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65 best free software
Best free software: Let's face it, there's nothing cheap about being a PC lover. Putting together a badass rig and keeping it up to date takes cabbage, even when we do our best to make value-driven purchases. Luckily, we can offset our hardware indulgences by saving big on software. So many of our daily computing activities—be it work or entertainment—can be accomplished with a totally free program. And we're not talking about second-rate, poor-man's versions of paid-for programs, but perfectly capable, top-notch solutions that stand on their own while costing nothing. There are even some free software that we honestly couldn't live without. Intrigued? Read on to hear about the best free software.
Keep close tabs on your PC
CPU-Z and GPU-Z: If you get trapped on Benchmark Island with just one 4GB USB key of utilities, we hope that CPU-Z and GPU-Z are on it! These two utilities are invaluable for seeking info about your components, and they are so up-to-date we swear that Intel, AMD, and Nvidia are supplying inside info before their parts come out. www.cpuid.com , www.techpowerup.com
HWMonitor: From the same folks who bring you the indispensable CPU-Z comes HWMonitor. This tool gives you an easy-to-use way to monitor most of your system's temperatures, voltages, and fan speeds. It's not the prettiest utility out there but we've found it to be spot-on when we're testing out an overclock and need to monitor the temps. www.cpuid.com
WinDirStat: The Real Data Hoarders of Orange County actually use WinDirStat as part of a 7-step program that helps convince data hoarders it's time to clean up that drive. Upon launch, WinDirStat does a survey of the drive's contents and displays it in a colored graph, so you know your massive video collection is that big blue swath on your 2TB hard drive. You can even poke through the different colored squares to see what each file is so you can finally slate it for erasure. www.windirstat.info
Intel Turbo Widget: Let's not kid ourselves: Intel's Turbo Boost is built-in overclocking. Sometimes, though, it's difficult to discern by how much. Even worse, many of the clock-speed widgets and tools we've tried aren't always correct. We've compared Intel's own Turbo Widget (Turbo Boost Technology Monitor) to the company's internal tools and found it to be one of the more accurate indicators around. www.intel.com
Speccy: Of the many, many system-info tools available on the PC, we find Speccy to be one of the prettier ones. Brought to you by the same folks who make CCleaner, this simple tool organizes available system info into a very presentable and easy-to-read util and isn't bloated by excess crap that most of us never use. www.piriform.com
GKrellM: Ported from Linux, this decidedly old-school utility may not impress you at first, but it's one of the more effective tools we've found that lets you monitor the read and write performance of a disk. We've actually compared it to both real-world and synthetic benchmarks for disk I/O and found it to be spot-on, so you know your shiny, new SSD is running at speed. http://bit.ly/ZCjeds
Your data where, when, and how you like it
7-Zip: Why should you pay for a program like WinZip when 7-Zip will expertly manage all your compression needs? The open-source software is completely free and doesn't inundate you with ads. Add to that 7-Zip's support for a wide array of formats (ZIP, ISO, and more) and its compatibility with Windows 8 all the way down to Windows 98, and you'll see why we tell everyone to "Zip it!" www.7-zip.org
uTorrent: In the event you want to download torrents (the legal ones, of course), we highly suggest using uTorrent. The program is super light at 800KB, easy to use, and isn't a resource hog. uTorrent actually adjusts Internet bandwidth depending on usage. Playing an online game? uTorrent will intelligently throttle its upload/download speeds so you can both enjoy your gaming and download your files. U should try it. www.utorrent.com
Dropbox: Not only does Dropbox offer free storage, but because it's a cloud-based system, you'll be able to access your saved data from any online device. It also works great if you want to back up important documents (in case your local storage drops out on you). While you only get 2GB free when you sign up, you can get up to 18GB by referring Dropbox to your friends. www.dropbox.com
WinMerge: Got multiple versions of what you hope are the same file? Do you want to check a download for errors? Want to merge changes from one version of a document to another? Or do you want to check two entire folders to make sure their contents are exactly the same? WinMerge does it all. It's incredibly useful for bit-level change detection, or just making sure local and remote folders (and their contents) are synced correctly. www.winmerge.org
TeraCopy: TeraCopy is a robust replacement for Windows' file transfer system. It's not just faster than Windows' file copy system, it's better—it shows exactly which files have transferred and which are queued, as well as transfer speed. It lets you pause and resume transfers and can even do a before-and-after file hash comparison to make sure everything copied correctly. http://bit.ly/rCXsWy
FileZilla: Transferring large files? Let open-source file-transfer-protocol (FTP) program FileZilla help you. FileZilla can act as both an FTP client and server. You can transfer up to 4GB files, and because you can drag-and-drop folders, it's really easy to use. FileZilla also runs on a variety of operating systems including Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. http://filezilla-project.org
Click the next page for Maintenance programs, benchmarking software, and more of our best free software.
An orderly system is a productive system
CCleaner: Imagine the Disk Cleanup feature in recent versions of Windows, then crank it up to 11. CCleaner doesn't restrict itself to removing cruft that's generated by the OS. No, sir. It can also reach out and touch Chrome, Firefox, Adobe Flash, McAfee, and GIMP, among others. It also contains one of the few reliable and legitimate registry cleaners on the market (though you should always make a backup of that before modifying it), it will scrub your Master File Table, and it can act as a replacement for Add/Remove Programs (aka Programs and Features in Windows 8) and MSConfig. CCleaner is basically a Swiss Army Knife of desktop management, in an easy-to-understand package. The free version does not provide customer support from the developer. But considering what it's capable of, we can't complain. www.piriform.com/ccleaner
Revo Uninstaller: If you're looking for something more specialized, Revo is another genuine article in a sea of potentially sketchy competitors like PC "optimizers" and RAM defragmenters. It has some overlap with CCleaner, but since both programs can be had for free (legitimately), it never hurts to run the same commands on both, in case one notices things that the other does not. At least, it doesn't hurt when the operations are fast, and they are. With a speed that borders on sorcery, Revo will scan your whole system for things that it can wipe from the face of the earth. In terms of specialization, Revo can look up a website associated with an installed program, identify its registry key, find its program folder, and even set up a Google search for the program name. www.revouninstaller.com
SlimDrivers Free: Windows usually lets us fly solo in the quest for updated hardware drivers. If you prefer a guided process, SlimDrivers Free will scan your system and ask the Internet if your stuff has updates. To minimize shenanigans, it will offer to create a restore point, create backups of your old drivers, schedule the scanning process, and even look out for potential conflicts. The dev is also certified by Microsoft. www.slimwareutilities.com
SyncBackFree: The venerable SyncBackFree is on the verge of marking its tenth year on the market. Possible reasons: Every command is explained in plain English. Options are nested in subfolders to keep the user from being overwhelmed. The backup/sync process can be highly automated, with email notifications, FTP, and network integration, and specific programs triggered before and after a sync or backup. It'll make you feel like a wizard. http://bit.ly/8qX6a
FileHippo: Let's admit it, keeping on top of application updates for your smartphone, whether for security or bug fixes, is easy, the way they all show up in one place. Wouldn't it be nice if the PC had that? Oh yeah, there's an app for that. Just run FileHippo's Update Checker, which quietly checks your installed apps for any available update, including beta updates. www.filehippo.com
Measure your system's performance
Unigine Heaven: Unigine Heaven 4.0 has quickly grown into one of the most popular tools for testing a GPU's DirectX 11 prowess, particularly in tessellation. There are paid versions of the tool, including a professional version for commercial use, but for most enthusiasts the free one will give you all the info to know if your GPU is up to snuff. www.unigine.com
Catzilla: Our own Senior Editor Josh Norem is a major league cat-lover, so it's no surprise that AllBenchmark's Catzilla makes the cut as one of the purrfect benchmarks to stress the bejesus out of your GPU. The tool lets you test your GPU in Kitty, Cat, Tiger, or Catzilla mode. If there's a cat metaphor we haven't scratched yet, just let us know. www.allbenchmark.com
FurMark: FurMark used to be a popular performance benchmark but once AMD and Nvidia started to optimize for it, it fell out of favor. It is, however, still a damned-good tool for torture testing a GPU. So, if you're validating your GPU overclock or looking to stress-out the thermals in your case, FurMark is effective and free. www.geeks3D.com
Prime95: To test an overclocked CPU, we turn to Prime95. It's one of the top tools for quickly validating a fresh overclock. Some would argue that it's too hard on a CPU, but we feel that if your overclock will withstand Prime95 for a few hours, it's probably pretty damned stable. You may want to go overnight or even 24 hours if you are truly into torturing your system, though. http://bit.ly/LnCXq
CrystalDiskMark: Storage devices can be the most difficult to measure without the use of synthetic benchmarks. CrystalDiskMark, however, has proven to be fairly accurate for pure sequential-read and -write performance. We recently kicked up our real-world video disk write test and the results closely matched CDM's. http://bit.ly/4IefV6
Sandra 2013: Memory benchmarks get no love because memory bandwidth doesn't move the meter much in the vast majority of games and applications (except when using integrated graphics). Still, it's nice to know that your DDR3/1866 sticks are actually performing where they should be. Plus, a quick test will tell you whether your RAM is configured correctly. www.sisoftware.co.uk
FRAPS: 3DMark, Heaven 4.0, and Catzilla are meaningless if you don't know how fast your games are actually running. FRAPS is the world-wide accepted standard for measuring in-game, real-world performance—even in games that don't support benchmark modes. Just fire up FRAPS, pick your game settings, and play. FRAPS will display the current frame rate of the game as you frag away. www.fraps.com
Click the next page to read about the best free PC games.
