text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 13, 1993
|Filing date
|Feb 6, 1990
|Priority date
|Feb 6, 1990
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Gary R. Watts
|Original Assignee
|Avery Dennison Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (20), Classifications (15), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates to decorative coatings and, in particular, to a web capable of being laminated to a substrate that changes appearance as the angle of view changes from the angle of light reflection.
Decorative surface coatings have been developed to provide a variety of visual effects. It has long been common, for example, to incorporate aluminum particles or flakes in transparent, translucent or color pigmented coatings to give sparkle or glitter to such coatings. In more recent times, small flakes of aluminum metallized polyethylene terephthalate (Mylar) have been used as a substitute for aluminum flakes. Iridescent pigments have been used in coatings and web constructions to produce a color-change effect, sometimes called flash or down flop, in clear or color pigmented coatings.
The invention provides a decorative web, capable of being laminated to a substrate, that exhibits dramatic serial changes in its appearance when viewed or illuminated from different angles. In accordance with the invention, the web is given a base color by a chromatic pigment, a reflective flash color by an iridescent pigment and a flash color enhancement by a metallic sparkle pigment.
As disclosed, the relative proportions of the pigments are selected and balanced to ensure that the effect of each is not overpowered or masked by the presence of the others. The iridescent flash color may be complementary, contrasting, or simply of a different shade from the base chromatic pigment color. The metallic flake pigment, ideally, is in the form of relatively large flakes that are aligned with the plane of the web and are relatively sparsely distributed across the face of the web.
The relative proportions of the pigments are critically balanced in such a manner that each pigment is capable of exhibiting a strong visual effect. Depending on the angle of view, the web exhibits several distinct appearances. In one range the chromatic pigment is predominant. In another range, the appearance is that of a combination of the iridescent and sparkling metallic flake pigments. Between these two ranges there is a third transition range where all three pigments contribute in the appearance of the web.
The metallic flake pigment is preferably comprised of flakes that are relatively large in their face dimension, with reference to the preferred thickness of the web, so that they align with the plane of the web and so that they are visible as discreet elements with the unaided but focused eye at moderate distances. Preferably, the density or loading of the metallic flake pigment is relatively light so that the color effects of the chromatic and iridescent pigments are not seriously diminished by a metallic or silvery cast which condition might otherwise exist where the metallic flake content is relatively high and the flakes are present in a high density throughout the face of the web. The change in color or "flash" imparted by the iridescent pigment, in accordance with the invention, is dramatically highlighted with the sparkle contributed by the metallic flake pigment which has its greatest effect in the flash area and which additionally borders the flash area to focus an observer's attention on this area.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view illustrating the relationships between an incident light ray, a reflected light ray, and a viewing angle;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of a web material constructed in accordance with the present invention illustrating "flash" or "down flop" effect where the color appearance of the web changes as a function of the viewing angle; and
FIGS. 3 and 4 are typical photomicrographs of a web constructed in accordance with the invention illustrating its surface at a magnification of 100.
Referring now to the drawings, there is shown a web 10 of flexible film material that can be laminated to a substrate such as a vehicle body, appliance or architectural surface. The web can be provided with a suitable pressure-sensitive adhesive or other means to adhere or otherwise laminate it to such substrate. The web 10 typically is formed of an organic plastic material such as a plasticized vinyl formed in any suitable commercially known process. One suitable known process is by coating a continuous, reusable paper web and then stripping the web coating from this reusable carrier web. The web 10 is preferably filled or loaded with appearance additives in the form of a chromatic pigment, an iridescent pigment and a metal flake pigment.
The web 10 preferably has a thickness in the range of about between 0.002 inch to 0.005 inch and preferably about 0.0035 inch. The chromatic pigment can be selected from a wide variety of known coloring agents compatible for use with the base material from which the web is cast or otherwise made. The chromatic pigment gives the web its base color. The iridescent pigment is preferably of a known type such as tin oxide mica platelets. Such platelets have face dimensions, for example, in a range of 10 to 40 microns. The respective thicknesses of the tin oxide and mica are arranged, in a known manner, when illuminated by white light to yield by reflection a preselected characteristic color. The color of the chromatic pigment and the iridescent pigment can be complementary, contrasting or of a different shade.
The metallic flake pigment, ideally, is of a commercially available type that is formed of aluminized polyethylene terephthalate (Mylar). This film is divided into regularly sized rectangular or square flakes. Typically, such flakes can range between about 0.0025 inches to 0.008 inches in face dimension, one satisfactory flake size being 0.004 inch square and 0.0005 inch in thickness.
The pigments are blended and uniformly dispersed in the bulk web material resin. As the web 10 is cast, extruded or otherwise formed into a sheet from the bulk resin and pigment compound, the plate-like elements of the iridescent pigment and metallic flake pigment are caused to align themselves with the plane of the web. Where the web is cast in a conventionally known manner and passed through a forming roll, viscous and other forces operate effectively to orient these particles with the plane of the web. As the web resin solidifies, the plate-like particles of pigment are permanently held in this preferred orientation.
By way of example of the invention, the web depicted in FIGS. 1-4 is a cast plasticized vinyl film having the following properties and proportions by volume.
Base Material--87.8% volume flexible cast vinyl (such as the vinyl sold by Fasson Division of Avery International Company under the product designation FASCAL 1900 Series).
Chromatic Pigment--0.1% volume An organic pigment in a particle size range of about 0.02 to 0.07 microns (such as the pigment sold by Harwick Chemical Corporation under the trademark STAN-TONE which includes pigment and plasticizer).
Iridescent Pigment--8.0% volume Mica (mineral) coated with titanium dioxide in a particle size range of about 10-40 microns (such as the pigment sold by E M Industries, Inc. under the trademark AFFLAIR).
Metallic Flake Pigment--4.0% volume Aluminum metallized polyethylene terephthalate in a nominal particle size of 0.004 inch square by 0.0005 inch thick (such as sold by Glitterex Corporation under the trademark POLYFLAKE).
The chromatic pigment gives the web a distinct vibrant color, e.g. gold. The iridescent pigment exhibits a reflection color of red, for example, which is different from the color of the chromatic pigment. The metallic flake pigment produces a sparkle or specular reflection from an aluminized surface that is natural, i.e. silver metallic in color.
FIG. 1 diagrammatically illustrates certain relationships which aid in a description of the way a person perceives the web 10. An incident light ray 11 making an angle A with a line 12 normal to the plane of the web 10 can become a reflected ray 13 leaving the web at an angle A on the opposite side of the normal line 12 at the same angle A. A line of view 14 from the eye 15 of a human observer makes an angle B from the normal or perpendicular reference line 12. When the angle of view B is equal or not substantially different than angle A, i.e. as within �15� of A, the observer's eye 15 sees the iridescent flash color in its most predominant display. How close the angle B must be to angle A to view the iridescent reflected flash color depends on how well the iridescent pigment platelets are aligned with the plane of the web. In most instances, where the pigment platelets are satisfactorily aligned, the iridescent effect is not apparent when angle B differs from A by some angle, for example, �15� or more. Where the flakes of the metallic pigment are properly aligned with the web, they are most readily seen, like the iridescent reflected color, when the angle of view B is equal to the angle of reflected light. Typically, however, since these flakes are not perfectly aligned, they will also regularly be seen at viewing angles somewhat greater and lesser than the angle A, again for example, within angles of �15� or more.
