text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 16, 2002
|Filing date
|Jan 3, 2000
|Priority date
|Feb 26, 1999
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Geoffrey P. Atchinson, Mitchell A. Valentine
|Original Assignee
|Radiantz, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (225), Classifications (22), Legal Events (14)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/258,057, filed Feb. 26, 1999, the entire disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates generally to lighting systems and, more particularly, to flexible, compact, battery operated LED arrays that are able to be conformably mounted over surfaces with compound curvatures.
Light emitting diode (LED) lighting systems are commonly used as individual elements or in groups for illuminating a large variety of objects. Typically, such lighting systems are arranged in generally linear rows and are disposed so as to provide decorative, advertising or safety oriented light sources. Conventionally, these lighting system rows might be attached to a wire string such as exemplified by a "string of lights" used for Christmas tree decorations. Lighting systems constructed of LED light strips, are particularly advantageous when compared to bulb or lamp based lighting systems in that light strips are relatively inexpensive to manufacture and consume a relatively small amount of power. However, conventional lighting systems, whether bulb based or LED based are limited in usefulness due to the difficulty of attaching them to various structures and that these types of lighting systems are often inflexible in their design and require permanent mounting to attached structures.
Present LED light strips typically composed of circuitry including a number of LEDs mounted onto substrates by having their whisker leads soldered onto connection points provided for such purpose and connected to electrical conductors. The entire circuitry is typically encased within a protective sheathing and coupled to a power source for selective LED illumination. Such LED lighting systems are utilized in a variety of indoor and outdoor configurations, but suffer from significant drawbacks in that the LED lamps are rather large, are exposed to the elements and are very susceptible to damage by wind, water, etc. Additionally, these LED lighting systems require that the LED lamps be adhered to a mounting substrate by having their whisker leads soldered thereto. Once the LED lamp is affixed to the substrate, excess lead material must be removed and the resulting assembly mounted on a support that is substantially flat in order that the viewing angle for the component LED lamps is not exceeded.
Conventional LED based lighting systems typically utilize dual-lead cannister or dome shaped LED lamps as a light source. These dome or cannister shaped LED lamps are typically about 5 to 7 millimeters tall and from about 3 to about 5 millimeters in diameter, exclusive of their electrically conductive leads. Although available in various colors, a typical conventional LED lamp will have a light intensity (expressed in millicandles or mcd) of from about 8 to about 50, when implemented in Galium Phosphide (GaP) with a viewing angle of approximately 10 to 15 degrees. Needless to say, when such lighting systems are mounted over radiused or other conformal surfaces, it requires very little displacement to move the beam angle of a particular LED lamp outside the viewing arc.
For example, LED lighting systems have been used in the prior art as auxiliary brake lights in automotive applications. Five millimeter LEDs are typically used to supplement original equipment vehicle brake lights and incorporated onto a mounting surface which is adhered or secured to the rear portion of a vehicle. Considerable differences in angles of inclination and curvatures of rear window glasses and other vehicular surfaces limit the usefulness of such LED lighting systems. For example, when an auxiliary brake light is mounted on a vehicle provided with a rear window glass having a strong curvature, an optimum mounting or viewing angle for each LED lamp may not be achieved. For this reason, a single type of auxiliary light, capable of being placed on various portions of all manners of vehicles, is very difficult to economically manufacture.
In addition, many conventional 5 millimeter LED lighting systems have their LED lamps spaced-apart from one another to such an extent that the individual component light sources are easily discernable. In other words, instead of a viewer perceiving a lighting system having uniform brightness, the viewer perceives intermittent bright spots, corresponding to LED light source positions, over the surface area of the lighting system. Various prior art systems have attempted to address this problem by placing distortion lenses (or diffusion lenses) over the LED light sources, but these distortion lenses are not altogether effective and further tend to reduce the overall brightness of the lighting system. Conventional 5 millimeter LEDs, even if disposed as close together as possible, still exhibit inconsistent light distribution due to their relatively shallow viewing angles. Prior art lighting systems are thus relatively large, visually unpleasing and relatively expensive and time consuming to manufacture. Thus, in addition to exhibiting relatively poor performance, their size and shape tend to make them objectionably obtrusive.
Accordingly, what is needed is a flexible, low-profile, bright, easily manufactured and visually pleasing light emitting diode system which can be mounted easily, in any desired form over radically radiused compound curvatures, for a variety of uses. Further, such a light emitting diode system needs to provide a constant source of light while operated by a relatively low voltage battery source.
A flexible, low profile, high density array of light emitting diodes includes a plurality of surface mount light emitting diodes affixed to the surface of a flexible printed circuit board substrate, the substrate adapted to support and electrically interconnect surface mount electronic components. Each of the plurality of surface mount light emitting diodes has a particular dimension, less than or equal to about 3 mm, and is disposed on the flexible printed circuit board substrate at varying distances in order to define light intensity outputs of from about 2 to about 20 candles per square centimeter.
The flexible printed circuit board substrate might be configured as a flex circuit, or might be configured as a rigid flex circuit board, each pre-manufactured to define mounting locations for each of the plurality of surface mount light emitting diodes. The flexible printed circuit board substrate, in combination with the surface mount light emitting diodes, defines a conformable, bendable lighting array configured for mounting upon surfaces with compound curvature.
The surface mount light emitting diodes are configured, upon the flexible substrate, in an array comprising regular sets of series-connected diodes, the series-connected sets coupled in parallel fashion to one another. The number of light emitting diodes comprising a series-connected set defines a forward voltage drop for the set. The forward voltage drop, in turn, defines a supply voltage value sufficient to activate the diodes of each series-connected set. Surface mount diodes comprising the array might have forward voltage drops anywhere in the range of from about 1.7 to about 5.0 volts.
In a further aspect of the invention, the flexible, low profile, high density lighting system further includes a housing configured to hold and support a flexible lighting array and so encloses the array as to protect it from impact and the elements. The housing might be transparent and might further be colored. Alternatively, the housing might be water clear and the plurality of surface mount light emitting diodes might be colored.
These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will be more fully understood when considered with respect to the following detailed description, appended claims and accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a top planar view of a high-density, low-profile, flexible light emitting diode array in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a side elevation view of the high-density, low-profile, flexible light emitting diode array in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a top planar view of one embodiment of a housing for use with the light emitting diode array in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 4 is an end view of the exemplary housing embodiment of FIG. 3, illustrating a lighting element within;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the exemplary embodiment of the housing of FIG. 3;
FIG. 6a is a side elevation view of one embodiment of a surface mount light emitting diode suitable for use in connection with the diode array of the present invention;
FIG. 6b is an end view of the surface mount light emitting diode of FIG. 6a;
FIG. 6c is a top planar view of the surface mount light emitting diode of FIG. 6a;
FIG. 7a is a side elevation view of an alternative embodiment of a surface mount light emitting diode suitable for use in connection with the diode array of the present invention;
FIG. 7b is an end view of the surface mount light emitting diode of FIG. 7a;
FIG. 7c is a top planar view of the surface mount light emitting diode of FIG. 7a;
FIG. 8 is a simplified, semi-schematic illustration of a surface mount light emitting diode being surface mounted on an exemplary flexible substrate;
FIG. 9 is a simplified, semi-schematic circuit diagram illustrating the electrical connectivity of the surface mount LEDs, resistive elements and power source, in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 10a is a simplified top planar view of an alternative array embodiment, where the light emitting diodes are disposed on a planar area sheet substrate; and
FIG. 10b is a simplified top planar view of a further alternative array embodiment, where the light emitting diodes are disposed along a cursive substrate.
Briefly, the present invention is directed to a high-density, low-profile, flexible light emitting diode array which is constructed to have an extremely narrow width and an extremely low profile and have its elements so disposed that the length of the array is able to vary in accordance with any desired application. In typical embodiments, an array length might vary from about a few inches to several feet, and the array itself can be adaptively configured to a desired length by merely cutting the desired length from a roll, as will be described in greater detail below.
