text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|20 Oct 1987
|Filing date
|6 May 1986
|Priority date
|6 May 1986
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Yann Hung, Thomas R. Klose, Michael T. Regan, Louis J. Rossi
|Original Assignee
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (82), Classifications (10), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to phthalocyanine pigments and more particularly to novel photoconductive fluorine-substituted titanyl phthalocyanine pigments, to photoconductive elements containing them and to a method of forming electrophotographic images with such elements.
Electrophotographic imaging processes employ a photoconductive element comprising an insulating photoconductive layer disposed on an electrically conductive support. Photoconductive layers have in the past contained various inorganic photoconductors such as amorphous selenium, cadmium sulfide or lead oxide or organic photoconductors such as polyvinyl carbazole and aryl amine compounds. While many of the common photoconductors have good electrophotographic sensitivity in the wavelength range from ultraviolet to red, their sensitivity in the near infrared range above about 700 nm is not sufficiently high for use with diode lasers which currently are of great importance in recording techniques.
In lieu of the more commonly used photoconductors it has been suggested that certain metal phthalocyanines which absorb in the near infrared region be employed. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,426,434 suggests a photoreceptor having an evaporated film of chloroaluminum phthalocyanine or chloroaluminum monochlorophthalocyanine. It is said that such compounds have high photosensitivity in the near infrared region. Unfortunately, such compounds, as well as many other phthalocyanines, evidently are not readily dispersible in coating formulations and, to deposit them as photoconductive layers, the expensive procedure of vacuum evaporation must be used.
The patent to Tanikawa, U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,004 dated July 3, 1984 discloses an optical recording medium containing a fluorine-substituted pthalocyanine. A structural formula in the patent shows a central symbol M which is said to represent, among many other things, titaium oxide. The patent does not suggest, however, that any of the indicated phthalocyanines are photoconductive or that they can be dispersion coated to form photoconductive layers of low granularity. No method of preparation of the phthalocyanines is mentioned.
In accordance with the present invention new photoconductive phthalocyanine pigments are provided which not only have high electrophotographic sensitivity in the near infrared region but, in addition, are readily dispersible in polymeric binders and have extremely low granularity when dispersed in the polymeric binder of a photoconductive layer. Photoconductive elements can be prepared with these novel phthalocyanines by the relatively inexpensive procedure of dispersion coating. The resulting near infrared-sensitive photoconductive elements provide excellent image resolution because of the small particle size and dispersability of the photoconductive phthalocyanine compounds. Also, because they can be deposited on a substrate by dispersion coating, it is possible to make single layer and inverted multilayer photoconductive elements with the novel phthalocyanine pigments of the invention.
The novel pigments of the invention are photoconductive titanyl phthalocyanines having fluorine substitution in one or more of their carbocyclic rings. The near infrared sensitive photoconductive elements of the invention comprise an electrically conductive substrate and a photoconductive layer comprising a binder resin and a phthalocyanine as described, and especially such an element wherein the phthalocyanine of the photoconductive layer is deposited by dispersion coating.
The method of the invention comprises electrostatically charging a photoconductive element of the type described, exposing it to a pattern of near infrared radiation and developing the resulting charge pattern.
The photoconductive titanyl fluorophthalocyanine pigments of the invention can be prepared by the reaction of a fluorine-substituted phthalonitrile with a titanlum chloride in a hot solvent, as illustrated below, wherein the letter n represents an integer from 1 to 4. ##STR1##
Since the fluorine substituted phthalonitrile molecules which have fewer than four fluorine substituents can combine with each other in different spatial configurations, the reaction product will be a mixture of isomeric titanyl fluorophthalocyanines. When tetrafluoro phthalonitrile is the starting material, only one isomer forms, i.e., titanylhexadecyl fluorophthalocyanine.
Although the maximum benefits of the invention have been found with pigments of formula I, wherein the phthalocyanine is synthesized from a single fluoro-substituted phthalonitrile, the invention also includes novel fluorine substituted titanyl phthalocyanines in which not all of the aromatic rings have fluorine substituents or do not have an equal number of fluorine substituents.
Non-uniformly substituted compounds of this type can be made by reacting titanium trichloride with two or more phthalonitriles, one of which is a fluorophthalonitrile as illustrated above, and the other or others of which are of the formula ##STR2## wherein R can be hydrogen, a halogen such as fluorine, chlorine or bromine, iodine or a hydrocarbon radical such as lower alkyl, e.g., methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and t-butyl, and n is an integer from 1 to 4.
When the titanyl phthalocyanine having fluorine ring substitution is made in this manner by the reaction of two or more phthalonitriles the reaction product will contain a mixture of substituted oxotitanium phthalocyanines. This mixture will include phthalocyanines in which as few as one of the aromatic rings is fluorine substituted. Thus, while phthalocyanines having only fluorine substituents, and those being equal in number on each aromatic ring, are preferred pigments of the invention, photoconductive fluorine-substituted-titanyl phthalocyanines which are non-uniformly substituted are also within the scope of the invention and have valuable qualities such as good dispersability in coating compositions.
Before using the fluoro titanylphthalocyanine pigment as a near infrared sensitive electrophotographic charge generation compound, it is subjected to a treatment which purifies it, modifies its crystalline form and reduces the particle size.
The resulting novel pigment is photoconductive. By this is meant that in the dark the pigment is electrically insulating but when exposed to actinic radiation in the near infrared region, it becomes electrically conductive. More specifically, the dark resistivity is greater than 1011 ohm-cms at 25� C. and is rapidly reduced several orders of magnitude when exposed to actinic radiation in the near infrared region (700-900 nm) at an intensity of 5 to 30 ergs/cm2 /sec. Typically, a charged photoconductor discharges by at least 50 volts within 10 seconds when exposed to such radiation. For the more sensitive pigments of the invention, e.g., the tetrafluoro species, the conductivity upon exposure to near infrared radiation is such that a photoconductive element containing the pigment in its charge generation layer can be discharged from -500 volts to -100 volts in one second at an exposure of 7 ergs per cm2 and a wavelength of 830 nm.
One useful procedure for rendering the pigment photoconductive is called "acid-pasting". It involves dissolving the pigment, after extraction purification with a solvent such as dimethylformamide, in cold concentrated mineral acid, preferably sulfuric acid. The solution is poured into ice water to reprecipitate the phthalocyanine compound. The precipitate is washed free of acid with water, then with methanol and then is dried. The resulting purified pigment when dispersed in a binder resin has a substantially smaller particle size than the crude pigment and is highly sensitive to radiation in the near infrared region.
The photoconductive elements of the invention comprise an electrically conductive substrate having disposed on it a photoconductive layer containing a titanyl fluoro phthalocyanine compound I. The phthalocyanine compound can be deposited on the conductive substrate as the sole component of the photoconductive layer or in admixture with other components such as a resin binder, a coating aid, other photoconductive compounds, chemical sensitizers and spectral sensitizing dyes and pigments.
Although the photoconductive elements of the invention can have only a single photoconductive layer, the preferred photoconductive elements are multilayer (also called multiactive) elements having a charge generation layer and at least one charge transport layer. The configurations and general principles of multilayer elements have been described in the prior art, for example, in the patent to Berwick et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,175,960. When employed in multilayer photoconductive elements in accordance with the present invention, the titanyl fluoro phthalocyanine compound is placed in the charge generation layer.
The photoconductive elements of the invention are used according to the method of the invention to make electrophotographic images, as in diode laser recording. In the method, the photoconductive element is electrostatically charged, e.g., by corona treatment, to a voltage, for example, of 500 to 600 volts negative or positive. Then it is exposed to a pattern of near infrared irradiation, causing charge to dissipate in the exposed regions. The resulting charge pattern on the photoconductive element is developed by contact with a positively or negatively charged toner. Suitable developers include liquid and dry developers which are well known in the art. Such liquid developers comprise dispersion of pigmented polymeric toner particles in a volatile insulating liquid such as an isoparaffinic hydrocarbon. Useful dry developers include both single component and two-component developers, the latter comprising, for example, a mixture of magnetic carrier particles and powdered toner particles composed of a pigmented thermoplastic resin.
The preparation of a specific titanyl fluorophthalocyanine, namely, the compound titanyl 2, 9, 16, 23-tetrafluorophthalocyanine and its isomers, will illustrate how compounds of the invention and their precursors can be made.
The titanyl tetrafluorophthalocyanine compound can be prepared by the reaction of 4-fluorophthalonitrile with titanium trichloride in 1-chloronaphthalene at 210�-215� C. The synthesis of 4-fluorophthalonitrile as the precursor for the polyfluorinated phthalocyanine starts with 3,4-dimethylaniline and is shown in the following series of reactions: ##STR3##
Diazotization (i) and conversion (ii) to the tetrafluoroborate followed by pyrolysis in benezene of that derivative (Balz-Schieman reaction) gives 3,4-dimethylfluorobenzene. This is oxidized by aqueous potassium permanganate to 4-fluorophthalic acid, monopotassium salt. Vacuum distillation of the latter in the presence of sulfuric acid yields 4-fluorophthalic anhydride. Treatment of the anhydride with urea in boiling chlorobenzene yields the imide which is converted with concentrated ammonium hydroxide to the diamide. Finally, dehydration of the diamide with thionyl chloride in dimethylformamide gives 4-fluorophthalonitrile.
The following example describes the use of 4-fluorophthalonitrile, prepared as described above, to prepare a polyfluoro phthalocyanine compound of the invention.
4-Fluorophthalonitrile (38.7 g, 0.267 mole) and 20.7 g (0.134 mole) of titanium trichloride was suspended in 200 ml 1-chloronaphthalene and heated to 210�-215� C. (oil bath) and maintained for 21/2 hours at this temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled slightly, the dark solid was collected, washed with acetone and methanol. After drying, the dark blue solid (34 g) was slurried twice in refluxing dimethylformamide, filtered hot each time and washed with acetone yielding a pigment having an x-ray diffractogram peak (2θ) of 7.4�.
The next example illustrates the acid pasting procedure which purifies, reduces the particle size and modifies the crystalline form of the phthalocyanine pigments.
The blue solid of Example 1 was dissolved in 300 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid with cooling, stirred for one hour at room temperature, and filtered through a medium frit Buchner funnel. The acid filtrate was added to 2 liters of ice and water mixture with stirring. The bright blue solid that separated was collected, washed free of acid with water, then reslurried in 500 ml of boiling water. The phthalocyanine was collected by hot filtration and air-dried to give 26.4 g of pigment having an x-ray diffractogram peak (2θ) of 6.8�.
Calcd. for C32 H12 F4 N8 OTi (648.4): C, 59.2; H, 1.88; F, 11.7; N, 17.3; Ti, 7.38. Found: C, 59.0; H, 1.7; F, 11.3; N, 17.3; Ti, 6.9.
The photoconductive elements of the invention preferably are made from the 6.8� form of the pigment, as made in Example 2, or from a mixture of the 6.8� and 7.4� forms. Such a mixture can be obtained if the 6.8� form is dispersed in an organic solvent.
To prepare a photoconductive element of the invention from a titanyl fluorophthalocyanine pigment, the pigment is dispersed in a solution of a binder resin such as a polycarbonate resin. To achieve homogeneity the dispersion is milled for an extended time, e.g., for several days, in a ball mill or other homogenizing apparatus. After diluting the milled dispersion to a suitable viscosity for coating and after blending in a coating aid such as a silicone surfactant, the dispersion is coated on a conductive substrate. The latter, for example, can be a nickel-coated polyethylene terephthalate film. The coating is dried, e.g., by heating mildly for a few minutes.
The resulting charge generation layer is overcoated with a dispersion of a charge transport compound or compounds in a binder resin. This coating is then dried to provide a relatively thicker charge transport layer.