The appearance of the web article 10 is simulated diagrammatically in FIG. 2. Areas 18 of the web that are viewed from an angle substantially different than the angle of reflected light have the characteristic color of the chromatic pigment, in the illustrated case gold. Areas 19 of the web viewed from an angle generally equal to the reflected light have a characteristic color or cast of the iridescent pigment which in the illustrated case is red. While this red reflecting pigment does not completely overcome the chromatic pigment so as to appear bright red, it does contribute significant color to completely change the perceived color of the web from that which appears in other areas 18 of the web where there is essentially no color contribution from the iridescent pigment, i.e. from areas where the angle of view is greatly different than the angle of reflected light.
The change in color with viewing angle is sometimes called "flash" or "down flop".
The metallic flake pigment has the surprising effect of greatly enhancing and dramatizing the flash of the iridescent pigment. This enhancement is due in part to the glitter or sparkle that it imparts throughout any of the areas 19 that are exhibiting flash. The specular reflectivity or sparkle of the metallic pigment particles, ideally, is clearly visible even at transition areas 17 where the color appearance of the web is changing from an area primarily dominated by the chromatic pigment to an area where the iridescent pigment has its greatest visual impact in color contribution.
Other factors, it is believed, contribute to the dramatic fiery effect of the flash. The loading of metallic flake pigment is limited so that the flakes only appear at random spaced points in the field of the flash effect. By limiting the percent volume and therefore the population density of the metallic flakes, the true flash color of the iridescent pigment is not washed out by a metallic or silvery hue running uniformly through the field of the iridescent flash color. Preferably, the loading of the metallic flake pigment resulting from the formulation given above produces a condition illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4. FIGS. 3 and 4 show flakes either fully exposed or partially obscured by other pigment in numbers of about 12 and 15 flakes respectively for an average of about 131/2. Given that the flakes are 0.004 inch�0.004 inch square and that each photo represents an area of about 0.00158 square inches, the flakes cover about 14% of the face area of the web 10. Preferably, the metallic flakes extend over less than about 28% of the face area of the web.
Experimentation shows that an increase in the relative volume of metallic flake pigment in the formula given above with a proportional decrease in the iridescent pigment is detrimental to the desired visual effect. For instance, an increase of 50% of metallic pigment and a corresponding decrease in the iridescent pigment results in a product judged to be marginal in the desired visual effect. Where the metallic pigment is increased 100% from that given in the above preferred formula, with a corresponding decrease in iridescent pigment, the resulting product is judged poor in appearance.
Experimentation also shows that a decrease in the relative volume of metallic pigment from the exemplary formula can have a detrimental effect. Where the metallic pigment concentration is reduced to one-tenth of that in the exemplary formula, with a corresponding increase in the iridescent pigment, the resulting product has been judged to be so lacking in sparkle as to be unacceptable.
The flakes of the metallic pigment ideally are sufficiently large to be seen individually when reflecting bright light by the unaided eye at a moderate distance of an arm's length, i.e. a distance of, for example, 2 feet. Metallic flakes having this general particle size are highly visible with their characteristically specular reflection or sparkle especially in the transition areas 17 in FIG. 2. This characteristic of the metal flake pigment marks or highlights the borders of these transition zones and gives the adjacent flash areas added visual impact.
It should be evident that this disclosure is by way of example and that various changes may be made by adding, modifying or eliminating details without departing from the fair scope of the teaching contained in this disclosure. The invention is therefore not limited to particular details of this disclosure except to the extent that the following claims are necessarily so limited.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 8, 1974
|Oct 26, 1976
|Mobil Oil Corporation
|Metallizing coating compositions
|Oct 30, 1978
|May 12, 1981
|Imperial Chemical Industries Limited
|Decorative acrylic sheets and articles formed therefrom
|Feb 29, 1980
|Mar 23, 1982
|Revlon, Inc.
|Process for making metallic leafing pigments
|Aug 16, 1985
|Jul 1, 1986
|Inmont Corporation
|Automotive paint compositions containing pearlescent pigments and dyes
|Sep 8, 1988
|Jun 5, 1990
|Rexham Corporation
|Decorative sheet material simulating the appearance of a base coat/clear coat paint finish
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 30, 1996
|Jun 9, 1998
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Formed ultra-flexible retroreflective cube-corner composite sheeting with target optical properties and method for making same
|Apr 30, 1996
|Jun 23, 1998
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Method of making glittering cube-corner retroreflective sheeting
|Apr 30, 1996
|Sep 29, 1998
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Mold for producing glittering cube-corner retroreflective sheeting
|Apr 30, 1996
|Nov 24, 1998
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Glittering cube-corner retroreflective sheeting
|Apr 30, 1996
|Sep 7, 1999
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Glittering cube-corner article
|Mar 31, 2000
|Jun 5, 2001
|Green Bay Packaging, Inc.
|Label adhesive with dispersed refractive particles
|Oct 12, 1999
|Mar 19, 2002
|Thomas Hicks
|Decorative translucent window covering
|May 15, 2001
|Apr 8, 2003
|Trinity Industrial Corporation
|Surface decorated article and decoration method thereof
|Jul 17, 2002
|Mar 9, 2004
|Mw Custom Papers, Llc
|Papers for use in decorative laminates and methods of making the same
|Oct 26, 2001
|Feb 14, 2006
|Daimlerchrysler Corporation
|Co-extruded pigmented/clear coated polymeric coating for an article such as automotive exterior body panels
|May 13, 2004
|Dec 23, 2008
|Artscape, Inc.
|Textured window film
|Nov 17, 2008
|Aug 30, 2011
|Artscape, Inc.
|Textured window film
|May 7, 2010
|Jun 5, 2012
|Greene Daryl W
|Silicone fishing lure skirt with foil or holographic film and method of making the same
|Sep 9, 2009
|Jul 14, 2015
|Nucoat, Inc.
|Methods and articles for image transfer
|May 13, 2004
|Oct 28, 2004
|Thomas Hicks
|Textured window film
|Jul 15, 2005
|Nov 10, 2005
|John Horansky
|Co-extruded pigmented/clear coated polymeric coating for an article such as automotive exterior body panels
|May 13, 2004
|Nov 17, 2005
|Thomas Hicks
|Textured window film
|Jun 3, 2005
|Dec 7, 2006
|Daniel Lieberman
|Systems and methods for printing surface relief structures
|Nov 15, 2013
|May 21, 2015
|Artscape, Inc.
|Decorative coverings
|May 6, 2006
|Nov 29, 2006
|JDS Uniphase Corporation
|Method for producing two distinct flake products using a single substrate
|U.S. Classification
|428/324, 428/334, 428/327, 428/689, 428/328, 428/542.6, 106/417, 106/404
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 6, 1990
Owner name: AVERY INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:WATTS, GARY R.;REEL/FRAME:005229/0277
Effective date: 19900201
|Sep 30, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 12, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Nov 7, 2000
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 13, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
- Phone: (306) 569-6771
- Visit us online
- email@example.com
- Start and End Date:22 Aug 2015 - 23 Aug 2015
Address: View on map 825 Mcdonald Street
Regina, SK S4N 2X5 Location: Hill Centre Tower II, 1881 Scarth St, downtown Regina.
Regina, SK S4N 2X5 Location: Hill Centre Tower II, 1881 Scarth St, downtown Regina.
