text:
Safford, William Edwin, 1859-1926
William Edwin Safford
Safford, W.E. (William Edwin), 1859-1926
Safford, W. E.
Safford, William Edwin
VIAF ID: 35938126 (Personal)
Permalink: http://viaf.org/viaf/35938126
Preferred Forms
- 100 1 _ ‡a Safford, William Edwin (undifferentiated) (sparse)
- 100 1 _ ‡a Safford, William Edwin ‡d 1859-1926
- 100 1 _ ‡a Safford, William Edwin, ‡d (1859-1926)
- 100 1 _ ‡a Safford, William Edwin, ‡d 1859-1926
- 100 0 _ ‡a William Edwin Safford
- 100 0 _ ‡a William Edwin Safford
4xx's: Alternate Name Forms (7)
- 400 1 _ ‡a Safford, ... ‡d 1859-1926
- 400 1 _ ‡a Safford, W. E., ‡d 1859-1926
- 400 1 _ ‡a Safford, W. E. ‡d 1859-1926
- 400 1 _ ‡a Safford, William E. ‡d 1859-1926
- 400 0 _ ‡a Safford¤bW. E
- 400 0 _ ‡a Safford¤bW. E.
- 400 0 _ ‡a William Edwin Safford ‡c American botanist
|The Abbott collection from the Andman Islands
|Annona sericea and its allies.
|Cactaceœ of northeastern and central Mexico together with a synopsis of the principal Mexican genera
|The Chamorro language of Guam; a grammar of the idiom spoken by the inhabitants of the Marianne, or Ladrones, Islands
|Classification of the genus Annona with descriptions of new and imperfectly known species
|Daturas of the old world and new an account of their narcotic properties and their use in oracular and initiatory ceremonies
|Edward Palmer.
|The fishes of Samoa.
|Guam an account of its discovery and reduction, physical geography and natural history, and the social and economic conditions on the island during the first year of the American occupation
|Lignum nephriticum Its history and an account of the remarkable fluorescence of its infusion
|Narcotic plants and stimulants of the ancient americans
|Natural history of Paradise Key and nearby Everglades of Florida
|The Ohio valley Saffords
|Our heritage from the American Indians
|The potato of romance and reality
|Te Pito te Henua : known as Rapa Nui; commonly called Easter Island, South Pacific Ocean. Latitude 27 10 ́S., longitude 109 26 ́W
|Useful plants of the island of Guam : with an introductory account of the physical features and natural history of the island, of the character and history of its people, and of their agriculture
|William Edwin Safford papers
Countries of Publication (2)
Publication Statistics
Selected Publishers (9)
Personal Information
- US - United States