The next example describes preparation of multilayer photoconductive elements containing phthalocyanine pigments of Examples 1 and 2.
Pigments prepared as described in Examples 1 and 2, which are referred to as [(4-F)4 Pc]TiO, were incorporated in the following formulation:
______________________________________1.75 g High molecular weight polycarbonate binder resin poly(oxycarbonyloxy-1,4- phenylene (1-methylethylidene)- 1,4-phenylene) in solution in a solvent mixture of 1,1,2- trichloromethane (40 g) and dichloromethane (26 g)0.18 g [(4-F)4 Pc]TiO9.56 g Dichloromethane solvent2 drops 1% Solution of silicone surfactant in dichloromethane (DC510 surfactant of Dow Chemical Co.)______________________________________
To form a coating dispersion this formulation was placed in a glass container with 30 g of zirconia beads, shaken for three hours in a paint shaker and separated from the beads. The dispersion was then coated as a charge generation layer on a subbed, nickelized conductive poly(ethylene terephthalate) film support. The coated film was cured for 30 minutes in an 80� C. oven, yielding a dried charge generation layer of 1.5 μm thickness. This thin layer was then overcoated with a thicker layer of an organic charge transport layer containing 35 percent 1,1-bis(4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl) cyclohexane and 65 percent of a polyester binder in a solvent mixture consisting of 60 parts by weight dichloromethane and 40 parts 1,1,2-trichloroethane, the polyester being poly(4,4'-[2-norbornylidene]bisphenylene terephthalate-co-azelate) 60/40. The resulting multilayer element was cured for two hours in a 60� C. oven.
Tests were made of multilayer elements prepared as in Example 3 using the crude pigment of Example 1 and the acid pasted-pigment of Example 2.
Results are given in the following table.
______________________________________Electrical Maximum PigmentCharacteristics Optical ParticlePigment Vo Dark decay Density Size (μm)______________________________________Example 1 -220 v. -- -- --Example 2 -500 v. 9.4 v/sec. 2.5 <1.0______________________________________
The data show that the acid-pasting treatment of Example 2 yields a pigment of very small particle size and improves the electrical properties of the element.
When corona treated to a negative charge, the element containing the non-acid-pasted pigment (Example 1) was measured to be only about -220 volts (Vo) . The element containing the acid-pasted pigment (Example 2) discharged from -500 to -100 volts when exposed to radiation of 830 nm at 7.0 ergs/cm2. Dark decay was only 9.4 volts/sec.
The reaction of tetrafluoro phthalonitrile with TiCl3 by the procedure of Example 1 yields the pigment, titanyl hexafluorophthalocyanine. The absorption spectrum of this compound shows a λ-max at 728 nm, which is hypsochromatically shifted about 100 nm from the λ-max of 826 nm exhibited by the titanyl tetrafluorophthalocyanine compound of Example 1. Although the electrical and dark decay characteristics of the tetrafluoro pigment were superior to those of the hexadecylfluoro species, the acid-pasted hexcadecylfluoro pigment is nevertheless useful as a near infra-red sensitive photoconductor and its dispersability in binder resins is good.
The examples have illustrated the preparation of a multilayer photoconductive element of the invention in which the charge transport layer is coated over the charge generation layer which contains a titanyl fluorophthalocyanine pigment and is contiguous to the conductive substrate. Also within the scope of the invention are "inverted" multiactive photoconductive elements in which a charge transport layer or layers are contiguous to the conductive support and a charge generation layer is coated over the charge transport layer or layers. This configuration is preferred, for example, when it is desired to charge the photoconductive element positively instead of negatively. It is also advantageous in reducing the formation of white spots in the image which are caused by electrical breakdown in the development stage. Further, it is useful in improving the uniformity of charge across the surface of the photoconductive element or, in other words, improving the electrical granularity of the element.
The next example, describes such an inverted element in which a charge generating layer containing a titanyl tetrafluorophthalocyanine compound is coated over the charge transport layer.
The pigment, titanyl tetrafluorophthalocyanine, (3.0 g) of Example 2 and 9.0 g of poly(oxycarbonyloxy-1,4-phenylenebicyclo [2.2.1]hept-2-ylidene-1,4-phenylene) binder resin were dispersed in 81 g of 1,1,2-trichloroethane solvent. The dispersion was milled for three days in a grinding mill. The milled dispersion was then diluted with 360 g of dichloromethane and filtered to provide pigment concentrate. This concentrate was incorporated in a dispersion for the charge generating layer having the following composition:
______________________________________4.0 g Polycarbonate binder resin2.0 g Tri-p-tolylamine photoconductor32.0 g Dichloromethane coating solvent11.0 g 1,1,2-Trichloroethane coating solvent151.0 g Phthalocyanine pigment concentrate0.03 g Silicone surfactant coating aid (Dow DC510)______________________________________
For the charge transport layer a liquid dispersion of the following formulation was prepared:
______________________________________172.5 g Polycarbonate binder resin (Lexan 145 polycarbonate of General Electric which is identified as poly(oxycarbonyl- oxy-1,4-phenylene (-1-methyl- ethylidene)-1,4-phenylene)7.5 g Poly(ethylene-co-neopentylene terephthalate) polyester binder resin120.5 g Tri-p-tolylamine photoconductor1680.0 g Dichloromethane420.0 g 1,1,2-trichloroethane0.3 g Silicone surfactant coating aid (Dow DC510)______________________________________
The inverse multilayer element was prepared by coating the indicated charge transport layer liquid dispersion on a nickel-coated subbed poly-(ethylene terephthalate) film support at 1.5 g/ft2 (16.15 g/m2) dry coverage and drying the coating. The charge generating layer was then formed by coating the indicated charge generating layer liquid dispersion over the charge transport layer at 0.2 g/ft2 (2.15 g/m2) dry coverage and drying the coating.
The inverse layer element of this example when tested in comparison with an element having the same pigment but the standard layer configuration had less electrical breakdown (as shown by reduction in image white spots after liquid development) and lower electrical granularity.
Although the examples have described pigments made from 4-fluoro and tetrafluoro phthalonitriles, any of the fluorine-substituted phthalonitriles are suitable precursors. Hence compounds of the invention include all of those represented by formula I wherein n is an integer of 1, 2, 3 or 4. For those in which n is less than 4, the fluorine can be substituted at any position on the phthalonitrile ring. All of the resulting titanyl fluorophthalonitrile pigments of the invention have near infra-red sensitivity and dispersability so that photoconductive elements can be made from them by dispersion coating.
The patent to Scozzafava et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,514,481 discloses electrophotographic layers that contain an electron donor and an electron transporting compound such as certain 4H-thiopyran-1,1-dioxides. It has been found, in accordance with the present invention, that these electron transporting compounds are unexpectedly beneficial when used in a multilayer photoconductive element of the present invention which can be positively charged for imaging. These elements have high sensitivity in the near infrared region and low dark decay, making them especially useful in laser or LED-based printers.
One disadvantage of the inverted layer configuration of multilayer photoconductor is that the thin charge generation layer is on top of the element and may be subject to abrasion as the element is used repeatedly in a series of imaging cycles. This, of course, shortens the life of the photoconductive element. By using an electron transporting compound, as described herein, the charge transport layer can be the top layer which is coated over the charge generation layer. This protects the thinner and more critically important charge generation layer from abrasion as the element is reused, and yet the element can be positively charged.
The following examples illustrate electrophotographic elements containing an electron transporting compound.
A photoconductive element was prepared substantially as in Example 3 except that the charge transport layer contained 30 percent by weight of the compound 4-dicyanomethylene-2,6-diphenyl-4H-thiopyran-4-one-1,1-dioxide in the polyester binder. The charge generation layer contained titanyl tetrafluorophthalocyanine in a polycarbonate binder as in Example 3. The conductive layer was an aluminum plate.
Another multilayer element was prepared as in Example 6 except that the electron transporting compound was 4-dicyanomethylene-2,6-di-m-tolyl-4H-thiopyran-1,1-dioxide and the conductive layer was a nickel-coated polymeric film.
A multilayer element like that of Example 6 was prepared except that, instead of titanyl fluorophthalocyanine, an aggregate photoconductor as in Berwick et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,175,960 was used in the charge generation layer.
The photoconductive elements of Example 6 and 7 and the comparative example were charged to 500 volts positive and exposed to radiation sufficient to discharge the element to 250 volts. The exposure for Examples 6 and 7 was at 830 nm and for the comparative example was at 680 nm, that being within the region of sensitivity of the aggregate photoconductor. The relative quantities of exposure required to discharge each element to 250 volts are listed in the table below, an arbitrary value of 100 being assigned to the quantity of exposure for the comparative example. The table also shows the residual voltage (Vtoe) of each element after full irradiation.
TABLE______________________________________ Dark Relative ResidualExample Decay Exposure VoltageNo. (V/sec) (-500 V- -250 V) VTOE______________________________________6 4 12.1 407 4 14.0 44Comp. 5 100* 124Example______________________________________ *arbitrarily assigned a value of 100 for comparison
The results show that when the thiopyrandioxide electron transporting compounds were used with a titanyl fluorophthalocyanine charge generator in accordance with the invention (Examples 6 and 7), the exposure required to discharge the photoconductor from Vo =500 volts to 250 volts was about one-eighth the exposure required for the same degree of discharge of the aggregate-type photoconductor used with the same class of electron transporting compound. The table also shows that upon complete radiation the elements of the invention discharged to voltages of 40 and 44 while the residual voltage for the element having a different charge generation layer was discharged only to 124 volts. These results demonstrate an unexpected cooperation of the titanyl fluorophthalocyanine layer and the electron transporting layer in the multilayer photoconductive elements of the invention.
When using an electron transport compound in a multilayer element of the invention having a conductive layers which is electron injecting, e.g., nickel, it may be desirable to place a thin barrier layer between the conductive layer and the charge generation layer to prevent dark discharge. The barrier layer can be a non-conductive polymer such as a polyester or other materials disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,175,960.
One of the advantages of the novel phthalocyanine pigments of the invention is that because of their sensitivity to radiation in the near infrared region of the spectrum they can be used in photoconductive elements which record the radiation of diode lasers. They are not limited to that use, however. They can be used in admixture with charge generation compounds having sensitivity, e.g., to visible light to provide photoconductive elements that have a broad range of sensitivity including the visible light range and near infrared.
The charge generation layer which contains the novel phthalocyanine pigments can have a thickness within a wide range depending upon the degree of photosensitivity desired. Thickness affects photosensitivity in two opposite ways. As thickness increases a greater proportion of actinic radiation is absorbed by the layer, but there is a greater likelihood of a charge carrier being trapped and thus not contributing to image formation. These two factors must be balanced in selecting an appropriate thickness. A thickness in the range of about 0.05 μm to 6.0 μm is preferred for maximum photosensitivity. At thicknesses much below 0.05 μm the radiation absorption is inadequate and at thicknesses much above 6.0 μm, the trapping of charge carriers becomes excessive.
As indicated in the examples and as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,175,960, the charge transport layer in a multilayer element is thicker than the charge generation layer. Its thickness can be of the order of 3 to 40 μm, preferably, 5 to 30. It can be several times thicker than the charge generation layer, e.g., 2 to 20 times thicker.
Although the examples have illustrated specific charge transport layer materials, the charge transport layer can be monomeric or polymeric organic photoconductors or inorganic materials which can transport charge carriers generated in the charge generation layer. Combinations may be used. Most charge transport materials preferentially accept and transport either positive charges (holes) or negative charges (electrons), although materials are known which will transport both positive and negative charges. Transport materials with a preference for conduction of positive charge carriers are called p-type transport materials and those with a preference for conduction of negative charges are called n-type.
Various p-type organic charge transport materials can be used in the charge transport layer in accordance with the present invention. Representative p-type organic photoconductive materials include:
1. Carbazoles including carbazole, N-ethyl carbazole, N-isopropyl carbazole, N-phenyl carbazole, halogenated carbazoles, various polymeric carbazole materials such as poly(vinyl carbazole) halogenated poly(vinyl carbazole), and the like.
2. Arylamines including monoarylamines, diarylamines, triarylamines, as well as polymeric arylamines. Examples of arylamine photoconductors include the non-polymeric triphenylamines illustrated in Klupfel et U.S. Pat. No. 3,180,730 issued Apr. 27, 1965; the polymeric triarylamines described in Fox U.S. Pat. No. 3,240,597 issued Mar. 15, 1966; the triarylamines having at least one of the aryl radicals substituted by either a vinyl radical or a vinylene radical having at least one active hydrogen-containing group, as described in Brantly et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,567,450 issued Mar. 2, 1971; the triarylamines in which at least one of the aryl radicals in substituted by an active hydrogen-containing group, as described in Brantly et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,658,520 issued Apr. 25, 1972; and tritolylamine.
3. Polyarylalkanes of the type described in Noe et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,274,000 issued Sept. 20, 1966; Wilson U.S. Pat. No. 3,542,547 issued Nov. 24, 1970 and in Rule et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,615,402 issued Oct. 26, 1971. Preferred polyarylalkane photoconductors can be represented by the formula: ##STR4## wherein D and G, which may be the same or different, represent aryl groups and J and E, which may be the same or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or an aryl group, at least one of D, E and G containing an amino substituent. An especially useful polyarylalkane photoconductor which may be employed as the charge transport material is a polyarylalkane having the formula noted above wherein J and E represent a hydrogen atom, an aryl group, or an alkyl group and D and G represent substituted aryl groups having as a substituent thereof a group represented by the formula: ##STR5## wherein: R represents an unsubstituted aryl group such as phenyl or an alkyl substituted aryl such as a tolyl group. Additional information concerning certain of these latter polyarylalkanes may be found in Rule et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,127,412 issued Nov. 28, 1978.
4. Strong Lewis bases such as aromatic compounds, including aromatically unsaturated heterocyclic materials which are free of strong electron withdrawing groups.
Such aromatic Lewis bases include tetraphenylpyrene, 1-methylpyrene, perylene, chrysene, anthracene, tetraphene, 2-phenyl naphthalene, azapyrene, fluorene, fluorenone, 1-ethylpyrene, acetyl pyrene, 2,3-benzochrysenes, 3,4-benzopyrene, 1,4-bromopyrene, phenylindole, polyvinyl carbazole, polyvinyl pyrene, polyvinyl tetracene, polyvinyl perylene, and polyvinyl tetraphene.
5. Other useful p-type charge-transport materials include the p-type organic photoconductors, including metallo-organo materials, known to be useful in electrophotographic processes, such as any of the organic photoconductors described in Research Disclosure, Vol. 109, May 1973, pages 61-67, paragraph IV (A) (2) through (13) which are p-type photoconductors. (Research Disclosure is published by Industrial Opportunities Limited, Havant, Hampshire, P09 1EF, United Kingdom.)
Representative of n-type charge-transport materials are strong Lewis acids such as organic and metallo-organic compounds containing one or more aromatic, including aromatically unsaturated heterocyclic compounds having an electron withdrawing substituent. These are considered useful because of their electron accepting capability. Typical electron withdrawing substituents include cyano and nitro groups; sulfonate groups; halogens such as fluorine chlorine, bromine, and iodine; ketone groups; ester groups; acid anhydride groups; and other acid groups such as carboxyl and quinone groups. Examples of such n-type aromatic Lewis acids having electron withdrawing substituents include phthalic anhydride, tetrachlorophthalic anhydride, benzil, mellitic anhydride, S-tricyanobenzene, picryl chloride, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, 2,4-dinitrobromobenzene, 4-nitrobiphenyl, 4,4'-dinitrobiphenyl, 2,4,6-tri-nitroanisole, trichlorotrinitrobenzene, trinitro-o-toluene, 4,6-dichloro-1,3-dinitrobenzene, 4,6-dibromo-1,3-dinitrobenzene, p-dinitrobenzene, chloranil, bromanil, 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone, 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluorenone, trinitroanthracene, dinitroacridene, tetracyanopyrene, dinitroanthraquinone, and mixtures thereof.
Other useful n-type charge transport materials are conventional n-type organic photoconductors, for example, complexes of 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone and poly(vinyl carbazole). Still other useful n-type organic and metallo-organo photoconductive materials include any of the n-type organic photoconductive materials known to be useful in electrophotographic processes such as any of those described in Research Disclosure, Vol. 109, May 1973, pages 61-67, paragraph IV(A) (2) through (13).
A single charge transport layer or more than one can be employed. Where a single charge transport layer is employed it can be either a p-type or an n-type material.
Where it is intended that the charge generation layer be exposed to actinic radiation through the charge transport layer, it is preferred that the charge transport layer have little or no absorption in the region of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the charge generation layer responds, thus permitting the maximum amount of actinic radiation to reach the charge generation layer. Where the charge transport layer is not in the path of exposure, this consideration does not apply.
When solvent coating the layers, a film-forming polymeric binder can be employed. The binder may, if it is electrically insulating, help to provide the element with electrical insulating characteristics. It also is useful (a) in coating the layer, (b) in adhering the layer to an adjacent layer, and (c) when it is a top layer, in providing a smooth, easy to clean, wear resistant surface.
When a polymeric binder is employed in either the charge generation or charge transport layer, the optimum ratio of charge generation or charge transport material to binder may vary widely depending on the particular binder and charge transport materials. In general, useful results are obtained wherein when the amount of active charge generation or charge transport material contained within the layer varies within the range of from about 2 to about 90 weight percent based on the dry weight of the layer.
Representative materials which may be employed as binders in the charge generation and charge transport layers are film-forming polymers having a fairly high dielectric strength and good electrically insulating properties. Such binders include, for example, styrene-butadiene copolymers; polyvinyl toluene-styrene copolymers; styrene-alkyd resins; silicone-alkyd resins; soya-alkyd resins; vinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride copolymers; poly(vinylidene chloride); vinylidene chlorideacrylonitrile copolymers; vinyl acetatevinyl chloride copolymers; poly(vinyl acetals), such as poly(vinyl butyral); nitrated polystyrene; polymethylstyrene; isobutylene polymers; polyesters, such as poly[ethylene-co-alkylenebis(alkyleneoxyaryl)phenylenedicarboxylate]; phenolformaldehyde resins; ketone resins; polyamides; polycarbonates; polythiocarbonates; poly[ethylene-co-isopropylidene-2,2-bis(ethyleneoxyphenylene) terephthalate]; copolymers of vinyl haloacrylates and vinyl acetate such as poly(vinyl-m-bromobenzoate-co-vinyl acetate); and chlorinated poly(olefins), such as chlorinated poly(ethylene).
Binder polymers should provide little or no interference with the transport of charge carriers through the layer. Examples of binder polymers which are especially useful in p-type charge transport layers include styrene-containing polymers, bisphenol A polycarbonates, phenol-formaldehyde resins, polyesters such as poly[ethylene-co-isopropylidene-2,2-bis(ethyleneoxy-phenylene)]terephthalate, and copolymers of vinyl haloacrylates and vinylacetate such as poly(vinyl-m-bromobenzoate-co-vinyl acetate).
The charge generation and charge transport layers can also contain other addenda such as leveling agents, surfactants and plasticizers to enhance or improve various physical properties of the layer. In addition, various addenda to modify the electrophotographic response of the element can be incorporated in the charge transport layer. For example, contrast control materials, such as certain hole-trapping agents and certain easily oxidized dyes can be incorporated. Such contrast control materials are described in Research Disclosure, Vol. 122, June 1974, p. 33, in an article entitled "Additives For Contrast Control ln Organic Photoconductor Compositions and Elements".
When the charge generation layer or the charge transport layer is solvent coated, the components are dissolved or dispersed in a liquid together with the binder, if one is employed, and other addenda. Useful liquids include aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, naphthalene, toluene, xylene and mesitylene; ketones such as acetone and butanone; halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform and ethylene chloride; ethers including cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and ethyl ether; and mixtures thereof.
A variety of electrically conducting supports can be employed in the elements of this invention, such as for example, paper (at a relative humidity above 20 percent); aluminum-paper laminates; metal foils such as aluminum foil, zinc foil, etc.; metal plates such as aluminum, copper, zinc brass and galvanized plates; vapor deposited metal layers such as silver, chromium, nickel, aluminum and the like coated on paper or conventional photographic film bases such as poly(ethylene terephthalate), cellulose acetate, polystyrene, etc. Such conducting materials as chromium, nickel, etc. can be vacuum deposited on transparent film supports in sufficiently thin layers to allow electrophotographic elements prepared therewith to be exposed from either side. An especially useful conducting support can be prepared by coating a support material such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) with a conducting layer containing a semiconductor dispersed in a resin. Such conducting layers both with and without electrical barrier layers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,245,833 by Trevoy, issued Apr. 12, 1966. Other useful conducting layers include compositions consisting essentially of an intimate mixture of at least one protective inorganic oxide and from 30 to 70 percent by weight of at least one conducting metal, e.g., a vacuum-deposited cermet conducting layer as described in Rasch U.S. Pat. No. 3,880,657 issued Apr. 29, 1973. Likewise, a suitable conducting coating can be prepared from the sodium salt of a carboxyester lactone of maleic anhydride and a vinyl acetate polymer. Such conducting layers and methods for their optimum preparation and use are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,007,901 by Minsk issued Nov. 7, 1961 and 3,262,807 by Sterman et al issued July 26, 1966.
The various layers of the element can be coated directly on the conducting substrate. In some cases, it may be desirable to use one or more intermediate subbing layers over the conducting substrate to improve adhesion between the conducting substrate and overlying layers or to act as an electrical barrier layer as described in Dessauer U.S. Pat. No. 2,940,348. Such subbing layers, if used, typically have a dry thickness in the range of about 0.01 to about 5 μm. Typical subbing layer materials include film-forming polymers such as cellulose nitrate, polyesters, copolymers of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and vinylacetate, and various vinylidene chloride-containing polymers including two, three and four component polymers prepared from a polymerizable blend of monomers or prepolymers containing at least 60 percent by weight of vinylidene chloride. Representative vinylidene chloride-containing polymers include vinylidene chloride-methyl methacrylate-itaconic acid terpolymers as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,143,421. Various vinylidene chloride containing hydrosol tetrapolymers which may be used include tetrapolymers of vinylidene chloride, methyl acrylate, acrylonitrile and acrylic acid as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,640,780. Other useful vinylidene chloride-containing copolymers include poly(vinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate), poly(vinylidene chloride-methacrylonitrile), poly-(vinylidene chloride-acrylonitrile), and poly-(vinylidene chloride-acrylonitrile-methyl acrylate). Other subbing materials include the so-called tergels described in Nadeau et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,501,301 and the vinylidine chloride terpolymers described in Nadeau U.S. Pat. No. 3,228,770.
One especially useful subbing layer is a hydrophobic film-forming polymer or copolymer free from any acid-containing group, such as a carboxyl group, prepared from a blend of monomers or prepolymers, each of said monomers or prepolymers containing one or more polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated groups. Useful materials include many of the above-mentioned-copolymers, and in addition, the following: copolymers of polyvinylpyrrolidone and vinyl acetate, poly(vinylidene chloride-methyl methacrylate), and the like.
Optional overcoat layers can also be used if desired. For example, to improve surface hardness and resistance to abrasion, the surface layer of the element of the invention can be coated with one or more electrically insulating, organic polymer coatings or electrically insulating, inorganic coatings. A number of such coatings are well known in the art. Typical overcoats are described for example, in Research Disclosure, "Electrophotographic Elements, Materials and Processes", Vol. 109, p. 63, Paragraph V, May 1973.