In its 9th year in Regina, the Easter Seals Drop Zone is Saskatchewan's most unique and exciting special event fundraiser, offering superheroes like yourself a once in a lifetime opportunity to rappel down one of Regina's tallest buildings – the Hill Centre Tower II, reaching 22 storeys.Superheroes from all over Regina and district will join together to raise awareness and help children and youth living with disabilities all across the province. Each year hundreds of children and youth along with their families are helped through programs offered by the Saskatchewan Abilities Council. The funds raised from this event support Easter Seals Saskatchewan programs such as Camp Easter Seal, Summer Fun and Adaptive Technology Services.To show our appreciation, there will be an exclusive Superhero After-Party so that all the superheroes can see how their super fundraising powers have helped. All we ask from our superheroes is to raise a minimum of $1,500 through pledges and/or fundraising activities. Afteroarty takes places at the Core Ritchie Community Centre, 445 - 14th Ave - doors open 7pm.Be a part of the action and come out and cheer on the superheroes!Event run 8am - 5pm. In case of rain, the event will take place on Aug 23.
22-Aug-2015 to 23-Aug-2015
Rates & Hours of Operation
- No admission charge
- Rate details : Register online at www.thedropzone.ca/regina.
On-Site Amenities & Services
- Full wheelchair access
- Children's activities
- LGBT-friendly
Community Event
- Fundraising Event

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 6, 2001
|Filing date
|Nov 18, 1997
|Priority date
|Nov 18, 1997
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Branimir Boguraev, Christopher David Kennedy
|Original Assignee
|Apple Computer, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (16), Non-Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (95), Classifications (6), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application is related to co-pending patent U.S. application Ser. No. 08/972,935, entitled "A System and Method for the Dynamic Presentation of the Contents of a Plurality of Documents for Rapid Skimming," filed on the same day and assigned to the same Assignee as the present application.
The present invention relates generally to a system and method for reviewing documents. More particularly, the present invention relates to characterizing documents in a manner that allows the user to quickly ascertain their contents.
Documents obtained via an electronic medium (i.e., the Internet or on-line services, such as AOL, Compuserve or other services) are often provided in such volume that it is important to be able to summarize them. Oftentimes, it is desired to be able to quickly obtain a brief (i.e., a few sentences or a paragraph length) summary of the document rather than reading it in its completeness. Most typically, such documents span several paragraphs to several pages in length. This invention concerns itself with this kind of document, hereinafter referred to as average length document. Summarization of document content is clearly useful for assessing the contents of items such as news articles and press releases, where little a priori knowledge is available concerning what a document might be about; summarization or abstraction facility is even more essential in the framework of emerging "push" technologies, where a user might have very little control over what documents arrive at the desktop for his/her attention.
Conventional summarization techniques for average length documents fall within two broad categories. One category is those techniques which rely on template instantiation and the other category is those techniques that rely on passage extraction.
Template Instantiation
A template is best thought of as a set of predefined categories for a particular domain. A template instantiation technique for content summarization is based on seeking to instantiate the plurality of such categories with values obtained from the body of a document-assuming that the document fits the expected domain. These types of techniques are utilized for documents that can be conveniently assigned to a well-defined domain and are known to belong to such a domain. Examples of such constrained domains are news stories about terrorist attacks or corporate mergers and acquisitions in the micro-electronics domain.
Template instantiation systems are specially designed to search for and identify predefined features in text: restricting documents to a domain whose characteristic features are known ahead of time allows a program to identify specific aspects of the story such as: 'who was attacked', 'who was the perpetrator', 'was the acquisition friendly or hostile', and so forth. A coherent summary can be then constructed by "fitting" the facts in a template. Unfortunately, these systems are by design limited to the particular subject domains they were engineered to cover because the systems, in effect, search for particular words and word patterns and can only function assuming their existence, and mapping onto, the domain categories (see Ralph Grishman, "Information Extraction: Techniques and Challenges", in M. T. Pazienza (Ed.), "Information Extraction: A Multidisciplinary Approach to an Emerging Information Technology", Springer, 1997, and references therein).
Sometimes, a set of proper names and technical terms can be quite indicative of content. Phrasal matching techniques, developed for the purposes of template instantiation, are able to provide a list of the pertinent terms within a document. Such techniques have grown to become quite robust (see J. S. Justeson and S. M. Katz, "Technical Terminology: Some Linguistic Properties and an Algorithm for Identification in Text", Journal of Natural Language Engineering, vol.1(1), 1995; see also "Coping with Unknown Lexicalizations", in B. K. Boguraev and J. Pustejovsky (Eds.), "Corpus Processing for Lexical Acquisition", MIT Press, 1996). If a document is small enough then complete lists of proper names and technical terms can provide a relatively informative characterization of the document content. However, for longer documents the term list will be plagued by unnecessary and incorrect terms, ultimately defeating their representativeness as content abstractions.
Accordingly, this type of summarization technique requires a front end analysis sensitive to a domain description, and capable of filling out domain-specific templates which will provide for accurate summarization of the document; thus it depends on knowing, a priori, the document's domain.
Passage Extraction
Passage extraction techniques do not depend on prior knowledge of the domain. They are based on identifying certain passages of text (typically sentences) as being most representative of the document. This type of technique typically uses a statistical approach to compute the "closeness" between a sentence and the document as a whole. Generally speaking, this closeness is determined by mapping individual sentences, as well as the entire document, on to multidimensional vector space, and then performing mathematical calculations to determine how similar (by some appropriate metric) the sentence is to the text. Generally speaking, if a sentence has many words which repeatedly appear throughout the document, it will receive a relatively high score. Then, the highest ranking sentence(s) is (are) presented as a summary of the document.
Such "summarization" programs, some of which are beginning to get deployed commercially, do not provide true summaries, in the sense of a summary being e.g. an abstract capturing the essential, core content of a document. While being more indicative of what a document is about, when compared with only a title, for instance, such a set of sentences is under-representative of all the topics and themes possibly running through a document. A document may have several important topics discussed therewithin. Unfortunately, in such documents, while a small selection of sentences typically conveys the information relating to one topic, they may fail to convey the existence of other topics in the document.
Accordingly, what is needed is a system and method for analyzing documents to a finer grain of topic identification and content characterization than when utilizing conventional techniques. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the system and method should be able to analyze documents with multiple topics. The analysis would be used to produce summary-like abstractions of the documents. The system and method should be easy to implement and cost-effective. Furthermore, the content abstractions should contain relevant information from throughout the document, not just a selection of sentences that may miss significant topics. The present invention addresses these needs.
A method and system for characterizing the content of a document is disclosed. The method and system comprise identifying a plurality of discourse referents in the document, dividing the document into topically relevant document segments, and resolving co-referentiality among the discourse referents within, and across, the document segments. The method and system also comprises calculating salience values for the discourse referents based upon the resolving step, and determining topic stamps for the document segments based upon the salience values of the associated discourse referents. Finally the method and system comprise providing summary-like abstractions, in the form of capsule overviews of each of the segments derived from its topic stamps. In so doing, a capsule overview is derived for the entire document, which will depict the core content of an average length article in a more accurate and representative manner than utilizing conventional techniques.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a conventional computer system that serves as one type of operating environment for the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a system and method for characterizing the content of a document in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a capsule overview of an article.
