text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 9, 1987
|Filing date
|Oct 22, 1984
|Priority date
|Mar 1, 1984
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Michael E. Dyer
|Original Assignee
|Intera Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (22), Referenced by (33), Classifications (34), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending patent application Ser. No. 585,312 filed Mar. 1, 1984, now abandoned. The disclosure of application Ser. No. 585,312 is incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to the treatment of polymer substrates to improve the hygroscopic, antistatic, dye-receptive, soil release and/or other surface properties, as well as altering the hand of substrates in which the substrate is a fabric. More particularly, the invention relates to the treatment of polyester and polyolefin fibers to improve their surface properties.
Synthetic polymer materials possess poor surface properties In particular, most fibers formed from polyester, polyolefin, polyamide and acrylic are not hygroscopic and have poor antistatic, and soil release properties. Many conventional fabrics formed from polyester and polypropylene have relatively poor hand properties. In particular, most polyester and polypropylene have a slick or synthetic fabric feel, as well as being deficient in terms of hygroscopic, antistatic, and soil release properties.
Attempts have been made by the prior art to polymerize a water soluble vinyl monomer onto a polymer substrate. This has proved to be particularly difficult with a polyester substrate or a polypropylene substrate.
The prior art has attempted three approaches to depositing a water soluble vinyl monomer onto a polymeric substrate.
The first approach appears to be by adhesion between the polymerized vinyl monomer and the polymeric substrate. Examples of this approach include U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,377,249 and 3,958,932.
The method of U.S. Pat. No. 3,377,249 employs an aminoplast textile resin to effect adhesion of a synthetic acid emulsion polymer to a polymeric substrate. In the method of U.S. Pat. No. 3,958,932 the vinyl polymer is affixed to the polymeric substrate by the use of elevated temperature curing.
A second approach involves entanglement of the polymer formed from the water soluble vinyl monomer into the substrate. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,926,551 water-insoluble polymers derived from acidic vinyl monomers are formed both on the surface and within polyester fibers. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,995,998 polymers derived from both acidic and non-acidic water soluble vinyl monomers are deposited on both the surface and within the fibers forming the polymer substrate. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,065,256 a composition comprising a liquid organic solvent, and a hydrophobic radical polymerization initiator is used to achieve graft polymerization onto both the surface and within a hydrophobic synthetic polymer substrate. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,238,193, an impregnated initiator is used to penetrate into the interior of a polymeric substrate fiber and to effect polymerization of a water soluble vinyl polymer both onto the surface of and within the substrate.
A third approach has been to chemically modify the polymeric substrate so as to receive the polymer from a water soluble vinyl polymerization. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,088,791; 3,107,206; 3,115,418; and 3,617,457 each disclose the use of high energy radiation to modify a polymeric substrate. It is believed that the high energy radiation clears the bonds on the surface of a polymer to form free radicals. These free radicals participate in chemical reactions with the vinyl monomer. U.S. Pat. No. 3,088,791 irradiates a shaped organic polymer substrate at low temperatures. U.S. Pat. No. 3,107,206 irradiates a stem polymer that has been swollen with a non-polymerizable swelling agent. U.S. Pat. No. 3,115,418 irradiates a polymeric substrate in the presence of oxygen. U.S. Pat. No. 3,617,457 irradiates a polyester substrate and uses unique water soluble vinyl monomers.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,600,122 employs a spark discharge in a zone of free radical initiating gas to generate free radical sites on the surface of a polymeric substrate. This modified polymeric substrate is further reacted like any irradiated polymer.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,043,753 modifies a conventional polyester substrate by incorporating p-carboxycinnamic acid to replace a portion of a terephthalic acid of the polyester. The resultant polymeric substrate is a modified polyester polymer containing an unsaturated group that is susceptable to graft polymerization.
To the best of my knowledge, the prior art approaches have not yielded a polyester or polypropylene substrate which can be in the form of fibers making up a fabric that will withstand repeated launderings, such as 20 or more launderings in a conventional washing machine. Thus, it is an absolute essential for a satisfactory commercial product that it withstand repeated launderings.
Futhermore, the prior art approaches frequently suffer from undue expense, complex equipment requirements, and other processing shortcomings.
According to the present invention, a substrate formed of a polymer is contacted with an aqueous mixture containing a water soluble vinyl monomer and a hydrophobic vinyl monomer. Preferably, the aqueous mixture is maintained at a temperature within the range of about 40° C. to about 100° C. under agitation. Vinyl polymerization of the water soluble vinyl monomer is then initiated by a polymerization initiator. A vinyl polymer is formed on the substrate whereby the hygroscopic, antistatic, dyereceptive, soil release and other surface properties of the substrate are improved.
Preferably, the aqueous mixture is in the form of an emulsion containing the water soluble vinyl monomer and a cross-linking hydrophobic vinyl monomer emulsified by a suitable emulsifying agent, namely a surfactant. Thereafter, a polymerization initiator and catalyst may be added. It is possible for the same compound to function as both a polymerization initiator and as a catalyst. Polymerization and affixation of the polymer to the substrate is achieved, usually by means of elevating the temperature to a temperature in which such polymerization occurs, and/or the addition of an initiator.
I have found that the resultant polymeric substrate of my invention possesses desirable hygroscopic, soil release and/or other surface properties which withstand repeated launderings in a conventional washing machine, namely in excess of 20 cycles of home launderings. Although I have tested my invention only on substrates of polyester and polyolefin (specifically, polypropylene), the present invention contemplates the treatment of other polymer substrates, in particular polyamide and acrylic.
By "mixture" as used herein is meant any aqueous solution, dispersion, suspension, colloidal solution, emulsion or other aqueous physical aggregation containing a water soluble vinyl monomer and a hydrophobic vinyl monomer. Although my work has been entirely on emulsions, the present invention contemplates not only forming an emulsion of the hydrophobic vinyl monomer, but also contemplates introducing the hydrophobic vinyl monomer into the aqueous medium by any other means, such as by dissolving the hydrophobic vinyl monomer in an appropriate solvent to aid formation of a physical dispersion.
By "substrate" as used herein is meant a polymer which is preferably in the form of fibers or fabrics, but may also be in the form of flakes, films, or of suitably shaped formed articles.
By "fiber" is meant to include monofilaments, multifilament threads, batts and staple fibers. By "fabrics" is meant to include woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, and nonwoven fabrics.
By "hydrophobic vinyl monomer" is meant a vinyl monomer which is not readily soluble in the surrounding aqueous medium under the conditions of the present invention, and which when employed in the present process, yields a substrate having durable improved surface properties.
By "vinyl polymer" as used herein is meant to include homopolymers resulting from the vinyl polymerization of the hygroscopic and/or water soluble vinyl monomers, and copolymers thereof.
By "vinyl polymerization" is meant polymerization in which a vinyl group in a monomer participates in the formation of a polymer.
Wherever the present disclosure refers to fiber surfaces or intimate contact of the monomer with fiber surfaces or like expressions, it will be understood that the individual fibers or filaments are being referred to, such that contact and attachment of the monomer and graft polymer is with the surfaces of individual filaments of a multifilament thread or bundle. I do not believe there is substantial penetration of the vinyl polymer into the substrates in the method and modified polymers of my invention.
Polyester is the generic name for a fiber manufactured either as a staple fiber or continuous filament in which the fiber-forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of an ester of a dihydric alcohol and terephthalic acid. The most common polyester fibers available in the United States are made of polyethylene terephthalate, and are available for example under the trademarks "DACRON" of E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co. and "FORTREL" of ICI United States, Inc. and from Celanese Chemical Co. Polyester fibers are available as filament yarn, staple fibers and fiber tows and are often combined with other fibers, such as cotton and wool. For example, much clothing is made from yarns which are a blend of polyester and cotton staple fibers. Fabrics made from such polyester fibers and fiber combinations are commonly used for making many types of outerwear, including dresses, suits, shirts, etc. Such blends may be used as the substrates of my invention.
Polyesters form excellent fabrics and can be produced economically on a mass production basis, but polyesters suffer from many drawbacks. Polyesters lack the ability to significantly absorb water and are subject to static electricity problems. By treating polyester fibers according to the process of the present invention, a most useful fabric is formed which has very good water absorbing and soil-release properties which are retained after many washings.
Polyolefin is the name for a group of polymers derived from simple olefins. The preferred polyolefin for use in the present invention is polypropylene.
Polypropylene is a long chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85 weight percent of polymerized propylene. Polypropylene has a low specific gravity which causes it to be bulkier for any given denier than polyester. As heretofore noted, polypropylene possesses a distinctive hand. Polypropylene can be blended with wool and other fibers, and is used as fabrics, cordage, sewing thread, upholstery strapping, wrapping for cotton bales, nursery shade cloths, disposable products such as diapers and sanitary napkins, medical products such as uniforms, sheets and drapes, filtration products such as tea bags and coffee filters, carpeting, laundry bags, synthetic turf, reinforcement material for civil engineering uses, backing fabrics, etc. Such blends may be used as the substrates of my invention.
