
A key may be marked as "cacheable", "deferrable", or neither. Normally, the media player 20 shall remember a key until the media player 20 powers off, the enhanced media 15 is ejected, or the playing of the enhanced media 15 reaches a navigation branch requiring a user interaction. Functions of the media player 20 such as rewind, fast forward, and chapter skips shall not cause keys to be deleted. In addition, if the key is denoted as "cacheable", the media player 20 may optionally remember the key for a longer time. Remembering the key may make the user interactions run more smoothly. If the key is remembered, the media player 20 deletes the key at its convenience. If the key is stored encrypted in the cache using the broadcast decryption module 235, the cache need not have special security.
If the key is marked "deferrable", the actual content key 225 must be present on the disc. This is typically stored on the disc encrypted by the media key, but how it is stored is outside the scope of this invention. The media player 20 shall then securely store the key number, price (if any), URL, title ID, and media ID for later communication to the web service provider 25. Deferred keys are not cached. If they are needed a second time, the media player 20 shall treat it as a new deferral instance. Based on the business model of the web service provider 25, the web service provider 25 may not charge for subsequent deferrals. However, the media player 20 assumes that the web service provider 25 does charge for subsequent deferrals when determining maximum deferred price has been reached.
The first time the media player 20 is asked to play a section that is encrypted with a priced key of any type, it stops, displays the price, and gets positive confirmation from the user before proceeding. This confirmation may ask the user to select the account number, if more than one is stored in the media player 20. This confirmation may also comprise parental control interactions, if the media player 20 supports them and the user has configured them. If the price is offered in more than one currency, the media player 20 may ask the user to select, or it may automatically select one, for example, based on previously stored user preferences.
The process flow chart of
The media player 20 presents a menu of options is presented to the user from enhanced media 15 at step 308. There may be certain choices a user can select from the menu of the enhanced media 15 that involve a fee. For example, the enhanced media 15 might be a promotional movie disc given away for free. A movie trailer, a two-minute advertisement for the movie, might play for free for the user. If the user wishes to play the entire movie, he purchases the movie by selecting that option on the menu. The "purchase movie" option requires a transaction with the web service provider 25.
In another example, a user attends a movie at a theater and receives a copy of an enhanced DVD that is not yet playable. The user may view the enhanced DVD and purchase the movie when it is later released to DVD. The user does not have to go to a store and purchase the movie, and the motion picture studio improves sales for its DVD movie. The same concepts may be applied to software, games, etc.
The user selects an option from the menu at step 310. At decision step 312, the media player 20 determines whether the selected option requires external connection to the web service provider 25 to obtain permission. If permission is not required for the selected option, the media player 20 plays enhanced media 15 (step 314). If permission is required to play the enhanced content on the enhanced media 15, the media player 20 connects to the web service provider 25 at step 316 (
The web service provider 25 states an offer to the media player 20 at step 318; the offer comprises price, other fees, other features, offerings, etc. The enhancement requested by the user may be offered for free. The requirement by the content owner to obtain permission from the web service provider 25 to play this enhanced content on the enhanced media 15 may be used to gauge which features on the enhanced media 15 users are selecting. The content owner may then use this information when designing future products. Alternatively, the media player 20 may present the price or fee to the user on the menu, before connecting to the web service provider 25. After receiving the offer from the web service provider 25, the media player 20 presents this offer to the user at step 320.
The user may accept or reject offerings from the web service provider 25 at decision step 322. If the user rejects the offering, the media player does not play the enhanced media portion (step 324). If the user accepts the offering, the media player 20 sends account information to the web service provider 25 at step 326. Alternatively, the user may send certificate IDs, coupon IDs, or any other information that the web service provider 25 and content owner have agreed is adequate exchange for the authorization to play the enhanced content on the enhanced media 15.
Upon receipt of required information from the media player 20 to complete the transaction, the web service provider 25 returns an encrypted content 225 key, Kn, at step 328. The broadcast decryption module 235 of the media player 20 processes the media key block 205 to obtain the media key at step 330 (
If the player already knows the content key 225, it compares then newly calculated version with the existing one in step 334. If they are not equal, permission has not been granted, and the player exits to not play the content in 335. If they are equal, or if the player did not previously have the content key, it proceeds to step 336.
The verification module 240 of the media player 20 then verifies that the special files 215 have not been modified at step 336. Without the required verification of the special files 215, an adversary or hacker might, for example, modify the special files 215 containing the URL of the web content provider 25. The hacker might then be able to authorize playing of premium enhanced content either for free, or diverting payments for premium enhanced content from the content owner to the hacker. Verifying the special files 215 at step 336 ensures that the files comprising the URL of the web service provider 25 have not been corrupted or modified.
If the special files 215 have been modified (decision step 338), an error in the enhanced media 15 has occurred. If the media player 20 determines that an error is due to errors originating from the enhanced media 15 or the web service center 20, the media player 20 follows the "key error" path in the navigation of the enhanced media 15 at step 340. Content owners may provide such a path to point the user to technical support.
Once the web service provider 25 has obtained the necessary fees or information and the secret files have been verified, the transaction is complete. The media player 20 may then play the enhanced content on the enhanced media 15 (step 342). The use of the media key block 205 in the context of broadcast encryption allows the method 300 to proceed securely without an exposure of a system due to a global secret ID or the difficulties of a system using a public/private handshake.
The media player 20, web service provider 25, and enhanced media 15 operate within the context of a content distribution model 400, illustrated by the block diagram of
The licensing agency 405 provides a set of device keys 445 to the media player manufacturer 415. The device keys 445 provided to the media player manufacturer 415 represent a license from the content owner 405 allowing the media player 20 manufactured by the media player manufacturer 415 to play content produced by content owner 405. The media player manufacturer 415 provides a subset of device keys 450 from the set of device keys 445 to each media player 20. The media player 20 uses the device keys 450 to decrypt the media key block 205.
The content owner 405 randomly picks content keys for each title set of the content on the enhanced media 15 at step 510. At step 515, the content owner 405 selects a media key block 205 from the set of media key blocks 430 provided by the licensing agency 410. The content owner 405 encrypts the content keys for the title sets on the enhanced media 15 using the media key block 205 at step 520.
The content owner 405 places some of the encrypted content keys 435 on the enhanced media 15 at step 525. The remaining encrypted content keys 440, as well as some or all of the content keys 435, are provided to the web service provider 525 at step 530 to exchange with the user 425, for example, for fees or information.
The disc replicator 420 replicates the enhanced media 15 at step 535 (
The media player determines whether the content key is marked "deferrable" at decision step 606. If the content key is not marked "deferrable", the media player 20 connects to the Internet at step 608. The media player 20 then performs an HTTPS POST to the web service provider 25 at the URL found in the record for the content key (step 610).
In this example, the post data that the media player 20 sends to the web service provider 25 is the following format, in readable ASCII:
key=<n> titleId=<titleId> [mediaId=<mediaId>] media player Id=<media player Id> [language=<language>] [price= account=<accountNo> pin=<pin>]
The price and account information are omitted if the content key does not have a price in the title usage file. The media ID line is omitted if the enhanced media 15 does not have a unique media ID. The "language" line may be omitted.