A desire to save money doesn't have to get in the way of your good time
The team-based, class-based TF2 redefined fashion for a legion of hatless heads, and it's an entertaining game in its own right, with balanced weapons and multiple game types (CTF, deathmatch, and a few unique ideas). You'll also get momentum from the occasional random unlock, many of which you can trade or even sell for Steam wallet funds. www.teamfortress.com
Similar to TF2, this game distinguishes itself in one of the best ways possible: jetpacks! Everybody gets one. You'll also navigate across the map on skis, sometimes at ridiculously entertaining speeds. Projectiles are actual physical objects, though, so there's some nuance to the shooting and exploding. You can unlock gear over time, or with real money. http://bit.ly/Zcs82
Back in the '90s, id Software was king of the first-person shooters, and Quake was a cornerstone franchise. Quake Live, based on Quake 3 Arena, is an online-only multiplayer extravaganza of over 40 maps and five game modes. It won't compete on visuals, but veterans of the genre regard the balance of weapons, maps, and movement as some of the best ever created. www.quakelive.com
League of Legends is the most popular PC game today for good reason: It's insanely fun and addictive. The cooperative strategy game pits two teams of five against each other and has you working with your allies to destroy the enemy base. www.leagueoflegends.com
Shooting games on the PC are a dime a dozen; good, free-to-play shooters, however? Not so much. Luckily, there's Blacklight Retribution, a gorgeous-looking, futuristic shooter that will make you feel at home if you're a fan of the Call of Duty series. The game offers great shooting mechanics and a ton of awesome weapons. http://blacklight.perfectworld.com
If you already tried League of Legends but are looking for something a little more complex and challenging, check out Dota 2. The game is a sequel to the original multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA), Defense of the Ancients, with the biggest difference being that it got a huge graphical overhaul thanks to Valve and its source engine. www.dota2.com
PlanetSide 2 really emphasizes the "massive" in massively multiplayer online shooter. The game makes the battlegrounds in Battlefield 3 look tiny by comparison. PlanetSide 2 features three different factions with a plethora of classes and has you vying for territorial control (à la RISK). A variety of awesome vehicles help you traverse the vast terrains. www.planetside2.com
If you're looking for a MOBA with a refreshing twist, check out Smite. It's a lot like Dota 2 and LoL, only in third person. Gameplay still includes same minion, tower defense, and base-destroying mechanics, but Smite feels much more action-oriented because all of your attacks are now skill-based shots. http://bit.ly/YwHDye
With the scads of subscription-MMOs-turned-free-to-play options around, how do you choose which one to play? Easy—you pick the one with Batman. And if Batman isn't enough (as if that were possible), DC Universe Online also features action-packed arcade gameplay and a ton of content to play through without paying a thing. www.dcuniverseonline.com
If you find Skyrim just a little too high-fidelity, maybe you should try getting in touch with your roots. No, not Oblivion or Morrowind—we're talking about Daggerfall. The second in the Elder Scrolls series, Daggerfall remains its most expansive entry, with 188,000 square miles of virtual terrain and thousands of towns and dungeons to explore. www.elderscrolls.com/daggerfall
If we tell you that Middle Manager of Justice is a business management game, with microtransactions and timer-based gameplay, you might think it sounds like every other F2P game. But when you hear that this F2P game was released by Tim Schafer's Double Fine, and puts you in charge of a superhero company, maybe you'll agree that it's worth a try. www.middlemanagerofjustice.com
Click the next page to read about the best free audio editing equipment, best free video editing program, and more!
Make cool stuff with your PC
GIMP: This photo-editing software might be called GIMP, but it is anything but hobbled. The powerful, in-depth program allows you to retouch photos with a variety of color correction options (hue, saturation, color balance), do free-form drawing, and resize/crop images. It's certainly a step above Microsoft Paint and even gives Adobe Photoshop a run for its money. www.gimp.org
AndreaMosaic: You've got gigabytes of freeloading images on your HDD, why not put them to work? That's what AndreaMosaic can do for you. The app lets you take your wads of pics and assemble them into an impressive photo mosaic. The free version lets you make mosaics of up to 200 megapixels with up to 30,000 tiles using 100,000 images. www.andreaplanet.com
Audacity: Whether you're a hardcore musician or just someone who wants to record a podcast, Audacity is a great all-around audio-editing program. In addition to being easy to use, it includes a wide array of editing options and filter effects such as reverb, delay, and more. And if you are the type who likes to keep things simple, you won't find a free program that makes cutting, pasting, and phasing-out audio easier than Audacity. It would be audacious not to download it. http://audacity.sourceforge.net
HandBrake: HandBrake is an amazingly powerful and flexible transcoder. Even better, it's highly optimized for multiple cores and we even use it to benchmark CPUs on occasion. It doesn't include any ripping ability to convert DVD or Blu-ray discs that you own to flexible, portable formats, but—cough—combined with the not-free AnyDVD, HandBrake produces amazingly high-quality files for free. www.handbrake.fr
Rasterbator: It's not true, Rasterbation doesn't cause blindness, but it will use all of your toner when you turn your images into gigantic, tiled, rasterized images capable of covering a wall or your house even. The latest version of Rasterbator spits out the images into a convenient PDF so you can even take them to school or work to print out instead. http://arje.net/rasterbator
Blender: Whether you want to render 3D models for games or CG movies, the powerful, open-source 3D computer graphics software Blender has you covered. However, with great power comes great responsibility, and in this case your responsibility will be to spend the time to learn how to master the incredibly complex program. However, once you do get past the steep learning curve, you'll be able to apply texturing, rigging, and compositing to your intricate 3D models like a pro. www.blender.org
CamStudio: Ctrl + Print Screen is good for capturing screens of your desktop, but what if you wanted a program to capture video? The open-source program CamStudio not only captures video, but audio as well. It converts this format into AVI files and has a built-in Streaming Flash video converter in case you want to quickly upload your videos to YouTube. http://camstudio.org
VideoPad: If you're looking to step up from Windows Movie Maker, VideoPad is a great solution. This fully featured video-editing program has over 50 effects and transitions that will give your videos an extra layer of polish. VideoPad Video Editor is also easy to use and allows you to drag-and-drop videos to the editor's timeline. http://bit.ly/gIUz
Inkscape: GIMP, like Photoshop, is great for image manipulation and design, but sometimes raster artwork just isn't right for your needs. If you're making a logo, or anything else that you want to look good at any size, you want vector art. The standard tool for making vector art is Adobe Illustrator. However, if you're on a budget, try Inkscape—the open-source alternative. The interface is plainer and it's missing a couple of advanced features, but Inkscape has everything you need for 99 percent of vector tasks, for 0 percent of the cost. http://inkscape.org
Open Broadcaster Software: One of the biggest trends in gaming over the last few years has been screencasting—broadcasting your screen online in real-time as you play. Whether you're a pro or just getting started, it's a great way to get feedback. To get started with screencasting, try Open Broadcaster Software. It's got all the tools you'll need to stream anything, including full-screen games, windowed games, and even your desktop. http://obsproject.com
Click the next page to read about the best free antivirus software and Microsoft Office alternatives.