Polyamides are high molecular weight polymers in which amide linkages (CONH) occur along the molecule chain. Preferred polyamides for use in the present invention are the synthetic linear condensation polyamides. Such polyamides include for example poly(hexamethylamine adipamide), which is prepared by the well known reaction of polycarboxylic acid such as adipic acid (or an amide-forming derivative thereof) with a polyamine such as hexamethylene diamine. The most common commercially available polyamides of this type in the United States are nylon 6,6 which is polyhexamethylene adipamide, and nylon 6 which is poly(hexamethylene caprolactam). These types of nylons are commonly extruded as filaments over a wide dimensional range, oriented by cold-drawing and knitted into many different forms of fabrics. Nylons are excellent fabrics and can be produced economically on a mass production basis, but nylon suffers from many drawbacks. Nylon lacks the ability to absorb water and is subject to static electricity problems. By treating nylon according to the process of the present invention, a most useful fabric may be formed which has very good water absorbing, antistatic, and said relese properties which are retained after many wasings.
Acrylic is the generic name for fibers in which the fiber-forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of acrylonitrile units (--CH2 CH(CN)--). Such fibers are available in various types of staple fibers and tow, and are commerically available under the trademarks "ORLON" of E. I. duPont Nemours & Co. and "CRESLAN" of American Cyanamid Co., for example. Acrylic fibers for wearing apparel may be blended with other fibers, such as wool, or formed into yarns which are then knitted with other stronger synthetic fibers or filaments, such as nylon. Such blends may be used as substrates of my invention.
Most acrylics lack the ability to significantly absorb water and are subject to static. By treating polyacrylic fibers according to the process of the present invention, fabrics may be obtained which have excellent water-absorbing, anti-static and soil release properties which are retained after many washings.
Suitable non-limiting examples of water soluble vinyl monomers that may be used in this invention include N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide termed MBA, N,N'-(1,2-dihydroxyethylene)bisacrylamide, acrylamide, acrylic acid, 2-propyn-1-ol, crotonic acid, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, vinylpyridine, methacrylic acid, methacrylamide, N-methylolacrylamide, N-methyl-N-vinyl formamide, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, 3-, 4-, or 5-methyl-N-vinyl pyrrolidone, maleic acid, vinyl oxyethylformamide, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, methallylalcohol, acrylyl cyanide, styrene sulfonic acid, and water soluble salts of styrene sulfonic acid. The preferred water soluble vinyl monomers are N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) and N,N'-(1,2-dihydroxyethylene)bisacrylamide. In some instances, two or more water soluble vinyl monomers may be copolymerized to yield the polymer used in this invention, such as maleic acid with MBA. Thus, some of the above monomers do not readily homopolymerize, but will copolymerize with other monomers, as is well known in the art.
The hydrophobic vinyl monomers are preferably cross-linking, namely have at least two reactive vinyl functional groups. All of the successful hydrophobic vinyl monomers which I have tested are cross-linking. However, it may be possible to use a non-cross-linking hydrophobic vinyl monomer under conditions which I have not investigated.
The hydrophobic monomers are also preferably emulsifiable. Suitable non-limiting examples of emulsifiable cross-linking hydrophobic vinyl monomers that may be utilized in this invention include ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate, allyl acrylate, allyl methacrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol diacrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, diallyl fumarate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, 2,2-dimethylpropane 1,3-diacrylate, 2,2-dimethylpropane 1,3-dimethacrylate, dipentaerythritol monohydroxypentaacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, and tripropylene glycol diacrylate. The preferred emulsifiable hydrophobic vinyl monomers are ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate. A plurality of hydrophobic vinyl monomers may be copolymerized.
Prior to the polymerization, the hydrophobic vinyl monomers are contacted with the substrate. Preferably, a suitable emulsion of the hydrophobic vinyl monomers should be formed, with such emulsion contacting the substrate. By suitable emulsion as used herein is meant an emulsion in which no droplets are visible to the naked eye. Normally, in accordance with the present invention, the initial emulsion is milky in appearance. This milky appearance may be clarified somewhat or clarified completely as the hydrophobic vinyl monomer is withdrawn from the emulsion to the substrate.
I have found that in the absence of the contact of hydrophobic vinyl monomer with the substrate, the polymer derived from the water soluble vinyl monomer is relatively loosely affixed to the substrate and most of the improved properties attributable to this polymer are rapidly lost during washing.
I do not know if the hydrophobic vinyl monomer in the present process homopolymerizes on the substrate or copolymerizes with the water soluble vinyl monomer or whether both mechanisms occur simultaneously, or if there is a mechanism which I have not postulated. I have found that under the process conditions of the present invention a substantially durably affixed polymer having the surface properties of a polymer derived from the water soluble vinyl monomer is secured to the substrate.
I have determined that polymers prepared from the hydrophobic vinyl monomer alone do not have the desirable surface properties achieved by the polymers of the present invention. For this reason, I attribute the surface properties of the present invention to a polymer formed from the vinyl polymerization of the water-soluble monomer. I attribute the durable affixation of such a polymer to the substrate to the presence of the hydrophobic vinyl monomer.
For some hydrophobic vinyl monomers, it may not be necessary to first form an emulsion thereof prior to contacting the substrate. However, in the case where an emulsion is utilized, an appropriate concentration of emulsifying agent or surfactant should be used. If the concentration is too low, there will not be a suitable emulsion and there will not be even intimate contact between the hydrophobic monomer and the substrate. It is preferred to avoid the deposition of globs of visible particles of hydrophobic vinyl monomer.
Although not necessary to the operability of the present invention, there is preferably a period of time prior to the polymerization reaction when the hydrophophic monomer is dispersed adjacent to the substrate so that adequate contact between the hydrophophic monomer and the substrate is achieved. Preferably, an even deposition of the hydrophobic vinyl monomer on the substrate is secured. This period of time can vary greatly, and is normally between about 30 seconds to as much as about 30 minutes.
The basic structure of a surfactant contains two distinct elements, the hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions. Hydrocarbons containing chains of 8 to 20 carbon atoms offer suitable hydrophobes. Hydrophobes can include aliphatic compounds, that are either saturated or unsaturated and/or aromatic compounds. Hydrophobes can also contain oxygen or halogen atoms. Among commonly used hydrophobes are long straight chain alkyl groups, long branched chain alkyl groups, long chain alkyl benzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, rosin and lignin derivatives, high molecular weight propylene oxide polymers, long chain perfluoro alkyl groups, polysiloxane groups, and perfluorinated compounds. Common sources of hydrophobes would include tallow, coconut oil, vegetable oils, red oil, castor oil, olive oil, peanut oil, tall oil, cotton seed oil, safflower oil, mineral oil, alkyl benzene, diphenyl oxide, naphthalene formaldehyde condensates and lignin.
Among commonly used hydrophilic groups are the anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric. The anionic groups would include carboxylic, sulfate, sulfonate, and phosphate esters. The cationic groups would include salts of primary amines, salts of secondary amines, salts of tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium compounds. The nonionic groups would include ethylene oxide adducts or other hydrophilic polymers that carry no electrical charge. The amphoteric groups would include surfactants that contain both acidic and basic hydrophilic groups that would function either as anionic or cationic depending on the pH of the solution.
A wide variety of surfactants can be used in the present invention. Examples include anionic surfactants such as alkyl sulfonates, alkyl sulfate, sulfated oil or fat, sulfated glycol ester, sulfated alkanolamide, sulfated alkylphenol polyglycol, sodium xylene sulfonate, sodium dibutyl naphthalene sulfonate, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, sodium sulfonate of naphthalene formaldehyde condensate, sulfonated amide, monoalkyl phosphate salt, dialkyl phosphate salt, trialkyl phosphate, neutralized carboxylic acids (i.e. sodium stearate) and sulfated ethers.
Suitable surfactants also include amphoteric examples such as alkyl glycine, N-alkylbetaine, imidazoline glycine, sulfated polyglycol amine, and alkyl amine sulfonate.
Further suitable surfactants include cationic examples such as quaternary ammonium compounds, fatty amine salts, alkylamine polyoxyethanol glycols, fatty alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, lauryl pyridinium chloride, N-acyl,N'-hydroxyethyl ethylene diamine, N-alkyl, N'-hydroxyethyl imidazoline and amino amides.
Nonionic surfactants may also be used. Suitable examples include ethoxylated fatty alcohols, ethoxylated long branch chain alcohols, and ethoxylated alkyl aryl alcohols, and ethoxylated fatty amines. Other suitable nonionic surfactants include polyethylene glycol esters and polyethylene glycol amides.
