text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 8, 2006
|Filing date
|Dec 13, 2005
|Priority date
|Sep 18, 2003
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Danny Ammar
|Original Assignee
|Xytrans, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (2), Classifications (15), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of commonly assigned patent application Ser. No. 10/995,952 filed Nov. 23, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of commonly-assigned patent application Ser. No. 10/847,892 filed May 18, 2004, which is based on provisional application Ser. No. 60/504,182 filed Sep. 18, 2003, the disclosures which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The present invention relates to the field of focal plane radiometers, and more particularly, the present invention relates to MMIC chips and their use in radiometer systems applicable for use at millimeter wave (MMW) frequencies.
Since radio waves may be considered infrared radiation of long wave, a hot body would be expected to radiate microwave energy thermally. In order to be a good radiator of microwave energy, a body must be a good absorber. The best thermal radiator is a "black body." The amount of radiation emitted in the MMW range is 108 times smaller than the amount emitted in the infrared range. Current MMW receivers, however, have at least 105 times better noise performance than infrared detectors, and with some temperature contrast, the remaining 103 may be recovered. This makes passive MMW imaging comparable in performance with current infrared systems. This unique characteristic makes MMW radiometers a popular choice for sensing thermal radiation. MMW radiometers have been used in many different applications such as remote terrestrial and extra-terrestrial sensing, medical diagnostics and defense applications. MMW electromagnetic radiation windows occur at 35 GHz, 94 GHz, 140 GHz and 220 GHz. The choice of frequency depends on specific applications.
Focal plane arrays are used to form images from radiation received by a reflector antenna. Millimeter wave (MMW) focal plane array radiometers also have been used in many applications to form images based on thermal sensing of radiated microwave energy. The sensitivity of existing radiometer designs, however, has been limited to about 1 deg K, resulting in poor images.
The principle of operation of the radiometric technique is fully described in the literature. The design of a typical radiometer is based on the technique of comparing the level of electromagnetic noise emitted by an unknown source to a reference or stable noise source. This technique and devices were initially proposed by Dicke [R. H. Dicke, "The Measurement of Thermal Radiation at Microwave Frequencies," The Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 17, No. 7, July 1946].
In a Dicke radiometer circuit, the signals from an antenna are sampled and compared with signals from a reference source maintained at a known constant temperature. This overcomes some of the problems of amplifier instability, but in general does not alter effects resulting from imperfect components and thermal gradients.
While other types of radiometric devices have been used with some success, the Dicke (or comparison) type of radiometer has been the most widely used for the study of relatively low level noise-like MMW signals, especially where the noise signals to be examined are often small in comparison to the internally generated noise level within the radiometer receiver. While there are several types of comparison radiometers, one popular type of radiometer for use in the microwave/millimeter wave frequency bands is that in which an incoming signal to be measured and a standard or calibrated reference noise signal are compared. This type of radiometer consists essentially of the comparison of the amplitude of an unknown noise signal coming from the source to be examined with a known amplitude of a noise signal from a calibration source. This method has been found useful in measuring with considerable accuracy the effective temperature of an unknown source.
In the Dicke or comparison type radiometer, the receiver input is switched between the antenna and a local reference signal noise generator. The detected and amplified receiver output is coupled to a phase-sensing detector operated in synchronism with the input switching. The output signal from such a radiometer receiver is proportionate to the difference between the temperature of the reference signal source and the temperature of the source viewed by the antenna inasmuch as the phase-sensing detector acts to subtract the background or internal noise of the receiver.
A Dicke radiometer uses an RF switch coupled between an antenna and a radiometer receiver, allowing the receiver to alternate between the antenna and a known reference load termination. The receiver output is connected to a synchronous detector that produces an output voltage proportional to a difference between the antenna and the reference temperature. Null balance operation for the Dicke radiometer has been achieved by coupling in noise from a hot noise diode to the antenna port of the RF switch thereby enabling matching the temperature from standard reference loads.
The sensitivity of radiometer measurements are also often limited by random gain fluctuations in the RF front end, low frequency noise (l/f), and bias in the detector circuits. Over the last decades many special techniques, including Dicke switching, have been implemented to reduce measurement errors. Many of these proposals do not yield a true solution that will allow MMW radiometers to be commercially viable. In addition, the high cost of MMW RF receivers has limited the number of channels in the radiometer to a low number, resulting in a requirement to scan both azimuth and elevation to create an image.
The invention disclosed in the commonly assigned and incorporated by reference patent application Ser. No. 10/847,892 eliminates the need for a Dicke switch and does not use a synchronizing circuit because it uses the source and reference all the time, and runs the source and reference signal through the amplifiers. It used a balanced channel approach and MMIC chips. Thus, a radiometer channel can be implemented by the use of either a single millimeter wave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC) or through discrete implementation using printed hybrids and multiple MMIC low noise amplifiers (LNA's).
This compact radiometer as disclosed can fit directly into the antenna focal plane. A quadrature hybrid network is used in the front end to distribute RF input signals and reference signals to a balanced amplifier chain, thereby reducing gain variations and improving radiometer sensitivity. A balanced detector diode circuit, for example, a pair of diodes in one non-limiting example, eliminates drift errors introduced by a detector diode as a function of temperature.
A video signal chopper amplifier circuit, also referred to by some as an auto zero amplifier, eliminates bias introduced by the video amplifier. A near perfect channel-to-channel matching exists through the use of quadrature hybrid network or through digital signal processing corrections. This hybrid radiometer provides improved sensitivity over the Dicke radiometer.
This radiometer system, however, requires processing of two channels, i.e., the antenna and reference, resulting in higher system complexity and cost. It would be advantageous to provide a radiometer design that could combine features of the different radiometers to achieve low system temperature and low implementation costs.
In the co-pending Ser. No. 10/995,952 application, a combination of hybrid, low noise amplifiers (LNA's) and a switch achieve low system temperature and low implementation cost. The switch is positioned after a low noise amplifier. This design eliminates the impact of the switch losses in a MMIC chip application. Additionally, MMIC chips are disclosed in both pending patent applications. These chips can be formed to have a quadrature hybrid as an input having at least one radio frequency (RF) input and parallel signal path outputs. At least one amplifier can be connected to each signal path output of the quadrature hybrid. A quadrature hybrid as an output can be connected to at least one amplifier that has parallel RF outputs. The amplifiers provide equalized amplifier gain.
In another type of MMIC, a quadrature hybrid can have an input having at least one radio frequency (RF) input and parallel signal path outputs. At least one amplifier is connected at each signal path output of the quadrature hybrid. Another quadrature hybrid is connected to at least one amplifier at each signal path and has a parallel RF outputs. The amplifiers provide equalized amplifier gain. A switch is connected to the parallel RF output to the quadrature hybrid and selects one of the RF outputs of the quadrature hybrid and provides a signal RF output. The MMIC can also be formed as a plurality of amplifiers serially connected along a signal path. A detector can be connected to the series connected amplifiers for detecting an output there from. The detector can also be operatively connected to the switch that's connected to the parallel RF outputs. It is possible to have other MMIC chip designs for use in radiometers.
A MMIC includes at least one quadrature hybrid and a plurality of series connected amplifiers connected in two parallel gain stages and operatively connected to the at least one quadrature hybrid such that gain is equalized in the two parallel gain stages.
In another aspect, an input quadrature hybrid can be operatively connected to the plurality of series connected amplifiers and receive signals and pass signals to the series connected amplifiers. The input quadrature hybrid can have at least one radio frequency input. First and second RF inputs can be located at the input quadrature hybrid.
In yet another aspect, an RF input and load input can be located at the input quadrature hybrid. An output quadrature hybrid can be operatively connected to the series connected amplifiers for receiving amplified signals therefrom. At least one RF output can be located at the output quadrature hybrid. In yet another aspect, a load and RF air bridge can be operative with at least one RF output at the output quadrature hybrid.
In yet another aspect, a detector circuit can be operatively connected to the at least one RF output for producing a detected output. First and second RF outputs can be located at the output quadrature hybrid and a switch connected to the first and second RF outputs or selecting between first and second RF outputs. A detector circuit is operatively connected to the switch for producing a detected output. At least one amplifier is operatively connected to the switch and detector circuit.