Keep your data safe
Avast Free Version 7: Getting on the Internet without AV is like jumping into shark-infested waters smothered in steak sauce—not pretty. Not even misers have an excuse for taking this kind of risk. As we learned in last month's antivirus roundup and again in this month's Head to Head , Avast trumps other free AV solutions with a high level of fine-grained control and extreme competence at thwarting infections. www.avast.com
Malwarebytes Anti-Malware: With the bad guys working round the clock to find system vulnerabilities, even the best AV scanners can fall down on the job from time to time. Malwarebytes Anti-Malware is there to give them a hand. This on-demand AV scanner is an effectivesecond line of defense against any unwanted intruders your primary AV might have missed. www.malwarebytes.org
TrueCrypt: You can never be too careful with your personal data, lest you discover that someone posing as you is trotting the globe on your nestegg and soiling your good name in the process. When it comes to highly sensitive files, we put our trust in TrueCrypt. With it, you can easily create encrypted volumes and/or partitions—using your choice of first-rate encryption—in which to hide your private files. www.truecrypt.org
KeePass Password Safe: Raise your hand if you use the same couple of passwords for everything. That's nothing to be proud of, buddy. Do the right thing and download KeePass Password Safe. This easy-to-use database lets you store and manage numerous passwords and other account-relevant notes—all of which are kept safe behind a single master password and Twofish and AES encryption. Hint: Keep your KeePass database on Dropbox, so you can access it from any computer. www.keepass.info
You don't need no stinkin' Office
Sumatra PDF: But wait, you say. Adobe Reader is already free! Why do we need a free alternative? Well, for starters, SumatraPDF is incredibly speedy and lightweight, it doesn't require frequent security updates, and it won't try to install AskJeeves. Add in the fact that it reads not just PDFs but mobi and ePub ebooks, as well as CBR and CBZ archives, and you've got a winner. http://bit.ly/aHICnC
Notepad++ Though the sheer mass of features in modern word processors can be intoxicating, sometimes a plaintext editor is the right tool for the job. But just because you're using plaintext doesn't mean you should suffer '90s-era Notepad.exe. Instead, get Notepad++, which offers tabbed editing and a powerful, flexible suite of features for editing and displaying plaintext. Programmers will like Notepad++'s support for syntax highlight, formatting, and auto-completion. http://notepad-plus-plus.org
AbiWord: If you're just looking for a word processor that's fast, lightweight, and feature-rich, you should check out AbiWord. It doesn't have the full-suite integration of LibreOffice, but it does have everything you need to edit any Word document, and includes a set of excellent online-collaboration tools. In addition, the install is much smaller than LibreOffice, and uses a lot less of your CPU when it's running. www.abisource.com
LibreOffice: The cream of the free-office-suite crop, LibreOffice even gives MS Office a run for its money. Besides being free, it's open source, interoperable with all the major formats (including the latest Office .docx stuff), and did we mention it's free? Version 4.0 just came out. If you don't mind the more classic interface (no Ribbon here) and like the fact that it's FOSS, you'll love it. Beats shelling out for Office any day. www.libreoffice.org
PC Monitor: This app lets you monitor up to five PCs on a network, for things like CPU usage, available RAM, and running processes. You can also send commands like shut down, restart, or force a program to close. Plus, there's a variety of real-time notifications for things like low battery levels, computers turning on or off, case fans spinning slowly, and high temperature warnings. Skynet-approved! http://bit.ly/zbxV3v
AirDroid: This ditty of an app uses Wi-Fi to turn your desktop into a phone interface. You can drag-and-drop files to your phone, share a clipboard, send URLs straight to your phone browser, stream media from your phone to your desktop, send SMS messages from your PC, manage apps, and a few other things. As a bonus, no desktop client is required. It works in your browser. www.airdroid.com
Unified Remote: As its name implies, this app can turn your Android or Windows phone into a kind of wireless mouse for your PC, via Wi-Fi or 3G. It also has application-specific controls (Spotify, Chrome), a file browser to open media and documents on the target desktop, and a general-purpose media player. It's handy for presentations (or using your PC as a stereo—since it's Wi-Fi, line-of-sight doesn't matter). www.unifiedremote.com
ES File Explorer: By default, your Android phone doesn't show you all the folders and files under the hood. Unlike Unified Remote, ESFE will play remote media on your phone and also connect to FTP and Samba servers and a number of cloud storage services. It works over Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G, EDGE, and even Bluetooth. If your phone is rooted, you can also see every system file and folder. bit.ly/pAWdJs
Tonido: Tonido is a cloud storage service that syncs a remote PC to your iPhone, Android phone, or recent versions of Windows, Mac OS, and Linux. You can access this remote PC directly and upload up to 2GB of its data to your Tonido account (you can get more space for a nominal fee). Like AirDroid, it works in your desktop browser instead of using an external client. www.tonido.com
Click the next page to read about the best free media handling software.
Master your music, videos, and pics
Image Resizer: Nowadays, even the pics from our phones are too big to email and/or post to Facebook and Twitter, and don't even get us started on a DSLR's files. We find ourselves resizing pics quite often to enable faster uploads, and for that we use Image Resizer. This free plugin offers three resize options, integrates into the Windows Shell, and is easy to use. www.codeplex.com
VLC Media Player: VLC is software that needs no introduction—in case you've never heard of it, stop reading and get to downloadin' STAT. This do-it-all media player will open almost any file you throw at it including obscure file types found in the nether regions of the Internet. If VLC is too "commercial" for your hipster tastes, go with Media Player Classic for extra online cred. www.videolan.org
AIMP: Since WinAmp hasn't seen any major developments in years, you may be looking for something fresh that isn't iTunes. AIMP is lightweight, can record audio streamed through a browser, and sports LastFM and other Internet radio integration, an 18-band equalizer with preamp and custom presets, tabbed playlists, a tag editor, and an audio converter. However, it does not do RSS feeds or CD ripping (yet). www.aimp2.us
Plex: Plex is our favorite free software that includes both a media player for wireless clients and server software for our HTPC. It's a fork of the excellent XBMC and improves upon it with better device support and the ability to dish data to any and all clients in the home. Install the PleXMBC add-on for the best of both worlds. www.plexapp.com
Picasa 3: Picasa rocks because it's free, easy-to-use, and offers powerful editing and cataloging options, as well as easy-to-use tools to create content from your photos. It can handle massive picture collections and functions as a slick image viewer, too, even letting you do side-by-side image comparison. It also integrates with Google+, if you're into that sort of thing. http://picasa.google.com
Optimize your desktop's appearance
Classic Shell: If the move to Windows 8's Start screen left you confused and missing the old Start button, fear not. Use Classic Shell to put that Start Menu back in the lower-left corner of your desktop where it belongs. It comes in many flavors, including Classic, XP, and Vista/Win 7, and is skinnable, to boot. The best part is that it disables the Start screen while still letting you use Metro apps, unlike some of its peers. But seriously, the Start screen isn't that bad. You babies. www.classicshell.net
F.lux: Looking at a bright screen all day can strain your eyes, and if you're looking at it after dark, the bluish light can even screw with your sleep schedule, making you stay up later. F.lux lets you give your eyes a break by adjusting the color temperature of the screen based on the time of day. After sunset, the screen gets warmer and softer, so your eyes don't have to work as hard. You can disable it for color-sensitive work. Once you try it, you'll never go back. http://stereopsis.com/flux
DisplayFusion: Windows 8 is much better at multi-monitor management than its predecessors, but there's still room for improvement. Display-Fusion lets you set desktops independently, gives you much more control over which programs open on which monitor, creates a much better taskbar, and includes compatibility for Classic Shell and other Start screen replacements. It's the king of the multi-monitor management world. www.displayfusion.com
We all love free software, but it's becoming increasingly a pain in the tuchus to just download the software, use it, and never encounter any issues. The first issue is just trying to download the damned software, since most pages put up "fake" download buttons that cause you to download a totally different program than the one you want, so be vigilant downloaders. Once you navigate the download-button minefield and actually get the software, it will then prompt you 10 ways from Sunday to install all kinds of crapware that will hijack your browser's search engine and home page, and color your hair without your permission. Again, be vigilant, as they'll often use trick questions to get you to install the extra software, like, "Do you want to meet single women and install this software?" It's gotten so bad that there is a version of Chrome in the works that will alert you when installing software if any changes are being made to your browser, because even the best of us have let down our guard momentarily and suddenly been confronted with Coupon Buddy.