The choice of surfactant and the amount of surfactant would be limited to those that do not significantly interfere with the polymerization reaction and interaction between the water soluble vinyl monomer, the hydrophobic monomer and the fiber. The preferred surfactants are the anionic and the nonionic. It has been found that some of the cationic (i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary amines) may interfere with the present invention under some reaction conditions. The determination of whether a given surfactant or the amount of a surfactant significantly interferes with such polymerization reaction and interaction may be done by routine preliminary testing within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art.
The choice of the polymerization initiator would depend on the type of monomer, temperature of polymerization that was utilized, and other parameters.
All of my work has been with initiators which under the process conditions could polymerize both the water soluble vinyl monomer and the hydrophobic vinyl monomer in the absence of the substrate. Thus, I employed process conditions where in the absence of the substrate polymerization would be initiated in both the water soluble vinyl monomer and the hydrophobic vinyl monomer. The application of suitable initiators to both the water soluble vinyl monomers and the emulsifiable hydrophobic vinyl monomers is well-known in the art. The selection of suitable conditions for a particular initiator is within the skill of one having ordinary skill in the art and may be readily determined by simple testing within the skill of a person having ordinary skill in the art.
A physical impetus may be used to polymerize both the water soluble and the hydrophobic vinyl monomer. Examples of physical impetus include photochemical initiators, such as ultraviolet radiation, or ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays and fast electrons. By the term "initiator" I mean any chemical or physical impetus or combination thereof that will start and maintain a vinyl polymerization of the water soluble vinyl monomer.
Non-limiting examples of polymerization initiators that may be utilized in this invention include inorganic peroxides, e.g., hydrogen peroxide, barium peroxide, magnesium peroxide, etc., and various organic peroxy compounds illustrative examples of which are the dialkyl peroxides, e.g., diethyl peroxide, dipropyl peroxide, dilauryl peroxide, dioleyl peroxide, distearyl peroxide, di-(tert.-butyl) peroxide and di-(tert.-amyl) peroxide, such peroxides often being designated as ethyl, propyl, lauryl, oleyl, stearyl, tert. -butyl and tert.-amyl peroxides; the alkyl hydrogen peroxides, e.g. tert.-butyl hydrogen peroxide (tert.-butyl hydroperoxide), tert.-amyl hydrogen peroxide (tert.-amyl hydroperoxide), etc., symmetrical diacyl peroxides, such as acetyl peroxide, propionyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, stearoyl peroxide, malonyl peroxide, succinyl peroxide, phthaloyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, etc., fatty oil acid peroxides, e.g., coconut oil peroxides, etc., unsymmetrical or mixed diacyl peroxides, e.g., acetyl benzoyl peroxide, propionyl benzoyl peroxide, etc., terpene oxides, e.g., ascaridole, etc. , and salts of inorganic peracids, e.g., ammonium persulfate and potassium persulfate.
Initiators also include ceric ions, for example, in the form of ceric salts such as ceric nitrate, ceric sulfate, ceric ammonium nitrate, ceric ammonium sulfate, ceric ammonium pyrophosphate, ceric iodate, and the like.
Non-limiting examples of suitable acid initiators for use in the present invention include hydrochloric, phosphoric, sulfuric, nitric, acetic, formic, oxalic, tartaric, monochloroacetic, dichloroacetic, trichloroacetic and similar acids.
The polymerization should preferably occur in the presence of a catalyst. The acid initiators listed above, namely hydrochloric, phosphoric, sulfuric, nitric, acetic, formic, oxalic, tartaric, monochloroacetic, dichloroacetic, trichloroacetic and similar acids may function as both polymerization initiators and polymerization catalysts. When other forms of polymerization initiators are used, the presence of an additional catalyst may be desirable. Each of the aforementioned acids may function as a catalyst. In addition, other well-known polymerization catalysts include bases such as potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide, and other recognized catalysts including ferrous sulfate.
The time duration for the polymerization of the water soluble vinyl polymer should be between about 30 seconds and 30 minutes. Generally, the time duration is not critical, but the time should be sufficient for the polymerization to take place.
While the process of the present invention may be used at any of a number of stages during the usual processing of polymer fibers or fabrics, or other substrates, it has been found preferable to use the process before the dyeing of the fibers or before there is any treatment of the fibers which would result in encapsulation or coating of the fiber surface. Thus, it is common practice to encapsulate or "lock on" the dye or other fiber treatment chemicals, and such coating may often interfere with the present process. To the extent that there would still be improvement in surface properties, the improvement would be gradually washed off through many washings.
Therefore, it is preferable that the fibers be scoured and rinsed prior to carrying out the treatment process of the present invention in order to remove soil, finish oils, and other contaminants which may be present on the fibers. After the process of the present invention, it is preferable to drain the treating solution and rinse the fibers before dyeing, in order to remove acid and excess homopolymer, which may interfere with reaction of the dye with the dye sites.
Uniform dispersal and intimate contact of all chemicals is preferred. In the case of fibers this may be assisted by various forms of agitation or flow of the aqueous treating solution around and between the fiber surfaces. For example, in the case of the treatment of fibers in the form of fabric piece goods, agitation may be accomplished by the paddles in a conventional paddle tub. Alternatively, for fibers in the form of fabrics which are processed in the form of rolls on a beam, the aqueous treating solution may be circulated around and through the beam by conventional pressure means.
The time necessary for attaining uniform dispersal, intimate contact and attachment onto the substrate will vary with the particular method of contacting the substrate with the aqueous solution, and may range from one second to thirty minutes. Although it is possible that the aqueous solution could be contacted with the fibers by spraying, paddling, dipping or other means, it is most preferable to immerse the fibers in a bath formed by the aqueous solution. Using such immersion techniques, relatively short periods of time are necessary before polymerization may begin. For example, about 10 minutes is usually sufficient with adequate agitation or circulation of the aqueous solution.
The process can be controlled by restricting any one or more of the controlling factors of heat, time, initiator, catalyst, or monomer addition. Thus, by way of example and not by way of limitation, the monomers, catalysts, and substrate may be placed in an aqueous medimum with agitation, with the aqueous medium bein brought up to the appropriate temperature. The polymerization process can then be triggered by the addition of the initiator.
An alternative example would be to assemble the monomers, catalysts, initiators and substrate in an aqueous medium and maintain the same at a low temperature below the polymerization temperature. The polymerization process could then be triggered by raising the temperature.
This delaying of polymerization is sometimes necessary for complete dispersal of the components. It is seen from the foregoing that the sequence of steps is not critical, and that it may be varied with a different variable triggering the polymerization.
The substrate after being cleaned is immersed in water. The water may be at ambient temperature, or may be heated as to within the range of about 40° C. to 100° C.
The temperature is non-critical as long as a threshhold temperature sufficient to effect polymerization with the components at the concentration of the components is achieved. Generally, a temperature range between about 40° C. and 100° C. is suitable. I have found the temperature range within about 90° C. to 95° C. to be preferred. At a temperature within the range of about 90° C. to 95° C. lower concentrations of components can be used, particularly the preferred initiator, potassium persulfate. Some of the initiators, such as potassium persulfate under the conditions used, will not readily initiate a vinyl polymerization at a temperature as low as 40° C. However, other initiators will initiate vinyl polymerization at a temperature of as low as 40° C. and perhaps even lower. In most cases, the threshhold temperature is dependent upon the components, their concentration, and particularly the nature of the initiator.
In a preferred embodiment, the substrate is first immersed within the water. Thereafter, the hydrophobic vinyl monomer and the emulsifying agent are added to the water. A suitable weight percentage range for the hydrophobic vinyl monomer is normally between about 0.02 to 2.0 weight percent on weight of substrate and a suitable weight percentage range for the emusifying agent is any weight percentge range that achieves an emulsion that remains suitable throughout the process of the present invention, as "suitable" has been heretofore defined. The upper and lower limits of concentration for the hydrophobic vinyl monomer may be determined for any given combination of substrate, water soluble and hydrophobic vinyl monomers, initiators, catalysts and temperature by routine testing to determine durability of retention of improved surface properties after about 20 machine washings. Such tests for a given combination should indicate whether a particular desired improvement of surface properties for the substrate, such as improved wicking, hand, soil release, or antistatic properties, is retained by the substrate.
The system is agitated for a sufficient period of time for dispersal and contact of the components. A period of time of between about 30 seconds to 30 minutes may be used. Routine testing may be used to determine a satisfactory time period.
The system is preferably maintained under agitation throughout the process. Such agitation will result in better emulsification and dispersal of the hydrophobic vinyl monomer, so that a suitable emulsion of such monomer is obtained.
