text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|13 Nov 2001
|Filing date
|27 Apr 1998
|Priority date
|28 Apr 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Mika Raitola, Hannu Häkkinen, Mikko J. Rinne, Kalle Ahmavaara, Oscar Salonaho
|Original Assignee
|Nokia Mobile Phones Limited
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (50), Classifications (23), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates to a method for transmitting packet switched data in a mobile communications system between a transmitter-receiver pair using an ARQ protocol, which mobile communications system comprises a network part and at least one subscriber terminal and a bidirectional radio connection between the network part and the subscriber terminal, and the transmitter-receiver pair is formed by the network part and the subscriber terminal, and the data to be transmitted on the bidirectional radio connection is inserted in transmission units.
Circuit switching is a method in which a connection is established between users by providing a predetermined amount of transmission capacity for the connection. Transmission capacity is exclusively in use of the connection in question for the total duration of the connection. Thus prior art mobile communications systems, such as the GSM-based GSM 900/DCS, 1800/PCS and 1900 systems and the U.S. radio system utilizing the CDMA technology are circuit switched systems. Packet switching is a method in which a connection is established between users by transmitting data in packets which in addition to the actual data contain address information and control information. Several connections may use the same transmission connection simultaneously. Use of packet switched radio systems especially for data transmission has been studied during the past years since the packet switching method suits well e.g. for the data transmission which is needed for interactive computer programs and in which the data to be transmitted is generated in bursts. Thus it is not necessary to reserve a data transmission connection for the total duration of transmission, but only for transmitting packets. This allows to save on costs and capacity considerably both when the network is built and used.
Researches on the packet radio networks began at the University of Hawaii in 1968 in connection with the ALOHA project in which remote equipment were connected to a central computer using a radio connection. In the further development of the GSM system, known as GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), special attention has focused on the packet radio networks. Solutions enabling packet transmission are planned in particular for mobile communications systems of the third generation, such as the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone System). The GPRS uses either the basic form or more advanced forms of the ARQ protocol which will be described next.
The ARQ protocol (Automatic Repeat Request) refers to a procedure in which retransmission of the information to be transmitted allows to improve the reliability of the data to be transmitted by improving its bit error rate. According to the protocol, the receiver sends a request for retransmitting the transmitted data to the transmitter if the receiver considers the received data unreliable. Unreliability of data can be found out e.g. by checking the checksum of the received packet. Until now the protocol has been used mainly in fixed networks. A major problem associated with radio networks is that the channels used for transmission on radio connections tend to fade. Fading (Rayleigh Fading) means that signal components that have propagated along multiple paths enter a receiver at reverse phases, and thus they partially cancel each other. In this case the power and the quality of the received signal decrease significantly. In addition to the normal background noise, the reception is hindered by interference caused to the radio connection by radio connections that are on the same channel and on the adjacent channels. The influence of interference and fading may be occasionally so harmful that the radio channel fades, i.e. its quality becomes so poor that the information transmitted on the channel cannot be recognized. On the other hand, the fading channel occasionally also has a very good quality.
A more advanced form of the ARQ basic protocol is the hybrid-ARQ which utilizes the combination of the ARQ and the FEC (Forward Error Correction). FEC means that the information to be transmitted is encoded using error correction coding. According to the improved type II hybrid-ARQ protocol, developed from the hybrid-ARQ, the data to be transmitted is coded so that the data is divided into several data blocks, and the data block to be transmitted first includes the data to be transmitted in uncoded form or in slightly encoded form. If the receiver considers the first data block erroneous, the receiver requests transmission of the next data block. In the subsequent data blocks the data to be transmitted is encoded differently than in the first data block. By combining the information of the data blocks the receiver can decode the coding and find the original data. The data to be transmitted can be encoded e.g. using ˝-convolutional coding, and thus the amount of data doubles. Unfortunately, there are several problems related to the use of this protocol in mobile communications systems. Data blocks are not combined until after decoding, and therefore it is not possible to use the encoding and modulation methods suitable for a non-fading channel. Furthermore, when ˝-convolutional coding is used, only the first retransmission can improve the possibility of decoding the received packet. If the degree of coding is increased, e.g. by using Ľ-convolutional coding, the probability of having to transmit several data blocks before decoding succeeds also increases.
Applications using packet switching require very low bit error rates, for example even a bit error rate of 10−9 is required of some data transmission services. Examples of such applications are wireless transmission of measurement data intended for medical purposes and wireless transmission of commands intended for controlling some device. Using the traditional ARQ protocol it is very difficult to achieve the above-mentioned bit error rate. The traditional ARQ protocol also wastes the system capacity since it does not take full advantage of erroneous data blocks. Furthermore, the procedure according to the protocol requires a lot of calculation capacity and thus more expensive equipment, since the error correction code has to be always decoded before it is possible to conclude whether to request transmission of the subsequent data block containing the same data.
When data is transmitted on a radio connection that fades occasionally, the signal quality can be improved by adding interleaving to convolutional coding. Interleaving scatters transmission errors, and thus they can be corrected by means of convolutional coding. When retransmission is used for correcting errors, interleaving periods should be short so that it would be possible to adjust to channel changes quickly and to avoid transmitting a lot of data that was received without errors because of a few erroneous sections. On the other hand, interleaving benefits from long interleaving benefits since the influence of channel conditions averages out.
It is problematic to combine retransmissions and interleaving effectively when the unit of data the retransmission of which is requested is shorter than the interleaving period. At the moment retransmission should be requested it is impossible to know whether it would be possible to correct the error later on by means of deinterleaving and decoding the convolutional coding. If errors are found in the received packet after deinterleaving and decoding of the convolutional coding, all transmission units that belong to the interleaving period have to be retransmitted, since after decoding it is no longer known which transmission units were erroneous.
For example, in a proposal relating to the above-mentioned GPRS, interleaving was performed over four subsequent GSM frames and the return channel for a retransmission request was located in each fifth GSM frame. Due to the problem described in the previous paragraph, the duration of interleaving has been reduced in the GPRS of the GSM from 19 transmission units used in circuit switched data transmission in the GSM to 4 transmission units, which weakens the error-averaging influence of interleaving. Even in this case all four transmission units have to be also retransmitted, even though only one transmission unit had contained errors.
In conclusion, different hybrid-ARQ protocols have been developed in order to solve the above-mentioned problems resulting from occasional fading of a radio connection. The solutions described do not, however, utilize the radio resource to be used effectively. Furthermore, they hinder the use of more efficient modulation and coding methods which would allow to improve the utilization of the available radio resources and the quality of the service provided.
An object of the present invention is to provide a method for transmitting packet switched data which allows to eliminate the problems described above.
This is achieved with the method for transmitting packet switched data in a mobile communications system between a transmitter-receiver pair using an ARQ protocol, which mobile communications system comprises a network part and at least one subscriber terminal and a bidirectional radio connection between the network part and the subscriber terminal, and the transmitter-receiver pair is formed by the network part and the subscriber terminal, and the data to be transmitted on the bidirectional radio connection is inserted in transmission units. According to the invention, the method is characterized in that the receiver measures the quality of a received transmission unit, and if the quality of the transmission unit is lower than the predetermined quality level required of a transmission unit, the receiver requests at least one retransmission of the transmission unit in question, until the quality measured by the receiver from a combined transmission unit formed by the originally transmitted transmission unit and at least one retransmitted transmission unit exceeds the predetermined quality level required of a combined transmission unit, whereafter the receiver detects the signal which includes the combined transmission unit.
The invention also relates to a mobile communications system for transmitting packet-switched data between a transmitter-receiver pair using an ARQ protocol, which mobile communications system comprises a network part and at least one subscriber terminal and a bidirectional radio connection between the network part and the subscriber terminal, and the transmitter-receiver pair is formed by network part and the subscriber terminal, and the data to be transmitted on the bidirectional radio connection is inserted in transmission units. According to the invention the mobile communications system is characterized in that the network part and/or the subscriber terminal comprise a control part, which is arranged to control packet transmission in such a manner that the originally transmitted transmission unit and retransmitted transmission units are combined before the signal is detected, and retransmissions are requested until the quality of the transmission unit corresponds to the predetermined quality level, whereafter the signal is detected, a quality part in which the quality of a received transmission unit is determined, combining means in which the originally transmitted transmission unit and the retransmitted transmission units are combined.
