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One of the UK Independence Party's most prominent Jewish activists has refused to apologise after suggesting white people had been ethnically cleansed from an area of London.
Jeremy Zeid, chairman of the party's Harrow branch in north west London, wrote on Twitter after visiting a Ukip MEP in Essex: "The almost absence of white faces in Ilford is worrying."
On a night when Ukip made significant gains across the country, in areas of high Jewish population it was Labour that was the big winner.
Ed Miliband's party made significant advances in four London boroughs with sizeable Jewish communities, placing it in a leading position to capture seats at next year's general election.
The local election results have produced a mixture of outcomes for Jewish candidates and voters.
By Friday afternoon only a handful of councils with Jewish interest had returned their results.
Dozens of Labour's European election candidates have pledged to support anti-Israel measures if elected, with one referring to a "holocaust in Palestine".
They have signed up to five policy points - including a boycott of settlements - promoted by the Labour Friends of Palestine group.
Former London Mayor Ken Livingstone has repeated his claim that Jewish voters support the Conservative Party because they are wealthier than in the past.
On BBC's Newsnight programme on Monday Mr Livingstone said Jews were now "richer" than 50 years ago and had shifted from backing Labour.
Labour leader Ed Miliband has arrived in Israel for a two-day tour of the country.
In one of his first major foreign trips since becoming opposition leader, Mr Miliband will travel to Tel Aviv, Jerusalem and Sderot, the town which has come under regular bombardment from Hamas terrorists.
On Thursday morning he held meetings with Israeli Labour Party members over breakfast.
Labour leader Ed Miliband will travel to Israel next week for a three-day visit.
The Opposition leader is due to arrive in Tel Aviv on Thursday, and will hold meetings in Jerusalem with senior Israeli political figures.
Mr Miliband, whose parents fled Nazi oppression during the Holocaust, is also expected to visit the Yad Vashem Shoah museum.
This past month has seen the passing of two icons of the British left, demagogues whose antics have been widely celebrated beyond as well as within the circle of revolutionary Marxism. The mortal remains of one, the former Labour MP, Comrade Tony Benn, will have actually lain in state in the chapel of St Mary Undercroft.
Tony Benn's shifting views on Israel and the Palestinians have come under the spotlight following the veteran politician's death.
The former Labour cabinet minister, campaigner and diarist, who has died at the age of 88, was a strong supporter of Anglo-Jewry, but in recent years had taken a hard-line approach against Israel and called for an end to Zionism.
Boycotts of Israel "feed into an antisemitic feeling" and are counter-productive, according to Labour's shadow Middle East Minister.
Ian Lucas said the party was "robust" on combating boycotters and suggested a visit to Auschwitz had strengthened his belief that the boycott movement was reminiscent of historical Jew-hatred.


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Join the 'Slo-Niacin' group to help and get support from people like you.
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subset: commoncrawl


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"Fuck that's good coke!"
"Oh my God, I just realized I am not good looking!"
Why is there a picture of Charles Manson impersonator on "The Superficial"?
Someone just got it up the butt.
What has been seen, can't be unseen.
I heard of dead careers but never undead ones.
Bad head day.
Reminds me of when the retarded kid in 3rd grade squeezed the class hampster too hard.
Not many of us can say we have a photo of the exact moment we hit menopause.
reminds me of the look i get when i tell a gal what i'd like to do to her corn wagon!
"Cameras? FUCK! Why is someone pointing a camera at ME?"
I think she just realized Veronica Cartwright isn't a pod person.
mascara's not a good look for that kid from harry potter.
"Oh. My. God. I forgot to cover up my jowls this morning!"
Hello Clarice…
Someone just caught their reflection.
"Will and Grace is CANCELED? I need to return some clothes."
she used to be hot…
No….she…did ….. not
I see dead people…


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The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is pleased to invite you to a webinar to help connect faith-based and community organizations with tools, resources, and partners to help prepare their houses of worship for all hazards, including active shooter incidents.
This webinar is a collaborative effort between the DHS Center for Faith-based & Neighborhood Partnerships, a center of the White House Office of Faith-based & Neighborhood Partnerships, and FEMA.
Title: Partnership Resources to Help Prepare Houses of Worship for Emergencies
Date: Wednesday, July 1, 2015
Time: 2:00 – 3:15 p.m. (ET)
How to Join the Webinar:
- Adobe Connect Registration Web Link
- Alternate link – If the above link does not work please click: >https://events-na11.adobeconnect.com/content/connect/c1/1087126544/en/events/event/shared/default_template_simple/event_registration.html?sco-id=1349862912&_charset_=utf-8<
This link is also contained in the invitation below, "Adobe Connect Registration Web Link."
- Be sure to test your Adobe Connect connection prior to the meeting.
- This webinar will offer closed captioning.


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- Northern New York Newspapers
- Watertown
- Ogdensburg
- Massena-Potsdam
- Lowville
- Carthage
- Malone
- NNY Business
- NNY Living
- NNY Ads
Theres a new diner in the old Pizza Hut building on Arsenal Street.
Arsenal Street Diner is sandwiched between two national chain muffler shops. Theres no mistaking that the iconic structure was once home to a Pizza Hut. An article in the Times said that owner Phillip Kane personally had done major interior renovations, which we were looking forward to seeing.
We stopped by at lunchtime on a recent chilly day. Not only did the outside still look like a Pizza Hut, so did the inside. Aside from new curtains, removing the salad bar, removing some booth seating and perhaps removing some partial room dividers, the eatery did not appear to be overly renovated.
The diner is now one big room with nicely situated, attractive wooden tables. New lighting looked quite unfinished. All of the swag lamps in the room were shortened and held in place with plastic wire ties. Obviously the electrical cords were too long and no one knew how to properly shorten them.
But we werent necessarily there for the ambiance. Its a diner with a hook. The newspaper article said we could expect some waitresses that are really sassy. The menu continued that theme with phrases like Not responsible for attack servers and If you give attitude to the servers, they will give it back you have been warned and Have some fun with the servers.
According to the menu, breakfast items are served all day, the lunch menu is available from 11 a.m. to closing time, dinner is good from 4 p.m. to closing. Our server informed us we could get food from all three menus the dinner menu was now available at lunchtime.
Armed with that information, our threesome decided to order one from each category. We chose a western omelet with home fries and wheat toast ($8.79), a kielbasa sandwich with sauerkraut ($5.50) and, from the dinner menu, pulled pork barbecue entr�e ($8.79).
Our waitress approached the table, pen and pad in hand. As we gave her our order, I gave her some light-hearted attitude to test her sassiness, but it went right over her head.
No reaction. No attack. No giving it back.
The omelet was warm and tasty, filled with onions, ham, peppers, mushrooms and cheese. We particularly liked that they used diced red and orange bell peppers rather than green. A couple of half-slices of melted orange American cheese on top of the omelet were an interesting touch. A decent and good-sized omelet.
The home fries, on the other hand, were disappointing. We would have accepted the fact that they werent sufficiently browned and contained little or no chopped onion characteristic of home fries, but they were cold.
We were hoping for thick-cut homemade toast, but it appeared to be standard bread from a bag with a scant amount of butter applied.
Kielbasa was a novel idea, a mild-tasting piece of the smoked Polish sausage grilled, sliced lengthwise and served on a basic hot dog bun. Could have used more sauerkraut it was just lightly sprinkled on top and the sauerkraut lacked that vinegar bite that you expect.
We noticed mac and cheese on the dinner menu and asked our server if we could substitute that for the fries that usually come with the kielbasa. She was able to arrange that, and we found the mac and cheese quite good.
The pulled pork barbecue from the dinner menu was really more like a lunch item, served on a hamburger bun with a side of coleslaw and french fries. The pork, seasoned and slow-cooked right there, was a bit mushy and rather bland. The coleslaw was tasty and had a nice consistency.
The best part of this dish was the fries cooked to a golden brown, nice and crisp and quite yummy. They were those seasoned fries available from restaurant suppliers that, personally, I like better than hand-cut fries.
When our server returned to clear our plates, I made a second attempt to have some fun with her, prodding her with some playful banter.
No reaction. No attack. No giving it back.
We had noticed that the place was cold as soon as we entered. Wed taken our coats off and hung them on the back of our chairs, but by this time, we had put our coats back on to keep warm.
We chose three desserts, selecting only from the ones our waitress indicated were homemade: dark chocolate cake with white chocolate ganache ($5.25), strawberry vanilla cake ($5.25) and red velvet bundt cake ($3.75)
Both the chocolate cake and the strawberry cake were very generous portions, sliced thin and standing tall upright, moist and delicious and nicely presented. The red velvet cake had cream cheese inside, but even that didnt keep it from being generally dry which, I guess, we should have expected when our server told us/warned us that it was yesterdays.
