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Press Releases
Managing sensitive data: new reports published by Tryggve
The Tryggve project - a joint initiative of ELIXIR Nodes in Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Norway and NordForsk's Nordic eInfrastructure Collaboration - has published a number of documents, reflecting the significant progress made in the recent months.
They present specific technical information as well as general updates on the project main activities. All documents are now available on the Tryggve website.
ELIXIR Tools and Data Services Registry: community-driven curation of bioinformatics resources
Two recent research papers presented the Tools and Data Services Registry, developed by ELIXIR Denmark. The first article presents a case of succesful use of the Registry in integrating bioinformatics resources into workbench environments. It describes the Workbench Integration Enabler, a software component to help users find and comprehend available software tools, data resources, and web services, and to localise, execute and combine them.
ELIXIR - GOBLET workshop: defining an e-learning lingua franca
The first EXCELERATE Training workshop - organised jointly by ELIXIR and GOBLET - was hosted by ELIXIR Slovenia on 15-17 September 2015 in Ljubljana. The programme of the event provided an overview of e-learning systems used internationally and within these two organisations. The aim was to compare these systems, understand their respective strengths and weaknesses, and define a common e-learning 'language' to facilitate communication within and between the GOBLET and ELIXIR trainer communities.
Barend Mons appointed Chair of European Commission's high level expert group on 'European Open Science Cloud'
Professor Barend Mons has been appointed Chair of the Commission High Level Expert Group "European Open Science Cloud", initiated by the European Commission, DG Research and Innovation.
ELIXIR appoints Martin Cook as Web Developer
ELIXIR is pleased to announce that Martin Cook has joined the ELIXIR Hub as Web Developer.
Martin will lead the development of the ELIXIR website and the implementation of several online services for ELIXIR Nodes and partners, including the ELIXIR intranet.
First Annual Danish Bioinformatics Conference
ELIXIR Denmark sponsored and co-organized in a partnership with Danish Universities, the first Annual Danish Bioinformatics Conference on 27-28 August 2015 in Odense.
The event brought together over 200 researchers and other professionals in bioinformatics and systems biology, who had the chance to know the latest developments in these fields in Denmark.
CORBEL sets out to establish common infrastructure for biomedical research
The CORBEL cluster projects starts today to establish common research infrastructure to support Europe's biomedical research community.
CORBEL (Coordinated Research Infrastructures Building Enduring Life-science Services) is a four-year €14.5 million EU project that will harmonise user access to biological and medical technologies, biological samples and data services, required by cutting-edge biomedical research.
ELIXIR-UK Genome Assembly and Annotation Survey
ELIXIR-UK invites colleagues in the UK involved in genome assembly and annotation to complete a short questionnaire. The survey is available at: https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/R8KYH8Z.
ELIXIR appoints Friederike Schmidt-Tremmel as Project Manager
ELIXIR is pleased to announce that Friederike Schmidt-Tremmel will join ELIXIR Hub as Project Manager.
Friederike will take over the responsibilities for the management of the EU projects CORBEL and BioMedBridges including monitoring of project delivery and budget. She will lead the coordination of the two projects' operation and ensure successful completion of BioMedBridges and the delivery of CORBEL.
ELIXIR-UK and Software and Data Carpentry offer life science computing instructor training
ELIXIR-UK and Software and Data Carpentry are organising two instructor (train the trainer) workshops to provide insight into how to train life science researchers in computing. The workshops will take place in London and Manchester in October and November respectively.
More information and registration:


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- Free Shipping on orders over $59
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For brewers who like to adjust their water, Mike has included his mineral adjustments for you: Ca - 110 ppm; Mg - 21 ppm; Na - 21ppm; SO4 - 333 ppm; Cl - 45 ppm. The Mash and Sparge water are adjustd to a PH of 5.6. Mike also recommends a Sacchrification rest for 90 minutes at 152 followed by a 15 minute raise to 170 and a 15 minute Mash Out rest at 170. Recently, this beer won the Gold Medal at the National Homebrew Competition in Las Vegas! Mike was on hand to accept and, as usual, he had a full keg of his beer there to share. When it comes time to drink this beer, raise one for Mike.
Estimated Original Gravity:1.055-59
SRM (Color Range: 14
IBU's: 40-44 Estimated Alcohol Percentage: 5.4%
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|Beer Style
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text: Home > Power Products > Power Management This article was posted on 05/01/2009 3-A dc/dc converter offers slashed size(1) A power supply on a chip in a 0.043–in.2 package, the EN5337QI 3–A synchronous buck dc/dc converter has an integrated inductor and is less than one-third the size of competing 3-A solutions. The synchronous converter has a power density of 149 W/in.2 It is suited for high-volume, mass-market electronics such as DTV, audio, computing, multifunction printers, set-top boxes/DVRs, and storage.The device has an input voltage that extends from 2.375 to 5.5 V, has 92% peak efficiency, and offers a 5–MHz operating frequency. Protection features include overcurrent protection, thermal-shutdown, and undervoltage-lockout circuit. ($2.50 ea/1,000 — available now.)Enpirion, Bridgewater, firstname.lastname@example.com://www.enpirion.com Learn more about Enpirion Related Articles BQ25504 is an Ultra-Low-Power Boost Converter with Battery Manageme... BQ25570 is an Ultra-Low-Power Harvester Power Management IC BQ25505 is an Ultra-Low-Power Harvester Power Management IC with Bo... Avago Technologies unveils new industrial fiber optic products at P... Purchase the EN5337QI EN5337QI EN5337QI-E EN5337QIE EN5337QIK EN5337QI-T EN5337QIT Add Comment Text Only 2000 character limit Please login to comment on the article


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Cynthia on the cover of Essence's June 1995 issue.
Photo Credit: thebaileyagencyschooloffashion.com
Kid Cudi surprised his fans with not one, but two fresh tracks, "Wedding Tux" and "Judgemental C*nt" on Saturday (Oct. 3).
READ: Young Jeezy And Kid Cudi Join Kanye West On Stage During Hollywood Bowl Concert
The banging melodies arrive a few months after Cudi announced his forthcoming album Speedin' Bullet to Heaven. There'…


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Milky Way was Born September 28th, 2015. He is 4 days old today!
He is in a litter with 8 other Brother and Sisters. Currently he is 1 out of 5 that is left to find a family... He will be ready at 8 weeks old. NOVEMBER 23RD. due to the holidays, he can stay till after thanksgiving is done that is up to you...
Milky Way will be Current on his Shots, and will have a series of worming's. ...
Oct 2 -
Cookeville :
Crawford - Dogs & puppies
These bassets are AKC Registered. We have more babies as of September 25, 2015. WE HAD 9 THIS LITTER AND ALREADY HAVE ONLY 3 FEMALES LEFT AVAILABLE. We are now taking deposits of $250.00 THE TOTAL FEE will be 550.00 as a pet for your puppy. We raise our babies inside and they come with first set of shots and three series of worming at 2,4, & 6 weeks at the vets with shots. If you would like ...
Sep 3 -
Clarksville :
Russellville - Dogs & puppies
We'll be sending text message alerts for your subscription to


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A three-bedroom, 4,100-square-foot multilevel town home in the Fulton River neighborhood near the East Bank Club that was designed by architect Harry Weese was listed last week for $2.3 million and went under contract Wednesday.Read more
Retired Chicago Cubs pitcher Kerry Wood and his wife, Sarah, have paid $4.2 million to buy a newly built six-bedroom, 11,000-square-foot mansion in Winnetka from a homebuilder.
Wood, 38, retired from the Cubs in 2012 but has chosen to remain with his family in the Chicago area.Read more
Former Chicago Bears cornerback Jerry Azumah last week sold his three-bedroom, 4,060-square-foot town home in River North for $1.525 million.
Azumah, 38, retired from the Bears in 2006 after seven seasons with the team. Since retiring, Azumah has done some broadcasting work and also has co-founded a relocation service for athletes, coaches and sports executives.Read more
The widow of comedy director, actor and writer Harold Ramis on Tuesday sold the couple's longtime six-bedroom, 8,357-square-foot mansion in Glencoe for $2.3 million.Read more
Northwestern Lake Forest Hospital on Wednesday sold late film director John Hughes' seven-bedroom, 11,255-square-foot Lake Forest mansion for $4 million, almost four years after Hughes' widow, Nancy, first put it up for sale.Read more
Billionaire entrepreneur and Groupon co-founder and CEO Eric Lefkofsky, who last year set a Chicago-area home purchase price record when he paid $19.5 million in cash for a vintage mansion on 4 acres on Lake Michigan in Glencoe, has placed his longtime estate in Glencoe up for sale through a pocket listing for $6.45 million.Read more


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Behind the Curtain: Video Innovation
This post first appeared as the Ad Club's "Behind the Curtain" column for Sept 2015 as part of their 2015 Media Innovation Conference.
Digital video is exploding in the media world right now. It is the single fastest growing advertising medium, with Business Intelligence projecting an annual growth rate of 22% through 2020. eMarketer reports that companies are spending $16B on online video advertising globally this year, with growth poised to reach $36B by 2018. Couple that growth with the emerging battle between industry titans YouTube and Facebook, and you have a dynamic market ripe for innovation.