The method of the invention has several great advantages. In the tests conducted by the applicant the transmission capacity increased considerably compared with the prior art solutions. A bit error rate of 10−9 is achieved when the C/I ratio is moderate; yet the throughput will be adequate.
By combining transmission units it is possible to eliminate harmful fades nearly completely, even so well that the capacity of the transmission channel is close to that of the theoretical channel of the AWGN type (Average White Gaussian Noise). The bit error rate of the received data improves significantly even before decoding and possible deinterleaving.
Due to the foregoing, multi-level modulation, e.g. 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), or trellis-coded and block-coded modulation or other techniques which cannot usually be used due to the fading of the transmission channel can be employed in a system applying the invention. Due to the fact that these techniques can be used, the capacity of the system and/or the quality of the transmission service can be improved considerably.
A mobile communications system applying the invention can provide a service of any kind of quality. In that case only the combination of quality and throughput has to be optimized.
When several transmitters use the same time slot, the data to be transmitted still passes through the channel, although the number of retransmissions increases. The transmission capacity of a traditional system would collapse in such a situation. When the load is smaller, the quality in turn improves.
The method can also be used in systems in which the re-use pattern is one, i.e. the same carrier frequencies and time slots are used in adjacent cells.
The arrangement of the invention has the same advantages as the method of the invention. It is clear that preferred embodiments and detailed embodiments can be combined with each other in order to achieve the desired technical effect.
In the following the invention will be described in greater detail with reference to the examples illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a receiver of the invention,
FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating an example of execution of the method of the invention,
FIG. 3 illustrates an example of data transmission using the method of the invention, FIG. 3A illustrates data processing during transmission, FIG. 3B illustrates data processing at the receiving end, and FIG. 3C illustrates signalling related to the transmission.
The present invention can be used in all mobile communications systems in which data is transmitted using packet switching. The term "transmission unit" refers to a transmission unit which is used on a bidirectional radio connection and is the protocol data unit of the first layer (i.e. physical layer) of the seven-layer OSI model of the ISO (Layer 1 Protocol Data Unit). In the TDMA system, for example, the transmission unit may consist of one or more TDMA time slots. In the CDMA system the transmission unit may be a limited period with one or more spreading codes. In the FDMA system the transmission unit may be a limited period with one or more frequencies. In hybrid systems utilizing several multiple-access methods the transmission unit may be any combination of the above examples. Generally speaking, the transmission unit is any resource that can be indicated on the transmission path, i.e. radio connection.
The method of the invention is used for transmitting packet switched data in a mobile communications system between a transmitter-receiver pair using an ARQ protocol. The mobile communications system comprises a network part and at least one subscriber terminal. In this context the network part refers to a fixed element of the network, e.g. a base station, base station controller, mobile services switching centre, or different combinations of these elements. A subscriber terminal may for example be a mobile station, a car phone, or a phone utilizing WLL (Wireless Local Loop). The transmitter-receiver pair is formed by the network part and the subscriber terminal. The network part can function both as the transmitter and as the receiver, and the subscriber terminal may similarly function in either way. There is a bidirectional radio connection between the network part and the subscriber terminal. Transmission units are used for data transmission on the bidirectional radio connection.
FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram illustrating a receiver of the invention. FIG. 1 illustrates only the blocks relevant to describing the invention, but it is obvious to one skilled in the art that an ordinary receiver also has several other functions and structures which need not be described more closely in this context. In practice, the receiver may be e.g. a standard receiver of the GSM system which has been modified according to the invention. A signal received by an antenna 100 is supplied to a channel matched filter 106 and channel estimator 108 via radio frequency parts 102 and A/D conversion 104. The results provided by the channel estimator 108 are supplied to the channel matched filter 106 and autocorrelation calculation 112. The operation described up to this point is known from the prior art. This would normally be followed by a signal detection part 126 from which detected symbols are taken into further processing, e.g. when coding and interleaving are used, the symbols are supplied to means 128, in which a packet is decoded and deinterleaved, and the result of this is the originally transmitted data 130. A standard receiver also comprises a control part 114, which controls the operation of different means. For the sake of clarity FIG. 1 does not illustrate other controls than the new controls required by the invention. The control part 114 also comprises a memory 116 in which information can be stored during the processing.
According to the invention, the receiver comprises, in addition to the above-mentioned means, a quality part 110 in which the quality of received transmission units is assessed. Using weighting means 118, 120 in combination a transmission unit can be weighted on the basis of its quality value. Combination means 122 are used for forming a combined transmission unit, and combination means 124 for providing autocorrelation values for the combined transmission unit. The invention also requires modifications to the control part 114. At its simplest the invention is implemented with a software, in which case the control part is a digital signal processing processor or a general processor, and the steps of the method are measures carried out by the software. The invention can also be implemented e.g. with discrete logic composed of HW parts or with the ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit).
The basic idea of the invention is that before the signal is detected, the quality of the transmission unit is checked, and if the quality does not satisfy the set requirements, the transmission unit in question is retransmitted. Thereafter the original transmission unit and the retransmitted transmission unit are combined. If the quality of the combined transmission unit is good enough, the signal can be detected. If the quality is not sufficient, retransmission of the transmission unit in question is requested. This is repeated until the required quality is achieved. The originally transmitted transmission unit and retransmitted transmission units as well as their autocorrelation values are stored in the memory 116 of the control part 114. When the transmission unit achieves the required quality level, the transmission units and the corresponding autocorrelations are combined in the combination means 122, 124 and they are supplied to the detection part 126, where the received symbols are detected. The invention thus concerns integrating quality measurement, diversity combining and the ARQ protocol in the mobile communications environment before detection. The required quality level means quality that is high enough for eliminating occasional channel fading. One transmission may be enough for some transmission units, but on the other hand retransmission may have to be repeated even dozens of times if the conditions deteriorate.
Combination of transmission units can be described mathematically with the equation
where a's represent autocorrelation values of the channel impulse response, y's are the results of the channel matched filter, J's are the metrics in the Viterbi algorithm, I is the information sequence and k is the number of the combined transmission units.
FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating the steps of the method more closely.
Step 200: The receiver can optionally order the desired transmission units, or the transmitter sends first all transmission units automatically at least once.
Step 202: Check the quality of each received transmission unit independently. The receiver has thus already received at least one transmission unit. If the quality of the transmission unit corresponds to the predetermined quality level, the process proceeds to step 214 in which the signal is detected.
Step 204: Store the received transmission unit. The received transmission unit was not of a good enough quality, and thus it is stored for further processing. Alternatively, only the combined transmission unit is stored, and not the separate transmission units forming the combined transmission unit, which allows to save the memory.
Step 206: Send a retransmission request formed on the basis of the quality of the transmission units. Now the transmitter is requested to retransmit the same transmission unit the quality of which did not satisfy the required quality level. Receive the retransmitted transmission unit. This can be carried out immediately after the request or later on.
Step 208: Form a combined transmission unit. A combined transmission unit is formed by combining transmission units received later with the originally received transmission unit.
Step 210: Check the quality of the combined transmission unit. In principle, this is the same check as in step 202. The difference between them is that in step 202 the quality of the originally received transmission unit was checked, whereas in this step the quality of the combined transmission unit is checked. This unit contains both the originally received transmission unit and all retransmissions of the original transmission unit received thereafter. If the quality of the combined transmission unit corresponds to the predetermined quality level, the signal can be detected. If the quality of the combined transmission unit does not correspond to the predetermined quality level, the process will return 212 to step 204, in which the last-received transmission unit is stored, whereafter retransmission is repeated.
Step 214: Detect the signal, i.e. process the transmission unit that is either the originally sent transmission unit or a combined transmission unit. After this step has been performed, the processing of the transmission unit in question can be finished. Then the following transmission unit, for example, can be received and its processing started from step 202.