The present invention also contemplates the protocol being HTTP POST instead of HTTPS POST. In this case, the security aspects of HTTPS are replaced with security based on the media key. HTTPS provides two values in this application: encrypts the user's account information so it cannot be waylaid by an eavesdropper, and it prevents a "replay attack" where the attacker just records a previous permission and plays it back as if it were a new permission. The former is solved by encrypting the user's account information in a key based on the media key. The latter is solved by adding a "nonce=<random>" line to the POST data, whose variable data is a random number generated by the player. In addition, a hash of the entire POST data needs to be included XOR calculation described previously.
If the user 425 has expressed a language preference to the media player 20, the media player 20 can use the "language" line to communicate that preference to the web service provider 25. The web service provider 25, in turn, may use that preference to format potential error messages. In this example, the language is denoted with the English name for the language, for example, "English", "Japanese", "Spanish", "Mandarin", etc.
The IDs are in readable hexadecimal, for example, with "a-f′" in lower case. The price is copied from the appropriate line in the title usage file. The title number, account number, and PIN in readable decimal. There are no white-space characters except for the ending line feed character.
The web service provider 25 responds to the POST from the media player 20 at step 614. The web service provider 25 determines whether the title is offered for sale at decision step 616 (
The web service provider then determines at decision step 620 if user 425 previously purchased the encrypted content key, as might occur if the content key had fallen out of the cache of the media player 20. If so, the web service provider 25 transmits the key without demanding payment at step 618. However, web service provider 25 may use its own criteria in determining if a key has been previously purchased and can be given again for free. For example, web service provider 25 might use the media ID, the ID of the media player 20, the account number of user 425, or some combination of these values.
If the encrypted content key for the selected enhanced media has not been previously purchased (decision step 620), the media player 20 returns the price for the encrypted content key to the user 425 at step 622. The media player 20 then waits for confirmation from the user 425 before proceeding (step 624). If at decision step 626 the user does not confirm the purchase, the media player 20 does not play the enhanced content at step 628. If the user 425 confirms the purchase at decision step 626, the media player 20 shall repeat the transaction, this time transmitting the credit card information of user 425 at step 630 (
Based on the account information transmitted by the media player 20, the web service provider 25 has the option of accepting or rejecting the transaction at decision step 632. If the transaction is rejected, the web service provider returns an explanatory message to the media player 20 such as "credit card is expired" at step 634. The media player 20 does not play the enhanced content at step 636. Unlike the ASCII responses from the web service provider 25 to the media player 20, explanatory responses are in Unicode. The method by which the media player 20 handles this response is specific to the media player 20. If the web service provider 25 accepts the transaction, the encrypted content key is returned to the media player at step 638.
If at decision step 606 the desired content key is a deferred key, the media player 20 can play the enhanced content immediately at step 640 (
The media player 20 then connects to the Internet at step 650 and sends the HTTPS POST as before (step 652). The media player 20 transmits data from user 425 to the web service provider 25 at step 654 (
If no error occurs in the response at decision step 656, the web service provider 25 has returned the normal response, "key=<Dn>". This response causes the media player 20 to reset the deferred status of the deferred key. At step 660. If a web service provider 25 responds to a free deferred key request with the "price=" response, this is a web service provider 25 error at decision step 658. Consequently, the media player 20 shall treat this response as if a "key=" response was received, and reset the deferred status of the deferred key. If any other error occurs in the response, the media player 20 shall not reset the deferred status of the key at step 662.
The media player 20 determines response to errors if there is a syntax error in any of the required files or if any other error occurs with one exception. If the media player 20 calculates a deferred key, but is unable to decrypt successfully using that deferred key, the media player 20 shall delete this instance from its current deferred key storage.
It is to be understood that the specific embodiments of the invention that have been described are merely illustrative of certain applications of the principle of the present invention. Numerous modifications may be made to a system, method, and service for delivering enhanced multimedia content on physical media described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Moreover, while the present invention is described for illustration purpose only in relation to the WWW, it should be clear that the invention is applicable as well to, for example, to an intranet, a wide area network, or any other network in which devices may interconnected for communications purposes.
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|Aug 10, 2006
|Wensley C G
|Polyimide matrix electrolyte
|May 23, 2006
|Oct 5, 2006
|Ginter Karl L
|System and methods for secure transaction management and electronics rights protection
|Oct 24, 2007
|Mar 27, 2008
|Ellison Carl M
|Public Key Media Key Block
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 9, 2005
|Sep 15, 2009
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Method and apparatus for managing encrypted data on a computer readable medium
|May 9, 2007
|Jan 25, 2011
|International Business Machines Corporation
|System, method, and service for performing unified broadcast encryption and traitor tracing for digital content
|Dec 12, 2007
|Nov 1, 2011
|Backchannelmedia Inc.
|Systems and methods for providing a token registry and encoder
|Jun 5, 2008
|Feb 21, 2012
|International Business Machines Corporation
|System, method, and service for performing unified broadcast encryption and traitor tracing for digital content
|Oct 22, 2009
|Apr 17, 2012
|Backchannelmedia Inc.
|Systems and methods for providing a network link between broadcast content and content located on a computer network
|Aug 30, 2011
|Oct 22, 2013
|Rakuten, Inc.
|Systems and methods for providing a token registry and encoder
|Oct 21, 2010
|Jan 28, 2014
|France Telecom
|Method and client agent for monitoring the use of protected content
|Sep 28, 2007
|Jun 24, 2014
|Sandisk Technologies Inc.
|System and methods for digital content distribution
|Jun 4, 2009
|Jul 14, 2015
|Sandisk Technologies Inc.
|Method and system for content replication control
|Mar 12, 2012
|Jul 21, 2015
|Rakuten, Inc.
|Systems and methods for providing a network link between broadcast content and content located on a computer network
|Oct 27, 2010
|Jul 28, 2015
|Rakuten, Inc.
|Systems and methods for providing a network link between broadcast content and content located on a computer network
|Feb 9, 2005
|Aug 10, 2006
|Mehmet Musa
|Method and apparatus for managing encrypted data on a computer readable medium
|Mar 5, 2008
|Sep 10, 2009
|Research In Motion Limited
|Media security system and method
|Sep 25, 2009
|Mar 31, 2011
|General Electric Company
|Holographic disc with improved features and method for the same
|May 24, 2012
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Identifying and locating authenticated services using broadcast encryption
|Oct 21, 2010
|May 5, 2011
|France Telecom
|Method and client agent for monitoring the use of protected content
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 28, 2005
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
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Owner name: WARNER BROS ENTERTAINMENT INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:COLLAR, BRADLEY;LOTSPIECH, JEFFREY BRUCE;PESTONI, FLORIAN;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20040921 TO 20050105;REEL/FRAME:015708/0510
|Jun 30, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|13 Feb 1990
|Filing date
|31 Mar 1989
|Priority date
|13 Jun 1985
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Mona K. Lundqvist, Bengt E. Malmborg
|Original Assignee
|Lundqvist Mona K, Malmborg Bengt E
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (16), Referenced by (35), Classifications (6), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of co-pending application Ser. No. 169,153 filed on Mar. 8, 1988, now abandoned, which is a continuation of co-pending application Ser. No. 873,399 filed on June 12, 1986, now abandoned.
