text:
My sermon from Rosh Hashanah Morning 5776 on the ideal of Character.
On America's Journey for Justice with Glory/Oseh Shalom
My Kol Nidre sermon from 5776 on Racism, White Privilege, America's Journey for Justice.
Rosh Hashanah Sermon 5776
In memory of Shira Banki
America's journey for Justice is Ours to Make
This is my Kol Nidre Sermon for 5776. There is a special post script after that happened the next day.
Gmar Chatimah Tovah May you be inscribed in the Book of Life and Memory. .
On this holy night of Kol Nidre –we just prayed that God forgive us from making vows in haste. Vows that we made last year that we couldn't fulfill. Promises that we made to ourselves when last year we stood before God and the Torah scrolls and vowed to change our ways. How comforting that God forgives us.
Together we recite the Kol Nidre prayer each year knowing that God is always ready to receive us in repentance. And if you don't know that—then let me reiterate. God is always ready to receive your repentance and accept your prayer. Today on Yom Kippur and any day of your life even at the very end of your life. That is why we recite the Viddui prayer on our deathbeds.
The viddui is a prayer we recite also at this season. We recite the short confession—the Ashmanu and the long confession Al cheyt shechatanu l'fanecha. For those familiar with daily prayer a form the viddui, is in the Tachanun service added on in the daytime service. The other is the beside vidui—a final confession and last rite for Jews. No not just for Catholics—the last rites—where do you think they got it from? The viddui prayer helps us confess any of our personal sins while affirming our hope in God. It ends with a recitation of the Shema and the final words Adonai Hu HaElohim—Adonai is God. Our Neilah service tomorrow afternoon concludes with these very words.
As the Midrash Tehillim teaches us. It is written, "Cast your burden upon God and Adonai will sustain you." (Ps. 55:23) No matter how many time you bother Adonai, God will receive you. (Midrash Tehilim 55:6)
But our task on Yom Kippur is two fold—confess and make teshuvah to our God for the sins committed between God and me. But the much harder task is actually to confess our sins and make teshuvah to the individuals we have hurt. To those we have sinned against-in our words and behavior. I think it is infinitely harder to go to someone you have a dispute with, someone you know you have hurt, look them in the eye and say the time has come to apologize to you for my behavior toward you. I am truly sorry and I want to take steps to heal our relationship.
That is the beginning of real teshuvah.
My friends we have to make real teshuvah. We have a pervasive problem. One that America must deal with. One that white America must deal with-and that is the sin of racism and bigotry against African Americans. We as a nation have never come to grips with the horrors of slavery and the continuing systematic dehumanization of black Americans in our country. And its time for learning and listening and teshuva. Not only in a general way for the sin of bigotry or racism but it is time to come to grips with the institutionalization of racism in the fabric of our American society, the sins of slavery and the ways in which the African American community still suffers from its effect.
I am not saying that we all are bigots. But I am saying that some of our actions have reflected this problem. When African American members of our congregation tell me –that some question their authenticity as a Jew—we have a problem. When the African American or mixed race children of our congregation are whispered about—we have a race problem. When you are still using the Yiddish derogatory word – Shvartze to describe an black or brown skinned person –we have a race problem. And for this we must make teshuvah.
We all have a role to play in the way white privilege has caused us to turn a blind eye about the challenges of being a person of color in this society.
We Jews didn't used to be white—we were Jewish. We were ethnic—white was for Anglo-Saxons Protestants. We too were excluded from the same covenants and restrictions in clubs, and work and neighborhoods. But something happened as we Jews climbed the economic ladder and ladder of privilege. We began to break into circles that used to not want us. We worked to throw off our difference changed our names, got rid of our particularism as Jews and for most of us—the ultimate horror of the Shoa- made it increasing unfashionable to discriminate against Jews. Oh there still is Anti-Semitism—I am not naïve. But lets be clear—we have allowed for the most part the white skin that many Jews have to help us pass in society. Why now there are even clubs who used to not want us as members and secretly still don't want us Jews as members who will accept us as members….. As Groucho Marx famously said—"I don't want to be a member of club who has me as a member." Go figure.
I know this isn't a comfortable conversation to have. It never is comfortable or convenient. But my job as a rabbi is to be a nudge- to wake you up out of your complacency. America has a race problem. And that means we do.
There is teshuvah to be done-for the deaths of Trayvon Martin, Freddie Gray, Michael Brown, Tamir Rice, Ezell Ford, Eric Garner, Dante Parker, Kajieme Powell, Jordan Baker, Rumon Brisbone—I could go on and on listing young men of color, unarmed, shot dead by police or wound up dead in police custody in the last year or so. Some are names you recognize because they have received publicity. But there are many more that have not.
But you say they were running from police or doing something they should not have been. We should not try to justify that kind of brutality done in our name. We are innocent until proven guilty—at least for white people. Something tells me that none of those young men if they had been white would be dead now. Arrested maybe—but not dead. Even the horrific white murderer Dylan Roof of 9 African American people in the church in Charleston was arrested and served Burger King because he was hungry. There is a cavalier attitude about the worth of black men and women in our country dates back to the horrific period of slavery-and the very founding of our country when African slaves were only counted as 3/5 of a person. Not really human. Not a whole man or woman.
And so out of the fires and protests of Ferguson, MO and Baltimore and Philadelphia and Cleveland, OH, reminiscent of 1993 in our own city we now have to result to a hashtag #blacklivesmatter. Shouldn't that be self-evident? But tragically in our society it is not. That hashtag is no different than the sign the sanitation workers in Memphis, TN, wore in 1968 as they marched for a 10 cent pay raise, and the right to get out of the rain in the cab of the truck where the white driver sat rather than in the back of the garbage truck with the garbage.The sanitation workers marched that April day in 1968 with signs around their necks. I am a Man. It was that very strike that brought Dr. King to Memphis where he was assassinated. Murdered because of racism.
I am speaking tonight about the deep repentance we must do as a country on this issue of race because our cities have been burning again. Young people are dying here at home. And because this summer I had the honor and privilege to go to Selma, Alabama and carry the Torah on behalf of the Central Conference of American Rabbis, and each of you as part of the NAACP's Journey for Justice. The fact that 50 years after the Voting Rights Act was signed, and 50 years since the march from Selma to Montgomery by Dr. King and other leaders including Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel —and Rabbi Maurice Eisendrath who held a Torah during that march who was head of the then Union for American Hebrew Congregations the old, name of Reform Judaism, that we still have to march to restore access for voting for all Americans—means teshuvah must be done. Fifty years ago there were protests for civil rights. Massive outpourings, the Freedom Summer. But in the last number of years there has been a steady and constant tearing down of equality for African –Americans and people of color. Even as we LGBTQ Americans come into fuller equality—we especially who are tasting a bit of liberty and freedom must not turn our heads away from others.