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|ISSN 1088-6842(online) ISSN 0025-5718(print)
On an accelerated overrelaxation iterative method for linear systems with strictly diagonally dominant matrix
Abstract | References | Similar Articles | Additional Information
Abstract: We consider a linear system of n simultaneous equations, where A is a strictly diagonally dominant matrix. We get bounds for the spectral radius of the matrix , which is accociated with the Accelerated Overrelaxation iterative method (AOR).
Sufficient conditions for the convergence of that method will be given, which improve the results of Theorem 3, Section 4 of [2], applied to this type of matrices.
Retrieve articles in Mathematics of Computation with MSC: 65F10
Retrieve articles in all journals with MSC: 65F10
Additional Information


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A look at Macromedia's new ColdFusion MX 7 Server for Linux
Macromedia's new ColdFusion MX 7 Server creates highly available and high performance web applications. We'll show you what is new and what is changed with the latest ColdFusion release.
The release of ColdFusion MX 7 [1] marks the tenth anniversary of the ColdFusion web development platform. Originally a C++ Windows application, ColdFusion is now a J2EE-based development environment that runs on Linux, AIX, Mac OS X, and Solaris, as well as Windows. The ColdFusion platform was created and developed by Allaire Corporation. Macromedia acquired ColdFusion in 2001 and released what would have been ColdFusion version 6.0, calling the product ColdFusion MX to promote a connection with other products in Macromedia's MX line, such as Dreamweaver and Flash.
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Bugzilla Bug
Bug database has a bug of its own that could allow an intruder to create an unauthorized account.
US Launches New Strategy for Broadband Access
Report focuses federal resources on achieving universal Internet access.
RC4 Finally Gets the Fork
Leading browser makers say "no" to porous encryption algorithm
IBM Says TOR Network a Vehicle for Ransomware
Report from the X-Force group says attackers are using TOR to hide their crimes
Mozilla Announces new Firefox API
Future Firefox extensions will be compatible with Chrome.
Weird Security Flaw Affected Intel Chips for 16 Years
Better read this if you bought your computer before 2011
OpenSSH 7.0 Secure Shell Arrives
Users should upgrade to the new version as soon as possible
Qemu Flaw Lets the Guest Escape
Xen project announces a privilege escalation problem for Qemu host systems
Android Bug Threatens Millions of Users
Attackers can compromise an Android phone just by sending a text message
Lenovo and Canonical Announce Laptop Deal
PC vendor will pre-install Ubuntu on portables in India.


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#329 of 420
Northridge, CA
Comment, Like, Favorite
Expert Printing and Assembly
Shipping Within 2 - 3 Business Days
Millions of Satisfied Customers
Autumn Blooming Mum
Bedros Awak
Digital Art - Digital Art
A mix of modern and classic. The Chrysanthemum image is adapted from an old Japanese tray pattern, with English style rose decoration from the Gothic era. These elements represent the classical designs of a certain period of time, that has a blend of east & west. Added to this the grunge layer effect that enhanced the artwork and brought it to new modern look and feel.
August 18th, 2012
Viewed 452 Times - Last Visitor from Roubaix, B4 - France on 10/07/2015 at 3:59 PM
Sales Sheet
More from Bedros Awak
Fullerton California, ca - United States
beautiful.love the design and colors...back to t/G+1
Thank you Athala.
Rochester, Ne - United States
Thanks Aimee.
Hamilton, ON - Canada
This is beautiful Bedros! I love the warm rich colours and the mixing of modern a traditional styles. I also appreciate the description you provided. Great work! v
Thanks for your nice comment Barbara.
Fruita, CO - United States
very well done. v.
Thank you Bob.
Jacksonville, fl - United States
revisiting..F/FB/T/G+ promotions..CFC group daily favorites
Thank you Sherry.
Beverly Hills, CA - United States
great colors, a beautiful image, love the concept, wonderful art - v
Thanks Nina for your nice comment
Jacksonville, fl - United States
Congratulations on your feature in our Art Shoppe Cafe group.
Thanks Sherry for your comment.
Thunder Bay, ON - Canada
Oh forgot to say voted and favorite
That's an extra thank you.
Thunder Bay, ON - Canada
Bedros This is beautiful very fall looking great earthtones I like it a lot Nice Feature in The Art Shoppe Cafe
Thanks Sue for featuring it in your group home page.
Simi Valley, CA - United States
Fabulous, warm colors and a lovely composition.
Thanks Cindy for supporting my art.
Los Angeles, CA - United States
Love colors of autumn..very nicely done Bedros. Voted.
Thanks Ara for your comment.
All Over, sl - Poland
So beautiful, calm & warm...hard to take eyes of...perfect :) V
Thanks Mo, I appreciate your comment.
Kyrenia - Cyprus
Excellent!! V/F
Thanks Cigdem.
Athens, Am - Greece
wonderful composition with excellent choice of colors; well done
Thanks Fotios for your comment and visiting my art.
Silicon Valley, CA - United States
How beautiful! I just love the way how you created it, Bedros! Thank you:)!
Thanks Xeuling for always visiting my art.
Huntington Beach, CA - United States
fantastic and just in time for autumn! v.
Thanks Susan for being such supportive for my art.
Filey, No - United Kingdom
Brilliant work, voted!!!
Thanks Svetlana for your comment, and appreciate your comment on my artwork.
Jacksonville, fl - United States
Back for another visit..added a G+ promotion.
That's great Sherry, appreciate this.
Prince George, VA - United States
Absolutely beautiful! I love the color tones you have chosen for this piece of art! Very pleasing to the eye! v/f
Thanks Karen for your visit and supporting my art.
Fullerton California, ca - United States
Love the design...v
Thanks for the vote!
Rochester, NY - United States
I think this is lovely and rich with culture.....warm colors and hue.....soft textures and love the little purple butterfly.....f/v/daily f
Thanks Barbara for your comment and support for Daily Favorite.
Jacksonville, fl - United States
Love this exquisite piece Bedros, A 3D type effect..the Mum stands out with magnificent presence as she is surrounded with golden touches of defined textures. And framed with grace. great job . V/F/FB/Tweet (R16 CFC group)
Thanks Sherry for all the promotions used to support this artwork.
Charlotte, NC - United States
Very pretty and artsy, Bedros! f/v
Thanks Sue, for always supporting me.
Young Harris, GA - United States
Love all the detail in this beautiful design, Bedros! f/v
Thanks Kenny for your comment and vote.
Stalowa Wola, po - Poland
Beautiful control of light and texture: perfect ingredients for great pieces!F / V
Thanks Andrzej for evaluating and promoting my art.
Palmdale, CA - United States
So simple looking yet so intricate. I love it! voted!
Thanks Apo for being supportive to my digital artwork., really appreciated.
Tomelilla, Sk - Sweden
Lovley :)))
Thanks Rikard for comment.
Cypress, TX - United States
Very pretty & artsy - catches the eye. Nice work! F/V
Thanks Hazel for your comment & promoting my art.
Please Wait...
Beverly Hills, CA (United States)
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Glazed Carrots
A simple glaze can make all the difference for carrots. These family-favorite recipes for glazed carrots make for a perfect side dish.
Recipe Spotlight
This simple dish is always a big hit, even with non-vegetable lovers. I've substituted frozen green beans for fresh, omitting the blanching process, and it still tastes great.View Glazed Carrots and Green Beans Recipe


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Select Local Merchants
Island ShopRead MoreAre you drawn to classic pieces or a more modern look? When it comes to home furnishings, Island Shop offers one of the best selections in Key Biscayne. You'll love all of the great memorabilia offered at Island Shop's great shop. Island Shop has all the necessary winter accessories for those cold months. Have a party to attend? Grab a gift basket on the way at Island Shop. Discover your dream look within their gorgeous selection of bridal gowns, veils, and accessories. When you're finally ready to really move in, decorate your humble abode with items like vases. Brighten up your walls with the great pieces here including mirrors. Cleaning doesn't have to be a pain. Purchase a new vacuum and embrace the easy cleaning methods. At Island Shop, you can find easy in-and-out parking for you to take advantage of during your shopping spree. Find furniture you love. From sleek and modern to wooden and worn, the pieces at Island Shop will put other furniture to shame.654 Crandon BlvdKey Biscayne, FL US
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Brickell MattressRead MoreFrom basics to advanced design elements, Brickell Mattress' furniture has everything to transform your living space in Miami. Friendly pooches can come on in at Brickell Mattress, which welcomes dogs as well as their owners. Don't let your office get outdated. Shop for some new office furniture at this store and impress your clients in style. With the right furniture, it's easy to create the room you've always wanted, so come see what's in store for the bathroom. If you feel like redecorating your home's interior, start with some new bedroom furniture from here, such as bedroom furniture. Spruce up your living room with brand new furniture set from here, such as living room furniture. For a style that suits your backyard, browse the selection of patio furniture before the sun goes down. If you are constantly tossing and turning all night, you may need to upgrade your bedroom. Shop options like mattresses and mattress pads and covers here. Pushing the boundaries of conventional artwork, this Brickell Mattress features one-of-a-kind pieces that will easily dress up any room. If your walls are looking a little bare, spruce them up with items like curtains and mirrors. Even if your aesthetic tastes are as different as can be, you and your loved ones will fulfill all your home decorating needs with items like rugs, throw pillows, and vases. Save time and money with nearby parking options at Brickell Mattress. Get ready for plenty of "ooo"s and "ahh"s from your guests when they see all the lovely new furniture you found at Brickell Mattress in Miami.1030 SW 8th StMiami, FL US