Lunch for three came to $40.23 with tax.
While the owner is making a noble stab at establishing his diner as a viable eatery, he has a few things working against him. The d�cor is a work in progress. The have some fun with the servers thing is a great idea, but it isnt working. The food is generally OK, but nothing out of the ordinary.
Workers have their favorite haunts for coffee and gossip in the morning before heading to their jobs. Kids will hang out at a particular diner after school because they know their friends will be there. Seniors will choose a diner because the food is decent, the service is personable and the price is right.
The diner was sparsely populated at the height of lunch hourthe day we were there. Its going to take some time and some good reasons to lure customers away from their established eating out routines.
You can contact restaurant reviewer Walter Siebel via email: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Arsenal Street Diner
821 Arsenal St.
Watertown, N.Y.
Watertowns newest diner in the old Pizza Hut building on Arsenal Street.
HOURS: 6 a.m. to 8 p.m. seven days a week
Western omelet was warm and tasty. Mac and cheese was quite good. Dark chocolate cake with white chocolate ganache and strawberry vanilla cake were moist and delicious.
Thousands of readers like you have made Northern New York Newspapers the number one ranked website* for local news and sports coverage in the north country.
You can continue on to this article in a few seconds, or you can visit one of our websites:


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A look around the Pac-12 Conference Thursday:
UCLA — Bruins training camp kicked off by visit to Navy SEALs [1]. Team works out with military before heading to fall camp in sweltering San Bernadino.
Arizona State — Sun Devils finally have some depth on defensive line [2] to help Will Sutton.
Arizona — Former All-American cornerback Chris McAlister visits Wildcats' camp as he gets paperwork in order [3] to return to school.
USC — NCAA nails Trojans for Reggie Bush accepting illegal gifts [4] then sells his autographed picture on its website.
California — Coach Sonny Dykes has no problem with brief skirmishes [5] in Day 3 of camp.
Stanford — San Jose Mercury News' Jon Wilner votes Stanford No. 3 in AP poll [6].
Oregon — Safety Avery Patterson returns from torn ACL. [7]
Oregon State — Safety Steven Christian tries battling back from mono [8].
Washington — Desmond Trufant left lasting message with Huskies' secondary [9].
Washington State — Freshman walk-on John Thompson shaking up wide receiver depth chart. [10]
Utah — Rick Neuheisel said Utah still going through acclimatization period [11].


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83 Industrial Boulevard
A location in Blue Ridge
Commute to Downtown Canton
Most errands require a car.
Score Details
83 Industrial Boulevard has a Walk Score of 35 out of 100. This location is a Car-Dependent neighborhood so most errands require a car.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 83 Industrial Boulevard.


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This property allows you to book online with a credit card. After submitting a reservation request, the owner or manager has 24 hours to accept, at which time your card will be charged and you will receive an email confirmation
Recent Kalaheo reviews
"Having been to Kauai many times, this is my favorite place to stay. Tucked away surrounded by beautiful plants and flowers it feels like a home away from home. Clean & comfortable! Well thought out & stocked with beach chairs, beach towels etc. Just a short drive from Poipu we spent many sunny February days laying out at the Sheraton and Shipwrecks beaches. Every morning my husband made us breakfast that we would enjoy on the lanai, with fresh squeezed OJ from the many fruit stands we found along the way to the cottage. Showering in the bamboo outdoor shower everyday is something I truly miss! I am already counting the days until we can return to this lovely cottage, my home away from home! Bamboo for Two hosts Susan & Steven were great. Available for recommendations on activities & places to eat still giving us our privacy. We even spent an evening watching whales from their lanai enjoying a glass of wine together. We had many fantastic meals just minutes away at the Kalaheo Cafe, one of my favorite spots to eat on the island! This was a lovely relaxing vacation I will not forget, Mahalo!"Guest: Kaya C. Date of Stay: February 2015 Review Submitted: March 17, 2015View listing
"1st off Maureen is a very sweet and down to earth person , She greeted and addressed any needs or ?s we had. When entering the condo my family and I were very happy with what we found , all the amenities and then some . It is difinitely home away from home. The price is beyond fair for a 3 bedroom 2 full bathrooms 2 story unit over memorial weekend. I just found my residents every time I visit Kauai. Thank you very much for making our stay that much SWEETER."Guest: Anonymous Date of Stay: May 2015 Review Submitted: May 25, 2015View listing
"A great place to stay. Close to kokee state park and the canyon. Very clean and Beautiful place. We loved the area. And the family was nice, We were with our little girl (6 months ) and They were very open about it. We recommand this place!"Guest: Marie Pier G. Date of Stay: September 2015 Review Submitted: September 30, 2015View listing
"I stayed here for one week and really enjoyed the cottages. They are located on a hill with other homes in the distance, but it feels quite rural. The decor was much classier than other VRBO's I've stayed in here in the islands. They have paid a lot of attention to details. The suite was immaculate with very nice beds, bedding and towels. Even the smaller suite is good size with a large bathroom and walk in shower. Large deck with nice patio furniture. The back side of the suites and deck are high above the ground at mid tree level so it feels a little like being in a tree house and is very private. The host, Lynn was very nice and helpful in recommending restaurants etc. There are several good restaurants 5 min away. I would recommend arriving in daylight if you can because it will make the turn in from the road easier to negotiate. The island in general is populated with lots of wild chickens and roosters so if you are a light sleeper, bring earplugs, as the roosters make quite a racket, even at night! I would highly recommend these cottages to visitors to Kauai!"Guest: Nan Date of Stay: March 2015 Review Submitted: April 3, 2015View listing
Featured Destinations: San Diego Vacation Rentals, Kailua-Kona, Destin Condo Rentals, Key West Vacation Rentals


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 6, 2001
|Filing date
|Jul 26, 1999
|Priority date
|Jul 26, 1999
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Kim R. Smith, Shaun P. Kennedy
|Original Assignee
|Ecolab Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (27), Referenced by (4), Classifications (14), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates to disposal methods and reduction of microbial contamination for a used or contaminated polyvinylalcohol (PVOH) item. An important class of PVOH items are items used in health care and other industries and woven or non-woven fabrics and articles that are contaminated in use and need to be sanitized before disposal. Further, the invention relates to an aqueous treatment that can render a pathogen population in a contaminated item, harmless and can also liquefy and promote the easy convenient disposal of polyvinylalcohol containing items.
In the past, hospital and hospitality industries often used conventional cotton and woven fabric materials for a variety of hospital uses. Because of the time involved in collecting, laundering, sanitizing and reusing or recycling conventional fabric materials, replacements for such materials have been sought. One form of replacement including disposable, typically woven or non-woven, fabrics have found substantial use in hospitality and healthcare industries. Such non-woven materials are often made from or bonded with polyvinylalcohol materials. Polyvinylalcohol can be formed into fibers or can be formulated into adhesives which make up structural components of a non-woven fabric material. Non-wovens also can often contain a variety of other ingredients and components to make up fully functional gown, cap, shoe cover, drape, wipe, absorbent article or other component. However, in large part, the polyvinylalcohol materials can act either to maintain the integrity of the unit or can act as the main structural component of the non-woven fabric. Polyvinylalcohol resins have also been used in the manufacture of a variety of items that contain cast, extruded, molded or otherwise manufactured items (apart from woven or non-woven fabrics) that are made of polyvinylalcohol components. Such items can include adhesive materials, films, rigid and non-rigid containers, permeable and non-permeable tubing, permeable and non-permeable membranes, and a variety of other structures. Please note that such structures can contain both fabric and non-fabric components made from polyvinylalcohol resins.
Polyvinylalcohol typically comes in a variety of grades having varieties of water solubility. Partially hydrolyzed polyvinylalcohol, having a hydrolysis degree of about 87 to 88%, is typically an easily solubilized material using cold water. Fully hydrolyzed materials having a degree of hydrolysis of between about 90 and 95% have a reduced cold water solubility as the degree of hydrolyzing increases. Super-hydrolyzed polyvinylalcohol grades typically have a very low cold water solubility and are minimally soluble in aqueous solutions at ambient (room or typical indoor environmental temperature for employees, typically about 20 to 35� C.) temperatures. The water solubility of the polyvinylalcohol polymer can be reduced further by the presence of other typically hydrophobic monomers in the polymer backbone. Such monomers can include ethylene, propylene, vinyl chloride, vinyl alcohol esters, derivatized vinyl alcohol moieties such as those found in polyvinylbutyral, acrylic monomers and others well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. A small proportion of a co-monomer can substantially reduce aqueous solubility.