For many medical reasons it is necessary or desirable to administer various medicaments to body cavities. In order to provide a simple method of applying the medicament with a minimum of discomfort, the medicaments are often administered with a syringe type applicator. A patient may self administer the medication by use of a syringe prefilled with the prescribed medicament at the desired dosage level.
An applicator of this type is disclosed in European Patent Application No. 6545. This applicator consists of an expandable cannula provided with a longitudinal cylindrical hollow chamber. The chamber contains a metered quantity of a substance to be administered to a patient. Both ends of the chamber are provided with easily removable sealing means. A rod provided with a grip at one end and with a piston conveniently fitting the hollow chamber of the cannula at the other end is arranged such that by pushing the rod into the hollow chamber all the substance contained therein is ejected. This syringe type applicator is intended for single use and has a relatively simple form. However, it is comprised of several parts which complicates its process of manufacture. Manufacturing costs of disposable applicators are of critical importance for such devices. The applicator disclosed by European Pat. No. 6545 would be undesirably expensive to manufacture.
A conventionally used applicator for administering medicaments into body cavities is disclosed in Danish Pat. No. 134,308. This applicator comprises a flat container section and a metering chamber, in the form of a cannula, which can be inserted into, e.g. the nostril. When pressure is applied to the container section the drug is ejected through the cannula. The pressure is applied by the fingers of the user.
The type of applicator disclosed by Danish Pat. No. 134,308 has been well accepted and works well in many cases. A general problem with it is, however, dosing accuracy. In order to obtain dosing accuracy, which is of critical importance for some types of drugs, the drug composition included in the container must have low viscosity. In order to obtain approximately the correct dose of high viscosity compositions, a large excess of the drug composition must be filled into the container. It is, however, generally not accepted by the health authorities that single dose containers have more than a slight excess of the active drug.
The ideal situation to be achieved in a disposable applicator is, of course, that it should contain only a single dose which corresponds exactly in amount to the dose that shall be administered. It is thus obvious that the type of applicator disclosed by Danish Pat. No. 134,308 is not well suited to administering high viscosity composition. When low viscosity compositions are administered through an applicator of this type, the problems are less, but even then are not totally avoided.
This invention provides a disposable single dose of the Invention syringe type applicator for applying medicaments to body cavities.
The disposable single dose syringe type applicator of the present invention is an elongated body which comprises two integrally joined sections which can be separated by breaking. One is a barrel, a hollow tubular section, which constitutes a medicament reservoir having two openings. The other section is a plunger which, prior to separation from the medicament reservoir section, seals one opening of the reservoir. The reservoir is filled with medicament from the other opening end thereof after which such opening end of the medicament reservoir is provided with an easily removable sealing means. After separation, the rod-like plunger section slidably fits into the barrel, or reservoir, in such a way that essentially the whole medicament content of the reservoir is ejected therefrom when the plunger is inserted into the reservoir.
The syringe applicator of this invention can be easily and inexpensively manufactured in one piece. The disclosed applicator has a high dosing accuracy and can be used for various types of medicament compositions. The applicator of the invention delivers essentially the whole amount of medicament with which it is prefilled.
FIG. 1, views A-F, discloses an applicator and, the principle of operation of an applicator of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of an applicator of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of another embodiment of an applicator according to the invention.
FIG. 4 is a plan view of the applicator of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a plan view of the applicator of FIG. 4 in the ready to use state.
A characterizing feature of an applicator according to the present invention is that the tubular section or barrel which serves as the medicament reservoir and the second rod-like section which serves as the plunger are manufactured in one piece as a unitary body. When the applicator is used the barrel section constituting the medicament reservoir and the second rod-like section constituting the plunger are separated by breaking the integral joint there between. In this context the term "breaking" includes all ways of taking apart the two integrally joined sections, such as cracking, turning etc.
FIG. 1 shows an applicator of the invention which comprises an elongated body 1 including two sections 2 and 3. The tubular section comprising the medicament reservoir 2 is sealed at one end by a second rod-like section which is designed to serve as a plunger 3. A grip 5 (not necessary) is provided at the other end of the plunger 3. At the other end of the reservoir 2, the end opening which is not sealed by the plunger 3, there is preferably provided a flange 4 which provides a larger surface for affixing a sealing means 6, which for instance may take the form of an adhesive tape. In view A of FIG. 1, a substance or medicament 7 is filled into the reservoir 2. The method for filling (A), sealing (B), opening both ends of the reservoir 2 (C and D), introducing the plunger 3 into the reservoir 2 (D and E) and ejecting the substance or medicament 7 from the reservoir 2 (F) is disclosed in the sequence of views A-F of FIG. 1.
FIG. 2 shows an applicator which is ready for filling. The elongated body comprises the medicament reservoir barrel 20 and a plunger 30 sealing one opening of the reservoir 20. This figure also shows the breakable integral joint or contact surface at 80.
The elongated body of the applicator is preferably made of a molded plastic by techniques well known in the art. Suitable manufacturing processes include both injection molding and blow molding.
The material thickness at the breaking joint 80 varies depending on the polymer material used, the manufacturing process and the intended use of the final product. For the applicator embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2 it could for example be 0.1 mm. The breakable contact surface should be such that the plunger 30 is firmly joined to the reservoir 20 yet still may be comfortably broken off or detached. The configuration of the breakable contact surface can vary and is determined by the shape of the form which is used for the moulding process, as will be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art. The applicator disclosed in FIG. 2 can be easily and inexpensively manufactured by injection moulding.
A special advantage inherent to the embodiment of the invention disclosed in FIGS. 1 and 2 concerns the hygiene aspect, explained as follows. The end of the plunger 3 which upon insertion into reservoir 2 becomes the leading end is adjacent to and seals the reservoir opening. When the applicator is readied for use the plunger 3 is broken off from the reservoir immediately before use and the leading end (as defined above) of plunger 3 is inserted into the reservoir in order to remove the medicine contained therein. By using the applicator in this way the risk of contaminating the medicament is minimal.
FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 show the principle for an applicator manufactured by a blow moulding technique. In FIGS. 3 and 4, the medicament reservoir 200 and the plunger 300 are integrally joined at C. A is the inner diameter of the reservoir 200 and the outer diameter of the plunger 300 which is insertable into the reservoir 200 as disclosed in FIG. 5. B indicates the length of the plunger 300 and the length of the medicament reservoir 200.
In FIG. 3, the medicament can be filled into the reservoir 200 through the means 900 which constitutes a sealing means 600 when pressed together as illustrated in FIG. 4.
In FIG. 5, the sealing means 600 as well as the plunger 300 have been broken off and plunger 300 introduced into the medicament reservoir 200.
As stated above, FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 disclose a principle for an applicator made by a blow moulding technique. If the applicator is to be used for large volumes and/or relatively low viscosity liquids (solutions) auxiliary means known to the man skilled in the art must be provided.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention the shape of at least the leading end of the plunger is essentially the same as or congruent to the shape of the inside of the reservoir, and the largest cross sectional dimensions of the plunger are only slightly smaller than the cross sectional inner dimensions of the reservoir. It is also preferred that the cross sectional dimensions of the plunger and of the outside and inside of the reservoir are relatively uniform.