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116 Tasting Notes
Gorgeous smelling tea! Very fresh strawberry aroma; good, strong, fresh strawberry flavor, too, although more a medium strength tea. Wish it were a bit stronger, would hold up better with milk. (And I would need to add milk, otherwise any accidental oversteeping would cause a bit of a bitter aftertaste for this tea.)
A good Earl Grey; even though it's a rooibos, it holds up well with milk and sugar. I let mine steep about 10-15 minutes, and it was still well-rounded. Not the strongest bergamot aroma or flavor I've ever come across, but quite good.
Such an amazing tea! Strong lemon aroma when I opened the pouch before brewing; brewed mine longer than the recommended eight minutes (about 15 minutes), and it was fantastic. Strong but not bitter lemon flavor, and as odd as this might sound, held up very well with milk and sugar, still being able to taste a LOT of lemon. This is really excellent.
A very light tea, both in flavor and in strength. Slight vanilla aroma, not much of a vanilla flavor. Didn't hold up too well with milk and sugar, even when I steeped it longer than eight minutes. Not a bad tea, but a bit lighter than I tend to prefer.
One of the better Earl Grey teas I've had; I let my steep a minute or so longer than the recommended steep time (I like my Earl Grey strong). Good all around aroma and flavor; the stronger it is the better it holds up with milk and sugar (the way I prefer my black teas). Don't notice that the decaf detracts from the flavor at all.
First thing to notice: Nice aroma, notes of pumpkin, a bit of spice, and white chocolate in equal parts; very warming.
When brewed (5 minutes, boiling water), the white chocolate chips melt and make the tea a bit murky, but the flavor isn't as heavy and oily as I thought it might be. (The NecessiTeas' Tuxedo Strawberry, which also has chocolate chips and chocolate flavoring, is a bit heavier and slightly oily because of the chocolate.) Still has a nice warming aftertaste, not much sharp spice as one might find with other spiced teas / chai, but a nice smooth all-around subtle pumpkin spice flavor. Must add milk (full milk or half-and-half) and a bit of sugar to round out the tea.
When I opened the container, I first noticed just how gorgeous the tea smelled and looked: It smelled strongly of chocolate covered strawberries (my favorite flavor), complete with chocolate chips and small bits of strawberries. The aroma was just amazing.
The brewed tea itself was not as good as it smelled, though. It tasted a bit heavy and slightly greasy (because of the chocolate chips melting); it also looked and tasted slightly murky (for the same reason). It did hold up very well with milk and sugar, and I would not drink this tea without adding regular milk or half-and-half (adding 2% or skim milk would not be good). I could drink this tea a cup at a time, but not several cups in a row.


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You ever hear a song and think, "Yep, that's gonna be huge," even as it slightly repulses you? Such was the case when Halsey's "New Americana" entered my ears, its chorus triumphantly trumpeting this clunky generational creed: "We are the new Americana/ High on legal marijuana/ Raised on Biggie and Nirvana." From its sweeping us-against-them… More »
For being the biggest city in America, it took a hell of a long time for New York to lock down a festival. Sure, we have CMJ and Northside and venues booked tight throughout the year, but recreating the traditional "field day out" experience that's become the norm across the rest of the country i… More »
If you were some kind of underground artist making a video this week, it was hard to compete. A few big stars on big labels (or with big cable networks backing them) made videos so goofy and fun and entertaining that no indie type could afford to compete. And yet this week's best video still… More »


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Stovetop Chili
A quick weeknight chili that's packed with buttery black soy beans, tender-crisp green beans, and melt-in-your-mouth sweet potatoes. Serve with a chunk of warm corn bread.
Total Time:
Level: Moderate
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- 1 tbsp. olive oil
- 1 medium onion
- 2 tbsp. chili powder
- 1 tsp. ground cumin
- 1 tsp. ground coriander
- 2 clove garlic
- 1 jalapeño chile
- 1 can whole tomatoes in juice
- ½ lb. green beans
- 3 medium sweet potatoes
- 1 tsp. sugar
- 1 salt
- 2 can black soy beans
- Sour cream (optional)
- In nonstick 5-quart to 6-quart Dutch oven, heat oil over medium heat until hot. Add onion and cook 10 minutes or until tender, stirring occasionally.
- Add chili powder, cumin, coriander, garlic, and jalapeño, and cook 1 minute, stirring. Add tomatoes with their juice, green beans, sweet potatoes, sugar, salt, and 2 cups water; heat to boiling over medium-high heat, breaking up tomatoes with side of spoon.
- Reduce heat to low; cover and simmer 25 minutes or until sweet potatoes are tender, stirring occasionally. Add soybeans and cook 2 minutes longer to heat through. Serve with sour cream if you like.
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Cheerios Recalls 1.8 Million Boxes Due to a Dangerous Allergen
Check your box before breakfast.
2.5 Million Pounds of Chicken Recalled Because of Salmonella
If you bought these brands between these dates, you need to throw it away.
3 Yummy Ways to Pimp Out Your Frozen Pizza
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Extremely poor customer service >:)
Sales personal really arrogant
Busy place
Been almost an year since I was last here.Service has not improved. Those salesmen are too arrogant.
Dont eat toffees that giving by nolimit.its a birth control
This place has no more selections, and another poor thing is one sales guy collect ur dress bags , walk with you...We cant select items freely
This place suckz! Poor service


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October 9th, 2015 - 2:00 pm
Bruce E. Levine at National Empowerment Center
Location: 1881 Worcester Rd., Framingham, MA, 01701 | Authors: Bruce E. Levine
On October 9th, Bruce E. Levine will speak at the Advocate in Framingham about the NIHM's latest findings, society, and the battle for democracy. Bruce's talk will begin at 2:00 PM.
Find more details here.
Health & Wellness
| Politics & Public Policy
Format: Lecture


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Description: 「草本的小幸福哲学」:若你安好,便是晴天! - 有意思吧
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Majestic 12 (or MJ-12) is the supposed code name of an alleged secret committee of scientists, military leaders, and government officials, formed in 1947 by an executive order by U.S. President Harry S. Truman. The purpose of the committee would be to investigate the recovery of a UFO north of Roswell, New Mexico during July 1947.
* Majestic 12.
* Fullscreen mode.
* Easy and simple to use layout with page animations.
* Choose from a wide variety of customisable themes.
* Small lightweight size.
* Contains no advertisements.
Tags: aplicação majestic


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A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America
Who Is Buried in Charlemagne's Tomb?
Friday, January 31, 2014
(Krischnig, Public Domain)AACHEN, GERMANY—Bones and bone fragments from Charlemagne's gilded sarcophagus in Aachen Cathedral belonged to a tall, thin, older man, according to a team of scientists that began studying the bones in 1988. They announced their results this week, 1,200 years after Charlemagne's death. "Thanks to the results from 1988 up until today, we can say with great likelihood that we are dealing with the skeleton of Charlemagne," said Frank Rühli of the University of Zurich. The skeleton also showed signs of injuries to a kneecap and heel bones. Medieval biographer Einhard the Frank claimed that the king walked with a limp in his old age. No clues to his cause of death were found.
Maya city zoning, trophy skulls in Bolivia, saving the Spanish Armada, an Indus migration, and Papua New Guinea's smoked mummies
The dragon that guarded Xanadu


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BackgroundWayne Gretsky's 3D Hockey is the first sports game to grace the N64. Choose from either Simulation or Arcade mode. Features include stat tracking, flaming pucks, goalie animations and even four fighting moves. Play two-on-two multiplayer with your friends.
Recent threads
- Any one Jun 1
- flaming puck Nov 24
superman542 and 2 others own Wayne Gretzky's 3D Hockey
- Genre: Hockey (N64)
- Perspective(s): Third Person
- Developer: Midway
- Publisher: Midway
Released North America Dec 3, 1997


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It's time for the winter European tour!
Submit photos of you and your friends at one of the shows for a chance to be featured on an exclusive fan tour album on Slash's Facebook.
Send your photos to [email protected] along with your first and last name and the show you attended.
We'll post the photos on Facebook so make sure you check there to find out if your photo is