This summer I was on the first leg of the march of 1000 miles from Selma to Washington, D.C. that ended Sept. 16 with a rally. More than 200 Reform Rabbis were part of this journey. Every single day through the rural south, often in over 100 degree temperatures—Reform Rabbis marched along side members of the NAACP for fair criminal justice system, uncorrupted and unfettered access to the ballot box, sustainable jobs with a living wage, and equitable public education.
I marched with a Torah from Chicago Sinai congregation—one of the nations oldest Reform Synagogues-Over the Edmund Pettus Bridge—site of the Bloody Sunday riot. Like Reform Rabbis of the 1960's I knew that what I did that day was help renew a long historic partnership between the Jewish and African American communities. And I know my participation along with 1 of every 10 Reform Rabbis, helped to make a bit of teshuvah-each step of the way.
You may not know but Reform Jews were instrumental in the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People—now NAACP. Founded in 1909 some of its earliest Presidents were philanthropist Julius Rosenwald- part owner and leader of Sears, Roebuck and VP of Chicago Sinai (hence the Torah from that community), and Kivie Kaplan- who was also a founder of the Reform Movement's Religious Action Center in Washington, DC. our public policy arm.
Fifty years ago this year-the Congress passed the Voting Rights Act. It was an historic turning point in the civil rights movement. It was drafted in the conference rooms of our own denominations'- the Reform Jewish movement's Religious Action Center in Washington D.C. The involvement of Reform Rabbis, and the Reform movement both lay and clergy in the advancement of civil rights has a long history. But in recent years beyond the pulpit exchanges of Martin Luther King weekend—we have let the deep bonds fizzle-and the commitment to fight racism in this country expire. And we dare not sit idly by as our country slides backwards—destroying the advances that we once had made.
The Voting Rights Act was destroyed by the Supreme Court, denying access to the ballot box for millions. In a 2013 case: Shelby County v. Holder by a 5-4 vote.the court struck down a key section of the act. It struck down as unconstitutional Section 4(b), which contains formula that determines which jurisdictions are subjected to preclearance for any changes in their election law or voting rules based on their histories of discrimination in voting.
And so I marched in Selma to restore and press for the Voting Rights Advancement Act which would fix the problems identified in Shelby v. Holder and restore the protections of the ballot box and equal access to the ballot box for all citizens. No more keeping African American and Latino citizens from exercising their franchise to vote.
I marched in Selma because the education system in this country is limping not only for African American children but all children as the surge to privatize the greatest gift we give our children has taken hold. And the lack of funding for public education, in particular in zip codes that have greatest poverty is part of the unwillingness to support the common communal fabric with tax dollars. We here in California know all too well how the California public Education system from University to pre-K has been destroyed and tarnished what was once one of the best education systems in the country. The Journey for Justice called for a safe and equal access to education for all students.
And my participation and the leadership of the Central Conference of American Rabbis and our Religious Action Center was built upon history. But our participation in this Journey for Justice is fueled by the recognition that the work isn't over—in fact it seems that there has been increasing evidence that our country-has moved backwards in its advance toward equality for African Americans.
August 2013, Sentencing Project report on Racial Disparities in the United States Criminal Justice System, submitted to the United Nations, "…one of every three black American males born today can expect to go to prison in his lifetime". The discrepancies in sentencing are overwhelming and another effect of the racism in our midst.
In his book Just Mercy, Bryan Stevenson describes the incredible odds against African Americans in the criminal Justice systems. He was a young lawyer when he founded the Equal Justice Initiative, located in Montgomery, Alabama. It is a legal practice dedicated to defending those most desperate and in need: the poor, the wrongly condemned, and women and children trapped in the farthest reaches of our criminal justice system
I met Bryan this April at the Religious Action Center's Consultation on Conscience. He spoke to us passionately about the deep biases inherent in the criminal justice system-of the inconsistencies in setting bail, and sentencing, and particularly in death penalty cases for African Americans-and brought the proof with him.
He shared this story about just one aspect of the racial problems in the criminal justice system:
A defense lawyer who also happens to be African American arrives early for trial dressed in a suit and sits waiting at the defense counsel's table. The judge and prosecutor walk out talking casually. Catching sight of the lawyer, the judge orders him to leave the courtroom because defendants are not permitted inside before their lawyers arrive.
What does the lawyer do? He introduces himself as the lawyer for the defense.
What does the judge do? …Laughs nervously. The prosecutor?… Laughs nervously? And the lawyer? …Wills himself to laugh nervously because he is unwilling to risk prejudicing the judge against his client.
Where in the country do you think this happened?…not in the South but in the Midwest. When?…not in the 1950s but today.
That defense attorney was Bryan Stevenson. Stevenson not only confronts these presumptions in his professional life, but he and other African Americans endure implicit racism on a personal level as well.
The Great 17th Century Sage : Ya'akov Emden (Germany, 1697-1776) She'elat Ya'betz wrote:
A Jew who has power/authority (adam chashuv) has the obligation to rescue the oppressed from the hands of the oppressor by all means available to him, whether by direct action or through political effort, regardless of whether the oppressed is Jewish.
And so when I marched in Selma and more than 200 Reform rabbis marched on America's Journey for justice to help right a grievous wrong. As part a process of teshuvah for my complacency. For our complacency.
Reform Rabbis and our Religious Action Center are committed to doing something and with your help we will not any longer sit idly by the blood of our neighbors. Mauled by the beasts of racism. We can be champions of teshuvah and healing and hope.
So tonight on this Kol Nidre, on this holy night. I am asking you to do two things to make a difference. First, on your way out there are post cards from our Religious Action Center. They have the historic photograph of Dr. King and Rabbis Heschel and Eisendrath walking together at the Edmund Pettus bridge in Selma, where I journeyed this summer. Take one. And sign it and join with 1000's of other Reform Jews this High Holy Days who will urge Congress to pass the Voting Rights Advancement Act so that access to the ballot box especially in places with deep racism, poll taxes, and are using other tactics to deny African Americans or other people of color, the ability to vote if they are citizens.
Secondly right here in our own state—the Assembly and Senate just passed bill number 953. Let us together as part of Reform CA-call our Governor so that he will sign AB 953.
African Americans and Latinos are disproportionally more likely to be detained, arrested, charged with a crime, imprisoned, and killed by police than whites. The Talmud teaches us that God created mankind from one human being so that no person can say, "My ancestor is greater than yours." We are taught in Pirkei Avote that "your friend's dignity should be as dear to you as your own." Jewish tradition compels us to speak out against biased policing. AB 953 will enhance transparency and accountability, mend trust in law enforcement, and improve public safety. As part of our teshuvah this season I am asking you to contact Gov. Brown and urge him to sign AB 953.
Your call or email to Gov. Brown makes you part of a strong Reform Jewish force for racial justice in California. You will have a direct impact on the lives of our neighbors and people of color.
The journey for Justice is long. What began in Selma on a hot summer day, blistering in 106 degree temperatures, you can continue. Continue it for our country. Continue it because we cannot continue to stand by the blood of our neighbors and family members. Continue to make teshuvah for the ways we have turned a blind eye. And we can't look away any longer.