In the preferred process, the water soluble vinyl monomer is then added in a concentration between of preferably about 0.002 to 10 weight percent on weight of the mixture. The concentration of the water soluble vinyl monomer is normally not critical in terms of a desirable product, and may be varied. Upper and lower limits may be readily determined by routine testing for improved surface properties of the substrate.
The weight percentage concentration of the catalyst will depend upon the nature of the catalyst. This is readily determinable by simple tests within the skill of one having ordinary skill in the art. By way of example, suitable concentrations for hydrochloric acid are such that a pH between about two and four is achieved. At this concentration the hydrochloric acid serves primarily as a catalyst. At a pH of two or below, namely higher acid concentrations, hydrochloric acid may act as both a catalyst and a polymerization initiator. Such higher acid concentrations are known to the art.
The particular concentrations of the monomers, catalysts and the initiator in the treating solution will vary widely depending upon such factors as the nature of the particular monomers, catalyst and initiator, the time and temperature of the treatment, and the nature and form of the substrate being treated. While certain concentrations, catalysts, and initiators may be needed under a given set of treatment conditions, applicant cannot give general ranges which would apply to all monomers, catalysts and initiators under all conditions, but those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to optimize the concentrations by routine experimentation on the basis of the present disclosure.
Attaining the desired degree of treatment according to this invention depends on the strength of the initiator and the concentration of the monomers and catalyst. Thus, for example, a strong initiator, as for example a free radical initiator that forms relatively high concentrations of free radicals and/or a high weight concentration of initiator, could require a lower water soluble vinyl monomer concentration. Conversely, a weak initiator, namely one that is inherently weak and/or present in a low concentration, would require a higher monomer concentration. In the latter case, the treatment according to this invention can be controlled by draining the initiator containing solution from the fabric once the desired extent of polymerization has been achieved.
After polymerization begins, such polymerization being a function of the concentration and type of the catalyst, temperature, the vinyl monomers, substrate, initiator and type of equipment being used, the substrate is allowed to remain in the treating solution at a temperature long enough to assure that uniform graft polymerization ("substantial polymerization") has occurred, such time usually being between about 30 seconds and 30 minutes. The fibers can then be rinsed with water to neutralize the pH and remove excess homopolymers, if any.
The invention will now be described in greater detail by reference to the following specific, non-limiting examples:
A twenty gram scoured fabric sample made of one hundred denier, thirty-three filament, texturized polyester with a fabric density of 110.3 grams per square meter was immersed in 750 milliliters of 60° C. tap water in a 1,000 ml glass beaker that contained 0.1 gram of an emulsified monomer as found in Table I and seven drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid (pH of medium being about 3). The emulsified monomer was one part hydrophobic vinyl monomer as found in Table I and one part Holotex LO. Holotex LO is an American Hoechst Corporation product made of chlorinated benzene solvents, bisphenol A, and a proprietary emulsifier Dispersogne S. Dispersogne S is a polyoxyethylene aromatic surfactant. This solution was then heated to about 95° C. (plus or minus 3° C.) in about five minutes on a hot plate. While maintaining temperature 0.15 grams of N,N'-methlyene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) was stirred into solution and given three minutes to reach an equilibrium in the solution. Then 0.085 grams potassium persulfate was added and the monomers were given ten minutes to polymerize and react onto the fabric. The fabric was then rinsed in cold water and washed twenty cycles in a home laundry machine with a 69:1 bath ratio, 57° C. ten minute wash cycle, warm rinse cycle, and 2.0% on weight of goods of Tide home laundry detergent. Detergent was then rinsed out of the samples. A drop of tap water was allowed to fall one-half of an inch onto the fabric and the diameter of wetting or wicking was recorded.
TABLE I______________________________________ DIAMETEREX. OF WETTINGNo. EMULSIFIED VINYL MONOMER (mm)______________________________________1. Trimethylolpropane Trimethacrylate 152. Pentaerythritol Triacrylate 143. Pentaerythritol Tetramethacrylate 134. Ethoxylated Bisphenol A Diacrylate 11SR-3495. 1,6-Hexandiol Dimethacrylate 96. Ethoxylated Bisphenol A Dimethacrylate 8SR-3487. None 08. Phenoxyethyl Acrylate 09. Isodecyl Methacrylate 0______________________________________
Ethoxylated Bisphenol A Diacrylate SR-349 and Ethoxylated Bisphenol A Dimethylacrylate SR-348 are products of Sartomer Company, West Chester, PA, a subsidiary of Atlantic Richfield Company. SR-349 is described in the Sartomer technical bulletin TB-27 entitled "SR-349 Ethoxylated Bisphenol A Diacrylate", dated 5/80. SR-349 has the molecular formula C25 H28 O6 and bears CAS Registry Number 24447-78-7. SR-348 is described in the Sartomer technical bulletin TB-26 entitled "SR-348 Ethoxylated Bisphenol A Dimethacrylate", dated 5/80. SR-348 has the molecular formula C27 H32 O6 and bears CAS Registry Number 24448-20-2.
One can see from Examples 1 through 6 that all tested cross-linking hydrophobic vinyl monomers give substantial results, from Examples 8 and 9 that single vinyl monomers which are not cross-linking give bad results, and from Example 7 that the Holotex LO does not give substantial results. Any degree of wetting is evidence of improvement in hygroscopic properties.
Example 10 is the same procedure and components as Example 6 except that the 0.1 gram emulsified monomer consisted of one part by weight ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate, and one part phenoxyethylacrylate. Also, two parts of Holotex LO were used in place of the one part of Holotex LO in Example 6.
TABLE II______________________________________ DIAMETER OFEMULSIFIED VINYL MONOMER WETTING (mm)______________________________________10. Ethoxylated Bisphenol A 10 Diacrylate and Phenoxyethyacrylate______________________________________
Example 10 exemplifies the use of a cross-linking hydrophobic vinyl monomer and a hydrophobic vinyl monomer which is not cross-linking together in the emulsion to give a substantial improvement in hygroscopic properties.
Examples 11 through 22 are the same procedure and components as Example 6 except that, as indicated, in Examples 11, 12, and 15-22 the Holotex LO has been replaced by other surfactants and in Examples 13, 14, 14(a) and 16-18 the polyester has been replaced by an equal weight of polypropylene fabric. Furthermore, under the column headed "EMULSIFIER" the weight in grams of the emulsifier used in the example is given within the parenthesis.