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This project was commissioned to us by Nokia and finished in record time, one crazy month indeed. The projection surface, a theatre building with a round glass facade was just awesome, however quite challenging.
To start with the surrounding area was under construction, hence our calculations for the mapping had to be redone several times due to workers tearing down walls, lifting up closures that either block the projection light or block the position for our projectors, nevertheless all very amusing.
We had to come up with the storyboard during that period aswell, shoot in studio, 3D design and render.
We also had to manage to cover the 1000 square meters of glass with white adhesive so it can be projected on. (We hope to be able to share that with you in our making of reel).
The next challenge was to stack 8 full hd Christies in arrays of 4, tons of fun... especially the blending bit where all 8 projectors met, and account for the rounded surface.
Last but not least, the camera trick. We're now adding to our projects a new dimension in order to maximize impact to the spectators by assessing their viewing angle thus creating a movie to match that angle.
Anyway, all very exciting and rewarding...regardless of all the hard work and unexpected stuff.
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64 reviews | 3.2 out of 5
This is the 3rd littermaid automatic litterbox I have purchased. The motor went out on the last two - I wish that the motors would last longer, but I keep buying the boxes because they are well worth the convenience. Try raising the litterbox up on something so you can place a trashcan underneath instead of the receptacles. This idea will save you money on accessories and will extend time between disposing of the clumps!
I rescue & foster almost any animal so, of course, that means lots of cats. I have TNRs (trap, neuter, release) that remain outdoors but others are in/out. Several years ago I rescued a diseased, emaciated, blind kitten (still nursing) & her mother (who I spayed & released). The blind cat (now) has full run of the house and likes to stay upstairs a lot. I've kept 2 Littermaids upstairs for her & her buddies to use when they're upstairs.
I have physical impairments so Littermaid has been an extremely big help to me because I only have to go upstairs to empty the waste receptacle once a week.
I use premium clumping litter so I haven't had to change the litter or wash any of the litterboxes out so far.
I started out with 1 Littermaid, loved it so much I bought more. Out of 6 purchases (1 was a gift) I only had to return 1 that was defective. It has been 4 years & the downstairs one (gets used the most) motor finally went into Malfunction Junction. I've been beside myself because WalMart no longer carries them in their store - so here I am online.
Any product that has moving parts, a motor etc. is expected to have maintenence & glitches from time to time. So if I have to use the prongs on the scoop to clean the rake occasionally, that's a minute price to pay for the convenience. This product has greatly reduced my household chores and leaves me more time to focus on other things.
If one doesn't follow the manufacturer's instructions (putting in too much litter, using the wrong kind of litter, etc) it will create work for you.
I keep a super-sized scoop as well as the Littermaid scoop beside each box. The Littermaid scoop is mainly used to clean the rake. The super scoop makes cleaning the bottom much faster each time I add new litter or for the occasional times you may need to scoop the box manually.
I keep a utility rug under the box & try to make sure the cats have just enough space on one side to enter/leave the box to keep tracking to a minimum.
I double bag my WalMart shopping bags, use them to line the empty plastic bucket (with lid) that the cat litter comes in, empty the waste containers into it & take it out with the trash on garbage pick-up day. I fold a few extra bags & put in the bottom of the bucket to replace the bag that is going out in the trash.
I have a Littermaid in my livingroom & no one has ever noticed (or smelled) it. In inclement weather I have to bring multiple cats indoors. So far they all use the Littermaid without territorial spraying.
My petsitter doesn't charge me so much because she has less work to do.
I LOVE this product but my rottweiler doesn't - because of Littermaid he can no longer "snack" out of the litterbox!
I was excited to get the self-cleaning liter box and thought it would be very helpful. What I found is that the unit needs cleaned just as much, if not more often than a regular liter box. More than that, it was very difficult to clean because of all different surfaces and hidden crevices and compartments. It took me purchasing this ridiculously expensive liter box to find out that the simple liter box that I had been using was not so terrible after all.
I previously bought a Littermaid for my cat and when I had to give my cat away it went with the cat because the cat was so used to having a spotless litterbox. I am now the proud owner of another cat and I am in the process of buying another Littermaid because I loved the one I had before. If you buy cheap litter you will get a cheap result with the Littermaid simply because if the litter isn't a good strong clumping litter it will fall apart and the rake will not get the smaller pieces. However, if you buy a quality litter you will LOVE the Littermaid because it keeps the litterbox VERY clean. I had one cat and I only had to change the receptacles once a week! I used very small trash bags inside the receptacles to keep from buying receptacles often. I loved the Littermaid and so did my cat because he always had a fresh litter box.
My kids saved their allowance to buy this cat box after cleaning it themselves for 2 weeks. They are so excited and don't even mind emptying the tray when it's needed. It really keeps the odors down and much more pleasant.
I have had two of these litter boxes before. This one is a replacement for the first I purchased about 5 years ago. I would recommend this for anyone who finds it difficult to clean a litter box on a daily schedule. The automatic cleaning means that the collection box only needs to be emptied once or twice a week, depending on the number of cats in the home. The collection box is covered so that odor is kept at a minimum.
We've had our litter maid for 2 years with no problems. I thought it was great when we had one cat. We have two now, and I don't think I could clean the litter box as often as it needs to be cleaned like this does. It does take a little bit of maintenance just to keep the jiblets out of the litter. But this is totally worth the money. The other lady said to put it above a trash can, but I just empty the receptacles and reuse them until they need to be replaced (about 3 weeks emptying twice a week).