While the novel photoconductive elements are useful in electrophotography, they can also be used in other arts, such as in solar cells, where photoconductive elements are employed.
This invention has been described in detail with certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|22 Nov 1972
|21 Jun 1977
|Xerox Corporation
|Method for the preparation of X-form metal phthalocyanine and X-form metal free compounds
|8 Feb 1982
|6 Dec 1983
|Mita Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Sensitized electrophotographic photosensitive composition
|14 Jun 1982
|17 Jan 1984
|Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Public Corp.
|Electrophotographic photoreceptor and preparation thereof
|23 Sep 1982
|3 Jul 1984
|Ricoh Company, Ltd.
|Optical information recording medium
|9 Mar 1984
|30 Apr 1985
|Eastman Kodak Company
|4H-Thiopyran-1,1-dioxide and electrophotographic layers and elements comprising same
|31 Oct 1985
|14 May 1986
|Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation
|Crystalline oxytitanium phthalocyanine and photoreceptor for use in electrophotography
|31 Oct 1985
|14 May 1986
|Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation
|Dual layer photoreceptor for use in electrophotography
|Title not available
|Chem. Abstracts, 176490y, vol. 102, p. 646 (1985).
|Derwent Abstract 85-287417/46.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|27 Apr 1987
|11 Oct 1988
|Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation
|Process for preparing oxytitanium phthalocyanine
|16 Mar 1988
|20 Jun 1989
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Multiactive electrophotographic element
|21 Dec 1988
|26 Sep 1989
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Electrophotographic elements containing certain naphthoquinone derivatives as electron-transport agents
|21 Dec 1988
|26 Sep 1989
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Electrophotographic elements containing certain naphthoquinone derivatives as electron-transport agents
|7 Jul 1988
|6 Feb 1990
|Konica Corporation
|21 Dec 1988
|20 Mar 1990
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Naphthoquinone derivatives
|21 Dec 1988
|3 Apr 1990
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Electrophotographic elements containing certain anthraquinone derivatives as electron-transport agents
|21 Dec 1988
|1 May 1990
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Naphthoquinone derivatives
|22 Dec 1989
|6 Nov 1990
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Derivatives of 4H-thiopyran-1,1-dioxides
|22 Dec 1989
|7 May 1991
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Derivatives of 4H-thiopyran-1,1-dioxides useful as electron-transport agents in electrophotographic elements
|29 Jan 1990
|2 Jul 1991
|Xerox Corporation
|High speed electrophotographic imaging system
|22 Dec 1989
|23 Jul 1991
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Electrophotographic elements containing 4H-thiopyran-1,1-dioxide derivatives as electron-transport agents
|29 Dec 1989
|23 Jul 1991
|Xerox Corporation
|Flexible electrostatographic imaging system
|22 Dec 1989
|13 Aug 1991
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Electrophotographic elements containing new electron-transport agents
|23 Feb 1990
|8 Oct 1991
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Electrophotographic recording elements containing titanyl phthalocyanine pigments and their preparation
|29 Dec 1989
|19 Nov 1991
|Xerox Corporation
|Styrene butadiene copolymers as binders in mixed pigment generating layer
|5 Jun 1990
|12 May 1992
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Electrophotographic recording elements containing a combination of titanyl phthalocyanine-type pigments
|22 Aug 1991
|12 May 1992
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Polyester useful in multiactive electrophotographic element
|20 Jul 1990
|14 Jul 1992
|Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.
|Electrophotographic photoreceptor providing a stable high charge ability and low dark decay coefficient
|22 Aug 1991
|4 Aug 1992
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Multiactive electrophotographic element
|4 Jun 1990
|6 Oct 1992
|Xerox Corporation
|Processes for the preparation of phthalocyanines
|4 Jun 1990
|24 Nov 1992
|Xerox Corporation
|Processes for the preparation of titanium phthalocyanines
|28 May 1991
|26 Jan 1993
|Xerox Corporation
|Processes for the preparation of titaniumphthalocyanine type x
|11 Apr 1991
|23 Feb 1993
|Xerox Corporation
|Titanyl phthalocyanine Type I processes
|1 Apr 1991
|23 Feb 1993
|Xerox Corporation
|Processes for the preparation of titanium-phthalocyanine Type X
|22 Aug 1991
|2 Mar 1993
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Multiactive electrophotographic element comprising a polyester of a tetramethyl bisphenol A derivative
|11 Apr 1991
|27 Apr 1993
|Xerox Corporation
|Processes for preparation of titanyl phthalocyanines type x
|26 Mar 1992
|25 May 1993
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Inverse multiactive electrophotographic element
|5 Oct 1992
|6 Jul 1993
|Xerox Corporation
|Imaging member containing titanium phthalocyanines
|13 Feb 1992
|24 Aug 1993
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Electrophotographic elements containing a titanyl fluorophthalocyanine pigment
|13 Feb 1992
|24 Aug 1993
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Coating compositions containing a titanyl fluorophthalocyanine pigment
|4 Jan 1993
|21 Dec 1993
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Multiactive electrophotographic elements containing electron transport agents
|10 Apr 1991
|22 Feb 1994
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Photoconductive elements which are sensitive to near-infrared radiation
|27 Sep 1993
|4 Apr 1995
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Electrophotographic element and imaging method exhibiting reduced incidence of laser interference patterns
|28 Dec 1994
|21 Nov 1995
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Cyclic bis-dicarboximide electron transport compounds for electrophotography
|16 Jun 1994
|19 Mar 1996
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Electrophotographic elements containing soluble cyclic sulfone electron transport agents
|8 Aug 1994
|14 May 1996
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Reusable inverse composite dual-layer organic photoconductor using specific polymers
|6 Jun 1995
|21 May 1996
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Diffusion coating process of making inverse composite dual-layer organic photoconductor
|27 Oct 1994
|4 Jun 1996
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Electrophotographic recording elements and preparation method
|2 May 1995
|25 Mar 1997
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Methods for preparing cocrystals of titanyl fluorophthalocyanines and unsubstituted titanyl phthalocyanine, electrophotographic elements, and titanyl phthalocyanine compositions
|27 Sep 1995
|8 Apr 1997
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Electrophotographic elements and soluble cyclic sulfone electron transport agents
|27 Oct 1994
|13 May 1997
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Preparation of titanyl fluorophthalocyanines
|12 Mar 1996
|19 May 1998
|Konica Corporation
|Electrophotographic photoreceptor
|23 Oct 1996
|16 Jun 1998
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Methods for preparing cocrystals of titanyl fluorophthalocyannes and unsubstituted titanyl phthalocyanine, electrophotographic elements, and titanyl phthalocyanine compositions
|23 May 1995
|30 Jun 1998
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Non-uniformly substituted phthalocyanine compositions preparation methods, and electrophotographic elements
|13 Jun 1996
|23 Mar 1999
|Eastman Kodak Company
|X-ray dectector, detection assembly, and method
|26 Apr 1996
|4 May 1999
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Photoconductive element having an outermost layer of a fluorinated diamond-like carbon and method of making the same
|30 Apr 1998
|8 Feb 2000
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Bipolar electrophotographic elements
|3 Dec 1997
|18 Apr 2000
|Rutgers, The University Of New Jersey
|Organic dyes for photovoltaic cells and for photoconductive electrophotography systems
|3 Aug 1995
|30 Jan 2001
|Xerox Corporation
|Tetrafluoro hydroxygallium phthalocyanines and photoconductive imaging members
|18 Apr 2000
|23 Oct 2001
|Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey
|Organic dyes for photovoltaic cells and for photoconductive electrophotography systems
|25 Mar 2003
|10 May 2005
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Organophotoreceptor with an electron transport layer
|4 Sep 2003
|27 Sep 2005
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Process for forming cocrystals containing chlorine-free titanyl phthalocyanines and low concentration of titanyl fluorophthalocyanine using organic milling aid
|21 Dec 2004
|7 Mar 2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Heat-induced formation of co-crystalline composition containing titanyl phthalocyanine and titanyl fluorophthalocyanine
|4 Sep 2003
|14 Mar 2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Self-dispersing titanyl phthalocyanine pigment compositions and electrophotographic charge generation layers containing same
|4 Sep 2003
|11 Apr 2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Cocrystals containing high-chlorine titanyl phthalocyanine and low concentration of titanyl fluorophthalocyanine, and electrophotographic element containing same
|2 Sep 2003
|25 Apr 2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Uniform cocrystals of titanyl fluorophthalocyanine and titanyl phthalocyanine formed in trichloroethane, and charge generating layer containing same
|4 Sep 2003
|25 Apr 2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Two-stage milling process for preparing cocrystals of titanyl fluorophthalocyanine and titanyl phthalocyanine, and electrophotographic element containing same
|16 Jun 2005
|24 Jun 2008
|Xerox Corporation
|Imaging member comprising modified binder
|27 May 2005
|11 Nov 2008
|Xerox Corporation
|Polymers of napthalene tetracarboxylic diimide dimers
|19 Mar 2008
|9 Jun 2009
|Xerox Corporation
|Polymers of napthalene tetracarboxylic diimide dimers
|29 Oct 2008
|8 Sep 2009
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method for preparing nanodispersions of fluorinated phthalocyanine pigments
|29 Oct 2008
|8 Dec 2009
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Fluorinated bis-(phthalocyanylaluminoxy)silyl pigments
|27 Sep 2007
|8 Jun 2010
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Photoconductors containing N-arylphthalimides
|5 Jun 2009
|26 Oct 2010
|Xerox Corporation
|Polymers of napthalene tetracarboxylic diimide dimers
|27 Sep 2007
|22 Feb 2011
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Photoconductors containing terephthalate esters
|27 Sep 2007
|12 Apr 2011
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Photoconductors containing trimellitimide esters
|11 Oct 2010
|19 Jun 2012
|Xerox Corporation
|Polymers of napthalene tetracarboxylic diimide dimers
|29 Oct 2008
|2 Oct 2012
|Global Oled Technology Llc
|Color filter element with improved colorant dispersion
|2 Sep 2003
|3 Jun 2004
|Nexpress Solutions Llc
|Uniform cocrystals of titanyl fluorophthalocyanine and titanyl phthalocyanine formed in trichloroethane, and charge generating layer containing same
|4 Sep 2003
|3 Jun 2004
|Nexpress Solutions Llc
|Two-stage milling process for preparing cocrystals of titanyl fluorophthalocyanine and titanyl phthalocyanine, and electrophotographic element containing same
|4 Sep 2003
|3 Jun 2004
|Nexpress Solutions Llc
|Process for forming cocrystals containing chlorine-free titanyl phthalocyanines and low concentration of titanyl fluorophthalocyanine using organic milling aid
|4 Sep 2003
|10 Jun 2004
|Nexpress Solutions Llc
|Cocrystals containing high-chlorine titanyl phthalocyanine and low concentration of titanyl fluorophthalocyanine, and electrophotographic element containing same
|4 Sep 2003
|19 Aug 2004
|Nexpress Solutions Llc And Heidelberg Digital Llc
|Self-dispersing titanyl phthalocyanine pigment compositions and electrophotographic charge generation layers containing same
|5 Nov 2004
|28 Apr 2005
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Organophotoreceptor with a light stabilizer
|21 Dec 2004
|21 Jul 2005
|Molaire Michel F.
|Heat-induced formation of co-crystalline composition containing titanyl phthalocyanine and titanyl fluorophthalocyanine
|27 May 2005
|30 Nov 2006
|Xerox Corporation
|Polymers of napthalene tetracarboxylic diimide dimers
|16 Jun 2005
|21 Dec 2006
|Xerox Corporation
|Imaging member
|22 Aug 1991
|5 Nov 1996
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Multiactive electrophotographic element
|9 Jun 1995
|10 Jan 1996
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Electrophotographic elements and soluble cyclic sulfone electron transport agents
|6 May 1997
|19 Nov 1997
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Electrophotographic elements containing preferred pigment particle size distribution
|15 Oct 2009
|14 May 2010
|Global Oled Technology Llc .
|Method for preparing nanodispersions of fluorinated phthalocyanine pigments
|U.S. Classification
|430/58.15, 430/78, 540/141
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|24 Jul 1987
Owner name: EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HUNG, YANN;KLOSE, THOMAS R.;REGAN, MICHAEL T.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:004743/0795
Effective date: 19860501
|21 Feb 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|13 Feb 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|26 Mar 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Top Definition
The act of inserting vegetables into your own vagina while masturbating and then returning them to the refrigerator so that unsuspecting family members will eat them.
Mom was the victim of the dirty russo after she ate the cucumber her daughter placed in the back of the fridge.
by guiltyofthecrime September 20, 2013