Non-woven items, woven items, molded sheet or film items made from or formed from polyvinylalcohol fibers or adhesive compositions can be substantially resistant to aqueous materials if the polyvinyl alcohol is selected from the more hydrolyzed or hydrophobic materials. The water solubility of these materials is unique since one would intuitively assume that materials with a high degree of hydrolysis (high proportion of hydroxyls from hydrolysis) would be more water soluble. However, the reverse is true since the reduced acetate content of the polyvinylalcohol results in polymer coiling due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding. These polymer properties result in substantially poorer water solubility as the hydrolysis content increases. Super-hydrolyzed (greater than about 99 wt. % hydrolyzed) polyvinylalcohol is very difficultly solubilized in cold water and when incorporated into a disposable item, can even be more resistant to the action of aqueous solutions because of the protective nature of the this overall structure.
Further, when used in hospitality and healthcare organizations, PVOH items, woven and non-woven materials can often come into contact with pathogenic materials. Non-wovens, in particular, can come into contact and can absorb a variety of biological fluids including whole blood, blood fractions; including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, serum, plasma; fecal material, urine, ascites, lymphatic fluids, hair, skin and other natural materials. Similarly, in the hospitality industry such non-woven materials can also come into contact with a more narrow range of biological materials. However, these materials can also be pathogenically hazardous. Because these materials are single use materials and because they are often are biohazards due to substantial pathogenic contamination, the disposal of these materials is a significant problem.
Currently we are aware of two approaches of promoting the disposal of woven and non-woven materials made using polyvinylalcohol. In one approach, the woven or non-woven materials are contacted with very high temperature water to maximize the rate of solubility of the materials, resulting in a disposable solution or dispersion of the components making up the disposable item or items. Our experience in using hot water for the purpose of dissolving and disposing polyvinylalcohol containing non-wovens has shown us that even in very hot water, water at 90� C. to 99� C. and higher, the dissolution rate for the certain polyvinylalcohol items is quite slow for efficient operations. Disposing of highly hydrolyzed polyvinylalcohol (99%+hydrolysis) containing non-woven items simply using very hot water can take in excess of one day, often up to three days for complete dissolution. We believe that any successful disposal method for treating polyvinylalcohol non-wovens will take less than 4 hours, typically less than 2 hours. Further, such hot water treatments often do not render the dissolved polymer free from biohazard pathogens. Examples of highly hydrolyzed polyvinylalcohol absorbent technology designed for hot water dissolution include: Honeycutt, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,707,731 and 5,470,653, disclosing a mop head from highly hydrolyzed PVOH and its disposal soluble in hot water; Honeycutt, U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,219, disclosing a process for controlling PVOH solubilization temperature; Honeycutt, U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,217, disclosing manufacture of molded parts from highly hydrolyzed PVOH; Honeycutt, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,628,222 and 5,207837, disclosing a composite highly hydrolyzed PVOH disposable fabric and its disposal in hot water; Honeycutt, U.S. Pat. No. 5,181,967, disclosing disposal of highly hydrolyzed PVOH utensils in hot water.
A second approach to disposing such materials includes the use of a chemically modified polyvinylalcohol polymer composition. The polymers are specially modified to make the polymers more suitable for alkaline digestion and subsequent dissolution. In our experiences using specially modified polyvinylalcohol polymers that are modified to be sensitive to alkaline dissolution can lead to relatively efficient disposal of non-woven materials. However, the costs of the specially modified polyvinylalcohol can be substantial while the use of the alkali digestion can often not achieve full decontamination and elimination of biohazard. Examples of PVOH items modified for disposal via alkaline dissolution include: Patenode in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,630972, 5,567,510, 5,472,518, and 5,508,101, all disclosing a dispersible PVOH copolymer composition and a method of making the composition dispersible via alkaline digestion.
A substantial need exists for improved processes for disposing of used or contaminated polyvinylalcohol items, particularly highly hydrolyzed PVOH containing disposable items with simultaneous substantial reduction or elimination of biohazard populations permitting to safe disposal.
The invention relates to a safe and convenient method of disposing of polyvinylalcohol containing fabricated, woven and non-woven disposable items that can be accomplished while rendering any pathogen contamination substantially harmless for human contact. The method comprises contacting a polyvinylalcohol containing disposable item with an oxidant material in an aqueous solution for sufficient period of time to solubilize a substantial proportion of the polyvinylalcohol while at the same time substantially reducing the population of biohazardous or pathogenic components to a level providing for safe disposal of the item. The product of the process is an effluent comprising a solution or suspension of the PVOH components dissolved in an aqueous medium having a substantially reduced pathogen, microbial population. Such a material can be easily disposed into conventional municipal waste water systems with little biohazard risk. The oxidants used in this invention are well-known as active microbiocidal compositions. In this invention, the oxidants act to kill pathogens or other microbes in or on the polyvinylalcohol material. Further, the nature of the oxidant material is such that the oxidant can, under appropriate conditions, chemically degrade the polyvinylalcohol in a way such that the dissolution of the polyvinylalcohol is made much more rapid than the dissolution rate resulting from simple hot water or alkali digestion. Such a chemical attack is different from the primarily dissolution based mechanism of the prior art which simply relies on the chemical solubility of standard polyvinylalcohol polymers and modified polyvinylalcohol polymers for dissolution purposes. Further, the absence of antimicrobially active chemicals in the prior art dissolution solutions reduces the antimicrobial properties of the prior art systems.
For the purpose of this patent application, the term "pathogen" connotes any virus, single cell or multicellular organism that can be harmful, dangerous or cause illness in humans. Such pathogens include a large variety of bacteria, a large variety of fungi, a large selection of multicellular or parasitic organisms, a number of viral strains and a large variety of materials that can be produced by these organisms including toxins, spores, dormant microorganisms, virus and other monocellular or multicellular structures. Particularly important pathogens are antibiotic resistant bacteria, dangerous viruses including HIV, Hepatitis A and B, and others. Included in such a category are eggs of multicellular parasites and other cells that can grow into harmful multicellular organisms.
The term "polyvinylalcohol item" includes any item using polyvinyl alcohol as a structural component or an adhesive. The polyvinylalcohol can be dissolved in whole or in part using the oxidizing aqueous solutions of the invention. Such items are often manufactured in the form of woven or non-woven articles made from polyvinyl alcohol thread or yarn. Such articles are often woven in conventional weaving methods or formed into non-woven fabrics using conventional non-woven fabric forming technologies. In large part, the woven and non-woven fabrics of the invention are those that can be used in a variety of end uses that can contaminate the fabric and that can either protect or promote the growth of harmful microorganisms. Such contamination can arise in hospitals, restaurants, hotels, slaughterhouses, diaries, food processing facilities, in the household, in nurseries or other places where organic wastes can contaminate a woven or non-woven article. Particularly harmful or dangerous wastes involve materials that are derived from mammals including the human body, pets, agricultural livestock, etc. Such wastes include blood, feces, urine, blood fractions, ascites, bile, lymph fluids, cerebral spinal fluid, etc. Such materials can be the source of a relatively small population of microorganisms or a very large population of microorganisms in the contaminated items. The nature of the contamination and the woven and non-woven fabric can provide a location that can protect or promote the growth of such microorganisms into harmful populations.
For the purpose of this patent application, the term polyvinylalcohol (PVOH) typically refers to a vinyl polymeric material that is at least 15 mole % vinyl alcohol (the theoretical vinyl alcohol monomer is CH2═CH—OH does not exist, but exists as a —CH2—CH(OH)— moiety in the polymer). Such materials can contain a substantial proportion of ethylene, propylene or other vinyl monomers further including vinyl, chloride, acrylics, etc. Typically, the polyvinylalcohols of this invention are not polyvinylalcohols modified for alkaline dissolution, but are "conventional" polyvinylalcohols. The preferred polyvinylalcohol of the invention is a partially hydrolyzed (85 and 92 wt % hydrolysis) or fully hydrolyzed material (up to 98.5% hydrolysis) or super hydrolyzed polyvinylalcohol having a degree of hydrolysis between 98 and 100 wt %.
The process of the invention involves contacting a polyvinylalcohol item with an aqueous solution comprising an oxidant at an acidic, neutral or alkaline pH to dissolve the polyvinylalcohol item and kill or render harmless any microorganism present on the used or contaminated polyvinylalcohol item. The pH is selected that is appropriate for the oxidizing agent used. For example, peracid materials are often used at an acid pH while chlorine materials are often used at an alkaline pH. Lastly, ozone oxidants are often used at mildly acid neutral or alkaline pH. The pH selected for each oxidant material is well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. More commonly, the method uses an aqueous oxidant to dissolve a polyvinylalcohol manufactured, woven or non-woven used article and render adsorbed biohazards innocuous. Such articles often can contain a contaminating substance that can be a source of or a place for growing populations of harmful pathogens.