The method described is in principle an improved version of the classical ARQ protocol, i.e. the same transmission unit is cumulated before detection until the quality of the cumulated transmission unit is good enough. In the method the execution order of the steps is not relevant, but the order of the steps can be changed and new steps can be added. The only thing that is relevant is that transmission units are cumulated before detecting the signal.
Cumulation of a transmission unit is also applied to packet switched data transmission in which the packets to be transmitted are interleaved and encoded. For the sake of clarity it is assumed in the next example that one packet forms one interleaving period. In practice, a packet may consist of several interleaving periods. First, the data to be transmitted is divided into sections of the size of a predetermined packet. The data of each packet is interleaved and encoded e.g. by means of convolutional coding. A CRC checksum (Cyclic Redundancy Check) may also be formed. Each packet is then divided into transmission units individually. One packet is included in at least one transmission unit. The transmitter informs the receiver of the organization of the data to be sent in the manner agreed in advance. The information comprises e.g. the number of the packets, number of the transmission units, numbering of the packets, numbering of the transmission units, and possibly other information. The transmitter receives information from the receiver on the order in which the transmission units should be transmitted. The receiver may at any point request retransmission of a packet or a transmission unit. The functions of the transmitter are thus chiefly controlled by the receiver.
At the receiving end the procedure is the same as described above, except that when the signal has been detected, the packet is deinterleaved and decoded. On the basis of the quality of the packet it is then possible to decide whether to request retransmissions of the transmission units of the packet. FIG. 2 also illustrates this embodiment:
Step 200: First the receiver receives the organization of the data. On the basis of this the receiver knows how the transmitter has organized the data into packets and transmission units and what kind of identification data are used. Some of the data may be prearranged, e.g. in the system's control data which are known both by the transmitter and the receiver. Then the receiver orders transmission units in the desired order. The order is formed using a predetermined order algorithm. The structure of the order algorithm may vary. According to the simplest algorithm the transmission units are ordered in sequential order. According to another kind of algorithm the first transmission units are ordered first from each packet, then the second ones, etc. This has the advantage that occasional fading on the channel does not affect all transmission units of the same packet, but transmission units of different packets. This is in fact a kind of interleaving occurring between the transmission units. The interleaving scatters errors over a longer period, which improves the capacity of the receiver. The order algorithm also defines the order strategy, i.e. whether to order all transmission units at once, or whether to order only a certain number of transmission units, after the reception of which it is decided whether to order new transmission units or retransmissions of the transmission units already received. One possible order algorithm is such an algorithm that learns how many times each transmission unit has to be retransmitted on average until the packet formed of transmission units can be decoded correctly. In that case, according to the algorithm, it is requested at the beginning that all packets should be transmitted more than once, e.g. three times, without a separate request. In poor conditions this may be the fastest way of transmitting the packets since time is not wasted on retransmission requests of packets and unsuccessful attempts of decoding a packet.
Steps 202, 204, 206, 208 and 210 are performed as was described above.
Before it is possible to proceed to detection 214, transmission units of at least one packet should be already received so that the packet could be decoded. If convolutional coding is used according to the type II hybrid-ARQ protocol, even part of the transmission units may be enough for decoding the packet. Use of coding is optional since the method can partially, and in certain conditions completely, replace error correction coding, FEC (Forward Error Correction). The applicant's tests showed that especially if the subscriber terminal moves slowly or if, when interleaving is used, the interleaving period is short, the method of the invention guarantees a better transmission result than the use of convolutional coding. If the transmission channel is to be of especially good quality, the method of the invention as well as coding and possibly interleaving are used.
Step 216: Deinterleave and decode the packet. The quality of the transmission units of the packet was so good that it is worthwhile deinterleaving and decoding the packet.
Step 218: Check whether the packet is faulty. Now it is checked whether there were errors in the packet e.g. by checking the CRC checksum. If there were errors in the packet, return 220 to step 200 in which retransmission of the transmission units of the poorest quality, for example, is ordered according to the order algorithm. If there were no errors in the packet, the originally transmitted data can be processed, e.g. they can be supplied to the application that ordered the packet. Then it is possible to check whether all data have been processed. The subscriber knows how many packets or transmission units the transmitter was to transmit. If all the data have been processed, the function can be discontinued. If this is not the case, return to step 200, in which according to the order algorithm more packets or the missing packets are ordered, for example.
FIG. 3 illustrates an example of how packets are transmitted according to the method. In FIG. 3A the transmitter divides the data 300 to be transmitted into packets. The first packet 302 contains data 1 2 and the second packet 304 data 3 4. Both packets are further divided into transmission units. The first packet 302 is divided into two transmission units. The first transmission unit 310 contains data 1 and the second transmission unit 312 data 2. The second packet 304 is divided into two transmission units correspondingly. The first transmission unit 314 contains data 3 and the second transmission unit 316 data 4. For the sake of simplicity the data describing the data to be transmitted in this example are as simple as possible, but in reality the data are, of course, much more complex. Neither the information structures required by the packets and transmission unit have been described for the sake of simplicity, nor the possible use of interleaving and coding.
In FIG. 3B the X-axis indicates time and the Y-axis quality. Quality refers to the measured quality of a transmission unit and the measured quality of a packet. The quality of a transmission unit and the quality of a packet are not proportional to each other; they have been placed on the same Y-axis only to facilitate illustration. The quality of a transmission unit is typically determined by measuring the signal-to-noise ratio of the transmission unit, and the quality of a packet is determined by checking the CRC of the packet.
First the receiver receives all transmission units 310, 312A, 314A, 316 once. Two transmission units 310, 316 satisfy the quality level 320 required of a transmission unit. Two transmission units 312A, 314A do not satisfy the required quality level 320 due to a sudden fading on the radio path, and thus retransmission 312B, 314B will be carried out. Now the quality of the transmission units 312B and 312A, 314B and 314A combined according to the invention exceeds the required quality level 320. Thus the packets can be deinterleaved and decoded. The quality of the packet 304 formed of the transmission units 314B, 314A and 316 exceeds the quality level 322 required of a packet, and thus it is ready for processing. The quality of the packet 302 formed of the transmission units 310, 312B and 312A is lower than the quality level 322 required of a packet, and thus the worse transmission unit 312 of the packet is retransmitted 312C. Now the quality of the combined transmission unit 312C, 3142, 312A clearly exceeds the quality level 320 required of a transmission unit, and thus it is noticed when the packet 302 formed of the transmission units 310, 312C, 312B and 312A is deinterleaved and decoded that its quality exceeds the quality level 322 required of a packet. Thus the data 300 transmitted originally by the transmitter can now be decoded at the receiving end.
In one preferred embodiment, at least two transmitter-receiver pairs use the same time slot for sending a transmission unit in a mobile communications system utilizing the TDMA. These transmitter-receiver pairs can be located in adjacent cells when the re-use pattern of the system is one, or the transmitter-receiver pairs may be even within the same cell. The transmission units of each transmitter-receiver pair have a training sequence of their own, on the basis of which the transmitter-receiver pair separates its own transmission units. The idea is that the training sequence is a code by means of which the receiver separates transmissions intended for it from a channel.
There are several methods for checking the quality of the transmission unit and the packet. It is possible to form a CRC error checksum separately both for the transmission unit and the packet in the transmission. This sum is used for checking at the receiving end whether the transmission unit and/or the packet contains errors. It is also possible to use other ways of forming the error checksum. Quality can also be determined by forming a bit error rate of the transmission unit. The quality of a received transmission unit can also be determined by forming the C/I ratio (Carrier/Interference) of the transmission unit by means of the training sequence. This is carried out e.g. by correlating a known training sequence on the basis of the impulse response of the channel estimated in the channel estimator 108. The difference between this correlation and the training sequence included in the actual received transmission unit determines the noise and interference of the received signal. This can be expressed by the following equation
where * represents a mathematical convolution operator, y is the received signal, x is the transmitted signal, h is the channel impulse response, I is interference and N is noise. This allows the signal-to-noise ratio, i.e. the C/I ratio, to be calculated; C is the energy of the received training sequence. In the above we have given some examples of how the quality of a transmission unit or a packet can be determined. It is, however, possible to use any other prior art method for measuring the quality.