This is the second one we have had and they pay for themselves in the first week we have had them.
We had to be out of town for four days and were not able to get anyone to sit with our cat. He did great while we were gone because he was cleaned up after each time he went potty.
we owned this and then got rid of it cause we no longer had a cat, but now we got another cat and regret getting rid of it so were buying a new one.... and some people had have problems with the rake keep moving, its because you have too much litter in it.... remove some of the litter and see what it does
I have had one for four years and I am buying my second.
I got my litermaid when I had my cat given to me 3 years ago and I just love it. It came with her and that is the best thing I have ever had. Have never had any problems with it and you wouldn't even know I have a cat unless you see her. One time I have had to clean the sensors but other then that this thing is great. If something ever happen to this one I would replace it with a new one. I use to use the old liter boxes but I will never go back to them again. I don't know why the rest of you have had some much problems but I think they are great.
we received the self cleaning litter box and set up up. i had to go into the hospital the next day (for 7 days). The box kept the kitty litter clean and out of the way. It was nice to come home and just have to empty the receptacle. thanks for a great product.
I have purchased two Littermaids in the past, and have been very pleased with each one. The first one was the basic model. When that one broke after several years, we decided to purchase the Littermaid Plus, since we have three cats. I've had no issues with either one of them (until they broke, but I only purchased two in 12 years, so that's not bad for all the use they get). My current one is running slower, so I'm assuming it's time for a replacement. I will chose the Littermaid Plus again. I was thinking of the Littermaid Elite, but I noticed many unhappy customers on the Consumer Reports website (rake is not as strong as the Plus, the motor tends to burn out after a couple months, etc). As I said, I've been happy with the Plus, so I'm going to replace my current one with another Plus!
I have 3 dogs and 2 cats and 4 birds. I really don't like the used cat litter smell! I bought 2 of the litter maids about 6 years ago and I have been so happy with them. They are in my bedroom and office, so I would know iif they didn't work. My little grand daughter got a new kitten. I bought one for her. When my sister got her cat, I bought one for her as a gift. She was sure they cost too much. Boy, did she change her mind. She loves it. This one I now bought for my mom's new cat. I wouldn't have a cat with out one! What a blessing. I have now bought a total of 5. Best buys I have made in years.
I priced this item at many local stores and none could beat the price Wal-Mart sells it for. Only thing to remember if you put to much litter in the box it will continue to run until you emply some out. If you do not use the recommended litter it will not operate property. This product saves me so much time and energy. Thanks Wal Mart.
I have used this product for over four years for my two cats. They love it and it has never given me any trouble. It keeps the box clean when I go out of town. There is not cat smell as long as the receptacles are emptied when full. It has proven itself to be a real workhorse. You have to use a high quality litter with it, but it has made taking care of my cats a breeze. I would highly recommend this product.
It's amazing! I went from a regular litter box to this one. It does exactly what it says it will do! It uses less liter than the regular liter boxes. The smell is almost nothing compared to the other liter box! It is awesome!
This is my 3rd one and I can highly recommend them. Even though it is my 3rd, they are great. I do need a new one about aver 2.5 years, but with 3 cats, they are a life saver (and smell saver too). The only downside, make sure you keep about 1/2 inch below the fill line or it will run continuously if one of your cats gets in and "plays" in the litter. I need to change the holder about once a week and it takes less than 2 minutes to do the whole thing.
Great product works great. One of my cats would urinate on the dirty clothes lying on the floor, after purchasing this unit he quit. Great product for the money.
I would recomend this highly, im getting ready to buy another one the first one lasted for three years, it so easy to leave them for a few days and come home to a clean litter box.


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<----anti-theist, atheist, discordian, satanist...
Deist and INTJ
Deist and INFP
Deist and ESTP
Deist and ISFP
Deist and ENTP
Agnostic Believer and INTJ
Agnostic Believer and INFP
Agnostic Believer and ESTP
Agnostic Believer and ISFP
Agnostic Believer and ENTP
Agnostic Disbeliever and INTJ
Agnostic Disbeliever and INFP
Agnostic Disbeliever and ESTP
Agnostic Disbeliever and ISFP
Agnostic Disbeliever and ENTP
Atheist and INTJ
Atheist and INFP
Atheist and ESTP
Atheist and ISFP
Atheist and ENTP
This is a discussion on Are you religious and what is your type? within the Member Polls forums, part of the Personality Type Forums category; <----anti-theist, atheist, discordian, satanist......
<----anti-theist, atheist, discordian, satanist...
I noticed there is no ISFJ option....
I am an Agnostic and I believe there is no heaven, no hell, no devil, or God/Jesus.
Karma? -Yes
Aliens? -Yes
Ghosts? -Yes
Mythical creatures? -Yes ...Thought id throw that in there as well.
I believe in Allah and His Messenger Mohammad(pbuh) and all Messengers that came before him(pbuh).
Agnostic Believer and INTJ.
It seems we currently are experiencing a number of random issues with the forum. These could include: ghost private messages, incorrectly dated PMs, old PMs becoming unread, phantom notifications, deleted accounts, etc.Bear with us while we figure out what is going on. If you have any issue to report, please do so in the support forum. Don\'t panic!


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We had dinner on a Saturday evening and really enjoyed our evening. All of us ordered a different dish, all created at our table and the food show was interesting, fun and entertaining. We had a great time. Our only question was that the sake drink we ordered came not as a glass, but as a small 8 ounce bottle. The cost of this small bottle was $18.00 and on the menu it looked like a $5 - $7 dollar drink, not an $18.00 - 8 ounce bottle. So be aware of this as our waitress did not say a word and it was not listed on the menu as such.
If you own or manage Pocket 8's Sushi & Grill, register now for free tools to enhance your listing, attract new reviews, and respond to reviewers.