subset: commoncrawl


text:
How can you keep your employees engaged if your budget is extremely limited? Here are some ways that you may want to consider.
Maya Penn is one cool young woman! The idea behind her company is
utterly unique. The 13-year-old artist, animator, designer,
philanthropist, environmentalist, and girls rights activist is CEO of
Maya's Ideas. She creates handmade eco-friendly accessories and clothing
with 10-20 percent of her profits going to local and global charities
and environmental organizations.
Expanding your business and need more capital? Some new lenders can advance money on a work contract for future services.
A surprising number of people find working from home to be lonely and stressful. Adopt these habits and it will no longer have to be that way.
Hair stylists can work wonders with hair and David Humphries decided to give Detroit stylists an opportunity to show off their work.
The five most common myths, and the realities, startups encounter with social media.
Today, the variety of the web makes it so much easier to find your ideal audience -- and reach them for next to nothing.


text:
We have added the following products to your shopping cart from a previous visit:
Professional Ratings: 90 Wine Spectator, 90 The Wine Advocate
Region: Chile, South America
Varietal: Chardonnay
Style: Rich & Creamy
Item no. 98817
It is a strong fruity wine with beautiful Chardonnay character. Evident banana, pineapple, and tropical fruits in the upfront with a well-integrated oak that helps add elegance without covering the fruit. The Malolactic fermentation makes a full wine in the mid palate with long and pleasant finish and nice buttery after taste. Nice balanced between fruit and oak.
A ripe, showy style, with pear, fig and melon notes backed by alluring toast. Lively acidity keeps this honest through the lengthy, butter-tinged finish. Drink now.
Sixty percent of the 2006 Alpha Chardonnay was aged in barrel and 20-30% went through malolactic fermentation. Medium straw-colored, its nose delivers an attractive perfume of apple, pear, and a touch of oak. On the palate the oak is totally integrated. This is accompanied by a smooth-textured wine with plenty of ripe fruit, good balance, and a lengthy finish. It is an excellent value in quality Chardonnay.


text:
Email AddressVerified
Reviewed2 Reviews
Hey, I'm Jan!
Centreville, Virginia, United States · Member since August 2012
You have reported this user. Undo?
Northern VA, outside Washington DC. I like the arts, nice walks, and getting around in general. I'm a flexible traveler who doesn't like to operate on a schedule when on vacation. I take time to visit with various cats and dogs that I meet along the way.


text:
Cordless Tools
1 Result Found that Includes 1 Product
How can we improve the Search Experience?
Product availability based on selecting either shipping or pick up and a location. Dismiss
Ship or Pickup Enter Location
- Battery Pack, 18V, Li-Ion, 1.3A/hr.Battery Pack,18V,Li-Ion,1.3A/hr.
- Item # 19M499
- Mfr. Model # SB18B-LI
Battery Pack, Voltage 18.0, Battery Type Li-Ion, Battery Capacity 1.3Ah, For Use With Skil 18V Tools, Charger...More
Price $95.80 / each
+Add to list
Catalog Page # 981
Note: Product availability is real-time basis and adjusted continuously. The product will be reserved for you when you complete your order. More


text:
My boys are 6 and 8 and they have helped clean around the house for years. Recently though we are very busy on Saturdays and it hasn't gotten done. Chores are tied to their allowance and so they have not been earning allowance. So a while back I proposed the idea of splitting it up into a chart of 30 chores for 30 dollars. Basically 30 10 minute or less chores that they would do 1 a day.
Now I am struggling to think of them because usually when I do the Saturday one I make a list that day of what I see needs to be done and I am there helping and with them. So this is what I have so far for my 8yo DS. I haven't even started on 6yo DS. Any suggestions? I thought about using set the table, but DH cooks and DS being in the kitchen during cooking time would drive DH batshit.
Everyday 10 minute quick pick up of your stuff
Daily Chores
1. Take out Trash
2. Clean bathroom sink
3. Take out Trash
4. Sweep Bathroom and hallway floor.
5. Clean toilet
6. Sort whites out of laundry and make sure clothes are right side out
7. Vacuum Bedroom Floor (so room must be clean)


text: Tetley January 07, 2015 2:21 PM MotoGP » MotoGP getting faster… It is very easy to sit in a chair at a keyboard saying "MotoGP riders must risk more for my entertainment". Personally, I would prefer "closer" to "faster". Currently, Moto3 provides the closest, most exciting, most unpredictable racing, with only 250cc and at significantly lower speeds than MotoGP. Most professional racers prefer to win at the slowest possible speed. Yeee-Harrr racing belongs on the drag-strip, not on Grand Prix circuits.. Reply Report abuse 4 agree 1 disagree


text:
"Great product for a great price!" (E12226)
"The sock tops do not budge, even over seven matches in one day. I will never need tape to help keep my bands high." (E869)
"Great fit! True to size. My son loves them! " (E12908)
Epic Sports
Vos Sports Poly Fill Polyester Vest [E93793]


text:
Healthy LIFE EXPO™ Nutrition, Fitness, and Longevity – It's all here! Explore up to 200 exhibitors offering everything for maintaining health and success in all areas of life! … Continue reading
HOME Improvement and Design EXPO™ Attention all home improvement enthusiast! Don't miss your opportunity to explore up to 150 exhibitors featuring the latest products and services to help … Continue reading
Have you ever wanted to gain some insight into what it means to be human? Jones-Harrison will be presenting visionary leaders that explore this very topic. Hosted by … Continue reading
Seward Community Co-op is currently hiring for all positions at the Cooperative Creamery Neighborhood Café, located at the corner of Franklin and 26th avenues in the Seward neighborhood … Continue reading
Rudy Luther Toyota has a large selection of New, Used or Certified Used Toyota vehicles like the Camry, Corolla, Avalon, Venza, Matrix, and the Yaris. If you need … Continue reading
Video from TheUptake.org
Join the AM950 KTNF Mailing List
Stay informed — Subscribe to our FREE AM950 KTNF newsletter. The newsletter is sent out several times a month to let our listeners know about the latest events coming up or news happening at AM950 KTNF. The newsletter is the first place you will hear about special events with our hosts. We do not give or sell our email list to anyone.


text:
Ogof y Daren Cilau
|Ogof y Daren Cilau
Caver crawling into entrance
|Llangattock escarpment
|OS grid
|192 m (630 ft)
|27 km (16.8 mi)
|tortuous entrance series
|Rock of refuge (Welsh)
|Cave survey
|zoomable plan drawing
Ogof y Daren Cilau is one of several cave systems in the Llangattock escarpment near Crickhowell in south Powys, Wales.
Its awkward 517 m entrance crawl is a natural barrier to any casual visitor and precludes the need for a locked gate to protect it from vandals.
Highlights of Daren Cilau include the Time Machine, the largest cave passage in Britain; the White Company, a set of pure white stalactites; and the Bonsai Tree, a branching helictite.
Due to the extent of the passages several kilometres from the entrance which would require trips of up to 20 hours to explore, two permanent underground camps have been established: the Hard Rock Cafe, and the Restaurant at the End of the Universe.
The major breakthrough into the system beyond the entrance series occurred in 1984, before which the cave consisted of little more than the entrance series and several uninspiring passages.[citation needed]
In 1986 Martyn Farr connected the Terminal Sump to Elm Hole in the next valley by cave diving.[1]
After decades of work and numerous cave digging projects, a connection to the nearby cave Ogof Agen Allwedd is yet to be found.
- ^ "Ogof Daren Cilau". Daren Cilau.
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 51°49′50″N 3°09′17″W / 51.83064°N 3.15479°W
|This Powys location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
ClassicsOnline Home » DVORAK / FRANCK: Violin Sonatas (arr. for flute and piano) / SCHUBERT: Variations on Trockne Blumen
ClassicsOnline customers will not be able to use their log in to access the new HD site. Please create a new ClassicsOnline HD•LL account to download albums, subscribe to streaming, create playlists and more!