In one preferred embodiment the quality level of a combined transmission unit is determined by comparing the average quality level of the transmission units with the adaptive quality threshold. The average quality level is obtained e.g. by calculating the average or by defining a numerical limit to how many transmission units of a packet have to satisfy the required quality level. Adaptivity means that the system can be self-learning, whereby the system optimizes its function by modifying the quality limits so that they correspond to the conditions and in order to maximise efficient use of the transmission capacity.
In one preferred embodiment a part of the transmission unit is requested to be retransmitted. This allows to save transmission capacity. Let us assume, for example, that the transmission unit is one TDMA time slot. Such a TDMA time slot is included in the radio burst to be to be transmitted to a radio path. If the fade affects only for example the first part of the burst, this is noticed at the receiving end and only retransmission of the first part of the burst is requested, and instead of the whole burst, only half a burst is needed as the transmission unit.
The method of the invention requires a bidirectional transmission path since data is transmitted in one direction and control information, e.g. retransmission requests, in the other. The basic requirement is that the transmitter and the receiver are able to indicate each transmission unit unequivocally by means of an identifier at their own ends (L1-PDU-ID=Layer 1 Protocol Data Unit Identification). The transmitter should be able to decode the identification data used for the transmission unit by the receiver so that when the receiver gives any identification data, the transmitter knows which identification data of the transmission unit it corresponds to.
In the following we shall give an example of how a protocol is processed when information is transmitted using the uplink transmission path, i.e. from the subscriber terminal to the network part. The transmitter, i.e. the subscriber terminal, requests capacity for transmitting a certain amount of data. The amount is expressed by a number which can be directly interpreted as the number of transmission units that are needed. Having received the request the network part allocates an identifier (RID=Reservation Identification) to the subscriber terminal for transmission of the data.
The subscriber terminal simultaneously listens to the channel (CCH=Control Channel) on which the allocations of resources are announced. On the CCH the network part announces which RID is allowed to transmit on which traffic channel (TCH). The subscriber terminal also listens to an order channel (FO=Forward Order), on which the network part announces which transmission units and on which TCH a subscriber terminal having a certain RID should transmit. In other words, the subscriber terminal monitors the occurrence of its own RID on the CCH, and having noticed its own RID it finds out from the FO which transmission units it should transmit on the TCH. It is of course possible to allocate several TCHs, in which case the subscriber terminal sends its transmission units to the network part on all of them.
The subscriber terminal concludes from the L1-PDU-IDs requested on the FO which transmission units will no longer be requested to be retransmitted, i.e. their quality has been good enough when the network part has received them or a good enough quality has been achieved by combining transmission units. Thus the subscriber terminal can control its reception buffer, i.e. remove unnecessary transmission units from its buffer. The network part correspondingly knows which transmission units it no longer needs, and thus it can control its own transmission buffer. Transmission continues as was described above until the total amount of data has been transferred.
The following example correspondingly describes how a protocol is processed when data is transmitted in the downlink direction, i.e. from the network part to the subscriber terminal. The transmitter, i.e. the network part, informs the receiver of the identifier (RID) which it will use for transmitting a certain amount of data. The amount of data can also be communicated.
The subscriber terminal starts to listen to the CCH, on which the network part announces to which RID transmission units are transmitted on each TCH. The network part may also transmit on the FO, on which it announces which transmission units will be transmitted on which TCH. The subscriber terminal also listens to the order allocation channel (FOS=Forward Order Scheduler), on which the network part announces on which FO a subscriber terminal related to a certain RID is allowed to transmit an order. It is not compulsory to use the FOS, in which case the subscriber terminal knows on which FO and when it should transmit an order.
On the FO the subscriber terminal communicates the L1-PDU-IDs the network part should transmit on the TCHs it has allocated. The network part also concludes from the information given on the FO or another channel which transmission units will no longer be ordered, and thus it can remove these units from its transmission buffer. The subscriber terminal knows which transmission units it will no longer order, and thus it can control its reception buffer.
As regards protocol processing, the data transmission described in FIG. 3B is performed e.g. in the manner described in FIG. 3C. It is assumed that the transmitter is the subscriber terminal and the receiver is the network part. Thus the case of the uplink transmission path also applies to this case. The subscriber terminal requests 350 capacity for transmitting the transmission units 310, 312, 314, 316. Having received the request the network part allocates 352 a RID having a value of 1001 to the subscriber terminal. The network part communicates 354 on the CCH that a RID having a value of 1001 may transmit on a TCH having a value of 25. The subscriber terminal also listens to the FO on which the network part communicates 356 that the subscriber terminal should transmit the transmission units the L1-PDU-IDs of which are 310, 312, 314, 316 on the TCH having a value of 25. Next the subscriber terminal sends 358, 360, 362, 364 the requested transmission units 310, 312, 314 and 316 on the TCH having a value of 25. Then the network part communicates 366 on the FO that it requires retransmissions of transmission units 312 and 314 on the TCH having a value of 25. The subscriber terminal transmits 368, 370 the requested transmission units. Finally the network part requests 372 again retransmission of transmission unit 312 on the FO, and the subscriber terminal performs 374 this. Thus the transmission has been completed and the reserved transmission capacity can be released.
The options to be described next concern both transmission directions. The transmitter may ask for extra capacity for transmitting a new amount of data after the previous transmission has ended, whereby a new RID is obtained for the order. The transmitter may also ask for extra capacity before the previous transmission has finished, whereby a new RID can be allocated for transmission, or it can be agreed that the requested amount of data is transmitted by means of the RID already allocated. Orders as well as channel allocation signalling may be CRC-protected on the FO. Thus it is not necessary to include the L1-PDU-IDs of an order in the actual transmission units. If the CRC check is not passed at the receiving end of the order, the ordered transmission units are not transmitted. The receiver notes this and repeats the order. Poor quality of the order can be also detected by means of another method. Ordering of transmission units may be a process separate from the allocation of the traffic channel used for transmission on the bidirectional radio connection. The network part may be responsible for all channel allocations both when it functions as a transmitter and when it functions as a receiver. On the basis of predetermined information and/or information received from the receiver the transmitter knows which order channel the transmitter should listen to and what timing would be suitable for listening.
In the described embodiment it is essential for both transmission directions that the transmitter informs the receiver of the organization of data and the receiver orders the desired transmission unit or packets. In an order it is possible to indicate selectively transmission units of several packets. In other words, the receiver can order the transmission units in random order. Usually, however, ordering is controlled by an algorithm which makes transmission more effective. The function of the transmitter may be controlled so that it transmits only the ordered transmission units. Optionally, the transmitter may transmit transmission units according to orders and a predetermined algorithm.
In addition to the foregoing, implementation of the protocol of the invention comprises several optional improvements which will be described in the following.
The receiver may request retransmission of only those transmission units that do not satisfy the required quality level. In that case the transmission units of a combined transmission unit that are of the poorest quality are retransmitted first. If the packet still cannot be correctly decoded after this, retransmissions of other transmission units are also requested.
A retransmission request or an order of a transmission unit may comprise the quality value of the transmission unit. The quality value is a way of indicating the quality of a transmission unit, being agreed in advance by the transmitter and the receiver, e.g. the quality values may be numerical values from 0 to n. The equivalencies could be e.g. the following: 0=not transmitted, 1=very poor quality, 2=rather poor quality, . . . , n=a very good quality. This has the advantage that the transmitter may send the transmission units in the order according to the quality value. Thus the transmission units that have not been transmitted yet are transmitted first, then the transmission units that have a very poor quality value. The receiver does not need to give a definite order in which it wishes to receive the transmission units. Since the poorest transmission units are retransmitted first, the probability of the receiver being able to decode a packet correctly increases. Ordering of a packet or a retransmission request may correspondingly also comprise the quality value of the packet.