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Studio Monitors
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Yamaha HS5 5-Inch Powered Studio Monitor$199.99The Yamaha HS5 5-Inch Powered Studio Monitor provides excellent sound quality through a 5" cone woofer and 1" dome tweeter and is perfect for when you have limited space but still need quality monitors. It features ROOM CONTROL and HIGH TRIM response controls as well as XLR and TRS phone jack inputs that accept balanced or unbalanced signals. Buy one from UniqueSquared.com today and save! Learn More
Yamaha HS7 6.5-Inch Powered Studio Monitor$299.99The Yamaha HS7 6.5-Inch Powered Studio Monitor is a 2-way, bi-amped nearfield studio monitor with a 6.5" woofer and a 1" dome tweeter featuring a total of 95-watts of amplification. Dial it in to your room with room control and trim response controls and enjoy easy connection using either XLR or TRS 1/4" jack inputs that accept balanced and unbalanced signals. Buy yours today from UniqueSquared.com Learn More
Yamaha HS8S 8 Inch Powered Subwoofer$449.99The Yamaha HS8S 8 Inch Powered Subwoofer is an excellent addition to your studio setup for extending your low range frequency to around 22Hz in order to get more detail and clarity from your mixes. This is an 8" powered, bass-reflex subwoofer with a high-power 150-watt amp used to drive the low frequency range. It features a low cut switch, low cut control and high cut control as well as a phase switch and both XLR and 1/4" TRS inputs. Buy yours today from UniqueSquared.com Learn More
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FIRST Robotics NYC Competition 03/14/11 Video
FIRST Robotics NYC Competition 03/14/11
Twitter 'Moments' Makes It Easy To Follow Live Events
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BP Fines Total $20.8 Billion for Deepwater Horizon Disaster
The new figure wraps in money BP's already paid to reach a grand total.
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The German State, which has effectively outlawed homeschooling, is advocating the sexual stimulation of babies and young children by their parents. "Fathers do not devote enough attention to the clitoris and vagina of their daughters. Their caresses too seldom pertain to these regions, while this is the only way the girls can develop a sense of pride in their sex," reads the booklet regarding 1-3 year olds.
In addition to this, the United Nations plans to teach masturbation to 5-8 year olds. Think what you will about sexual "liberation," but clearly it is the State's agenda to sexually desensitize, dehumanize, spiritually corrupt and psychologically traumatize us through coercive indoctrination.
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Lauren Spann
so pretty!!
Posted on May 12, 2015
Do the French!110K views womens9.com
so pretty!!
I have dull, dry and unruly as well frizzy hair..I have researched and got to know that ArganLife professional hair care product from arganlifeproducts..com is useful in taming frizzy hair, and to make my hair grow faster. It is also Sulfate, Slicone, Alcohol, Salt and Dye Free.In the past , i have invested a lot of money in buying different products but haven't got any better results than ArganLifeI hope this helps.


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Extended Stay America - Kansas City - Overland Park - Quivira Rd.
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
How has this hotel rated in the past?
- Wheelchair accessibility
- Kitchenette
- Free parking
- Pets allowed
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TripAdvisor Reviews Extended Stay America - Kansas City - Overland Park - Quivira Rd.
Travel Blogs from Overland Park
Stop for the night Independence
Topeka to Independence what a ride. There is no signs saying you are crossing the state line. So we missed a picture opportunity. We will try and make it up along the way. We had visitors this evening Jeff, Beth, Jenifer, & Chandi stopped by our hotel. We had a great visit with them. Miss Chandi looked great after all she has been ...
Day 6 - Kansas City, KS and MO
... eat before you die. I'm not sure it's that high up on the list for me, but we all agreed the BBQ was phenomenal. We had a bit of an artistic day where the boys found their inner artists- at Hallmark's Kaleidoscope. Additionally, we saw "A Year With Frog and Toad" at the children's Coterie Theatre. Thank you ...
Day 31 - St. Louis Cathedral, Kansas to Nebraska
Today we leave St. Louis, but stop at the Cathedral Basilica, as the Tripadvisor suggests. It turns out to be totally worth it!
This massive cathedral is built in roman-catholic style, built in 1907. We participate some of the ongoing Sunday mass. The church interior is just beautiful and stunning, Jeanny says this ...
... amp; make official reservations at hotels; I'm getting hives just thinking of it - but we did it!
[Greta & Molly are giggling at me now- they vacation with me, always having a secret detailed itinerary made without telling me, but instead making casual suggestions for the day's activities over breakfast. Thank you ladies for figuring me out!].
So here is the plan:
We will be taking an overnight flight on the way there & ...
A New Type of Trip: NGO
... and the bay as we landed. I bought a pair of those Dr. Scholles insoles to replace my worn out original ones. Admittedly it wasn't the comfort of the old ones as much as their epic stank that convinced me to wear the airport for a new pair. It's always nice when you find an item you expect to cost (and are willing to pay) $50, for only $8. The clerk even let me borrow a sharp pair of Fiskar's scissors to cut then to shape (inside ...


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Dermix Institute
NiiCHE Media Group Inc.
- December 18, 2013
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Download the Dermix Institute App today to schedule your appointments for Dermix services. Using this app you can learn about services offered by Dermix, view ongoing Dermix Institute promotions, manage your schedule, view your visits and purchase history, as well as Dermix Institute location and contact information. To take advantage of the convenience of booking appointments right from your Android device, download this App today!
To find out more make sure you visits us at http://www.dermixinstitute.com
Fantastic Love it!


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All About Angle Grinders
Learn how angle grinders work, the different types of blades and how to change them, plus get tips on how best to use a grinder.
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Extended Stay America - Detroit - Auburn Hills - University Drive
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The Beginning of the Blog
I am starting this blog for a Mission trip that I am taking to Thailand in February 2016. Our group is a medical, dental, chiro trip to care for the people of northern Thailand. Centered in Chiang Rai the trip will be 10 days in support of the ...
The Henry Ford Museum
... lived in as a boy, his first factory, Thomas Edison's laboratory and the home and study that Daniel Webster lived in when he completed the first Webster Dictionary, the court house the Abraham Lincoln practiced law in, and hundreds of other parts of American History. To really see all that there was to see would have taken more than one day but we did a good job seeing most of it. ...
Day 56 Caro, MI To Capac, MI Mile 3,016
... a walk around the KOA swimming pond before the thunderstorm struck. We did our rain dance on the Kabin porch, pleading with the Rain Gods to wash away the stifling humidity. Inside the cabin with the AC blaring, we continued our game of Rummy to infinity and beyond.
Home on the range...4th time this year
... It doesn't have 3G, so I do everything from Wi-Fi on this. I got it because I'm doing this training initiative called TRIG that may or may not ever go through. I'm thinking most blogs will need to be posted from my phone. The kids and Kelly all have better models than me and I'm stuck with the ****** 4s. It has cracks on the front and back glass. And the battery doesn't last more than just a few hours, but I love my ...
... up for the days anticipated activity of a trip to the zoo. After a couple of texts from Andy and a brief discussion we decided that we would go to the zoo on Thursday and go to the shopping mall today. Once Andy had got back from work and we'd had some ham sandwiches (can't say no to a bit of flat nosed cow) we set off to the mall. On the way to the Mall Gill pointed out that we would drive past 'The Palace of Auburn Hills' which is where the Detroit Pistons (Basketball) ...