In yet another aspect of the present invention, a MMIC circuit includes a first MMIC having an input quadrature hybrid and dual RF inputs in a plurality of series connected amplifiers connected in two parallel gain stages to the input quadrature hybrid and forming dual RF outputs. A second MMIC is operatively connected to the dual RF outputs of the first MMIC and is formed as a plurality of series connected amplifiers connected in two parallel gain stages to the dual RF outputs of the first MMIC. An output quadrature hybrid is operatively-connected to the series connected amplifiers and has at least one output. Gain is equalized by the two parallel gain stages and first and second MMIC's. A ribbon bond can connect the dual RF outputs of the first MMIC and the series connected amplifiers of the second MMIC.
In yet another aspect of the present invention, the MMIC can be formed as a switch having first and second radio frequency inputs. A plurality of series connected amplifiers are operatively connected to the switch and produce a single amplified output signal. A detector circuit can be operatively connected to the series connected amplifiers for producing a detected RF output. The RF input of a switch can include a load connected thereto.
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description of the invention which follows, when considered in light of the accompanying drawings in which:
The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout, and prime notation is used to indicate similar elements in alternative embodiments.
In this illustrated example of a Dicke radiometer, the antenna 32 senses target temperature, which is proportional to the radiated target energy. The energy passes through a Dicke switch 34 of the type known to those skilled in the art and into a series of MMIC amplifiers 36 a, 36 b, 36 c. A band pass filter 38 sets the receiver bandwidth. A square law detector 40 detects the signal and passes it to an integrator 42, which sums the signal over an observation period. A data acquisition and processing circuit 44 receives the integrated signal, where it is digitized, compensated for gain variation, and processed for display on a video or for further processing. To cancel the effects of gain variation, the Dicke switch 34 samples a reference source 46. Gain variations in the receiver are cancelled using the measured reference gain.
Radiometer sensitivity is important. The precision in estimating the measured temperature is often referred to as the radiometer sensitivity, ΔT. This parameter is a key quantity characterizing the performance of a MMW radiometer. In radiometer terminology, this is the smallest change in temperature that can be detected by the radiometer. The equation, which derives the sensitivity of the system 30 shown in
P sys =P A +P rec
Psys=total input power
PA=Noise power at the antenna=k TA B
Prec=Noise power generated in the receiver=kTrecB
K=Boltzmann's constant
B=receiver bandwidth
Assuming a square law detector, the radiometer output voltage is an average value of the radiometer output noise power. The square law detector can have an output proportional to the square of the applied voltage, e.g., the output is proportional to the square of the input amplitude. A radiometer output voltage is:
V out =P sys �G sys
where Gsys is the receiver gain.
Assuming that Gsys and Trec are constant, the radiometer sensitivity is:
ΔT ideal=(1/√{square root over (Bτ)})T sys
where τ is the integration time.
In most applications, however, Gsys and Trec are not constant, and their variations cause degradation of the radiometer sensitivity as follows:
Gain variations effects:
ΔT G=(T A −T ref)�(ΔG sys /G sys)
Assuming a five degree difference between the antenna temperature and the reference temperature, a+/−3 dB gain variation (over the 3 LNA's 36 a, 36 b, 36 c), and a 40 dB total system gain, the radiometer sensitivity will vary by about 5%.
Temperature variation effects can be shown:
ΔT ant=(T A +T rec)/(√{square root over (Bτ/2)})=√{square root over (2)}(T A +T rec)/(√{square root over (Bτ)})
ΔT ref=(T ref +T rec)/(√{square root over (Bτ/2)})=√{square root over (2)}(T ref +T rec)/(√{square root over (Bτ)})
Assuming statistical independence, the temperature variation can be shown:
Assuming a balanced Dicke radiometer (i.e. TA=Tref), the above equation can be simplified to:
Therefore, the Dicke radiometer sensitivity is twice that of an ideal total power radiometer. The factor of two (2) comes about because the Dicke switch alternates between the reference and the antenna such that TA is observed for only half of the time.
A radiator 52 provides a first signal input A while a reference 54 provides a second signal input B. The radiator 52 could be many types of radiator elements used in radiometers, including an antenna. Microstrip quadrature hybrid circuits 56 are operable with low noise amplifier circuits 58. The hybrid circuits can be 90� hybrids. Bandpass filter circuits 60 a, 60 b receive the signals represented at A and B, which are output to detector circuits 62 a, 62 b. These components are typically mounted on an RF board indicated by the dashed lines at 64. The RF board is typically formed from a single soft board or ceramic material. All MMW microstrip circuits, for example, 50 ohm lines, filters, hybrids and RF radiators, are printed on this board. Any MMIC amplifiers can be attached directly to the board, or through cut-outs, on a carrier plate underneath to the RF board.
The signals (A and B) are output to a controller board indicated by dashed lines at 70. On this board, any necessary video signal amplification, digitization and conditioning, automatic RF amplifier bias adjustment, and DC power regulation occurs. This board can interface directly with a video display system. The signal is received at two chopper amplifier circuits 72 a, 72 b. After amplification, the signals are integrated at integrator circuits 74 a, 74 b, and digitized at analog/digital (A/D) circuits 76 a, 76 b. A microcontroller circuit 78 provides digital video processing and receives an antenna temperature signal 80, amplifier control signal 82, and reference temperature signal 84. The output from the microcontroller circuit 78 is sent to a display or other external sensors 86.
The radiometer 50 uses microstrip quadrature hybrids 56 to distribute the signal and reference powers to the balanced amplifier chain as illustrated. The pairs of low noise amplifiers (LNA's) 58 are cross-coupled to each other, similar to a conventional balanced amplifier configuration.
The quadrature hybrid shown in
Because each signal passes through each amplifier in the chain, any fluctuation in the gain of any of the amplifiers is applied equally to both signals (TA & TRef). Assuming that the hybrid circuits 56 are well balanced by using good design practices, this radiometer design guarantees that the gain in each channel is substantially the same. In addition, because the gain in each channel is essentially the average of that of all the amplifiers in the chain, the overall gain fluctuation is effectively reduced by a factor of the square root of N, where N is the number of amplifiers.
Assuming the same amount of the LNA's gain variation (+/−3 dB) used for the Dicke radiometer as shown in
ΔT ideal=(1/√{square root over (Bτ)})T sys
Using commercially available W-band LNA's with over 20 GHz bandwidth, such as an ALH394 circuit made by Velocium of Redondo Beach, Calif., and assuming an integration time of 20 msec and 1200 K total system temperature, this radiometer sensitivity is less than 0.1 degree. The ALH394 is a broadband, three-stage, low noise monolithic HEMT amplifier. It has a small die size and is passivated. Bond pad and backside metallization can be Ti/Au and compatible with conventional die attach, thermocompression and thermosonic wire bonding assembly. It can have a usable radio frequency of 76 to about 96 GHz, linear gain of about 17 dB, and a noise FIG. of about 5 dB depending on applications. It can use DC power of about 2 volts at 34 mA. Bond pads can include VG1, VG2 and VG3, VD1, VD2, VD3, with an RF in and RF out pad.
The RF signals at the output of the band pass filter 60 a, 60 b are detected using the square law detector 62 a, 62 b. In order to eliminate any detector variation over temperature, a pair of balanced diodes 62 a, 62 b, such as a DBES105a diode manufactured by United Monolithic Semiconductors, can be used. This dual Schottky diode is based on a low cost 1 μm stepper process with bump technology and reduced parasitic conductances and having a high operating frequency. It can be a flip-chip dual diode with high cut-off frequencies of about 3 THz and a breakdown voltage of less than −5 volts at 20 uA. It has a substantially adequate ideality factor of about 1.2.
The diodes output an equal amount of power, but with opposite polarity. This method effectively cancels any bias or drift caused by the diodes. The very small DC voltages at the output of the diodes are typically very difficult to amplify accurately. DC offsets introduced by the op-amps are usually a cause of the problem, aggravated often by low frequency noise (l/f). The radiometer 50 of the present invention uses chopping op-amp circuits 72 a, 72 b, also known as auto zero amplifiers, such as the AD8628 amplifier manufactured by Analog Devices. This amplifier circuit eliminates DC offset and low frequency (l/f) noise.