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Personal Faith
Scripture stresses God's covenantal work through families and in the church to redeem His people. But it also stresses that there is no hope of salvation apart from personal faith in Christ. Are you basing your hope of salvation ...Read More
Privileges and Responsibility
Living in a manner worthy of our calling is not following a legalistic checklist of do's and don'ts. Instead, it is a gratitude-inspired pursuit of God-given growth in personal holiness. Even though this is our duty, it should ...Read More
Rahab and the Spies
Do you trust in Christ and yet harbor fears that He may not really be able to forgive you? Do you think that your past is so horrible that God could never accept you into His kingdom? If so, remember ...Read More
Raised Up to New Life
John Calvin comments on today's passage: "No one can rise again with Christ, if he has not first died with him." If we would enjoy the new life that fuels our sanctification and grants us imperishable bodies, we must ...Read More
Receiving Assurance of Salvation
Thank God for the testimony of His Spirit and His Word, which provide assurance of your salvation. Read More
Receiving the Promise
If the old covenant saints were not to be perfected apart from us, then we are united with them with Christ as our head. Sadly, new covenant believers do not always realize the unity they have with old covenant believers ...Read More
Regeneration Is a Mystery
None of us will desire the things of God perfectly before we are glorified. None of us will love the Lord as much as he should this side of heaven. Still, as Dr. R.C. Sproul has often said, the ...Read More
Regeneration Is Immediate
Though God does not make use of any means besides Himself to bring about regeneration, He does work through means in our sanctification, the process of growing in personal holiness. Scripture read and preached, the sacraments, prayer, and so on ...Read More
Regeneration Is Permanent
The permanency of our regeneration is something we must not take for granted. Knowing that we have been born again should motivate us to live out this truth by heeding the many warnings in Scripture against unbelief (Heb. 6:1 ...Read More
Regeneration Is the Start
As we mature in Christ we will find ourselves more sensitive to the presence of sin in our lives, noticing "minor" transgressions that were once easily overlooked. This in turn should make us more vigilant to do what is necessary ...Read More
Reigning with Christ
The truth that we are kings and queens in Christ is not some idea conjured up to boost our self-esteem but a present reality that we will enjoy in its fullness at the resurrection of the dead. At that point ...Read More
Rejecting False Assurances
What is your response to the questions posed in this reading: Do you have the genuine faith necessary for salvation? Do you have a real affection for the biblical Christ? Does your life manifest the fruit of salvation? Read More
Rejoicing in Our Salvation
Do you become easily discouraged by the evil in this world? Are you discouraged by the struggles in your own life? Read through Isaiah 25 today. If you are a believer, this is what you have to look forward to ...Read More
Responding to the Servant
God works through means. In justification, the sole instrumental means He uses is the faith He gives us to lay hold of Christ's perfect righteousness—the sole ground of our being declared righteous before Him. We must trust Jesus alone ...Read More
Resting Secure in the Lord
Read Isaiah 26. What assurances do you receive concerning your salvation? When you are afraid or discouraged, do you go to the Lord? Read Isaiah 26:12 out loud. Where does peace come from? Is it your works or God ...Read More


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This symposium was organised and chaired by Urban Strandberg (political science and CERGU at the University of Gothenburg), with myself as co-organiser and -chair. Funded by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, it took place June 25-26, 2015, at the Visual Arena venue of the joint Lindholmen campus of Chalmers Institute of Technology and the University of Gothenburg, featuring keynote speakers from anthropology, philosophy, music, neuroscience, digital design, cogntive science, robotics, computer science, digital humanities, and politics from universities and research centres in Denmark, Spain, Sweden, the UK and the USA, represented by Palle Dahlstedt, Paula Droege, Carry Figdor, Staffan I Lindberg, Dawn Nafus, Anil Seth, Irina Schklovski, Barry C. Smith, Patrik Svensson and Paul Verschure.
The videos also include the introduction and the final discussion, as well as the comment and question sessions in connection to each lecture. Please feel free to link and share the material as much as you like!
Monday, 31 August 2015
Watch the videos of our symposium Reconsidering Humanity: Big Data, the Scientific Method and Images of Humans
Upplagd av Christian Munthe kl. 16:15 1 comment: Länkar till det här inlägget
Thursday, 27 August 2015
The Essay on Reproductive and Population Ethics that Vox.com Commissioned from Torbjörn Tännsjö, But Didn't Dare Publish
Indeed. For the informed in philosophical ethics, the ideas argued by professor of practical philosophy at Stockholm University and formerly my colleague in Gothenburg and once doctoral supervisor Torbjörn Tännsjö is no news. Apparently, though, it scared the socks off the Vox.com editors, who decided to give in a to a perceived heckler vote and scrap a commissioned piece popularly presenting one of several well-known standard positions in population and reproductive ethics. Of course, this is very good reason to spread the article as widely as poosible, so please download it here. Naturally, this has nothing to do with whether or not you agree with Tännsjö on the issue.
Brian Leiter has the backgroundstory here, including link to a response from the Vox editors, apparently produced in a panic at being faced with a minor uproar around Twitter and other places. Read it, and I think you'll agree that it only strengthen the reasons to continue having their underwear pulled down in public. Apparently it is Vox's official position that if a person holds what they take to be a pro-life opinion on abortion (which ironically Tännsjö don't, he's radically pro-choice! and pro-life positions on the politics of abortion is in no way implied by his argument), they cannot be published in Vox provided the editors don't feel sufficiently "comfortable" about they themselves promoting the view in question. I suppose they universalize this maxim, and publish only opinions they themselves personally feel comfortable promoting – good luck with that sorry excuse for publishing policy! That in addition to their more carefully elaborated exposition of their own lack of journalistic spunk.
Tuesday, 25 August 2015
Alice Dreger Resigns from Northwestern University Following Pathetic Censoring by Management
Today, I learned that Alice Dreger, professor of clinical medical humanities and bioethics at Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, internationally celebrated for her work on the practices and policies around intersex and ambiguous sex conditions, especially in small children, yesterday chose to hand in her letter of resignation, following a pathetically prude and spineless piece of ham-handed censorship of her and a colleagues' work by her own medical school dean, Eric Nielson last year, and subsequent lack of university provost, Daniel Linzer, to assure her that anything like that would never occur again.
Read it all in Alice's own words, including the letter of resignation itself, at her website and blog, here.
As Alice has just published and already won acclaim for the book, Galileo's Middle Finger, which centers around exactly the issue of censorship and supression of academic publication and scientific ideas, the development has a bizarre twist to it, indeed. Today, apparently, it is not the clerics or the many versions of politburos that academics and scientists have to fear will silence what they have to tell the world, but the leaders of the very institutions supposed to sternly guard against anything in that vein.
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Will you add pressure guns?
Also know as: DeltaLambda, Quebec45, Qba14, Delta5
Will you add pressure guns?
Is it similar to smod tactical?
Sorry for double post. Ok got it just some gametypes are fu****, but still in final relase it shoudn't happen, I'll send a PM to autor of mod and ask him to fix this.
Same here. Says sth about ammo limitin lee enfield. Gamemode names are in unknow langue.
Ok, downloading now.
Do you need a voice actor?
How many $ I must save to buy that gae when it comes out?
Will you add bots for single player/offline?
bad luck, I've just finished downloading LURK 1.05
God = The almighty one
Good = You can do something good, good work = well done
Just stop posting about BooM. Forget about that mods or, keep them for yourselfs.
Tesha Software members are biggest trols in the internet don't you see this? They joined BooM fail group, the best from the worse!
Tesha Software members are biggest trols in the internet don't you see this? They joined BooM fail group, the best from the worse!
Looks very similar to PR.
Reminds me republic commando.
Will there be singleplayer
Daj bliżej ironsights, wydaje mi się ,że są za daleko, tym bardziej ,że gracz oczy ma jakieś 30-50 cm od monitora.
M16 ftw!
Stay alive, that's an order! (Who was playing BiA rth30, know what I mean)
Campaign for Poland? I think I'll buy this game for your mod.
Don't listen to him it's perfect!
PS: Ulisehx Have you ever shooted from a real weapon? Because he made this perfect, while shooting you see weapol like he done( maybe just a bit closer)
What is better? Allied Intent or Allied Intent Extended (AIX)
Very good model, continiue good work.
It's only reskin. My 6 yrs old brother has done better thngs.
They don't work. I checked it. I think its just version of a game: 1.086
Yes I have official multiplayer beta with 3 maps.


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In the most recent decision addressing the "purposeful-direction" and "stream-of-commerce" theories used to establish personal jurisdiction over a foreign defendant, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit upheld...more
Environmental and Policy Focus: Coastal California residents using far less water - Associated Press - Nov 4:
Residents in coastal communities use far less water than their inland counterparts, but still find ways to...more
If readers have been wondering when GHG regulation would truly feel real, EPA may have delivered the answer yesterday, with its announcement of a $350 million settlement with Hyundai and Kia over allegations of violations of...more
Co-Existence Outside of the U.S. Might be Relevant to Obtaining a Permanent Injunction in U.S.
La Quinta has operated LA QUINTA hotels and motels in the United States since 1968.
Quinta Real operates QUINTA...more
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit has issued an important decision on expert testimony, Hughes v. Kia Motors.
Patricia Hughes filed a wrongful death action against Kia Motors after her daughter,...more
In Hughes v. Kia Motors Corp., No. 13-10922, the Eleventh Circuit recently affirmed the district court's exclusion of the plaintiff's expert witness in a motor vehicle product liability case. Allene Hughes, the plaintiff's...more
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This discussion group is best enjoyed using Google Chrome, Firefox or Safari.------Volume 2 of The Confidential Guide to Golf Courses has started to ship!
Mark -My thought process goes something as follows:- All things being equal, it is always better to have more pin locations.- Things are not equal at TOC because of its unique historical importance- Hence the usually innocuous desire for more pin positions must overcome a presumption that you are tampering with a course of unique imprtance to the history of the game.- One way to overcome that presumption against changing TOC is to show that the pros are now butchering the course.- They aren't. To the contrary, the TOC is holding up remarkably well against the pros.- It follows that TOC should, to the extent reasonbaly possible, not be changed if the reason is simply to offer more challenging pin positions. In short, what is a laudable goal on most courses is one that carries special consequences at TOC. Consequences that should be avoided if at all possible.Bob
More to the point, they do use these pin positions... they just don't use them for the pros...
Rich, the Links Trust do not own the course, they are a statutory body appointed to manage St Andrews Links on behalf of the townspeople.
It will be just enough to make you think about what line youve got to take with the putter.