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BBMP polls: BJP scaled odds to score 100BENGALURU: The ruling BJP in the BBMP had to cross many hurdles in order to reach the magic figure of 100. It has to contend with low voter turnout; anti-incumbency; Congress government in the state and revision of wards reservation. Earlier in the ... Deccan Chronicle, 1 month ago
BBMP Council Election Results: List of Ward-Wise Winning Candidates
Union Chemical and Fertilizers Minister Ananth Kumar campaigns for BJP ahead of BBMP election in Bengaluru, on Aug 16, 2015. IANS Even as counting is underway in Bengaluru for the election of councillors of Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike ...International Business Times India, 1 month ago
Current academic system is indirectly promoting corruption: Former Lokayukta
Caption: Former Lokayukta Justice Santosh Hegde is seen with the meritorious students and other guests at a function in city yesterday. Mysuru, Aug. 23- Commercial values are fastly replacing the fading social values in our current academic system ...Star of Mysore, 1 month ago
Politicians manage BBMP poll tickets for kith and kin
The coming Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) polls will contribute in its own way to dynastic politics. Sitting and former legislators cutting across party lines have managed to secure tickets for their kin for the August 22 elections. R V ...Deccan Herald, 2 months ago
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Company Overview of Linde Material Handling GmbH
Executive Profile
Kay Pietsch
Member of the Supervisory Board of Linde AG, Linde Material Handling GmbH
|Total Calculated Compensation
|This person is connected to 1 Board Members in 1 different organizations across 3 different industries.
See Board Relationships
Mr. Kay Pietsch serves as the Chairman of the Works Council at the Hamburg plant of STILL GmbH, Hamburg (Germany). Mr. Pietsch serves as a Member of Supervisory Board at KION GROUP AG. Mr. Pietsch served as a Member of the Supervisory Board of The Linde Group, a holding company of Linde Material Handling GmbH & Co. KG from May 27, 2003 to December 28, 2006.
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Carl-von-Linde-PlatzPhone: 49 6021 99 0
Aschaffenburg, Bavaria 63743
Fax: 49 6021 99 1570
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I have an issue with a search bar I have created, I have no errors and I know my query is correct as that my search bar used to work correctly in old mysql code. But since I have try changing my code to mysqli, it hasn't quite work. No matter what the user enters in the search bar, it always states "Please enter in a phrase within the search bar", no matter if the search bar is empty or not. It doesn't display the results of the search as well. So my question is that why doesn't it show the results of the search if keyword is found or not?
Below is the current code:
$questioncontent = (isset($_POST['questioncontent'])) ? $_POST['questioncontent'] : '';
$searchquestion = $questioncontent;
$terms = explode(" ", $searchquestion);
//Query for search bar
$questionquery = "
SELECT q.QuestionId, q.QuestionContent, o.OptionType, q.NoofAnswers, GROUP_CONCAT(an.Answer ORDER BY an.Answer SEPARATOR ' ') AS Answer, r.ReplyType,
FROM Answer an
INNER JOIN Question q ON q.AnswerId = an.AnswerId
JOIN Reply r ON q.ReplyId = r.ReplyId
JOIN Option_Table o ON q.OptionId = o.OptionId
$i = 0;
foreach ($terms as $each) {
//If one term entered in search bar then perform a LIKE statement to look up the term entered
if ($i == 1) {
$questionquery .= "q.QuestionContent LIKE ? ";
} else {
//If multiple terms then add an OR statement to check for multiple keywords
$questionquery .= "OR q.QuestionContent LIKE ? ";
//Order by terms entered in ascending order they have been entered
$questionquery .= "GROUP BY q.QuestionId, q.SessionId ORDER BY ";
$i = 0;
foreach ($terms as $each) {
//if there are multiple terms, then for example there are 2 terms then display content which contains both terms first, then display content which contains only one of those terms
if ($i != 1)
$questionquery .= "+";
$questionquery .= "IF(q.QuestionContent LIKE ? ,1,0)";
$questionquery .= " DESC ";
//prepare query, bind the terms and execute query
$stmt = $mysqli->prepare($questionquery);
$stmt->bind_param('ss', $each = '%' . $each . '%', $each = '%' . $each . '%');
$stmt->bind_result($dbQuestionId, $dbQuestionContent, $dbOptionType, $dbNoofAnswers, $dbAnswer, $dbReplyType, $dbQuestionMarks);
$questionnum = $stmt->num_rows();
//If search bar is empty and user submits the search bar, then below is the phrase it should display:
if (empty($questioncontent)) {
echo "Please enter in a phrase in the text box in able to search for a question";
//Below is the code if no results are found from the search:
else if ($questionnum == 0) {
echo "
Your Search: '$searchquestion'
";
echo "
Number of Questions Shown from the Search: $questionnum
";
echo "
Sorry, No Questions were found from this Search
";
//Finally below is the code that displays the results of the search if search is successful:
else {
echo "
Your Search: '$searchquestion'
";
echo"
Number of Questions Shown from the Search: $questionnum
";
$output = "";
$output .= "

Question
while ($stmt->fetch()) {
$output .= "
{$dbQuestionContent['QuestionContent']}
<button type='button' class='add' onclick=\"parent.addwindow('{$dbQuestionContent['QuestionContent']}');\">Add</button>
$output .= "
";
echo $output;
Here is the link to the application it self for you to test. If you type in "AAA" in search bar, it should display results but it keeps stating that a phrase needs to be entered. IF you enter in something random so that the search should not find a result, it still states please enter in a phrase. Application


text:
The two newest Bassmaster Classic rookies could hardly be more different from each other.
Earlier this week Elite Series pro John Murray described himself as a truck driver who occasionally gets to fish. In order to claim the crown at the Northern Open, local pro Kelly Pratt had to beat a whole bunch of long-distance haulers.
While the competitors fishing Day Two of the Bass Pro Shops Northern Open may have the opportunity to catch quality fish today, it's all but a steel trap lock that no 10-pounders will be weighed in.
The bass of the James aren't tall and they don't need a lot of headroom either, so super-shallow water is key.
For some competitors the Opens are a steppingstone to the Elite Series, but anyone who thinks this week's event on the James River is a Triple-A level affair is sorely mistaken.
Woo Daves, who won the 2000 Classic, hopes to turn the first Northern Open on his home water into his 18th Classic berth.
This week two entries into the 2012 Bassmaster Classic are on the line in two very different tournament circuits.
I've never fished the James River before, but, based on what I've seen, I expect a lot of limits.
I get my first look at the James River on the Saturday before the Bass Pro Shops Bassmaster Northern Open there. I'm fishing it as a boater.
This is the story about one tournament pro just trying to leave town to go and do his job. Sometimes stuff happens.