text:
|Post Trn TipPost Trn Tip
|Post Stn TipPost Stn Tip
Train Board
Sat Jul 13, 2013 (05:03AM)
15941/Jhajha - Dibrugarh Weekly Express
|Change Departure Station:
|Change Arrival Station:
|Travel Time: 6h 36m 6 halts Distance: 242 km Avg Speed: 36 km/hr
Peak Observed Speed: 83 km/hr between MDP/Madhupur Junction and CRJ/Chittaranjan
Type: Mail/Express
Zone: NFR/Northeast Frontier
|Departs @ 23:13 (Avg 1h 46m late)
Platform# ???
|Arrives @ 05:49 +1 night (Avg 1h 15m late)
Platform# 3


text:
Accutronix Harley-Davidson® Engine Covers & Accents
Results per page:
Results 1 - 3 of 3
Sort By:
$80.95 Accutronix Chrome Tribal Headbolt Covers - HBC001-LC
More Info
Part #: 4900782 Mfg #: HBC001-LC
$75.55 Accutronix Gothic Headbolt Covers - HBC001-E5
More Info
Part #: 274051 Mfg #: HBC001-E5
$53.05 Accutronix Black Anodized Maltese Cross Points Cover - C1605-CB
More Info
Part #: 492783 Mfg #: C1605-CB
Results per page:
Results 1 - 3 of 3
Previous Next
At Dennis Kirk, you will find the best selection of Accutronix Harley-Davidson® Engine Covers & Accents. We carry more Accutronix products than any other aftermarket vendor and have them all at the lowest guaranteed prices. Not only that, but we have them all in-stock and ready to ship to you today. Dennis Kirk has been the leader in the powersports industry since 1969, so you can rest assured that we have your back when it comes to bringing you the best Harley-Davidson® Engine Covers & Accents from Accutronix. All orders over $89 receive Free shipping. Plus we have a no-hassle return policy, so you can shop with complete confidence at Dennis Kirk!


text:
Washed-out road in Royston partly reopened
ROYSTON, Ga. - A Royston road washed out over the summer by heavy rainfall is now partially open again.
In July, a 6-inch water pipe under Baker Street collapsed, washing out the road. Royston city manager Greg Scott said Monday that while work continues to fix the road, part of Baker Street is passable again.
"We've moved out of emergency recovery, and we're able to ensure the public's safety," Scott said. "We've gotten engineering assistance from Franklin County, and we've set the base and pipe the way it's supposed to be and repaired the base of the street and reopened part of the street to limited access."
One point of concern initially was the collapse of a gas main buried under the road. Scott said that gas main has now been repaired and is safe.
"It's still a long time before it gets back to normal, but we're past the point of immediate danger," he said.
Crews have been working all summer to secure the side banks of the trench where the gas and water pipes were, to keep the road from collapsing again, Scott said.
He credited the cooperative efforts of several city departments and the county with getting the road repaired.
"Thanks to the efforts of the street, gas and water departments, as well as Franklin County, it kept the water main break from becoming a personal tragedy for everybody," Scott said.
The total cost of the road repair is about $50,000, he said. The work area is between U.S. 29 and Hub Street.
Scott said how soon the road repairs will be completed depends on the weather, but he expects at least one phase of the work to be completed by the end of October.
Subscribe to the Independent Mail
Need Help? Call us at 1-864-260-1284.
Monday-Friday: 6am-4:30pm / Saturday: 7am-11am / Sunday: 7am-2pm


text:
Results 6 to 10 of 10
September 12th, 2013 12:09 PM #6Top Names: Benedict Zeal & Noelle Geneva
Olivia/Livy : Darah/Bethel : Eve/Verity
Eli/Calvin: Luke/Zane: Levi/Phineas
TTC this year!!
September 12th, 2013 01:07 PM #8
September 12th, 2013 01:50 PM #10
September 12th, 2013 02:18 PM #12
September 12th, 2013 07:40 PM #14
Thanks, ladies! Sebastian Caspar Flynn is actually the least set of all the combos--it just seems super easy to honor my sister by using a Christmas name, and Caspar is one of the less common ones (Sebastian Gabriel and Sebastian Nicholas, for example, do nothing for me). And Flynn is a name I really liked, but usually my family names are one-syllable, so it's hard to get away with something like Atticus Jack Flynn, for example. I'm certainly open to changing it--that was just one of my first thoughts. I had also considered Sebastian Elias Flynn, but none of those have family ties at all, so I quickly discarded it.
Daniel Auguste has quickly been growing on me, actually--I generally prefer the more classic August, but I like Daniel Auguste much better (I've been tossing around Daniel Auguste Melchior, or Daniel Auguste Balthasar? I'm not sure I'm that brave, though!). I had also tossed around Daniel Atticus, but I am leaning more toward Daniel Auguste atm.
I think Atticus is the least likely to actually be added, but I do love Atticus Noah! There's just something about it.Ashley
twenty-something namenerd & aspiring novelist
Isabelle Aurora Grace | Caleb Elias Joseph | Arianne Eleanor Daisy | Everett Joshua Charles | Olivia Wren Camille | Rowan Ezra Jack
Violet Emilia Mary | Casper Nathaniel Eden | Grace Odilia Lily | Samuel Gaspard John | Adele Sofia Eloise | Grant Frédéric Conrad
I've recently started a new story--feel free to come along with me for the journey! havengermany.blogspot.com
Chapter 2 is now up!!


text:
Thursday, October 8, 2015
Emily Whinnett Appointed VP Creative for Cake
London-based Cake has appointed Chapman Entertainment's former director of production & development Emily Whinnett as its new VP – Creative. Whinnett will work closely ... Continue Reading →
Jorge Gutierrez Gives Online Q&A Saturday
Mexican animator, filmmaker and director Jorge Gutierrez — the visionary mind behind Reel FX's The Book of Life and TV series El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera — ... Continue Reading →
Kilogramme Mounts Exhibition to Celebrate 'Tall Tales 3′
Manchester's Kilogramme Animation has put on a gathering of the local animation community — a group the studio has been a part of for the past decade — to celebrate ... Continue Reading →
'Winx' Sets Course for South Africa
Rainbow has announced that its global hit animated series Winx Club will arrive on the air in South Africa this month through a deal with ETV, one of the country's leading free-to-air ... Continue Reading →
'Sabrina' Hops Broom to U.K. with Pop
Splash Entertainment has inked a deal with Sony Pictures Television's free-to-air children's channel Pop that will bring its CG-animated series Sabrina: Secrets of a Teenage ... Continue Reading →
'Doozers' Build Bridges in Germany
The Jim Henson Company's Parents' Choice Gold Award-winning Doozers has arrived on Germany's KiKa, coinciding with the signing of additional new media partners for ... Continue Reading →
'Ant-Man' Proves Small Heroes Can Earn Big Bucks
Ant-Man proved anything but diminutive at the box office this weekend, opening with a $58 million weekend opening gross that was only slightly under expectations. The Marvel Studios ... Continue Reading →
Humanitas Prize Opens Submissions
The 41st Annual Humanitas Prize call for entries has been issued, with a submission deadline of August 31, 2015. The Humanitas Prize seeks to empower writers with financial support ... Continue Reading →
Pixeldust Animates Journey to Pluto
Bethesda, Maryland-based Pixeldust Studios is the shop behind many animated sequences featured in the new NASA documentary film The Year of Pluto from writer, director and producer ... Continue Reading →
Dave Cooper and Johnny Ryan Talk Nick's 'Pig Goat Banana Cricket'
Indie comic book readers are likely already familiar with the works of Dave Cooper and Johnny Ryan. But the duo have taken a big step from the world of indie cartooning into animation ... Continue Reading →
DreamWorks 'Character Clash' Line Launches at NYFW Men's
The first-ever New York Fashion Week Men's event will offer up something special for those who like a little toon style in their swag as DreamWorks Animation unveils its limited edition ... Continue Reading →
Wiggleywoo Works 'Day Henry Met' Sales
Dublin animation studio Wiggleywoo is racking up international sales for its animated preschool series The Day Henry Met (26 x 5), which launched this week on RTEjr. Distributor Monster ... Continue Reading →
Live 'Aladdin' Prequel in the Works
Disney has revealed yet another live-action spin on one of its animated classics, giving heads-up to Hollywood Reporter that a prequel to Aladdin is in development at the studio. Working-titled ... Continue Reading →
Kabillion Launches 'Casper,' 'George of the Jungle'
Independent kids' On Demand network Kabillion has finalized deals with Broadcast Partners TV to begin streaming two updates on iconic brands: Casper's Scare School (26 x half-hours) ... Continue Reading →
Zodiak's 'Waybuloo' Comes to Sky
Zodiak Kids has secured a deal with Sky, which will take on rights to over 150 episodes of CBeebies favorites Waybuloo and live-action crafts program Mister Maker. The episodes will ... Continue Reading →
Portland's Bent Inks Two-Year Production Pact
Producer Trever Stewart has signed a two-year production deal with Portland, Oregon-based Bent Image Lab, bringing his slate of animation projects to the rapidly growing Pacific Northwest ... Continue Reading →
Star Wars, Marvel Attractions Planned for Shanghai Disneyland
Shanghai Disneyland, set to open to the public in Spring 2016, will contain six themed lands (Mickey Avenue, Adventure Isle, Gardens of Imagination, Tomorrowland, Treasure Cove and ... Continue Reading →
LEGO 'Yoda Chronicles' Coming This Fall
Your favorite space-faring minifig heroes return to disc this fall when Disney releases LEGO Star Wars: The New Yoda Chronicles on DVD September 15. The action-packed release includes ... Continue Reading →
Triggerfish, Disney Partner on 'Story Lab' Program
South Africa's Triggerfish Animation Studios will launch The Triggerfish Story Lab with the support of Disney and the country's Department of Trade and Industry, according to Hollywood ... Continue Reading →


text:
Aligning Strategic And Operational Planning With Balanced Scorecard Techniques
Download Now
Date Added: Jan 2010
Format: HTML
The ability of an organization to execute its strategy is directly proportional to its ability to understand and communicate the strategy. The most successful tool for articulating, implementing, and managing the overall business strategy is the Balanced Scorecard. The Balanced Scorecard (scorecard for short) has gained global acceptance as a powerful framework to help leaders define and rapidly implement strategy. This is accomplished by translating the corporate vision and strategy into a set of strategic objectives that drive behavior and performance.