According to a preferred embodiment essentially the whole rod-like plunger section is inserted into the reservoir and the shape of the exterior surface of the plunger is substantially congruent to or the same as the shape of the interior surface of the barrel reservoir section. Optionally, a grip may be provided at or near one end of the plunger. The length of the plunger (the grip not being included) should be essentially the same as the outer length of the reservoir. Alternatively, the plunger could be slightly longer than the outer length of the reservoir. In both cases the length of the plunger inserted into the reservoir should be sufficient to ensure complete ejection of all the medicament from the reservoir when the plunger is fully introduced into the length of the reservoir.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the plunger is essentially longer than the medicament reservoir and in this case there is provided a means on the plunger which stops the sliding movement of the plunger at a predetermined distance from the leading end of the plunger. This distance corresponds essentially to the outer length of the reservoir in order to ensure complete removal of the medicament from the reservoir when the plunger is inserted. The part of the plunger behind the stopping means may then serve as a handle. As one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate from this disclosure, grooves or recesses may be provided behind the leading end of the rod-like plunger section in order to save material and reduce manufacturing cost. Another way of saving material is to make the plunger itself hollow, e.g. in the form of a hollow cylinder. The plunger section may also be designed to have a leading end fitting slidably and exactly to the inside of the reservoir which is affixed to an elongated rod having smaller cross sectional dimensions. It is preferred that the plunger as well as the inside and outside of the reservoir are cylindrically shaped.
According to another embodiment, the plunger and the inside of the reservoir are slightly tapered and the opening of the leading end of the applicator, i.e. the end to be inserted into the body cavity, is slightly smaller than the opposite opening of the reservoir. Such an applicator is illustrated by FIGS. 3-5.
The opening of the reservoir section, which in the elongated applicator body is sealed by integral joining with the plunger section, could have essentially the same cross sectional dimensions as the cross sectional dimensions of the inside of the reservoir. This means that when the plunger section is broken off from the barrel section of the elongated body, which constitutes the medicament reservoir, a relatively large, preferably circular, hole is obtained. A large hole may be preferred when the medicament in the reservoir is a solid substance, e.g. a suppository, or when the medicament is present in the form of a liquid of high viscosity such as a gel or an ointment. In this context, it should be mentioned that although the applicator according to the invention can be used for administering different kinds of medical compositions such as solutions, ointments, gels, suppositories, vagitories, into different body cavities such as the nose, rectum, vagina, a preferred embodiment concerns an applicator for administering high viscosity liquids or gels including an active substance into the nose.
The active substance may be any substance within human or veterinary medicine which is suitable for nasal administration. Although the applicator according to the invention is preferred for administering medicines to humans and animals, it is apparent that it can also be used within other fields, e.g. within the cosmetic and food industry, for any substance which requires application to any area or surface.
When the reservoir is prefilled with a liquid of low viscosity it is preferred that the opening provided in the reservoir from which the medicament will be ejected be smaller than the cross sectional diameter of the reservoir in order to avoid a too rapid administration of the drug. One way of achieving a relatively small hole in the leading end of the applicator reservoir is to make the leading end tapered.
In order to ensure complete removal of the medicament from the reservoir the leading end of the plunger section should be shaped correspondingly. Instead of manufacturing the reservoir so that only one hole is obtained when the plunger is broken off the applicator can be manufactured in such a way that a plurality of smaller holes are provided and "opened" for passage of the medicament when the plunger section is broken off. Furthermore, if desired there could also be provided holes in the cylindrical wall of the reservoir.
The other end of the medicament reservoir can be sealed by any conventional sealing means such as a cap, a plug, an adhesive tape, etc.
Although the invention has been disclosed and described with reference to its preferred embodiments, one of ordinary skill in the art may appreciate modifications and changes which may be incorporated therein that do not depart from the scope and spirit of this invention as described above or claimed hereafter.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|27 Sep 1932
|3 Nov 1936
|Gynex Corp
|Dispensing device
|29 Sep 1954
|29 May 1956
|De Lorenzo Joseph P
|Disposable package and applicator for suppositories
|30 Mar 1959
|10 Jul 1962
|Brunswick Corp
|Hypodermic needle mount
|25 Mar 1968
|14 Apr 1970
|Ortho Pharma Corp
|Medical applicator
|1 Apr 1970
|15 Feb 1972
|Baker Harry L
|4 Aug 1971
|28 Nov 1972
|Perez Gregorio A
|Disposable razor
|20 Oct 1970
|5 Jun 1973
|Owens Illinois Inc
|Method of forming plastic tubular articles
|26 Jun 1979
|23 Dec 1980
|Carr James R
|Syringe shield for radioactive materials
|14 May 1979
|3 Feb 1981
|Bristol-Myers Company
|Fluid unit dispensing device
|30 Nov 1983
|24 Feb 1987
|Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Alabama
|Syringe for extrusion of wetted, particulate material
|Title not available
|29 Apr 1951
|1 Sep 1952
|A M Bickford & Sons Ltd
|Einspritzgeraet fuer Penicillin oder aehnliche zaehfluessige Stoffe
|22 Mar 1969
|9 Apr 1970
|Ortho Pharma Corp
|Vorgefuellter Applikator fuer Medikamente
|23 Nov 1976
|24 May 1978
|Werner Bauser
|Plastics pipette, esp. for haematological applications - having a deformable bulb to exert suction
|Title not available
|15 Jun 1979
|9 Jan 1980
|Enrica Boschetti
|A set for containing and applying into a human anatomic cavity a metered quantity of doughy medical or contraceptive substance
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|24 Jul 1990
|24 Dec 1991
|Inbae Yoon
|Packing device and method of packing for endoscopic procedures
|1 Oct 1993
|28 Feb 1995
|Yoon; Inbae
|Multifunctional devices for use in endoscopic surgical procedures and methods therefor
|9 Jun 1994
|11 Apr 1995
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Method of using a transanal inserter
|25 Aug 1994
|18 Apr 1995
|Yoon; Inbae
|Multifunctional devices for use in endoscopic surgical procedures and method therefor
|1 Oct 1993
|8 Aug 1995
|Yoon; Inbae
|Multifunctional devices for use in endoscopic surgical procedures and methods therefor
|14 Apr 1993
|19 Sep 1995
|Yoon; Inbae
|Multifunctional devices for endoscopic surgical procedures
|1 Oct 1993
|16 Jan 1996
|Yoon; Inbae
|Multifunctional devices for use in endoscopic surgical procedures and methods therefor
|1 Oct 1993
|7 May 1996
|Yoon; Inbae
|Multifunctional devices for use in endoscopic surgical procedures and methods therefor
|25 Aug 1994
|4 Feb 1997
|Yoon; Inbae
|Multifunctional devices for use in endoscopic surgical procedures and methods therefor
|8 Mar 1995
|22 Jul 1997
|Yoon; Inbae
|Multifunctional devices for endoscopic surgical procedures
|5 Jun 1996
|23 Dec 1997
|Yoon; Inbae
|Multifunctional devices for use in endoscopic surgical procedures and method therefor
|5 Feb 1996
|31 Mar 1998
|Yoon; Inbae
|Multifunctional devices for the use in endoscopic surgical procedures and methods therefor
|2 Apr 1996
|4 Aug 1998
|Scalise; Gaspare
|Suppository applicator
|24 Sep 1993
|27 Oct 1998
|Yoon; Inbae
|Packing device for endoscopic procedures
|24 Sep 1993
|19 Jun 2001
|Inbae Yoon
|Methods for performing endoscopic procedures
|31 Mar 1998
|21 Aug 2001
|Inbae Yoon
|Method for ablating portions of the uterus
|4 Feb 2000
|16 Apr 2002
|Dentsply Detrey Gmbh
|Dental materials packaging and method of use
|12 Jun 2001
|3 Sep 2002
|Becton Dickinson And Company
|Medicament respiratory delivery device
|5 Jun 2001
|5 Aug 2003
|Inbae Yoon
|Apparatus for ablation of the endometrium of the uterus
|10 Sep 2002
|16 Mar 2004
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Systems and methods for treating a mucosal surface
|12 Jan 2001
|20 Apr 2004
|Becton, Dickinson And Company
|Medicament inhalation delivery devices and methods for using the same
|15 Apr 2002
|7 Sep 2004
|Ronald D. Shippert
|Applicator for insertion of cargo into a body cavity
|12 Jun 2001
|16 Aug 2005
|Becton, Dickinson And Company
|Medicament respiratory delivery device, cartridge and method of making same
|14 Jun 2002
|12 Sep 2006
|Mcneil-Ppc, Inc.