text:
an original wild design by WWW.WILD-SHIRT.COM gorilla animal t-shirt
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Far out, man! This classic tie-dye t-shirt is bringing the 60's back in style. The classic fit is roomy and accommodating and the always-fun tie-dye pattern brings you back to the days of summer camp.
still to fill


text:
Jan 24, 2013 - by Jamie Cruickshank
Real name: Pamela Martinez
Height: 5'7″
Weight: 120 lbs.
Date of birth: June 15, 1989
Hometown: Newark, CA
Pro debut: September 2008
Trained by: Big Time Wrestling
Finishing move: Bayley to Belly
– On September 19, 2008, Rose made her in-ring debut, teaming with Shane Ballard in a loss to Shannon Ballard & Melissa Coates
– Rose would compete almost exclusively for Big Time Wrestling until 2011
– On October 1, 2011, Rose made her debut for Shimmer
– On April 27, 2012, Rose fought ECCW Womens Champion KC Spinelli to a double countout
– On October 19, 2012, Rose competed on the SHINE PPV, but she and Shazza McKenzie lost out to Allysin Kay & Taylor Made
– In December 2012, WWE signed Rose to a developmental deal. In FCW, she adopted the ring name Bayley.
– On March 20, 2013, Bayley made her televised in-ring debut in a defeat to Paige.
– On September 4, 2013, Bayley earned her first WWE win, teaming with Charlotte to defeat Sasha Banks & Summer Rae.
– At NXT Takeover: Fatal 4-Way, Bayley unsuccessfully challenged Charlotte for the NXT Womens Title.
– In late 2014, Bayley began feuding with Team BAE (Sasha Banks & Becky Lynch).
– In November 2014, Bayley was storyline injured by Banks & Lynch
– Bayley returned to TV in January 2015, attacking Banks, Lynch & Charlotte
– In March 2015, Bayley began a feud with Emma
– At NXT Takeover: Unstoppable, Bayley & Charlotte defeated Emma & Dana Brooke
– In May 2015, Bayley suffered a broken hand and would be out of action for 6 weeks
– Bayley returned to TV on July 22, 2015, defeating Emma


text:
Top Definition
A slang phrase that is synonymous with male masturbation. Other examples include: choking the chicken; jackin' the beanstalk.
My boy got punked by his girl, so he got left peelin' the banana.
by MuddKatt June 15, 2007
Type your email address below to get our free Urban Word of the Day every morning!
Emails are sent from email@example.com. We'll never spam you.×


text:
Magazines, periodicals, glossies or serials are publications that are printed with ink on paper, generally published on a regular schedule and contain a variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, by a purchase price, by pre-paid magazine subscriptions, or all three. At its root the word magazine refers to a collection or storage location. In the case of written publication it is a collection of written articles.
Magazines can be distributed through the mail; through sales by newsstands, bookstores or other vendors; or through free distribution at selected pick-up locations. Sales models for distribution fall into three main categories.
In this model, the magazine is sold to readers for a price, either on a per-issue basis or by subscription, where an annual fee or monthly price is paid and issues are sent by post to readers. Examples from the UK include Private Eye and PC Pro.
This means that there is no cover price and issues are given away, for example in street...


text:
Get the benefits of a FREE ReadySetEat Membership!
Baked, mashed, cheesy, or plain-potatoes are always a favorite. Try one of these easy recipes for a nutritious and delicious potato side dish to accompany almost any main course.
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Email this article from PlasticsNews.com
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ExamXML Pro 5.49 download by A7Soft
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Liquid XML Studio 2014 12.0.1 download by Liquid Technologies Ltd
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CSS Menu Dreamweaver extensions 2.0 download by CSSMenuTools
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Dreamweaver Extensions 1.5 download by Ajatix
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Expression Web Add-ins 1.5 download by Ajatix
... live preview, preset themes and a powerful style editor, allowing for complete customization. Designed in accordance with best coding practices (structure/style/behavior layer separation, CSS positioning, unobtrusive JavaScript, progressive enhancement, etc.) ...
type: Shareware ($79.95)View Details Download
categories: expression web, add-ins
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text:
Home Page Download Files
Helping Our Community
The Del Norte Rotary Club's community service work-day project at St. Martin's Hospitality Center near downtown Albuquerque involved removing old concrete tables and replacing them with new all-steel freshly-painted picnic tables. There were six Del Norte Rotarians who gave a little "sweat equity" to get the job done on Friday afternoon (March 26). The Rotary club donated $1,000 to the project, received a matching fund of $1,000 from Rotary District 5520's Simple Grant Fund, and St. Martin's also donated $1,000 in order to purchase four new picnic tables for their outdoor pavilion area. Board Member Scott Stafford was in charge of the work session and the purchase of new tables, while Rotarian Matt Hudson provided a non-Rotarian work crew with a fork lift to remove the old concrete tables.
Rotarians who participated included Gary Williams, Scott Stafford, Fred Pugh, Fred Bryant, Marty Padilla and Matt Hudson. The lady in the last photo (all sitting or standing on two of the new tables) is Renee Ruybal, of the St. Martin's mission staff.
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2015 Del Norte Events!
Thank you everyone for your support for Del Norte's Annual Golf Tournament 2015!
Welcome to Del Norte Rotary Club!
Del Norte Rotary Brings Home 7 Awards from District
Club President Kathie Williams returned from the Rotary District 5520 Conference in Clovis with an armful of awards captured by the club and its members -- seven in all. Del Norte was awarded the Presidential Citation and Club Attendance Award (over 80%) as well as winning the Best Club Website Award (thanks to Sonia Torres). "We did not get the Best Club Award," Kathie noted, "but Santa Fe Rotary won it again and with a net plus 20 members, I can see why they won." Five Del Norte Rotarians also brought back individual awards: Norm Liss was the winner of the New Generations Award for his contributions to Rotary youth programs in the District; Bobby Wallace was the winner of the Schulte/Delahunt Award for exceptional service to the District; Dave and Maureen Anderson won the District Distinguished Service Award for their contributions to Rotary; and Kathie herself won the Service Above Self Award for exceptional leadership in the District. Del Notre was also well represented at the district conference with 13 members and spouses attending the 3-day conference.
Ed Hughes receives 2014-15 ROTY award from Kathie Williams
"Ed is one of the finest administrators in Rotary today," said Kathie, "and he is everywhere Rotary has an event or a happening. He is an experienced corporate manager and a creative genius when it comes to writing and photography. We are so fortunate that Ed found us when he thought he was going to retire in New Mexico," Kathie said. This was Ed's third ROTY honor, having been honored as the Rotarian of the Year in Loveland, Colo., and Jefferson City, Mo., before he and his wife Linda moved back to New Mexico in 2012. In his professional life, he was a news reporter and a SW Bell (AT&T) division manager in Dallas.
Donna Pedace, the "lady with connections," was named Rotarian of the 4th Quarter for 2014-2015 and presented her award by Past President Kathie Williams on July 22 who credited Donna as being the pivotal reason that the club's attendance record soared this past year. Donna served as the Director of Programs and chair of the very active Programs Committee that brought in what many called "the best array of speakers and programs in many years." She is a twice member of the club, with a brief break while a Santa Fe Rotary Club member. As a world traveler with her husband Bill, Donna is just the right person not only to bring in excellent speakers but also to head up the district's Rotary Friendship Exchange for the past few years. She was presented with her award while the India RFE team was in town and visiting our club.
There is a lot in common with Rotary clubs in Indore, India and in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Both are involved in projects having to do with clean water, serving children, and advancing Rotary's ideals. But there is also a big difference. Subhas Trivedi's club of Bhopal South grew — just last year — from 56 to 95, and its women members went from 9 to 37. It was the No. 1 growing club in all of India. The India Rotary Friendship Exchange Team from India — seven strong — spent 10 days visiting sights, getting a taste of New Mexican veggies and weathering its unpredictable "monsoon season" weather. They were also feasted by a scrumptious all-vegetarian New Mexico-style dinner at the home of Kathie and Gary Williams, and they attended meetings with various Rotary clubs in the Albuquerque and Santa Fe area, exchanging flags and gifts. At their last Rotary meeting with the Del Norte Club of Albuquerque, they spoke of their many projects back in India and encouraged club leaders to join in with them for a long-term project involving providing food for needy blind children. "Together, we helped eliminate polio in our countries. We can do the same with stamping out hunger with our children," said Kulbhushan Chopra, past president of the Indore Meghdoot Rotary Club.
Blog - Rotary International
Showcase your project at the Seoul convention
Apply to host a booth in the House of Friendship at the 2016 Rotary International Convention in Seoul, 28 May-1 June. This is an opportunity to showcase your club or district project, recruit members for your Rotary Fellowship, share information about your Rotarian Action Group, or market Rotary merchandise if you are a licensed RI vendor. The application deadline is 30 September. Booth allocations will be awarded by 1 November. Apply
Bringing education to rural Mexican area, one school at a time
When Mariana Day moved in 1989 to the small beach town of Chacala, in Nayarit, Mexico, she noticed that the surrounding rural areas struggled to maintain schools. And most children weren't able to go beyond an eighth-grade education. Day, who is a member of the Rotary Club of Bahía de Jaltemba-La Peñita, in Nayarit, had started a local scholarship program before she joined Rotary. Called Changing Lives, the program provided students with high school tuition, uniforms, school supplies, and transportation. In addition, Rotary clubs from the United States and Mexico have been investing in the...
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Welcome new members:
Del Norte Rotary's first two new members for the new 2015-2016 fiscal year were women, which thrilled President Barbara LaGree to no end. The year-end RI-imposed goal is to net a gain of two women in Rotary clubs around the world. We're well on our way of doing just that! Our new members are Alice Mehlberg, wife of Charter Member Jim Mehlberg, but sponsored by Steve Becker; and Helen Doherty, former president of Santa Fe Rotary, currently active in foundation work with District 5520, and sponsored by Donna Pedace. Doing the induction honors on July 15 was club director Clarence Hughes, who noted that Helen was "another retread from Santa Fe." Donna also came to Del Norte after serving briefly as a member of the Santa Fe Rotary Club.