The receiver may notify the transmitter after it has succeeded in processing a transmission unit or a packet. This means that the receiver may at any time try to decode possible coding and interleaving and to check the error correction sum. If decoding succeeds without errors, the transmitter may conclude from this kind of a message that it no longer needs to retransmit the transmission units belonging to the packet in question, although there were a valid request for retransmitting them. This function is thus a kind of cancellation message.
The receiver may count how many times it has requested retransmission of each transmission unit. This is done because a limit may be defined for the number of retransmission requests in the order algorithm. If it is not possible to transmit data correctly within this limit, transmission of the data in question, i.e. a transmission unit or a packet, is restarted and the receiver deletes the retransmitted transmission units it may have previously stored from its memory.
Although the invention has been described by means of an example illustrated in the accompanying drawings, it is evident that the invention is not limited to it, but it may be modified in several ways within the scope of the inventive concept disclosed in the appended claims.
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|Method of information transmission in a network for data transmission over a radio channel and system for which the method is implemented
|3 Apr 1992
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|Method of controlling the operation of a packet switched CDMA communication network for controlling the operation of transmitters and receivers
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|Method for providing error correction using selective automatic repeat requests in a packet-switched communication system
|29 Oct 1993
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|Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd.
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|System for transmitting packet data in digital cellular time division multiple access (TDMA) air interface
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|4 Jan 1996
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|Nokia Mobile Phones Limited
|Dynamic allocation of radio capacity in a TDMA system
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|Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd.
|System for transmitting packet data in radio telephone TDMA systems
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|Multiplexing of voice and data minicells
|14 Jan 1997
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|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
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|19 Sep 1990
|Philips Communication D'entreprise
|Method for information transmission in a radio data communication network, and a system for which the method is carried out
|28 Oct 1993
|4 May 1994
|Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd.
|Digital mobile radio communication system with repeat request of a burst of speech or data following error recognition
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|1 Apr 1993
|Motorola Inc
|Extended error correction of a transmitted data message
|Dimitri Bertsekas and Robert Gallager, Data Networks, 1987, Book, pp. 58-73.*
|Matsuki et al., "An Error Control Scheme for High-quality, High-speed PHS Data Communications", NTT Review, vol. 9, No. 3, May 1997.
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|Method and apparatus for prioritizing packet data transmission and reception
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|Method of packet data transfer with hybrid ARQ
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|Data-burst-count-base receive FIFO control design and early packet discard for DMA optimization
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|Method for connection establishment in a radio system relaying packet-switched traffic
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|Method and apparatus for time efficient retransmission using symbol accumulation
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|Scheduling method for high-rate data service in a mobile communication system
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|27 Feb 2003
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|Physical layer automatic repeat request (ARQ)
|27 Mar 2003
|15 Apr 2004
|Lg Electronics Inc.
|Logical and operation diversity combining method
|15 Mar 2002
|5 Aug 2004
|Shoichi Yamamoto
|Communication system,transmission device, reception device, and communication system having them
|21 Sep 2004
|3 Mar 2005
|Tao Chen
|Method and apparatus for time efficient retransmission using symbol accumulation
|22 Sep 2003
|24 Mar 2005
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Methods and apparatus for efficient decoding
|28 Sep 2004
|19 May 2005
|Nokia Corporation
|Method for connection establishment in a radio system relaying packet-switched traffic
|22 Mar 2005
|13 Oct 2005
|Young-Wook Sohn
|Display apparatus
|20 Dec 2002
|16 Mar 2006
|Ingemar Backlund
|Method and apparatus relating to retransmission of data between different protocol layers
|19 Jan 2007
|23 Aug 2007
|Alcatel Lucent
|Device and method for mitigating effects of impulse noise on data packet transfer
|22 Jan 2009
|13 Jul 2010
|Vaenttinen Veijo
|Method for connection establishment in a radio system relaying packet-switched traffic
|14 May 2010
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|Spyder Navigations L.L.C.
|Method for connection establishment in a radio system relaying packet-switched traffic
|15 Feb 2011
|11 Sep 2012
|Intellectual Ventures I Llc
|Method for connection establishment in a radio system relaying packet-switched traffic
|4 Sep 2008
|16 Jan 2013
|Method and device for transmitting data, and method and device for retransmitting data
|31 Jan 2005
|17 Aug 2005
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Method and apparatus for link error prediction in a communication system
|21 Dec 2007
|16 Jul 2008
|Fujitsu Ltd.
|Mobile communication apparatus
|23 Aug 2002
|6 Mar 2003
|Interdigital Tech Corp
|Implementing a physical layer automatic repeat request for a subscriber unit
|18 Mar 2003
|2 Oct 2003
|Clifford S Atwood
|Application program interface
|18 Aug 2004
|31 Mar 2005
|Telefonaktiebolaget L M Erciss
|Methods and apparatus for efficient decoding
|18 Jun 2013
|27 Dec 2013
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Communication system with repeat-response combining mechanism and method of operation thereof
|U.S. Classification
|370/278, 370/282, 370/277, 714/748, 370/913, 714/799
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|27 Apr 1998
Owner name: NOKIA MOBILE PHONES LIMITED, FINLAND
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Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:RAITOLA, MIKA;HAKKINEN, HANNU;SALONAHO, OSCAR;REEL/FRAME:009133/0316;SIGNING DATES FROM 19980406 TO 19980409
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text:
Regime Change, Inc.
April 25, 2005
When the Rose Revolution began in the fall of 2003, there was little reason to hope for a happy ending. Twelve years earlier, the former Soviet Republic of Georgia had stepped from communism into civil war. The old Communist eminence Eduard Shevardnadze may have brought greater stability when he took over the government in 1992, but his corrupt rule also generated huge new pools of ill will among the populace. Some of this disgust manifested itself in small, peaceful street protests.
Staying Power
February 14, 2005
With the increasing violence leading up to this week's Iraqi elections for 275 seats in a new national assembly, a despair emerged in some U.S.
Jerusalem Dispatch: True Colors
February 14, 2005
Imagine the likelihood of thousands of American students, intellectuals, and Hollywood celebrities marching in support of George W. Bush, and you will begin to appreciate the marvel of the Israeli leftists now rallying around Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. Reviled for engineering the Lebanon war, for masterminding the settlement movement, for opposing every attempt at reconciliation with the Palestinians, and as the personification of Israeli militarism and anti-Arab racism, Sharon today is viewed by many leftists as the settlers' bete noire and Israel's foremost champion of peace.
Speak No Evil
February 07, 2005
President Bush's inaugural speech was delivered on the day Muslims around the world celebrated Eid Ul Azha, the festival marking the end of the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, the Hajj. But, as soon as it was over, the state- run news media of authoritarian U.S. allies in the Middle East were quick to criticize it. Egypt's Al Ahram lamented that Bush made no reference to either Iraq or Palestine, the two most important issues in the region Bush hopes most to democratize.
Politics by Other Means
March 22, 2004
A History of Modern Palestine:One Land, Two PeoplesBy Ilan Pappe (Cambridge University Press, 333 pp., $22) Ilan Pappe and I walked a stretch together in uneasy companionship, but we have now parted ways. In the late 1980s and early 1990s we belonged to a group dubbed the "New Historians" of Israel, which also included Avi Shlaim and Tom Segev. This group, contrary to the conspiratorial image projected by our critics, was never a close-knit or monolithic school of intellectuals who plotted together around the table at Friday-night meals. Some of us barely knew one another.
Money and Soul
January 12, 2004
The PatronA Life of Salman Schocken,1877-1959By Anthony David(Metropolitan Books, 451 pp., $ 30)For a year in the early 1960s, not long after finishing college, I had a job working for Schocken Books, a small publishing house in New York. Actually, "small" is something of an overstatement. Schocken consisted at the time of four people working in a two-room apartment on 38th Street and Park Avenue: the editor-in-chief Herzl Rome, two secretaries, and the editorial staff, which was me.