Not from Eric Garner who ended up dead because he sold a few illegal cigarettes or Trayvon Martin who was walking home from the 7/11.
Because of a friend I made that day in Selma—his name was Middle Passage. I did a double take when I met him…not sure I had heard him correctly—but I did . Rabbi Lustig and I gave him a ride from the opening prayer ceremony at the Boyton house to the rally and the bridge. Middle Passage was a 68 year old African American veteran who rode a bus from his home in La Rae Colorado, 1300 miles to join the march. His hair was long and in dreadlocks with a touch of grey. He wore a big straw hat and had his sleeping bag with him and a smile on his face. He told me he took the name Middle Passage because of slavery… (For those that don't know The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade.)
He told me he was marching because his late younger brother, Reverend Dr. Larry C Menyweather-Woods, a Reformed Zion Union Apostolic church pastor and longtime NAACP member who fought for civil rights.
Each day of the journey—including the first day—Middle Passage was at the front of the marchers. He carried with him most days a huge American flag—that he wore with a special holster designed for flags like are worn by a military color guard. Each day Middle Passage would call out from the front to those of us further back—pothole, be careful, uneven pavement—so that no one would fall or trip on the way. Middle Passage in many ways was the heart and soul of the Journey. He was friendly, accepting of everyone and kept all of us focused about the importance of the Journey for Justice.
Middle Passage died on mile 922 of the journey—Saturday before Rosh Hahshanah suffering a massive coronary. He inspires me still and this holy days I am saying Kaddish for him. I now work for racial equality in his name. He touched all of us deeply in his love for our country and his effervescent energy that we can and must do more. Middle Passage—you didn't finish that Journey for Justice—but we will.
So too a young woman Keshia Thomas. She did finish the actual march. She marched every day the entire way. From that push-off in Selma to the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. Such an inspiration. She often carried the Torah—and she befriended every rabbi who marched- because she felt the rabbis and the Jewish community were really there for her—unlike other religious groups—no other organized group of clergy marched…..
Keshia is a heroine in her own right. In June 1996 a branch of the Ku Klux Klan announced plans to hold a rally in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Several people in the Ann Arbor area planned to hold a protest against the Ku Klux Klan's presence on the day of the rally. Thomas was one of several people that attended and protested from an area that had been fenced and set aside for the protesters. The protest proceeded until one protester announced over a megaphone that there was "a Klansman in the crowd".The unnamed man was a middle-aged white male wearing a t-shirt depicting the Confederate flag and an "SS tattoo". The man began to run but was knocked down, kicked, and beaten with placards. Keshia, who was at that time 18 years old, shielded the man from the crowd and shouted for the attackers to stop. And they did.
After the rally Keshia was praised for her actions.
She said she had protected the man because of her religious convictions and because she "knew what it was like to be hurt … The many times that that happened, I wish someone would have stood up for me." A few months after the June event, she said, "I was hanging out at a coffee house and I remember one of the locals coming up to me and saying thank you. I said for what…he said that that was his dad that I saved. That was powerful." Keshia wil be visiting Kol Ami Friday night Oct. 2 in our Sukkah. I hope will join me in meet this true hero.
What is powerful is when we can be like Keshia and Middle Passage of blessed memory, marching forward, encouraging us all to be part of America's Journey for Justice. All two hundred rabbis who marched are speaking to our congregations this High Holy Days season to enlist each of you to be part of this journey for justice and racial equality in our country and around the world. On this Kol Nidre eve-let us as a community- make teshuvah for the sins of bigotry our own and our nations. (music enters) On this Kol Nidre let us take some concrete actions-that will change the way our state and our country treat people of color. And in this coming year-let us work on personally ridding ourselves of the biases and prejudices that creep into our every day interactions without us being mindful of the them. And in this New Year-let us reach out and take steps to be part of renewed partnership between the Reform Jewish community and the African – American community working side by side for racial justice and equality, equal access to the ballot box, safe top notch public schools, transparent policing, and a true reformation of our criminal justice system.
Ken Yehi Ratzon.
P.S. These are some of the photos the flashed on the screen during the sermon. The next morning my synagogue Board of Trustees announced they had bought a memorial plaque for Middle Passage as a way to commemorate his life and a a step in the journey for justice.
My Erev Rosh Hashanah Sermon—Choosy Mo
My Erev Rosh Hashanah Sermon—Choosy Mother's Choose…..
Choosy Mothers Choose… a sermon for Erev Rosh Hashanah 5776
Shanah Tovah u'metukah. I wish you each a happy and sweet New Year.
Do you like creamy peanut butter or crunchy? That was always the debate in my house growing up. My mother was big on creamy JIF peanut butter. You remember. Choosy mothers choose JIF? She was big on the dreaded Concord grape jelly. To this day I will not eat grape jelly nor will my sister. That was the only kind of jelly my mom would buy.
Same with the peanut butter. Only creamy. I wanted chunky and I dreamed of having Skippy peanut butter. Today I don't eat that at all preferring healthier natural almond butters or cashew butters. Without those homogenized trans fats but the battle between creamy peanut butter and chunky peanut butter was epic in my family's home! But I think my mother liked the tag line. She was being choosy. Meaning she had the power to make the decision for our family. . In this case it was about peanut butter. But symbolically being a choosy mother was much much more. And it relates to his season of the Jewish year. Laid before us each are many choices about our lives.
Tonight is Rosh Hashanah. The old year is behind us and we give thanks that we are here to celebrate the rebirth of the world! We made it another year. We give thanks that for the next 10 days of this holy season that we will rebirth our souls and ourselves. But this is also a time of choosing. Of choosing to become the person you have always wanted to be. Of choosing to face your faults and errors. Of choosing to confront the sins and choosing to make teshuvah and choosing to grow and change
It is not as simple as choosy mothers choose JIF but it is the time of year when we pray, reflect, confess, and forgive others, and ourselves for failing to choose to do our best. This is the time of year when we stand before God and our own vulnerabilities to choose life and to give life to our greatest selves.
It takes 9 months for a fetus to grow into a child and for a human mother to give birth. It is still one of the planet's holiest miracles. In the ideal from an act of love and intimacy a new human being comes into this world 9 months later. But it takes a lifetime to give birth to the person you are to become. It takes a lifetime of experiences, of growth, learning, and development to gain wisdom. It takes a lifetime to be you; for we are always growing, changing, learning, unlearning, and developing throughout the course of our lives until the last breath we shall take. But each and every day we face many choices.
Even as we grow into adulthood and get settled in our ways of being, the human challenge, the spiritual and religious challenge is to pay attention to whom you have become and to turn from our moral failures and our character flaws. Our challenge is to become the best you; the better you. Our challenge is be born anew. We choose on this New Year to enter into this 10 day of repentance chamber. That begins with Rosh Hashanah tonight and ends with the last blast of the shofar on Yom Kippur day.