TABLE III______________________________________ DIAME- TER OF WETT- ING FABRIC EMUSIFIER (mm)______________________________________11. Polyester (0.025 g) Sulfonated 7 Fatty Acid Ester.sup.(1)12. Polyester (0.006 g) Disperesogne S 1513. Polypropylene (0.05 g) Holotex LO 814. Polypropylene - no emulisified monomer 0 control but (.1 g) Holotex LO14(a). Polypropylene - no emulsified monomer and 0 control no Holotex LO15. Polyester (0.025 g) NP-10.sup.(2) 1016. Polypropylene (0.03 g) Phosphated NP-10.sup.(3) 6 Reaction product of NP-10 & polyphosphoric acid in a 682:90 parts by weight ratio at 60° C. for 6 hours.17. Polypropylene (0.05 g) Varonic T215.sup.(4) 5 and acetic acid. Reaction product of Varonic T215 & Acetic Acid 1:1 mole ratio.18. Polypropylene (0.04 g) Ester 1450.sup.(5) 0 Reaction product of oleic acid & P.E.G. 400 at a 1:1.5 mole ratio.19. Polyester (0.025 g) Variquat E290.sup.(6) 020. Polyester (0.02 g) Duomeen O.sup. (7) 021. Polyester (0.05 g) Phosphated Varovic 4 U215.sup.(8) Reaction product of Varovic U215 and polyphosphoric 1:2 mole ratio 65° C. for 6 hrs.22. Polyester (0.015 g) Variquat E290 8It can be seen from these examples that different typesof emulsifier are suitable on both polyester and polypropylene.______________________________________.sup.(1) The sulfonated fatty acid ester was Protowet XL sold by ProctorChemical Company of Salisbury, North Carolina. Its specificationsare given in a Technical Bulletin of that company. It has aphysical form of an amber-colored clear oil, a pH of 5.8 to 6.2,with wetting speeds of 11.0 seconds at 0.2% Conc. and 25.0seconds at 0.1% Conc. (AATCC Draves Wetting Test at 75° F.)..sup.(2) NP-10 is a nonionic surfactant produced by Union CarbideCorporation of Old Ridgebury Road, Danbury, Conn. under thetrademark "TERGITOL NP-10". It is nonylphenol polyethyleneglycol ether having a CAS name of poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),alpha-(4-nonylphenol)omega-hydroxy-..sup.(3) Phosphated NP-10 is the reaction product of polyphosphoric acid(115 weight percent), sometimes referred to as metaphosphoricacid, and NP-10 maintained in a weight ratio of acid to NP-10 of90:682 under reaction conditions of 60° C. for six hours. Thephysical and chemical properties of the polyphosphoric acidare given in Stauffer Chemical Company's Product SafetyInformation Sheet entitled "Polyphosphoric Acid", Form1044-000-00/73 of Stauffer Chemical Company Industrial ChemicalDivision, Westport, Conn..sup.(4) Varonic T215 is an ethoxylated fatty amine prepared fromtallow and about 15 moles of ethylene oxide having a specificgravity at 25/25° C. of about 1.029 and a neutralizationequivalentof about 935. Its properties are detailed in the Ethoxylated FattyAmines Bulletin bearing printer's mark 9-508 published by SherexChemical Company, Inc. of Dublin, Ohio..sup.(5) Ester 1450 is the reaction product of oleic acid sold by EmeryIndustries, Inc., 4900 Este Avenue, Cincinnatti, Ohio 45232 underthe trademark "Emersol 260" oleic acid and Carbowax PolyethyleneGlycol 400" sold by Union Carbide Corporation, a polyethyleneglycol having an average molecular weight within the range 380-420 and whose properties are given in Material Safety Data SheetForm-43430A printed by Union Carbide Corporation on 5/76. Theoleic acid and Carbowax-Polyethylene Glycol 400 are reacted ina mole ratio of 1 to 1.5 to form the corresponding esters. The negativeresults that were obtained are believed to be due to the physicalproperties of the surfactant which interfered with either the polymeri-zation of the water soluble vinyl monomer or the coating of thefiber by the hydrophobic vinyl polymer. This was readilydetermined by 20 home laundry machine washings..sup.(6) Variquat E290 is palmityl trimethyl ammonium chloride havingan average molecular weight of 320 produced by Sherex ChemicalCompany, Inc. and described in Sherex Bulletin entitled "SpecialtyQuats" as Variquat E290. The failure was due to an excess ofemulsifier, see Example 22 where good results were obtained withthis emulsifier. This emulsion appeared unduly thick and milky..sup.(7) Duomeen-O is N--oleyl-1,3-propanediamine produced byArmak Company, which is part of Akzona Inc. of P. O. Box 1805,Chicago, Illinois 60690 and described in its Bulletin 76-19. Thefailure in this experiment was probably due to the aminecharacteristics of this emulsifier. Amines are known to interactinto the polymerization of water soluble vinyl monomers..sup.(8) Phosphated U215 is a reaction product of Varonic U215,an ethoxylated fatty amine having a cetyl-stearyl alkyl chain, aspecific gravity of 1.025 and about 935 typical neutralizationequivalent and is described in Sherex Chemical Company, Inc.Bulletin bearing the printer's mark 9-508 and polyphosphoric acidin a weight ratio of about 935 to 180 parts by weightreacted together at a temperature of 65° C. for 6 hours.
In Examples 23 through 28 the same procedure and components as Example 6 was used except that the ratio and amount of Holotex LO to ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (EBAD) was varied to acheive different emulsions. In Example 23 there was a suitable emulsion with no visible droplets which produced an excellent product. In Examples 24 and 27 the very poor product was due to the emulsifying agent being present in large excess, so that it interfered with the contact and interreaction between the fiber and the hydrophobic vinyl monomer. In Examples 25 and 26 poor emulsions were formed with large visible droplets.
______________________________________HOLOTEX LO EBAD DIAMETER(grams) (grams) WETTING (mm)______________________________________23. 0.117 0.05 1324. 0.117 0.0117 025. 0.117 0.234 026. 0.025 0.05 027. 0.5 0.05 028. 0.0 0.0 0______________________________________
As indicated from the above data, it is absolutely essential that there be preliminary testing of any composition and procedure used in the present invention to make certain that under the specific physical and chemical conditions satisfactory polymerization of the water soluble vinyl monomer and its affixation to the substrate are obtained.
Polyester fabric was scoured, treated and dyed in accordance with Example 29.
The drum was switched on and the tub was filled with warm (100° F.-120° F.) overflowing water. After 5 minutes, the drum was switched off and the tub was drained. The tub was then re-filled with warm tap water and the drum was again switched on. After 5 minutes, the drum was switched off and the tub was drained. The rinsing procedure was repeated until the rinse water was clear.
The tub was filled with warm tap water and the drum was switched on. About 35 ml of industrial grade concentrated (33%) hydrochloric acid was added to the tub water to give a bath pH of about 3 according to universal pH paper. About 45 g of a solution containing by weight 35% ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate SR-348, 35% nonylphenol ethoxylate (NP-10) and 30% xylene, was added to the bath thereby forming an emulsion. The temperature was then increased to about 190° F. over about 5 minutes. The bath was maintained for an additional 5 minutes at this temperature. The drum was switched off and the tub was drained. The fabric was rinsed according to the standard rinse described in the Prescour step above.
The tub was filled with warm tap water, and the drum was switched on. About 35 ml of industrial grade concentrated (33%) hydrochloric acid was added to the bath water to give a bath pH of about 3 according to universal pH paper. The temperature of the bath was then increased to about 140° F. over about 2 minutes. About 40 g of a water-soluble monomer mixture of the following composition by weight was added: 66% N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, 10% glyoxal bisacrylamide and 24% sucrose. The temperature of the bath was then increased to 195° F. over about 5 minutes, and thereafter maintained at 195° F. for about 5 minutes. About twenty grams of potassium persulfate was then added, and the temperature was maintained at 195° F. for 10 minutes. The temperature was reduced to 160° F. by adding cold water, at which point the drum was switched off and the bath was drained.
The Prescour procedure was repeated as a post-scour.
I believe that polypropylene substrates may likewise be treated according to the present invention by following the procedure of Example 29.
In addition to wicking tests, as set forth in the above Examples, I have tested a number of fabrics treated in accordance with the present invention using AATCC Test Method 130 for stain release properties. I have determined that the modified fabrics of the present invention have superior stain release properties.
I have also determined that modified polymers of the present invention have superior hand properties.
While I have not tested the modified polymers of the present invention for superior antistatic properties, I am satisfied that it is reasonable based on my experience with other polymers, that the polymers of the present invention also possess improved antistatic properties.
The home washing machine utilized in the above examples was a "Kenmore" automatic, model 110.82070120, manufactured by Sears, Roebuck and Co. Thus, references to "cycles of laundering" or "cycles of laundering in a conventional home washing machine" in this specification or in the following claims pertains to laundering as performed in the aforesaid machine or a similar machine. Laundering was according to the following steps: (1) a 10 minute cycle of agitation in 55° C. tap water containing 2% "TIDE" home laundry detergent on weight of goods, (2) extraction of the wash water by spinning, (3) a warm rinse cycle with agitation, and (4) final water extraction (spin cycle).
I consider the improvement in hygroscopic properties of substrates treated according to the present invention to "persist" for 20 such washings if, after the twentieth washing, the treated substrate has retained at least some portion of its initial wetability as measured according to the procedure of the above examples.
The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof and, accordingly, reference should be made to the appended claims, rather than to the foregoing specification, as indicating the scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 6, 1951
|Apr 16, 1957
|Cluett Peabody & Co Inc
|Process of topochemical modification of clllulose fabrics by reacting with a copolymerizable monomer and copolymerizing the reaction product and product produced thereby
|Feb 3, 1956
|Oct 20, 1959
|Du Pont
|Vinylidene chloride copolymer coating compositions
|Apr 23, 1958
|Nov 20, 1962
|American Cyanamid Co
|Method of graft-polymerizing acrylate monomers onto paper in presence of ethylene dimethacrylate, and resulting product
|Feb 6, 1959
|May 7, 1963
|Du Pont
|Graft polymerization of a vinyl monomer to a polymeric substrate by low temperature irradiation
|Aug 25, 1958
|Oct 15, 1963
|Rhone Poulenc Sa
|Production of graft polymers
|Dec 14, 1955
|Dec 24, 1963
|Centre Nat Rech Scient
|Process of producing graft polymers and resultant graft polymer
|Aug 4, 1966
|Apr 9, 1968
|Deering Milliken Res Corp
|Soil release of polyester containing textiles through treatment with aminoplast resins in conjunction with acrylic emulsion polymers containing at least 20% acid calculated as acrylic acid
|Feb 27, 1969
|Aug 10, 1971
|Stevens & Co Inc J P
|Methods of applying soil-release compositions to textile materials
|Jul 1, 1966
|Aug 17, 1971
|Surface Aviat Corp
|Method of grafting ethylenically unsaturated monomer to a polymeric substrate
|Oct 7, 1968
|Nov 2, 1971
|Japan Atomic Energy Res Inst
|Process for the radiation grafting of 4-vinyl pyridine onto polyesters in the presence of a nonpolymerizable organic acid
|Apr 17, 1967
|Mar 28, 1972
|Deering Milliken Res Corp
|Multi-step in situ polymer formation to produce fabric having improved soiling characteristics
|Nov 27, 1972
|Dec 16, 1975
|Japan Atomic Energy Res Inst
|Method of making durable antistatic and hygroscopic polyester fibers
|Aug 28, 1974
|May 25, 1976
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture
|Flame-resistant textiles through finishing treatments with vinyl monomer systems
|Aug 28, 1974
|Dec 7, 1976
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture
|Method of polymerizing and fixing carboxyl-containing vinyl monomers in high conversion on fibrous substrates
|Mar 1, 1976
|Aug 23, 1977
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Grafting process for preparing a polyester fabric having desirable stain-release, antisoil-redeposition, antistatic and hydrophilic properties
|Apr 9, 1976
|Jan 10, 1978
|Sony Corporation
|Video recording apparatus with color killer
|Sep 19, 1978
|Dec 9, 1980
|Kanebo, Ltd.