text:
Enjoy a fine dinner and a night on the town on this guided Nightlife Dinner & Drink Experience in Budapest.
Your local guide will help get your evening started at one of Budapest's most well established and highly recommended restaurants. You'll enjoy a full dinner, with appetizer, main course, dessert and choice of beverage. After dinner, the party begins with samples of 3 different local spirits.
Then its time to have some real fun; your guide will take you to several Budapest nightspots, ranging from trendy clubs to traditional pubs. Throughout the evening, you'll learn about the importance of alcohol in Hungarian culture, the reason Hungarians don't clink their beers together and the 'most important drinking lesson'.
This tour is an excellent introduction into the nightlife of Budapest, perfect for your first night in the city or for scouting out fun places to go during your stay!


text:
|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|4 Oct 2005
|Fecha de presentación
|24 Feb 2004
|Fecha de prioridad
|24 Feb 2004
|También publicado como
|Número de publicación
|Charles L. Tilton, Donald E. Tilton
|Cesionario original
|Isothermal Systems Research, Inc
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to spray cooling thermal management systems and more specifically it relates to a spray cooling system that has improved thermal performance through the use of etched open mircochannels.
2. Description of the Related Art
Liquid cooling is well known in the art of cooling electronics. As air cooling heat sinks continue to be pushed to new performance levels, so has their cost, complexity, and weight. For some time, liquid cooling solutions have been developed and tested, but other than specialty applications they have yet to gain widespread commercial adoption. As computer power consumptions continue to increase, liquid cooling will provide significant advantages to computer manufacturers which will force its use. The present invention provides significant advantages over both air cooling and prior art liquid cooling solutions.
Liquid cooling technologies use a cooling fluid for removing heat from an electronic component. Liquids can hold and transfer heat at a rate many times that of air. Single-phase liquid cooling systems place a pure liquid in thermal contact with the component to be cooled. With these systems, the cooling fluid absorbs heat as sensible energy. Other liquid cooling systems, such as spray cooling, are two-phase processes. In these systems, heat is absorbed by the cooling fluid as latent energy gains. Two-phase cooling, or commonly referred to as evaporative cooling, provides the ability to deliver more efficient, more compact and higher performing liquid cooling systems than single-phase systems.
An exemplary two-phase cooling method is spray cooling. Spray cooling uses a pump for supplying fluid to one or more nozzles that transform the coolant supply into droplets. These droplets impinge the surface of the component to be cooled and can create a thin coolant film. Energy is transferred from the surface of the component to the thin-film. Because the fluid is dispensed at or near its saturation point, the absorbed heat causes the thin-film to turn to vapor. This vapor is then condensed, often by means of a heat exchanger, or condenser, and returned to the pump.
Significant efforts have been expended in the development and optimization of spray cooling. A doctorial dissertation to Tilton entitled "Spray Cooling" (1989), available through the University of Kentucky library system, describes how optimization of spray cooling system parameters, such as droplet size, distribution, and momentum can create a thin coolant film capable of absorbing high heat fluxes. As described by the Tilton dissertation, atomization plays a key role in the development of a thin coolant film capable of absorbing very high heat fluxes, such as a coolant film capable of absorbing a heat flux over 800 watts per square centimeter. Research and development by Isothermal Systems Research (ISR) has shown spray cooling to be capable of absorbing heat fluxes in the range of several thousands watts per square centimeter.
In addition to the system parameters described by the Tilton dissertation, U.S. Pat. No. 5,220,804 provides a method of increasing a spray cooling system's ability to remove heat. The '804 patent describes a method of managing system vapor that further thins the coolant film which increases evaporation, improves convective heat transfer, and liquid and vapor reclaim.
Historically, most electronic cooling solutions have provided wide area treatment of the cooling surface. Electronic components are rated to a total wattage that is spread by an aluminum, copper, or diamond heat spreader to the cooling fluid (may be air or liquid). In some applications, this wide-area average heat flux treatment of the cooling surface only marginally takes advantage of the benefits of liquid cooling over air cooling.
Electronic components create varying amounts of heat across their surfaces and a varying amount of heat as a function of time. Today's microprocessors, for example, may be constructed on a silicon die roughly 1 cm by 1 cm. The die may have multiple zones for different functions. Such zones may be for inputs and outputs (I/Os), level 1 cache, level 2 cache, and the core. The core may be roughly 0.5 cm by 0.5 cm and is where the main computer processing takes place. Although the core may only be 25% of the total area of the die, it creates almost the entire heat generation by the chip and may be considered a chip "hotspot". Wherein a chip might be rated for an average heat load of 110 watts, with an average heat flux of 110 wafts per centimeter squared, the core may generate 100 watts of that heat and have a heat flux of 400 watts per centimeter squared. This non-uniform heat flux distribution poses a significant challenge to the cooling system as it is desirable to keep the entire chip at nearly the same operating temperature. Cooling systems that rely on heat spreading may not provide this ability as they rely on conduction spreading, resulting in significant temperature gradients across the chip.
One method of cooling the core of a computer chip is to divide the chip into thermal zones and to cool each of the chip's zones at a different rate. U.S. Pat. No. 6,443,323, describes a method of variably cooling a computer component through the use of incremental sprayers. The incremental sprayers deposit fluid onto each zone at a mass flow rate necessary for complete phase change. Drops are ejected from an orifice in serial. Although this method improves the efficiency of the system, that is in attaining complete phase change of all dispensed fluid, the incremental dispensing method does not provide dispensing characteristics necessary to create high heat flux thin-film evaporative cooling and high performance cooling of hotspots. A paper by Don Tilton and Jay Ambrose (1989), entitled "Closed-System, High-Flux Evaporative Spray Cooling", describes the early development and analysis of incremental sprayers and predicts a maximum heat flux capability of around 300 watts per centimeter squared using water. An ASME paper published by Bash, Patel, and Sharma entitled "Inkjet Assisted Spray Cooling of Electronics" (2003), describes an inkjet dispensing system with a critical heat flux of around 270 wafts per centimeter squared using water.
Another method of cooling the core is described by U.S. Pat. No. 6,650,542. Although this method directs and controls the single phase fluid over a chip hotspot, the disclosed method is not a phase change process and thus not capable of high heat flux thin-film evaporative cooling.
Yet another method of cooling the core is two-phase microchannels, such as described by U.S. Pat. No. 4,450,472. Although this method does not use spray cooling, the design does provide the ability to remove heat in the range of 400–1000 watts per square centimeter using water. The system discloses a method of placing a very small microchannel array on an electronic component. Although microchannel cooling methods may effectively lower the temperature of the core, due to large pressure drops and resulting size limitations they do not efficiently address the needs of the non-hotspot areas of the die.
For the foregoing reasons, there is a need for a liquid cooling solution that effectively cools the one or more hotspots of a computing component. Thus, there is a need for a localized cooling solution capable of absorbing large heat fluxes. Also, the high heat flux cooling system must efficiently and reliably cool the other non-high heat flux areas of the chip. The resulting cooling solution would allow significant improvements in processor performance.
In order to solve the problems of the prior art, and to provide a spray cooling solution that significantly changes the thermal constraints of the core, a hotspot spray cooling solution has been developed.
The present invention is a spray cooling thermal management device that cools an electronic component creating a varying amount of heat across its surfaces. Liquid coolant is dispensed upon the surface of the component. In areas of the chip that generate large heat fluxes, typically referred to as the core, the liquid coolant is dispensed as a continuous atomized droplet pattern. The atomized pattern creates a high heat flux evaporative cooling thin-film over the one or more core areas. Rather than optimize the atomized pattern and flow based upon complete thin-film vaporization, the present invention optimizes the atomized pattern for maximum heat removal rates. Any excess, non-vaporized, fluid flowing outward from the hotspot is used to cool the lower heat flux (non-core)-areas of the component through the creation of a thick coolant film thereon.
Other embodiments of the invention include supplemental nozzles that deposit cooling fluid into the thick-film. This embodiment provides an efficient and simple method of controlling the cooling rates over the less critical system zones and provides further flexibility in optimizing the atomization for the high heat flux areas.
Another embodiment of the present invention utilizes an atomizer that dispenses the coolant at a non-perpendicular angle to one or more component hotspots. This embodiment provides directional control of the excess fluid of the hot spot. The thick-film is encouraged to flow in a predetermined direction.
Another embodiment of the present invention uses a liquid-vapor separator for separating liquid and vapor from the exit stream of a spray module prior to condensing the vapor. The result is a near pure vapor at the inlet of the condenser which is potentially more efficient and has a more repeatable performance than a condenser with substantial two-phase flow at its inlet.