That is why the Shofar sounds so plaintively on Rosh Hashanah. That is why we usher in this New Year. The Jewish people long ago recognized that to truly live b'tzelem Elohim; to truly live in the image of God- and to be in the image of God – to find the Divine in you-you must recognize your capacity to change the way you do things, to change your mind. One of the great gifts of humanity is that we can choose to change!
God's mind changes a number of times. It is one of the great ideas of Judaism. That God is influenced by human action and words. So Moses can plead with God to not exterminate the Israelites after they sin at the Golden Calf. And the prophet Jeremiah reminds us that God can be influenced by repentance and of course that is one of points of the story of Jonah that we will read on Yom Kippur afternoon, that the people of Nineveh can repent from their sins and God will save the city from doom!
My friends, this is a profound and amazing idea—to be created and live in the image of God-b'tzelem Elohim – our human task is to be able to change our selves and change our world for better. We can not only change our minds, we can change the way we do things. We can make a repair in the world at large and the world of our interior. This is tikkun. – Repair. This is Tikkun olam. Repairing our holy world inside and out.
This Holy Sacred Season of Awe – from Rosh Hashanah to Yom Kippur is to mark the birth of the world and the rebirth of you. A chance to repair our inner world so that we can repair the outter world we live in. We are God's hands, God's feet in this Tikkun HaOlam- in this Repair of the world and the repair of you.
From the wisdom of our Sages and ancestors- It only takes ten days-to cleanse your soul, make teshuvah, and be reborn for the New Year- spiritually pure and with all the potential for doing things right this year. But let's be honest sometimes it takes longer. Sometimes it can take years to forgive others and forgive ourselves. But during this 10 days- we can dedicate it to making atonement. Offering up or regrets, our sins, so that when the Gates of Repentance close at the end of Neilah—we have put ourselves back on the path toward wholeness and holiness.
From now until the final sounding of the Shofar on at the end of Yom Kippur –we Jews are tasked with re-aligning our spirits, a tune-up for our intentions, a yearly spiritual examination of our words and deeds and our time together will include some of the prescriptions needed to lead a healthier life, a moral life, a stronger ethical existence, a deepening of your Jewish heritage. This is what we do together as a community.
Because the truth is we are not monks, living an acetic life. We Jews have always lived in the world.
Recently in the New York Times there was an article about the monks of Shaolin in China. This group of Chinese Buddhist Monks is famous for their dedication to Buddhism and the Martial Arts. This group of ascetics, teach their famous acrobatic warfare from teacher to disciple and they live a life of celibacy, vegetarianism and martial arts. These monks throughout Chinese history have despite Buddhism's emphasis on non-violence been some of China's fiercest warriors, defending different princes and dynasties, as well as fighting outside invaders at times. Depending on the century and the dynasty, the monks thrived or were almost destroyed but they kept their traditions alive passed from generation to generation. The Shaolin monks exist today as a strong bearer of Chinese culture. The monks who mostly live in the Song Mountains of China, at the Shaolin Temple lead an ascetic life focused on their Buddhism and Martial Arts. They have received much criticism of late because their leader- has marketed the Shaolin way to the world. He has franchised the name and their brand of martial arts. He has created a tourist site in China for the curious to visit and other sites in China to learn the martial arts of the Shaolin. He has licensed the name for movie making and even tried to offer stock in the monastery. The leader of the monks-who once led simple lives drives a fleet of fancy cars and has evidently taken lovers who he supports in Australia. I believe that the temptations of the world for this group of ascetics have overwhelmed their ideals because they withdrew so much from the world. They lacked balance.
But for us Jews, we are of the world. We don't have monasteries to escape to, or ashrams of silence; we have synagogues abuzz with sound. We have a Beit Knesset, a house of gathering where we come together not only to give voice to our hopes and dreams, not only to study and pass on our traditions, but to gather as a Jewish people. Our history has shown that we have balanced our communal needs as Jews. We Jews build a Jewish community while engaging with the world. Even in Medieval times or earlier during Roman times, going way back in our history, we Jews balanced our engagement with our own and the outer world.
The danger for all of us now and the elixir of our time is that we are too much in the world. We as a people are losing our balance. We leave behind the synagogue, our ancestral place of gathering because it isn't enough of the world. It seems too parochial. It seems to no longer speak the language we can relate to; religion seems increasingly superfluous in these days and times. And of course if you have no faith only a rational view of the world, and only see the world and life in black and white-then hope is dead along with God. So why bother to tie yourself regularly to the Jewish community, the synagogue?
But the great friend of the Jewish people, Pope Francis wrote profound words: Faith is not a light, which scatters all our darkness, but a lamp which guides our steps in the night and suffices for the journey. During these next 10 days, faith in God and faith in our tradition as Jews will help carry you and cleanse you on this holy journey.
So this time of year is our ingathering- our journey. Rosh Hashanah is our time of rebalancing our worldliness and our Jewish teachings, the pressures of earning a living and the sweetness of the Torah. This day that we celebrate, Yom Harat Olam, the birth of the world- is our time of reconnecting as Jews- and at a time more than ever before when we –the Jewish people come together- to heal ourselves of the hurts, disappointments in ourselves and the world around us and to try and turn to a more holistic way of being in the world than the year before. We don't choose to simply turn inward. We turn around. We do teshuvah.
Because after the ten days of Awe we will go back out into the world and have to manage and grow and deal with our homes, our families, our children, our businesses, our studies, our successes, our failures with the possibilities that we can with the help of our Jewish community and family and OUR congregation, overcome our past transgressions to reveal a new strengthened voice together.
Rabbi Albert Lewis, z'l who headed Temple Isaiah in Los Angeles for many many years- shared the following story.
During his lunch break at work, Joe took a seat on a bench next to a fellow worker and began rummaging in his brown paper sack. He pulled out a sandwich, examined it and again muttered in disgust, "Ugh, peanut butter!" He opened the next sandwich, examined it and again muttered in disgust, "Ugh, peanut butter!"
Joe left both sandwiches uneaten. His buddy, who was greatly enjoying a cheese sandwich, sympathetically asked, " If you don't like peanut butter sandwiches why don't you ask your wife to fix you some other kind?"
Joe frowned at him and said, "Wife? I packed these lunches myself!"
Like Joe, many of us are constantly complaining about problems and conditions that we have packed into our own lives, And like Joe, many of us are just not willing to face up to the fact that we ourselves made the sandwich. If we are upset about our spouse, or if our children seem to be inconsiderate, or if we are angry with another person, we regard them as the cause of our problems. Right?
The answer is sometimes "wrong!" It is true that there are some areas of our lives over which we have little or no control. But many of us have fallen into a routine, a habit, a way of living that is our doing not someone else's. Every day we as it were pack our own sandwiches and then complain that we don't like them.
It is this season of the year that reminds us that we can change the pattern. We can if we are so inclined, choose and change the contents of our sandwich to something more tasty, more meaty, more healthy, more enjoyable, more moral, more ethical, more spiritual. Or we can end the year complaining "Yich! Another peanut butter sandwich!" and then start the New Year over again with the same menu. That's fine if you are satisfied with only peanut butter. But then accept that you like being stuck in your ways.