|Method of treating synthetic fibers or synthetic fiber fabrics
|Jun 25, 1979
|Dec 30, 1980
|The Dow Chemical Company
|Easily disposable non-woven products having high wet strength at acid pH and low wet strength at base pH
|Jun 20, 1980
|Jan 5, 1982
|Kanebo, Ltd.
|Modifier for fibers or fibrous structures
|Oct 20, 1981
|May 15, 1984
|Rohm And Haas Company
|Method of sizing hydrophobic yarn
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 14, 1988
|Aug 15, 1989
|Kimberly-Clark Corporation
|Method of forming a nonwoven web from a surface-segregatable thermoplastic composition
|Apr 14, 1988
|Aug 22, 1989
|Kimberly-Clark Corporation
|Siloxane containing benzotriazolyl/tetraalkylpiperidyl substituent
|Apr 14, 1988
|Apr 24, 1990
|Kimberly-Clark Corporation
|Stabilized siloxane-containing melt-extrudable thermoplastic compositions
|Apr 24, 1987
|May 1, 1990
|Intera Company, Ltd.
|Process for improving polymer substrate properties, and flame retardancy modified polymers produced thereby
|Apr 14, 1988
|May 8, 1990
|Kimberly-Clark Corporation
|Surface-segregatable, melt-extrudable thermoplastic composition
|Feb 6, 1990
|Dec 11, 1990
|Kimberly-Clark Corporation
|Method of cleaning melt-processing equipment with a thermoplastic polyolefin and a bifunctional siloxane
|Sep 7, 1988
|Feb 5, 1991
|Fabritec International Corporation
|Anti-static garment bag for reducing static buildup in the drycleaning process
|Jan 17, 1990
|Oct 15, 1991
|Kimberly-Clark Corporation
|Process for melt extruding a surface-segregatable thermoplastic composition
|Mar 2, 1990
|May 19, 1992
|Kimberly-Clark Corporation
|Method of increasing the delay period of nonwoven webs having delayed wettability
|Jun 25, 1991
|Jun 9, 1992
|Kimberly-Clark Corporation
|Surface-segregatable, melt-extrudable thermoplastic composition
|Feb 4, 1987
|Aug 4, 1992
|Dow Corning Corporation
|Polyamide yarn provided with a built-in antibacterial and method for its production
|Feb 28, 1991
|Feb 22, 1994
|Intera Company, Ltd.
|Non-linting, anti-static surgical fabric
|Oct 25, 1991
|Sep 6, 1994
|Kimberly-Clark Corporation
|Thermoplastic compositions and nonwoven webs prepared therefrom
|Apr 6, 1994
|May 9, 1995
|Kimberly-Clark Corporation
|Thermoplastic compositions and nonwoven webs prepared therefrom
|Nov 30, 1994
|Feb 27, 1996
|Kimberly-Clark Corporation
|Thermoplastic compositions and nonwoven webs prepared therefrom
|Sep 14, 1994
|Jul 30, 1996
|Intera Technologies, Inc.
|Moisture transport cast lining material for use beneath an orthopedic cast, being in the form of a fabric and consisting essentially of synthetic hydrophobic fibers or a blend of synthetic hydrophobic fibers and a second different fiber
|Apr 14, 1995
|Jun 24, 1997
|Kimberly-Clark Corporation
|Surface-segregatable compositions and nonwoven webs prepared therefrom
|May 31, 1995
|Dec 9, 1997
|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Surface-segregatable compositions and nonwoven webs prepared therefrom
|Jun 5, 1996
|Mar 31, 1998
|Kimberly-Clark Corporation
|Surface modification of hydrophobic polymer substrate
|Oct 21, 1996
|Jun 30, 1998
|Toray Industries, Inc.
|Coated polyester fiber fabric and a production process therefor
|Sep 20, 1996
|Jan 5, 1999
|Intera Technologies, Inc.
|Process for improving polyamide, acrylic, aramid, cellulosic and polyester properties, and modified polymers produced thereby
|Nov 21, 1996
|Mar 16, 1999
|Hoechst Celanese Corporation
|Medical casts and other orthopedic devices comprising thermoplastic three-dimensional fiber networks
|Jan 9, 1998
|Dec 7, 1999
|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Surface modification of hydrophobic polymer substrate
|Apr 26, 1996
|Nov 13, 2001
|William Kenneth Alexander
|Expandable breathable laminate
|Jul 10, 2003
|Jul 18, 2006
|Rohm And Haas Company
|Polymer composition and process for the preparation thereof
|Mar 24, 2005
|Sep 23, 2008
|Nano-Tex, Inc.
|Hydrophilic finish for fibrous substrates
|Jul 10, 2003
|Aug 26, 2004
|Amick David Richard
|Polymer composition and process for the preparation thereof
|Mar 24, 2005
|Aug 25, 2005
|Nan-Tex, Llc
|Hydrophilic finish for fibrous substrates
|May 1, 2002
|May 4, 2006
|Soane David S
|Hydrophilic finish for fibrous substrates
|Jul 1, 1987
|Jan 7, 1988
|Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co., Ltd.
|Process for the preparation of water-absorptive material
|May 13, 2004
|Nov 17, 2004
|Alessandro Barberio
|Improved venting devices for surgical casts and other orthopedic devices
|Sep 10, 1997
|Mar 26, 1998
|Intera Technologies Inc
|Process for improving polyamide, acrylic, aramid, cellulosic and polyester properties, and modified polymers produced thereby
|Jun 25, 2004
|Jan 20, 2005
|Invista Tech Sarl
|Sleeve-like knitted structure for use as a castliner
|U.S. Classification
|428/474.4, 427/393.4, 427/393.5, 428/483, 428/516, 428/515, 428/475.8, 428/476.3, 428/520
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 24, 1984
Owner name: INTERA CORPORATION, 222 THIRD STREET S.E., CLEVELA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:DYER, MICHAEL E.;REEL/FRAME:004364/0129
Effective date: 19840928
|Dec 13, 1984
Owner name: INTERA COMPANY, LTD., A TENNESSEE LIMITED PARTNER
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:INTERA CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004339/0551
Effective date: 19841206
|May 31, 1988
|Certificate of correction
|Oct 11, 1990
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 8, 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Nov 18, 1994
Owner name: INTERA TECHNOLOGIES, INC., TENNESSEE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:INTERA COMPANY, LTD.;REEL/FRAME:007197/0969
Effective date: 19941111
|Sep 18, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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Lee appointed SVP at Douglas Lighting Controls
Douglas Lighting Controls Appoints John C. Lee as Senior Vice President and General Manager.
Douglas Lighting Controls, Vancouver, has announced the appointment of John C. Lee, PEng, as Senior Vice President and General Manager. Douglas Lighting Controls engineers, manufactures, and distributes lighting control products for the North American and international markets. As SVP and GM, Lee is dedicated to customer service, innovation, and business growth.
With both business and engineering degrees and an experienced tri-athlete, Lee brings extensive experience and energy in growing technology companies and he envisions a bright future for Douglas.
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Consulting-Specifying Engineer's Product of the Year (POY) contest is the premier award for new products in the HVAC, fire, electrical, and...
Consulting-Specifying Engineer magazine is dedicated to encouraging and recognizing the most talented young individuals...
The MEP Giants program lists the top mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and fire protection engineering firms in the United States.
HVAC and building envelope: Efficient, effective systems; Designing fire sprinkler systems; Wireless controls in buildings; 2015 Product of the Year winners
2015 MEP Giants: MEP Giants annual report; Mergers and acquisitions; NFPA 2001; Fiber-optic cables; LED specifications
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Click here to print the obituary below
Robert McAlister(1920 - 2012)
Robert McAlister, Sr.
Robert McAlister, Sr., 92, of Welcome Community, died Monday after a long battle with Alzheimer's disease.