The present invention relates to the characterization of the content of an average length document. The following description is presented to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention and is provided in the context of a patent application and its requirements. Various modifications to the preferred embodiment will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and the generic principles herein may be applied to other embodiments. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiment shown but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features described herein.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a conventional computer system 100, which serves as one type of operating environment for the present invention. The computer system 100 includes a display 110, a keyboard 120, a pointing device 130, a storage medium 140, a processor 150, and a memory 160, which are all connected by a bus 170. The processor 150 operates in conjunction with the memory 160 to execute a rendering system 180 that enables the processor 150 to provide the content characterization from text files stored in some form of computer-readable medium, such as a CD-ROM, or from a network.
In a system and method in accordance with the present invention a technique can be utilized in a computer system to identify highly salient phrasal units across the entire span of a document that are capable of functioning as representative of the document's content. This set of phrasal units, referred to as "topic stamps" and typically presented in relational context, will be used to provide a "capsule overview" of the document. To further describe the concept of topic stamps and capsule overviews refer now to the following discussion.
Capsule Overviews
A capsule overview is not a true summary, in that it does not attempt to convey document content as a sequence of sentences. Instead, it is a semi-formal and normalized representation of the document, derived after a process of data reduction over the original text.
Through capsule overviews, a document's content is characterized in a way that is representative of the full flow of the document. This is in contrast to passage extraction techniques, which typically highlight only certain fragments. Also, capsule overviews are derived by carrying out linguistically intensive analysis of the text in a document, which seeks semantic prominence of linguistics expressions, rather than just occurrence of certain pre-specified, or highly frequent, words and phrases—thus the system and method described here can be applied to any document, independent of domain, style or genre.
A capsule overview is not an instantiated template. A primary consideration of the content characterization system and method described here is that they should not be specific to any document source or type. A capsule overview is a coherently presented list of linguistic expressions which refer to the most prominent objects mentioned in the document, i.e., its topic stamps, and furthermore provide richer specification of the relational contexts (e.g., verb phrases, minimal clauses) in which these expressions appear.
To further illustrate the concepts associated with a capsule overview, refer now to the following news article shown in Table 1. (Marking certain phrase units within single quotes is an annotation device, for subsequent references to the text from within this disclosure document; these annotations were not part of the original article.)
Priest Is Charged with Pope Attack
'A Spanish Priest' was charged here today with attempting to murder the
Pope. 'Juan Fernandez Krohn', aged 32, was arrested after 'a man armed
with a bayonet' approached the Pope while he was saying prayers at
Fatima on Wednesday night. According to the police, 'Fernandez' told the
investigators today that 'he' trained for the past six months for the
assault. 'He' was alleged to have claimed the Pope "looked furious"
on hearing 'the priest's' criticism of his handling of the church's
affairs. If found guilty, 'the Spaniard' faces a prison sentence of
15-20 years.
There are a number of reasons why the title, "Priest Is Charged with Pope Attack", is a highly representative abstraction of the content of the passage. It encapsulates the essence of what the story is about: there are two actors, identified by their most prominent characteristics; one of them has been attacked by the other; the perpetrator has been charged; there is an implication of malice to the act. The title brings the complete set of salient facts together, in a thoughtfully composed statement, designed to be brief yet informative. Whether a present day natural language analysis program can derive—without being primed of a domain and genre—the information required to generate such a summary is arguable. (This is assuming, of course, that natural language generation techniques could, in their own right, do the planning and delivery of such a concise and information-packed message.) However, part of the task of delivering accurate content characterization is being able to identify the components of this abstraction (e.g., 'priest', 'pope attack', 'charged with'). It is from these components that, eventually, a true summary of this document would begin to be constructed.
It is also precisely these components, viewed as phrasal units with certain discourse properties, that a capsule overview should present as a characterization of the context of the document. Accordingly, in the present invention, the most salient and therefore most representative phrasal units, as well as the relational expressions they are associated with, are identified to provide the core content of the document.
To describe the generation of capsule overviews in accordance with the present invention in more detail refer now to FIG. 2 and the accompanying text. FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a system and method for characterizing the content of a document in accordance with the present invention. As is seen in the figure, first a list of discourse referents are provided within the document via step 202. Then, the document is divided into separate segments based upon changes in topic, via step 204. Thereafter, the discourse referents are linked together into co-reference classes, via step 206. Next, the salience for each of the discourse referents is calculated, via step 208. After those calculations are performed, then it is determined which discourse referents have the highest values within a segment, via step 210.
The core information unit that the invention concerns itself with is the set of discourse referents in a document. Discourse referents are typically realised as noun phrases. In essence, these are the entities—actors and objects—around which a story unfolds. In order to determine, and maintain, an accurate model of what a document is about, it is neccesary to be able to identify the ways in which the same entity is referred to in the text, as well as to establish co-referentiality among different 'mentions' in the text of the same entity. The sample document in Table 1 provides examples of the same entity being referred to in different ways in the text ("Priest", "a Spanish Priest", "Fernandez", and "he", in the second paragraph, all refer to the same person), as well as of different entities being referred to by the same text string ("he" in the first paragraph refers to the Pope, while "he" in the second paragraph referes to the priest).
Thereafter, discourse referents with the highest salience values are labelled as topic stamps, via step 212. The local contexts around each of the topic stamps are identified, via step 214. Finally, from this information a capsule overview of the document is constructed with a given degree of granularity via step 216. A key concept associated with generation of the capsule overviews is the calculation of salience values for the discourse referents, which are then used for determining topic stamps in the document. The following will discuss salience based calculations in more detail.
Salience-based Content Characterization
Salience is a measure of the relative prominence of objects in discourse: objects with high salience are the focus of attention; those with low salience are at the periphery. In an effort to resolve the problems facing a term-based approach to content characterization, as discussed in the background of the application, a procedure in accordance with the present invention has been developed which uses a salience feature as the basis for a "ranking by importance" of an unstructured referent set; ultimately, this facilitates topic stamp identification. By determining the salience of the members of a referent set, an ordering can be imposed which, in connection with an appropriate choice of threshold value, permits the reduction of the entire referent set to only those expressions that identify the most prominent participants in the discourse. This reduced set of terms, in combination with information about local context at various levels of granularity (verb phrase, minimal clause, sentence, etc.) offers an accurate and detailed characterization of a document's content. This may then be folded into an appropriate presentation metaphor such as that described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/972,935 entitled "A System and Method for the Dynamic Presentation of the Contents of a Plurality of Documents for Rapid Skimming" and assigned to the assignee of the present application.
Crucially, such an analysis satisfies some important requirements of usability of document content abstractions: it is concise, it is coherent, and it does not introduce the cognitive overload associated with a full-scale term set. In a more general sense, this method utilizes a strategy for scaling up the phrasal analysis techniques utilized by standard term identification and template instantiation technologies, which has at its core the utilization of a crucial feature of discourse structure: the prominence, over some segment of text, of particular referents—something that is missing from the traditional technology for 'bare' terminology identification.
Anaphora Resolution and Local Salience
For the purposes of determining how discourse referents relate to objects in the world of the document, a simplifying assumption is made that every noun phrase identified by extended phrasal analysis constitutes a "mention" of a participant in the discourse. In order to determine which expressions constitute mentions of the same referent, the method described here crucially relies upon being able to carry out anaphora resolution and coreferent identification. Linguistic expressions that are identified as coreferential are grouped into equivalence classes, and each equivalence class is taken to represent a unique referent in the discourse. The set of such equivalence classes constitutes the full referent set from which, ultimately, topic stamps will be derived.