This is our eternal challenge. How can we use this New Year season to become the person you have always wanted to be? Our history, our heritage asks of us to take a deep look at the recesses of our existence. Even the places we would rather ignore. And you know what they are. Even if you would rather live in denial deep down you know what you must confront. This is the time to do so, this is the season. This is when we Jews seek to rebalance our inner and outer lives. When we are called by God to change for the better. When we make teshuvah by examining our spiritual selves and trying to renew our faith in ourselves and in God.
Rosh Hashanah, Yom Harat Olam, the day of the world's birth, humanity's birth, your rebirth, gives each of us the opportunity to start afresh, to acquire new tastes, new ways of living and to Choose to be different and it teaches us that, more often than we are willing to admit, we pack our own lunches in this world. (Rabbi Albert Lewis, The World of the High Holy Days, Jack Reimer, ed. Vol 1. P. 37 adapted).
May this New Year be the year of being choosy for you and your family. Choosing the best Jewish practices so that these ten Days, the Yaamim Noraim, these ten day of awe will be the time and the year that you really choose and commit to and act upon the changes that will bring you the positive outcomes and the moral reboot that you have needed and have wanted. May this be a year you choose and commit to balancing your Jewish life and the life of the world around you. May this be the year you will bring you outer world and inner world into harmony and balance. That is what we do here together seeking peace and harmony in our world and ourselves.And choosing to change. I am glad you are here for the next ten days of the holy journey choosing to move toward a harmonious and balanced you! Ken yehi ration so may it be God's will.


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But there has been some resistance from some of the male athletes, Slaughter said.
When some of the baseball players found out there would be girls on the team, they refused to play. The Trojans, in turn, moved on with the girls.
"It took me a little bit to get them on the side of, 'Hey, these girls are out here and they're working hard,'" Slaughter said. "After awhile the guys started realizing there's no reason we shouldn't have these girls on our team because they work hard.
"They realize in the end that was those guys' choices not to be on the team. They lost no respect for the girls whatsoever because there were guys that were great athletes refusing to play because they were on the team."

subset: commoncrawl


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Joseph and the Steves from such Northern Illinois powerhouses as Herbal Jazz Cigarettes and Gravity Wagon. These three have been jamming together for over 10 years in a number of acts heralded for intense, unorthodox jams, highly spontaneous improvisation and high end showmanship. Now joined by guitarist and vocalist Ryan Stevens (Barefoot Fred), the All Points crew is put together like Voltron to melt faces and take you places not even that stuff you got in the parking lot is capable of.


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Boattax.com is a division of Baylaw, LLC, a law firm located in Annapolis, Maryland. The firm's principal, J. Dirk Schwenk is an experienced maritime, contract and litigation attorney with hands-on knowledge of vessel purchase, sale and transfer matters. We regularly provide our clients with advice about boat tax in all states of the United States, as well as reviewing purchase/sale contracts and providing settlement, vessel documentation and international flagging services. We can guide you through the process of purchasing or selling a vessel from the original brokerage agreements through vessel documentation or flagging through tax analysis and negotiation.
Contact Information
J. Dirk Schwenk
Baylaw, LLC
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Direct: (410) 775 6805
Fax: (443) 448 0108
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Call Direct via google voice:


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Rocket Canary Wharf
Venue Details & Map
Rocket Canary Wharf
- Address
Churchill PlaceCanary WharfLondonE14 5RB
- Public transport:
- Canary Wharf, Underground
Decent bistro style food. Gets very busy for weekday lunches. Staff are very efficient at what they do. The calzones and pizzas are MASSIVE!
Overall for food quality, I'd rather eat at Jamie's next door for roughly the same price. But Rocket is still OK for a quick lunch.more
Canary Wharf is 'choc' full of egg-citing culinary destinations but this is one I frequent more r-egg-ularly than most. My high egg-spectations are regularly satisfied despite slightly egg-stravagant prices. Personally, though, I'm quite happy to 'shell' out a little extra for egg-cellent surroundings and egg-ceptional service. I recently booked a drinks party here it costs £30 to reserve an...more
What a great place! I suppose it does depend on whether you enjoy cocktails, appreciate salads and like your protein fried or grilled.
We had cocktails in the bar downstairs before going up to the restaurant and they were good we tried a punchy one with chilli which certainly hit the spot.
Going upstairs the classy decor created a good impression, it wasn't crowded but there was a good...more
Not sure how fair it is to write a review based on one dish, but first impressions are everything, right?
Please don't order the crispy squid salad. You'll just be setting yourself up for disappointment.
This is one of their main course salads, and when it arrives, you're first surprised by how big the three pieces of squid on top of the salad are. But, beware -- it's not the squid that is...more
This is definitely the best pizza I've had in London! The staff was friendly and the service good, though I was a bit miffed that my party of two was seated at the bar though at least one two person table remained open throughout our meal.
The thin-style pizza was reasonably priced and very tasty. The only complaint about the food I have is that although the edge of the crust was crispy, the...more


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1999 Citroen Xsara • 4 cylinder FWD Manual • 52,000 miles
Citroen xsara 1.8vtr coupe no abs poor brake efficiency on rear brakes i've changed rear discs and shoes started bleeding brakes rightside rear good leftside front good leftside rear no fluid at all disconnected pipe from rear pressure regulater and no fluid from pipe! I've checked front right bleed screw and thats good could it be the rear pressure regulating valve at fault?
March 6, 2011.
March 6, 2011.
Check out the related content below while we wait for the question to be answered by a professional mechanic.
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Download Edit & Share iPhone iPad iOS
The Edit&Share App from Quartet allows you to take a picture of your work on a whiteboard or flipchart page, edit the image, add notes, and store the images in designated project folders.
The edit function will stitch multiple images together; parts of the image can also be copied, moved or deleted. Add notes to the image which become 'tags' and can then be used to search in the project folders
Click4more: Related apps edit amp; share
Projects can then be shared via email, Twitter and Facebook, and images can be saved and edited at any time.
Explore the Quartet website and whiteboard selector tool and find out more information about our great range of products.
The Edit & Share is now available as a free download on Apple Store for both iPhone and iPad owners.The application is designed for use in English language. It weighs in at only 7.3 MB to download. It is highly advisable to have the latest app version installed so that you don`t miss out on the fresh new features and improvements. The current app version 1.0 has been released on 2014-11-03. For ensuring consistency with the device you should take into account the following app compatibility information: Compatible with iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4, iPhone 4S, iPhone 5, iPod touch (3rd generation), iPod touch (4th generation), iPod touch (5th generation) and iPad. Requires iOS 4.3 or later.
More Info: Find more info about Edit & Share in Quartet`s Official Website : http://www.quartet.com
iOS Edit & Share 1.0 Mobile
Related - Business - Edit & Share 1.0
More in Business - for Edit & Share iPhone
More by Quartet - for Edit & Share app ioS


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Doctor insights on:
What Does It Mean If My Thyroid Levels Are Low
What does it mean when your hyper thyroidism symptoms start to go away while on medication?