The AD8628 amplifier has ultra-low offset, drift and bias current. It is a wide bandwidth auto-zero amplifier featuring rail-to-rail input and output swings and low noise. Operation is specified from 2.7 to 5 volts single supply (1.35V to 2.5V dual supply). It has low cost with high accuracy and low noise and external capacitors are not required. It reduces the digital switching noise found in most chopper stabilized amplifiers, and has an offset voltage of 1 μV, a drift less than 0.005 μV/� C., and noise of 0.5 uV P-P (0 Hz to 10 Hz). This amplifier is available in a tiny SOT23 and 8-pin narrow SOIC plastic packages.
An offset voltage of less than 1 μV allows this amplifier to be configured for high gains without risk of excessive output voltage errors. The small temperature drift of 2 nV/� C. ensures a minimum of offset voltage error over its entire temperature range of −40� C. to +125� C. It has high precision through auto-zeroing and chopping. This amplifier uses both auto-zeroing and chopping in a ping-pong arrangement to obtain lower low frequency noise and lower energy at the chopping and auto-zeroing frequencies. This maximizes the signal-to-noise radio (SNR) without additional filtering. The clock frequency of 15 kHz simplifies filter requirements for a wide, useful, noise-free bandwidth. The amplifier is preferably packaged in a 5-lead TSOT-23 package.
l/f noise, also known as pink noise, is a major contributor of errors in decoupled measurements. This l/f noise error term can be in the range of several μV or more, and when amplified with the closed-loop gain of the circuit, can show up as a large output offset. l/f noise is eliminated internally. l/f noise appears as a slowly varying offset to inputs. Auto-zeroing corrects any DC or low frequency offset, thus the l/f noise component is essentially removed leaving the amplifier free of l/f noise.
The output of the integrator circuits 74 a, 74 b for both the antenna signal and the reference signals are digitized using highly linear A/D circuits 76 a, 76 b and are sent to the microcontroller 78, where the reference signal is subtracted from the antenna signal to obtain the actual target temperature. The microcontroller 78 can monitor the temperature of the antenna through a sensor attached to the antenna. Any differences between the antenna and the reference are accounted for and corrections are applied appropriately in software. The microcontroller 78 also controls the LNA bias and monitors the amount of current drawn by each amplifier and adjusts the amplifier gain.
Thus, the balanced channel approach of the present invention can use MMIC chips and the implementation of a radiometer channel can occur either by the use of a single millimeter wave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC) or through discrete implementation using printed hybrids and multiple MMIC LNA's.
The radiometer of the present invention can also be manufactured in an arrangement having a larger number of channels, such as shown in
The radiometer module of the present invention has at least six times higher sensitivity than more current radiometer sensitivity, such as the Dicke radiometer sensitivity explained above with reference to
The radiometer, in accordance with one non-limiting example of the present invention, also is self-correcting for temperature and gain variations. It can use a balanced pair of diodes for detection and chopper operational amplifiers to eliminate any bias and reduce l/f noise. The microcontroller can monitor temperature changes between the antenna and the reference by reading any temperature sensors located on the antenna and near the reference. This can be based on temperatures to adjust for a correction factor. The gain can be continuously monitored and the bias adjusted for the low noise amplifier (LNA) to maintain constant gain. Real-time corrections can be performed on all video channels to account for any changes in temperature or gain.
The radiometer of the present invention also has self-healing capability because of the distributed gain approach. Failure of one or more LNA's in each channel will not result in failure of the channel. The microcontroller can compensate for the drop of any amplifiers in the chain.
The detected signal from the detector circuit 220 passes into an integrator circuit 224 that are positioned on the controller board 226 and into a sample and hold circuit 228. The analog signal is then converted into a digital signal by an appropriate analog/digital converter 230 and received in a microcontroller 232, which is operative with a C&M circuit 234. A power regulation circuit 236 receives DC signals from a DC source 238 and regulates the RF board 222 and controller board 226. The microcontroller 232 can output a digital signal to a display or other external sensors 240 as described before. It should be understood that the term microcontroller in this description encompasses many different types of controllers and processors.
These results show the system temperature in degrees Kelvin (K) for the three configurations corresponding to the Dicke, hybrid and hybrid/switch. The Dicke radiometer in the example as shown in
It is evident that the radiometer as described enhances performance and reduces complexity. The radiometer includes the benefits of the hybrid radiometer performance with the simplicity of single channel processing provided in the Dicke radiometer. A MMIC chip implementation is provided that simplifies the RF front-end implementation in one non-limiting example, although MMIC chips for other radiometer configurations can be used. One MMIC chip example combines the LNA hybrid function and a non-reflective switch. A second LNA is a simple single channel amplifier. A third LNA combines the amplifier function with a zero bias detector diode to provide a low cost, high performance radiometer.
Referring now to
The MMIC chips can include amplifiers, including one or more amplifiers, for example, Field Effect Transistor (FET) stages, and balanced amplifiers with one or more amplifier stages but having a single RF input and output. The balanced amplifiers can use quadrature hybrids such as a Lange coupler, which is often used in low loss, wide bandwidth, and compact microwave applications. Some Lange couplers have an isolated port, a through port or coupler port.
The MMIC chip examples may use air bridges to route signals above surface traces. A MMIC amplifier can also have one or more gate bias voltage pads to provide a biasing voltage to the FET gates. A MMIC amplifier can have one or more drain voltage pads to provide drain current to FET stages, which can be made of different materials such as silicone, Gallium Arsonide (GaAs) or Indium Phosphate. The MMIC chip thickness can range from a little as one mil to about several mils, for example about four or five mils in some non-limiting examples.
Referring now to
The MMIC chips can use air bridges for signals to be passed above the surface typically formed as signal traces. A MMIC amplifier 402 can have one or more gate bias voltages to provide the biasing voltage to FET gates as illustrated. One or more drain voltage pads 410 can provide drain current to the amplifier stages as illustrated. Each MMIC chip can be made of different materials as described before such as Gallium Arsenide or Indium Phosphate. The chip thickness can vary from about one mil to about several mils, and in one non-limiting example, is about 4 or about 5 mils.
An example of a type of MMIC chip specifications over different temperatures and frequencies, and an example of the MMIC chip functional ranges and switch specifications are illustrated below as non-limiting examples. Other numerical ranges and figures for the MMIC can be used as suggested by those skilled in the art.
Parameter Value Frequency range 80 to 100 GHz Input/Output <−10 dB return losses Input/Output 50 Ohms Gain (average over Sufficient gain (at 65 deg C.) to get 10 mV at bandwidth detector output with a 50 K-Ohm video resistor (external) when sensing a 50 Ohm reference resistor on the first LNA. Assume 2 dB filter and interconnect losses. Recommend: 1) 52 dB minimum gain (from LNA's) at about 65 deg C. 2) Typical switch losses are about 3.5 dB 3) Typical power into the diode for 10 mV output is about −20 dBm Gain variation <1 dB over any 5 GHz from cascading all LNA's 1/f Noise Measured noise from 50 Hz to 1 MHz NF (average over 3.5 dB max (at hot temperature), 4 dB (typical the bandwidth) at room temp) for the first LNA. The second LNA NF may be degraded by about 1 dB NF variation <0.5 dB over any 5 GHz for each LNA PldB (output) >0 dBm Lange Coupler 75 to 105 GHz frequency Note: The couplers can be made wider to accommodate multi-chip cascade Lange coupler 20 dB min isolation Lange coupler 5 deg max phase imbalance Chip gain & phase Chip layout of active components typically balance should be symmetrical Drain Voltage 1.2 Vdc Drain Current 60 mA typical Vg and Vd pad size 190 by 80 microns Keep out area from 75 microns min (no crushable features) bonding pads, crushable features, and RF Ports Compatible with about 100 micron pitch CPW probes (GSG). The 100 micron is typically between the steal and the ground on each side Detector diode Zero bias (preferred), If bias current is used, no llf noise shall be generated by the diode above 1 KHz Diode bandwidth 80 to 100 GHz Diode sensitivity 10 mV out with 50 K Ohm video resistor for −20 (typical) dBm input Temperature range 0 to +65 deg C. Physical Size Minimize width (IA mm max) Length to width ratio not to exceed 3:1 MTBF >1 M hrs Stability Unconditional stable with 50 pf capacitor to ground close to MMIC connected to the Vd or Vg lines with a 15 mil long 1 mil diameter bond wire cascaded with a 600 pf cap to ground, 100 mils of microstrip line terminating in 0.1 uf cap to around SWITCH SPECIFICATIONS 90 GHz Center Frequency 20 GHz min Frequency 2.0 dB max Bandwidth 25 dB min Insertion Loss 12 dB min (on or off) Isolation 15 dB (as a goal) Return Loss 0 dBm min Required at all MMW ports MMW Power Required for all DC inputs handling On-chip 50 nS min DC block −3, 3 V +/−0.1 available On-chip bias or decoupling 0 V +1/−0.1 available Switching time O mA min Control Voltage 5 mA max Control Current I/Os need to be symmetrical Symmetry Compatible with 100 micron pitch CPW probes RF Ports
These chips can be cascaded and combined in various topologies such as shown in
Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come to the mind of one skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications and embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 30, 1998
|Nov 16, 1999
|Motorola, Inc.