Jerusalem Dispatch: Fantasy
December 15, 2003
Some two million Israeli homes recently received in the mail the 47-page text of the Geneva Accord, which claims to be the comprehensive solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The Accord, a European-funded effort secretly negotiated by Palestinian officials and Israeli public figures for two years--and signed in a symbolic, lavish ceremony in Geneva this week--states that Israel will withdraw to the 1967 borders, a Palestinian state will emerge with its capital in Jerusalem, and the two peoples will recognize each other's right to statehood and resolve the refugee issue.
The Rejection
April 21, 2003
The Palestinian People: A History By Baruch Kimmerling and Joel S.
The Rescuer
October 28, 2002
A Race Against Death: Peter Bergson, America, and the Holocaust by David S. Wyman and Rafael Medoff (The New Press, 269 pp., $26.95) Twenty-five years ago, while researching Holocaust history for the Joint Distribution Committee in New York, and as I was preparing to immigrate to Israel, I came across a clipping from The New York Times from 1936.
Son Shine
September 09, 2002
I am not one of those who believes democracy will come soon either to Iraq or to the entity to be called Palestine (when—and if—the Palestinians finally grasp that they cannot have both a state and a warrant to kill Israelis). There is no reason to believe either of these polities will succeed in the democratic experiment that has failed or, to be more precise, has not been seriously tried in the Arab world. But there are improvements short of democracy: police who are not routinely brutal, government that isn't routinely corrupt, and courts that are not satraps of politics.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Pump up your pumpkin with these cute'n'creative designs
6 little signs your crush is crushing right back
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In this latest episode, "The Whining," the Ross
kids get spooked after a scary old doorman spills a building legend about a
nanny who did "something terrible" to the kids in her care on
Halloween, all while Jessie and Tony work together to crash an exclusive
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We were lucky enough to catch up with Peyton List, who plays Christina and Morgan's only biological
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If you
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she wears in "The Whining." It's a very cute.
Spill one
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Be sure to check out all the spooky fun when a new season of Jessie
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text:
June 5, 2012
I enjoy Ren Faires, LARPing, Steampunk, Cosplay, etc. :) - I'm always looking for new costume ideas and DIY stuff.
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text:
Yves Saint Laurent
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An elegant new manicure couture inspired by the Le Smoking tuxedo jacket. Two deep black shades, one matte and one shiny, for a sophisticated tone-on-tone manicure. Accessorize your nails with a couture new look for the season: velvet and satin never looked so gorgeous together.
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text:
A plan to authorize a $160 million bond issue to repair Oklahoma's nearly 100-year-old state Capitol moved closer to final passage Wednesday when it was approved by the powerful House Appropriations and Budget Committee.
House panel approves $160M Capitol bond measure
Committee members voted 16-8 for the Senate-passed measure and sent it to the full House for a vote in spite of resistance from some members over whether a bond issue is the best way to pay for the project.
Former Oklahoma House Speaker T.W. Shannon, R-Lawton, was a vocal critic of a bond issue, but newly elected Speaker Jeff Hickman, R-Fairview, has said he's open to discussing the idea with his caucus.
"I think it's time to get this project going," said Rep. Skye McNeil, R-Bristow, who authored the House's version of the bill. The Senate previously passed it.
Oklahoma's Capitol opened in 1917 but years of deferred maintenance have contributed to many problems. For example, parts of the 400,000-square-foot building have been cordoned off by yellow barricades since 2011 to prevent pedestrians from approaching the building's south side, where chunks of limestone and mortar have been falling from the building's facade.
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Golden Boy plans nationalistic bouts for world titles
Updated: September 14, 2005, 5:35 PM ETBy Dan Rafael | ESPN.com
Nationalism rules the Olympics, soccer and events such as the Ryder Cup in golf and Davis Cup in tennis. The folks at Oscar De La Hoya's Golden Boy Promotions hope to add a similar patriotic dimension to boxing.
Golden Boy is planning two cards on consecutive nights -- Oct. 28 and Oct. 29 -- that will pit top Mexican fighters against top boxers from Thailand in four world title bouts, plus other undercard bouts also matched along national lines. In addition to the titles at ...
Read full story
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LOCATION:Approximately 10 minutes north of Weatherford. Directions From North Main (FM 51) & FM 920 (Fourth Street) proceed west 1 mile, then north / right on to Zion Hill Rd (FM 2421) for 10.4 miles, then east / right onto Sarra Lane for 2 miles and the property is on the right / south side.TERRAIN:Mostly rolling native land, approximately 35 acres in coastal bermuda, and approximately 35 acres in cultivation. Scattered trees (oak, pecan, & elm) over 50% of it and the balance is open.IMPROVEMENTS:A metal shop building 6064 with a dirt floor. One old house that habitable. Usable pipe & panel cattle pens.WATER:3 stock ponds, a medium size dry weather creek, and one water well.WILDLIFE:Deer & turkey.MINERALS:Some mineral rights available. One producing well.PRICE:Reduced to $5,250.00 per acre!
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Population: 218Total Males: 122
Total Females: 96
Median Household Income: $ 45500
Total Households: 102
Full U.S. census data is available here.
Business Industries in Danbury
Below is a list of the types of businesses in the City of Danbury for which we have Yellow Pages business listings. If you do not see your industry within the list below, adding your business will automatically create it.
Brief Information About Danbury
The place of Danbury is located in the county of Burnett. Industries related to architecture, automotive, beverages, construction, golf equipment, hotel, health and oil and lubrication, contributing to the local economic development of the place. Commercial spaces are utilized by supermarkets, nurseries of plants, parking lot stations, parks and campgrounds.
Recent News from the Green Blog
News from the Left Coast: California Bans Plastic Bags
It was bound to happen, and it finally has. On September 30, 2014, Governor Jerry Brown signed into law a bill that makes California the first state in the country to prohibit stores from offering environmentally-problematic single-use plastic bags to their customers. SB270 provides that plastic bags will be phased out from use at supermarkets, large grocery chains and pharmacies..


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Posts that contain a one line sentence and absolutely lacking in content and clarity or, posts that provide detailed descriptions of success, dedication, facts and cites backed by holders on this board who are in the medicine and vaccine fields. Doctors, scientists and other similarly related professionals on this board digest and decipher all of the data released in peer reviewed journals like the New England Journal of Medicine and the Journal of Infectious Diseases. Find their posts, dig deep and do your own investigation of INO. You'll see what these professionals see...and what the rest of us see as well. Good luck in your research.
Ghost Busters


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Teen charged in Elmont road rage
An Elmont teen has been arrested on charges that include criminal impersonation, drug possession and menacing after, police said, he flashed a handgun and a gold badge at occupants of another car after an angry encounter with the driver. Videojournalist: Jim Staubitser (Feb. 26, 2013)
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Crash closes Sunrise Highway in East Patchogue Off-duty Suffolk County officer helps revive hockey player North Amityville gas station attendant robbed, say cops One dead after bar dispute 'Blessing of the Animals' in Brentwood Making apple cider in Northport Tom Cutinella anniversary vigil on football field Coastal concerns for Fire Island as Joaquin nears Forecast: Coastal flooding likely as rain pelts LI Apprehensive South Shore prepares for Hurricane Joaquin Coast Guard rescues sailor 12 miles south of Shinnecock Inlet Motorcyclist hits tree in Babylon, seriously hurt


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is mercyful fate really considered bm by todays standards though, or bm in the sense of what most people consider to be black metal
Album Rating: 4.5maybe kill
Album Rating: 3.0 | Sound OffEmperor? bunch of talentless hacks
I would say MF's earlier records were pretty bm
Digging: Crossed Out - 1990-1993
emperor kinda stinks
Album Rating: 3.0 | Sound Offyea it stinks stay away from em
Album Rating: 4.5wtf no lol
Album Rating: 3.0When did people start taking progmaster serious cmon guys
am i the only one who thinks 1:22 in pecan tree is the coolest thing ever
Album Rating: 4.5end of Dream House
Album Rating: 3.0that riff in demon bell agreed
Digging: Math the Band - Don't Worry
thats a given
Album Rating: 4.5m/
Album Rating: 4.5So is this band like anti-Christian or what
who cares
Album Rating: 3.0why would it matter
even if they are im sure theyre way less anti christian than 95% of BM bands lol
Album Rating: 2.5hope they are
Album Rating: 4.5It doesn't matter. I'm just curious, that speech part intrigues me. And I can't understand his screams lol
I'll just look up the lyrics
Bands: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


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posters, adrian chesterman posters, animals posters, illustration posters, horizontal posters, landscape posters, seascape posters, underwater posters, savannah posters, mountain posters, forest posters
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Posters ship within 3 - 4 business days in durable cardboard tubes.