The process of the invention can use virtually any oxidizing system that can both dissolve or degrade polyvinylalcohol materials to the degree that the polyvinylalcohol is fully solubilized in a relatively short period of time, typically less than about 6 hours, preferably less than about 3 hours. The oxidant used is commonly an oxidant that can cleave the polyvinylalcohol materials at or near a hydroxyl group. Such polymer cleavage reaction typically reduces the molecular weight of the polyvinylalcohol polymer, thus speeding dissolution. The oxidant is also used at a concentration and temperature such that the resident biohazards in the polyvinylalcohol item are rendered innocuous for human contact. Any oxidant that can meet these criteria can be used in the invention.
Preferred oxidants for use in the invention include chlorine-based oxidants such as chlorine gas, hypochlorite compounds, N-chloro compounds and chlorine dioxide compounds. A further class of useful oxidant materials include peroxygen-containing materials such as hydrogen peroxide or the percarboxylic acid compounds typically made by reacting a mono- or dicarboxylic acid with a source of active oxygen such as hydrogen peroxide to form an equilibrium mixture of peracid hydrogen peroxide and carboxylic acid in active solution. Lastly, a useful oxidant comprises ozone in aqueous solution. Such aqueous solutions are typically prepared with a concentration of ozone that is sufficient to react with and solubilize the polyvinylalcohol and render the pathogenic population innocuous while consuming the active ozone concentration.
Chlorine-containing oxidizing agents are cost effective disinfectants and polyvinylalcohol-dissolving agents. Chlorine-containing agents are often divided into four general classes including chlorine (Cl2), hypochlorites (ClO−1), N-chloro compounds and chlorine dioxide materials. The first three classes are called available chlorine compounds and are related to chlorine by equilibria reactions involving chlorine hypochlorite in a variety of gaseous or solution forms. The total concentration amount of chlorine based oxidants is often expressed as available chlorine or less frequently as active chlorine. Active available chlorine is the equivalent concentration or amount of chlorine (Cl 2) gas needed to make the equivalent oxidant. Active chlorine is that equivalent concentration or amount of chlorine atoms that can accept two electrons. This is a concentration; not a description of the reaction mechanism of the oxidant. Because chlorine gas only accepts two electrons as does HOCl and monochloroamines, it has only one active chlorine atom according to the definition. Thus, the active chlorine always is one-half of the available chlorine. The available chlorine is usually mentioned by iodometric titration using known techniques. Another way of measuring available chlorine uses the following equation:
In solution, the concentration of available chlorine is in the form of hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid is called "free-available" chlorine. Commercially important solid available chlorine bleaches are usually more stable than concentrated aqueous hypochlorite solutions. Solid available chlorine decomposes very slowly in sealed containers, particularly if kept dry and away from heat. Most solid chlorine sources decompose quickly if exposed to humidity or heat The common forms of such chlorine based oxygens include chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, lithium hypochlorite, chlorinated sodium tripolyphosphate and hypochlorous acid, sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate, halogenated hydantoins, sodium N-chlorobenzene sulfonamide (Chlorimene B), sodium and fluoro p-toluene sulfonamine (Chlorimene T) and other similar chlorinated organic sources. These available chlorine sources are commonly made available in a variety of useful formats including concentrated aqueous solutions and containers of the solid chlorine yielding compounds. The active chlorine-containing materials would be used at a concentration of about 0.01 to 20 weight percent of active chlorine in aqueous solution for PVOH dissolution and concurrent microbial decontamination, preferably 0.1 to 10 weight percent of active chlorine in the aqueous solution. The concentration of the active ingredients in the treatment composition can be adjusted using make-up amounts of the concentrate material delivered during treatment. The concentration of active chlorine may be increased or decreased while still remaining within the scope of the invention.
The process of the invention can use a combination of peracid, hydrogen peroxide and mono-, di- or polycarboxylic acid. The compositions of the invention contain water, peracid acid, hydrogen peroxide and unoxidized acid across a relatively broad range of concentrations. Peracetic acid and mixtures of peracetic acid with other monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids are preferred. Peracetic acid is a freely water soluble liquid having a pungent, acrid odor resembling acetic acid, but with a strong oxidizing character. The antimicrobial compositions of the invention also comprise a proportion of hydrogen peroxide. The peracid, carboxylic acid, hydrogen peroxide mixtures would be used at a concentration of about 0.01 to 20 weight percent peracid in aqueous solution for PVOH dissolution and concurrent microbial decontamination, preferably 0.1 to 10 weight percent of peracid in the aqueous solution. These concentrations of peracid, carboxylic acid, and hydrogen peroxide may be increased or decreased while still remaining within the scope of the invention. The concentration of the active ingredients in the treatment composition can be adjusted using make-up amounts of the concentrate material delivered during treatment.
The invention comprises a carboxylic acid oxidizable to a peracid. Generally, carboxylic acids have the formula R—COOH wherein the R may represent any number of different groups including aliphatic groups, alicyclic groups, aromatic groups, heterocyclic groups, all of which may be saturated or unsaturated as well as substituted or unsubstituted. Carboxylic acids also occur having one, two, three or more carboxyl groups. Carboxylic acids have a tendency to acidify aqueous compositions in which they are present as the hydrogen atom of the carboxyl group is active and may appear as an anion.
The carboxylic acid constituent within the present composition when combined with aqueous hydrogen peroxide generally functions as an antimicrobial agent as a result of the presence of the active hydrogen atom. Moreover, the carboxylic acid constituent within the invention maintains the composition at an acidic pH. Carboxylic acids which are generally useful in the process of the invention are those which comprise percarboxylic acids. Percarboxylic acid generally have the formula R(CO3H)n, where R is an alkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, aromatic or heterocyclic group, and n is one, two, or three and named by prefixing the parent acid with peroxy. While peroxy carboxylic acids are not as stable as the unoxidized material, their stability generally increases with increasing molecular weight. Thermal decomposition of these acids may generally proceed by free radical and non-radical paths, by photodecomposition or radical-induced decomposition or by the action of metal ions or complexes. Percarboxylic acids may be made by the direct acid catalyzed equilibrium action of 30-98 wt % hydrogen peroxide with the carboxylic acid, by autoxidation of aldehydes, or from acid chlorides and hydrides, or carboxylic anhydrides with hydrogen or sodium peroxide.
Percarboxylic acids useful in this invention include peracetic acid, perpropionic acid, perbutyric acid, peroctanoic acid, perglycolic acid, perglutaric acid, persuccinic acid, perlactic acid, percitric acid, perdecanoic acid or mixtures thereof. These percarboxylic acids have been found to provide good antimicrobial action with good stability in aqueous streams. In addition to peracetic, peroctanoic and perdecanoic, particularly preferred percarboxylic acids include perpropionic, perbutyric, perglycolic, perlactic and percitric acids.
The process of the invention can use a combination of peracetic acid with other percarboxylic acids, preferably, those named above and particularly, peroctanoic acid. This combination of percarboxylic acids has been found to provide preferred antimicrobial efficacy and stability in the presence of high organic loads. Generally, within the sanitizer concentrate, the concentration of, for example, peroctanoic acid may range from about 10 wt-% to 90 wt-% and preferably from about 10 wt-% to 20 wt-%. The concentration of peracetic acid may range from about 10 wt-% to 90 wt-% and preferably from about 80 wt-% to 90 wt-%.
Peracetic acid is the preferred peracid. Peracetic acid is a peroxy carboxylic acid having the formula:
Generally, peracetic acid is a liquid having an acrid odor at higher concentrations and is freely soluble in water, alcohol, ether, and sulfuric acid. Peracetic acid may be prepared through any number of means known to those of skill in the art including preparation from acetaldehyde and oxygen in the presence of cobalt acetate. A 50% solution of peracetic acid may be obtained by combining acetic anhydride, hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid. Other methods of formulation of peracetic acid include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,833,813, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The antimicrobial composition of the invention may also comprise a hydrogen peroxide constituent with or in the absence of oxidizable acids or the peracids themselves. Hydrogen peroxide in combination with the percarboxylic acid provides a surprising level of antimicrobial action against microorganisms despite the presence of high loadings of organic sediment.
While many oxidizing agents may be used, hydrogen peroxide is generally preferred for a number of reasons. After application of the H2O2 germicidal agent, the residue left can decompose to water. Deposition of decomposition products on the surfaces such as a washing machine would therefore be minimized.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has a molecular weight of 34.014 and it is a weakly acidic, clear, colorless liquid. The four atoms are covalently bonded in a non-polar H—O—O—H structure. Generally, hydrogen peroxide has a melting point of −0.41� C., a boiling point of 150.2� C., a density at 25� C. of 1.4425 grams per cm3 and a viscosity of 1.245 centipoise at 20� C. Generally, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide within the concentrate composition used in the process of the invention ranges from about 1 weight percent to about 80 weight percent, preferably from about 3 weight percent to about 50 weight percent, and most preferably from about 5 weight percent to about 35 weight percent. Hydrogen peroxide would be used at a concentration of about 0.01 to 20 weight percent peracid in aqueous solution for PVOH dissolution and concurrent microbial decontamination, preferably 0.1 to 10 weight percent of hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous solution. The concentration of the active ingredients in the treatment composition can be adjusted using make-up amounts of the concentrate material delivered during treatment. These concentrations of hydrogen peroxide may be increased or decreased while still remaining within the scope of the invention.