|Distributed MMIC active quadrature hybrid and method for providing in-phase and quadrature-phase signals
|Aug 23, 2000
|Aug 17, 2004
|Rose Research L.L.C.
|Systems and methods for millimeter and sub-millimeter wave imaging
|Nov 16, 2005
|Apr 3, 2007
|Xytrans, Inc.
|Multi-channel radiometer imaging system
|May 3, 2005
|May 1, 2007
|Sun Chemical Corporation
|Process for preparing nanoscale quinacridone
|Mar 9, 2006
|Jul 3, 2007
|Xytrans, Inc.
|Multi-channel radiometer imaging system
|Dec 12, 2005
|Jul 31, 2007
|Xytrans, Inc.
|Radiometer measurement linearization system and method
|Jul 16, 2001
|Jan 16, 2003
|Motorola, Inc.
|Structure and method for fabricating power combining amplifiers
|Mar 9, 2006
|Jul 27, 2006
|Xytrans, Inc.
|Multi-channel radiometer imaging system
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 8, 2008
|Sep 27, 2011
|Eaton Corporation
|Temperature monitoring in uninterruptible power supply systems using synthetic loading
|Mar 23, 2009
|Feb 14, 2012
|Sony Corporation
|Signal processing device and method, program, and signal processing system
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 15, 2006
Owner name: XYTRANS, INC., FLORIDA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:AMMAR, DANNY F.;REEL/FRAME:017569/0421
Effective date: 20060113
|Nov 19, 2008
Owner name: REVEAL IMAGING, LLC, MASSACHUSETTS
Free format text: TRANSFER FORM;ASSIGNORS:XYTRANS, INC.;CROSSHILL GEORGETOWN CAPITAL, LP;REEL/FRAME:021849/0932
Effective date: 20081007
|Jan 5, 2009
Owner name: BBH CAPITAL PARTNERS III, L.P., NEW YORK
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:REVEAL IMAGING, LLC;REEL/FRAME:022052/0517
Effective date: 20081211
|May 25, 2010
|Certificate of correction
|May 24, 2013
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 13, 2013
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Dec 3, 2013
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20131013


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Posted in ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENTS, BRIDGE LOAN INVESTMENTS, INVESTING ADVICE, MORTGAGES, REAL ESTATE, WEALTH-BUILDING Tagged alternative investments, bridge loan investments, hard money investing, hard money investment, hard money lending, investment opportunities, private money lending, rehab loan investing, rehab loan investments 53 Comments
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My vent - I cannot do it. I cannot take the insulin. I started Monday with 2 units to make sure I didn't react to it. I felt sweaty, scared, and dizzy, then I took 2 more units that night. Tuesday night I took 4 units. I got so sick that night that all my dr.'s and nurses agree it was more likely something I ate or stomach flu than meds.... but I can't shake this gut feeling it was insulin. I start having a panic attack about taking it around 5PM even though I take it at 9. I can't do it every night for the next 6-8 weeks. And I can't work up the courage to do it tonight. I know my husband is going to be ubber frustrated with me for spending the money on it if I won't take it. I'm beating myself up internally with the medical model of "doing what's best for baby". I'm just scared that the preservatives in it ARE giving my sensitive system a reaction, and no matter how much I psych myself up and override my inner knowing that that is what gave me the headache Mon & Tuesday and caused the horrible vomiting and diarrhea on Tuesday night. Tonight I'm thinking maybe I'll try glyburide instead.... I don't know. I wish I could get my damn fasting numbers down on my own without medication. I hate the medical model pressure. I hate GD.
I can't do it! Vent
Comments (7)
I'm almost inclined to think that your reactions are more related to anxiety than the insulin. The more anxiety you have, the more adrenaline your body may produce... Also, if you're getting that upset, the vomiting and diarrhea may be stress related.
But YOU know your body better than anyone else! Instead of taking the Glyburide (unless you get in touch with your dr), maybe skip the insulin(I'm hesitant to even suggest that and honestly the best thing you could do right now is call your dr).
If your dr who prescribed the insulin & Glyburide have an after hours number you may want to give them a call tonight... I'm hesitant to tell you to not take one or the other because this is something that needs to be handled by the dr....
I know it's frustrating... But trust your gut & give your dr a call tonight.
Me + TheHubs = TheSmoosh (Birth story)
Follow me on my weight loss journey at TheFatassDiaries
GD diagnosis wk25, insulin @ wk28, induced/section @ 39wk
I don't have an RX for the glyburide at this point. And I do think my anxiety is a major contributing factor BUT I also think my body is reacting to the preservatives or something in the insulin, and no matter how much self talk I do, I can't override the anxiety or my body's response to that or the insulin. They already let me know I could skip last night since I got so sick the night before - and I am hoping they will let me come in and take the glyburide in the office to observe if there is a reaction.
I do react to a lot of meds, and I have learned to override that a lot. For example the only antibiotic class left that I don't break out in hives, or tight throat, etc. to is sulfa (ironically) - bacterim specifically. I know the first night I will have a high heart rate, get sick at my stomach, and it won't be fun but that I can make it to day two and not have a major allergic reaction. I had to take Valtrex (I've had reactions to antivirals like tamiflu) last summer for shingles, and I panicked on the first dose or two, but after I saw it was fine I took the rest no problem, and no panic. I even have a pardoxical relationship with benadryl - it keeps me up all night... meds and me have never worked well. SO I know it's a fine line for me - but I've never worked myself up to that level of vomiting and diahrea.... and maybe it was a stomach flu or mild food poisoning, but I can't override my anxiety or inner voice on this.... trying to listen to it.
I wish it was like the days of old where I could get admitted to a medical facility and observed during starting one of the meds or insulin.... I will definitely contact the Dr. tomorrow. :( Honestly I did feel my throat tighten a couple of times after the injection but kept overriding that with the thought it's just my anxiety - but I'm not so sure.
Def ask about the Glyburide & see if you can take it there & maybe wait there for about an hour or so to see if you do react. Hopefully that works!
I know the feeling... I'm highly allergic to aspirin & nearly killed myself in one of my clinicals in nursing school. I figured I'd be ok to administer it to a patient, and washed my hands thoroughly before & after. Luckily I was in a hospital as I started to go into anaphylaxis . I learned that I have to wear gloves & a mask if I have to admin aspirin. Even still, my body tenses up every time I see it on a patients chart.
Me + TheHubs = TheSmoosh (Birth story)
Follow me on my weight loss journey at TheFatassDiaries
GD diagnosis wk25, insulin @ wk28, induced/section @ 39wk
Thank you so much for this response. I'm sorry you have reactions, too. Thanks for your validation - that means A LOT!
I wish you good luck finding something that works for you, maybe researching glyburide and your insulin will help ease your mind about your doctors choice for insulin.
I did find some research that there can be reactions to the preservatives in insulin, specifically zinc, protamine & meta-cresol
I know the glyburide is more synthetic and insulin is more close to resembling what's in our bodies. It could be just anxiety causing the reactions, or it could be the insulin or it could be both. The only way to truly tell is to get an allergy test done. Maybe it's anxiety to the injections itself? I know many people have needle phobia.
Either way, as long as you find something that you're comfortable taking, and it works, thats what matters in the end.