|Applicator device for suppositories and the like
|12 Feb 2003
|3 Apr 2007
|Mcneil-Ppc, Inc.
|Applicator device for suppositories and the like
|23 Mar 2004
|15 May 2007
|Mcneil-Ppc, Inc.
|Applicator device for medicated materials
|3 Sep 2002
|18 Sep 2007
|Becton, Dickinson And Company
|Medicament respiratory delivery device
|14 Sep 2004
|24 Mar 2009
|Lameplast S.P.A.
|Cannula for dispensing fluid products for vaginal and anal applications
|13 Nov 2006
|18 May 2010
|Mcneil-Ppc, Inc.
|Applicator device for suppositories and the like
|23 Mar 2007
|31 Jul 2012
|Mcneil-Ppc, Inc.
|Applicator device for medicated materials
|6 Feb 2004
|19 Aug 2004
|Alley Kenneth A.
|Applicator device
|23 Mar 2004
|9 Dec 2004
|Swick Paul B.
|Applicator device for medicated materials
|14 Sep 2004
|23 Nov 2006
|Antonio Fontana
|Cannula for dispensing fluid products for vaginal and anal applications
|20 May 1992
|26 Nov 1992
|Medchem Products Inc
|Assembly and method for applying hemostatic agents
|14 Sep 2004
|7 Apr 2005
|Antonio Fontana
|Cannula for dispensing fluid products for vaginal and anal applications
|U.S. Classification
|604/311, 604/15
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|26 Feb 1991
|Certificate of correction
|28 Oct 1991
Owner name: KABI PHARMACIA AKTIEBOLAG
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:PHARMACIA BIOSYSTEMS AKTIEBOLAG;REEL/FRAME:005941/0512
Effective date: 19910830
Owner name: PHARMACIA BIOSYSTEMS AKTIEBOLAG
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:PHARMACIA AKTIEBOLAG;REEL/FRAME:005941/0505
Effective date: 19910826
|2 Dec 1991
Owner name: KABI PHARMACIA AKTIEBOLAG, A CORP. OF SWEDEN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:LUNDQVIST, MONA K.;MALMBORG, BENGT E.;REEL/FRAME:005931/0151
Effective date: 19911101
|30 Jul 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|13 Sep 1994
Owner name: PHARMACIA AKTIEBOLAG, SWEDEN
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:KABI PHARMACIA AKTIEBOLAG;REEL/FRAME:007133/0291
Effective date: 19940429
|30 Oct 1995
Owner name: PHARMACIA AB, SWEDEN
Free format text: CHANGE OF ADDRESS FOR REEL 7133, FRAMES 0291-0293;ASSIGNOR:PHARMACIA AB;REEL/FRAME:007744/0040
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Effective date: 19691230
|31 Jul 1997
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|30 Jul 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The 19th Annual Urbanworld Film Festival was swarming with the hottest entertainers in the industry from Sept. 23-27. The event,
raven symone
Raven-Symoné will soon return to her Disney Channel roots with an upcoming guest appearance on Zendaya's "K.C. Undercover." According to
Nicki Minaj had the whole world talking about her "Anaconda" video this week when she accused MTV of being racist
Raven-Symone proved last year when she announced that she doesn't want to be called African American that she has little
Amid major co-host changes, "The View" will reportedly be welcoming back Sherri Shepherd. The 48-year-old comedienne will be joining the
With the news that Bill Cosby admitted in court years ago that he purchased Quaaludes with the intention of giving
ABC daytime show announced today that actress Raven-Symoné, 29, has been added as a regular co-host alongside Whoopi Goldberg, Nicole
On Monday, March 16, Hennessy V.S presented the album release party for the EMPIRE soundtrack at Stage 48 in New
Black women of all sexual orientations and gender expressions are definitely having a triumphant moment of complex representation in TV
Light Girls, the highly anticipated follow-up to the documentary Dark Girls, which dealt with colorism in the black community and
The world has been talking nonstop about Bill Cosby ever since interest was renewed in the numerous rape accusations against
Raven-Symoné dyes her hair a peach hue for the holidays. "Yes, peach for the holidays … #unicorn #5thelement #holidaypumpkin," she captioned
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Raven-Symoné recently caught heavy backlash for a statement made during an interview on Oprah's "Where Are They Now." Symone suggested
Former Disney star Raven Symone turns up the heat in a series of fashion images from a recent fashion photo
It wasn't that long ago when actress Michelle Rodriguez confirmed what many had believed for years when she revealed that
For "Good Morning America" host Robin Roberts, living out her personal life in front of the camera has become the
Check out Regina Hall, Sanaa Lathan and more actresses who have great careers but no children. –joi pearson @joiapearson
When thinking of a new hairstyle, many people look to celebrities. Now it's not common to see natural styles over


text:
Resolution: standard / high
Figure 3.
Contributions of embryonic FUS3 to leaf identity and phase transitions. (A) Rosette leaf morphology of wild-type (top row), fus3 (middle row) and fus3 plants transformed with the FUS3:FUS3-GR construct (bottom row). fus3 FUS3:FUS3-GR parent plants were sprayed with 30 μM dexamethasone (DEX) during seed production. Leaves from ten plants were dissected, and representative profiles are shown (scale bar = 1 cm). (B) Ratios of blade-to-petiole lengths of individual rosette leaves in wild-type and fus3 and embryonically rescued fus3 FUS3:FUS3-GR plants. (C) Percentage of wild-type, fus3 and embryonically rescued fus3 FUS3:FUS3-GR (seed + DEX) rosettes that developed an abaxial trichome at each leaf position.