text:
- Home /
- Spices, Seasonings & Herbs /
- Grilling /
- Campfire Extra Smoked Sea Salt
What Our Customers Are Saying
"I like your assortment. Was please with my last order. Spice mixtures, like blackening seasoning, were tasty but relatively low salt." - Owen from Texas
Customers who bought this item also bought
(13 reviews)
Campfire Extra Smoked Sea Salt
Dena D.Verified BuyerJun 12, 2015
Campfire Sea Salt
In a word, AMAZING. This stuff is adds so much to any dish. Buy it, now.
Sally S.Verified BuyerMay 28, 2015
Ground Mushrooms, This Time
What a great way to create tasty food when I don't have time. Spicy Sage never disappoints!
Rose S.Verified BuyerMay 21, 2015
Smokey Flavor
I used some on steak, was good. Want to try it on the BBQ I'm Sue it will be gooood !
Anita M.Verified BuyerApr 29, 2015
Love It!
I use this on everything to get that delicious wood-fired taste. It's wonderful on chicken, shrimp, beef, everything! I love all the MSS smoked salts and use them almost every day.
Kathy H.Verified BuyerSep 02, 2014
Another Hit!
I was looking for something that would impart a nice, smokey flavor without being too salty and this certainly fills the bill. Brings back memories of camping and cooking over wood fires as a kid.
Diane E.Verified BuyerJul 02, 2014
Was Ok
for me it needed more smoke taste..
Kate G.Verified BuyerMar 29, 2014
Campfire Extra Smoked Sea Salt
Loved it! I sprinkled on fresh salmon and broiled it. Fabulous. I love this company and the unusual assortment of spices they offer.
Susan R.Verified BuyerMar 26, 2014
Great Flavor!
Wish it was a bit finer, but maybe I missed something. Still love it!
Daniel B.Verified BuyerMar 25, 2014
Best Smoked Salt EVER!
My wife was a big follower of another kind of flaked smoked salt and wouldn't try any other smoked salts. Until she smelled and tried the Extra Smoked Sea Salt. It's really the boldest and best flavor is you like smoked salts! My Spice Sage are great with their quick and free shipping!


text:
Esteban is back in Tokyo from EVO 2015, and afflicted with the titular longing for.. exactly what, I don't think either of us knows. As he lays supine on his futon staring up at his water-stained ceiling, perhaps he will realize what is missing in his heart.
Meanwhile, I have bought a house, and a car, and a new life--one of neverending chores and errands and phone calls to various utiilty and service providers and home repair and home finance and learning my way around Home Depot and moving out and moving in and I just hope all this stuff has settled by the fall so I can play some good games.
We touch on:
Rising Thunder
Assassin's Creed Unity
Her Story
Drive Club
Dragon Ball Kai
(And also Daredevil and True Detective, but I'm not sure those made the actual recording)
Listen Now!
It's that magical season again when all the gaming industry's industrious developers and conniving publishers flock to sunny blasted southern California to cry their wares. But are we buying? You there, Bethesda, that's a sturdy name, did your mama give you that one? I like the look of your wares. The rest of you lot, either turn out your Sunday finest or let me see you beating a path back to whatever sorry stores or fields you toil in, and don't come back without something worth showing off.
Steam has begun offering refunds. Some will and advantage of this new policy, which has been applied in a universal fashion to a very diverse set of games that barely even merit that classification, in some cases. it won't be a perfect policy in any sense of the word, but it's a starting point.
We've played:
The Witcher 3
Duck Game
Dota 2
What if, hypothetically speaking, someone wanted to charge for mods? LOL, you say, what a preposterous idea! The short-sighted and entitled children of the internet, eternally cowering in fear change, would whine so loudly that even the deaf and immovable clouds would hear, and indeed, listen. Put that aside for a moment, however, and join us on a journey to the parallel existence known as A Few Days Last Week, where we will plumb the depths of such a dark era, and emerge shaken, as from a nightmare, only to find the dusty outline of a once present premium mods page haunting our digital distribution clients.
Assassin's Creed Chronicles: China
Heroes of the Storm
Elite: Dangerous
Diablo III
The Witcher
Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor
Cities: Skylines
Cheaters. Cheating cheaters and the cheaters that cheat them. You all know the type. Can't finish Contra without the Konami code. Can't run de_dust2 without an aimbot or wallhack. Can't succeed in FFXI without the help of the CGFs. What drives them? What makes them tick? Why would you waste your time and effort just to get one over on the man, when the man is broken and busted mannequin from a 1980s Montgomery Ward department store? Why rail against the uncaring infinite black of Microsoft's dead Xbox Live servers just to put your mark at the top of the Cloning Clyde leaderboard?
Planetary Annihilation
Warcraft III
Castle in the Darkness
Divinity: Original Sin
I'm joined by our good friend Catie (@liedra) once more for a gigantic talk about all things Dragon Age, with detours into Elite, Fallout, The Witcher, Warcraft, Diablo, Star Trek, and The West Wing.
It's a meandering discussion heavy on the lore of all of the above. Enjoy it with your special Valentine, why don't you?
Remember Me
Powered by Joomla!.
Designed by: Free Joomla 1.5 Theme, .tv domain hosting. Valid XHTML and CSS.


text:
Fax: (617) 432-0173
Original Article
Physician factors associated with discussions about end-of-life care
Article first published online: 11 JAN 2010
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24761
Copyright © 2010 American Cancer Society
Volume 116, Issue 4, pages 998–1006, 15 February 2010
Additional Information
How to Cite
Keating, N. L., Landrum, M. B., Rogers, S. O., Baum, S. K., Virnig, B. A., Huskamp, H. A., Earle, C. C. and Kahn, K. L. (2010), Physician factors associated with discussions about end-of-life care. Cancer, 116: 998–1006. doi: 10.1002/cncr.24761
Publication History
- Issue published online: 2 FEB 2010
- Article first published online: 11 JAN 2010
- Manuscript Accepted: 28 MAY 2009
- Manuscript Received: 10 MAR 2009
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- end-of-life care;
- prognosis;
- hospice;
- physician survey
Guidelines recommend advanced care planning for terminally ill patients with <1 year to live. Few data are available regarding when physicians and their terminally ill patients typically discuss end-of-life issues.
A national survey was conducted of physicians caring for cancer patients about timing of discussions regarding prognosis, do not resuscitate (DNR) status, hospice, and preferred site of death with their terminally ill patients. Logistic regression was used to identify physician and practice characteristics associated with earlier discussions.
Among 4074 respondents, 65% would discuss prognosis "now" (defined as patient has 4 months to 6 months to live, asymptomatic). Fewer would discuss DNR status (44%), hospice (26%), or preferred site of death (21%) immediately, with most physicians waiting for patient symptoms or until there are no more treatments to offer. In multivariate analyses, younger physicians more often discussed prognosis, DNR status, hospice, and site of death "now" (all P < .05). Surgeons and oncologists were more likely than noncancer specialists to discuss prognosis "now" (P = .008), but noncancer specialists were more likely than cancer specialists to discuss DNR status, hospice, and preferred site of death "now" (all P < .001).
Most physicians report they would not discuss end-of-life options with terminally ill patients who are feeling well, instead waiting for symptoms or until there are no more treatments to offer. More research is needed to understand physicians' reasons for timing of discussions and how their propensity to aggressively treat metastatic disease influences timing, as well as how the timing of discussions influences patient and family experiences at the end of life. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.


text:
Select Local Merchants
Family Health & Beauty CenterRead MoreEvery visit to Family Health & Beauty Center benefits from the expertise of Dr. Alkesh Patel, whose credentials include a degree from the University of Maryland School of Medicine, a position as a clinical assistant professor of family medicine, and ownership of a really cool stethoscope. Appointments with Dr. Patel and his team touch on dozens of services in the areas of physical health, mental health, and cosmetics. Depending on the patient, the team might devise treatment plans for high blood pressure; coach someone on her weight-loss goals; or simply zap away some unwanted hair. For the latter, Family Health & Beauty Center uses the Gentle Hair Removal for comfortable and thorough hair removal.10632 Little Patuxent ParkwayColumbia, MD US
Melanie L Adams MDRead MoreThe professional staff at Melanie L Adams MD makes everyone feel at home when they stop by their medical offices in Columbia. Battling crows feet? Head into this clinic for an effective and painless beauty injection. Skin rejuvenation and resurfacing can be achieved by one of Melanie L Adams MD's skin care treatments. For your hair removal needs, head to Melanie L Adams MD for quick and painless services. If you're searching for professional medical services, this facility offers a wide selection of services, such as medical checkups and dermatology. Melanie L Adams MD's superb staff and excellent service make patients feel better right off the bat, so book your first appointment and start the road to recovery.10700 Charter DrColumbia, MD US
Serenity Family DentalRead MoreAt Serenity Family Dental, eminently qualified dentist Dr. Li ensures the oral health of all her clients with routine cleanings, implants, pediatric care, and realignment. The good doctor draws from the experience of multiple advanced degrees, fluency in English and Chinese, and a special focus on oral biology to keep all her patients' mouths healthy and spotlessly clean. Visitors relax in a comfy treatment chair in a sun-filled office, and kids can pass the time in a separate toy-filled playroom decorated with paintings of pirate ships and animals, and photographs of pirate ships captained by animals.9256 Bendix Road, Suite 303Columbia, MD US
M D Laser Medicine and SurgeryRead MoreWhen you're not feeling well, the staff at M D Laser Medicine and Surgery in Columbia can help you choose the best medical treatment for your symptoms. M D Laser Medicine and Surgery also offers a wide variety of skin care treatments, including chemical peel, microdermabrasion, and spider vein removal. Botox and Dysport are just some of the injections this clinic has to offer. Unwanted hair can be a pain, but the hair removal services at M D Laser Medicine and Surgery are painless. When a sore throat's got you down, you'll find nothing but the best medical attention at M D Laser Medicine and Surgery.7120 Minstrel WayColumbia, MD US
Tory C. Wease, MSPTRead MoreColumbia sees the specialists at Tory C. Wease, MSPT for help with their medical needs. This clinic offers expert massage services to meet your personal needs. At this clinic, you can find all of your alternative beauty treatments in one location. Plan ahead to make a trip to this clinic. The perk to an appointments-only salon is not having to wait in line, which saves your precious time. We all get sick when we least expect it, and luckily for you the doctors at Tory C. Wease, MSPT are available to assist with your medical needs.10700 Charter DrColumbia, MD US
Touchstone Therapy and WellnessRead MoreThe well-trained staff at Touchstone Therapy and Wellness in Columbia is readily available to assist you with your medical needs. Touchstone Therapy and Wellness understands that accidents happen and that's why they offer a wide range of medical treatments, including physicals and medical checkups. Please check out the acupuncturists at Touchstone Therapy and Wellness who take your comfort and medical needs seriously. Start your journey to better health by booking an appointment at Touchstone Therapy and Wellness today.8865 Stanford BlvdColumbia, MD US