If you make it past these hurdles, you might then be confronted with guiltware asking you to upgrade to the full version, or for freeware reminding you that you need to pay for it at some point (WinRAR, anyone?) Sadly, this is the true cost of "free" software these days.


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Coquina Beach Club 110
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Description from the owner
Description from the owner
Bedrooms: 0/
Bathrooms: 1/
Sleeps: 2/
Type: Apt. / Condo
Beachfront studio located on Anna Maria Island, Florida in the town of Bradenton Beach. This 550 square foot condo sleeps 2 guests comfortably. Please note that this is an all inclusive rental, the 11.5% resort tax and the cleaning charge are INCLUDED in the rent.
Our resort, the Coquina Beach Club, has a heated pool, 150' of private beach frontage, daily beach and pool lounges and our 7 mile beach extends the length of Anna Maria Island. We are ideally situated in Bradenton Beach where you can walk to numerous beach bars, restaurants, shops and the fishing pier. Our unit has a spacious sundeck that is furnished with a 5 piece patio set, with a view of the pool and the beach. Our studio is in excellent condition, extras include a washer/dryer, wireless internet and a new 42" HD TV. Everything in our condo is new, it is professionally cleaned for all our guests. There are discounts available for all rentals of 2 weeks or longer. Our condo has covered parking and additional guest parking. We require a minimum stay of 1 week, we are a no smoking/no pets rental, 4 guests maximum. This efficiency has a queen sized murphy bed, with custom mattress and box spring and a queen sleeper for an overnight guest(s). NB: In the event that illness forces the cancellation of a reservation, all monies paid will be promptly refunded. Rent INCLUDES all taxes and cleaning. The security is $200 for a short term stay and $400 for a month or longer. All deposits, subject to an exit inventory, are released by mail within 3 days of departure. The check-in time is 4:00PM, and the departure time is no later than 10:00AM. For our summer guests, our air conditioning system is brand new, so you will vacation in comfort. Read our reviews and you will see that this is a wonderful vacation condo, the condo is well maintained and it is rented at an affordable price that INCLUDES all taxes and cleaning charges, there are NO added fees. AMI is a popular wedding destination, you can be married on our beachfront and honeymoon in our condo in complete privacy.TripAdvisor property ID 3575661 ...Read more
Additional Location Information
We are located in the heart of Bradenton Beach where you can walk to bars, restaurants, shops and the fishing pier. You can also ride the FREE ISLAND TROLLEY.
More About This Location
Beach or lakeside relaxation, Waterfront
Getting There
Nearest airport, 15 miles
Car is not necessary
Last updated on October 06, 2015
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Please note: these rates exclude taxes and fees and may vary depending on the length of your stay. Rates are also subject to change at the [owner/manager]'s discretion.
- A/C or climate control
- Safe
- Ceiling Fans
- Central heating
- Hair dryer
- Alarm Clock
- Linens Provided
- Housekeeping Optional
- Towels Provided
- Local Guides/Maps
- Clothes Dryer
- Washing Machine
- Soap/Shampoo Provided
- Iron
- Long term rentals allowed (over 1 month)
Phone / Internet
- Telephone
- Internet Access
Pool / Spa
- Private outdoor pool (heated)
Property Features
- Parking
- Secure parking space
- Waterfront
- Private fishing
- Ocean or water views
- Grill
- Blender
- Freezer
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
- Stove or Oven
- Paper Towels Provided
- Toaster
- Kettle
- Stereo or CD player
- Books
- DVD Player
- Satellite or cable TV
- Television
- Deck
- Outdoor Dining Area
- 4 Dining chairs
- 4 Lounge chairs
- Pet friendly
- Suitable for the elderly
- Smoking allowed
- Wheelchair accessible
- Suitable for children
Reviews (12)
based on 12 reviews
Very good
"warm weather retreat"
As this was our third time staying at this condo, we were familiar with the policies and area. Check in was fast and we were told of changes that had taken place. We found the condo nosier than previously, especially the traffic during the night. It is spotless with every amenity. The landlord was very helpful when we had a medical emergency, which was most appreciated. The major drawback, for us, were the stairs, as it is on the second floor. Otherwise, a perfect little getaway for a Florida warm-up in the cold weather.
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Response from the owner, Dr. Coyle - 05/01/2014
We are sorry that the stairs have become an impediment, we will miss
our "Winter Regulars from Cape Cod, MA."
Wilson family
"Beautiful place"
This condo was perfect for the two of us, it was clean and offered all we could ask for. The location is excellent as the beach was just beautiful and within walking distance of restaurants and shopping if need be. I did hear the street noise while trying to sleep but that is to be expected on spring break and especially the amount of people that went to aMI this year! I would recommend this condo to friends with a small family of for a couple looking for a place to stay on aMI. Just bring your suit and clothes is all you need!! The Sunsets are amazing!
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Recommended for: Romantic
Response from the owner, Dr. Coyle - 04/13/2014
Thanks for reviewing our Coquina Beach Club Studio. We hope that you and your husband will visit us again. We are pleased that you enjoyed your vacation on our newly re-nourished beach.
Dr. Coyle
A FlipKey verified reviewer
Rochester NY
"Great Place to stay and chill"
Janet and audrey were wonderful hosts, providing everything we needed to make the week special and very enjoyable. Great size for two adults with a view of the gulf and the pool. Close walking distance to many restaurants.
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Recommended for: Romantic
Response from the owner, Dr. Coyle - 04/11/2014
Thank you Bob and Barbara. It was a pleasure meeting you, do come again and stay longer, September and October are the perfect months to visit and our rental rates are discounted in the shoulder travel season.
Dr. Janet Coyle
"Coquina Beach Club 110"
We enjoyed our 4 week stay in February, 2014. The unit was all we needed and the location was great for us. We walked about 4 miles each day - up and down the beach. It is close to the Bridge Street area that is fun with the Packer Bar and fishing pier. We will try to return asap.
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Response from the owner, Dr. Coyle - 03/13/2014
Thanks Pat & Tina for being wonderful guests!
Dr. Janet Coyle
Delightful vacation
"delightful vacation"
God was good and helped find this wonderful studio when it became available because of a cancelation. We enjoyed the location and the owners went over and about to make us feel welcome. It had everything you may need for a vacation away from home. Just bring your clothes. Thank you Janet and audrey. Rick and Karen
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Recommended for: Luxury, Rugged
Response from the owner, Dr. Coyle - 03/07/2014
Thanks Rick and Karen! We enjoyed having you as our guests. Do come again.
Dr. Janet Coyle
"Wonderful Place"
The condo was perfect for us. It was neat and clean and had everything in it that we needed. It was in a perfect area close to shopping and dining. The pool was great and the beach was beautiful. Dr Coyle was a wonderful host and so pleasant to deal with. We will be back!
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Recommended for: Romantic
Response from the owner, Dr. Coyle - 09/24/2013
Thank you! We are glad you enjoyed your AMI vacation.
"fun much needed family getaway"
Cute place, had everything we needed. Steps away from the beautiful beach and pool. Beach was not crowded and we did get quite the Sea Turtle education while walking on the beach one morning. We have been going down to aMI almost all of my life and once again it did not disappoint. The only negative thing was when the kids were asleep on the sofa bed, we adults could not watch TV or sit in the balcony without crawling over the kids. But honestly we were so tired at night, we all went to sleep at pretty much the same time! Will definitely come back, maybe sans children! The weather was good even though it did rain almost everyday & only saw 2 sunsets all week! We did go down to The Mote aquarium on LBK and had a fun afternoon as well
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Recommended for: Rugged, Romantic
A FlipKey verified reviewer
"Vacation 2013"
My husband and I stayed here for the week of the 4 th of July. Everything we need was in this condo. We went out to the parade and watched the fireworks from the beach. This complex has a private beach and provides chairs. It was also very nice to have your own parking place. Thank you Dr. Coyle.
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Doris Gage-West
"warm weather welcomed"
Beautiful, warm to hot days, cool nights, convenient to beach, shops, restaurants. Free public transportation to the entire island. Condo fully equipped and owner "just a call away". Just a delightful vacation.
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A FlipKey verified reviewer
Mulberry fl
"Great Place to get away"
It was just me and my husband and we enjoyed the beach this year. Apt. was good except the couch was too over stuffed and uncomfortable to sit on and watch tv. Otherwise I wouldn't change anything else about it.