In the process of the invention the aqueous solution containing ozone (O3) is contacted with the PVOH item. The basic requirements of the system is that the aqueous solution is contacted with a used or contaminated item. The aqueous solution with ozone results in both dissolution and the substantial kill of microorganisms and the reduction of ozone concentration in the treatment zone. The amount of ozone added to the treatment zone can be easily calculated from the fabric and the challenge soil load concentration. However, proportions of challenge soil load and preferred concentration of ozone is discussed below.
Ozone cannot be easily stored or shipped. Ozone is typically generated on site and is dissolved into aqueous media at a use locus just prior to use. The half life of ozone in neutral solutions is about 3-10 minutes and less as pH increases. Weak concentrations of ozone may be generated using ultraviolet radiation. Typical production of ozone is made using electrical corona discharge. The process involves obtaining a source of oxygen in a pure form of O2 generally atmospheric oxygen (or enriched air) containing greater than about 21 volume % oxygen. The source of oxygen is passed between electrodes across which a high voltage alternating potential is maintained. The potential is established across the electrodes which are configured to prevent arching. As oxygen molecules enter the area of potential, a corona is created having a proportion of free atomic oxygen dissociated from an oxygen molecule (O2). The high energy atomic ion (O) when combined with oxygen (O2) form a mixture of oxygen and ozone (O3). These generators are available commercially. The ozone containing aqueous mixture is generally contacted with an aqueous solution through bubbling or other gas dispersion techniques to introduce an antimicrobial concentration of ozone into the aqueous medium. The contact between ozone and the aqueous medium is then engineered to maximize the absorption of ozone when compared to the rate of decomposition of ozone in the alkaline aqueous medium and the required ozone concentration in the water.
The activity of ozone in the aqueous medium of the invention can be improved by introducing ozone into the smallest possible diameter bubble formation. Small bubbles promote the dissolution of ozone into the bulk aqueous solution. Additionally, surface active agents which lower the gas liquid interfacial tension can be used to enhance ozone gas transport to the aqueous medium. Rapid dissolution of ozone can reduce the tendency to off gas into the atmosphere, and cause reactions with solution components to produce oxidized species and promote the effective use of ozone. Ozonized solutions can contain ozone in increasing proportions as temperatures decrease. 60� C. aqueous solutions are rapidly depleted of ozone by off gassing. In sharp contrast, aqueous media at 0� C. can contain a fairly constant proportion of ozone at about 35 ppm.
The stability of ozone in aqueous solutions decreases as alkalinity increases. The half life of ozone in 1 N sodium hydroxide is less than 10 seconds. For the purpose of the invention involving concentrations of ozone in aqueous solution, the term "total ozone" relates to the amount of ozone added to the aqueous phase from the gas phase. typically these total ozone levels in the gas phase range from about 1 to about 1000 parts of ozone to one million parts of total aqueous phase. Measured ozone is the apparent concentration of ozone (as O3) in aqueous solution. The difference between total ozone and measured ozone relates to the amount of ozone that apparently becomes stored in aqueous solution by reaction with organic and inorganic species to form ozonized or oxidized materials which can be a source of oxidizing potential.
The aqueous oxidant antimicrobial composition of the invention may also comprise any number of adjuvants. Specifically, the composition of the invention may comprise stabilizing agents, wetting agents, as well as pigments or dyes among any number of constituents which may be added to the composition. Stabilizing agents may be added to the composition of the invention to stabilize the peracid and hydrogen peroxide and prevent the premature oxidation of this constituent within the composition of the invention. Chelating agents or sequestrants generally useful if stabilizing agents in the invention include alkyl diamine polyacetic acid-type chelating agents such as EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetate tetrasodium salt), acrylic and polyacrylic acid-type stabilizing agents, phosphonic acid, and phosphonate-type chelating agents among others. Preferable sequestrants include phosphonic acids and phosphonate salts including 1-hydroxy ethylden-1, 1-diphosphonic acid (CH3C(PO3H2)2OH), amino [tri(methylene phosphonic acid)]([CH2PO3H2]2(ethylene diamine [tetra methylene-phosphonic acid)], 2-phosphene butane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid, as well as the alkyl metal salts, ammonium salts, or alkanol amine salts, such as mono-, di- or tetra-ethanolamine salts. The stabilizing agent is used in a concentration ranging from about 0 weight percent to about 20 weight percent of the composition, preferably from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of the composition, and most preferably from about 0.2 weight percent to 5 weight percent of the composition.
Also useful in the composition of the invention are wetting and defoaming agents. Wetting agents function to increase the penetration activity of the antimicrobial composition of the invention. Wetting agents which may be used in the composition of the invention include any of those constituents known within the art to raise the surface activity of the composition of the invention.
Along these lines surfactants, and especially nonionic surfactants, may also be useful in the present invention. Nonionic surfactants which may be useful in the present invention are those which comprise ethylene oxide moieties, propylene oxide moieties, as well as mixtures thereof, and ethylene oxide-propylene oxide moieties in either heteric or block formation. Additionally useful in the present invention are nonionic surfactants which comprise alkyl ethylene oxide compounds, alkyl propylene oxide compounds, as well as mixtures thereof, and alkyl ethylene oxide-propylene oxide compounds where the ethylene oxide propylene oxide moiety is either in heteric or block formation. Further useful in the present invention are nonionic surfactants having any mixture or combination of ethylene oxide-propylene oxide moieties linked to an alkyl chain where the ethylene oxide and propylene oxide moieties may be in any randomized or ordered pattern and of any specific length. Nonionic surfactants useful in the present invention may also comprise randomized sections of block and heteric ethylene oxide propylene oxide or ethylene oxide-propylene oxide.
Generally, the concentration of nonionic surfactant, if used, in the invention may range from about 0.1 wt-% to about 50 wt-% of the concentrate composition, preferably from about 0.1 wt-% to about 20 wt-% of the concentrate composition, and most preferably from about 0.1 wt-% to about 10 wt-% of the concentrate composition. The composition used in the process of the invention may also contain additional ingredients as necessary to assist in defoaming. Generally, defoamers which may be used in accordance with the invention include silica and silicones; aliphatic acids or esters; alcohols; sulfates or sulfonates; amines or amides; halogenated compounds such as fluorochlorohydrocarbons; vegetable oils, waxes, mineral oils as well as their sulfated derivatives; fatty acid soaps such as alkali, alkaline earth metal soaps; and phosphates and phosphate esters such as alkyl and alkaline diphosphates, and tributyl phosphates among others; and mixtures thereof. To this end, one of the more effective antifoaming agents comprises silicones. Silicones such as dimethyl silicone, glycol polysiloxane, methylphenol polysiloxane, trialkyl or tetralkyl silanes, hydrophobic silica defoamers and mixtures thereof may all be used in defoaming applications. Commercial defoamers commonly available include silicones such as Ardefoam� from Armour Industrial Chemical Company which is a silicone bound in an organic emulsion; Foam Kill� or Kresseo� available from Krusable Chemical Company which are silicone and non-silicone type defoamers as well as silicone esters; and Anti-Foam A� and DC-200™ from Dow Corning Corporation which are both food grade type silicones among others. These defoamers are generally present at a concentration range from about 0 wt-% to 5 wt-%, preferably from about 0 wt-% to 2 wt-%, and most preferably from about 0 wt-% to about 1 wt-%.
The invention may also contain any number of other constituents as necessitated by the application, which are known to those of skill in the art and which may facilitate the activity of the present invention.
The composition used in the invention may comprise:
Concentrate Composition (Wt-%)
Initial Concentration in Aqueous
Treatment Use Solution (Wt %)
Once the aqueous oxidant antimicrobial of the invention is applied to any given aqueous system for PVOH dissolution, the antimicrobial will be subjected to a demand resulting from microbes present in the system as well as other organic or inorganic material present including the PVOH item itself. As a general guideline, not limiting of the invention, the following concentrations of antimicrobial may be found after demand. The actual residual amount depends on challenge load and oxidant concentration.
Preferred Residual Concentration (Wt %)
After Dissolution and Organic Demand
The treatment compositions of the invention can comprise concentrate materials that fall within the following generic formula:
Treatment Concentrate
Useful Wt %
Working Wt %
Preferred W %
Peracetic Acid
Hydrogen Peroxide
Acetic Acid
The above compositions comprise concentrate materials that can be metered into the PVOH item treatment loci or to an aqueous stream flowing into the loci. As a general guideline, the following table sets forth working ranges of active ingredients in the treatment composition after dilution in the aqueous stream.