Me + TheHubs = TheSmoosh (Birth story)
Follow me on my weight loss journey at TheFatassDiaries
GD diagnosis wk25, insulin @ wk28, induced/section @ 39wk
the insulin shots scared me to death and i had a panic attack the first time as well but all i was worried about was the needles :( my panic attacks have the same symptoms you described and i'm so sorry you're having to go through this! hopefully the doctors can find a solution that works for you and helps keep your fasting numbers under control. i do agree with a pp that insulin is probably a safer choice because it is more natural so perhaps you could do the test with the insulin shot at the Dr's office and rule out any reactions in a safe medical environment? good luck!
ACE & BTE - May 1, 2010
Baby WAE - December 1, 2012
because happily ever after is just the beginning


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Rejuvenating facials at Long Island spas
After a loooong, cold winter, it's the right time for a refresher course -- we're talking about your face. Skin gets dull, congested and D-R-Y during the colder months, and a facial is a wonderful rejuvenator.
But there's a lot going on in the world of skin care, and it seems that the days of the very basic facial are virtually extinct. So to learn about some variations on the theme, we went under the steam, the stone, the cream and, eeks, even the razor. And besides the relaxing, pampering experience (some more relaxing and pampering than others), the greatest benefit of all is beautiful, healthy skin.
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Finally, leaving today for Colo. Can't wait for sat. Only 900 plus miles and 15hrs between me and setting up camp.
Good luck and drive safely. Been cooling off here so it may be a real nice weekend to be up in the hill. I leave in 9 days but I only have a 5 hour drive.
Drive safe, 15 hrs is a long time to be in a car, good luck on your hunt, what are you hunting for? hopefully the weather works out to your advantage and the stars align and you shoot the biggest animal on the mountain. again good luck, be safe and wait to see the pics and hear the story.
Good luck and be hunt and drive safe. I did a lot of driving up to Wyoming and back this weekend and just that many miles in the saddle wore me out. I can not imagine driving as much as you will be. That is dedication. But I guess if I was in your shoes I would be doing the same. The weather is starting to change so you are getting out here about the right time. Well maybe... I also could have just jinxed you and we might hit another month long dry spell with tempertures in the 80's. Sorry guys!
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In the introduction of their new book whose title says it all - Why We're Not Emergent: By Two Guys Who Should Be (Moody, 2008) - authors Kevin DeYoung and Ted Kluck offer yet another attempt at defining "emergent Christianity." I've included the full quotation below. Check it out and tell me whether you fit the bill.
After reading nearly five thousand pages of emerging-church literature, I have no doubt that the emerging church, while loosely defined and far from uniform, can be described and critiqued as a diverse, but recognizable, movement. You might be an emergent Christian:
if you listen to U2, Moby, and Johnny Cash's Hurt (sometimes in church), use sermon illustrations from The Sopranos, drink lattes in the afternoon and Guinness in the evenings, and always use a Mac; if your reading list consists primarily of Stanley Hauerwas, Henri Nouwen, N. T. Wright, Stan Grenz, Dallas Willard, Brennan Manning, Jim Wallis, Frederick Buechner, David Bosch, John Howard Yoder, Wendell Berry, Nancy Murphy, John Frank, Walter Winks, and Lesslie Newbigin (not to mention McLaren, Pagitt, Bell, etc.) and your sparring partners include D. A. Carson, John Calvin, Martyn Lloyd-Jones, and Wayne Grudem;...
if your idea of quintessential Christian discipleship is Mother Teresa, Martin Luther King Jr., Nelson Mandela, or Desmond Tutu; if you don't like George W. Bush or institutions or big business or capitalism or Left Behind Christianity; if your political concerns are poverty, AIDS, imperialism, war-mongering, CEO salaries, consumerism, global warming, racism, and oppression and not so much abortion and gay marriage; if you are into bohemian, goth, rave, or indie; if you talk about the myth of redemptive violence and the myth of certainty; ...
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PANAJI: The 43rd edition of the International Film Festival of India (Iffi) kicks off today.
"A paradigm shift has been made and Iffi has taken a new avatar," said Shankar Mohan, festival director, while addressing mediapersons at the festival curtain raiser. He said organizers were "trying to set standards of excellence".
Mohan said the International Competition section of the festival will contain 15 movies from across the world and the competition jury will be headed by Goutam Ghose. Noted cinema personalities like Anamaria Marinca, Derek Malcolm, Lech Majewski and Malani Fonseka will be members of the jury.
The Indian Panorama will screen 20 feature films and 19 films in the non-feature section, he said. Nitin Desai, Resul Pookutty, Debabrata Pain, Shyam Benegal, Avy Kaufman, Adoor Gopalakrishnan and David Womark will be taking master classes, he added.
Mohan said special tributes to Girish Kasaravalli and Muzaffar Ali have been planned. Tributes will also be paid to masters showcasing works of Mrinal Sen, Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Shyam Benegal, D Ramanaidu and K Balachander.
In the Homages section, films of Yash Chopra, Dev Anand, Rajesh Khanna, Navodaya Appachan, T Damodaran, Ashok Mehta, Rajen Kothari, AK Hangal, Dara Singh, Joy Mukherjee, Dinesh Thakur and Ravi Shankar Sharma will be screened. A retrospective section on Dadasaheb Phalke award winner Soumitra Chatterjee is also part of the festival.
This year a special Indian Cinema Centenary Award has been instituted which will be bestowed to a film chosen from International Competition, Cinema of the World and the Indian Panorama. A specially-constituted jury of Buddhadeb Dasgupta, Goutam Ghose and Kishwar Desai will adjudge the winner who will be awarded a cash prize of 10 lakh, Silver Peacock and a certificate.
Other sections in the International section include 'A Cut Above', 'Masterstrokes', 'Festival Kaleidoscope', 'Turkish Currents', 'Sketches on Screen', 'Retrospective: Susanne Bier', 'Special Tribute: Ashok Amritraj', 'In Focus: Kim Ki-duk', 'Soul of Asia' and 'Documentaries'. Open air and beach screenings have been planned in 10 locations across the state.
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WHITE HALL, MD Richard Oare, a 68 year old attorney, died Tuesday, March 26, 2013, of prostate cancer at the Gilchrist Hospice Center in Towson, Md. Mr. Oare was born in Baltimore, Md., grew up in Parkville, Md., attended Immaculate Conception Grade School, Towson Catholic High School, Loyola University of Baltimore, and University of Arkansas Law School. Mr. Oare was licensed to practice law in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Washington, D.C. He started his career as a public defender in Harrisburg in 1973. He later went into private practice in York. One of his most notable cases was his successful defense of York Mayor Charles Robertson. In 2001, Mayor Robinson was charged with murder as a result of his actions as a
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Cannes 2012: Buena Vista International Takes U.K. and Irish Rights to 'A Few Best Men'
The comedy, directed by Stephen Elliot, will open in Britain in late August.
Buena Vista International has acquired U.K. and Irish rights to Stephen Elliot's comedy A Few Best Men from film sales company Arclight Films. The film, which has successfully opened in Australia, will be released in Britain and Ireland at the end of August.
Written by Dean Craig, the movie stars Xavier Samuel as a young, British groom who heads to Australia's Blue Mountains with his three best men. Within hours of landing in Australia things go totally wrong. The cast also includes Olivia Newton-John, Rebel Wilson, Kris Marshall, Kevin Bishop and Laura Brent. It was produced by Share Stallings.
"We're thrilled at the film's international success and the box office numbers A Few Best Men is bringing in," Gary Hamilton, managing director of Arclight Films, said. "We're looking forward to equally successful openings in Europe and South America soon."
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Riders of all ability levels are invited to join us on our first fun-for-all skills session that will focus on successfully riding over bridges of varying widths, logs and other obstacles.
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Orange Beef and Barley Stew
Classic stew fixings in a robust tomato sauce flavored with red wine and orange peel; the barley bakes along with the beef.
Level: Moderate
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- 2 tbsp. vegetable oil
- 1½ lb. beef for stew
- 4 medium carrots
- 2 medium onions
- 2 clove garlic
- 1 can plum tomatoes
- 1 can beef broth
- 1 c. dry red wine
- 3 strip orange peel
- 1 bay leaf
- ½ tsp. salt
- ¾ c. barley
- Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. In 5-quart Dutch oven over medium-high heat, in 1 tablespoon hot vegetable oil, cook beef chunks, half at a time, until browned; remove to bowl.