Adrian Chesterman studied at Norwich School of Art and the Royal College of Art in London. Since leaving the R.C.A., Adrian has worked in nearly every sphere of the art world. His commercial client list includes Nintendo, Rolls Royce, Toyota, Universal Studios and Coca Cola. Adrian's licensing portfolio offers a large variety of styles and subjects, ranging from hyperrealism to fantasy.
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Up with People seeking Vero Beach youth for future tours
VERO BEACH - By the time Up with People's Cast A 2013 leaves Vero Beach after their performances at the Vero Beach High School Performing Arts Center on March 1st and 2nd, a number of local young people will begin the process of planning for their own tour with a future Up with People cast.
Each year hundreds of young men and women between the ages of 17-29 apply to join the international, educational and cultural program for a one or two semester experience that visits diverse communities on a multi-continent tour.
"Travel with a purpose. Perform for thousands. Impact communities. These are the foundational elements Up with People provides young people in our unique global education program," explained Colleen Eastman, Manager of Enrollment for Up with People.
"During the past four decades, over 21,000 participants who have traveled in Up with People have gone on to become enthusiastic leaders in their communities and the world," said Eastman. "Equipped with the life skills and broad perspectives learned 'on the road,' they have made tremendous differences through a wide variety of diverse career and life choices and have truly become global citizens. We hope future casts will include young ambassadors from Vero Beach," she added.
Each participant will have the opportunity to travel, live and learn with 100 fellow cast members from an average of 20 different countries requiring them to work cooperatively while exploring the similarities and differences of people from other nations, religions and cultures. A typical semester tour will take participants to more than 20 cities on a multi-region odyssey experiencing the languages, sights and cultural experiences unique to each region visited.
The Up with People program also provides the opportunity for participants to live with and learn from host families in the communities they visit, gaining a personal perspective of day-to-day life in that corner of the world while sharing lifestyles and experiences.
Social responsibility and dedication to community service are core to the mission and character of the Up with People program. As such, local service projects are an integral part of the cast's time in each city they visit. By giving back through these activities and projects, participants develop insights into the importance of identifying and addressing local needs.
Up with People is one of the world's preeminent global experiential education programs. Each city becomes a classroom and learning laboratory. Up with People also has an academic partnership with Florida Southern College that allows students who enroll in the program to earn 12 hours of transferable academic credit.
Up with People was founded on the principle of utilizing the international language of music as a means to communicate and inspire people. In each city the cast visits, participants perform in a vibrant and inspiring musical stage show in the community.
Although musical talent and performance ability are welcome, individual selection is based on a personal interview rather than an audition. Important consideration is given to a candidate's character and maturity. To apply, candidates must be between the ages of 17 and 29, in good health, a high school graduate or equivalent and able to fully participate in all aspects of the program.
As a Global Education Program, Up with People also offers a fantastic option for its participants. Eligible students are now able to earn 12 academic credits (full-time equivalent) while traveling abroad with Up with People. This program is delivered through our partnership with Florida Southern College. The academic program is optional and open to any Up with People participant who meets the requirements specific to academic program enrollment. This criteria varies depending on whether the applicant is a US or international student and the level of schooling already completed prior to participation in Up with People.
For those interested in learning more about traveling with a future Up with People cast, a special backstage tour and the opportunity to meet members of the cast and staff are available. Up with People will also be interviewing young men and women in Vero Beach following the public performance on March 2nd at the VBHS Performing Arts Center. For more information, contact Oscar Nissen at 303-515-1607 or at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Tickets are $15 for adults, $12 for students, seniors, and children, $100 for patrons and will be on sale at the VBHS Performing Arts Center Box Office, the Admiral and Pelican branches of Marine Bank and Trust, or online at www.upwithpeople.org/verobeach.
Up with People's visit to Vero Beach is sponsored by the McDonald/Cunningham Family Foundation. The Gifford Youth Activity Center, the Dasie Hope Center, and the Vero Beach High School Tribe Pride Program are the beneficiaries of the shows.
The McDonald/Cunningham Family Foundation is also providing a scholarship specifically for either a student graduating from, or an alumnus of, Vero Beach High School to travel with Up with People. Thanks to this scholarship, a Vero Beach resident will be able travel in this amazing program. There is no other scholarship for Up with People that is awarded to a person only if they are from a specific city. This is very unique. The individual must be one who exhibits the following traits and qualities: demonstrated leadership experience, demonstrated community involvement experience, and a solid academic achiever. Students who meet the criteria for this award can receive an application by emailing Up with People's World Headquarters.
This story is contributed by a member of the community and is neither endorsed nor affiliated with TCPalm.
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I Am Presence:
Cutting-Edge Metaphysics
"I Am Presence is the vehicle with which we exit the space-time labyrinth" – Almine
Hear Almine describe the meaning and purpose of I Am Presence
Almine describes the role of those who gravitate towards the cutting edge metaphysics released via I Am Presence
Registration for I AM Presence has closed
the ever-new flow of Revelation
As received by Almine in Bridge of No Time …
"At the beginning of the summer of 2014, an additional three sets of runes presented themselves. As I translated their meanings from the ancient glyphs, I became aware that the totality of all seven sets represented the Seven Fields of Perception, the Seven Dimensions available to man. They were the devices used to interpret messages from these fields for an individual's guidance."
"The Seven Fields had been studied and accessed through the ages by means of specific disciplines: Shamanism, Incorruptible Magic, Healing with light and frequency (Belvaspata), Mysticism, Metaphysics, the study of activating Godhood and the ever-new flow of Revelation."
"The 672 Runes (7 x 96) represent the inner senses of an evolved being. The art of the Rune master is to activate the senses of inner space and use their guidance for action in outer realities. The master also clears and uses the seven outer senses available to a conscious being."
How to Prepare
I Am Presence represents the so-called Living Library, the Ever-new Flow of Revelation; it is the 7th Level of Perception. Ideally you walk its journey from beginning to end, but at the very least you'll require November and December to cultivate Inner Space & prepare for becoming Grandmaster of the Runes.


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Pet Food ExpressRead MoreStock up on pet supplies, such as food and grooming tools, at Pet Food Express in Novato and keep your pet happy. Make sure your pet gets all the nutritious food they need with some of their quality feeding supplies, including bowls and other feeders. Make sure your pet has a comfortable place to call home. Check out Pet Food Express' large selection of pet apparel and pet toys. Make sure your pet is ready to face the new day with a quality health check, so be sure to visit Pet Food Express for healthcare. Pets can never have enough fun! Give your furry friends something new to play with from Pet Food Express, such as pet apparel and pet toys. Stock up on a wide range of basic supplies, such as carriers, for your pet here. Save time and money with nearby parking options at Pet Food Express. For a pet store that gives you more for your buck, you'll want to head to Pet Food Express in Novato today.5880 Nave DrNovato, CA US
PetcoRead MoreWhen you stop by Petco's store in Novato, you can go on a shopping spree for any of your pets. A happy pet is a healthy pet! Check out the many health services offered at Petco, such as healthcare. Looking for a little place for your pet to call home? Choose from a wide selection of pet apparel and pet toys. You know how important it is to keep your pet well-fed and happy, so pick up some of their quality feeding supplies, like bowls and other feeders. If you're bringing a new pet home soon, grab some basic supplies such as carriers and have everything you need on hand. Make sure your pet is entertained with one of their many toys, such as pet apparel and pet toys. With the many parking choices near Petco, finding parking within walking distance is a breeze. Truly, a happy pup is just a hop, skip, and a jump to Petco's pet store in Novato. It's about time you stopped by.208 Vintage WayNovato, CA US


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Japanese Hiyashi Chuka Cold Noodle Salad Stock PhotoBowl,Chopsticks,Cold Temperature,Color Image,Cultures,Directly Above,Food and Drink,Freshness,Healthy Eating,Indoors,Indulgence,Japanese Culture,Japanese Food,Malaysia,No People,Noodles,Petaling Jaya,Photography,Ready-To-Eat,Salad,Salad Bowl,Salad Dressing,Serving Dish,Slice,Soup Bowl,VerticalPhotographer Jen Voo PhotographyCollection: Moment Open © 2011 Jann Voo PhotographyColorful and refreshing Japanese summer cold noodle dish or hiyashi chuka. Served in clay dish and shown with chopsticks, dressing and Japanese soup bowl.