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|Project Name
|Price (USD)
|Project Name
|Price (USD)
|Need to design student/result database
|...profile the will be able to create a database for their student according to class or degree that they... After that, the will be able to print their result. So, I think the summary will be like below- ...institution: Will be able to mange student database, add or edit student information and so on. 3. Students
|Javascript, Adobe Flash, PDF, HTML5
|Aug 15, 2012
|Aug 15, 2012Ended
|SMS student result checker
|...keywords to query students result from database and send the result back to the student.
|PHP, Java, Javascript, Software Architecture, MySQL
|Aug 7, 2012
|Aug 7, 2012Ended
|School Student Result Checker (php /mysql)
|Student Result Checker Student Access Level 1 Login / check result using (username/password+generated...in class print result Teacher Access Level 2 login Fill Student Subject Result (up to 1000 Students) ...Level 3 login Add/Delete Teacher Add/Delete Student Assign Teachers to Subjects Assign Students to
|PHP, Website Design, Graphic Design, MySQL, HTML
|Sep 20, 2012
|Sep 20, 2012Ended
|A Student Database
|You will have to use my ERD Design generate it in SQL plus, add constrains , Test methods such as triggers
|Mar 11, 2014
|Mar 11, 2014Ended
|student database
|design and implement a database of the students for the Maths and Computer Science Department. The information...using the information accessed from the database. The database will also have the ability to perform other...such as: add, remove and amend student records. In addition to student records the departmental office
|Engineering, Academic Writing, Article Rewriting, Google Chrome, Apple Safari
|Jan 18, 2015
|Jan 18, 2015Ended
|student database
|design and implement a database of the students for the Maths and Computer Science Department. The information...using the information accessed from the database. The database will also have the ability to perform other...such as: add, remove and amend student records. In addition to student records the departmental office
|PHP, Java, Translation, Engineering, Software Architecture, Software Testing, Academic Writing, Article Rewriting, MySQL, Google Chrome, Apple Safari
|Oct 30, 2003
|Oct 30, 2003Ended
|Student Election
|...be able to * Prevent a student from voting twice. * Prevent a student from not voting for a particular...post, if there is no choice of candidate for the student in a particular post, then there should be the...choose what field you want to appear for each student that is casting their vote. The total list of choices
|PHP, ASP, Java, Javascript, XML, Visual Basic, .NET, Windows Desktop, Web Security, Project Management, Engineering, Computer Security, Software Architecture, Software Testing, Microsoft, MySQL, XSLT, Google Chrome, Apple Safari, Visual Basic for Apps
|Apr 23, 2009
|Apr 23, 2009Ended
|Student Online Registration & Student Portal
|...the web (Student Portal). This project is focused on creating a browser interface (for a student data management...All this will be done by communicating with our student management system via web services, allowing the...write data to the database. The primary user of this interface will be a student who will browse classes
|Website Design, Shopping Carts, DotNetNuke, eCommerce, HTML
|Dec 8, 2014
|Dec 8, 2014Ended
|Fitness Result Website/database
|...[www.logwod.com/gym][2] ( the admin side). The design can be as basic as that site, but I would like
|PHP, Software Architecture, Software Testing, Website Testing, Website Management, Web Hosting
|Jul 12, 2011
|Jul 12, 2011Ended
|Result checker for shool
|I need a programmer to design a result checker where 1. student will login with pin and complete registration...and printed by the student 2. also student will login with another pin to check result 3. admin will login...login to update student result thanks
|PHP, Software Architecture, MySQL
|Sep 24, 2014
|Sep 24, 2014Ended
|Student Records Project
|...Users: Super Administrator, Administration, Student and SG Design SRP application should be designed to...weeks Technology PHP Features 1. Student Database – Can be viewed by the Super administrator...format. Results can be retrieved by individual student. 2. Admin a. User Management – Can be viewed
|PHP, Website Design, Graphic Design, HTML
|Aug 9, 2013
|Aug 9, 2013Ended
|...need to program, integrate with our database and reformulate the result page of our site. PSD is ready. Need
|PHP, Wordpress, MySQL, HTML
|Jul 5, 2014
|Jul 5, 2014Ended
|Create a database for student registration
|...involved in analysis, design and build a database structure and applications for a database system for registering
|Apr 13, 2012
|Apr 13, 2012Ended
|University Student Database
|...they in turn assign grades. A possible database design results in the following relational tables:...of a possible application program for the student database: MAIN MENU (1) Students functions ...functions (3) Reporting functions (4) Quit STUDENT FUNCTIONS MENU (1) Register for courses (2)
|Apr 16, 2012
|Apr 16, 2012Ended
|Java, UML Design, MySQL
|Aug 22, 2010
|Aug 22, 2010Ended
|Student Results Database
|I am a student who is currently doing or trying to do a project in ASP.NET using VB.NET and because I...least help me to do this project for me !! Its a student results Datbase which is to run on the college...it so I really need someone to help me to both design and write the code for me !! So if there's anyone
|PHP, ASP, Visual Basic, .NET, Windows Desktop, System Admin, Web Security, Engineering, Computer Security, Software Architecture, Microsoft Access, Software Testing, Website Testing, Microsoft, MySQL, Google Chrome, Apple Safari, Website Management, Web Hosting
|Jan 30, 2003
|Jan 30, 2003Ended
|Java, UML Design
|Sep 11, 2011
|Sep 11, 2011Ended
|preparing the student result
|this is the project where a student will register his/her subject. a subject teacher will give him/her...this way result will be prepared. in my project,there is three types of user teacher student and admin...for preparing result like student name address etc.here a student can see his/her result by matric/roll
|PHP, Javascript, MySQL, C++ Programming, HTML
|Jul 9, 2011
|Jul 9, 2011Ended
|University Student Oracle Database
|...in attachment or working on). Need help only on STUDENT FUNCTIONS MENU from Phase 3. IMPORTANT: BUSINESS...OTHER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE IS REQUIRED. A database design results in the following relational tables:...outline application program for the student database: STUDENT FUNCTIONS MENU (1) Register for courses
|SQL, Oracle
|Apr 16, 2012
|Apr 16, 2012Ended
|Design Webpage & MySQL database for Student Practice Math Calculations (with timer)
|...visit a website to practice math calculations. Student will be able to repeat the calculations as many...random numbers within a range selected by the student (for example, " one number between 100 and 200...should not display the result of the operation, but should wait until the student enters his answer;
|PHP, Javascript, MySQL, jQuery / Prototype
|Feb 10, 2015
|Feb 10, 2015Ended


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|Reviews for Blood Lines
| Beans827 chapter 2 . 8/10/2009
Okay, so I totally understand Bella's heartache at the beginning but I LOVE how you get her through it and she shows her strength and love for Edward. Oh my God, I love it.
| Beans827 chapter 1 . 8/10/2009
I was actually reading this story on Twilighted but found it over here and decided to put my comments here because I always get logged out over there and lose my comments...
So...Let me start by saying I love this story. It is totally different, unique, awesome and heartwrenching. Your Bella and Edward are totally in character with the original books. I love your shy and pensive Edward to death. He pwns me! I feel so incredibly bad for him in these first few chapters. I mean I truly ache when he tells Bella about Lucy. What an awesome fic!
| bitty91 chapter 15 . 8/10/2009
Awesome chapter!update
| Spellweaver17 chapter 15 . 8/10/2009
I love it! You've got the characters spot on but at the same time you've written them as more mature. The way they adjust and cope is so realistic. I can't wait for more! :)
| rosalindleconte chapter 15 . 8/10/2009
I have not stopped to have lunch, pee or even answer the phone...that about says it all!
I am so delighted with your story! Most especially because many of the details you have here are also in a way in my novel, "Evening Star/Morning Star."
It is in final revision now, although some early chapters are up on my site as 'stories'.
I would love it if you would check it out and let me know what you think.
Longish work doesn't seem to get the level of reviewership as the short ones. Do not be troubled. As we say in jazz, sometimes you're singing to the one soul at the bar that appreciates you, sits waiting for the next lick, and maynot be demonstrative in sentiment. Doesn't mean you haven't effected them... So, we always play for that person.
Bravo on this story. Realistic, in cannon, and with a humanity that is not found in many.
Today, I am your one person at the bar. But I hope I have made my appreciation of your craft and the depth of my sentiment.
Now, how will I explain my absence from life today? Simple! I am sending them the link and they will understand completely.
Looking forward to the conclusion...which I hope never comes.
ONE little thing...in the Meadow on the big day you talk about the quilt, and how lovely it is and all that...but then all the references to the item they did the deed upon are to a 'rug'? I know continuity is best left to outside eyes because an editor can catch inconsistancies better. Probably you had one and then changed it to another. Or perhaps, I got it wrong. But in anycase, you might want to check that out!
Patti Finn, aka Rosalind Leconte
I am proud not to hide behind my pen to offer this praise.
| joayla chapter 15 . 8/10/2009
this is such a great story and it is fantastic that edward is looking forward to the baby arriving ! you have really captured the excitement and love a couple go through when you are pregnant for the first time !
i had a baby three weeks ago and i hope bellas birth is not that bad ( i wouldnt have minded Carlise dilvering my little boy though!)
| rosalindleconte chapter 7 . 8/10/2009
I have developed a bad habit of not reviewing a work in the middle...when there are more chapters posted...
SO believe me when I say I am struggling to tear myself away to say how much I love this story!
Not only it is a creative jaunt into new territory it is a necessary link to the humanity Edward's denies himself...and that Bella unearths for him.
SO Thank you and well, back to the read!
patti as Rosalind Leconte
| AndyBCM chapter 15 . 8/10/2009
That was mean...
update quick. i actually screamed! That was such a cute and sweet chapter. i'm always looking forward to when you update. This is one of my favorite storys on this site. It will be a sad day when it ends.
| Laurrrr chapter 15 . 8/10/2009
update soon!
| TwilightMomofTwo chapter 15 . 8/10/2009
What a beautiful, tender chapter. The letter from Siobhan telling them that there are vampire hybrids in the world, and that the delivery of the baby was survived by the mother was a great relief. You then followed up with a shopping trip, some almost lemons, some time spent with Charlie. Edward made a big discovery, realizing perhaps for the very first time how much Bella loves him. That scene brought tears to my eyes.
I absolutely loved the scene where Bella finds the picture of herself, and it was such a nice setup because at first it wasn't clear that this was actually her in that picture, but it then became apparent. And to transition that into Edward painting a mural of that very special place for the baby's bedroom - that was brilliantly done.
I love the playful scene in Charlie's kitchen, which then becomes another tender moment. You set them up so well, the feelings those two are experiencing simply leap off the page.
And then - evil cliffie... UGH! Now my mind is spinning with images of Charlie's reaction...
update soon.
| LskNH chapter 15 . 8/10/2009
| EdwardxBellaxLover chapter 2 . 8/10/2009
| XoXmeggzieXoX chapter 15 . 8/10/2009
ooh trouble :D
| crush-on-lush chapter 14 . 8/4/2009
love the story!
| joayla chapter 14 . 8/2/2009
i love this story so much please update soon !