A distinctive feature of the anaphora resolution algorithm is that it has been specially adapted to work from a shallow syntactic base: specifically, it does not require full syntactic analysis of the text. This makes the method applicable to any text document, irrespective of its domain, style, or genre. This type of anaphora resolution algorithm is described, in full detail, in the paper "Anaphora for Everyone: Pronominal Anaphora Resolution Without a Parser," by C. Kennedy and B. Boguraev, which was presented at the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Copenhagen, Denmark, Aug. 5-9, 1996.
The immediate result of anaphora resolution is to reduce the extended phrase set of all mentions of objects in the discourse; the larger consequence is that it provides the basis for the identification of topic stamps, as it introduces both a working definition of salience and a formal mechanism for determining the salience of particular linguistic expressions. This connection between anaphora resolution, co-reference identification, discourse salience, and semantic prominence is described in fuller detail in "Anaphora for Everyone: Pronominal Anaphora Resolution Without a Parser," (C. Kennedy and B. Boguraev, in Proceedings of COLING-96 (16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics), Copenhagen, DK, Aug. 5-9, 1996) and "Anaphora in a Wider Context: Tracking Discourse Referents" (C. Kennedy and B. Boguraev, in W. Wahlster, Editor, Proceedings of ECAI-96 (12th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence), Budapest, Hungary, Aug. 11-16, 1996. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., London/New York).
Roughly speaking, the anaphora resolution procedure locates an antecedent for an anaphoric expression by first eliminating all impossible candidate antecedents, then ranking the remaining candidates according to a salience measure and selecting the most salient candidate as the antecedent. This measure, which is referred to as 'local salience', is a function of how a candidate antecedent expression satisfies a set of grammatical, syntactic, and contextual parameters. These constraints are typically referred to as "salience factors". Individual salience factors are associated with numerical values, as shown below.
"sent": 100 iff the expression is in the current sentence.
"cntx": 50 iff the expression is in the current discourse segment.
"subj": 80 iff the expression is a subject.
"exst": 70 iff the expression is in an existential construction.
"poss": 65 iff the expression is a possessive.
"acc": 50 iff the expression is a direct object.
"dat": 40 iff the expression is an indirect object.
"oblq": 30 iff the expression is the complement of a preposition.
"head": 80 iff the expression is not contained in another phrase.
"arg": 50 iff the expression is not contained in an adjunct.
The local salience of a candidate is the sum of the values of the salience factors that are satisfied by some member of the equivalence class to which the candidate belongs; values may be satisfied at most once by each member of the class. The most important aspect of these numerical values for our concerns is that they impose a relational structure on the salience factors, which in turn provides the basis for ordering referents according to their relative prominence in the discourse (in other words, what is important is not so much the values themselves but the fact that they denote that, for instance, "subj" factor indicates higher prominence than "acc", itself more prominent than "oblq", and so forth).
Discourse Salience and Capsule Overview
An important feature of local salience is that it is variable: the salience of a referent decreases and increases according to the frequency with which it is mentioned (taking into account subsequent anaphoric expressions). When an anaphoric link is established, the anaphor is added to the equivalence class to which its antecedent belongs, and the salience of the class is boosted accordingly. If a referent ceases to be mentioned in the text, however, its local salience is incrementally decreased; this reflects decay in its prominence. This approach works well for the purpose of anaphora resolution, because it provides a realistic representation of the antecedent space for an anaphor by ensuring that only those referents that have mentions within a local domain have increased prominence. However, the ultimate goal of salience-based content characterization differs from that of anaphora resolution in an important respect. In order to determine which linguistic expressions should be presented as broadly representative of the content of a document, it is necessary to generate a picture of the prominence of referents across the entire discourse, not just within a local domain.
For illustration of the intuition underlying this idea, consider the news article discussed in Table 1. Intuitively, the reason why "priest" is at the focus of the title is that there are no less than eight references to the same actor in the body of the story (marked by single quotes in the example); moreover, these references occur in prominent syntactic positions: five are subjects of main clauses, two are subjects of embedded clauses, and one is a possessive. (This example also illustrates the rationale behind the above-described salience factors.) Similarly, the reason why "Pope attack" is the secondary object of the title is that a constituent of the compound, "Pope", also receives multiple mentions (five), although these references tend to occur in less prominent positions (two are direct objects).
In order to generate the broader picture of discourse structure needed to inform the selection of certain expressions as most salient, and therefore most representative of content, we introduce an elaboration of the local salience computation described above that uses the same conditions to calculate a non-decreasing, global salience value for every referent in the text. This non-decreasing salience measure, which is referred to as 'discourse salience', reflects the distributional properties of a referent as the text story unfolds. In conjunction with the "tracking" of referents made available by anaphora resolution—as discussed at some length in: "Anaphora in a wider context: Tracking discourse referents" (C. Kennedy and B. Boguraev, in W. Wahlster, editor, Proceedings of ECAI-96 (12th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence), Budapest, Hungary, Aug. 11-16, 1996. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, London/New York)—discourse salience provides the basis for a coherent representation of discourse structure that indicates the topical prominence of individual mentions of referents in isolated segments of text.
Most importantly, discourse salience provides exactly the information that is needed to impose the type of importance-based ranking of referents which is required for the identification of topic stamps. Specifically, by associating every referent with a discourse salience value, we can identify the topic stamps for a segment of text S as the n highest ranked referents in S, where n is a scalable value.
The notion "segment of text" plays an extremely important role in the content characterization task, as it provides the basic information-structuring units around which a capsule overview for a document is constructed. Again, the example from Table 1 gives a useful illustration of the important issues. The reason that the title of this passage works as an overview of its content is because the text itself is fairly short. As a text increases in length, the "completeness" of a short description as a characterization of content deteriorates. If the intention is to use concise descriptions consisting of one or two salient phrases—i.e., topic stamps—along with information about the local context in which they appear as the primary information-bearing units for a capsule overview, then it follows that texts longer than a few paragraphs must be broken down into smaller units or "segments".
In order to solve this problem, a document is recast as a set of 'discourse segments', which correspond to topically coherent, contiguous sections of text. One approach to segmentation which works well for the purposes of this method implements a similarity-based algorithm along the lines of that described by Hearst, in her paper entitled "Multi-Paragraph Segmentation of Expository Text." (M. Hearst, in 32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Las Cruces, N. Mex., 1994), which identifies discourse segments in text using a lexical similarity measure. By calculating the discourse salience of referents with respect to the results of discourse segmentation, each segment can be associated with a listing of those expressions that are most salient within the segment, i.e., each segment can be assigned a set of topic stamps. The result of these calculations, namely the set of segment-topic stamp pairs, ordered according to linear sequencing of the segments in the text, can then be returned as the capsule overview for the entire document. In this way, the problem of content characterization of a large text is reduced to the problem of finding topic stamps for each discourse segment.