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Sales training should be "done prudently" to be worthwhile, Lee Salz writes. Managers should consider the type of training needed, set realistic expectations with the trainer and ensure that team members make use of what they've learned. Cost may be a concern, but "[h]igh value must meet high value. If you don't want your prospects buying based on price, don't short change your sales team that is tasked with accomplishing that goal," Salz writes.
Full Story:Eyes On Sales


text: Favorite deal Favorited! Get email updates for this deal? NO YES Select 18" My Pillow Pets $6.99 at Amazon retail: $25 $6.99 Amazon with Anna's Linens has select 18" My Pillow Pets (dog, elephant, dolphin or ladybug) for $6.99 with free shipping. Goes from stuffed animal to pillow; good for young travelers. CREATE ALERT Deal has expired EXPIRED Posted 570 days ago by AgentK Report Report this deal Report an Error Close Select 18" My Pillow Pets $6.99 at Amazon Deals can expire unexpectedly at any time. Problem: Out of Stock Deal Expired Other Error (please explain) Comments: (Optional) Submit


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Huge move in the yen a boon for IFMI? Yea baby, the 45,000,000 Japanese reit they own is denominated in yen so in addition to the Japanese REIT rally we get an extra 7% on the 40mm investment. That 2mm loss/write down last 1/4 will be made up and then some and make this 1/4 look amazing.................Long and strong.........Go IFMI
What can stop Danny from eating all the profits even if IFMI ever makes some?
Good question.How can you stop him? Can you put him on a diet? Are guns legal where you live? They're not where I live.
If I understand your post correctly, What the shareholders now have is a position that is essentially long the dollar short the yen. This was achieved using a japanses reit paying an interest rate. If this is correct than an investor needs to decide if they believe thats a good play. Its a bet on a dollar rally as I see it or a yen declining faster than the dollar. Intersting but with Danial it could be anything. Makes me wonder.
No, we are Long yen and short dollar. They are long a REIT in Japan that for shareholders purposes is reflected in dollar terms. So yen gets strong valuation better for us.


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StartUpHire is the place to find Customer Support Specialist (Level 1) jobs. Review the list of Customer Support Specialist (Level 1) career opportunities to the left. These Customer Support Specialist (Level 1) jobs represent some of the most rewarding careers available.
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Location:Boston, MA Job Code:581 # of Openings:1 Description At DataXu, our Customer Success methodology is based on providing the best support for our clients that use the DataXu Platform for managing omni-channel digital marketing programs. The DataXu Support Specialist has a10/8/2015 Boston, MA Save This Job
Job Type:Full-Time Location:Cranberry Township, PA Job Description: HighJump Software, TrueCommerce EDI Solutions Group provides everything small-to-mid tier companies need to fully implement EDI from one source. Since 1995, our mission has been to make EDI painless by8/22/2015 Cranberry Township, PA Save This Job
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Job ID 2015-1206 # Positions 1 Location US-WA-Kirkland Experience (Years) .. Posted Date 8/18/2015 Category .. More information about this job: Overview: Join a vibrant tech company with a small company feel, but big company persona! Talyst, Inc is getting a new feel over the9/3/2015 Kirkland, WA Save This Job
ID 2015-3116 Job Locations US-MD-Landover Category Technology More information about this job: What We're Looking For: The Director, Technical Customer Support is a critical member of the Customer Support Operations leadership team and part of 2U's Post Enrollment Services8/5/2015 Landover, MD Save This Job
Houston, Texas Job Description All Covered, a division of Konica Minolta, is focused on enabling the success of small and medium-sized businesses through the effective use and management of technology. The company is the US industry leader in the provision of IT Services for9/8/2015 Houston, TX Save This Job
Broadview Hts, Ohio Job Description All Covered, a division of Konica Minolta Business Solutions is focused on enabling the success of small and medium-sized businesses through the effective use and management of technology. The company is the US industry leader in the provision9/8/2015 Broadview Hts, OH Save This Job
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Requisition Number15-0021 Post Date9/2/2015 TitleCustomer Relations Team Leader CityShelburne StateVT DescriptionThe Vermont Teddy Bear Co., located in Shelburne, VT, is in search of a Team Leader to lead our evening staff. The qualified candidate will be responsible for ensuring9/11/2015 Shelburne, VT Save This Job
Assurex Health is a personalized medicine company dedicated to helping clinicians determine the right medication for individual patients with medical conditions. Assurex Health's proprietary technology is based on pharmacogenomics -- the study of the genetic factors that9/22/2015 Mason, OH Save This Job
Date scorecard updated: May 2014 This role reports to: Gary Holderby, COO Mission of Company: mobileStorm?s goal is to create the most intelligent communication platform on the planet. We provide a cloud-based mobile communication platform that helps organizations reach consumers9/17/2015 Los Angeles, CA Save This Job
Job Type:Full-Time Location:Colorado Springs, CO Job Description: HighJump is a global provider of a unique blend of logistics, 3PL, transportation, warehouse and mobile fleet management solutions. As an international, growth-oriented corporation, HighJump serves the8/22/2015 Colorado Springs, CO Save This Job
Merrimack Healthcare Solutions Baltimore, United States Regional Payer/Reimbursement Specialist Merrimack is a biopharmaceutical company discovering, developing and preparing to commercialize innovative medicines paired with companion diagnostics for the treatment of cancer.9/14/2015 Baltimore, MD Save This Job
Department:Professional Services Location:USA - Field Based WD # / Job Code:876 Description Ellie Mae (NYSE:ELLI) is a leading provider of enterprise on-demand solutions, including an online network, software and services for the residential mortgage industry. Ellie Mae is9/18/2015 Pleasanton, CA Save This Job
SpaceX was founded under the belief that a future where humanity is out exploring the stars is fundamentally more exciting than one where we are not. Today SpaceX is actively developing the technologies to make this possible, with the ultimate goal of enabling human life on10/9/2015 Hawthorne, CA Save This Job
Location: United StatesType: Full TimeMin. Experience: Experienced InTouch Health is the leader in robotic telepresence solutions for healthcare. We are looking for an eager, self-starting Product Specialist to join our team! This position will provide clinical/technical product10/7/2015 Santa Barbara, CA Save This Job
Digital Marketing Specialist Marketing Boston, MA, United States Zipcar, the world?s largest car-sharing company, is looking to add new talent to our team. Today, Zipcar provides hundreds of thousands of people with a viable alternative to traditional car ownership, saving10/5/2015 Boston, MA Save This Job
Location: Columbus, OHType: Full TimeMin. Experience: Experienced InTouch Health is the leader in robotic telepresence solutions for healthcare. We are looking for an eager, self-starting Product Specialist to join our team! This position will provide clinical/technical product9/7/2015 Columbus, OH Save This Job
Requisition Number15-0154 Post Date9/1/2015 TitleAccount Specialist (B11) CityLouisville StateKY DescriptionSummary Maintains direct contact with customers before and/or after the sale. Supports sales team by developing and maintaining positive customer relations (CRM) with9/9/2015 Louisville, KY Save This Job
Zendesk is seeking an SEO Specialist to join the growing Digital Marketing team. The ideal candidate will be a motivated and energetic individual who will devise and implement on-site optimizations and work with other teams to help explain and understand the need for SEO. The9/6/2015 San Francisco, CA Save This Job