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 21, 1993
|Filing date
|Nov 3, 1992
|Priority date
|Nov 3, 1992
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Ghanshyam Rai, Xian Yao
|Original Assignee
|Smith International, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (26), Referenced by (32), Classifications (20), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to sintered polycrystalline abrasive compacts of cubic boron nitride for use as machining tools, abrasives, wire dies, wear parts, heat sinks and the like. More specifically, it relates to a process for synthesizing polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (cBN) commencing with cubic boron nitride and hexagonal boron nitride which are subjected to very high temperatures and pressures where cBN is thermodynamically stable.
The high pressure form of boron nitride known as cubic boron nitride is surpassed only by diamond in hardness and has a wide variety of uses as machining tools and the like. Polycrystalline cBN is useful, for example, for high speed machining of ferrous metals where reaction of diamond with the iron is a problem. For rough cutting of ferrous metals it is desirable to use a polycrystalline compact of cBN containing no more than the adjuvants required to form the polycrystalline compact. Such a polycrystalline cBN tool has excellent abrasive wear resistance, thermal stability, high thermal conductivity, good impact resistance and low coefficient of friction in contact with a workpiece.
Typically a polycrystalline compact of cBN is made by subjecting cBN crystals to elevated temperature and pressure in combination with sufficient adjuvants for catalyzing the formation of polycrystalline material. It is desirable, however, to dilute the amount of cubic boron nitride crystals used in the process with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) as the starting material. The cBN crystals must be made in a high pressure, high temperature press and are therefore relatively expensive. Hexagonal boron nitride is the low temperature stable phase of boron nitride and is relatively inexpensive. Thus, a polycrystalline compact made from a mixture of hBN and cBN is less expensive than one made solely from cBN crystals.
The use of adjuvant materials as catalysts or solvents for conversion of hBN to cBN are disclosed in the prior art. U.S. Pat. No. 3,918,219 by Wentorf discloses a method for converting hBN to cBN in the presence of catalysts. Starting from hBN alone, however, does not form a sintered polycrystalline cBN compact containing the necessary physical properties to be useful as a machining tool. Instead, hBN alone forms a weakly bonded polycrystalline cBN structure which breaks apart easily. However, hBN can be used as a suitable starting material, and yield a desirable polycrystalline cBN compact if a limited amount is combined with cBN crystals and suitable adjuvants.
The use of cBN crystals as a starting material for making polycrystalline material is also known in the art. U.S. Pat. No. 4,647,546 by Hall discloses a process for making polycrystalline cBN compact by combining cBN with suitable adjuvants.
Use of both cBN and hBN as starting materials for forming polycrystalline cBN is also known in the art. When both cBN crystals and hBN are used as starting materials the cBN crystals apparently provide nucleation sites for facilitating the formation of polycrystalline cBN during high pressure, high temperature sintering.
Aluminum containing materials have certain desirable properties which have lead to their use in prior art. CBN compositions using aluminum as an aid in bonding cBN under high pressure, high temperature conditions is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,944,398 by Bell. Bell describes use of a binder material comprising a boride, nitride or silicide refractory substance, and a solvent of aluminum, lead, tin, magnesium, lithium or alloys thereof. The preferred embodiment of Bell employs silicon nitride as a refractory substance and aluminum as a solvent. Bell states that substantially all of the aluminum reacts with the silicon nitride to form aluminum nitride. However, because of the large amount of other materials used, which are considerable softer than cBN, there is a tendency to interfere with intergranular cBN to cBN bonding and adversely affect the abrasion resistance of the sintered cBN compact.
The particular adjuvant materials chosen may also impact the manufacturing or processing of the sintered polycrystalline cBN itself. Once the cBN compact has been sintered, it is often necessary to machine the compact into the desired size and shape of the particular cutting tool to be used. For example, it is known that the use of nickel aluminide as a binder material produces a cBN compact that is easier and thus more efficiently machined by electrical discharge machining (EDM) into the shape of the finished tool than cBN compacts not containing the nickel aluminide. However, there is variability in the processing and such compacts tend to have high electrical resistance and are always not readily cut by EDM.
Another material commonly found in polycrystalline cBN compacts is cobalt. U.S. Pat. No. 4,619,698 by Ueda discloses sintered cBN containing at least one metal selected from the group consisting of cobalt and nickel. The use of cobalt as a solvent and binder material has been shown to improve the degree of sintering of the cBN compact.
A preferred way of forming a cBN compact containing cobalt is to form a layer of the starting material for the cBN on a cemented tungsten carbide substrate which contains cobalt as a binding material. The cobalt binder phase in the cemented tungsten carbide comprises an alloy of cobalt, tungsten and carbon, probably a ternary eutectic melting at about 1320� C. When the composite of a cemented tungsten carbide substrate and cBN crystals, for example, is processed at the high temperatures and pressures of a high pressure press, the cobalt phase in the cemented tungsten carbide melts and infiltrates into the boron nitride layer for facilitating the formation of the intercrystalline bonding required in polycrystalline cBN.
It is desirable to provide a polycrystalline sintered cBN compact employing at least a part of hBN to reduce the cost along with suitable adjuvants to facilitate the intergranular bonding of cBN to produce a compact having a high degree of abrasive wear resistance, impact resistance, high thermal conductivity and the thermal stability required to perform as a cutting tool. It is desirable that the cBN compact be easier to machine into its final form.
There is, therefore, provided in practice of this invention according to a presently preferred embodiment, a process for forming a polycrystalline cubic boron nitride compact at elevated temperature and pressure conditions in presence of a cobalt phase from cubic boron nitride crystals, hexagonal boron nitride, aluminum nitride and cobalt aluminide having a melting point lower than the cobalt phase.
In a preferred embodiment of this invention, cubic boron nitride (cBN) crystals of a particle size suitable for the intended application of a polycrystalline cBN compact are thoroughly blended with a powder of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and suitable adjuvant materials. The preferred adjuvant materials include (a) an aluminum containing material selected from the group consisting of aluminum, aluminum nitride, aluminum diboride (Al6 B12) and mixtures thereof and (b) cobalt aluminide having a melting point lower than the cobalt phase that is present during the subsequent high pressure, high temperature pressing of the mixture.
To assure enhanced intercrystalline bonding of the cBN, it is preferred that the particle size of the adjuvant materials be approximately equal to that of the cBN crystals. Since finer grain compacts give greater impact resistance, perform suitably for aggressive cutting applications, and give smoother surfaces in finishing applications, a cBN particle size less than about 5 micrometers is preferred. It is preferred that the hBN have a particle size less than about 10 micrometers, that the aluminum containing material have a particle size of less than about 10 micrometers, and that the cobalt aluminide have a particle size less than about 4 micrometers.
The cobalt aluminide material is preferably the intermetallic compound Co2 Al9. Although stoichiometry is not critical, the Co2 Al9 cobalt aluminide is preferred since it has a melting temperature of 943� C., well below the melting temperature of cobalt phase.
Although the reasons that cobalt aluminide is important in forming a high performance polycrystalline cBN compact are not known, it is believed that since this material melts at a relatively lower temperature than other materials in the composition it reacts with or dissolves surfaces on hBN and cBN crystals for facilitating wetting by cobalt which melts at a higher temperature. Substantial wetting action may be as a result of reduction of surface oxides of boron by aluminum in the Co2 Al9. The Co2 Al9 contains about 67.3 weight percent aluminum. The liquid phase contains even more aluminum, about 80 weight percent. There may also be significant solubility in the liquid alloy for boron and nitrogen, thereby enabling reversible dissolution of boron nitride and recrystallization as larger grains of cBN at a lower temperature as compared with utilizing just the infiltrated cobalt phase from the substrate.
Regardless of the mechanism, it has been found that use of cobalt aluminide provides polycrystalline cBN compacts having a higher proportion of cBN, as well as higher cBN to cBN intercrystalline bonding, and a better ability to be machined by electrical discharge machining (EDM) than prior compacts.
Cobalt is apparently important in the formation of polycrystalline cBN and the high temperature, high pressure processing is conducted in the presence of cobalt. In a preferred arrangement, a mixture containing hBN and cBN is placed on a substrate of cemented tungsten carbide containing, for example, about 14% by weight of cobalt as a binder. When this composite is heated in a high pressure press, a portion of the cobalt phase in the cemented tungsten carbide infiltrates into the boron nitride mixture, facilitating conversion of hBN to cBN and assuring good intercrystalline bonding of the cBN crystals. If desired, cobalt powder may be included in the mixture in addition to or in lieu of the cobalt phase infiltrating from a cemented tungsten carbide substrate.