text:
We would just like to say what a pleasure it has been to spend a very relaxing week at Proture Sa coma Playa Hotel.
We arrived on the 7th of May and returned home yesterday 14th May and stayed in room 13 on the ground floor.
The standard of accommodation and service durring our stay surpassed both our expectations.
This is a Four Star Hotel With Five Star Service........"EXCELLENT"
The service it provided to make our stay both enjoyable and memorable was greatly appreciated
The hospitality from the very moment we arrived at the hotel to the very last second of departure was faultless, warm and friendly which helped make our stay both relaxing and very very enjoyable.
The Manager greeted us on arrival, checked in and given a welcome drink.
The Manager explained the dinning facilities in the buffet style restaurant to us, this offered "Show Cooking" and huge a selection of hot freshly cooked meals and cold salads.
The hotel room was excellent with modern facilities and a balcony, which over looked the pool and sun terrace.
During our stay we spent allot of time relaxing at the hotel, All the Staff were very nice and offered a pleasant friendly service, especially at the pool / sun terrace bar and in the dinning area..
A Big THANK YOU to all the staff for making our stay Pleasurable and Relaxing
Peter and Christine
We all spend allot of time choosing our holidays, I hope this review helps with your next choice of Hotel
If you like well earned holiday and enjoy looking for faults, problems and enjoy moaning and complaining you will be disappointed with this hotel, move on
Then again, switch off and relax and let the staff work at what they know best,and they do it very very well…Making It "Your" Holiday
Try it, It works
Pete and Christine
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Travelocity, Hotels.com, Booking.com, Expedia, Orbitz, TripOnline SA, Priceline, Odigeo, Agoda and Low Cost Holidays so you can book your Protur Sa Coma Playa Hotel & Spa reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Protur Sa Coma Playa Hotel And Spa
- Protur Sa Coma Playa Hotel Sa Coma
- Sa Coma Playa
- Protur Sa Coma Playa Hotel & Spa Majorca


text:
- Find a rental
- Manage your booking
- Tamarindo rentals
- Tamarindo Rentals with Pool
- Last Minute Tamarindo Rentals
- Kid Friendly Tamarindo Rentals
- 2 Bedroom Tamarindo Rentals
- Waterfront Tamarindo Rentals
- 5-Star Tamarindo Rentals
- 3 Bedroom Tamarindo Rentals
- Tamarindo Beach Rentals
- Tamarindo Rentals with Hot Tub
- Cheap Tamarindo Rentals
- Tamarindo Mountain View Rentals
- 4 Bedroom Tamarindo Rentals
- Luxury Tamarindo Rentals
- Pet Friendly Tamarindo Rentals
- See more rentals
- How to book
- Help Center
- Write a review
Gorgeous two story 4 bedroom condo with an incredible ocean view
From $375 / night
Description from the manager
Description from the manager
Bedrooms: 4/
Bathrooms: 4/
Sleeps: 9/
Type: Villa
MAT701A - This two-story luxury condo located on the seventh and eight floors of the elegant Matapalo complex is out of the pages of a magazine. The lower floor has two bedrooms with a balcony, while the upstairs has a kitchenette, two more bedrooms and a Jacuzzi on the balcony.
This stunning condo has the light floating feeling of being in a dream. Cream-colored tile floors with round-pebble detail span both levels, spilling out of glass doors onto patios that lead into thin air. The breathtaking view gives such a sensation of flying that you will find yourself reaching out for something to hold on to. Below your feet lies an exotic tropical ...Read more
About the manager
About the manager
RPM Services
RPM Services
- Response rate: 5%
- Response time: Within 2 days
- Calendar updated: today
Overall rating:
Additional Location Information
Show rates details
Also consider
- FlipKey has rentals in over 11,000 destinations around the world:
- Destin vacation rentals - 1,442 rentals from $99/night
- Myrtle Beach vacation rentals - 1,306 rentals from $25/night
- Panama City Beach vacation rentals - 1,773 rentals from $89/night
- Gulf Shores vacation rentals - 778 rentals from $82/night
- Ocean City vacation rentals - 819 rentals from $85/night


text:
Press Room
Read about SILC research and researchers in the press, as well as noteworthy accomplishments.
SILC Press for 2015
Go to our Press Room's main page
♦ SILC Faculty Member, Kenneth Forbus, and CogSketch are highlighted in an article on a recent conference at Northwestern University: Integrating Cognitive Science with Innovative Teaching in STEM Disciplines: Spatial Learning in STEM. Alex Gerage (September 24, 2015). Conference Highlights Importance of Spatial Learning in Undergraduate STEM Education. McCormick News, Northwestern University. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
♦ Two SILC Faculty Members, Nora S. Newcombe (PI) and Russell Epstein, were interviewed for the on-line news magazine, Vox:
Stromberg, Joseph (September 2, 2015). Is GPS ruining our ability to navigate for ourselves? Vox: Science & Health. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
♦ Congratulations to our SILC Members--Carol J. Ormand, Thomas F. Shipley, Basil Tikoff, Cara L. Harwood, Kinnari Atit and Alexander P. Boone--who will receive the Outstanding Paper Award from the Journal of Geoscience Education for their 2014 publication:
Ormand, C. J., Shipley, T. F., Tikoff, B., Harwood, C. L., Atit, K., & Boone, A. P. (2014). Evaluating Geoscience Students' Spatial Thinking Skills in a Multi-Institutional Classroom Study. Journal of Geoscience Education, 62(1), 146-154.
♦ Dedre Gentner, SILC Co-PI, was awarded the 2016 David E. Rumelhart Prize for her "contributions to the theoretical foundations of human cognition." Congratulations to Professor Gentner. Read more about Gentner's work that distinguishes her in the field: http://rumelhartprize.org/.
SILC Press for 2014
Go to our Press Room's main page
♦ Miller, Greg (October 6, 2014). Beyond the Nobel: What Scientists Are Learning About How Your Brain Navigates. Wired. Retrieved October 9, 2014. SILC Faculty Member Russell Epstein and SILC Research on "the way people navigate through space and orient to their surroundings" are highlighted in this article.
♦ Spatial Cognition 2014, Bremen, Germany, chose SILC Graduate Student, Linsey Smith (Northwestern University), to receive the best student paper award. The award, provided by the Cognitive Science Society, is for the following paper:
Smith, L. A., Ping, R. M., Matlen, B. J., Goldwater, M. B., Gentner, D. (SILC Co-PI), Levine, S. (SILC Co-PI) (2014). Mechanisms of spatial learning: Teaching children geometric categories. C. Freksa, B. Nebel, M. Hegarty, & T. Barkowsky (Eds.), Spatial Cognition IX: International Conference, Spatial Cognition 2014, Bremen, Germany, September 15-19, 2014. Proceedings, LNCS 8684, 325-337. [DOI]
Congratulations, Linsey and to all the co-authors!
Retrieved September 23, 2014.
See the August 2014 SILC Showcase highlighting this research:http://bit.ly/UC6nuM.
SILC Press for 2013
Go to our Press Room's main page
♦ December 5, 2013. Documentary, Where am I, premieres on CBC Television's series The Nature of Things. Several SILC members including SILC Faculty Member and PI, Nora S. Newcombe are featured in the film, which highlights the skills used that help us navigate the world. (Retrieved December 5, 2014). This program was dubbed in German later on and appeared on German Television. (Retrieved December 5, 2014). Visit our Media page for a look at the Trailer. See DreamFilm's webpage for this show: http://dreamfilm.ca/film/where-am-i/.
♦ Two of our SILC Faculty Members: Bob Kolvoord and David H. Uttal and two of our Spatial Network Members: Sarah Bednarz and Phil Gersmehl contributed to a book written by fellow Spatial Network Member, Diana Sinton. The People's Guide to Spatial Thinking is now available from the National Council for Geographic Education.
♦ Flam, F. (November 15, 2013). Lost in space: Is it possible to reprogram your spatial intelligence? Newsworks-The Pulse (on-linei). Radio article featuring Nora S. Newcombe (SILC PI) and Kristin Gagnier (SILC Postdoc). Also listed on our Talks & Interviews page. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
SILC Press for 2012
Go to our Press Room's main page
♦ Clifford, Stephanie (December 3, 2012). More Dads Buy the Toys, So Barbie, and Stores, Get Makeovers. Susan Levine (Co-PI) and SILC-funded research is mentioned in this article. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
♦ Fischer, Kim (July 31, 2012). Spatial skills may be improved through training, new review finds. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
♦ SILC's research helped inform Providence Children's Museum's new exhibit: ThinkSpace. See their blog about the exhibit: http://providencechildrensmuseum.blogspot.com/search/label/ThinkSpace. Retrieved December 6, 2012. Our PI, Nora Newcombe, and our SILC website are referenced at the bottom of one of their blog articles here. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
SILC Press for 2011
Go to our Press Room's main page
♦ Press coverage for SILC generated research on: Children's spatial thinking: Does talk about the spatial world matter? by Shannon M. Pruden, Susan C. Levine (Co-PI) and Janellen Huttenlocher. [DOI]. Retrieved March 28, 2012:
- Using words like big and small teaches infants spatial skills (The Telegraph)
- Study: Early spatial term use important (UPI.com)
- Talking About Size, Shape May Aid Math Skills (US News and World Report)
- Study: Early spatial term use important (dalje.com)
- Talking About Size, Shape May Aid Math Skills (DoctorsLounge)
SILC Press for 2010
Go to our Press Room's main page
♦ Press coverage for the SILC-generated research on the article: Carlson, L. A., Hölscher, C., Shipley, T. F. and Dalton, R. C. (2010). Getting Lost in Buildings. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(5), 284-289. [doi: 10.1177/0963721410383243] (Retrieved: September 1, 2011):
SILC Press for 2009
Go to our Press Room's main page
♦ Advertisement approved by the IRB (Posting Date: November 18, 2009):
Want to help scientists help you? Researchers at the Spatial Intelligence and Learning Center (SILC) are gathering a corpus of sketches using CogSketch. CogSketch is the sketch understanding software that we are creating, which is available for free from our web site. It has two purposes. First, we are using it to explore how people reason and learn. Second, we are exploring how to incorporate sketching into education, to improve student learning. By gathering people's sketches, scientists will be able to do analyses that will help them with both of these missions. If you want to participate, all you have to do is download CogSketch, and indicate your acceptance when you install the software. (If you change your mind, there is a "Phone Home" setting in the software preferences.)
SILC Press for 2008
Go to our Press Room's main page
♦ Portal of Science and Technology: Dong Nai: Science News (Posting Date:?). Baby boys may show spatial supremacy: Male superiority on mental rotation tasks may develop within a few months after birth. This article quotes both Susan Levine (Co-PI) and Nora Newcombe (PI).
Retrieved December 18, 2008 from:
Permanent Link
SILC Press for 2007
♦ (Published April 12, 2007). How do humans process information? [Electronic version]. Northwestern University Observer Online. Retrieved April 19, 2007 from http://www.northwestern.edu/observer/issues/2007/04/12/spatial.html
Permanent Link