Lumba et al. BMC Biology 2012 10:8 doi:10.1186/1741-7007-10-8


text:
Soka Gakkai International
Buddhism in Action for Peace
History & Philosophy
Buddhist Practice
Global Vision
Stories and reflections on the Buddhist approach to life
Updates and reports from around the world
On March 7, SGI co-organized a panel discussion complementing the theme of the 57th session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (CSW57). Under the theme the "Elimination and prevention of all forms of violence against women and girls," CSW57 took place at the UN Headquarters in New York from March 4-15.
The panel discussion, titled "Victory Over Violence: Women Leading Through Education," was held at the Armenian Convention Center in New York. The event began with a screening of an episode from the film A Path to Dignity: The Power of Human Rights Education, which was jointly produced by SGI, Human Rights Education Associates (HREA) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). The episode focused on a woman in Turkey affected by domestic violence who had benefited from human rights education.
On the panel were Deniz Kaynak, publication officer of Women for Women's Human Rights (WWHR) -New Ways, the organization in Turkey that assisted the woman portrayed in the film; Jessica Greer Morris, executive director of Girl Be Heard, an organization in New York that uses theater as a means of empowering young women; Iatamze Verulashvili, founder and director of the Women's Center in Tbilisi, Georgia; and Hiro Sakurai of the SGI UN Liaison Office in New York who introduced SGI-USA's youth campaign Victory Over Violence.
Panelists emphasized the key importance of education to increase awareness of their rights among women. The need for grassroots support networks for victims of violence outside major cities and for forums where victims of sexual violence could connect within their communities was also highlighted. A short monologue depicting a personal experience of surviving abuse was also performed by Betsy Perez, a participant in the Girl Be Heard program. Discussions continued in small groups, and one outcome that emerged was the suggestion that the promotion of gender equality in early childhood education was another way to address violence against women. related article SGI Promotes Education and Youth Leadership at Geneva NGO Forum on Women's Rights From November 3-5, the Geneva NGO Forum--Beijing+20 ECE Regional Review was held at the UN Office at Geneva on the theme "Act, Advance, Achieve, Women's Rights."
Closing remarks were made by former UN Under-Secretary-General Ambassador Anwarul K. Chowdhury. He emphasized that promoting the equality of women and men must be the focus in efforts to address violence against women. He also called for equal representation of women in decision-making of all levels, as is stressed in UN Security Council Resolution 1325.
SGI also co-facilitated a Conversation Circle on Peace and Security/Violence against Women on March 4 at the Church Center for the United Nations. It aimed to encourage dialogue, networking and collaboration between groups working to implement UN frameworks and agreements to empower women and achieve gender equality. Small group discussions followed the initial conversation circle which involved some 70 people.
Discussions centered on the draft of the agreed conclusions of CSW57 and the sharing of personal experiences related to the themes of peace, security and violence against women. Representatives of the International Civil Society Action Network (ICAN), the Global Network of Women Peacebuilders (GNWP), the NGO Working Group (NGOWG) on Women, Peace and Security and SGI co-facilitated the Conversation Circle.
[Adapted from a report from SGI United Nations Liaison Office, NY; photos courtesy of NGO Committee on the Status of Women, NY (NGO CSW/NY), and SGI United Nations Liaison Office, NY]
Freedom and Diversity
by Ken Saragosa, USA
by Daniele Santi, Italy
The Three Faiths Project--SGI-UK
by Gemma Novis, UK
A Palace of Artistic and Cultural Exchanges--Soka Gakkai Malaysia
by Dinesh Chandren, Malaysia
Learn, Reflect, Empower: SGI and Education for Sustainable Development
by Nobuyuki Asai, Japan
Education: A Transformative Potential
by Maria Guajardo, Soka University, Japan
SGI-Spain Holds Lecture on Elimination of Violence against Women


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artificial intelligence programmer
Master's Degree in Computer Science Strong background in Software Development and Research. Research interest in Artificial Intelligent and Computer Vision.
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Master's Degree in Computer Science Strong background in Software Development and Research. Research interest in Artificial Intelligent and Computer Vision.
United States - Tests: 2 - Portfolio: 1
I'm fluent in two languages C#, and Visual Basic. I'm interested in many sub fields of Computer Science. These sub fields include, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Algorithms, Artificial Life, and Evolutionary and Genetic Algorithms, with the occasional development of desktop applications. I have 3 years of experience with both C# and VB, but i have minimal experience with C++, HTML, CSS, and Python.
I'm a Game Programmer with 6 years of experience in the industry. I have a degree in Computer Science and several published games for iOS/Android and PC/Mac. My strongest languages are C++ and C# (with Unity3D), but I also have professional experience with ActionScript 3, Torque Game Builder and others. My main interests are Gameplay programming, Multiplayer programming and AI.
MSc in Engineering in Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (110/110), University La Sapienza of Rome. PhD student in Engineering in Computer Science in AutoAgent Laboratory for Cognitive Robotics, University La Sapienza of Rome. Principal Skills: Implementation of machine learning algorithms for classification and regression Robot programming, Implementation of control system for industrial and autonomous robots, Development of vision algorithm for object identification and tracking, camera calibration and sparse 3D reconstruction Create 3D ambient rendering with OpenGL, Development of distributed system Knowledge engineering, Hardware description for embedded system Sensor fusion
I'm a software engineer and enthusiastic programmer. I have many years of industry experience developing and testing web applications. I have worked with many programming languages but prefer to work with languages like Java and JavaScript. In addition, I'm a PhD student (in computer science) at UNICEN University, Argentina. My research interests are on the automation of Software Engineering activities using artificial intelligence techniques, especially on architectural conformance, software maintenance and software quality. I'm also a teacher assistance in the courses Software Development Methodologies, Advanced Separation of Concerns, and Cloud Computing at UNICEN University, Argentina. In conclusion, I am convinced it would be a great choice for you from my experience and my programming skills. I also believe that my skills as a researcher and teacher give me a plus benefit in the analysis of tasks and the transmission of knowledge.
Skill Set With 18 years of experiences in designing and implementing technology pipelines; I use the following technologies, code, libraries and API's as building blocks to create innovative and competitive intelligent systems. This with a core focus on using the competitive advantage of current available Deep Learning Solutions and Technologies Deep Learning: I currently can deal with the following type of data: Image(object recognition), sound(speech recognition), text(Natural language) Building the appropriate dataset both for training and test Selecting the best code library for your need Choosing the best hardware or cloud solution for deep learning. Benchmark and performance Algorithm implementation from paper Development Stage and Deployment Stage Feature Extraction, Classification and Regression Libraries: Torch, Pylearn2, Caffe, R Deepnet, Theano, Skymind(Deeplearning4j), Deepmind (DeepQLearner), Nervana System(Neon), Nvidia CuDNN(Digit), KALDI Deep Neural Network (DNN), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) , Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBM) Machine Learning & Expert System: R, Mahout, Scikit Learn, MLlib, IBM Watson API, Amazon Machine Learning, IBM Watson, Google Causal Impact. Natural Language Processing: Tokenization, Named Entity Recognition, n-gram, semantic parsing, Regex, NLTK, OpenNLP Knowledge Representation & Semantic web: Dbpedia, Dbpedia Spotlight, conceptnet5, Entity Linking, Knowledge Graph Big Data & Cloud Infrastructure: Managing big data flow, database management and cloud services. Accustomed with twitter API and large data set handling. From infrastructure construction to management. Languages, libraries & tools: Solr, Hadoop, Amazon AWS, Google API's, Reuters Data Providing, Datasift, Heroku, Couchdb, mysql, Cassandra, Spark, Hbase. Data Mining & Data Analytics: Web Scraping, Open Source Intelligence (OSINT), data feed integration. Information Flow Analysis, Using data mining to provide meaning to strategic Intelligence Languages, libraries & tools: curl, regex, wget, nokogiri, Ruby GSL, scrapy, R
United States
Tim Hays has experience developing over 80 published products in the areas of games, education, training, science, defense, and is a cognitive scientist as an advanced artificial intelligence expert and a published senior member of the IEEE with 2 patents awarded, both relating to AI design and display of intelligent characters in games.