Residual Concentration After Dissolution and Organic Demand
(Wt %)
(Wt %)
(Wt %)
Peracetic Acid
Hydrogen Peroxide
Acetic Acid
These concentrations are determined using the following formulas:
The compositions of the invention can be used in both batch and continuous processing of polyvinylalcohol items. In batch processing, a heated or unheated vessel can be used to contain the polyvinylalcohol items, water and a sufficient quantity of the oxidant to completely solubilize the polyvinylalcohol into reduced biohazard populations. In batch processing, the vessel is typically charged with the polyvinylalcohol material and water and the oxidant and agitated for a sufficient period of time to dissolve the polyvinylalcohol items. The batch vessel can be exposed to conditions of heat, agitation, increased atmospheric pressure or any other condition that is known to accelerate the dissolution process or improve the degree of biohazard reduction. Obviously, the vessel can be heated to a temperature of up to 100� C. for the aqueous solution or higher if a pressure vessel is used. These reactions and dissolutions can be carried-out in common autoclave installations or washing machines.
The processes of the invention can also be conducted in a continuous or semi-continuous reaction method. In such a continuous reaction method, the process can be conducted by charging a vessel with a quantity of the polyvinylalcohol item and water and into the vessel is charged a continuous stream of the oxidant material. The oxidant material, aqueous or non-aqueous, flows through the vessel continuously dissolving the polyvinylalcohol and continuously removing the dissolved material from the vessel. The vessel contents can be monitored to maximize the dissolution rate and biohazard reduction of polyvinylalcohol items added to the vessel. The polyvinylalcohol item can be charged directly to the vessel or to the stream of oxidant entering the vessel or through any other convenient addition method. One method involves adding the polyvinylalcohol item to an aqueous solution of the oxidant or other aqueous solution, prior to charging the vessel with the polyvinylalcohol item.
During continuous operations in PVOH dissolution and reducing microbial population, a continuous stream of the treatment composition is directed to the use loci. The treatment composition flows into the use loci while an amount of the concentrate must be either continually or intermittently added to the continuous stream to maintain the desired level of oxidant, preferably 1-20 weight percent and more preferably 1-10 weight percent during operations. Exemplary formulas (equilibrium mixtures) of oxidant concentrates are shown below.
Wt %
Hydrogen Peroxide
Peracetic Acid
Wt %
Hydrogen Peroxide
Wt %
Wt %
Wt %
Acetic Acid
Hydrogen Peroxide
Peracetic Acid
A 5 g portion of 1″�3″ PVA fabric swatches soluble only in very hot water (U.S. Pat. No. 5,207,837) was placed in 250 mL water and heated to about 190� F. The pH of the system was 7.1. Samples were pulled periodically and examined for reduced size as an indicator of the rate of dissolution.
Swatch Size
1″ � 3″
0.5 hour
1″ � 3″
1 hour
�″ � �″
4 hours
�″ � �″
Hot water is a poor dissolving agent even if it acts to kill pathogen populations after one hour at elevated temperature. The above results demonstrate the slow dissolution rate of highly crystalline (98% hydrolyzed) PVOH in very hot water. This performance is generally unacceptable for typical institutional or industrial use.
A 5 g portion of 1″�3″ PVA fabric swatches soluble only in very hot water (U.S. Pat. No. 5,207,837 was placed in 250 mL water at pH=11.7 and heated to about 90� C.
Swatch Size
� 3″
0.5 hour
� 1″
1 hour
� �″
4 hours
� �″
The above results show that use of hot alkaline solutions was not substantially better than hot water for dissolution of PVOH materials.
A 5 g portion of 1″�3″ PVA fabric swatches soluble only in very hot water (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,207,837) was placed in 250 mL 0.3% hydrogen peroxide at pH=10.1 and heated to about 190� F. Samples were pulled periodically and examined for reduced size as an indicator of the rate of dissolution.
Swatch Size
1″ � 3″
0.5 hour
<{fraction (1/16)}″ � <⅙″
1 hour
fully dissolved
The use of the hydrogen peroxide oxidant rapidly reduced the PVOH non-woven to solution in about 1 hour and reduced microbial populations. This result is an acceptable rate for most applications in institutional and industrial operations.
A 5 g portion of 1″�3″ PVA fabric swatches soluble only in very hot water (U.S. Pat. No. 5,207,837) was placed in 250 mL 0.3% hydrogen peroxide at pH=7.1 and heated to about 190� F. Samples were pulled periodically and examined for reduced size as an indicator of the rate of dissolution.
Swatch Size
1″ � 3″
0.5 hour
<{fraction (1/16)}″ � <⅙″
1 hour
fully dissolved
Similar results to Example 1 were found even at about neutral pH.
A 5 g portion of 1″�3″ PVA fabric swatches soluble only in very hot water (U.S. Pat. No. 5,207,837) was placed in 250 mL 2% sodium hypochlorite at pH=13 and heated to about 120� F. Samples were pulled periodically and examined for reduced size as an indicator of the rate of dissolution.
Swatch Size
1″ � 3″
0.5 hour
<{fraction (1/16)}″ � <⅙″
1 hour
fully dissolved
Even with reduced temperature (120� F. vs 190� F.), the hypochlorite was very effective in dissolution of the non-woven in less than 1 hour.
We have found that the concentration of oxidant sufficient to dissolve even the highly hydrolyzed polyvinylalcohol articles, about 0.01-20 weight percent, is more than sufficient to also act as an effective antimicrobial. For example, Block in "Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation" summarizes hydrogen peroxide as being effective against bacteria at only 1000 ppm and effective against virii at 3 weight percent. Block also reports peracetic acid to be effective against a wide range of microorganisms at less than 2000 ppm and ozone to be both effective at less than 100 ppm.
The above description, examples and data show the effectiveness of using aqueous oxidant materials at extremes of pH and temperature to dissolve highly hydrolyzed polyvinylalcohol items and simultaneously reduce any biohazard pathogenic populations to safe levels. The specification is meant to illustrate the invention and should not be used to limit the claims. Since the invention can be applied to polyvinylalcohol disposal and sanitization processes using a variety of embodiments that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention, the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended.
|Cited Patent
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|Monsanto Company
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|H. B. Fuller Licensing & Financing Inc.
|Water soluble alcohol based nonwoven binder for water swellable, soluble or sensitive fibers
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|Honeycutt Travis W
|Method of disposal of hot water soluble garments and like fabrics
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|Ecolab, Inc.
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|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
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|Apr 15, 2003
|Johnsondiversey, Inc.
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|Microtek Medical Holdings, Inc.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 26, 1999
Owner name: ECOLAB INC., MINNESOTA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SMITH, KIM R.;KENNEDY, SHAUN P.;REEL/FRAME:010129/0016
Effective date: 19990721
|Jun 29, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 1, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jul 25, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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DreamWorks Holiday Classics: Dragons: Gift of the Night Fury - The Dragons are back in the exciting next chapter to the Academy Awardr-nominated* film, How to Train Your Dragon. The epic story of Hiccup and Toothless continues as they take flight in a thrilling adventure to discover an island of ever-before-seen dragons. Explosive action and fire-breathing excitement collide in this exhilarating DreamWorks Dragons story. Nominee: Best Animated Feature Film, 2010. Merry Madagascar - When Santa and his reindeer crash onto the island of Madagascar, it's up to Alex, Marty, Gloria, Melman and those wacky Penguins to save Christmas. Get ready for a sleigh full of laughs in this hilarious holiday classic. Also includes The Penguins of Madagascar in a Christmas Caper. Shrek the Halls - After promising Fiona and the kids a Christmas they'll remember, Shrek is forced to take a crash course in the holiday. But just when he thinks he has everything for a quiet family Christmas just right, Donkey, Puss in Boots, Gingy and the rest of the gang decide to crash the party. Shrek the Halls is the greatest holiday tale that's never been told until now. Also includes Donkey's Caroling Christmas-tacular.
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Been looking for this Blu Ray for a while and found it for a great price I jumped on it !!Published 2 months ago by mike gallo
It's a bit on the short side (not movie length), but my kids enjoyed it.Published 11 months ago by Gaia
Shrek, Fiona & Donkey, Alex, Marty and Melman and Dragons! Instant Christmas Classics that should be part of everyone's holiday video library.Published on January 22, 2013 by John Jones
Cute and fun holiday movies for all the young at heart. Would recommend this DVD. Love the dream works animation.Published on January 20, 2013 by Margaret Burgess
These are short movies based on characters from theater-release movies. My favorites are the Madagascar (there are a few different ones out there, all good) and How to Train Your... Read morePublished on January 18, 2013 by Amazon Customer
Most of the movies are great for the kids. My son is a huge Shrek fan and would watch this movie over and over again. Read morePublished on January 14, 2013 by Chris Cannon


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Panera Looks Stale [View article]
The stock soared thanks to analyst upgrades ahead of the earnings. Banks were pimping the stock to bust stop losses on shorts - like me.