Hyperthyroid: Hopefully, it means that the medication is controlling the overactive thyroid. Follow closely with your physician for blood tests to make sure that it doesn't go too far the other direction and you end up with an underactive thyroid. ...Read moreGet help from a doctor now ›
Thyroid (Definition)
The thyroid is an endocrine gland that sits in the lower part of the neck. It produces thyroid hormone - which ...Read more
I am donating plasma for about five months now and I have hypo thyroidism and take 250 mcgs gaining weight low iron low protein is donating healthy?
Once the : Thyroid and iron are addressed it would be perfectly safe to resume donations. ...Read moreGet help from a doctor now ›
Could an elevation in one's TSH level be indicative of hyper/hypo thyroidism?
Hypothyroidism: When the thyroid makes too little hormone (t4 and t3), the pituitary makes more TSH to try to compensate. So an elevated TSH is indicative of a thyroid that has failed or is failing, and you may need to take levothyroxine. See your doctor. ...Read moreGet help from a doctor now ›
Is it possible to show signs of hyper thyroidism with a TSH level of 0.75? palipitations, constant hunger,.is this physcosamatic?Multi nodular thyroid
Not hyperthyroid: If you were hyperthyroid your free T4 would be high and TSH ...Read moreGet help from a doctor now ›
does it mean if your thyroid level is low?
Thyroid hormone: A low free thyroxine ( free T4) level is associated with an under active thyroid gland, and is usually treated with thyroid replacement therapy. A low thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) means the thyroid gland is over active. So it's important to know which thyroid test is "low" ...Read moreGet help from a doctor now ›
Please explain what does thyroid level 20 mean to me low or high symptoms?
Thyroid tests: There is not "a" thyroid test, there are many different ones. So it is hard to know what the number "20" means. If 20 is your TSH, that is high, and it suggests your thyroid is underactive. You may have symptoms, which could be fatigue, sleeping a lot, cold, weight gain, and other. ...Read moreGet help from a doctor now ›
What does it mean when your results from a blood test show thyroid level a little low?
Need more info: Results of lab tests need to be interpreted in the context of whole health status. What test did you have and what was the actual result? It would be prudent to discuss the results with the doctor who ordered the tests. ...Read moreGet help from a doctor now ›
What does it mean if most of my thyroid levels are in the low normal range and my T3 is low?
Nothing: T3 is important inside the cell, in the blood, the measurement is usually meaningless. If the other thyroid tests (free T4 and tsh) are normal, ignore the t3, as it's a waste of your blood and money. ...Read moreGet help from a doctor now ›
Is it normal to have low levels of autoantibodies against your thyroid & 3.4 u/ml of autoantibodies against gad-65? What would this mean to a doctor?
No: While it may be common, it is not normal. Low levels show you have had prior thyroiditis, but do not say when or how severe. The gad antibodies are associated with development of type 1 diabetes. Check w/your doctor. Ps: why did you have these drawn in the first place? ...Read moreGet help from a doctor now ›
My TSH levels are normal, my T4 is almost low? what could this mean? I have 3 hyperechoic nodules on a diffused thyroid. Size .09 to 1.5 CM.
"almost" low: means normal, so stop worrying about your lab values. Your nodules, on the other hand, need someone to evaluate your clinical parameters and ultrasound carefully and decide whether you need to have a thyroid biopsy. ...Read moreGet help from a doctor now ›
- Talk to a doctor live online for free
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- Ask a doctor a question free online
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- What does it mean when my iron saturation levels are low?


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Nice Shot , thanks for share ,good luck
Kianoush from Iran
Very nice photo! YSL Best wishes
excellent ♥
Great scenery.
Like YS.
Sincere greetings from Taiwan.
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Photo taken in Gardens of Versailles, Place d'Armes, 78000 Versailles, France
Misplaced? Suggest new location


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Kroger Adds Divisions, Enhances Leadership
Monday June 24th, 2013 - 1:47PM
These are shortcuts to your favorite social networking and bookmark sites. Add this story to your Facebook page, del.icio.us, DiggIt, and many others!
The Kroger Co. has established two new divisions to build business in the upper South and lower Midwest. The retailer has named Rick Going president of its new Nashville division and Calvin Kaufman president of the new Louisville division.
The company also has named Jayne Homco president of the Michigan division and Erin Sharp group vp/Kroger manufacturing.
Going was president of the Michigan division while Kaufman was group vp/Kroger manufacturing. Homco was vp/ merchandising for Kroger's Southwest Division, and Sharp was vp/operations for Kroger manufacturing
"Rick, Calvin, Jayne and Erin bring to their new roles a passion for customers and proven experience leading teams to deliver consistently strong performance," Rodney McMullen, Kroger's president and COO said in announcing the appointments. "Their leadership will help us build on our Customer First strategy to enhance customer loyalty, accelerate our growth and deliver shareholder value."
Establishment of a new Nashville division and a new Louisville division allows Kroger to pursue fresh opportunities, McMullen stated.
"Opportunities for growth in Tennessee, northern Alabama, Kentucky and Southern Illinois and Indiana inspired us to take this path," he asserted. "We believe this move will enable our associates to do what they do best, meet the needs of our local customers and neighbors, our communities, and each other."
Tags: • Housewares • Cookware & Bakeware • Vacuum Cleaners/Electric Cleaning • Health & Personal Care • Home Décor • Home Environment • Small Electrics • Organization & Cleaning • Tabletop • Gadgets & Kitchen Tools • Retail •
Walmart Appoints Biggs CFO, Bratspies U.S. Merchandising Chief »
Newell Rubbermaid Makes Leadership Team Changes
NPD Survey Finds Consumer Mood Brighter Heading Into Holidays
O'Gorman Appointed President Of HoMedics
Frontgate Partners With Donatella Arpaia For Holiday Tableware
NRF Predicts Modest Holiday Sales Growth
Digital Subscription Service
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The holiday season must be approaching, because retailers are adding items to their wish lists. I don't mean the products expected to be big sellers during the fourth quarter. I'm referring to new demands by retailers to their suppliers for fees, price allowances and other hands-tying arrangements.


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Arizona Wildcats
Arizona Wildcats keep top spot in national polls
A road sweep of the Los Angeles schools has kept the Arizona Wildcats atop the national polls for a sixth consecutive week.
Sean Miller's club knocked off UCLA 79-75 Thursday and USC 73-53 Sunday, improving their record to 17-0 (4-0).
Arizona received 61 of a possible 65 first place votes in the AP Poll, with 16-0 Syracuse receiving the other four. Over in the Coaches Poll, the Wildcats earned 30 of a possible 32 votes, with the remaining two being split between Syracuse and 15-1 Michigan State.
The Wildcats will next take the court Thursday at home against rival Arizona State (13-4, 2-2).