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Recommended for: Romantic
Response from the owner, Dr. Coyle - 08/09/2012
Thank you for your comments. As for the rating assigned to cleanliness and check-in, I inspected my unit prior to your arrival. My housekeeper did a through cleaning job, our unit was immaculate when you arrived. You were told when you reserved the unit, that the check-in time is 3:00PM, so when you called three times to request early check-in, you were told that the check-in is 3:00PM. We did everything we could do to please you, and that includes arranging on site parking in my parking spaces for your daughter who was staying at another property nearby.
Joy M
"Vacation Paradise"
Had a wonderful time in aMI. The condo was just the right size, location and had all the amenities that you could ask for. I would definitely stay here again.
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A FlipKey verified reviewer
Mt Sterling KY
"Best Kept Secret"
Great value and great location. If your are looking for a great relaxing family vacation, then this is the place. Just foot steps away from a beautiful private beach where the crowds are on the lighter side and plenty room to have fun. If your looking for tranquility, I recommend this place. Dr Coyle, our family thanks you for giving us the opportunity to experience your lovely property and we will be back...
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Recommended for: Romantic
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Salmon and Vegetables in Parchment
Total Time:
Level: Moderate
Yield: 4
Serves: 4
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- 2 medium carrots
- ½ bunch watercress
- ¼ lb. mushrooms
- ¾ tsp. lemon and herb seasoning
- 4 12-inch squares cooking parchment or foil
- 1 salmon fillet
- 2 tbsp. margarine or butter
- With vegetable peeler, shave carrots lengthwise into thin strips. Remove tough stems from watercress. Reserve some watercress for garnish. In bowl, toss remaining watercress with carrots, mushrooms, and lemon and herb seasoning.
- Preheat oven to 400 degrees F. Arrange three-fourths of watercress mixture on half of each parchment square; top with salmon, then remaining watercress mixture. Dot with margarine or butter; fold other half of parchment paper over ingredients.
- To seal packets, begin at one corner and fold edges of paper over about 1/2 inch all around, overlapping the folds. Place packets in jelly-roll pan. Bake 15 minutes. Cut packets open to serve. Garnish with reserved watercress.
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text:
About Berenerd
Made in China
How can this be evidence? None for the legacy players sponsored it.
I guess a GOOD thing that could come from this would be Google could fight the right to be forgotten thing some more...but...yeah..more bad than good.
Now we know why we went to "war". So noone could question him while in a state of war.
These guys will then be sued by these news stations for posting the same pics because it was in their report.
I think they would need to prove they were the first to ever make a pale ale. According to their website they didn't start making the pale ale until the late 80's but pale ale was invented in 1980 according to Wikapedia.
Soon we will be hearing how members of the FTC have been found to be part of an FBI created terrorist plot or have had an unfortunate "accident".
It still amazes me that despite the government wanting to get in on how IT can just fix things, their own IT can't plan for outages like this. Ever hear of backup generators?
Reading comprehension failure present.
My brain now hurts....
Try harder, you make trolls look bad...
The colors may be...similar...but in no way could a reasonable human be confused. That is like claiming your round peg looks amazingly like that square peg so it must reall be a square peg even though its round.
Having gone to Pax East every year since it started, I must say there are tons of these parties for every type of fandom. World Of Warcraft, League of Legends, Magic the Gathering, etc. Most of them are pub crawls and are put on by non-official companies. Several have become so popular that the actual owners of the content (Like Blizzard and Riot) have promoted them on their sites as well and embrace it. When you have tens of thousands of people spending 3 days buying, trading, playing, and talking about your games and content, you have advertisements that you can't buy. And this is a promotion of your product that can not be duplicated with any real success. Word of mouth is still the best advertising money can't buy.
It amazes me how companies don't look at the Startrek and Starwars Franchise more on how a strong fanbase with the ability to propagate the franchise with their own imaginations, can make the franchise last for a very long period of time. Where would either be now without the fan movement to keep it going?
Really? Libtard? You are making this political? Whats next? blame Obama? All hail Trump?
I was just thinking that.
"Yes, I think the politicians in office no a days have proven that."
Yes, encryption is a horrible idea. I mean, how else can I get into all the files at the pentagon? Remove encryption on government files and I will happily remove encryption of my files.
So Live Journal all those years ago and Facebook need to pay me the money they owe me, damnit.
WILL YOU PLEASE THINK OF THE CHILDREN! THE SCHOOL IS ONLY TRYING TO PROTECT...oh wait...


text:
Preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA) contribute to neonatal mortality. Maternal HIV-1 infection has been associated with an increased risk of PTB, but mechanisms underlying this association are undefined. We describe correlates and outcomes of PTB, LBW, and SGA in HIV-exposed uninfected infants.
This was a retrospective analysis of cohort study. Between 1999–2002, pregnant, HIV-infected women were enrolled into an HIV-1 transmission study. Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of PTB, LBW and SGA in HIV-negative, spontaneous singleton deliveries. Associations between birth outcomes and mortality were measured using survival analyses.
In multivariable models, maternal plasma (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.1-3.8) and cervical HIV-1 RNA levels (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1-2.4), and CD4 < 15% (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.0-5.6) were associated with increased odds of PTB. Abnormal vaginal discharge and cervical polymorphonuclear leukocytes were also associated with PTB. Cervical HIV-1 RNA level (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.5-6.7) was associated with an increased odds of LBW, while increasing parity (OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.24-0.88) was associated with reduced odds. Higher maternal body mass index (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.61-0.92) was associated with a reduced odds of SGA, while bacterial vaginosis was associated with >3-fold increased odds (OR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.4-7.4). PTB, LBW, and SGA were each associated with a >6-fold increased risk of neonatal death, and a >2-fold increased rate of infant mortality within the first year.
Maternal plasma and cervical HIV-1 RNA load, and genital infections may be important risk factors for PTB in HIV-exposed uninfected infants. PTB, LBW, and SGA are associated with increased neonatal and infant mortality in HIV-exposed uninfected infants.
Keywords:Preterm birth; Low birth weight; Small for gestational age; Pediatric HIV
Globally, it is estimated that there are more than 13 million preterm births (PTB) annually, comprising 11% of live births, with the highest burden in low-income countries [1,2]. PTB is both a direct and indirect leading cause of mortality in the neonatal period, accounting for 28% of global neonatal deaths [3]. Low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA) newborns are also at elevated risk for death (reviewed in [4]). Beyond the neonatal period, preterm infants are at an increased risk of morbidity and mortality, developmental delays, lower educational attainment, and increased lifetime risk of non-communicable diseases [5].
Mechanisms resulting in PTB are not fully understood. Maternal infection, and vaginal infection in particular, is thought to be a major pathway to PTB [6,7]. Markers of inflammation and infection have been associated with PTB, and treatment for some vaginal infections has been shown to reduce the rates of PTB [7,8]. To date, a handful of studies have examined correlates of adverse birth outcomes in the setting of maternal HIV-1 infection, with variable findings. Maternal plasma HIV-1 RNA load, CD4 counts and symptomatic disease have been associated with PTB in some studies but not others [9-11]. Differences in sociodemographics, behavior, genetics, vaginal flora, co-infections, secular time, and delivery inclusion/exclusion criteria (gestational age cutoff, elective caesarean sections and twins), undoubtedly result in confounding, which could attenuate observed associations with PTB.
Maternal antiretroviral therapy (ART) for either prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) or treatment has introduced further complexity to discerning relationships between HIV-1 and birth outcomes. The risk of PTB declined in HIV-infected women during the period between 1989–2004 in the United States [12], in contrast to increasing rates of PTB in the general population during the same period [13], suggesting that virologic suppression and/or immune reconstitution likely improves birth outcomes on the whole. However, some studies have shown differences in PTB rates by maternal ART regimen, protease-inhibitor use, or timing of ART initiation, suggesting specific drugs, or drug classes may increase the risk of PTB [14,15]. Current evidence suggests the use of protease-inhibitor (PI)-based regimens may increase the risk of PTB over that of non-PI-based regimens [16,17].
As ART use expands in sub-Saharan Africa, the population of HIV-1 exposed uninfected infants continues to grow. HIV-exposed uninfected infants have increased rates of morbidity and mortality compared to unexposed infants (reviewed in [18]). The reason for increased morbidity among HIV-exposed uninfected infants is likely due to a combination of factors including reduced maternal transfer of antibodies, increased exposure to infectious pathogens from their mother, and altered immunologic development. Studies to better understand the vulnerability of HIV-exposed uninfected children will enable the development of strategic interventions to optimize outcomes in this unique population. Utilizing data from an historic perinatal cohort, we estimated the incidence of PTB, LBW, and SGA in a cohort of HIV-infected women and their uninfected infants. We additionally determined correlates of PTB, LBW and SGA; and quantified their association with infant mortality during the first year of life.