However, when using the cBN compact as a cutting tool, it is enough that the edge of the tool contains a hard and wear resistant layer comprising polycrystalline cBN. Therefore, it is advantageous to form a complex compact which comprises a polycrystalline cBN hard layer and a cemented tungsten carbide substrate integral with the former, in view of the cost and the strength of the tool. The thickness of the hard layer in the composite compact varies according to the operating conditions of the cutting tool as well as the shape thereof, but is generally more than about 0.5 millimeter. Tungsten carbide is desirable since it has a high hardness, heat conductivity and toughness. The thickness of the cemented carbide substrate is generally more than about 2.0 millimeters. Typical embodiments have a cBN layer thickness of about 0.8 mm on a cemented carbide substrate with a thickness of either 2.4 or 4 mm.
Another material employed in the mixture comprises aluminum in the form of aluminum, aluminum nitride or aluminum diboride, and is preferably aluminum nitride. Hexagonal boron nitride may not be stoichiometric BN and is often deficient in nitrogen. Aluminum nitride in the composition provides additional nitrogen to enhance the nitrogen content of the hBN and bring it closer to stoichiometry. Aluminum nitride may also assist in this reaction by forming aluminum diboride, thereby decreasing the amount of boron in the hexagonal boron nitride and also bringing it closer to stoichiometry. Preferably, the aluminum nitride is present in sufficiently small grains that it substantially completely dissolves in the cobalt phase during sintering. A small amount of residual aluminum nitride or aluminum diboride remaining in the completed polycrystalline compact, is no substantial detriment since these are relatively hard materials. Aluminum not in the form of such compounds would be in solution in the cobalt phase.
It is desirable that the amount of cobalt phase infiltrating into the polycrystalline cBN compact be up to about 25% by weight. When the proportion of cobalt phase in the compact is more than about 25% this relatively softer phase tends to decrease the hardness and wear resistance of the compact. For reasons that are not clear, the use of Co2 Al9 as a starting material can produce a compact with about 25% cobalt phase. Cobalt aluminide is preferred as compared with nickel aluminide since the composition includes other sources of cobalt and has no other sources of nickel. Furthermore, cobalt aluminide has a melting temperature about 90� C. higher than nickel aluminide. This permits a higher temperature to be used during heat treatment of the mixture.
Before combining the cBN crystals with the hBN and adjuvant materials, the cBN crystals are first heat treated in a non-oxidizing and preferably reducing atmosphere at a temperature of about 1000� C. for a duration of about one to two hours. The non-oxidizing atmosphere may be 10-4 to 10-6 Torr vacuum, hydrogen or ammonia. The purpose of the initial heat treatment is remove any adsorbed water vapor, oxides or other volatile impurities that may interfere with intercrystalline bonding of the cBN. Heat treating in ammonia is desirable since that may avoid loss of nitrogen and non-stoichiometry in the boron nitride.
The cBN crystals are then combined with the powders of hBN and adjuvants in preferred weight ratios and thoroughly blended together with tungsten carbide balls and alcohol in a nitrogen charged ball mill. The mixture is compacted into preforms and heat treated in a non-oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature in the range of about 600� to 950� C. for about four hours for reducing oxides. The non-oxidizing atmosphere may either be 10-4 to 10-6 Torr vacuum, hydrogen or ammonia. A typical heat treatment comprises heating in vacuum at about 950� C. for four hours.
A preform heat treatment temperature of more than about 600� C. is used to volatilize boron oxide (B2 03) from hBN. The volatilization of (B2 03) facilitates hBN to cBN conversion by removing oxides that would otherwise interfere with intercrystalline bonding. A heat treatment temperature of up to about 950� C. is preferred since the cobalt aluminide tends to melt at temperatures above 950� C.
Each preform is then placed onto a cemented tungsten carbide/cobalt substrate and the preform and substrate are loaded into a closed container. Careful selection of container materials minimizes infiltration of undesirable materials into the compact and protects it from oxidation or the like. Molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, zirconium, and stainless steel have been found to be suitable. A preferred container material is niobium.
A closed niobium container enclosing the substrate and preform to be sintered is surrounded by a pressure transmitting medium such as salt, talc or the like. The container and pressure transmitting medium are placed in a graphite or metallic heater surrounded by a pressure transmitting and gasket forming material such as pyrophyllite and placed into the chamber of a suitable high pressure, high temperature apparatus.
After pressure in excess of about 20 kilobars is applied to bring the mixture into the region of cBN thermodynamic stability, electrical resistance heating is applied to melt some of the materials, convert the hBN to cBN, and sinter the compact to maximum density. An exemplary cycle comprises a pressure of about 50 kbar at temperatures in excess of 1200� C. for about 15 minutes. The sintering temperature should be higher than the melting temperature (about 1320� C.) of the cobalt-tungsten-carbon eutectic phase in the cemented tungsten carbide. After sintering is complete the heating current is decreased and the sample is cooled below about 200� C., after which the applied pressure is removed and the container taken from the high pressure press.
It is believed that the mechanism that occurs during the sintering proceeds as follows: When the temperature exceeds 950� C. by a sufficient margin, the cobalt aluminide melts with consequent reaction and/or dissolution of boron nitride materials and possibly a portion of the aluminum nitride. When the temperature of the cobalt phase in the cemented tungsten carbide is exceeded, the cobalt phase melts and infiltrates into the composite material, probably assuring dissolution of any remaining aluminum nitride and cobalt aluminide.
As a result of the high temperature, high pressure conditions, the hexagonal boron nitride is converted to cubic boron nitride and crystals of cubic boron nitride grow and coalesce into a polycrystalline compact. Cooling of the compact may result in additional precipitation of cubic boron nitride for enhanced intercrystalline bonding. It has not been determined whether any aluminum nitride or cobalt aluminide remains as a separate phase in the polycrystalline compact, however, that seems unlikely.
For reasons that are not clear, using cobalt aluminide as an adjuvant increases the electrical conductivity of the cBN compact. For example, the electrical resistance across a 19 millimeter wide disk of polycrystalline cBN on a tungsten carbide substrate shows a resistance of about 0.8 ohm when the compact is made with use of cobalt aluminide as an adjuvant. This is to be contrasted with a polycrystalline cBN compact made when nickel aluminum alloy was used as an adjuvant. There the electrical resistance of a similar sample is typically in the order of 2.2 to 2.3 ohms.
Increased electrical conductivity is desirable because it facilitates the machining of the compact into a desired shape of cutting tool. After a sintered compact is removed from the high pressure, high temperature chamber, electrical discharge machining is used to cut the sintered compacts into their desired shape. In the past it has been necessary to EDM one compact at a time. The increased electrical conductivity of a compact from using cobalt aluminide as an adjuvant permits machining from four to six compacts simultaneously, which as will be apparent, significantly decreases the cost.
The reason for the increased electrical conductivity is not understood. In a typical cBN compact where cobalt aluminide is used as an adjuvant, the cobalt phase in the compact is about 25% by weight. Without cobalt aluminide as an adjuvant, the cobalt phase may be as high as 32 or 33% by weight. Regardless of this higher metal content in the polycrystalline compact, the electrical resistance is also higher. Furthermore, the presence of the increased amount of metallic phase lowers the wear resistance of the cBN compact. A metal content of 25% by weight is about 7% by volume. It is generally desirable to keep the volume percentage of softer metal phase at a minimum to enhance the wear resistance.
It is preferred that the ratio of cBN to hBN in the mixture from which a polycrystalline cBN compact is made is about 2:1. When the cBN to hBN ratio is greater than about 2:1 the proportion of hard cBN relative to softer hBN makes a mixture that is difficult to compress into a solid preform. On the other hand when the cBN to hBN ratio is less than about 2:1 the larger proportion of hBN may not be quantitatively converted to cBN or the cBN intercrystalline bonding may be reduced so that the wear resistance of the compact is reduced. Furthermore, decreasing the ratio may lead to higher metal phase content which can reduce wear resistance. Thus, for example, when the ratio of cBN to hBN is about 2:1 the cobalt phase is about 25 percent by weight, and when the ratio is about 60:40, the cobalt phase increases to about 32%.
In an embodiment where the mixture is not pressed into a preform, the ratio of cBN to hBN may range up to about 2.5:1. Generally, however, it is desired to have the higher proportions of hBN since it is a less costly material than cBN.
Preferably, the proportion of cBN in the mixture is in the range from about 45 to 65% by weight. The preferred amount of hBN in the total mixture is in the range from about 30 to 45% by weight. Such variation from the preferred ratio of cBN to hBN may be tolerable for producing polycrystalline cBN compacts having acceptable properties.