United States - Tests: 6 - Portfolio: 1
Senior Software Engineer, specializing in Unity 3D, C++, C#, games, simulations, TCP/UDP, 3D graphics, Shader Language, OpenGL, physics, AI, and more. 18 years experience.
United States - Tests: 1
Dear Sirs: I am interested in working with a great team. I have been responsible for every aspect of developing technology. I have deep global technology knowledge with emphasis in Mobile, Terrestrial and Satellite Communications, SAAS, Cloud, New Media and other internet related technologies. I have built solutions for Healthcare (Medical Informatics & Medical Devices), Energy (new and traditional), Content Management and many other industries. I am an ex-rocket scientist and have won the National Medal of Technology as a member of the Pegasus Rocket Team. I am current on all aspects of IT management and software development including leading tools, frameworks and architectures. This experience gives me a unique perspective of all aspects of business development, customer interaction and technology commercialization. I have directly worked with offshore development including Russia, China and India. I am chairman and mentor to several local startups. Regards, Dave Ladouceur
Kenya - Tests: 6 - Portfolio: 1
I am a computer science expert with love for data analysis, mathematics and writing. Self taught in SPSS package and have written numerous research proposals and data analysis for Masters' students in Mt Kenya University. I'm also conversant with PHP scripting and java programming language. My greatest drive is client satisfaction with a positive feedback.


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Please design a front and back product label for an organic ayurvedic tea, made with herbs and spices. Also, need a logo for this brand of teas.
Name of company for logo:
Traditional Ayurvedics
Name of product for label:
Vaatah Tea
The design should be clean, and uncluttered, with a modern design that communicates purity and good taste/quality. Examples of design I like:
[obscured] /images/img1-2865.gif
[obscured] -amazon.com/images/I/41LPyJja0-L.jpg
That is just an idea...I will let your creative genius come up with a great, memorable label!
Here is the list of ingredients used in this herbal tea blend:
Ingredients: organic licorice, organic ginger, organic cinnamon,
organic cardamon, organic nutmeg, organic clove,
organic fennel, organic stevia
The attached label is just a rough draft: I will leave it to your expert design skills to make this a beautiful label, one that will appeal to both tea drinkers and those looking to live a more natural lifestyle.
The produ...
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Pediatric Hospitalists are available 24 hours a day, seven days a week on our main campus at Children's Hospital Colorado in Aurora and at all of our Network of Care locations. Parents and families can reach us by phone at (720) 777-5070.
We provide inpatient care to all pediatric patients hospitalized with general medical conditions. We coordinate family-centered care, with a focus on communication between families, consultants, and referring providers. We adhere to Children's Colorado clinical care guidelines and work to promote innovative, evidence-based pediatric inpatient care.
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Accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. All trademarks are registered property of the University. Used by permission only.


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Letter: We don't want a bunch of drug addicts in our neighborhood
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Microsoft, once the mighty Apple archival, in ways more than one is now directly or indirectly supporting Apple's war on Android. With that in mind, let's check out Microsoft's recap video highlighting its milestones in 2012, one for each month. I'd call only two Microsoft products milestones: Halo 4, which raked in $220 million in sales in the first 24 hours, and the Xbox console with Kinect, which got Windows support in February.
As much as I like Windows Phone's originality, it's failed to make a dent and clings to a single-digit market share. The Surface is a flop (even the CEO agrees) and major software launches like Windows 8 and server products have not met the management's internal expectations. Besides, Apple's iPhone biz recently became worth more than all of Microsoft. How's that for a milestone? Read More


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All materials on Kansas Memory are made available for noncommercial educational and research purposes only. It is the patron's responsibility to request and obtain permission from both the image and copyright owner(s) to use materials.
To obtain permission or to purchase a reproduction, please contact the KSHS Reference Desk at 785-272-8681, ext. 117 or email@example.com. See the Copyright and Permission FAQ for more information.
This is a studio portrait made with a tintype process showing Anna Werner Steinmeyer and Fritz Palenske in Alma, Kansas.
Date: 1889
Item Number: 306558
Call Number: 2014-169
Holding Institution: Wabaunsee County Historical Society
Collections - Contributing Institutions - Wabaunsee County Historical Society
Collections - Photograph
Date - 1880s - 1889
Home and Family - Children - Boys
Objects and Artifacts - Communication Artifacts - Documentary Artifact - Photograph
People - Children
People - Women
Places - Cities and towns - Alma
Places - Counties - Wabaunsee
Type of Material - Photographs


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Georgia toddler mauled to death by family's pack of dogs
View Single Post
March 30 2013, 12:47 PM
Location: Fort Bragg, NC but from Chicago (currently deployed)
Re: Georgia toddler mauled to death by family's pack of dogs
teacake wrote:
propita wrote:
My cousin had a couple of pit bulls. They were VERY nice dogs, but he did keep them in very large enclosures and his toddler was not allowed in. Just in case.
Why would anyone want a dog their own kid can't go near.
The area I live at near Ft Bragg, NC is not horrible but its not great and that reflects in some of the people that live there (not all, but some). A neighbor on one side of my house has dogs that are locked in a pen 24/7, rain or shine. They feed the dogs by dumping the dogfood over the top of the kennel onto the ground. I've never seen them go into the kennel to clean it. Cops said they can't do anything since they are sheltered and being fed and water.
Neighbors on the other side have pits and a bull mastiff that are also outside probably 99% of the time. The yard is destroyed (I can see it from my upstairs window) and their kids cannot go into the yard and play because it is so nasty.
I hate where I live and only moved in there because the Army changed my orders on me at the last minute so I had to find some place quickly because we were moving from Ft. Polk, LA. If I had seen the place in person I would have never moved there.
But I asked myself the same questions all the time. What's the point of having "pets" if you can't go near them or don't take care of them? The animals are miserable and these people just do not care. It sickens me and especially since the cops can't do anything about it.
Just my Two Lincolns
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okey dokey. have sent him my email address
Car Wont Start, Advice Needed!
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The largest dermatology practice in America, Advanced Dermatology provides complete clinical and cosmetic skin care. Immediate appointments available at one of our 120+ locations.