Study population
Protocols were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Washington and the Ethics and Research Committee of Kenyatta National Hospital. HIV-infected women with gestation ≥28 weeks were recruited from Nairobi antenatal clinics from 1999-2002 [19]. Fetal gestation at enrollment was estimated by a combination of last menstrual period and fundal height. Women received short-course zidovudine for PMTCT [19].
Clinical assessments and follow-up
Medical and obstetric histories were recorded at enrollment. At 32 weeks, clinicians performed a pelvic examination and collected blood and genital specimens for sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening [20]. Trichomonas vaginalis was diagnosed from vaginal swabs by in-pouch culture testing using the APTIMA platform (Gen-Probe, San Diego, California). Cervical swabs were used for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis testing using the Amplicor CT/NG test (Roche Molecular Systems Inc, Branchburg, New Jersey). Treponema pallidum was diagnosed by the rapid plasma reagin test (Becton and Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey) with confirmation by Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (Randox Laboratories Ltd, Crumlin, UK). Bacterial vaginosis (BV) was diagnosed using Nugent criteria from Gram-stained vaginal smears and Candida was identified by visualization of vaginal wet mount. Sexually transmitted and vaginal infections were treated as indicated. Mothers returned monthly for interviews and clinical assessments.
Neonates were examined at birth by a study physician. For deliveries outside the study site, birth weight data was abstracted from facility records or government-issued mother-child health booklets. Infant gestational age at birth was assessed via Dubowitz scoring [21]. In the absence of Dubowitz, last menstrual period was used to estimate gestational age for overall incidence estimates. Mother-infant pairs attended monthly visits in the clinic for one year. For deceased infants, age at death was determined by a physician following a chart review and/or verbal autopsy with the parent or guardian [19,22].
Infants were considered preterm births (PTB) if born before 37 weeks. Low birth-weight (LBW) was defined as less than 2.5 kg. To account for early neonatal weight loss, weight data were only included from infants weighed within 24 hours of birth. Similarly, analysis of Dubowitz assessments was restricted to those conducted within 3 days of birth. Small for gestational age (SGA) was determined via the method outlined by Mikolajczyk [23] utilizing the mean birth weight at 40 weeks in our cohort and the standard deviation specific to our sample, and using Dubowitz-estimated gestational age. Neonatal and infant mortality were defined as deaths occurring within the first 28 days, and 365 days of life, respectively.
HIV-1 testing and viral loads
HIV-1 RNA loads were measured using the GenProbe assay [24] in plasma and cervical swabs at 32 weeks, and in maternal plasma at delivery. HIV-1 testing was performed on infant blood at birth (<48 hours) and 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Infant HIV-1 infection was defined by the detection of HIV-1 DNA in dried blood spots [25] or RNA in plasma [24]. Uninfected infants received a confirmatory HIV-1 ELISA at study exit.
Statistical methods
Stata SE v11.2 for Macintosh (StataCorp, College Station, Texas) was used for all analyses. All tests were two-tailed with alpha = 0.05. Overall estimates of PTB rates included deliveries where either Dubowitz or last menstrual period was available. Fisher's exact test was used to compare the proportion of PTBs between infants with and without HIV-1 detection at birth.
Analyses for correlates of adverse birth outcomes and mortality were limited to spontaneous deliveries of singleton, HIV-uninfected infants. We excluded twins (n = 7 sets), planned cesarean sections (n = 20), infants who were HIV-infected at birth (n = 29), and those who lacked an HIV-1 test at birth (1 intrapartum death and 7 stillbirths). When analyzing correlates of PTB, we used only infants with Dubowitz assessment, because this method is more reliable than last menstrual period when compared to ultrasound [26].
Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of PTB, LBW and SGA. Covariates included a priori defined variables based on literature review and hypothesized relationships between maternal HIV-1 and birth outcome. In order to generate meaningful estimates, we required a minimum of 10 exposures for each covariate included in regression models; for this reason several well-defined risk factors (smoking, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, Neisseria gonorrhoeae) were not evaluated because they were uncommon in this cohort (numbers are provided in Table 1). We used stepwise logistic regression to create final multivariable models; for each of the three outcomes we included all covariates with p values ≤0.1, then performed backward elimination of covariates until we had a best-fit model. Pearson's correlation was used to measure the correlation between plasma and cervical HIV-1 RNA loads; these terms were collinear so they were not included together in any multivariable models and we present alternative models including each separately. Similarly, we made separate models for either viral load or CD4 because these terms were also collinear. In multivariable analyses, we elected to adjust for CD4 percent as an indicator of immunosuppression, rather than CD4 count, because CD4 percent is not affected by increasing blood volume during pregnancy, which causes a decline in CD4 cells/mm3.
Table 1. Population characteristics of HIV-infected women spontaneously delivering singleton, HIV-uninfected infants
Mortality rates are reported separately for the neonatal (28 day) and infant (365 day) periods. All spontaneously-delivered infants born HIV-negative were considered at risk from birth; we excluded from this analysis infants who acquired HIV-1 later during follow-up. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to estimate the neonatal mortality incidence rate; surviving children were censored at 28 days. For infant mortality, individuals were censored at study exit, or 1 year, whichever came first. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for PTB, LBW, and SGA, individually, and adjusted for maternal plasma HIV-1 RNA load at 32 weeks gestation, with censoring at study exit or 1 year, whichever came first. Kaplan-Meier survival plots with the log-rank statistic are provided to illustrate differences between mortality in the different groups over time.
Overall rate of preterm birth
A total of 475 women delivered 482 infants. Gestational age was estimated using Dubowitz (385 women) or last menstrual period (80 women) in 465 women. The overall PTB rate was 14% (65/465). PTB comprised 28% (8/29) of deliveries of HIV-infected infants (inclusive of 2 twin deliveries), and 13% (57/429) of HIV-uninfected infants (inclusive of 5 twin deliveries, p = 0.05).
Participant characteristics
A total of 413 women spontaneously delivered live, singleton infants who were HIV-negative at birth (Figure 1); 332 infants (80%) had weight assessed within the first day, 335 (81%) had Dubowitz assessed within 3 days, and 311 (75%) had both Dubowitz and weight assessed within the specified time limits enabling calculation of SGA. Of the 413 infants born HIV-negative, 54 (13%) later acquired HIV-1.
Figure 1. Patient flow chart.
Characteristics of the women who spontaneously delivered live, singleton HIV-negative infants are detailed in Table 1. Most mothers were young and married. The majority of deliveries occurred at the study site, Kenyatta National Hospital (85%). Cigarette smoking alcohol use, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia were rare. Vaginal infections were common; 37% of women had BV, 30% had Candida, and 21% had a laboratory-confirmed STI at 32 weeks gestation.
Rates of PTB, LBW and SGA in spontaneously delivered, singleton, HIV-uninfected infants
There were 33 spontaneous, singleton preterm deliveries of HIV-exposed uninfected infants (9.9%). The median gestational age of PTB infants was 35 weeks, (IQR = 34-36). Of the 29 preterm infants with birth weight assessed within 24 hours, 11 (38%) were also LBW and 3 were SGA (10%). A total of 6.0% (20/332) of infants were LBW. A large proportion of LBW cases were explained by preterm delivery, 61% (11/18). Overall, 9.0% of infants were SGA (28/311); 11% of these SGA infants had been born preterm.
Correlates of PTB, LBW and SGA among spontaneous, singleton HIV-negative deliveries
Maternal cervical HIV-1 RNA load (odds ratio (OR) = 1.8, p = 0.001), plasma HIV-1 RNA load (OR = 1.9, p = 0.02), and CD4 percent < 15 (OR = 3.3, p = 0.004) were associated with an increased odds of PTB (Table 2). No specific STIs or genital infections were significantly associated with PTB. However, abnormal vaginal discharge (OR = 2.4, p = 0.03), detection of cervical polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) at a density of ≥3 per high-power field (the cohort median; OR = 3.2, p = 0.02), and detection of blood in the cervix (OR = 5.1, p = 0.002) were associated with an increased odds of PTB. There was a non-significant increased odds of PTB in women with BV diagnosed at 32 weeks (OR = 2.1, p = 0.06).