Born in Westminster in 1920, he was the son of the late Warren A. and Sara Etta Singleton McAlister. He was married to the late Tessie Johnson McAlister for 70 years.
Mr. McAlister served in the
U.S. Navy
World War II
on the U.S.S. Elizabeth Stanton. On October 29, 1944, he received a written commendation from the commanding officer for his "highly commendable" service during dangerous amphibious landing operations on the beaches of St. Tropez in southern France.
He worked at Judson Mill and coached little league and pony league baseball at Welcome Elementary School. He loved baseball and the Gamecocks. Mr. and Mrs. McAlister were faithful servants for the Lord at Tanglewood Baptist Church.
Surviving are son and daughter-in-law, Bob and Carol McAlister of Columbia; granddaughter, Denise Pendarvis of Columbia; six great grandchildren, Brittany Cox, Taylor Stevens, Laken, Chase, Matthew and Jason Blackwell; sister Joyce Breazeale; and brother Jack McAlister.
He was predeceased by siblings Clint, Kenneth, Alfred, Mae McAlister Smith, Elsie McAlister Turner.
Visitation will be held Thursday, November 15, 2012 from 11:00 a.m. to 12:15 p.m. at Thomas McAfee Funeral Home, Northwest. The funeral service will follow at 12:30 p.m. in the Northwest Chapel with The Reverend David Osborne officiating. Entombment will be in Greenville Memorial Gardens.
In lieu of flowers, the family is asking that memorials be made to Tanglewood Baptist Church, 2801 Old Easley Bridge Road, Greenville, SC 29611.
The family thanks the wonderful caregivers at Lexington Extended Care Center for their devotion to Mr. McAlister.
Condolences may be made to the family at
Funeral Home
Thomas McAfee Funeral Home - Northwest Chapel
6710 White Horse Road
Greenville, SC 29611
(864) 294-6415
Published in The Greenville News on Nov. 13, 2012


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text: Room was a bit dated but was clean and comfortable. After over 15 hours on the road, driving from Boston we were road weary and drowsy. Not a good combination. We checked in around midnight and the overnight clerk couldn't have been nicer. First room, the key didn't work. The clerk re did the key and made a second for an alternate room. We were escorted back, The first room had a dead card key so we were walked right over to the second room and practically tucked us in (not really). The room featured two regular sized beds a table and chairs, flat screen tv, twin sink vanity and toilet inside a small separate room with tub & shower. Small fridge and coffee maker that made barely passable coffee with non dairy creamer (yuck). Free breakfast I. The lobby was good with a decent variety and thankfully, good strong coffee. Water pressure seems good and I'm looking forward to a morning shower to wash the road grime off and set out refreshed for another day on the. Road. This isn't a Sandals or a Embassy Suites but was a comfy break from the road, we slept like logs. Maybe should have 5 stars because of recent refurb but still seemed dated so 4 stars it is. Still, I highly recommend.


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How do you adjust the "point of contact" on the Tektro brake levers? One lever closes in further than the other, I like for my levers to close
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Blarg #3: About the new JSP EL, who is using it? Plus a few other questions.
Maybe you can make sense of this EL question. Background is after the questions.
1.) Who is the EL audience?
2.) How is Sun marketing EL to PHP and non-java web developers?
3.) Is this more fashion than function?
4.) Are non-java developers using EL?
5.) Does EL make it harder for java developers?
At a recent JUG, people unanimously said Java code in JSP is bad. In a JSF example involving database access, the group, with the exception of one lady, said that it was OK to use SQL in your JSF/JSP despite the recommendation against it. (She asked "what if your table name changes and you need to change the SQL", to which the group replied "you have a dba/design issue if they change table names on you").
My opinion is that <%//Some business/data logic%> and
Good question Don, thanks for asking it.
I'll answer your five points then address your background information. It seems you are asking a little about the new JSP (i.e. what is it good for -- why would one want to use it) and you are also touching on the ever popular topic of good JSP programming practices.
1.) Who is the EL audience?
JSP 2.0 and above developers is the easy answer. The more practical answer is, anyone who understands good JSP coding practices -- basically, anyone who wants to more easily code and maintain a JSP, especially when working with more than one developer. Of course, I'll expand on this later, during your third point.
I think it is also worth saying that assuming the JSP EL is targeted only to scripters, such as PHP or Perl programmers, is a poor assumption. In my opinion, you are best off thinking of the JSP EL as allowing JSP to work as a template in a Model II (ish) design. Remember the JSP EL only evaluates simple expressions (well, as of the unofficial 2.0 spec), you can't dump lines of code in the middle of a JSP EL expression.
2.) How is Sun marketing EL to PHP and non-java web developers?
As far as I know, Sun is not making serious efforts to market the EL to PHP and non-Java web developers. Although, remember I am not working for Sun...my opinion comes just from what I've seen. I think JSP itself is the thing Sun is marketing to non-Java web developers, the EL is a perk that will allow for cleaner JSP.
3.) Is this more fashion than function?
Absolutely not. Personally I use the EL extensively in all my JSP projects and I'll never go back to custom tags or scriptlets for showing the value of a request-scoped variable. Why? In short, using something like ${foo} or ${foo.bar} anywhere in a JSP is way too convenient, especially if you consider that you can access an object in any scope (i.e. request, session, application) and that you can disable scripting while doing it.
For the long reasoning why, check out my book, Servlets and JavaServer Pages; the J2EE Web Tier. It walks through what the EL is, how to use it, and why it works a heck of a lot better than scriptlets and custom tags.
4.) Are non-java developers using EL?
Maybe, but I think they are hanging out with the JSP developers that are using non-Java languages in the scriptlets.
Seriously, no one that I know of is actually using the JSP EL outside of Java. However, I think you might have phrased the question slightly off. The JSP EL for a long time was rumored to be made in a fashion that would allow it to be used in any Java app (or just about any non-Java app), and some Java classes that could make sense of EL expressions would be made readily available to all developers. Meaning any Java app could use the EL, not just JSP apps. I think this idea is silly, and isn't worth dwelling on. Things like the EL are good for lots of things, but optimizing the JSP EL for things JSP developers do is what makes it helpful to use. As is, I consider the JSP EL optimized for JSP development.
If you meant, are things like the JSP EL used outside of Java and JSP. Absolutely. The JSP EL is pretty much an adoption of expressions used by other popular projects such as Ant and Velocity. The important concept is that you can split a dynamic web page in to two parts, code to generate dynamic values and a template to display those dynamic values through. The EL is the component that allows a template to take and display a dynamic value. Also, it is important that languages like the EL only allow for simple expressions, not full blown chunks of code such as scriptlets allow for. This helps ensure one is forced to keep business/database code and presentation code separate. Other non-Java technologies pioneered these concepts, and they use EL equivalents.
5.) Does EL make it harder for java developers?
Not really. In the case of JSP, the whole idea is that Java developers don't have to care about the EL. Coding Java is the same as coding Java has always been. However, accessing dynamic values that are placed in request, session, or application scope by Java code in JSP is now trivial thanks to the EL. This is helpful because if you are an HTML developer you can get away with skipping Java knowledge all together. If you assume your buddy the Java developer correctly populates the request-scope variable named "name", you can access it with an EL expression, e.g.:
Hello ${name}, welcome to the website.
And teaching someone who knows how to use HTML how to use ${name} takes about two seconds. Likewise, you can generalize this example by assuming the HTML/interface people meet with the Java people and agree upon a set of request-scoped variables, e.g. name, date, favoriteColor, etc. Coding the Java to populate request-scoped variables is the same as it ever was -- if anything it might be made simpler because of how the '.' character does all sorts of great things in the JSP EL.
At a recent JUG, people unanimously said Java code in JSP is bad. In a JSF example involving database access, the group, with the exception of one lady, said that it was OK to use SQL in your JSF/JSP despite the recommendation against it. (She asked "what if your table name changes and you need to change the SQL", to which the group replied "you have a dba/design issue if they change table names on you").
About Java code in JSP. Yeah, pretty much bad, but not always. Remember two things. JSP EL isn't Java code, EL expressions are simple, one-line expressions -- often just something such as ${foo}. The second thing, remember design patterns such as Model 1 1/2 still work really well and they allow for as much Java code in JSP as you want. The drawback is you aren't enforcing that pure Java code is kept away from the HTML. See the book if you don't know about Model 1 1/2 or ask it to be a blarg topic.
About SQL code in JSF/JSP. I have really strong opinions about this. I think you can't ever justify putting SQL in your JSP when you are building a real web app. It just mucks things up in the long run. You'll note, I wrote several paragraphs on why I think this in my book, and I even explain why it isn't worth your time to even consider using stuff such as the JSTL SQL tags. In short, your JUG response is a good one, and if you ever hear someone rambling on about putting SQL in your JSP, ignore them. Odds are they don't really build web applications.