The high-density, low-profile, flexible light emitting diode array is very compact and elegant which enables it to be used for a number of sophisticated interior applications, such as volume or accent highlighting, architectural and landscaping delineation, and the like. Additionally, the high-density, low-profile, flexible light emitting diode array is able to deliver a very high light output (light intensity) per unit volume, which enables the light emitting diode array to be used for various industrial, safety and other exterior utility applications, such as vehicle lighting systems, marker lights, building safety lamps, and the like. Flexibility is a further advantageous feature of the light emitting diode array which is configured such that it is able to be flexed or bent into extremely compound or complex shapes including those with a very small radius of curvature. When a flexible strip of the light emitting array is affixed to an interior rear window or ceiling of an automobile, for example, as an auxiliary brake light, the extremely thin and narrow profile of the array does not substantially block a driver's vision nor does it substantially intrude into the limited interior space of the passenger compartment of the vehicle.
With a very high light intensity per unit volume, the light emitting diode array is particularly advantageous when used in building safety systems that provide emergency lighting when central power is cut off. The light emitting diode array is configured to be battery operated such that it is not susceptible to AC power outages and provides sufficient light output to clearly mark emergency exits, stairs, emergency signage, and the like. Because of the adaptability of its size and shape, the light emitting diode array can be easily conformed to any size space to provide such battery powered illumination; with small strips providing sufficient illumination for relatively small areas, and larger strips, or alternatively planar sheets, disposed within large areas.
In addition to its high light output, another desirable aspect of the light emitting diode array is its unique and captivating appearance, which when activated resembles a bright, focused laser beam spanning the lighting system's length, from end-to-end. This laser beam look provides an eye catching safety feature which compliments the efficacy of the light emitting diode array when used for safety applications, and further provides a well-defined and modern look to the light-emitting diode array when used in other applications such as decorative and space-lighting installations. It can easily be understood that the array might be formed into strips that define alphanumeric text, which can be easily read from a distance. Thus, the array might easily be formed into safety side-panel strips (and emitting amber light) for example, for placement onto the exterior side panels of vehicles and for emergency or informative road signage.
Referring more particularly to the drawings, FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate a high-density, low-profile light emitting diode array constructed with an extremely compact configuration and having a very high density of light emitting elements disposed thereon. The array 20 is depicted in the exemplary embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2 in a particular configuration only for purposes of description and ease of understanding, and not for the purpose of limiting the invention to any extent.
In particular, the array 20 of the exemplary embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2, is suitably constructed from a plurality of light emitting diode elements 32 disposed in close proximity to one another and mounted on a flexible substrate 37, in accordance with the present invention. In the exemplary embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2, the light emitting diode elements are disposed on the flexible substrate 37 at positions approximately 2 mm on centers, such that the center of each LED element is approximately 2 mm from the center of an adjacent LED element or elements. In this particular exemplary embodiment, the LED elements 32 are in physical contact with one another and, as will be described in greater detail below, such proximity causes each element's resulting beam to overlap with the beam from adjacent elements in order to define a uniform light field.
Each of the light emitting diode elements 32 are surface mounted to a flexible substrate, in particular, a class A or class B flex circuit board, as defined by MIL-STD-2118. Class A flex circuits are defined as those capable of withstanding flexing during installation, while class B flex circuits are defined as those capable of withstanding continuous flexing for a specified number of cycles after the flex circuit has been installed.
Because flex circuits will typically be bent during assembly and may be flexed continually during use, certain circuit features must be designed with sufficient strain relief. These particular circuit features are well understood and need not be dealt with here, but it should be noted that depending on its application, the light emitting diode array when configured on a class B flex circuit should be constructed to be as thin as is practical and should further be symmetrical, such that its conductor layers are maintained as close as possible to the neutral axis.
The flex circuit material depends significantly upon the type and complexity of the light emitting diode array disposed thereon, but for most applications, a simple single layer or double layer plated through hole (PTH) flex circuit will be suitable. Polyimide is the most popular material for high reliability applications, but polyester film for the insulation layer is equally suitable. Adhesives might include polyester, acrylic or epoxy adhesives, with a polyester film and polyester adhesive combination offering the greatest degree of flexibility at the lowest cost.
Rolled annealed copper is the most common conductor used for flexible printed circuits due to its superior flexing characteristics and high conductivity. Electro deposited copper is used in applications when its temper can be an asset, such as in applications requiring extremely fine cantilevered leads. Notwithstanding the foregoing, flex circuits may be manufactured from other metals, such as beryllium copper, nickel and stainless steel, depending on the mounting or utility application of the light emitting diode array system 20.
The primary function of flexible circuits is the interconnection of one electronic component to another and the method used to terminate the flexible interconnection is of particular concern. As will be described in greater detail below, the preferred LED element is a low-profile surface mount LED which is able to be mounted on a flexible circuit by a variety of methods. In particular, flex circuits might terminate in through hole solder pads capable of accepting a connector or being soldered directly onto a component. Copper or copper alloy fingers can be soldered in place and secured within the circuit's insolation layer and can further be etched to any configuration and be custom formed so as to accept any type of low-profile surface mount LED lead configuration. Exposed pads can be formed to provide a dimple pattern for use in pressure contact applications or shaped insulation openings can be provided for surface mount directly to the flex circuit. In the latter attachment method, polyimide stiffeners can be bonded to the flex circuit in order rigidize the surface mount areas.
Although the substrate has been described as a flex circuit, it should be understood that it need not necessarily conform to the requirements of MIL-STD-2118 nor the technical requirements necessary to be referred to as a "flex circuit". Indeed, the flexible substrate 37 might be of a type commonly termed a "rigid flex" circuit board which exhibits a substantially higher flex modulus response than a classical "flex circuit", without losing a substantial amount of its flexible characteristics. Indeed, a rigid flex circuit might be best characterized by its springiness, in that once bent to conform to a compound shape, its modulus response will tend to force it back to a planar condition, as opposed to a "flex circuit" which, once bent, has a substantially lower spring constant k.
FIGS. 6a, 6 b and 6 c are side elevational, end elevational, and top planar views, respectively of one exemplary embodiment of a low-profile, surface mount light emitting diode 63 in accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Surface mount light emitting diodes, of the type exemplified in FIGS. 6a-6 c, are generally implemented in cross-sectional widths ranging from about 2 mm to about 3 mm and have been conventionally used in relatively low power applications, and those with relatively low light intensity requirements. The exemplary surface mount light emitting diode 63 of the illustrated embodiment exhibits a relatively high output of approximately 1 candle of light and is suitably constructed to have a width (identified at 65) of about 2 mm, a height (identified at 67) of about 2.8 mm and a length (identified at 69) of about 2.5 mm. The low-profile surface mount light emitting diode 63 is preferably mounted on a flexible substrate 37 with its length dimension perpendicular to the length of the flexible substrate such that a maximum linear density of elements may be disposed thereon.
The light emitting diode 63 may be provided in a variety of colors, including white, red, yellow, green, and blue. The emitting color and light output is dependent on the diode semiconductor material which might include GaP, GaAsP/GaP, GaAIAs or InGaAIP, for output wavelengths ranging from about 565 nanometers to about 660 nanometers. A lens 64 (dome shaped in the exemplary embodiment of FIGS. 6a-6 c) is provided over the light emitting semiconductor material and might be a colored transparent lens, a colored diffusing lens, or a water clear lens, depending upon the final color and light output desired for each light emitting element. In particular, depending on lens type, the light emitting diode 63 of the exemplary embodiment has a light intensity Iv (expressed in millicandles or mcd at 20 mA), ranging from about 200 to about 1000, evaluated at a nominal viewing angle of from approximately 30 degrees to approximately 60 degrees.
Surface mount bonding leads 66 are provided and project from both sides of the diode bulk in the length direction. One of the leads is electrically coupled to the anode side of the diode semiconductor material, while the other lead is electrically coupled to the cathode side. During assembly, each diode element is positioned onto a pre-manufactured, flexible substrate, configured to receive surface mount diodes, such that the mount leads contact exposed conductors, surface mount solder bumps, or bonding pads, as best illustrated in FIG. 8. Mounting areas are located in pre-defined regions on the flexible substrate material so that their positioning and periodicity can be easily programmed into automated pick-and-place equipment. The size, shape and bond lead locations of the diode elements are equally pre-defined and programmable such that the entire operation can be fully automated.
The diode element 63 of FIGS. 6a-6 c is merely one embodiment of diode elements suitable for practice of the present invention. Since its beam is relatively directional, due to its 30 to 60 degree viewing angle, its perceived light intensity output makes it particularly suitable for applications which require the attention of a viewer to be drawn to the lighting system, i.e., vehicular lights, emergency signs, etc. Other types of surface mount diode elements are also suitable for practice of the invention in various alternative embodiments.