The preferred amount of adjuvant materials present in the total mixture of cBN, hBN and adjuvants is in the range of from about 2 to 10% by weight. Preferably the aluminum nitride is present in the range of from about 2 to 7% by weight of the total mixture. The range of aluminum nitride used in the mixture is to some extent dependent on the amount of hBN present. Since the aluminum nitride supplies nitrogen and binds boron, a larger variation from stoichiometry in the hBN or a larger amount of hBN may require higher proportions of aluminum nitride. If the mixture comprises less than about 2% by weight of aluminum nitride, there may not be sufficient nitrogen to facilitate the hBN to cBN conversion. On the other hand, in a mixture containing more than about 7% by weight aluminum nitride, the abrasive wear resistance of the completed compact may be reduced, making the compact less desirable as a cutting tool.
Preferably the cobalt aluminide (Co2 Al9) comprises from about 1 to 3% by weight of the total mixture. A mixture having less than about 1% Co2 Al9 seems to have less facilitating of early hBN solution and cleaning of surfaces for crystal growth. A reduced electrical conductivity and less cBN to cBN intercrystalline bonding may be consequences. Preferably the amount of cobalt aluminide is up to about 3% by weight for minimizing the presence of softer phase in the cBN compact, and since larger amounts are not required to achieve excellent infiltration of the cobalt phase and low metal content in the compact.
The resulting polycrystalline cBN compact possesses advantageous qualities not found simultaneously in the prior art; namely, (1) high cBN concentration with strong intercrystalline cBN to cBN bonding resulting from high hBN to cBN conversion, (2) high resistance to erosion by abrasive materials, (3) high thermal conductivity, (4) high wear resistance under aggressive conditions in cutting of ferrous alloys, (5) high thermal stability, (6) low coefficient of friction versus ferrous metals, (7) lack of chemical or metallurgical reaction with the workpiece, and (8) good impact resistance.
This method of making the polycrystalline cBN compact is also economically advantageous because the use of hBN as a starting material reduces the amount of higher priced cBN crystals needed as the starting material, and the method produces a sintered cBN compact that can be more efficiently machined into its final form.
One of the difficulties of prior art techniques has been obtaining adequate yield of usable products. Thus, when the compacts are made, cracking or chips may make a compact unusable. Such defects may not be discovered until the compacts are machined to their final form. It is found that by using Co2 Al9 as an adjuvant in the process of forming polycrystalline cBN, the yield increases dramatically. The yield of good compacts coming out of the high pressure press increased to over 95% and the yield of finish machined parts increased to about 90%, a major contribution to decreased cost per compact.
The following examples demonstrate the practice of preferred embodiments of the invention.
cBN crystals, having an average particle size of less than about 5 micrometers, were heat treated in an ammonia atmosphere at 1000� C. for 11/2 hours. The cBN crystals were intimately mixed with hBN powder having an average particle size of about 15 micrometers, aluminum nitride (AlN) powder having an average particle size less than about 8 micrometers, and cobalt aluminide (Co2 Al9) powder having an average particle size of less than about 4 micrometers.
The cBN crystals, hBN powder and adjuvant materials were combined in the weight ratio of 61% cBN, 33% hBN, 5% AlN and 1% Co2 Al9, and thoroughly mixed with tungsten carbide balls and alcohol in a nitrogen charged mill. The mixture was compacted into preforms having the approximate shape of the sintered cBN compact tool. The preforms were subjected to a preform heat treatment at about 10-4 to 10-6 Torr vacuum and about 950� C. for about 4 hours. Each preform was then placed onto a cemented tungsten-carbide/cobalt substrate and both were loaded into a closed niobium container.
The closed container was surrounded with a NaCl pressure-transmitting medium, loaded into a pyrophyllite cell and subjected to high pressure at about 75 kbar and high temperature at about 1400� C. to 1500� C. After maintaining the temperature for approximately 15 minutes, the load was allowed to cool and then the pressure was reduced. A micro structural analysis on the polished surface revealed a complete conversion of hBN to cBN and excellent cBN to cBN intergranular bonding of crystals of very uniform size. This feature is important in getting good wear properties. Micro hardness of the polycrystalline cBN layer was measured to be 3000 Kg/mm2 using the Vickers test method.
Two differently sized cBN crystals, having an average particle size of less than about 2 micrometers and less than about 5 micrometers, were heat treated in an ammonia atmosphere at 1000� C. for 11/2 hours. The cBN crystals were intimately mixed with hBN powder having an average particle size of about 15 micrometers, aluminum nitride (AlN) powder having an average particle size less than about 8 micrometers, and cobalt aluminide (Co2 Al9) powder having an average particle size of less than about 4 micrometers.
The cBN crystals, hBN powder and adjuvant materials were combined in the weight ratio of 52 percent by weight less than 5 micrometer cBN particles, 9 percent by weight less than 2 micrometer cBN particles, 33 percent by weight hBN, 5 percent by weight AlN, and 1 percent by weight Co2 Al9 and thoroughly mixed with tungsten carbide balls and alcohol in a nitrogen charged mill. The mixture was compacted into preforms, heat treated and subjected to sintering temperature and pressure conditions in the same manner as described in Example 1.
A micro structural analysis on the polished surface revealed a complete conversion of hBN to cBN and excellent cBN to cBN intergranular bonding of crystals of very uniform size. Micro hardness on the polycrystalline cBN layer was measured to be 3000 Kg/mm2 using the Vickers test method.
cBN crystals, having an average particle size range of two to four micrometers, were heat treated in an ammonia atmosphere at 1000� C. for 11/2 hours. The cBN crystals were intimately mixed with hBN powder having an average particle size of less than ten micrometers, aluminum nitride (AlN) powder having an average particle size less than ten micrometers, and cobalt aluminide (Co2 Al9) powder having an average particle size of less than ten micrometers.
The cBN crystals, hBN powder and adjuvant materials were combined in the weight ratio of 61% cBN, 35% hBN, 2% AlN and 2% Co2 Al9, and thoroughly mixed with tungsten carbide balls and alcohol in a nitrogen charged mill. The mixture was compacted into preforms, heat treated and subjected to sintering temperature and pressure conditions in the same manner as described in Example 1.
A micro structural analysis on the polished surface revealed complete conversion of hBN to cBN and excellent cBN to cBN intergranular bonding of crystals of very uniform size. Micro hardness on the polycrystalline cBN layer was measured to be 3000 Kg/mm2 using the Vickers test method.
It is possible within the scope of this invention to practice a wide variety of compositions and temperature-pressure conditions in cycles which will achieve the same objective as these examples, and the foregoing examples are designed to be illustrative rather than limiting.
The description has specified Co2 Al9 as the preferred composition for an adjuvant for the formation of cBN, however, other Co-Al alloys may be equivalent. For example, there is another cobalt-aluminum intermetallic compound, Co2 Al5, which has a melting point of 1170� C. and about 53 weight percent aluminum which may also be used for melting at a somewhat higher temperature. There is postulated to be another intermetallic compound, Co4 Al13, thought to have a melting point of about 1120� C. which may also be used. Non-stoichiometric alloys may also be used.
Use of such a composition may permit preliminary heat treatment or reduction of preforms at about 1000� C. At higher temperatures some of the cBN may convert to hBN. Higher temperature heat treatment of the preforms enhances rate of reaction and volatilization of B2 O3 and the rate of diffusion of oxygen through the crystal lattice. Of course, compositions which are non-stoichiometric may also be used. Their melt characteristics and compositions will be apparent from the aluminum-cobalt phase diagram.
While cubic boron nitride is the preferable high pressure boron nitride, it is to be understood within the scope of the invention that a cBN compact may also be made by using wurzitic boron nitride or a mixture of cubic and wurzitic boron nitride as a starting material.
Magnesium nitride or lithium nitride may be used instead of aluminum nitride as a source of nitrogen for adjusting the stoichiometry of hBN. They do not appear to be as beneficial as the aluminum nitride for use in a machining tool.
Although a polycrystalline cBN compact with only the second cobalt phase is preferred, other hard materials may be included in the composition, if desired. For example, a polycrystalline cBN compact is quite suitable for high speed, rough machining operations. For finishing operations on ferrous materials, it may be desirable to have a compact having a portion of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride and a portion of titanium carbonitride. In such an embodiment the proportion of Ti(CN) may comprise up to about 40% by weight of the total mixture. The Ti(CN) imparts chemical and thermal resistance to the cBN compact and although it tends to reduce the abrasive wear resistance of the compact in some applications, it may make a desirable cutting tool. When Ti(CN) is used in the composition, the ratio of cBN to hBN may be somewhat lower than for a composition which produces a compact having only polycrystalline cBN.
Other hard materials may be included such as a carbide, nitride or carbonitride containing material of a group IVb, Vb or VIb transition metal. For example, a small amount of tungsten carbide in addition to, or in lieu of titanium carbonitride may be included in the composition.
Because of variations such as these, it is to be understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 4, 1993
Owner name: SMITH INTERNATIONAL, INC., TEXAS
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