Capsule Overview Example
The following discussion describes an example of an article the analysis of which utilizes the present invention. The operational components of salience-based content characterization fall in the following categories: discourse segmentation; phrasal analysis (of nominal expressions and their relational contexts); anaphora resolution and generation of the reduced referent set; calculation of discourse salience and identification of topic stamps; and enriching topic stamps with information about relational context(s). Some of the functionality follows directly from technology developed for the purposes of terminology identification; in particular, both relation identification and extended phrasal analysis are carried out by running a phrasal grammar over a stream of text tokens tagged for lexical, morphological, and syntactic information, and for grammatical function; this is in addition to a grammar mining for terms and, generally, referents. In a preferred embodiment the base level linguistic analysis is provided by the LINGSOFT supertagger; see F. Karlsson, A. Voutilainen, J. Heikkila, and A. Antilla, "Constraint Grammar: A Language-Independent System for Parsing Free Text", Mouton de Gruyter, 1995. The later, more semantically-intensive algorithms are described in detail in "Anaphora for Everyone: Pronominal Anaphora Resolution Without a Parser" (C. Kennedy and B. Boguraev, in Proceedings of COLING-96 (16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics), Copenhagen, DK, 1996) and "Anaphora in a Wider Context: Tracking Discourse Referents" (C. Kennedy and B. Boguraev, in W. Wahlster, editor, Proceedings of ECAI-96 (12th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence), Budapest, Hungary, 1996. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, London/New York). The procedure is illustrated by highlighting certain aspects of a capsule overview of an article 300 shown in FIG. 3.
The document is of medium-to-large size (approximately four pages in print), and focuses on the strategy of Gilbert Amelio (former CEO of Apple Computer) concerning a new operating system for the Macintosh. Too long to quote here in full, the following passage from the beginning of the article contains the first, second and third segments (shown at 302, 304, and 306 in FIG. 3), as identified by the discourse segmentation component. (In the figure, segment boundaries are marked by extra vertical space; this markup is for illustration purposes only, and indicates the result of running the discourse segmentation algorithm. No such demarcation exists in the source of the article itself).
The capsule overview was automatically generated by a fully implemented, and operational, system, which incorporates all of the processing components identified above. The relevant sections of the overview of the article 300 (for the three segments of the passage quoted) are shown in Tables 3, 4 and 5 below.
The topic stamps for the three segments 302, 304 and 306 constitute the core data out of which a capsule overview is constructed; these are shown immediately following the segment sequence identifies (in square brackets). The capsule overview itself displays the topic stamps (highlighted in single quotes) in their relational contents.
[1] Apple; Microsoft
'Apple' would swoop in and take 'Microsoft's' customers?
'Apple' lost $816 million;
'Microsoft' made $2.2 billion.
'Microsoft' has a market value thirty times that of 'Apple'
it makes sense for 'Apple'
'Apple' is in a position
'Apple' needs something dramatic
[2] desktop machines; operating system
Today's 'desktop machines', he [Gilbert Amelio] says
Tomorrow's 'machines' must accommodate rivers of data
Time to scrap your 'operating system' and start over
The 'operating system' is the software that controls
to go with the 'reengineered operating system'
[3] Gilbert Amelio; new operating system
'Amelio', 53, brings a lot of credibility to this task
'His' [Gilbert Amelio] resume includes
where is 'Amelio' going to get this 'new operating system'?
radical redesign in 'operating systems' that 'Amelio' is talking about
The division of this passage into segments, and the segment-based assignment of topic stamps, exemplifies a capsule overview's "tracking" of the underlying coherence of a story. The discourse segmentation component recognizes shifts in topic—in this example, the shift from discussing the relation between Apple and Microsoft to some remarks on the future of desktop computing to a summary of Amelio's background and plans for Apple's operating system. Layered on top of segmentation are the topic stamps themselves, in their relational contexts, at a phrasal level of granularity.
The first segment (Table 3) sets up the discussion by positioning Apple opposite Microsoft in the marketplace and focusing on their major products, the operating systems. The topic stamps identified for this segment, "Apple" and "Microsoft", together with their local contexts, are both indicative of the introductory character of the opening paragraphs and highly representative of the gist of the first segment. Note that the apparent uninformativeness of some relational contexts, for example, " . . . 'Apple' is in a position . . . ", does not pose a serious problem. An adjustment of the granularity—at capsule overview presentation time such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 08/972,935, entitled "A System and Method for the Dynamic Presentation of the Contents of a Plurality of Documents for Rapid Skimming and assigned to the assignee of the present invention—reveals the larger context in which the topic stamp occurs (e.g., a sentence), which in turn inherits the high topicality ranking of its anchor: "'Apple' is in a position where standing pat almost certainly means slow death."
For the second segment (Table 4) of the sample, "operating system" and "desktop machines" have been identified as representative. The set of topic stamps and contexts illustrated provides an encapsulated snapshot of the segment, which introduces Amelio' s views on coming challenges for desktop machines and the general concept of an operating system. Again, even if some of these are somewhat under-specified, more detail is easily available by a change in granularity, which reveals the definitional nature of the even larger context "The 'operating system' is the software that controls how your computer's parts . . . "
The third segment (Table 5) of the passage exemplified above is associated with the stamps "Gilbert Amelio" and "new operating system". The reasons, and linguistic rationale, for the selection of these particular noun phrases as topical are essentially identical to the intuition behind "priest" and "Pope attack" being the central topics of the example in Table 1. The computational justification for the choices lies in the extremely high values of salience, resulting from taking into account a number of factors: co-referentiality between "Amelio" and "Gilbert Amelio", co-referentiality between "Amelio" and "His", syntactic prominence of "Amelio" (as a subject) promoting topical status higher than for instance "Apple" (which appears in adjunct positions), high overall frequency (four, counting the anaphor, as opposed to three for "Apple"—even if the two get the same number of text occurrences in the segment), and boost in global salience measures, due to "priming" effects of both referents for "Gilbert Amelio" and "operating system" in the prior discourse of the two preceding segments. Compared to a single phrase summary in the form of, say, "Amelio seeks a new operating system", the overview for the closing segment comes close; arguably, it is even better than any single phrase summary.
As the discussion of this example illustrates, a capsule overview is derived by a process which facilitates partial understanding of the text by the user. The final set of topic stamps is designed to be representative of the core of the document content. It is compact, as it is a significantly cut-down version of the full list of identified terms. It is highly informative, as the terms included in it are the most prominent ones in the document. It is representative of the whole document, as a separate topic tracking module effectively maintains a record of where and how referents occur in the entire span of the text. As the topics are, by definition, the primary content-bearing entities in a document, they offer accurate approximation of what that document is about.
Although the present invention has been described in accordance with the embodiments shown, one of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that there could be variations to the embodiments and those variations would be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, many modifications may be made by one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
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|Oct 24, 2005
|Apr 14, 2015
|Invention Machines Corporation
|Semantic processor for recognition of cause-effect relations in natural language documents
|Mar 27, 2007
|May 12, 2015
|Invention Machine Corporation
|System and method for model element identification
|Jul 31, 2003
|Jul 15, 2004
|Takashi Yokohari
|Job guidance assisting system by using computer and job guidance assisting method
|Mar 11, 2004
|Nov 11, 2004
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Apparatus for and method of summarising text
|Mar 10, 2004
|Dec 23, 2004
|American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc.