A particular such alternative diode element is illustrated in FIGS. 7a, 7 b and 7 c. FIGS. 7a-7 c depict an extremely low-profile light emitting diode element 73, which is substantially smaller in cross-section than the embodiment of FIGS. 6a-6 c. Diode element 73 has a width 75 of about 0.8 mm, a height 77 of about 0.5 mm, and a length 79 of about 1.6 mm. Further, it should be understood that the height dimension will vary whether or not the diode element 73 is provided with a cover (or lens, indicated at 74). In the particular configuration illustrated in FIGS. 7a-7 c, each light emitting diode would have a light intensity of from about 100 to about 300 millicandles (mcd), again at 25 mA, but evaluated at the optical axis of a viewing angle of about 120 degrees to about 150 degrees. Thus, while its specified light intensity is lower than the previous embodiment, its output is distributed across a wider dispersion angle, making this embodiment particularly suitable for wide area illumination applications.
The diode 73 also includes bonding leads 76, coupled to the semiconductor material's anode and cathode terminals, and which are conformally formed about the bottom edge of the bulk material so as to further reduce the diode's area footprint.
The light intensity ratio, in candles per unit length, may be varied by adjusting the spacing of the light emitting diodes along the length of the flexible substrate. The light ratio may be lower, on a per centimeter basis, if smaller diodes are substantially spaced-apart from one another, and may be much greater, on a per centimeter basis, if the slightly larger sized, lower dispersion angle, diodes are mounted closer together, or even in contact proximity with one another.
In accordance with the present invention, both the lengths and widths of the light emitting diode may vary widely, depending on the application, but are generally selected to be within a range of from about 2 mm to about 3 mm. A particularly suitable set of surface mount light emitting diodes are the KP, KA, and KM, series of diodes manufactured and sold by Kingbright Corporation, City of Industry, Calif. These surface mount LEDs exhibit viewing angles of anywhere from about 15 to about 150 degrees, which allows a lighting system, constructed in accordance with the invention, to be tailored to specific desirable dispersion and viewing characteristics, when compared to various prior art devices.
Returning momentarily to FIGS. 1 and 2, the width dimension 72 of the particular high-density, low-profile light emitting diode array 20 illustrated in the exemplary embodiment, is approximately 0.25 cm. Given an approximately 1.0 cm long section of the lighting system, the total surface area can be seen to be approximately 0.25 cm2, which would host five surface mount LEDs as embodied in FIGS. 6a-6 c. With each of the surface mount LED elements emitting approximately 1 candle of light, the light intensity output of the light emitting diode array 20 of the exemplary embodiment can be seen to be about 20 candles/cm2. The present inventors believe this to be an extremely high, and indeed a previously unobserved, LED light intensity per unit area ratio.
Turning now to FIG. 9, there is depicted in simplified, semi-schematic form, an exemplary circuit diagram showing the electrical connectivity of the surface mount LED elements, resistive elements and power source, as they might be implemented on a typical flexible substrate (as shown in FIG. 8), in accordance with the present invention. As contemplated by the invention, a flexible printed circuit board (37 of FIG. 8) is double-sided, with the surface mount light emitting elements 91 connected to a front side (or facing side) with resistive elements 95 and electrical traces 96 disposed on the opposite side (backside) of the flexible printed circuit board. This particular arrangement allows for an extremely compact distribution of surface mount lighting elements along the facing surface of a flexible printed circuit board.
In alternative embodiments, the surface mount light emitting elements and their associated resistors can be disposed on alternate sides of a flexible substrate or may be all disposed on the same side in various proportions. For example, in one particular alternative embodiment, where the surface mount light emitting elements are spaced-apart on 5 mm centers, sufficient space remains between various LED elements to dispose the associated resistors on the same side of the flexible printed circuit board substrate.
Power is supplied externally to the array by an external voltage supply 90 which might be implemented as a battery, an AC to DC converter, or some other direct current power source which provides a power supply voltage which, in turn, might range from about 3 to about 30 volts. The individual elements 91 of the array are arranged, in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 9, as a 6 element series-connected string coupled, in turn, to a resistor 95 in series fashion. Each elemental string and resistor combination is coupled, in parallel fashion, with other, similar diode/resistor strings if additional length, or additional light intensity output is desired. LED elements 91 comprising the array exhibit various values of forward voltage drop VF, the magnitudes of which depend on the semiconductor material chosen for the diode, the current through the diode, etc. Typical diodes, of the type exemplified in FIGS. 6a-6 c, have forward voltages of anywhere from about 1.5 to about 2.5 volts, while diodes of the type exemplified in FIGS. 7a-7 c may have forward drops as high as 4.0 Volts, or more. In order to activate series coupled strings of diodes, the power supply voltage must be, at least, as large as the sum of the series stack's forward drop. Thus, it is evident that the number of diodes 91 that are connected in series fashion to one another is necessarily dependent upon the magnitude of the power supply voltage.
For the K series surface mount LEDs of the exemplary embodiment of FIGS. 6a-6 c, a typical operating forward current for each of the diodes might range from about 10 to about 50 milliamps, with the maximum current being limited by the current carrying capability of the conductive leads of the flexible substrate. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 9, with 6 diode elements 91 comprising a series-connected string in combination with a resistor 95, it should be evident that a 12 volt power supply will be required in order to provide a sufficient voltage drop across the string in order to activate all the diode elements. It will, of course, be evident that disposing larger numbers of diodes within a string will require a higher value power supply, while a lower value power supply, such as a 5 volt supply, could accommodate series strings consisting of two type K diodes in combination with a resistor. Diodes with higher valued forward drops will need a larger supply voltage, for a given stack or string size.
It will be further evident from the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 9, that coupling a plurality of series-connected diode strings in parallel fashion with one another, allows the diode array to be fabricated in long rolls, and to be cut to length by merely separating parallel sections from one another by cutting the supply lead between parallel-disposed series stacks (indicated at 97) and by cutting the return lead between resistors (indicated at 98). Thus, it should be understood that using a "flex circuit" substrate is particularly advantageous when the light emitting diode array is manufactured in a roll and intended to be cut to length upon application.
Returning again to the exemplary embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2, and with reference to FIGS. 3, 4 and 5, the light emitting diode array 20 might be suitably disposed within some form of housing 22 that is able to protect the lighting system from the elements. The housing 22 includes a first end 24 and a second, opposite end 26 and defines a longitudinal axis 28 extending between the ends. A flexible substrate 37 supporting a plurality of light emitting diode elements 32 is disposed within the housing 22 with the elements arranged along the axis 28 and preferably in proximity to one another. In the exemplary embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2, the elements 32 are assembled approximately 2 mm off center such that each element contacts an adjacent element or elements.
In order to provide greater flexibility, the elements 32 may be spaced-apart from another such that the composite structure might be mounted on a concave surface without adjacent elements contacting one another and unduly compressing the structure. In an alternative embodiment, the light emitting elements 32 might be spaced at about 3 mm on centers, such that the center of each element is approximately 3 mm from the center of an adjacent element with approximately 1 mm of space there between. This particular configuration provides greater flexibility to the array when the assembly is flexed in the direction of arrows A1 and A3.
In a further alternative embodiment, the light emitting elements 32 might be spaced at about 7 mm on centers, such that each element is disposed approximately 5 mm from an adjacent element. This particular spacing serves as an effective limit to the uniformity of the light field provided by the array, when the elements are selected so as to have an approximate 60 degree viewing angle. Although it is quite within the contemplation of the present invention to space the elements farther apart, doing so would necessarily create periodic bright spots along the length of the array as the light field brightened and darkened with the periodicity of the elements. Several applications, however, can be contemplated which would allow for such extended periodicity, including safety lighting along the steps of a movie theater, for example. In these cases, lighting elements can be spaced as far apart as twelve inches or more if required.
In FIGS. 3-5, the housing 22 is illustrated as being completely transparent, but might suitably be provided with its transparency only in areas where it is desirable for light to be emitted. The entire housing 22 or portions thereof, might be configured to be clear without color, to provide a certain look, with the plurality of light emitting elements 32 being constructed to emit a certain color of light when activated. Alternatively, light emitting elements might be selected to emit a white light, with the housing being colored, in turn.
FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 illustrate a top planar, end and perspective view, respectively, of a typical housing 22 such as might be implemented in the context of the present invention. The housing of the illustrated embodiment is a flexible, hollow, D-channel tube having an adhesive backing strip 49 affixed to the flat back side of the housing 22. The adhesive backing strip 49 can be implemented with any suitable adhesive, and can be used in conjunction with or in place of screws or other mounting hardware for securing the light emitting element array 20 to any desired surface. Since the D-channel housing is flexible, it does not detract from the flexible, conformal nature of a light emitting element array. The backside of the housing might also include a magnetic strip in addition to or in place of the adhesive backing strip, or any other form of fastening means by which the housing and light emitting element array assembly might be affixed to a surface.
Once the housing is provided, the element array 20 is slid into the housing and the housing is sealed by suitable end caps. Two guide surfaces, or lips, 51 and 53 are formed in the housing 22 in order to define two slots which are suitable for accommodating a flexible substrate 37. After the flexible substrate 37 is secured within the two slots of the housing, the end pieces and are secured into opposing ends 56 and 58 of the housing. An adhesive, preferably including sealant properties, is applied to a small diameter portion of each of the two end pieces. The small diameter portions of each of the two end pieces are subsequently inserted into the respective opposing ends 56 and 58 of the housing 22, such that the two end pieces are permanently secured to the housing. Once the end pieces are permanently secured, a watertight seal is created around the diode array and the array is thus protected from impact and the elements. Conductors for supplying power from an external power source extend through one or both of the end pieces, without disrupting the watertight seal, using conventional pass-through means.
It should be understood that even though the housing 22 is illustrated as a flexible, transparent, hollow D-channel tube, its profile properties are immaterial to practice of principles of the invention. In particular, where it is desirable to protect the diode array from the elements or from impact, any form of housing would be generally suitable. The housing might merely be a hemispherical cover having the appropriate flexibility and light transmission characteristics, or alternatively, the housing might have a square cross-section, rectangular cross-section, or any other shape that would tend to cover and protect the LED array. Indeed, in many applications, the array need not even be disposed within a housing.
It is contemplated that the high-density, low-profile, flexible light emitting diode array according to the exemplary embodiments of the present invention has application in a wide variety of environments. The following includes several of these contemplated applications, but is not intended to be either limiting or exhaustive. The array might have particular application in a traffic control environment, such as providing directional sign outline lighting, smart sensor activated lighting for traffic control, temporary barrier demarcation, active road signs, and the like. The array of the present invention also has various automotive and other applications, such as aircraft interior compartment lighting, automotive running lights, trailer indicator lights, decorative paneling, side panel turn indicators, and the like.
As depicted in FIGS. 10a and 10 b, the elements need not be disposed in a linear fashion. Various alternative arrangements can be defined for a lighting system, according to the invention, depending on the configuration of the underlying flexible substrate. Since the flexible substrate/diode element combination is solely surface mount, substrates can be prepared to take on any shape or curvature, and the diode elements easily disposed thereon after substrate preparation. Substrates might be arranged in a sheet, with multiple rows of elements, as in FIG. 10a, or in cursives, as in FIG. 10b. Any manufacturable shape of substrate will accommodate a compact, low-profile, high intensity LED lighting system according to the invention.
It should be appreciated that the light emitting diode array of the present invention is completely impervious to moisture ingress, when disposed within an appropriate housing, and may therefore be used in certain underwater applications such as for aquarium or pool lighting. It will be evident that when enclosed in an appropriate housing, it has particular utility in exterior applications that might be otherwise susceptible to inclement weather.
It should further be appreciated that use of such high-density, low-profile, flexible light emitting diode arrays result in substantial cost savings over current lighting system implementations. Since LEDs, by their nature, are non-filament type light sources, there is no need to be concerned with breakage or frequent replacement. Further, since the LED array structure according to the invention provides a substantial light intensity output using only a nominal 12 volt, or thereabouts, power supply, there is no need to locate the arrays in proximity to an AC power source, as is required with conventional lighting systems. Low voltage and low current operation ensures that LED lighting systems will exhibit an average lifetime approximately an order of magnitude higher than that of conventional filament based lighting systems, while consuming at least several orders of magnitude lower current, for an equal light intensity output.
Thus, although various exemplary embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, various changes, modifications and substitutions, in addition to those set forth in the preceding specification, may be made by those having ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which is limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
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|Ilumisys, Inc.
|Light and light sensor
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|Vizio, Inc.
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|Ilumisys, Inc.
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|Oct 3, 2002
|Apr 8, 2004
|Leung Kwok Shing
|Optical means primarily for decorative applications and articles including same
|Aug 6, 2003
|Apr 15, 2004
|Sheila Kennedy
|Acoustic light emitting module
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|May 6, 2004
|Carl Smets
|Method and an apparatus for measuring positions of contact elements of an electronic component
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|Jul 8, 2004
|Color Kinetics Incorporated
|Methods and apparatus for illuminating environments
|Feb 6, 2003
|Aug 19, 2004
|Color Kinetics, Inc.
|Controlled lighting methods and apparatus
|Feb 11, 2004
|Aug 19, 2004
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method for providing replaceable light source
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|Oct 28, 2004
|Becker Kent A.
|Led task light
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|Anderson William Grant
|Efficient LED lamp for enhancing commercial and home plant growth
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|Dec 2, 2004
|Color Kinetics, Inc.
|Methods and apparatus for controlling devices in a networked lighting system
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|Dec 16, 2004
|Walter Strein
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|Dec 16, 2004
|Ryan Patrick Henry
|Light emitting module
|Feb 27, 2004
|Dec 23, 2004
|John Popovich
|Mounting arrangement for light emitting diodes
|Dec 9, 2003
|Dec 23, 2004
|Hsien-Ying Chou
|Light-emitting element circuit
|Jul 2, 2004
|Jan 6, 2005
|Carsten Kohlmeier-Beckmann
|Multi-layered arrangement of foil layers for supplying power to light emitting diodes in aircraft
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|Jan 13, 2005
|Tir Systems Ltd.
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|May 24, 2002
|Feb 10, 2005
|Paul Southard
|Illuminated signage employing light emitting diodes
|Jul 30, 2004
|Feb 17, 2005
|Jet Patel
|Dynamic vehicle accent lighting system
|Sep 5, 2003
|Mar 10, 2005
|Shuit-Tong Lee
|Organic electroluminescent devices formed with rare-earth metal containing cathode
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|Mar 24, 2005
|Jagath Swaris
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|Sep 30, 2003
|Mar 31, 2005
|Sloanled, Inc.
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|Oct 28, 2003
|Apr 28, 2005
|Li-Wen Liu
|Method of manufacturing LED light string
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|May 19, 2005
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|Flexible array
|Jun 28, 2004
|May 19, 2005
|Friedman Marc D.
|Phototherapy device and system
|May 5, 2004
|Jun 16, 2005
|Color Kinetics, Incorporated
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|Nov 12, 2004
|Jun 16, 2005
|Zalesky Paul J.
|Intra-cavity catheters and methods of use
|Dec 29, 2003
|Jul 7, 2005
|Shao-Lun Chen
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|Jul 28, 2005
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|Harvatek Corporation
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|Apr 27, 2006
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|Dubord Jack G
|Encasing for light circuit
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|Light emitting module
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|General Electric Company
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|Aug 31, 2006
|Mcgrath William R
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|Sep 14, 2006
|Craig Hefright
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|Lighting strip
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|Au Optronics Corp.
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|Feb 8, 2007
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|Feb 22, 2007
|The University Of Hong Kong
|High efficiency driver for color light emitting diodes (LED)
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|Tetsuya Hamada
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|Yamagata Promotional Organization For Industrial Technology
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|Daniel S. McNabb
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|Industrial Technology Research Institute
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|Illinois Tool Works Inc.
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|Jun 26, 2014
|Nichia Corporation
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|Almax Manufacturing Corporation
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|Xiamen Changelight Co., Ltd.
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|Jun 25, 2015
|Ge Lighting Solutions Llc
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|Jun 12, 2012
|University Of Florida Research Foundation, Incorporated
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|Feb 12, 2004
|Hella Kg Hueck & Co.
|Light emitting diode arrangement has many diodes which are directly interconnected by both housings and electrodes
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|Aug 31, 2006
|Alcan Technology & Management Ltd.