Table 2. Correlates of prematurity, low birth weight and small for gestational age deliveries of HIV-exposed uninfected infants
Correlates of LBW included cervical HIV-1 replication at 32 weeks gestation; each 1-log increase in cervical HIV-1 RNA load was associated with a >2-fold increased odds of LBW (OR = 2.1, p < 0.001). Higher maternal body mass index (BMI, OR = 0.74, p = 0.004) at 32 weeks gestation and increasing parity (OR = 0.52, p = 0.02) were associated with reduced odds of LBW.
Unlike PTB and LBW, no maternal immune or virologic indicators were significantly associated with SGA. SGA was more common in female infants (OR = 2.7, p = 0.02), and in the presence of maternal BV (OR = 3.2, p = 0.005). Higher BMI at 32 weeks gestation was associated with reduced odds of SGA (OR = 0.80, p = 0.007).
Adjusted correlates of PTB, LBW and SGA among spontaneous, singleton HIV-negative deliveries
The odds of PTB were independently associated with cervical PMN detection (OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.2-7.3; p = 0.02; Model 1), abnormal vaginal discharge (OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.2-7.9; p = 0.02; Model 1), log10 plasma HIV-1 RNA load (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.1-3.8; p = 0.03; Model 1), log10 cervical HIV-1 RNA load (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1-2.4; p = 0.02; Model 2), and CD4% less than 15% (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.0-5.6; p = 0.05; Model 3). The odds of LBW (Model 4) were independently associated with log10 plasma HIV-1 RNA load (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.5-6.7; p < 0.001), whereas each additional live birth in a woman's history was associated with reduced odds of LBW (OR for parity = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.24-0.88; p = 0.02). BV was associated with a >3-fold increased odds of SGA (Model 5; OR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.4-7.4; p = 0.007), whereas each 1-unit increase in maternal BMI at 32 weeks gestation was associated with a 25% reduced odds of SGA (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.61-0.92; p = 0.005).
PTB, LBW, SGA and mortality
From the subset of 413 infants born HIV-negative, 359 remained HIV-uninfected until study exit or death; of these 287 had Dubowitz assessed within 72 hours of birth, 287 had birth weight assessed within 24 hours of birth, and 268 had SGA evaluated (both Dubowitz and birth weight assessed in 48 hours).
A total of 32 infant deaths were recorded in the HIV-exposed uninfected infants during the first year of life, and 13 occurred during the first 28 days of life. The neonatal mortality incidence rate (IR) for infants born PTB was 7-fold higher than infants born at term (IR = 5.8 vs 0.81 per 1000 person-days, incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 7.1, 95% CI = 1.5-30, p = 0.008). The neonatal mortality IR for infants born LBW was more than 6-fold higher than infants born at normal weight (IR = 6.7 versus 1.0 per 1000 person-days, IRR = 6.4, 95% CI = 1.1-27, p = 0.02). The neonatal mortality IR for infants born SGA was 7-fold higher than infants born with normal weight for gestational age (5.4 versus 0.73 per 1000 person-days, IRR = 7.4, 95% CI = 1.5-34, p = 0.009).
We also examined associations between PTB, LBW and SGA and infant survival during the first year of life. In unadjusted analyses, PTB, LBW, SGA, and maternal prenatal HIV-1 RNA load were all associated with an increased rate of infant death (Table 3 & Figure 2). When adjusting for maternal plasma HIV-1 RNA load at 32 weeks gestation, PTB (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.7, p = 0.05), LBW (HR = 3.3, p = 0.03) and SGA (HR = 2.9, p = 0.04) remained independently associated with time to infant death.
Table 3. Correlates of infant mortality during 12-month follow-up
Figure 2. Survival of preterm, low birth weight, and small for gestational age HIV-exposed uninfected infants. Curves show survival functions for infants grouped by prematurity, low birth weight, and small for gestational age. P values are from log-rank test.
This study identified several potentially modifiable factors that were associated with PTB, LBW, and SGA among HIV-exposed uninfected infants. Maternal genital infection was a predominant correlate of PTB in this cohort: cervical HIV-1 RNA load, the detection of PMN in cervical fluid, and vaginal discharge were all associated with increased odds of PTB. Cervical HIV-1 RNA load was also independently associated with an increased likelihood of delivering a LBW infant. BV and maternal BMI in pregnancy were independently associated with SGA, but HIV-1 RNA load was not. The consequences of being born preterm or small were profound; PTB, LBW and SGA were each significantly associated with >6-fold increased neonatal mortality rate and a >2-fold increased infant mortality rate. These data demonstrate that PTB, LBW, and SGA may be associated with mortality in HIV-exposed uninfected children, and suggest that reduction of maternal genital HIV-1 replication could be a strategy to reduce the risk of late preterm birth and low birth weight deliveries.
Genital infection/inflammation, as indicated by vaginal discharge and PMN in cervical swabs, emerged as important predictors of PTB and LBW in this cohort. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating an association between HIV-1 RNA load in cervical fluid and PTB or LBW. Ascending infection into the uterus is one mechanism by which lower genital infections are thought to trigger PTB [27]. Additionally, the process of cervical ripening could be accelerated by HIV-induced inflammation and migration of leukocytes to infected cervical tissue. Cervicitis has been associated with PTB and/or LBW delivery in several studies [28,29], and a study by Brown and colleagues reported an association between the detection of cervical HSV-2 shedding and PTB [30]. Together, these data are consistent with the evolving model of PTB that includes maternal genital infection as a primary pathway leading to PTB (discussed in [27,31]). Whether any of these associations are causal in nature is beyond the scope of our study, however, they point toward reduction of cervical infection or inflammation as potential interventions to reduce the risk of PTB.
The overall rate of PTB (14%) in this cohort of HIV-infected women was similar to general population estimates for Kenya in 2010 (10-15% [1]). Although HIV-infected women have been shown to be at an increased risk of PTB in research studies, population rates of PTB in HIV-infected women may be counterbalanced by their overall reduced fertility and increased mortality. Additionally, because women were enrolled after 28 weeks, extremely preterm deliveries were not measured, which could explain the low rate of PTB observed in this cohort. Consistent with previous studies, we found a higher rate of PTB in infants born HIV-infected compared to those born HIV-uninfected [12,32]. Maternal HIV-1 RNA load, CD4 count, and/or advanced HIV-1 disease have been associated with PTB in previous studies [10,11]. Similarly, we observed independent associations between maternal plasma HIV-1 RNA load, immunosuppression and PTB. Because plasma HIV-1 RNA load, cervical HIV-1 RNA load, and immunosuppression are strongly correlated with one another, is difficult to determine the potential contribution of each to PTB.
LBW deliveries were associated with maternal weight, BMI, and parity, consistent with previous reports in both HIV-infected and uninfected populations [33,34]. In a study of HIV-infected women from Mombasa, Kenya correlates of LBW included age, education, primiparity, prior neonatal death, and delivery of a female infant [35]. Maternal HIV-1 RNA load and/or CD4 count have also been associated with LBW, intrauterine growth restriction, or SGA [9,11,34]. In our multivariable analyses, only parity and cervical HIV-1 RNA load were independently associated with LBW. The association between LBW and cervical HIV-1 RNA load could be explained by the large degree of overlap between PTB and LBW infants; this is somewhat supported by the observation that SGA was not associated with any maternal virologic indicators. SGA was associated with delivery of a female infant, BMI, and BV, which is consistent with previous studies in HIV-negative women [36,37].
Globally, PTBs account for the majority of deaths in the neonatal period [3]. A recent meta-analysis of studies in East Africa reported high odds ratios for death before 28 days for PTB (OR = 6.2), moderate LBW (OR = 6.2), and SGA (2.1) compared to normal infants [38]. Similarly, neonatal mortality rates were at least 6-fold higher for PTB, LBW, and SGA infants in our study. Among HIV-exposed uninfected infants who escaped postnatal infection, PTB, LBW, and SGA delivery were also associated with an increased risk of infant mortality during the first year of life. Causes of death in the HIV-exposed uninfected infants from this cohort have been detailed elsewhere [22]; most commonly involved were sepsis, pneumonia and failure to thrive.