|Travel market broker system
|Dec 5, 2001
|Jan 27, 2005
|Xerox Corporation
|Meta-document management system with personality identifiers
|Oct 22, 2003
|Apr 28, 2005
|Jeonghee Yi
|Method and system for extracting opinions from text documents
|Oct 27, 2004
|Jul 28, 2005
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method and system for spatial information retrieval for hyperlinked documents
|Oct 24, 2005
|Feb 23, 2006
|James Todhunter
|Semantic processor for recognition of cause-effect relations in natural language documents
|Sep 2, 2004
|Mar 16, 2006
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Document content analysis technology for reducing cognitive load
|Nov 22, 2005
|Apr 13, 2006
|Xerox Corporation
|System with user directed enrichment and import/export control
|Nov 2, 2005
|May 25, 2006
|Ton Dai T
|Twist-down implant delivery technologies
|Nov 30, 2004
|Jun 1, 2006
|Xerox Corporation
|Systems and methods for user-interest sensitive condensation
|Aug 29, 2006
|Dec 21, 2006
|American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc.
|System and method for processing trip requests
|Oct 15, 2003
|Mar 29, 2007
|Goradia Gautam D
|Interactive system for building and sharing one's own databank of wisdom bytes, such as words of wisdom, basic truths and/or facts and and feats, in one or more languages
|Oct 24, 2005
|Apr 26, 2007
|James Todhunter
|System and method for cross-language knowledge searching
|Oct 17, 2007
|Mar 13, 2008
|Books24X7.Com, Inc.
|System and method for providing a searchable library of electronic documents to a user
|Aug 21, 2007
|Apr 17, 2008
|Unifiedvoice Corporation
|Transcriptional dictation
|Sep 25, 2007
|Mar 26, 2009
|Yahoo! Inc.
|Non-intrusive, context-sensitive integration of advertisements within network-delivered media content
|Oct 1, 2008
|Apr 9, 2009
|Fujitsu Limited
|Determining A Document Specificity
|Mar 23, 2009
|Sep 23, 2010
|Dany Moshkovich
|Semantic Intensity Based Decomposition of Software Systems
|Dec 21, 2009
|Nov 17, 2011
|Akihiro Tamura
|Text processing apparatus, text processing method, and computer-readable recording medium
|Aug 29, 2008
|Mar 6, 2013
|Coreference resolution in an ambiguity-sensitive natural language processing system
|Aug 29, 2008
|Mar 5, 2009
|Powerset Inc
|Coreference resolution in an ambiguity-sensitive natural language processing system
|U.S. Classification
|715/256, 704/9, 715/277
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 19, 1997
Owner name: APPLE COMPUTER, INC., CALIFORNIA
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|Jun 30, 2004
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Owner name: APPLE INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:APPLE COMPUTER INC.;REEL/FRAME:019086/0897
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text: comments Religion and Values Blog NewsOK | BLOGS March 11 Today's Prayer by Carla Hinton Published: March 11, 2010 Thursday, March 11 Heal the sick, dear Lord, and let their resilience be a testimony to Your power. Amen. 0 0 Embed 0 Submit Letter Show Comments MORE FROM NEWSOK by Carla Hinton Religion Editor Carla Hinton, an Oklahoma City native, joined The Oklahoman in 1986 as a National Society of Newspaper Editors minority intern. She began reporting full-time for The Oklahoman two years later and has served as a beat writer covering a wide... + show more AROUND THE WEB 1 This map shows the biggest music festival in Oklahoma, other states 2 Bristol Palin Slams Washington State Initiative to Give Free Birth Control to Minors 3 Oregon pot stores sell more than $11 million in first 5 days 4 Sigourney Weaver turns 66: Then and now 5 Not Sucking in Their Seventies: Rock Lifers Go the Distance + show more FEATURED JOBS See All Ads


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Credit Crunch Christmas: Bigtrak under £20
Some toys, over time, have managed to reach classic status, spanning the generations with excellent design and the ability to engage children despite all the trappings of the modern age.
Bigtrak is just one of these classic children's toys and is bound to go down extremely well with any small child. And it won't break the bank either as Bigtrak is on sale at Argos for £17.49.
The much-loved toy has 6 wheels and can be controlled through the 23-button keypad, enabling it to move around the home delivering Apples and firing its front-mounted blue photon beam at any pets that get in its way. You'll also be able store previous routes with a 16 preset function.
On Pocket-lint we covered the launch of the Bigtrak Jr, and even pitted old against new in our Bigtrak vs Bigtrak Jr face off.
At internetmatters.org parents can find all the advice they will need to keep their children safe online. Designed specifically for parents, the site offers a wealth of up-to-date, unbiased information and advice about how to deal with online safety. Parents can learn about the latest issues and technologies, get great tips on how to talk about online safety with their children and get the best advice on dealing with issues and taking action. Created with experts, Internet Matters provides detailed information, but also signposts to best-in-class resources from individual expert organisations. Our goal is to ensure parents can always access the information that they need, in a format that is clear and concise.
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- Spectre x2 is HP's thinnest 2-in-1 ever and it's powerful too


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Does this restaurant accept reservations?
Does this restaurant serve Mediterranean food?
Is this restaurant good for couples?
Is this restaurant good for dinner?
Does this restaurant serve American food?
Is this restaurant good for bar scene?
Is this restaurant good for special occasions?
Is this restaurant good for breakfast?
Is this restaurant good for brunch?
Is this restaurant family-friendly?
Thanks for helping!
I have only eaten here once, and the food was good. But I eat in the area often, and whenever I have to wait to be seated, I come here for a drink. The atmosphere is great, but the cocktails and apps are even better.
Kid-Friendly Cambridge
Day tripping in Boston and Cambridge
Mount Auburn Cemetery
We were looking for a restaurant in Cambridge, someplace nice but not too pricey, with good menu choices. This place was excellent on all accounts. A happy atmosphere, friendly and attentive service, sea scallops were fabulous. We rely heavily on our fellow tripadvisor's reviews! Keep 'me coming - that's how we find many restaurants, etc when traveling.
A great find in an area with lots of college oriented places, and high end expensive restaurants. Food is very good, reasonable portions and prices. Nice atmosphere and great service.
We are spending our summers in Cambridge, MA, and the West Side Lounge has become our favourite neighbourhood restaurant for dinner and Sunday brunch. The meals are always well prepared and well presented; the décor is inviting and interesting, with frequently changing original art; and the staff is knowledgeable, efficient, and fun. Just a delightful, easy-going place to visit, enjoy,...
This is our neighborhood go-to place and we love it. This time I had asparagus tortellini on a bed of fresh spinach. It was delicious. My friend had the chicken on mashed potatoes and she ate every bite. My husband had the lamb burger which was dry, but he had ordered it well-done. The best part of the meal was...
Drinks and food more affordable then Temple Bar which it is next door to and service seems friendlier and more consistent. Although their food is fine and reasonably priced, it never excites me. They used mashed potatoes (goat cheese or wasabi or jalapeno) freqently as a side with the entree which does not appeal to me at all (particularly in...
My colleagues and I like the West Side Lounge. It's reliable, has a mildly funky relaxed atmosphere, and a great cocktail list. And it always seems better value than the equivalent standard of food in Harvard Square. A favorite.
This place never disappoints and deserves to be successful as t has been for many years. Love the booths and the lighting as everyone looks pretty there. The drinks are original and the food creative and often updated. Great service too. Go!
I had dinner at the West Side Lounge on Saturday night. We had reservations and were seated right away. It was 7pm and not that busy, our waiter was attentive and apps and food were great. I liked the mix of things on the menu as I ended up with brussel sprouts for an app and the BBQ Pork dinner....