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|Aug 26, 2010
|Osram Gesellschaft mit beschr�nkter Haftung
|Leuchtmodul und Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Leuchtmoduls
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|Mar 3, 2011
|Osram Gesellschaft mit beschr�nkter Haftung
|Biegbare Leuchtmodule und Verfahren zum Herstellen von biegbaren Leuchtmodulen
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|Jul 14, 2011
|Robert Bosch GmbH, 70469
|Method for manufacturing LED module with multiple LEDs in e.g. automotive engineering taillight, involves cutting freely thin sheet arrangement of carrier film along one outer contour of thin sheet arrangement in order to obtain LED module
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|Dec 10, 2003
|Unity Opto Technology Co., Ltd.
|Light emitting diode lamp with light emitting diode module having improved heat dissipation
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|Dec 17, 2003
|Icos Vision Systems N.V.
|A device for measuring in three dimensions a topographical shape of an object
|Jul 2, 2004
|Jan 5, 2005
|Airbus Deutschland GmbH
|Multi-layered arrangement of foil layers for supplying power to light emitting diodes in aircraft cabin lighting
|Oct 24, 2005
|Apr 25, 2007
|C.S.M. Compagnia di San Marco S.r.l.
|signalling apparatus
|Mar 15, 2007
|Jul 22, 2009
|Contents Co., Ltd.
|Flexible luminescent material
|Apr 27, 2011
|Oct 31, 2012
|Amacher AG
|Frame for electrical installation device
|Oct 15, 2002
|Apr 24, 2003
|Teledyne Lighting & Display
|Flexible lighting segment
|May 15, 2003
|Nov 27, 2003
|Icos Vision Systems Nv
|A device for measuring in three dimensions a topographical shape of an object
|Feb 11, 2005
|Sep 1, 2005
|James T Byrne Jr
|Method and apparatus for providing information regarding an emergency
|Mar 21, 2005
|Sep 28, 2006
|Ben Fan
|A flexible tubular light with flowing flicker effect
|Mar 8, 2007
|Sep 13, 2007
|De Valderrama Alvare Fernandez
|Flexible light emitter
|Nov 20, 2007
|Jun 5, 2008
|Easy Led Oy
|Procedure for producing light by the help of light radiating diodes and a light consisting of light radiating diodes
|Sep 2, 2009
|Mar 18, 2010
|Jianguo Chen
|Solar led indicator sign
|Jan 26, 2009
|Jun 17, 2010
|Waring Jennifer S
|Annular lighting fixture and method for illumination
|Jan 14, 2011
|Jul 21, 2011
|Yonatan Gerlitz
|Scanning mechanism and treatment method for lllt or other light source therapy
|Jan 14, 2011
|Nov 17, 2011
|Yonatan Gerlitz
|Scanning mechanism and treatment method for lllt or other light source therapy
|May 31, 2013
|Dec 5, 2013
|Revolution Display
|Light-emitting assembly and light-emitting floor system
|Sep 19, 2013
|Apr 24, 2014
|GE Lighting Solutions, LLC
|Tape-on retrofit leds for fluorescent troffers
|U.S. Classification
|362/555, 362/249.06, 362/249.04, 362/249.16, 362/800
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 2, 2005
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Dec 19, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 19, 2005
|Surcharge for late payment
|Jan 20, 2009
|Request for reexamination filed
Effective date: 20081126
|Nov 23, 2009
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jan 12, 2010
|Request for reexamination filed
Effective date: 20091102
|Jan 12, 2010
|Reissue application filed
Effective date: 20091102
|Apr 16, 2010
|Reinstatement after maintenance fee payment confirmed
|Jun 8, 2010
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20100416
|Jan 17, 2011
|Patent reinstated due to the acceptance of a late maintenance fee
Effective date: 20110118
|Jan 18, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 18, 2011
|Surcharge for late payment
|Jun 7, 2011
|Reexamination certificate first reexamination
Free format text: CLAIMS 1-8 ARE CANCELLED. CLAIMS 9, 14 AND 20 ARE DETERMINED TO BE PATENTABLE AS AMENDED. CLAIMS 10-13, 15-19, AND 21-23, DEPENDENT ON AN AMENDED CLAIM, ARE DETERMINED TO BE PATENTABLE. NEW CLAIMS 26-35, 37-40, 44-47, 49-52, 54, 60-63, AND 65-69 ARE ADDED AND DETERMINED TO BE PATENTABLE.
|Oct 14, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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vs 2003
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Blog Post:
Free Wizard to Create C# Typed Collections in VS 2003
Via the mailbag… We used something similar to this tool when making our automation libraries for Whidbey. It comes in handy when you work with lots of collections. Page: http://www.geekproject.com/tools.aspx#9 Description This is a wizard for C# in Visual Studio .NET 2003 which creates...
20 Mar 2006
Blog Post:
First set of Power Toys for Visual Studio released by the Developer Solutions team
Sara Ford
Check out the Developer Solutions team's blog for the latest information on Power Toys for Visual Studio. MSBee MSBee is an addition to MSBuild that allows you to build managed apps in VS 2005 that target .NET 1.1. Download MSBuild Extras – Toolkit for .NET 1.1 "MSBee" Beta 1 Managed Stack...
8 Mar 2006
Blog Post:
PageMethods: Well-defined URLs for your ASP.NET sites and applications
Via Fabrice PageMethods for Visual Studio 2005 has just been released. This version offers the same support as the version for VS 2003, plus some additional features. PageMethods proposes a new code model that enables well-defined URLs and simplifies working with hyperlinks for your ASP.NET sites...
7 Dec 2005
Blog Post:
Right Click -> New Microsoft Visual Studio Solution
Via Robin Curry File this one under "Why didn't I think of that?!" Peter Provost created a ShellNew extension for Visual Studio Solutions to allow you to right click and add a new solution to any folder without the heavy-handed way Visual Studio does it. Nice! Install Instructions: http...
5 Nov 2005
Blog Post:
CR_Documentor - Another Code Documentation Utility
Via Paraesthesia Lutz Roeder, a fantastic developer of ultra-helpful tools, took his "Documentor" application - which allowed a developer to preview what XML document comments would look like rendered into end-user documentation - down from his site. He was nice enough to send me the source for...
3 Nov 2005
Blog Post:
QuickdocViewer Add-In for XML Comment Viewing
Via the mailbag I discovered a tool that's pretty complimentary to the VBCommenter . The Quickdoc Viewer is an add-in module for the Microsoft Visual Studio.net IDE which offers a simple WYSIWYG XML to HTML previewer for XML based documentation comments. According to the author the main motivation for...
25 Oct 2005
Blog Post:
gotdotnet CodeGallery for ongoing Sample Sharing and Development
Via Korby I am proud to announce the public release of CodeGallery , the newest member of the gotdotnet family. Gotdotnet.com is the community website where professional Windows and .NET developers from around the world can contribute and consume code samples, snippets, scripts, and developer tools...
31 Aug 2005
Blog Post:
VC++ Powertoys from GDN
I don't know how I missed these, but there exists a collection of VC++ powertoys on the GDN site. The full descriptions are found in this document , but I've copied them down here as well. Name - Description Delta - Watch a directory (either local or remote) and see when items in it get changed. FindDir...
15 Aug 2005
Blog Post:
DPack 2.2.0 - Global Bookmarks, Improved Code Browsing, Code Stats, etc
Via TECHQUICK My buddy Sergey has released a new update to DPack . Here's what's new and changed in this release: Added global bookmarks option to Numbered Bookmarks feature. Global bookmarks work on the whole solution as oppose to individual files, and allow one to quickly navigate from...
19 Jul 2005
Blog Post:
CodeXchange Snippet Sharing Community for Visual Studio
I really believe good rich client interfaces to online communities are going to be big. Why should you have to leave Visual Studio to share code with other developers? Why should you have to browse to a web page just to download a code snippet. There have been a couple of these add-in/site combinations...
25 Apr 2005
Blog Post:
Go Back Visual Studio Add-in
http://www.codeproject.com/useritems/GoBackAddin.asp [Via .Avery Blog ] The Go Back Add-in provides a Navigate Backward functionality that is different than the normal Navigate Backward functionality. (Which does some neat things like close a file if you happened to have opened it while navigating forward...
23 Mar 2005
Blog Post:
VBCommenter 1.2.5 FINAL Released for Adding XML Comments to VB.Net
I continue to be impressed by the people from the community that step up and make serious improvements to the VBCommenter tool. The new release , from Doug, is very impressive . Here are just some of the improvements he highlighted on his blog. Major speed improvements (mostly related to schema and XML...