Fundamentals matter more over time than analysts. The stock is back in the range, and I don't see it moving much higher.
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Depends on what kind of trader you are. Short term guys can buy the $808 breakout with a stop at Thursday's low. I'd expect Google to come below $800 - probably $770 at some point. So it's really about your risk tolerance level and how active you want to be on this trade.
Mar 1, 2013. 12:57 PM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Both companies are great, and you're right it won't be a quick ride for Google.
Mar 1, 2013. 12:54 PM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
I said that I though Google offered more return. Never made predictions about Apple during those days other than to say they wouldn't last for too long.
Mar 1, 2013. 12:54 PM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
My guess is that it relates to Zillow tumbling. Trulia was a new issue and direct competitor, so Z had a large impact on TRLA shares.
Million dollar question, sir. That answer will come for us next week.Feb 5, 2013. 07:22 PM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Trulia is seeing wonderful traction in the subscription segment - revenue per subscriber increased 52% to $147. Also, and this seems basic, there isn't a huge institutional following with TRLA, especially compared to Z shares.
Feb 5, 2013. 07:18 PM | 1 Like |Link to Comment
Much like AMZN, it's all about the sales with these guys. So long as sales are moving higher the stocks will get a free pass.
Also, EBITDA was positive in the latest quarter. Perhaps not a trend. But one may be in the making.
Trulia isn't about housing per say. Agents spent $24 billion in advertising last year - of that $12 billion is focused off line. Yet 89% of buyers use online resources to conduct research before buying their home. That disconnect will contract, suggesting that Z and TRLA benefit as more dollars come to a smaller pool.Feb 5, 2013. 07:16 PM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Cameco: Time To Invest In This Hated Uranium Company [View article]Dec 14, 2012. 11:33 AM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Is $1,000 Next For Google? [View article]Oct 5, 2012. 08:59 AM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Beatdown Wednesday: Why It Was Neither a Big Deal Nor a Surprise [View article]Aug 13, 2010. 08:17 AM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
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Travel to Rome
... to Rome, which took us about 2 and a half hours. We were excited to be somewhere familiar, enjoying the known walk back to the Yellow. The Spanish receptionist laughed at the fact that Issy's last name meant 'today' in Spanish, something I was proud I recognized and had noted previously. We were in a 4 person dorm, which was a little cramped and had a private bathroom which was behind a door that looked like a closet. We had a supermarket deli dinner of ...
Hitting the shops
... it is more to do with the economics, why have 1 person sitting at a table when you can have 2? I have enjoyed not being targeted, however, some restaurants like the one I went to for dinner, take it a step further. They ignore me! So I walk up to this restaurant with extensive al fresco dining, in the piazza. This is a moderate sized piazza, but empty of businesses except for this and another restaurant. The first waiter avoids eye contact and puts ...
We're in Italy!
... wine) we stayed in the restaurant for about 2-3 hours, long after we finished up our meal.After dinner, we wanted to find a gelato place (obviously!) and got one for 2 Euros. I got 2 big scoops with different flavors.
Once we were done, we called it a night. We have a lot of touristy sights to do the next ...


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As of Friday, April 25, 2014
© Copyright 2015 Albany Herald
TIFTON — A new smartphone app developed by University of Georgia and University of Florida researchers will help cotton farmers in their states save one of nature's most precious resources —water.
George Vellidis, a scientist with the UGA College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences and an expert in precision agriculture and water resources management, developed the app to help cotton growers irrigate their crops based on local conditions.
The app, which was released on April 16, is free and can be downloaded at www.smartirrigationapps.org.
The app is programmed to use data from UGA's Georgia Automated Environmental Monitoring Network (GAEMN) and the Florida Automated Weather Network (FAWN) to assess weather conditions that factor into irrigation needs. So, currently, it obviously works best in Georgia and Florida, Vellidis said.
Growers register a field on which they want to use the app by using their smartphone's built-in GPS. The app then automatically locates the closest weather station.
"It's best to begin using the app after the cotton has been planted. The app keeps a balance of how much water is in the soil by estimating how much water the crop uses daily and by adding rain and irrigation to that balance," he said.
The app doesn't tell farmers how much water to apply. It only recommends when the grower should irrigate. Cotton farmers use the most water when their crop is flowering and when the bolls are filling.
The new UGA app also notifies farmers when to take action so they do not have to check the app every day. In its first year, the app can now be used with center pivot irrigation systems. Later, the app will be updated to allow users to select between center pivots and drip systems.
"Early testing showed that this new app outperformed most other irrigation scheduling tools," Vellidis said. "It was tested in many fields during 2013 and it tested well under a variety of conditions."
The cotton app is one of four apps developed by a team of UGA and University of Florida researchers. UF researchers have also released apps for citrus, strawberry and urban lawn irrigation. The cotton app is different from the other three in that it relies on measured precipitation and irrigation.
For more information on the apps or to download them for free, see the website www.smartirrigationapps.org. The website also includes app tutorials.
"The whole point is to have more efficient irrigation and water conservation," Vellidis said. "This tool will allow (cotton) growers to better determine their irrigation needs and estimate some potential savings."
A 2010 report indicated that by 2050, much of Florida is projected to be at high to extreme risk of water shortage while Georgia was predicted to have moderate to extreme water shortages, he said. The escalating cost of fuel and other potential restrictions on irrigation water make the new app useful for increased sustainability, too.
"We expect competition for water to increase in the Southeast," Vellidis said. "Tools like the smartphone apps will allow growers to greatly increase their water use efficiency — how much crop they grow with every gallon of water they use."
More like this story
- Farmers use soil moisture sensors to determine when to irrigate ( August 25, 2013 )
- App used in managing stink bugs in cotton ( November 23, 2014 )
- Mobile meeting system saving Georgia farmers time, money ( February 21, 2015 )
- Cotton growers face tough irrigation choices ( July 15, 2014 )
- Tifton ag engineer solving real problems ( April 12, 2014 )


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SOUTH KOREA: Textile and clothing firms invest in Ethiopia
By Jonathan Dyson | 7 December 2012
The leader of Ethiopia's clothing and textile sector has claimed eight South Korean companies are set to open textile and garment plants in his country, in a new industrial park close to the capital Addis Ababa.
The factories will be built in the Bole Lemi Industrial Zone, to be constructed at a cost of around ETB1.2bn (US$55m) by the end of 2013.
Ethiopia's industry ministry is developing the park, which will be operated by its Industry Zone and Environmental Protection Agency.
Fassil Tadesse, president of the Ethiopian Textile and Garment Manufacturers Association, said that while the South Korean companies will initially only produce garments in Ethiopia, their long-term plan is to establish fully integrated textile and clothing plants in the park. He would not however release their names to just-style.
"The Ethiopian government has been working hard to attract investment from South Korea," said Tadesse. "Companies from the South Korean textile and garment industry have a very good reputation."
Ethiopia has been attracting a growing number of overseas companies in the sector, particularly from Turkey, India and China.
"Ethiopia offers many benefits for foreign investors," said the association president. "It is one of the world's fastest-growing economies, politically very stable, and a good location, with access to Europe. In addition, there is a lot of cheap labour, and the energy costs are very low, with electricity only 6 US cents per kWh."
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At the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign campus, I could not find any more diversified area of people than this place. There are an incredible amount of eager international students from over hundreds of nations. As I walk around campus to go to my classes everyday, I am always hearing languages such as Chinese, Hindi, French, Spanish, Bulgarian, etc. I have made so many friends of different backgrounds. Learning from every single one as give me a well-rounded new perspective of the world. As it seems, a lot of people come from middle to upper class of income families. As I am unsure about the majority of people's political beliefs, I have seen (at least one time each) every type religion on campus, from Islamic to Taoism. And finally, all types of sexual orientation are accepted on campus. We have a Transexual, Bi, and Gay week as well as the formal Day of Silence. I love my campus!
Campus Food:
You Won't Starve – The dining halls are fairly convenient for students with a meal plan. In general, they serve similar dishes, but on any given day there are a variety of entre options to choose from. The facilities are clean and accessible; some of the halls are harder than others to navigate though. Apart from the dining halls, there are many restaurants on and around campus, but not all of them are as accessible without a car.
Campus Quality:
Social Opportunities – The bar scene is extremely popular at the University of Illinois. What makes it different? The bar entry age is 19, so almost no one has a fake ID.