Wildcats Audio
Rich Rodriguez, Head Coach UA Football
Monday October 5
How can the Wildcats get back on track after suffering two big losses.
Bearing Down with Adam and Jarrett
Friday October 2
Arizona lost badly to UCLA and now has to face Stanford without at least one key player.
Pat Forde, Yahoo college sports writer
Wednesday September 30
Forde discusses the Pac-12's rough season and the future of UA and ASU.
Glenn Parker, Pac-12 Networks football analyst
Wednesday September 30
Parker talks about the ASU and UA football losses. He explains why he's bullish on the AZ Cardinals
Rich Rodriguez, Head Coach UA Football
Monday September 28
Rich Rod talks about the loss to UCLA and how his team can get back on track to face Stanford this w


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weird - Page 2
Can We Guess How Old You Are From Just A Photo?
Bring Your Own Cup To 7-11 For A Slurpee Of Your Dreams
This Eyesight Test Will Blow Your Mind [Video]
This may very well become the next version of the famous "dress", sparking debates between friends. When I first read about what to expect, I didn't think that it would turn out to be much, but sure enough, it blew my mind a little bit. Take a look at the video and let us know in the comments - who did you see, Marilyn Monroe or Albert Einstein?
When An April Fools Prank Backfires
This Is The Strangest Thing You Can Buy On Amazon
What The Heck Was Outside My Window Last Night? [Audio]
Is This A Ridiculous Scam Or A Brilliant Idea?
Watch – Do You Think This Paranormal Video Is Real?
So this video allegedly shows a husband goofing around with his wife - good-naturedly teasing her while she's taking a shower. She gets out of the shower and tells him to stop filming while he laughs. On the surface, it's just a cute couple goofing around with each other. But what happens next changes the tone of everything. Take a look:
A Crazy End To A Middle School Basketball Game [Video]
There are few things more exciting than a great basketball game. Especially one that comes down to the final seconds. The crowd counts down along with the clock, and one player goes for broke with a shot that could bring the victory home. And then something ridiculous happens - check out how this middle school basketball game ended at the buzzer:


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Prague Marriott Hotel - Prague
Main amenities
- Casino
- Restaurant and bar/lounge
- Indoor pool
- Breakfast available
- WiFi in the lobby
- Health club
- Spa services
- Business center
- Airport shuttle
- Childcare
- 24-hour front desk
- Coffee/tea in the lobby
What's around
- In Nove Mesto
- Old Town Square (0.6 mi / 0.9 km)
- Republic Square (0.1 mi / 0.2 km)
- Municipal House Hall (0.1 mi / 0.2 km)
- Hybernia Theatre (0.2 mi / 0.3 km)
- Palladium Shopping Centre (0.2 mi / 0.3 km)
This hotel has its own restaurant serving breakfast, lunch and dinner where you'll find a selection of items to try. Go for a dip in the indoor pool during your stay. The bar/lounge is a perfect place to have a drink.
Leisure facilities include a health club, a spa tub, a sauna, a steam room, massage/treatment rooms and spa services so there's always something to do! WiFi is available.
Great Hotel. They should include WiFi free to be more friendly.
Staff were helpful, room was clean. I enjoyed stating there.
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 1-877-214-4288from $147
- Deluxe Room
- Executive Room
- Junior Suite
- Suite
- Executive Suite
- Deluxe Suite
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
- Check-in time starts at 3 PM
- Check-out time is Noon
- Express check-in
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Babysitting/childcare
- Pets not allowed
- WiFi in public areas *
- WiFi and wired Internet access in rooms *
- Airport shuttle *
In the hotel
- Buffet breakfast (surcharge)
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Coffee shop/café
- 24-hour room service
- Coffee/tea in the lobby
- Indoor pool
- Health club
- Spa services on site
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Aerobics on site
- Yoga classes/instruction on site
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Golfing nearby
- Casino
- Spa tub
- Steam room
- Sauna
- Business center
- One meeting room
- 24-hour front desk
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Hair salon
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Luggage storage
- Wedding services
- Elevator/lift
- ATM/banking
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Designated smoking areas
- Library
- Television in lobby
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Soundproofed rooms
- In-room massage available
- Pay movies
- Satellite TV channels
- Free newspaper
- WiFi (surcharge)
- In-room safe
Special features
DiningMidtown Grill - This steakhouse serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Reservations are required.
The Bourbon Bar - Onsite bar.
Espressamente Illy - This coffee shop serves breakfast, lunch, and light fare. Guests can enjoy alfresco dining (weather permitting).
On Site
- Health club
- Sauna
- Spa tub
- Steam room
- Aerobics on site
- Yoga classes/instruction on site
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Golfing nearby
Prague Marriott Hotel - Prague's small print
Mandatory fees
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at check in or check out:
- A tax is imposed by the city: CZK 30 per person, per night
Optional extras
Self parking costs CZK 600 per day
Rollaway beds are available for CZK 1000 per night
Buffet breakfast is offered for an extra charge of CZK 670 per person (approximately)
Airport shuttle service is offered for an extra charge
WiFi is available in guestrooms for CZK 450 per day (rates may vary)
WiFi is available in public areas for CZK 200 per hour (rates may vary)
High-speed Internet access (wired) is available in guestrooms for CZK 595 per day (rates may vary)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|5 Ago 2010
|Fecha de prioridad
|2 Feb 2009
|También publicado como
|Número de publicación
|James T. Spivey, Thomas T. Washburn
|Cesionario original
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citada por (37), Clasificaciones (14), Eventos legales (2)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
Various embodiments are directed to surgical scissors devices and methods of manufacturing and using the same.
Minimally invasive procedures are desirable because such procedures can reduce pain and provide relatively quick recovery times as compared to conventional open medical procedures. Many minimally invasive procedures are performed with an endoscope (including without limitation laparoscopes). Such procedures permit a physician to position, manipulate, and view medical instruments and accessories inside the patient through a small access opening in the patient's body. Laparoscopy is a term used to describe such an "endosurgical" approach using an endoscope (often a rigid laparoscope). In this type of procedure, accessory devices are often inserted into a patient through trocars placed through the body wall. Still less invasive treatments include those that are performed through insertion of an endoscope through a natural body orifice to a treatment region. Examples of this approach include, but are not limited to, cystoscopy, hysteroscopy, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, and colonoscopy.
Many of these procedures employ a flexible endoscope during the procedure. Flexible endoscopes often have a flexible, steerable articulating section near the distal end that can be controlled by the clinician by utilizing controls at the proximal end. Some flexible endoscopes are relatively small (1 mm to 3 mm in diameter), and may have no integral accessory channel (also called biopsy channels or working channels). Other flexible endoscopes, including gastroscopes and colonoscopes, have integral working channels having a diameter of about 2.0 to 3.7 mm for the purpose of introducing and removing medical devices and other accessory devices to perform diagnosis or therapy within the patient. Certain specialized endoscopes are available, such as large working channel endoscopes having a working channel of 5 mm in diameter, which can be used to pass relatively large accessories, or to provide capability to suction large blood clots. Other specialized endoscopes include those having two or more working channels.