- In same Dutch oven in 1 more tablespoon hot vegetable oil, cook carrots and onions until browned. Add garlic; cook 1 minute, stirring. Return beef to Dutch oven; add tomatoes with their liquid, beef broth, red wine, orange peel, bay leaf, and salt. Over high heat, heat to boiling, stirring with spoon to break up tomatoes.
- If you like, transfer mixture to deep 5-quart casserole; cover and bake 45 minutes. Stir in barley; cover and bake 45 to 60 minutes longer until beef and barley are tender. Discard bay leaf.
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Donald Mauritz is a Principal Research Associate in the Building Technologies and Urban Systems (BTUS) Division. He leads the energy-use analysis and technical support aspects of SFO's sustainable acquisition project.
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Prior to joining LBNL, Don worked for utility companies in southern California implementing energy efficiency and water conservation programs for residential and small business customers. He has a Bachelor of Science degree in architectural technology and Masters degree in architecture.
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Twins 5, White Sox 3
MINNEAPOLIS (AP)—A little more than a week ago, the Chicago White Sox seemed to be in control of the AL Central.
Now they can only hope the Minnesota Twins collapse.
Jacque Jones hit a pair of two-out, two-run homers off Bartolo Colon, helping Minnesota complete a pivotal three-game sweep of the White Sox with a 5-3 victory Thursday night.
After losing two straight in Chicago last week and falling two games back in the division race, the Twins have won five in a row against Chicago in a span of eight days to move 3 1/2 games ahead.
"After we lost two there, it could've got real ugly," Twins starter Kyle Lohse said. "We knew we were in a tough situation. I think that really made us look at ourselves like, 'We've got to keep going."'
The defending AL Central champions have won six straight overall and eight of nine.
"There's still time left," White Sox manager Jerry Manuel said. "But we've got to run the table."
Just about. Chicago plays seven games against Kansas City, which is 4 1/2 games out, and three against the Yankees.
Minnesota has nine games left—seven against Detroit, which is on pace to set a record for the most losses in a season since 1900.
"We've got to be ready," cautioned closer Eddie Guardado, who pitched a scoreless ninth for his 38th save in 41 tries after LaTroy Hawkins needed only five pitches to get through the eighth.
Lohse (14-11) worked 6 2-3 innings for the victory, leaving to a standing ovation from the crowd of 39,948. J.C. Romero got the last out in the seventh.
In the three games, the White Sox managed just seven runs and four extra-base hits.
"What can I say? It's demoralizing," center fielder Carl Everett said.
The Twins have been in several tough situations this season, after losing 22 of 28 before the All-Star break to finish the first half 7 1/2 games out.
Three straight losses to Cleveland in mid-August put them four games back, prompting manager Ron Gardenhire to say that some players didn't "have a clue."
Now the Twins, who have the best record in the majors in the second half, are playing their best baseball of the year—at a perfect time.
"We can't afford to let down," Gardenhire said. "We have to come back with the same enthusiasm."
Colon (14-13) had a streak of three straight complete games snapped. He gave up seven hits, five runs—four earned—and three walks, striking out only one in six innings.
A night after Everett said the Twins seemed like the hungrier team and two hours after Manuel addressed the club in a closed-door meeting, the White Sox took a 2-0 lead in the top of the first.
Roberto Alomar and Carlos Lee started with consecutive singles, and Everett drove them in with a two-out single over the head of second baseman Luis Rivas.
The problems began when Colon walked Shannon Stewart to begin the bottom half. Two outs later, Jones—one of the game's most aggressive hitters (he has only 21 walks this year)—came to bat.
Colon, surprisingly, threw a strike on the first pitch that Jones smacked an estimated 436 feet into the upper deck in right field to tie the game.
Doug Mientkiewicz doubled with two outs in the third. Then Jones, batting cleanup for the eighth time this season, homered to center to make it 4-2 and further deflate Chicago's chances of playing in October.
The Twins took advantage of two errors by the White Sox to go up by three.
Michael Ryan singled and went to third on a wild pickoff throw by Colon, scoring on a suicide squeeze attempt by Cristian Guzman. Colon picked up the bunt and shoveled it to catcher Miguel Olivo, who had it pop out of his glove as Ryan stopped about 5 feet short of the plate on his slide. Ryan then reached around with his hand to touch home.
Frank Thomas, 1-for-12 in this series, hit a high fly to left that Stewart caught with his back against the wall in the sixth. Thomas clapped his hands together in disgust as he returned to the dugout.
Jose Valentin and Aaron Miles hit doubles in the seventh to cut the lead to 5-3 and chase Lohse, who allowed three runs and eight hits with sixstrikeouts.
The Twins were disappointed Thursday that results of an angiogram on 3B coach Al Newman were inconclusive. Newman will have to undergo more tests before he'll be allowed to leave the hospital, but "his spirits are good," Gardenhire said. Newman suffered a brain hemorrhage last week in Chicago. … Brian Daubach started at 1B for Paul Konerko, who is 1-for-29 in his career against Lohse. … It was the eighth multihomer games of Jones' career. … Theseries drew 113,173 fans. … The Twins took the season series 10-9.


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Tessa Wegert | January 9, 2014 | Comments
It might come across as the flavor of the day, but storytelling as marketing inspiration and a course of content development action is here to stay.
A year ago this week, I wrote a column called, Why Your Brand Needs to Become a Content King. It was the start of 2013, and Coca-Cola had just released its Bears Film, an animated short produced by Ridley Scott that went on to rack up millions of views online.
The project was a harbinger of things to come: 12 months of exceptional video campaigns, from Dove's Real Beauty Sketches to Heineken's Departure Roulette, Burt's Bees' #6SecondClassics, online films by Volvo, Jaguar, and Infiniti, and Chipotle's now-legendary The Scarecrow.
Many won awards and broke records for garnering the most ever views and shares online. Just weeks into 2013, "we need more branded content" seemed to be the phrase on every digital marketer's lips.
At some point over the course of the year, however, our perspective changed. Branded content was still top of mind, but we'd started to take a closer look at what constituted "content," as opposed to a commercial spot or ad. We began to ask ourselves what made great custom content great, and found the answer lay in story. All at once, storytelling became synonymous with everything from content marketing to business presentations.
As a concept, it was a content development catchall, the supposed answer to every marketing problem. It permeated virtually every conversation about connecting with audiences online. Storytelling was the new digital media darling. And we were keen to welcome it with open arms.
Not everyone was thrilled. "Why take a key element of human nature and slap an industry label on it?" opined an agency executive in The Guardian. "Have you ever heard of a 'storytelling department' anywhere? So, why now?"
It was - and still is - a valid question. It isn't as if we didn't already know that story mattered, or that we'd failed to harness it for marketing purposes until now. We did, however, come to see storytelling in a new way.
Last year was a year of stellar branded content, but it was also the year that saw Vine launched on Twitter, and video come to Instagram. Netflix made history when it won an Emmy for a Web-only series, and Amazon started picking up new streaming series of its own for Prime Instant Video. Toshiba and Intel continued to produce webisodes as quirky and entertaining as any mainstream movie.
So you see, the evolution of our interest in storytelling is two-fold. Marketers have at their disposal a new arsenal of tools and platforms ideally suited to creating branded content. And consumers are more willing than ever to see branded content as being on par with the traditional entertainment they know and love.
The year to come is bound to produce more high-profile branded content worthy of audience attention and industry accolades. Daily time spent with digital media is fast surpassing the time we spend watching TV, and mobile video viewing is on the rise, creating opportunities for marketers to effectively deliver their content. Big brand campaigns aside, one has to think we'll also see better content across the map. As marketers continue to find their footing with social video, short films, and webisodes, an emphasis on good brand stories will give them an edge.
It might come across as the flavor of the day, but storytelling as marketing inspiration and a course of content development action is here to stay. Combine it with custom content the likes of what we saw in 2013, and I'd say we're all in for a very good year.