It's common to assume that weight loss and fat reduction are essentially the same, when in fact, they are completely different. If you've been working out regularly and following a sensible, balanced diet, yet aren't seeing the results, it could be time to consider whether cosmetic dermatology treatments may help. For instance, CoolSculpting is an effective, widely used method of achieving fat reduction.
Understanding the Changes Associated with Weight Loss
If you step on a scale and notice that you've inexplicably lost two pounds overnight, you probably haven't lost much fat, if any. This rapid weight loss can be attributed to the loss of water weight, rather than a reduction in excess body fat. Even if you see consistent results when dieting and exercising regularly for weeks, there's a good chance that you haven't lost as much fat as you might think. This is because dieting also leads to the breakdown of your muscles, as well as the loss of body fat. Furthermore, when you do lose body fat, you're actually shrinking your fat cells. The number of fat cells you have remains constant. Similarly, if you gain weight, your fat cells become larger.
Identifying the Benefits of Fat Reduction
For true fat reduction, you'll need the help of a cosmetic dermatologist who offers fat reduction treatments. Fat reduction involves decreasing the number of fat cells in the targeted areas. These areas frequently include the hips, abdomen, and thighs. Once fat cells have been eliminated from the body, they're permanently gone. The untreated areas do not experience any alterations in fat cell distribution, which allows you to shape your body the way you want it.
Exploring Methods of Fat Reduction
CoolSculpting is one way to achieve fat reduction. This non-invasive involves crystallizing the fat cells. Once these fat cells die, they are naturally eliminated from the body. Another option is Kybella, which is an injectable drug that destroys fat cells. This is one of the newest innovations in fat reduction techniques. It's important to turn to a highly skilled dermatologist who has undergone safety training for Kybella injections.
Do you have stubborn bulges that don't respond to diet and exercise? Consider visiting Advanced Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery for non-surgical CoolSculpting or Kybella treatments. You can find a cosmetic dermatology clinic near you by calling (866) 400-3376 or visiting us on the Web.
As the name suggests, laser resurfacing is a technique your dermatologist can use to correct common skin problems. Substances known as chromophores and the water in the skin absorb the pulses of high-energy light. The light is turned into heat energy, which vaporizes very thin sections of skin. As the skin heals and new skin is created, the appearance of blemishes becomes minimized. Fractional resurfacing laser therapy is the latest innovation in laser treatments and it offers unique benefits for dermatology patients. If you're curious about whether it might be right for you, you can consult a cosmetic dermatologist.
Skincare Concerns
One of the primary benefits of fractional resurfacing laser therapy is its versatility. This skin rejuvenation treatment can address a wide range of skincare concerns in just one treatment. Many people visit a dermatologist for fractional resurfacing because they want to minimize the look of fine lines and wrinkles. It's ideal for addressing areas of discoloration, such as age spots or sun spots. Uneven skin tone, skin laxity, scarring, and textural irregularity are all problems that are correctable with this treatment. Additionally, laser resurfacing can rapidly improve dull skin tone and thinning collagen.
Comfortable Treatments
The main difference between fractional laser resurfacing and older generations of laser resurfacing technology is that the fractional laser system targets microscopic skin columns. The areas of treated skin are surrounded by areas of untreated skin. This means that patients typically find that undergoing fractional laser resurfacing is a much more comfortable experience compared to traditional laser resurfacing. Additionally, patients can expect fewer side effects and rapid healing.
Continued Improvement
You'll notice significant improvements to your skin right away. However, the results will continue to improve over the following months. For an optimal outcome, take good care of your skin by applying sunscreen, minimizing sun exposure, and avoiding tobacco smoke.
To find out if fractional resurfacing is right for you, you can contact Advanced Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery at (866) 400-3376. Our clinical and cosmetic dermatology practices offer the latest in skincare technology, including the CO2RE fractional laser, which is the latest generation of fractional lasers and the only Co2 of its kind. After visiting a dermatologist for skin rejuvenation, be sure to check out our exclusive line of custom skincare products, R Essentials.
Rosacea is a common skin condition characterized by the tendency to develop flushed skin. A dermatologist can provide personalized tips for effective rosacea treatment, such as by helping patients understand how to avoid symptom triggers. A flare-up of symptoms may be triggered by certain foods or beverages, such as spicy foods, red wine, and caffeinated beverages. Avoiding these food triggers can help manage symptoms.
As you'll learn by watching this video, it's particularly important for patients with rosacea to protect their skin from the sun. This video offers some tips for selecting the best sunscreen for sensitive skin. It also recommends protecting the face from extremes in temperature, wind, and any source of irritation.
For expert guidance in managing rosacea symptoms, you can turn to Advanced Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery. Give us a call at (866) 400-3376 to schedule an appointment with a dermatologist or explore our website for more information about our services, including acne laser treatment.
You may have already heard of the benefits of exfoliation for your skin. It involves the removal of dead skin cells on the surface of your skin. This allows your skin to renew itself. Exfoliation brightens the skin and lessens the appearance of blemishes. Although some skincare products contain ingredients that help exfoliate the skin, these won't provide dramatic or rapid results. Instead, consider talking to a dermatologist about a chemical peel. Chemical peels involve the application of a chemical solution to the skin. During the subsequent one to two weeks, the skin peels off to reveal the new skin underneath.
Superficial Peels
Superficial peels are the gentlest type of chemical peel. It is appropriate for people with all skin types. Your dermatologist will apply alpha-hydroxy acid or another very mild chemical to the skin. The chemical solution will remain on your skin for several minutes to allow it to penetrate the top layer of skin. Then, the chemical solution is neutralized and removed. You can return to your usual activities immediately afterward. Your skin may turn pink, but you will only experience minor skin peeling.
Medium Peels
Medium chemical peels affect the top and middle layers of skin. Often, dermatologists use trichloroacetic acid (TCA) for this type of peel. The TCA solution is left on the skin for a longer period of time. You won't be able to apply makeup for about five to seven days and your skin will redden before it heals. However, a medium peel provides more dramatic results than a superficial peel.
Deep Peels
As the name implies, deep peels are the most aggressive form of chemical peel. Since it can affect skin pigment, it is only recommended for individuals with fair skin and it can only be used once. Dermatologists typically apply phenol for a deep peel. Usually, patients receive pain relievers and an oral sedative. It takes about two weeks for the skin to heal itself.
To look and feel your best, choose from the menu of cosmetic dermatology services offered by Advanced Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery. Our dermatology clinics provide chemical peels, facials, waxing, CoolSculpting, eczema treatment, and so much more. Give us a call today at (866) 400-3376 or stop by our website to read our rave reviews.
Skin cancer treatment is most effective when the disease is detected as early as possible. It's important to check your skin regularly and see a dermatologist if you notice any abnormalities. Additionally, schedule a professional skin exam with a medical dermatologist. To reduce your risk of developing skin cancer, follow the tips in this video.
This video, which is presented by the American Academy of Dermatology, discusses the type of sunscreen you should apply and how often you should reapply the product. Remember to apply sunscreen every day before you go outdoors, even on cloudy or wintry days.
You can schedule a skin cancer exam with a dermatologist at Advanced Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery. To learn more about our exams or to find a location near you, call us at (866) 400-3376.