Our study has many strengths and some limitations. Weight, gestation, and mortality were systematically assessed. Most deliveries occurred at a facility, and Dubowitz assessments of gestational age were conducted by physicians. Since the goal of our study was to identify modifiable maternal factors that could be targeted to reduce the risk of PTB and LBW deliveries, we limited analyses to spontaneous, singleton deliveries of HIV-uninfected infants, to reduce confounding and increase sensitivity to detect virologic associations. Additionally, we only included infants with Dubowitz assessment to reduce misclassification of outcome. Although these data are a decade old, this cohort was accrued during a time when antiretroviral treatment was only rarely available in Kenya; we were therefore able to look at correlates of birth outcomes in a setting unconfounded by combination maternal antiretroviral therapy. Sociodemographic homogeneity of the cohort, and the rarity of well-defined risk factors such as smoking, drinking and illicit-drug use also reduced confounding and increased our sensitivity to detect virologic associations with birth outcomes. However, ultrasound dating was not available, limiting precision of gestational age estimates. Finally, current Option B and B-plus [39] PMTCT regimens involve maternal combination ART which may result in different PTB estimates and correlates than we observed in our setting of short-course zidovudine. As Option B-plus expands treatment to a larger population of women, it will be important to understand the effect of maternal HAART, and different HAART regimens, on the risk of adverse birth outcomes.
Our data support the association between maternal genital infection and preterm delivery in HIV-exposed uninfected infants. As the risks and benefits of increasingly efficacious PMTCT regimens and earlier PMTCT initiation are weighed, our data suggest that reduction of cervical viral replication could potentially reduce the risk of PTB and LBW deliveries. Additionally, HIV-exposed uninfected infants born PTB, LBW, or SGA are at an elevated risk for death during the neonatal and infant periods, and warrant heightened clinical monitoring.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
All authors have contributed to the preparation of this manuscript and have approved this final version. JAS and JP conducted the analyses and co-wrote the paper. BAR and GA contributed to study design, the statistical analysis plan, and determination of the final statistical models used. EM-O, RB, CF and DM-N developed the clinical protocols, birth outcome definitions, and executed the cohort study. GJS was PI of the project study that accrued the cohort, and participated in development of the manuscript aims, analyses, and interpretation of results.
We are grateful to the women and infants who participated in this study, and the clinical and data teams in Nairobi. We thank Dr. Julie Overbaugh, Dana DeVange Panteleef and Sandra Emery (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center) for HIV-1 diagnostics and viral loads. Finally, we would like to thank the UW Global Center for Integrated Health of Women, Adolescents and Children (Global WACh) Kizazi Working Group, for providing feedback on manuscript development.
Funding source
The cohort was funded by HD-23412 from the US National Institutes of Child Health and Disease (NICHD). JAS is supported by K01AI087369 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). EM-O was a scholar in the AIDS International Training and Research Program, (D43 TW000007) funded by the Fogarty International Center and the Office of Research on Women's Health. GJ-S is supported by K24HD054314, and CF by K24AI087399. This publication was also supported in part by the University of Washington CFAR (P30 AI027757). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views of the NIH. The funding sources were not involved in the analyses or interpretation of data. None of the authors was paid to write this article by a pharmaceutical company or other agency.
Conference presentation
Presented as a poster at the 6th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention, Rome, Italy 2011.
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


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i want to try to calculate the O(n) of my program (in python). there are two problems:
1: i have a very basic knowledge of O(n) [aka: i know O(n) has to do with time and calculations]
2: all of the loops in my program are not set to any particular value. they are based on the input data.


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New York, NY (November 12, 2014) – The Governor's Office of Storm Recovery (GOSR) today announced a $950,000 project that aims to repair damaged infrastructure and improve stormwater management for the Village of Johnson City. The project, which was developed by the Broome NY Rising Community Reconstruction (NYRCR) Planning Committee, seeks to address erosion caused by Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee. The effort will replace a damaged concrete-encased sewer main, which if compromised, could release untreated effluent into the creek– and ultimately– into the Finch Hollow Stormwater Retention Facility 1. The initiative will also rehabilitate approximately 3,500 feet of drainage ditch to eliminate erosion at 50 residential properties and increase holding capacity of the retention facility. The drainage ditch is located to the east of and parallel to Anna Maria Drive.
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As an incorporated village within the Town of Union, Johnson City is located just west of Binghamton and north of the Susquehanna River. In 2011, back-to-back storms Lee and Irene caused severe damage to the region, contributing to widespread flooding of the Susquehanna, which runs through three states and measures 464-miles-long. With Lee delivering the hardest punch, Broome County was saturated with 12 inches of rain during what has been identified as the worst flood in the history of the Southern Tier. The river crested up to four feet higher than the previous record, and for the first time, overtopped levees and floodwalls. Numerous roads were impassible or entirely washed out, stormwater and sewer utility systems were overloaded, damaging pump systems or causing total failure. In total, Irene and Lee destroyed 229 homes, damaged more than 9,000 homes and caused approximately $502.8 million in property damage in Broome County. The NYS Office of Emergency Services estimates that 24,000 people were evacuated from the region, with 2,000 individuals receiving temporary shelter for up to 15 days. Over an eight-month period following the storms, Broome County was one of 50 communities (representing more than 100 localities) to participate in the State's $650 million NYRCR Program. Managed by GOSR, NYRCR is a grassroots planning and implementation process that strives to empower storm-impacted communities to rebuild, while becoming stronger and more resilient. Altogether, more than 500 participants serve on NYRCR Committees throughout the State, having proposed approximately 600 projects with an aggregate cost of more than $800 million. Each participating community was allocated between $3 million and $25 million to implement eligible projects that incorporate and capitalize on local needs, strengths, and challenges. This past summer, New York State launched "Round 2" of the program, extending the opportunity to 16 new communities.
"The Anna Maria Drive Ditch Stormwater Management Project is not only an important step forward for the Village of Johnson City, but also for our Community Reconstruction Program as a whole," said Executive Director of Storm Recovery, Jamie Rubin. "As we move toward implementation, we know it will be especially gratifying to see the project come to fruition. It is just the beginning of many more to come."
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QUEBEC CITY, June 8 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ - AEterna Zentaris Inc. (NASDAQ: AEZS; TSX: AEZ), a global biopharmaceutical company focused on endocrine therapy and oncology, today reported that after regaining from Ardana Biosciences Ltd. ("Ardana"), the worldwide rights to the growth hormone secretagogue ("GHS") / ghrelin agonist, AEZS-130, it has entered into an agreement with the administrators of Ardana to acquire all Ardana assets relating to AEZS-130 for $232,000. These assets include development data, inventory of compound, regulatory authorizations, including IND and orphan drug status as a diagnostic test granted in the United States, as well as a patent application protecting the use of AEZS-130 for the diagnostic of growth hormone secretion deficiency.
Ardana had developed AEZS-130 up to the initiation of Phase 3 clinical trials in the United States for use as an oral diagnostic test of growth hormone secretion deficiency. In addition to the diagnostic indication, AEZS-130, based on results of Phase 1 studies conducted by Ardana, has potential applications for the treatment of cachexia, a condition frequently associated with severe chronic diseases such as cancer, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and AIDS.
"We are pleased to gain access to a project in an advanced development stage," said Juergen Engel, Ph.D., President and CEO of AEterna Zentaris. "Our product portfolio is now complemented with an additional project in Phase 3 clinical trials. We are confident that we can retain the interest of potential strategic partners for this project as we have already initiated partnering discussions."
AEZS-130 Poster Presentation at ENDO
The poster #P2-749 entitled, "Use of an oral GHS ghrelin-mimetic GHS as a simple diagnostic test for adult GH deficiency", G.R. M
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If you're trying to install (or reinstall) Window XP on your computer, you may encounter a problem. The product key might not be genuine, the product may no longer be available, or the number of activations may have reached its limit. You...
Opensource, Free and Useful Online Resources for Designers and Developers
We're not saying anyone should pirate Windows 8, because it's against American legal code and universal moral law, but if you wanted to, it's out there for the downloading.
Previously, you can install Windows from your USB drive, but not run from it. This tutorial shows you how to run Windows 8 from your USB drive, much like a Linux Live CD.
If you're looking to hide files on your PC hard drive, you may have read about ways to encrypt folders or change the attributes on a file so that they cannot be
When Windows 8 starts, it displays a lock screen that you have to move out of the way before entering your credentials, and then you have to dismiss the Metro interface before accessing the desktop. Like I said, I'm cool with Metro, but I have no des...
If you are looking for a free ISO software, but cannot decide which one to use? We have compiled a list of top 20 software in random order, each of them have