Tessa Wegert is a business reporter and former media strategist specializing in digital. In addition to writing for ClickZ since 2002, she has contributed to such publications as USA Today, Marketing Magazine, Mashable, and The Globe and Mail. Tessa manages marketing and communications for Enlighten, one of the first full-service digital marketing strategy agencies servicing such brands as Bioré, Food Network, illy, and Hunter Douglas. She has been working in online media since 1999.
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Report of an International Forum held in May 1991For the first time four crucial aspects of gastrointestinal endoscopy are combined in a single text. Drugs for sedation and monitoring of the patient are addressed with particular reference to safety issues and comfort and acceptability for the patient. Resource management and health economic techniques are applied to endoscopy to determine quality and outcome. Problems of negligence and informed
$14.99Unmasking One of the Most Underdiagnosed Autoimmune DiseasesDo you suffer from gastrointestinal complaints, fatigue, headaches, joint pain, anemia, and/or itchy skin conditions? Have you consulted numerous doctors, and been prescribed drugs and diets that have only temporarily alleviated some symptoms? If so, you may have celiac disease, a hereditary autoimmune condition that affects nearly one in
$6.29"The essence of change is not the change itself, but the awareness that it has occurred." gemma is an intimate portrayal of a woman fighting to stay relevant to herself. "I feel like, sometimes, that I'm two people. It's a bitch." Since university days, Gemma has been haunted by an escalating and paralyzing shame, along with an acutely sickening fear to confront it. Now, forty-four years old,
$7.19What do you do when change is forced upon you? In The Unspooling, Mrs. Devlin goes about correcting an injustice within a set of rules that was to blame for it in the first place. The results are predictable. And tragic. In The Framing, Mrs. Devlin knows that the old rules don't work. The root causes are exposed and laid bare, seen for what they are. She creates a new set of rules and puts them
$8.09…if God wasn't who you thought He was… In the quest to keep the fabric of the village from unraveling, Réal, keeper of the most sought after secrets, battles divine and secular forces that conspire to bend him to their needs. Worse, the revelation of his true identity, the most shocking secret of all, renders him powerless. The resulting chaos redefines the tenets of love and fidelity, guilt and


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N.Y. Man Pleads Not Guilty in Terror Case
NEW YORK -- A Queens part-time building superintendent pleaded not guilty Saturday to charges he received training from al Qaeda and conspired to commit murder outside the U.S. after he was arrested Thursday in a probe of an alleged terror plot in New York.
Adis Medunjanin, 25 years old, pleaded not guilty to charges of conspiracy to commit murder in a foreign country and receiving military-type training from a foreign terrorist organization at a hearing before U.S. Magistrate Judge Viktor Pohorelsky in Brooklyn.
Mr. Medunjanin, who wore a black hooded ski parka and warmup pants during the hearing, faces life in prison on the charges. A bearded Mr. Medunjanin said little during the hearing and held his hands behind his back during the arraignment.
"In court he entered an emphatic not guilty plea," said Robert Gottlieb, Mr. Medunjanin's lawyer. "We have declared very, very loudly that he is not guilty."
Mr. Medunjanin is being held without bail pending a detention hearing on Thursday.
Mr. Medunjanin and Zarein Ahmedzay, a Queens cab driver, were taken into custody this week by the Joint Terrorism Task Force in New York as part of a probe that led to the arrest of Colorado airport shuttle driver Najibullah Zazi in September. The task force includes the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the New York City Police Department.
Mr. Ahmedzay, 24, pleaded not guilty to a single count of making a false statement to law enforcement at a hearing on Friday.
Mr. Medunjanin, a U.S. citizen whose parents are from Bosnia, was arrested after he was involved in a car accident on the Whitestone Expressway on Thursday. Mr. Gottlieb said his client suffered cuts and bruises in the car accident and was treated a Queens hospital. Mr. Medunjanin also is being treated for a prior infection in his leg, Mr. Gottlieb said.
Reuters, citing a law enforcement official, reported Friday that Mr. Medunjanin called 911, invoked the name of Allah and rammed a car in front of him before the accident.
Gottlieb, Medunjanin's lawyer, declined to comment on the circumstances of the accident, saying he hadn't heard the purported 911 call.
"What happened the day of his arrest had nothing to do with terrorism," Gottlieb said.
Prosecutors from the U.S. Attorney's office in Brooklyn alleged that Mr. Medunjanin received military-style training between August 2008 and October 2008 from al Qaeda. He traveled to Qatar and Pakistan in August 2008, according to prosecutors.
They also alleged Mr. Medunjanin conspired during that time frame to commit one or more acts of murder outside the U.S.
The Wall Street Journal, citing a law enforcement official, reported Saturday that authorities believe Mr. Medunjanin and Mr. Ahmedzay accompanied Mr. Zazi on a 2008 trip to Pakistan, where the latter allegedly attended an al Qaeda training camp.
FBI affidavits filed in Mr. Zazi's case said that he told FBI agents in interviews that he attended courses and received instruction on weapons and explosives at an al Qaeda training facility in Pakistan. Mr. Zazi, who has been charged with conspiracy to use a weapon of mass destruction, has pleaded not guilty to the charge and denied his involvement.
The Journal reported that Mr. Medunjanin and Mr. Ahmedzay had been under surveillance since Mr. Zazi's arrest as part of the ongoing investigation.
Mr. Gottlieb said his client was held without access for his lawyer all day Friday and into Saturday morning and was questioned by authorities. Mr. Gottlieb said he will seek to suppress any statements made by Mr. Medunjanin to law enforcement without access to his attorney.
Mr. Medunjanin's father, sister and two other relatives attended the arraignment, but the magistrate judge denied a request for them to speak to Mr. Medunjanin.
Mr. Gottlieb said Medunjanin's family was "distraught" by his arrest.
Prosecutors had alleged that Mr. Zazi bought hair products in Colorado that contained chemicals that could be used to make bombs in connection with a plot to commit an attack in New York City. They also have alleged that bomb-building instructions were found on his computer.
Write to Chad Bray at email@example.com


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I'm new to code contracts. I downloaded the latest build of code contract project (1.4.40314.1) and started to implement it in my project. When i enabled 'Runtume Checking' through Code Contracts Tab in VS2010, i got this Error
Error 1 The command ""C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Contracts\Bin\ccrewrite" "@Application1ccrewrite.rsp"" exited with code -1.
everytime i build the project. Plz help.
Now it's a major problem for me. Every project using code contracts is showing same error in VS2010 Errors window and 'Application1ccrewrite.rsp' not found in output window, but it is there.
I tried out everything. I installed both versions (Pro, Std) but the problem persist. Plz help !


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This year, Restoration Express is urging contractors to be prepared and order their model now - and hit the ground running before winter takes hold.
Affordable, robust and easy to use, the Aerial Dessicant dehumidifiers combine high output and portability – with the back-up of Restoration Express's national support service.
The ASE 200 and ASE 300 machines operate at minus 10 degrees Celsuis – delivering targeted drying that's the best in class – year after year.
They also have a high specification, with performance assured for the long term through quality engineering and materials, offering a long working life of 10 years and coming complete with a 24 month guarantee.
Both machines achieve fast drying rates and removal of moisture, with the ASE capable of removing 19 litres of water per day @saturation and the ASE 300 26 litres.
They also work in tandem with Restoration Express's Helix Airmover to create evaporation and collect moisture – delivering a significant effect on drying times
carries details including the technical spec of the ASE 200 and ASE 300 and a video of them in action. More information is also available by emailing enquiries@restoration-
Notes To Editors
The premier name across the UK and Ireland to buy or hire fire and flood restoration equipment and specialist drying equipment, Restoration Express has a huge fleet of dehumidifiers, desiccants and airmovers for short or long term hire.
For those in the restoration industry, Restoration Express stocks flood damage and fire damage restoration and drying equipment and most of the associated consumables such as the chemicals, solutions and accessories - all for purchase under one roof.
The company also sells carpet and upholstery cleaning solutions, leather cleaning solutions, personal protective equipment (PPE), hand tools and accessories. Most of the industry leading brands including Ebac, Tramex, Prochem, Chemspec and Aerial are carried.
Restoration Express will endeavour to source any product – and provide the latest equipment with the best free advice for all restoration problems - from a large multi-storey flood to small leaks and carpet stains.
Call Freephone 0800 316 6706 for advice or to enquire about any products.