19 Mar 2005
Blog Post:
Read Blogs Without Leaving Visual Studio
Jon, the creator of SharpTools , sent me mail to let me know about his latest creation... a plugin that lets you read blogs indide the Visual Studio IDE. I've gave it a shot and I have to say that it looks pretty cool. From the site . This open source plugin ships as part of SharpTools 2.0 and is a full...
19 Mar 2005
Blog Post:
Automatic Build Dependencies (ABD) add-in for VC project in .Net 2003
Another mailbag entry from Lionel. "I just put together an add-in for visual studio 2003 that sets automatically build dependencies for all VC projects in the current solution. It also has the option to generate Build Dependencies Graphs. " http://www.codeproject.com/useritems/AutoBuildDependencies.asp
22 Feb 2005
Blog Post:
Codehound - Developer Search Engine with VS Add-In
Via jtobler "Another great source-code finding search engine is Codehound . For DotNetters, Codehound also offers a nifty free code-finding VisualStudio.NET Add-in." Check it out @ http://www.codehound.com/ The addin simply lets you search for the selected text in the editor by opening a web browser...
11 Feb 2005
Blog Post:
"Hello Computer"; A Visual Studio add-in for Programming by Voice
Not sure how useful this is in practice. I have a hard enough time getting voice recognition to work in normal applications let alone using it to write code in Visual Studio, but who could resist giving this experimental add-in a try. Personally I'd prefer a way to hook up voice to Visual Studio commands...
19 Jan 2005
Blog Post:
BuildOne to Make Builds More Efficient
Just got mail about this add-in. Looks like a good time saver if you work with large multi-project solutions that reference each other. "While developing a large product with VS .NET, I couldn't help but notice that as the Solution larger and larger, my compile time eventually reached 3 minutes (Yikes...
14 Jan 2005
Blog Post:
XML Visualizer for Visual Studio .NET 2003
Michael Bouck sent me mail about a cool "holiday project" add-in he was working on to create a visualizer for XML that you can use in VS2003. It is worth checking out and leaving some feedback for him on the workspace. Home Page: http://workspaces.gotdotnet.com/xmlviz . Description Via Project Home XML...
10 Jan 2005
Blog Post:
WSCF 0.4 "Web services Contract-First, for real"
We featured the WsContractFirst Add-In in an earlier post , but Christian let me know they have a much improved release of WSCF now. Check out the walkthrough for complete details . New Features in v0.4 (compared to v0.3): WSDL creation wizard Abstracts away WSDL details. WSDL conforms to WS-I BP 1.0...
27 Dec 2004
Blog Post:
Free Visual Studio Partner Product DVD
I should have covered this a long time ago, but I was reminded today by Brian that we offer a free VSIP partner product DVD . I can't tell from the site which ones are the full versions and which ones are only demos, but it doesn't cost much to find out. More Details: http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio...
16 Dec 2004
Blog Post:
Poor Man's Bracket Matching Macro
David sent me mail about his " Poor Man's Bracket Matching Macro ". (Click link for Macro Code) From his site: "I usually assign it to CTRL + 9 key combination. Now, go to your source and put caret before or after any bracket. Press CTRL + 9. Matching bracket should appear bold for a second or two, just...
6 Dec 2004
Blog Post:
CodeShare Addin for your Enterprise
Nauman sent me mail about his latest VS Addin that can be used to share code snippets across your internal enterprise. It looks pretty cool. - Josh Official Article: http://weblogs.asp.net/nleghari/articles/codeshareaddin.aspx "With this new plugin and setup instruction, you can share source code from...
6 Dec 2004
Blog Post:
MZ-Tools 4.0 the "all-in-one" add-in for VS .Net 2002 and 2003
Via The Daily Grind " MZ-Tools 4.0 for Visual Studio .NET - I used MZ-Tools for VB6; it's a great set of add-ins. I hadn't realized that there was a version for VB .NET with such features as fast control name editing, some refactoring, private clipboards, autosave, an extensibility API, and much more...
1 Dec 2004
Blog Post:
DevMetrics 2.0 Released: Software Metrics for C#
Dan, from Anticipating Minds, let me know that they have recently released version 2.0 of the tool we covered in June . For a bit of shameless self promotion I've included his mail in this post: "In May 2004, Anticipating Minds released devMetrics a free C# software metrics tool for Visual Studio .NET...
24 Nov 2004
Blog Post:
VBCommenter for XML Comment Generation in VS .Net 2003
A personal entry for me. Today I reached the end of my intended roadmap and released version 1.2 of the VBCommenter addin . The VBCommenter is an addin for VS 2003 that gives you the ability to automatically generate XML comment headers in the VB .NET editor similar to what the C# editor automatically...
23 Nov 2004
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text:
Cal State Fullerton at USC2013-11-19T20:00:00-08:00
Los Angeles, CA
Galen Center
Galen Center
Galen Center, 3400 S Figueroa St.
Los Angeles, CA 90089
More: Cal State Fullerton at USC - Men's Basketball
Trojan Tip-Off To Be Held Oct. 11 At The Galen Center
The Men's & Women's Basketball Trojan Tip-Off, featuring an array of games, prizes and activities for children as well as intrasquad scrimmages by both teams, will be held at the Galen Center o
USC Announces 2015-16 Men's Basketball Television Schedule
Once again nearly every USC men's basketball game during the 2015-16 season will be broadcast, it was announced by the Pac-12 Conference today (Sept. 10).
Trojans Enjoy A Memorable Trip To Italy
USC returned from its Tour of Italy on Aug. 22 with a perfect 4-0 record, excitement for the 2015-16 season and with a memorable cultural experience.
USC Wins 114-56 at Ferentino
USC started slow, but finished fast in a 114-56 win against the Ferentino All-Stars in Ferentino, Italy tonight (Aug. 20).
USC Defeats Senigallia 91-57 To Improve To 3-0 On Italian Tour
USC continued its winning ways on its Italian tour with a 91-57 win at Senigallia in Senigallia, Italy tonight (Aug. 18).
Trojans Storm Past Vicenza, 133-61
USC's fourth day in Italy ended with a 133-61 victory over the Vicenza All-Stars in Vicenza tonight (Aug. 16).


text:
Look At Business Strategy Before the Bribe
Corruption Risk in the Defense Sector
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 201-Maurice Gilbert on Hiring in Compliance, Part III
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 199-Louis Sapirman on using social media in a compliance program
A Front-Line Interview on "the Currency of Impact" with Author Dorie Clark
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 200-Mike Volkov on the Yates memo
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 198-Leona Lewis on her new podcast, the Masters of Disaster
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 197-Jerod Morris on creating a remarkable listener experience
Why We Say Yes to Corruption
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 194-Maurice Gilbert, Hiring in Compliance-Part II
How Ethical Behaviors Can "All Go So Wrong."
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 192-Mike Shepard on the Increased FCPA scrutiny around internal controls and best practices in data analytics
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 191-interview with Maurice Gilbert on hiring in compliance, Part I
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 190-Interview with Vivian Carpenter, author of The Fifth Letter
Front Line Interview Episode 1. Alison Taylor: Organizations, Compliance & Corruption
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 189-Compliance Evangelist
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 188-the BNY Mellon FCPA Enforcement Action
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 187-Francine McKenna from Market Watch at the Wall Street Journal
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 186-David Kotz on his book Financial Regulation and Compliance
An FCPA Journey to the Darkside & Steps to Protect Your Organization
On May 5, the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) issued guidance regarding travel between the United States and Cuba. In particular, the guidance clarifies that companies authorized to...more
On May 5, OFAC issued new Guidance Regarding Travel Between the U.S. and Cuba, which provides information on the types of individuals and cargo that can be transported between the U.S. and Cuba by a licensed air carrier or...more
In this issue:
- Foreword
- Executive summary
- Part 1: The big picture
- A&O view: Coming to China and carrying renminbi
- Part 2: Why paying in RMB is paying off
- A&O view:...more
This edition of the Cozen O'Connor Aviation Regulatory Update includes an overview of the FAA's new contract maintenance rules, DOT and FAA notices on flight prohibitions in conflict zones, the latest news on the integration...more
In a series of three decisions published on March 30, 2015, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia has dismissed appeals brought by Delta Air Lines and other plaintiffs against the U.S. Export-Import Bank...more
On April 8, 2015, U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Secretary Anthony Foxx and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) officials announced during a meeting in New Delhi with India's Minister of Civil Aviation Ashok...more
The grain shipment rules (Rules) enacted by the Canadian government—the most recent iteration of which expired on March 28, 2015—have not been renewed. ...more
What is the Convention all about?
The Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks 2007 comes into force on 14 April 2015. When the Convention applies, it will impose strict liability and insurance...more
Unmanned aerial vehicles, better known as drones, are being increasingly used throughout Europe (and elsewhere) in a variety of sectors, from news, documentaries and TV productions to pizza delivery (albeit less frequently!)…...more
This regular publication by DLA Piper lawyers focuses on helping clients navigate the ever-changing business, legal and regulatory landscape.
- Oil companies may need to prepare for more regulation of rail shipments of...more
The United States has a responsibility, or so the State Department tells us, to ensure the sales and exports of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are consistent with U.S. national security interests, U.S. policy, and even U.S....more
In a decision issued last year, the GAO denied the protest of Maersk Line, Limited, of Norfolk, Virginia ("Maersk"), a large business, which challenged the decision of the Department of the Navy, Military Sealift Command...more
DOJ and the SEC have quietly (or maybe not so quietly) set an enforcement tone in the aviation industry. When you look over the last few years, we have several enforcement actions either pending or resolved involving the...more
Highlights of this edition of the Cozen O'Connor Aviation Regulatory Update include the FAA's recent rulemakings involving New York area airport slots and safety management systems for U.S. Part 121 air carriers, developments...more
This edition of the Cozen O'Connor Aviation Regulatory Update provides an overview of recent FAA regulatory initiatives involving crew pairing, alcohol and drug testing rates, the use of aviation fuel taxes by airports and...more
Congressional Action Impacting Aviation -
Senate Commerce Committee Chairman Requests Airline Information on Ancillary Service Fees, Consumer Privacy Protection:
Senator John D. Rockefeller, IV, chairman of the...more
On Capitol Hill, legislators are working to pass a Transportation Appropriations bill that will fund aviation programs during the 2015 fiscal year. As part of the appropriations process, members of the House and Senate are...more
The Department of Transportation (DOT) recently issued an Emergency Order (EO) requiring all rail carriers to notify State Emergency Response Commissions regarding the expected routing of their unit trains of Bakken crude...more
In early February, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued its seventh and final major rule as part of the implementation of the Food Safety Modernization Act. The proposed rule seeks to prevent the contamination...more
With the Heavy Vehicle National Law (HVNL) beginning in February 2014 and the Road Safety Remuneration Tribunal's first Road Safety Remuneration Order (RSRO) commencing in early May 2014, this year promises to be challenging...more
Recent accidents involving rail cars transporting crude oil from the Bakken shale region have resulted in the heightened interest of rail industry regulators and other federal agencies, including the Pipeline and Hazardous...more
In This Issue:
Energy and Climate Debate; Congress; Department of Energy; Department of Interior; Department of Transportation; Environmental Protection Agency; Federal Trade Commission; Nuclear Regulatory Commission;...more
Since our client alert last week, the European Commission has published a draft Decision and 'Questions and Answers' ("Q&As"), elaborating on its proposal to 'stop the clock' on the international aviation elements of the EU...more
In a decision handed down last week, the Administrative Appeals Tribunal upheld a PortState Control decision to detain a ship for a defect which was rectified within approximately two hours of the inspection. Whilst the...more
On March 9, 2012, the Italian Council of Ministers approved a Law Decree (the "Decree") that changes Italy's "Golden Share" powers in certain strategic sectors and repeals Article 2 of Legislative Decree No. 332 dated May 31,...more
Find an International Trade Author »
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text:
Article ID: 2762246 - View products that this article applies to.
This article describes a difference in the values for Non-Paged pool memory when viewing/monitoring it with perfmon/task manager against Rammap/debugger.
More information
It is important to understand that the values are correct in both. It is the interpretation and usage of terms that may confuse Users.
Since Windows Server 2008, the Windows operating system will reserve memory during system boot. 3% of the total memory is used for the initial Non-Pagable memory. This memory allocation cannot be verified from task manager or performance monitor counter. The tools like RAMMAP, Xperf or Memory dump file can be used to verify the information. Under RAMMAP, this area will be shown as Non-paged pool area.
Note that the Non-paged pool area seen under RAMMAP is not the same as the non-paged pool usage observed from task manager.
The Memory Manager keeps track of each page of memory in an array called the PFN database and, for performance, it maps the entire PFN database into virtual memory, this memory will always be resident on the RAM. The PFN database itself shows up as pool in the data that the memory manager returns to RAMMAP, so it's not just purely non-poaged pool, but other non-pageable memory manager structures as well.
This becomes the main reason that we see a significantly high number for Non-Paged memory in Rammap.
Task manager and perfmon shows the actually consumed non-paged pool memory. For troubleshooting virtual memory consumption, the perfmon tool should be used for correct information.
For examples
Under kernel dump file:
From above example, the value 16491884544 = 00000003`d6fe3000 represents that the machine has 512 Gigabytes memory and the initial non-paged pool size is 16 Gigabytes around. (3% * 512GB)
Under Rammap vs. Task Manager
Collapse this imageExpand this image
Note: The use of tools mentioned in this article totally depends on what you need to know. If you want to know the state of the RAM in respect to the page states then RAMMAP is the best tool to use.
Note This is a "FAST PUBLISH" article created directly from within the Microsoft support organization. The information contained herein is provided as-is in response to emerging issues. As a result of the speed in making it available, the materials may include typographical errors and may be revised at any time without notice. See Terms of Use
(http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=151500)for other considerations.
Article ID: 2762246 - Last Review: April 24, 2015 - Revision: 2.0
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Welcome to Northeastern Illinois University's 2015-16 season of performances and art gallery exhibits. We invite you to enjoy a diverse lineup of international and local artists. The wide variety of programming includes the Jewel Box Series, Visiting Writers Series, Stage Center Theatre, Art Gallery, Films, Department of Music and Dance and productions by Ensemble Español and the Ruth Page Dance Series.
Download the free Arts at NEIU mobile app
Stage Center Theatre presents
Becky Shaw
October 1-10
The Jewel Box Series presents
Doreen's Jazz of New Orleans
Friday, October 16, 7:30 p.m.
Buy Tickets
The Visiting Writers Series presents
A Reading by Darin Strauss
October 20, 3:00 p.m. and 4:15 p.m.
2015-16 Jewel Box Series Preview
News & Announcements
Ensemble Español launches Our Chance to Dance Youth Festival
15 hours agoEnsemble Español Spanish Dance Theater will launch the Our Chance to Dance Youth Festival, taking place Oct. 17-23. Collaborating dance programs and companies include the…
Northeastern to host sixth annual NETT Day
22 hours agoGeorge Vukotich from 1871 and Keith Wakeman from SuperBetter will deliver the keynote addresses during Northeastern Illinois University's sixth annual NETT Day on Oct. 15. Vukotich,…
Northeastern to host second annual Disability Awareness Days event.
22 hours agoAmerican artist and activist Riva Lehrer, whose work focuses on issues of physical identity and the socially challenged body, will present "Disability & Queer Identity"…


text:
Use the options on this page to create a very specific seach. Just fill in the fields you need for your current search.
Source: Daily News | 2015-10-02
Silver Standard Resources' (TSX: SSO; NASDAQ: SSRI) Pirquitas silver mine in northern Argentina's Jujuy province is 35 km from Golden Arrow Resources' (TSXV: GRG) 100%-owned Chinchillas silver-lead-zinc project, and the two...
Source: Print Archives | 2015-09-23
Agnico Eagle Mines (TSX: AEM; NYSE: AEM) says the El Barqueno gold project in Mexico could become a heap-leach operation similar to its La India gold mine and the stand-alone Creston Mascota pit, near its Pinos Altos gold mine.
Source: Print Archives | 2015-09-23
Canada's benchmark index gained ground during the week, adding 185.33 points, or 1.4%, to close at 13,646.80 points, as investors took in the U.S. Federal Reserve's decision to keep interest rates near zero.
Source: Print Archives | 2015-09-02
Starcore International Mines (TSX: SAM), the owner of the San Martin gold-silver mine in Queretaro, Mexico, has added seven assets to its portfolio over the past year.
Source: Print Archives | 2015-09-02
In July, Sierra Metals (TSX: SMT) appointed as its vice-president of exploration Matthew Wunder — a geologist who during his career was part of a group at Rubicon Minerals (TSX: RMX; NYSE-MKT: RBY) that discovered and developed the...