We don't always have the best seasons, but sporting events are very fun to attend. The Block I at football games and Orange Krush at basketball are great ways to get involved. Athletes are treated like royalty here.
Health & Safety:
I feel pretty safe on campus. We receive a few crime alerts (via email) a semester, but I generally don't walk alone at night and have never felt threatened. The University offers safewalks and saferides, two programs designed to assist students when they feel unsafe going home.
Party Scene:
Not to Knowledgeable – I'm not too knowledgeable about the nightlife as I don't go out much but from what I hear it is generally diverse. You find a lot of bars and it is all very close to campus. Usually they let people under 21 in and in terms of getting "service" people are a little lenient. It's generally positive with the exception of obvious drunk people that annoy and disturb the peace.
Campus Housing:
I've lived in about three different dorm areas all at 3 ends of the campus, FAR, ISR and 6Pack and I can safely say I have almost all of what campus has to offer. I dormed for 4 years and the options for everything were second to none. Food was excellent, housing was great in certain areas and you generally find what you are looking for if you are in the right place.
Local Area:
Diverse Yet Detailed – In general the campus is very diverse and you can generally find your niche group. However if your still looking for different things, you can find anything and everything if you look around. This campus is high in activities, cultural events and etc. You can always find shows, sports, group outings. The only limitation is the college town atmosphere, and is limited because it's not in a big city. Otherwise this town is great.
I Have No Problem With the Police – This is a large university, they can make plenty of money writing up underage drinkers with hefty drinking tickets. That is going to be the case at any large university. The only complaint I have is the lack of results in all the robberies, assaults, and various other crimes directed at students. Many of these crimes take place in broad daylight or in the heart of campus, not necessarily in boo-foo land. Parents all across campus are in a state of panic because of the frequency of "crime-alerts". It has definitely changed where I go, what time of day I do things, and my overall sense of uneasiness on this campus...focus more on our safety rather than busting parties!!!
Greek Life:
GDI's FOR LIFE!!! Good lord do I dislike frat boys. I'm pretty sure the only requirements for being in a frat are 1) gotta be a douchebag and a half, and 2) gotta be willing to wear sleeveless t-shirts and 2 dollar plastic sunglasses on an everyday basis. I've met people who literally won't be seen with me because I'm a GDI (god-damn independent). But I guess it sort of works the same way because I do my best to never be seen with a frat boy. Though it makes finding friends a little easier; they've already grouped the guys you couldn't pay me to be friends with into Greek houses. :)
Off-Campus Housing:
Signing for Apartments in October Is STUPID! I don't understand why people panic and start signing for apartments in October. As a freshman, two months may not even be enough time to get acclimated to homework, midterms, living on your own, etc. Yet, we are thrust into an unfair and unfamiliar position two months into college; by the end of the year, most my friends didn't want to live with the people they committed to living with the following year. But what can you do when you have only had two months to get to know these people and learn their habits, idiosyncrasies, etc? The facilities themselves aren't bad (if you get a good landlord), but the process is what chaffes me. The prices are unfair, too. Friends at other big ten universities get bigger, more modern apartments for cheaper than we do. How landlords can get away with charging more for an apartment in Chambana than downtown Chicago is beyond me.
Drug Safety:
High Availability – There is a reason U of I has the reputation of being a party school. There is a lot of alcohol available always. There is a lot of pot as well, but I think the drug popularity goes way down from there on. If you want to avoid that scene, however, it is completely possible. I know many people who do not get involved in drinking or drugs, and many people that do. Peer pressure with drinking is high is Greek life, but outside of that,you can be friends with drinkers and not drink yourself.
Off-Campus Dining:
There are a variety of places to eat in Champaign-Urbana. There's Indian, Mexican, Thai, Chinese, Greek, American, Japanese, BBQ, French, Italian, etc.
Registration Process – UIUC's registration process is all online, which is very nice. The only downside is that some of the required classes may only be offered once a year and then they don't put enough spots for everyone that needs to take it.
Campus Quality:
UIUC has one of the largest library systems in the country. There is always a supply of information for whatever you need.
They are going to be making meters $1 per hour, and there isn't much parking for dorms or apartments. Most students don't have a car.
Block I and Orange Crush – Athletics are huge at the U of I. The school spirit is immense, but the teams always seem to disappoint. Being part of groups like the Block-I and Orange Crush gets you great seats and is a blast to be a part of.
Off-Campus Dining:
Grocery Stores Are Your Best Friend – County market is the best place to shop for students. It's relatively close and moderately priced. Shopping for food rather than eating out will save you tons of money.
Overall Experience:
I Love My University – This school hass opened so many oportunities for me new friends sorority life and a really great learning experience.
I really do not think it has an impact. It is the midwest and we are lucky to have a varity of seasons.
Health & Safety:
Our Campus safety and security is taken very seriously police are always patrolling and due to the vast size of our campus I feel the job is well done. E-mail alerts are posted as soon as anything is in question.
Guys & Girls:
Love Line – The University of Illinois is a huge. Therefore, the variety is also huge. Most people dress in jeans or sweats. However, there are the occasional boys and girls who dress up for class. No matter what you are looking for U of I probably has a boy or girl that fits your needs. The proof is obvious because relationships are all over campus.
Campus Housing:
Dorm Life – Housing at the University of Illinois ranges and there are many options. The university offers both public and private housing. Public dorms are wide ranging. The food is always good and depending on where you live it can be very spacious. For example, Busey Evans is an all girls dorm that offers air conditioning and big, clean rooms. However, the majority of freshman live in the 6 pack dorms. These dorms are very social and a good size but not all of the dorms have air conditioning. Private dorms cost more but also have greater perks. For example, Bromley Hall has a private pool, workout room, sacked lunches and bigger rooms with private bathrooms. There are only two dorms that I would not suggest. Both PAR and FAR are located in the outskirts of Urbana. Thus, the location itself is a turn off. The housing process is easy and the options are fairly good. Overall, what you make of your dorm life is what it will be.
Local Area:
Chambana Living – The University of Illinois Champaign-Urbana has many local attractions. The student union boasts many activities such as a bowling alley, arcade, relaxing room, and food. Throughout the year there are many guest speakers and performances. For example, the boys from MTV's hit show The Buried Life came to speak. Cultural events are always happening at U of I. The cultural houses are located right next to the quad and offer many services. A perk of becoming involved in the cultural houses is that the first talk that you attend comes with a free lunch! There are many sports and recreational facilities. However, the Arc is the best place to rock climb, get a massage, take dance or yoga classes, swim, sunbathe, or just workout. The local mall is only a short bus ride away and has all the trendy shops. However, if you don't want to take the bus you can alway shop at the local shops right on Green Street. Some of the best places to get clothes are Pitaya and Urban Outfitters. One of U of I's best kept secrets is its Japanese Zen garden. This beautiful garden is relaxing and a good place to get away. Because Champaign-Urbana is a college town the local attitude towards students is very positive. The only thing to worry about at U of I is safety. Like any town it is not smart to walk alone at night. Safety is always important and for that reason safety has improved at U of I. Wether its lying on the quad taking in some sun, or going to cocomero for some frozen yogurt. The University of Illinois is one of the greatest college campuses to be on. There is always something to do or be a part of in Chambana.
Not Generous by Any Means – The University likes its money, I didn't get any financial aid and they werent generous with merit either, it's an expensive school so try and come in with some private scholarships already in hand
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One might expect some tentative and even negative opinions about any school, but this is truly not the case here at U of I. Students are proud of U of I's history, proud of is academic accomplishments, proud of the social opportunities it offers, and, most of all, they are proud to be alumni. For so many students to view their choice to come here as an unequivocally good one is a fantastic testament to the University's strength.
Of course students here have plenty to complain about—the weather, the parking, the Greek social scene, the rural location. But all things considered, the positive points of the U of I experience tipped the scale—the University's academic excellency, the safety, the social atmosphere, the athletic tradition, the city's excellent transportation system. Some students admitted that they had a hard time adjusting, that they occasionally wished they had made another decision—but in the end, they were all happy to be here. The most encouraging fact was that so many people mentioned that they were leaving as better people, more knowledgeable, eclectic, and better equipped to navigate through life. University of Illinois students do not just leave with a piece of paper in their hands, they leave with a wealth of experience that is not easily rivaled—and, for in-staters, without enormous debt burdens to face when they graduate.
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Here's your indispensable guide to the all-too-frequent moving of New York City's Cemeteries.
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As a volunteer gravestone photographer for the past couple of years, I tend to collect and read books about cemeteries. Read morePublished on December 28, 2011 by Meesha
"The Graveyard Shift" serves well as a basic resource for most, though not all, of the cemeteries in New York City. Read morePublished on January 13, 2010 by Dean Squared


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