Press release issued by Jane Shepherd, Shepherd PR Limited, 01538 308658/308099
Media contacts jane@shepherd-


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The content on this page is provided by a Time Out partner.
The leafy London suburb of Teddington has come a long way in the past twenty years. Restaurants need to keep up with the demands of the ever more urbane residents, which is exactly what Al Borgo aims to do. A traditional Italian Ristorante in many ways, Al Borgo is intimate, family run, relaxed and friendly. However a little extra spice has been added to what could be just another neighbourhood restaurant by owner Marco Borghesi and Head Chef Fabio Angella, who have added style and flair to Italian dining. Comfortable and modern, the dining room combines a warm and cosy ambience with an Italian flair for glamour, while the menu likewise offers a unique and modern twist using seasonal, fresh food of the finest quality. At Al Borgo it is all about quality, fresh and home-made, honest Italian food and service.


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No initial dosage adjustments are recommended with BENICAR in elderly, in moderate to marked renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 40 mL/min), or in hepatic dysfunction. In patients with possible depletion of intravascular volume (e.g., patients on diuretics, particularly with impaired renal function), BENICAR should be initiated under close medical supervision and consideration given to use of a lower starting dose. For BENICAR HCT, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosage range.
Please see full prescribing information for BENICAR and BENICAR HCT.
About Daiichi Sankyo, Inc.
Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., headquartered in Parsippany, New Jersey, is the U.S. subsidiary of Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Japan's second largest pharmaceutical company and a global leader in pharmaceutical innovation since 1899. The company is dedicated to the discovery, development and commercialization of innovative medicines that improve the lives of patients throughout the world.
The primary focus of Daiichi Sankyo's research and development is
cardiovascular disease, including therapies for dyslipidemia, hypertension,
diabetes, and acute coronary syndrome. The company is also pursuing the
discovery of new medicines in the areas of glucose metabolic disorders,
infectious diseases, cancer, bone and joint diseases, and immune disorders.
For more information, please visit http://www.dsus.com.
For more information, please contact:
Kimberly Wix Rich Salem
Daiichi Sankyo, Inc. Daiichi Sankyo, Inc.
Office: 973 695 8338 Office: 973 695 8330
Cell: 908 656 5447 Cell: 973 563 1086
|SOURCE Daiichi Sankyo, Inc.
Copyright©2008 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


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In other business:
--The board approved an expenditure of no more than $5,000 to purchase and install netting inside the roof of Austin Park Pavilion. In the past, the birds nesting in the roof has been a nuisance to groups that hold events in the building during the summer, Sennett said.
Highway Superintendent Allan Wellington said the town is getting the netting at an inexpensive rate from a company that supplies the product to wineries.
--The town accepted a bid from Elbridge-based DeMarco and Sons for the sale of its excess mulch. Per a contract with town, the company will haul away most of the current stockpile of mulch at the transfer station and will get to take future excess, though the town is allowed to retain a certain amount for use by its residents.
Joe Genco is the editor of the Skaneateles Press. He can be reached at email@example.com.
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In the Victorian era, people made their cores look tight by wearing corsets, which doubled as bulletproof vests during pistol duels. Strengthen your core until it's naturally impervious to bullets instead with today's Groupon to Akemi Fitness Method in Evanston. Choose between the following options:
- For $35, you get five dance-fitness classes (a $90 value).
- For $60, you get 10 dance-fitness classes (a $150 value).
Akemi Fitness Method rolls the core-toning powers of Pilates, yoga, and dance into an isometric explosion of expedited results. The studio hosts sessions six days weekly, and each class style brings a distinct blend of rhythmic and strengthening movements. Akemi barre classes combine free weights and exercises utilizing the ballet barre into powerful, slow-burning routines that isolate muscle groups to tone and lengthen muscles, and two levels ensure that beginners don't get lost amid seasoned workouteers. Students can focus on trouble areas in arms-abs & booty class or burn calories and amp up their heart rate while sculpting muscles in the Akemi cardio sport class, which moves at a faster pace, allowing students to channel their inner cheetah or puppy for optimal fierceness. Each total-body workout features the motivating cadence of Akemi's enthusiastic instructors, all of whom can pass the President's Fitness Challenge with their eyes closed—though they'll keep their eyes open to ensure their students perform each exercise properly for maximum benefit. Students must reserve their class spots in advance through the Akemi Fitness Method website.
Akemi Fitness Method
The Akemi Fitness Method studio hosts a mix of alternative workout classes that incorporates a range of movements to tone muscles, improve equilibrium, and enhance endurance. Inspired by the results-oriented Lotte Berk Method, this workout style engages students in core exercises, dance, yoga, and light weight training during a variety of classes. Laura Baginski of Time Out Chicago notes that the Akemi barre class caused her to "walk out feeling taller, leaner," thanks to its combination of ballet barre exercises, Pilates, and free weights. Combat fit classes combine elements from ballet, hip-hop, kickboxing, and yoga, adding in cardiovascular exercises to burn fat and light resistance training to sculpt frames until they achieve the angular glisten of a Roman statue. An hour of the arms, abs and booty session firms appendages, six-packs, and seats. With classes held throughout the day, seven days a week, Akemi's calendar accommodates students with all types of schedules.
97% of 198 customers recommend
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"Jocelyn, the owner, is absolutely the best instructor/trainer I have ever had - she pushes you to go farther than you think you can then builds in transitions that allow you to rest a bit; then on to the next challenge. All the workouts are always fresh and interesting; and she always provides counsel to you if you have weak knees or the like. I cannot say enough good things about her and the studio!"
518-1/2 Davis St.
Evanston, Illinois 60201
847-332-1700Get Directions


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San Jose, CAUSA
April 21, 2012
I like to kayak with groups and am particularly interested in kayaking and camping trips.
I would classify myself as a beginner - intermediate paddler. I have my own closed top kayak and can handle it well.
I am willing to suggest and host paddles, but I don't have experience doing kayak camping and am looking to gain knowledge in that area. Also, my free time is primarily in the summer.
Yes. I have an older (heavy yet durable!) closed deck.
Okay and understood. :)
I'm a kayaker from the Santa Cruz area.
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Will The Hulk Come Back?


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GOL Announces Conclusion of Senior Notes Offering PR Newswire SAO PAULO, Feb. 8, 2013 SAO PAULO, Feb. 8, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- GOL Linhas Aereas Inteligentes S.A. (BM&FBOVESPA: GOLL4 and NYSE: GOL), (S&P: B, Fitch: B+, Moody's: B3), the largest low-cost and low-fare airline in Latin America, announced that on February 7, 2013, it has priced an offering of US$200 million 10.75% Senior Notes due 2023, in a transaction exempt from registration under the Unites States Securities Act of 1933, as amended ("Securities Act"). GOL Linhas Aereas Inteligentes S.A. is the guarantor of the Notes issued by its subsidiary, VRG Linhas Aereas S.A. The Notes constitute senior unsecured obligations and may be redeemed after five years. The Company intends to use the proceeds from the offering to pay debt maturing in the next three years and to reinforce working capital. The Notes were not and will not be registered pursuant to the Securities Act and may not be offered or sold (a) in the United States or by exemption from the applicable registration in accordance with the Securities Act, or (b) in any other jurisdiction in which such an offer or sale is prohibited. This notice to the market does not constitute a sale offer or a purchase request. CONTACTS INVESTOR RELATIONS Edmar Lopes - CFO Andre Carvalho - Planning and IR Manager Gustavo Mendes - Investor Relations Jenifer Nicolini - Investor Relations Phone: (11) 2128-4700 E-mail: email@example.com Website: www.voegol.com.br/ri Twitter: @GOLinvest CORPORATE COMMUNICATIONS Phone: (11) 2128-4183 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Twitter: @GOLcomunicacao ABOUT GOL LINHAS AEREAS INTELIGENTES S.A. GOL Linhas Aereas Inteligentes S.A. (Bovespa: GOLL4 and NYSE: GOL), the largest low-cost and low-fare airline in Latin America, offers around 900 daily flights to 65 destinations in 10 countries in South America, Caribbean and the United States. SOURCE GOL Linhas Aereas Inteligentes S.A. Website: http://www.voegol.com.br/ri
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