Stopped in with 2 daughters as we passed by. The wait staff were friendly & professional. The food was awesome, lots of choices. I recommend the Brussels sprouts app, so good! You can eat big or small according to your appetite & have a rewarding experience. We were there on a warm sunny late afternoon. Restaurant opens up to the...
Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.


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Honda Odyssey Questions Any type
- Newest
- Recently Active
- Unanswered
2004 Odyssey Both Passenger Door Locks Don't Work
I had the passenger sliding door lock actuator completely go out, so I replaced it. That worked great for a few weeks, then the front passenger door lock started getting "lazy", where sometimes it ...
Should I Need To Have The Front End Of My 2002 Honda Odyssey Lined Up After...
I replaced the front struts on my 2002 Honda Odyssey and immediately afterward when driving home, the steering wheel was no longer orientated properly. I had to turn the steering wheel to the 1 or 2...
Turning Off The Tpms Light In My 2011 Honda Odyssey
TPMS light is staying on. Had new tires put on and still hasn't turned off.
Alternator Or Transmission?
2007 Honda Odyssey with less than 50k miles. Early tonight was making a strange whining sound. Drove a few places. Later came out and van did not want to move in reverse. It shifted into reverse, j...
Drivers Side Blows Hot Air After Battery Disconnect
My 2006 Odyssey had the starter replaced a few days ago. Ever since, the drivers side vents blow hot air when the a/c is running. It was working great three days ago. Am I right in guessing thi...
My 2005 Odyssey Gear Shift Is Locked In Park. Also My Back Up Lights Will N...
my car gear shift is locked in park. also back up lights will not come on.
How To Replace A Honda Odyessy Head Gasket
Already know how to het to the gasket.. want to make sure there's anything else I need to know. Like sealant? Where? edges? cleaning with brake fluid? replace bolts with new ones? No stretch?
Passenger Side Front Door Not Opening
Honda Odyseey 2007. Passenger side door is not opening all of a sudden. Tried opening from outside, inside, remote key door opener. but to no avail. The door lock knob doesnt come all the way up. It...
What Causes The Oil Pressure To Build Up And Blow Oil All Over Your Spark P...
What Is The Code To Unlock Stero System
My Car Was Running Fine, But Suddenly The Car Stopped Operating
When i start the car, the car turns on, but it dies immediately afterwards.
2002 Odyssey Power Sliding Door Closes But Then Reopens?
One of the fixed contacts is loose on the body door contact receptacle
The Electric Door On My Honda Odyssey Wont Open Even Manually. I Hear The E...
My Car Will Not Start What To Do?
my car will not start. I put the key in and nothing. Checked the battery and it is checked the starter it is fine shall I take it to the dealer?
Major Power Loss. Honda Odyssey
My 2004 odyssey has around 235k miles. Location is South Carolina . The issue is; it'll run great for 2,3 days, then it loses power.won't go over 20 mph and sputters some. Never shuts off. New ai...
2009 Odysseys Interior Door Handle For Sliding Doors Not Working.
2009 Honda Odyssey Sliding doors will open with driver's buttons or key fob, but won't open with inside handle. It will open with outside handle. First the passenger side stopped working, and now ...
How In The World Do You Program Unlock All Doors In Park On 2008 Odessey To...
I can find how to on every model and year and my book even gives instructions for all models except touring. The head of the service dept. can't even figure it out.
The Honda Odissey Transmisión Have A Filter ..?
Hay to chege a transmisión filter on 2001 honda odissey
Lines Under Vehicle On Passenger Size?
I have a 2005 Honday Odyssey, and I ran over something in the road. My question is what are the lines that run down the passenger side of the vehicle that would cause vehicle to overheat.
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As an NBA fan, it's difficult this time of year to await the NBA draft, which is this week, and not think about University of Maryland star Len Bias, who was taken by the Boston Celtics with the No. 2 pick in the 1986 June draft and was dead two days later. Sadly, Bias played a role in his own death by ingesting drugs.
That still hurts.
Yet, there's another sports tragedy that stings even more, and that is the killing of Washington Redskins safety Sean Taylor during a break-in at his Florida home and the fact that justice is moving agonizingly slow.
Colleague Nathan Fenno, a great reporter and wonderful storyteller, explains in Monday's editions of The Washington Times who and what helped to drag a murder case that began Nov. 27, 2007, when five suspects broke into Taylor's Miami home.
The entry of the story is told through the monotonous goings-on of murderer Venjah Hunte, with whom Mr. Fenno has been corresponding and who maintains a measure of human dignity in Miami's Metro West Detention Center by sticking to a daily routine that includes prayer.
Hunte agreed to a plea deal in 2008 and is serving a 29-year sentence, the only person connected with the killing who has had his day in court.
And, like the rest of us, Hunte waits.
From the outside, it seems as though the key players charged with meting out justice and the defendants are mocking the Sixth Amendment's "speedy trial" clause.
The judge issued a gag order in 2008, so who knows?
Curiously, one of the defendants — Eric Rivera, the suspected gunman — is writhing like a snake in the grass: Last year, he dropped his defense attorney and just this month filed a motion to represent himself, Mr. Fenno tells us.
The lawyer for another defendant got busted in a wire-fraud scheme.
The delays and motions leave us now waiting to see what will happen in August, when Mr. Rivera and the three others, all behind bars and all charged with first-degree murder, are scheduled for trials that, Mr. Fenno says, "have been relentlessly delayed since the first attempt in April 2008."
"Last year, for instance, a trial date of April 16 became Nov. 5, then April 5 of this year," he reports. "The latest try is set for August."
Mr. Fenno reminds us that it was nearly 5 ago that would-be burglars broke into Taylor's walled-off home at about 1:40 a.m. and mortally wounded him when a bullet cut his femoral artery.


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Days Inn - Holly Springs
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A day at Graceland
... world! As we had passed the restaurant nearby he had seen and recognized Jean. We then entered the Hawaii exhibit, which showed his connection to the islands - the Arizona Memorial concert to raise funds to build the memorial, various movies, and his 1969 satellite broadcast concert, Live from Hawaii. We then walked back to the main complex. We did the free museum about Tupelo. They had an interesting movie about a guy ...
Rockin' the Hill Country
... re somewhere rather different than home!
We then switch buses and reach Clarksdale for dinner at Ground Zero. For those who had not been here before, the first look at Ground Zero is a bit surprising! Our on-bus musicians sing a guest song on the stage and make the most ever out of the one song they are given! I settle in for the night in my very own room and wait for the next day.
All's well that ends well.
... The rain began just south of Dodge City, followed by a severe thunderstorm with lightning, winds ( later found to be gusting to 60 mph ), and the accompanying loss of visibility. Unfortunately, we were in Kansas and had to ride it out, finally reaching a store near Mineola, KS where we took refuge for a while and let the weather front move on through. Once the weather settled down, we were back on the road to Enid, OK with ...
New tent!!
The new (and bigger) tent arrived yesterday and we got the chance to put it up today. It is huge, but surprisingly easy to put up although it may be a different story in the dark and the rain by myself. We put it up and then Gypsy and I tried it ...
Day 14
... amp; twin brother who died at birth. It was then in to his transport collection which included rolls royces, cadillacs & 2 private jets. The planes where just amazing inside, he had a private bedroom, lounge, dinner table and even the seat belts where made from 24 carat gold! After our tour round Graceland we head into Memphis and specifically Beale Street. On the way we stopped off at Sun Studios where Elvis and ...