A funny note is that I once made a fool of myself while harboring the above mindset. I was talking to some Sun buddies at JavaOne and I basically explained why I thought it was a horrible idea to have ever considered making the JSTL SQL tags. The argument was well received, but it just so happened the person who put the JSTL SQL tags in the JSTL was part of the discussion...oh how sweet my foot tastes. Sorry queen of taglibs!
My opinion is that <%//Some business/data logic%> and
I'm taking a guess at what you mean by this. If non-developer web designers (i.e. the HTML folks) see either scriptlets or custom tags they shouldn't touch the code. Fair point, and I think it merits some agreement. However, I think you should always assume the worst, e.g. assume the HTML folks could care less about your code. The best approach is to ensure non-developer web designers can not touch code that they shouldn't be allowed to change. In other words, do not put Java code on a JSP. Give HTML/CSS coder equivalents free reign over the entire presentation page and train them -- in the simplest possible way -- to display dynamic information. Basically, teach them the just of the JSP EL and teach them how the JSTL iteration tag works. Then disable JSP scripting all together, which you can do in JSP 2.0 -- note, JSP EL is not scripting for this case. As for how dynamic values are put in to request, session, or application scope, that is up to you. Look in to Model II.
About Hibernate versus Class.forName(...). That is a really good point. If anyone who is reading this is using Class.forName() with JDBC device drivers, stop...stop now. At least use a DataSource object or at most look in to a full framework for abstracting database connectivity. A little more of a stretch but still a good analogy is comparing scriptlets versus Model II combined with the new EL. Stop using scriptlets, stop now. If you don't know what I'm talking about, ask a blarg or read a good book.
Jayson Falkner - firstname.lastname@example.com
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|Find a Breeder
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More German Shorthaired Pointer Puppies and Dogs for sale.
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Dozer is an amazing dog! One of a kind in fact. He is a true finished dog in all respects. He can hunt all day and be your best bud at night by the fire. He is 6 years old and has hunted all over the country. He is ready to go hunting tomorrow! He could make somebody a fine stud dog he has produced some great litters for us. He is in great health. We hate to see him go but we have some of his up and coming offspring and he needs to go to a home where he can be utilized to his max potential.
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Best Gun Dogs Breeder Information


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Micky Tripathi
Micky Tripathi is the President & Chief Executive Officer of the Massachusetts eHealth Collaborative (MAeHC), a non-profit collaboration of 34 leading Massachusetts organizations. He is also Chairman of the Board of Directors of the eHealth Initiative, a national organization promoting health information technology, the co-chair of the Health Exchange Working Group of the national Health Information Technology Policy Committee, which is providing recommendations to the federal government on health information exchange requirements related to the HITECH Act, and a member of the Board of Directors of the New England Health Exchange Network (NEHEN), a regional health information exchange based in Waltham, Massachusetts.
Prior to joining MAeHC, Mr. Tripathi was a manager in the Boston office of the Boston Consulting Group, a leading strategy and management consulting firm. While at BCG, he served as the founding President and CEO of the Indiana Health Information Exchange, an Indianapolis-based non-profit company partnered with the Regenstrief Institute to create a state-wide health information infrastructure in the state of Indiana. As a manager in BCG's health care practice, Mr. Tripathi also served a variety of US and international clients in the non-profit sector as well as in the bioinformatics, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical industries.
He holds a Ph.D. in political science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a Master of Public Policy from Harvard University, and an AB in political science from Vassar College. Prior to receiving his Ph.D., he was a senior operations research analyst in the Office of the Secretary of Defense in Washington, DC, for which he received the Secretary of Defense Distinguished Civilian Service Award.
THANK YOU to Our 2015 Symposium Sponsors & Exhibitors!
See who is sponsoring and exhibiting at Symposium 2015!
Industry Satellite Sessions
Hear from industry leaders and engage in special sessions during Symposium breaks and lunches. See the organizations holding special satellite sessions.
Innovators Challenge
Partners Connected Health is pleased to announce the continuation of a popular event, our fifth annual Innovators Challenge, showcasing products that are genuinely new and potentially game-changing for connected health.
Design for Change Workshops with Mad*Pow
Special pre-Symposium sessions Wednesday, Oct. 28
(separate registration required)
Learn more and register here.
cHealth15 Pitch-Off: Emotion Sensing
Event with Medstro and The American Resident Project, Anthem Inc.'s physician engagement program
Pitch-Off takes place Wednesday, October 28, 2015, 4:00pm, Seaport World Trade Center Waterfront Room. Separate registration required. (Link must be opened in Chrome, Firefox, or IE9 and later.)
Read Dr. Joe Kvedar's visionary thoughts on emotion sensing technology and learn more about the cHealth15 Pitch-Off: Emotion Sensing
Read Press Release from Anthem's American Resident Project, 7/29/15
JMIR Poster Session
This year Partners Connected Health is pleased to partner with JMIR Publications in hosting a poster presentation session at the Connected Health Symposium. Learn more!


text:
Melanoma/Skin Cancer Health Center
When To Call a Doctor
Call your doctor if you have an irritated or irregular skin growth. This includes any:
- Firm, pearly bump with tiny blood vessels that look spidery (telangiectasias).
- Red, tender, flat spot that bleeds easily.
- Small, fleshy bump with a smooth, pearly appearance, often with a depressed center.
- Smooth, shiny bump that may look like a mole or cyst.
- Patch of skin, especially on the face, that looks like a scar and is firm to the touch.
- Bump that itches, bleeds, crusts over, and then repeats the cycle and has not healed in 3 weeks.
- Change in a mole or a skin growth, including a change in size, shape, or color.
- Area of normal skin that quickly changes shape or appearance.
Be sure to show your doctor any skin growths that concern you so that they can be evaluated and treated if needed.
Recommended Related to Melanoma/Skin Cancer
Melanoma/Skin Cancer Clinical Trials
Major pharmaceutical companies continually research and develop new melanoma/skin cancer drugs and treatments, which must be shown to be safe and effective before doctors can prescribe them to patients. Through clinical trials, researchers test the effects of new medications on a group of volunteers with melanoma/skin cancer. Following a strict protocol and using carefully controlled conditions, researchers evaluate the investigational drugs under development and measure the ability of the new drug...
Read the Melanoma/Skin Cancer Clinical Trials article > >
Who to see
Health professionals who can examine and diagnose a suspicious skin growth include:
- Family medicine physicians.
- Dermatologists.
- Nurse practitioners.
- Physician assistants.
- Internists.
- Pediatricians.
Doctors who can remove a large skin growth or one in a noticeable area while minimizing scars that may result from surgery include:
- Dermatologists.
- Plastic or reconstructive surgeons.
- General surgeons.
- Head and neck surgeons.
- Radiation oncologists.
To prepare for your appointment, see the topic Making the Most of Your Appointment.
WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise


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We are facing issues on Sencha Touch 2 with Android 4.0.3 emulator.
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how can i display a record at particular index in store to a dataviews itemTpl.
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Oct 10, 2015
The Lessons of Modern War - Volume II - The Iran-Iraq War (Chapter 1: Introduction)
The Lessons of Modern War - Volume II - The Iran-Iraq War (Chapter 1: Introduction)
By Anthony H. Cordesman, Anthony H. Cordesman and Abraham WagnerMay 1, 1990
Part of a series of reports on the Gulf War of 1990-1991, and its aftermath. The Book version is available as Lessons of Modern War- Volume II: The Iran-Iraq War, a Westview book coauthored with Abraham R. Wagner.
Please note that these working documents, placed on the web for the use of researchers. They do not contain the final edited text of the book versions, which represent the only authoritative version of the author's views. They are all copyright Anthony H. Cordesman, and may only be quoted or referenced with the author's written permission, and may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the written permission of the author.ProgramsRegions
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In the News
Voice of AmericaOct 8, 2015
The Wall Street JournalOct 6, 2015
ReportOct 9, 2015
CommentaryThe Tragedy in Kunduz, the Real Threat to Afghan Civilians, and the Need for Changes in U.S. StrategyOct 9, 2015
Congressional Testimonies


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From the ProsHere are five easy ways to get your quilting projects off to the right start. In the end, your projects will look more professional and polished. READ MORE5 Quilting Secrets


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Rippling across the equator for nearly 5000km, Indonesia encompasses more than 17,000 islands.
The Indian Ocean covers 20% of the water on the surface of the earth. This vast, warm ocean is also home to a number of incredible surf spots including Sri Lanka, Indonesia, the Maldives and many, many more. Open ocean swell travels from the south, or better known as the roaring forties, which is a band of high, consistent west wind at the very bottom of the Indian Ocean. The swell generated by these winds travel thousands of kilometers to the shores of Sri Lanka, Indonesia and the Maldives, thus creating good, high quality swell.
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