Yet another embodiment of the present invention enhances the surface of the chip to be spray cooled through the use of etched open microchannels. These microchannels are formed either directly into the top surface of the chip or through the use of a secondary etched microchannel plate bonded to the top surface of the chip.
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, and accompanying drawings.
In the course of the detailed description to follow, reference will be made to the attached drawings. These drawings show different aspects of the present invention and, where appropriate, reference numerals illustrating like structures, components, and/or elements in different figures are labeled similarly. It is understood that various combinations of the structures, components, and/or elements other than those specifically shown are contemplated and within the scope of the present invention:
Many of the fastening, connection, manufacturing and other means and components utilized in this invention are widely known and used in the field of the invention are described, and their exact nature or type is not necessary for a person of ordinary skill in the art or science to understand the invention; therefore they will not be discussed in detail.
Applicant hereby incorporates by reference the following U.S. patents: U.S. Pat. No. 5,220,804 for a high heat flux evaporative cooling system; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,860,602 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,016,969, each for a laminated array of pressure swirl atomizers, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,108,201 for a fluid control apparatus and method for spray cooling and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/281,391 for an actuated atomizer. Although a laminated pressure swirl atomizer array is hereby incorporated by reference and shown in the accompanying drawings, the present invention is not limited to such an apparatus, in fact, many dispensing means are applicable to the present invention, including but not limited to, inserted atomizers, jet orifices, and actuated atomizers. Applicant herein incorporates by reference co-pending U.S. patent application entitled "Hotspot Coldplate Spray Cooling System", also filed on Feb. 24, 2004. This application is related to co-pending U.S. patent application entitled "Hotspot Spray Cooling", also filed on Feb. 24, 2004.
Now referring to
Spray module 10 is part of a well known and understood two-phase cooling cycle (shown in
Spray module 10, according to the present invention, has an outer housing 12 that provides the structural rigidity to the overall module. Housing 12 can be constructed from many materials, including aluminum and plastic. Ideally, housing 12 is designed to provide the ability to be molded or die-casted (as shown in
Also shown in
Spray plate 30 provides the means for dispensing the cooling fluid onto chip 2. Plate 30 is shown inserted into a pocket within housing 12, where it can be glued, fastened or swaged into place. Due to the one piece design of housing 12, it is not necessary to provide a fluid tight seal between spray plate 30 and housing 12, but it is desirable to provide a tight fit and thus minimize pressure losses. Spray plate 30 contains one or more nozzles that provide the means of transforming the supply of coolant into one or more continuous droplet streams. In
As previously mentioned, it is highly desirable to remove heat directly from core 3 prior to it spreading to the rest of chip 2. Atomizer 32 provides the means for removing significant amounts of heat directly from core 3. Through the use of atomizer 32, droplet size, distribution and momentum can all be controlled and optimized in a fashion that provides a thin-film 40 over core 3, as shown in
Creation and optimization of thin-film 40 is application specific. If impinging droplets impact film 40 with too little momentum, the droplets will be entrained into the escaping vapor and they will not reach the cooling surface. If the impinging droplets have too much momentum, the droplets will splash from the surface and not contribute to cooling. Both conditions can not be completely avoided but should be minimized. In addition to the above optimization, ideally, impinging droplets will collide with thin-film 40 in a fashion that destroys nucleating bubbles. Nucleating bubbles aid in the desired vaporization of liquid coolant, but reduce the contact area between the higher conductive liquid and the lower conductive vapor. Ideally, nucleating bubbles are destroyed before they can achieve significant size.
Optimization of coolant dispensing characteristics may also yield a unique event that occurs when droplets impinge a flat surface, called hydraulic jump. This jump process occurs when a thin-film fluid flows radially and then jumps in height based upon its Froude number going from supercritical (thin-film) to subcritical (thick-film). As documented by the Tilton dissertation, a supercritical thin-film may be, but is not limited to, the range of 100 micrometer to 400 micrometers thick, and the jumped thick-film may be in the range, but is not limited to, 3000 micrometers to 4000 micrometers using water. A hydraulic jump provides the means of creating thin-film 40 and thick-film 42 and the ability to cool core 3 of chip 2 at a rate greater than the non-core areas of chip 2. A hydraulic jump may also provide a thermal buffer in the event that spray becomes momentarily interrupted.
As shown in
Heat removal rates of both zones, 40 and 42, may be improved the use of surface enhancements. One such enhancement is etched microchannels on the top surface of chip 2. The process of etching microchannels is described by U.S. Pat. No. 4,450,472 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/052,859, both are herein incorporated by reference. Although these methods are disclosed as part of closed channel microchannel cooling systems, open etched microchannels may significantly increase the effectiveness of the present spray cooling invention. Open channel spray cooled microchannels are not limited by pressure drops created by the need for small hydraulic diameters, as is the case with closed microchannel systems. Open microchannel spray cooling is also limited by the need to use fluid manifolding. Therefore, open microchannel spray cooling may provide the ability to have smaller hydraulic diameters, and higher resulting heat transfer coefficients, than closed microchannel cooling systems. As an alternative surface enhancement embodiment and as shown in
As an alternative embodiment of the present invention and shown in
In addition to cooling chip 2 by the above described fluid dispensing process,
Cooling fluid that exits spray module 10 is not likely to be a pure vapor, as ideal in terms of cycle efficiency. Although prior art systems try to optimize the spray system for complete fluid vaporization within module 10, the present invention is optimized for cooling the performance enhancing core of a chip. Although the higher performance of the present invention is at the cost of complicated two phase flow within condenser 8,
While the hot spot cooling system herein described constitute preferred embodiments of the invention, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to these precise form of assemblies, and that changes may be made therein with out departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
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Forum Post: Boychuk scores first Islander goal of the season!
Posted 10/13/2014 11:57:52 EDT
The Rocket leads the the league in points. The Bruins sure could use him and his points, how does that make you feel right now PC, the way the Bruins are playing?
Posted 10/12/2014 10:39:29 EDT
The Rocket has 5pts for the the Iles after 2 games and both are wins. He leads the NHL for now in pts. but the B's could use those pts and B's D have not scored, PC how does that make your trade look? more »
Posted 10/12/2014 10:30:29 EDT
The rocket now leads the nhl in points with 5 after his first 2 games with the Isles. How does that make you feel PC after our B's are being bounced around and losing 1-2 and if they can't find scorin more »
Forum Post: Was there Ever Any Doubt
Posted 10/09/2014 05:18:57 EDT
The Bruins played good enough to win but like in seasons past it looks like scoring will be a problem for this team when it matters most. We miss DK and Campbell but Lucic did not look good without DK more »
Forum Post: GDT 08/10/14 Game 1: Flyers at Bruins
Posted 10/08/2014 05:11:29 EDT
This is not the lineup I saw for opening night and the media could be right that the Bruins take a step back from last season with the player losses they now have. I hope these new players have the he more »
Forum Post: A New Dawn Begins: Welcome to the RHL
Posted 10/08/2014 04:56:27 EDT
We are all going to miss hockey night in canada and the traditon it brought to us all. The almighty dollar will not put a better broacasting product on our TV's.
Forum Post: Caron waived
Posted 10/04/2014 12:55:44 EDT
Hope Caron is gone, but gets on with another team. The other 2 guys should be back with the Pbruins and I hope they take Robins with them.
Forum Post: Iggy
Posted 03/30/2014 10:56:42 EDT
Iggy has been the best Bruin on the ice for some time now. Time to talk contract and get him signed. When the Bruins won the cup in 2011 they had 4 good lines and Ricchi. Iggy is better than him and w more »
Forum Post: Warning for today's game (2nd official prediction in 2014)
Posted 03/30/2014 10:45:59 EDT
Yes the Bruins could lose but the character of this team will not allow it to happen easy and I thiink the Bruins will win but I will not predoct the score.
Forum Post: iginla, bonus clauses, salary cap
Posted 03/22/2014 03:09:49 EDT
When the Bruins won the cup they had 4 lines rolling and a guy like Recchi helped us alot. Iggy is better than Recchi and can score more with the same kind of heart. Sign Iggy and we will not regret i more »
Forum Post: 1970
Posted 03/20/2014 04:08:49 EDT
In 1970 the Bruins beat the Blues for the Bruins 1st cup sinmce 1941. The famous Sanderson to Orr with him flying through the air and giving us the cup is still folklore. We have no Orr or the Turk bu more »
Forum Post: Vanek a Bruin tomorrow
Posted 03/05/2014 03:46:24 EST
I have been quiet this season but I think scoring is a better move for the Bruins than D. The Bruins D is doing well and they are one of the top D teams in the NHL. Vanek the Bruin killer would be the more »
Forum Post: Bruins Vs Rangers, March 2, 2014
Posted 03/02/2014 10:08:07 EST
Bruins played well in the last 30 and scored some nice goals for what I think was a good bounce game after the loss to the Caps and Rask was the best player on the ice. The Bruins could still use a D more »
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