Source: Print Archives | 2015-09-02
At a time when lower commodity prices are fuelling cost-cutting and restructuring plans across the mining sector, Pan American Silver (TSX: PAA; NASDAQ: PAAS) is pushing ahead with expansion projects at two of its three mines in Mexico, and...
Source: Print Archives | 2015-09-02
VANCOUVER — Argonaut Gold (TSX: AR; US-OTC: ARNGF) is walking a fine line by expanding its gold and silver production while controlling operating costs to maximize its free cash flow. The company's long-term goal is to boost...
Source: Print Archives | 2015-08-26
Since the beginning of the year, prospect-generator Arena Minerals (TSXV: AN) — whose shares traded at only 17¢ at press time — has enticed two heavyweight players in the mining industry to sign option agreements on parts...
Source: Print Archives | 2015-08-26
Haywood Securities analyst Kerry Smith says Greece's energy minister Panos Skourletis was on a "fishing expedition" when he revoked the technical studies on Eldorado Gold's (TSX: ELD; NYSE: EGO) Skouries and Olympias...
Source: Print Archives | 2015-08-19
Canadian streaming company Silver Wheaton (TSX: SLW; NYSE: SLW) posted record quarterly production of nearly 11 million equivalent oz. silver in the three months ended June 30, and for the first time ever, notched quarterly sales...
Featured Companies
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In celebration of The Northern Miner's 100th anniversary in 2015, we will be sharing new pictures from our archives each week.
To submit a photo, visit the contact page and send it to one of our editors.
#TBT #Mining - Mining equipment belonging to Central Canada Potash Co. (June 1970) #tbthursday pic.twitter.com/mnqjjv5IIp— The Northern Miner (@northernminer) October 1, 2015
#TBT #Mining - Mining equipment belonging to Central Canada Potash Co. (June 1970) #tbthursday pic.twitter.com/mnqjjv5IIp


text:
Alabama "A name quite familiar with Alabama football departed after last season, but will be back in Tuscaloosa soon. Corey McCarron, the younger brother of AJ McCarron, left the Crimson Tide program after the 2014 season with another year of eligibility. After graduating in the spring, the tight..." August 10
CBS Sports "It won't be easy for schools like Middle Tennessee State to pay for the same cost-of-attendance stipends being put into place by the Power Five conferences. But at least Blue Raiders coach Rick Stockstill is trying to ease the financial pain as much as he can. The Murfreesboro Daily..." June 06
DNJ "I'Tavius Mathers is coming home. The former Blackman standout running back, who announced last week that he was leaving Ole Miss after three seasons, signed a letter of intent with MTSU on Thursday. He will begin classes when the spring semester starts on Tuesday. Mathers, a 5-foot-11,..." January 16
ESPN "In a landmark decision, a federal judge ruled Friday that the NCAA is in violation of the nation's antitrust laws by restricting the compensation that major college football and men's basketball student-athletes can receive for use of their names, images and likenesses. U.S. District Court..." August 09
Tennessean "Middle Tennessee State's 2014 football schedule looks a lot like 2013, with one glaring difference. Western Kentucky is back on the Blue Raiders' slate after a one-year absence while the schools played in different leagues. WKU is leaving the Sun Belt and joining MTSU in Conference USA for the..." February 04


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Broadband for B.C.
Fast, reliable Internet service means:
- Better access to provincial programs and services
- Improved quality of life for remote First Nations communities
- Support for local economic development
- High-speed access for schools, libraries and health care facilities
- Safer highways and rural areas through improved cellular coverage
What We're Doing
The challenge: providing broadband internet access for everyone in B.C. We're getting close but there's still room to grow.
There are a number of rural or remote communities still requiring better broadband service. These areas are primarily on the outskirts of connected communities or in rural or remote areas where populations are small or dispersed, making access to Internet services expensive and challenging.
Network BC helps define which areas of the province have the greatest need for high-speed Internet and also helps build partnerships between service providers and other organizations or governments.
The Team at Network BC is up to the challenge of connecting everyone - they offer leadership and support in bridging the digital divide. Through various partnerships, they've been able to coordinate efforts with:
- Federal, provincial, local governments including First Nations
- Non-government organizations
- Communities
- Telecommunication service providers
Join the Movement
There are a few steps involved in building a plan that will work for connecting your community.


text:
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Kardashian Kollection Home Desert Dreams Shower Curtain
Item# 09678013000P | Added on February 24, 2012 | Seller: Sears.com
Out of stock
You can earn:120 points on this product(?)
Description Specifications
Go wild for this adventurous shower curtain that pairs a savvy zebra print with mocha brown pleated details!
Ratings & Reviews
Questions & Answers


text:
College News
Club Column
This week's Club Column features the Council for Exceptional Children and the Asian Student Union.
Council for Exceptional Children (CEC)
Q: What exactly does the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) do? How many members does the club have?
A: The CEC is an educational club on campus that reaches out to organizations in the Rochester area who work with children with disabilities or families affected by disabilities. The CEC has about 30 members.
Q: How often does the club meet as a group?
A: The member meetings take place bi-weekly on Monday nights in the Ralph C. Wilson, Jr. School of Education in Room 218 at 5:15 p.m.
Q: What are some of the biggest events the club is involved in every year?
A: Last year, the CEC held the Walk for Change on the Polisseni Track and Field to raise financial support for the Andrews Center. The walk raised over $7,000 dollars! This year, the club is holding the Hands for Hope Volleyball Tournament on Tuesday, October 23, at 6:30 p.m. in the Student Life Center. All of the donations from this event are going to be donated to the Andrews Center. The Andrews Center is a temporary foster home for children with disabilities. Some of the children have also been victims of abuse or neglect. The Center has an outreach program that provides support and assistance to over 200 families in Rochester during times of crisis. This year, the club also plans to connect with the Managing Autism Together Today Organization to help raise awareness about autism. Lastly, the club will be connecting with the Post-Secondary Transition Program on Fisher's campus in an effort to get to know college-age students with disabilities and form relationships with them through different team-building activities.
Q: How does the entire student body benefit from the club's work?
A: The entire campus can benefit from CEC's work because it is important to raise awareness about all that students with disabilities can do. Many times, people can be misinformed about disabilities. As a club, the CEC realizes the importance of accepting all people and aims to share that belief with others.
Q: How can people contact the club for more information?
A: If anyone is interested in gaining more information about CEC, they can email the club account at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Asian Student Union (ASU)
Q: What exactly does the Asian Student Union (ASU) do? How many members does the club have?
A: The ASU promotes awareness of different Asian cultures as well as diversity, courage, acceptance, and unity throughout the Fisher community. The club has a total of 10 members.
Q: How often does ASU meet as a group?
A: Once every two weeks.
Q: What are some of the biggest events ASU is involved in every year?
A: The Rose Sale and Halloween Karaoke Night are some of the club's biggest events. Through the Rose Sale, all proceeds go to the American Heart Association. Halloween Karaoke Night is where students can relax, get together to sing, dress up, and win amazing prizes.
Q: How does the entire student body benefit from ASU's work?
A: The entire student body can really benefit from ASU's work by being more open to diversity.
Q: How can people contact ASU for more information?
A: Contact the ASU via email: email@example.com or the ASU president, Ana Lai (email@example.com).
Check out photos from Fisher's 2015 Move In Day on Flickr!
Latest College News Stories
- Pie in the Face, Wear Pink Wednesday, Think Pink Bingo Planned for Cancer Awareness Week
- Martino '71 to be Honored During Palvino Excellence in Communication Award Luncheon
- Checking the Box to Make a Difference
- Golf Tournament a Chance to Network for Accounting Club Members
- School of Nursing Students Walk to Support Suicide Prevention
- Melissa Bissonette Honored by Literacy Volunteers of Rochester
- Meet the Man behind the Basketball Brackets
- Chemistry Alum Wins Prestigious Gilliam Fellowship from Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Community Conversation: "It's All About the Kids"
- School of Nursing Faculty Members Publish Study on Leadership in Nursing Education
- Communication Professors Earn Awards at National Conference
- Swiencicki Published in Women's Studies in Communication Journal
- Fisher Communications/Journalism Alum Given Courage in Journalism Award
- Seven Presidents, 60 Years. Dr. Don Muench Reflects on Fisher's Fearless Leaders
- Journalism Students Work with Local News Station to Cover Rochester's Hidden Gems