The novel features of the various embodiments are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The various embodiments, however, both as to organization and methods of operation, together with advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings as follows.
Various embodiments are directed to surgical scissors devices. The surgical scissors devices may, for example, be deployed through the working channel of an endoscope. The surgical scissors devices described herein may have various features for enhancing performance. For example, various embodiments may have blade members that are held in compression relative to one another by a fastener. This may tend to hold the blade members together during use and prevent or minimize tissue slipping between the scissor blades. Also, in various embodiments, the blade members of the scissors device may be cam actuated. This may allow increased mechanical advantage, allowing the clinician to more easily open and close the blade members.
Various other embodiments described herein are directed to methods and devices for constructing surgical scissors. For example, according to some embodiments, a compressive force may be applied to the first and second blade members, tending to push them together. While the compressive force is applied, a fastener may be installed to hold the blade members together. Then the compressive force may be released. The fastener may serve to maintain the blade members in compression against one another. The compressive force may be applied by any suitable mechanism including, for example, a clamp having a first clamp member, a second clamp member and a clamp mechanism, as described herein. One or more of the clamp members may define a cavity shaped to receive one or both the blade members. This may secure the blade members while the compressive force is applied.
Various embodiments of the surgical scissors devices described herein may be used in endoscopic surgical environments.
In one embodiment, Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES)™ techniques may be employed to introduce the endoscope 14 and various instruments (e.g., the surgical scissors devices described herein) into the patient and carry out the various procedures described herein. A NOTES™ technique is a minimally invasive therapeutic procedure that may be employed to treat diseased tissue or perform other therapeutic operations through a natural opening of the patient without making incisions in the abdomen. A natural opening may be the mouth, anus, and/or vagina. Medical implantable instruments may be introduced into the patient to the target area via the natural opening. In a NOTES™ technique, a clinician inserts a flexible endoscope into one or more natural openings of the patient to view the target area, for example, using a camera. During endoscopic surgery, the clinician inserts surgical devices through one or more lumens or working channels of the endoscope 14 to perform various key surgical activities (KSA). These KSAs include forming an anastomosis between organs, performing dissections, repairing ulcers and other wounds. Although the devices and methods described herein may be used with NOTES™ techniques, it will be appreciated that they may also be used with other surgical techniques including, for example, other endoscopic techniques and laparoscopic techniques.
Referring back to
In use, the clinician may move the actuator 113 towards the grip 501 to force the translating member 116 proximally. The resulting rotation of the actuator 113 about the pivot point 502 may pull the slider mechanism 512 proximally within the cavity 522 defined by the handle body 508. This may also pull the collar 520 and translating member 116 proximally. Spring 528 may resist motion of the slider mechanism 512 and thus the translating member 116. To move the translating member 116 distally, the clinician may pivot the actuator 113 away from the grip 501 about the pivot point 502. This may force the slider mechanism 512 and thus the translating member 116 distally.
According to various embodiments, the end effector 106 may be rotatably coupled to the flexible shaft 104. For example, an outer coupler 126 may be fastened to the flexible shaft 104. An inner coupler 124 may be fastened within the outer coupler 126 such that the inner coupler 124 can rotate relative to the outer coupler 126 and the flexible shaft 104. The inner coupler 124 may also be coupled to the clevis 112 (and hence the end effector 106). Accordingly, the end effector 106 may be rotatable, with the inner coupler 124, about the outer coupler 126 and the flexible shaft 104. As described above, the translating member 116 may be coupled to the end effector 106, for example, via the shuttle 122. The clinician may bring about rotation of the end effector 106 by rotating the translating member 116. For example, referring to
The flexible shaft 104 may be made from any suitable material and/or device. In various embodiments the flexible shaft 104 may be made from a material or device that is flexible and also able to withstand tension and compression forces to avoid significant losses in the opening and closing forces provided by the clinician via the actuator 113. For example, when the actuator 118 causes the translating member 116 to move distally, the flexible shaft 104 may be placed in compression. When the actuator 118 causes the translating member 116 to move proximally, the flexible shaft 104 may be placed in tension. Excessive compression or stretching of the flexible shaft 104 may attenuate the force ultimately provided to open or close the end effector 106.
In various embodiments, the flexible shaft may comprise a coil pipe 128, as illustrated in
Referring back to the diagram 1600, a compressive force may be applied 1604 to the blade members 108, 110 and clevis 112. For example, referring to
Referring again to
The clamp mechanism of the clamp assembly 1700 described above comprises a threaded screw 1706. It will be appreciated that any other suitable manual or automatic clamp mechanism may be used. For example,
In various embodiments, surgical instruments utilizing various embodiments of the scissors device 100 may be employed in conjunction with a flexible endoscope, such as a GIF-100 model available from Olympus Corporation, for example. In at least one such embodiment, the endoscope, a laparoscope, or a thoracoscope, for example, may be introduced into the patient trans-anally through the colon, the abdomen via an incision or keyhole and a trocar, or trans-orally through the esophagus, or trans-vaginally through the cervix, for example. These devices may assist the clinician to guide and position the scissors device 100 near the tissue treatment region to treat diseased tissue on organs such as the liver, for example. In another embodiment, these devices may be positioned to treat diseased tissue near the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, esophagus, and/or lung, for example. In various embodiments, the endoscope may comprise a flexible shaft where the distal end of the flexible shaft may comprise a light source, a viewing port, and at least one working channel. In at least one such embodiment, the viewing port may transmit an image within its field of view to an optical device such as a charge coupled device (CCD) camera within the endoscope, for example, so that an operator may view the image on a display monitor (not shown).
It will be appreciated that the terms "proximal" and "distal" are used herein with reference to a clinician manipulating an end of an instrument extending from the clinician to a surgical site (e.g., through a trocar, through a natural orifice, through an open surgical site). The term "proximal" refers to the portion closest to the clinician, and the term "distal" refers to the portion located away from the clinician. It will be further appreciated that for conciseness and clarity, spatial terms such as "vertical," "horizontal," "up," and "down" may be used herein with respect to the drawings. However, surgical instruments are used in many orientations and positions, and these terms are not intended to be limiting and absolute.
While several embodiments have been illustrated and described, and while several illustrative embodiments have been described in considerable detail, the described embodiments are not intended to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Additional advantages and modifications may readily appear to those skilled in the art. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate the different advantages provided by these various embodiments.
While several embodiments have been described, it should be apparent, however, that various modifications, alterations and adaptations to those embodiments may occur to persons skilled in the art with the attainment of some or all of the advantages of the embodiments. For example, according to various embodiments, a single component may be replaced by multiple components, and multiple components may be replaced by a single component, to perform a given function or functions. The described embodiments are therefore intended to cover all such modifications, alterations and adaptations without departing from the scope of the appended claims.
The devices disclosed herein may be designed to be disposed of after a single use, or they may be designed to be used multiple times. In either case, however, the device may be reconditioned for reuse after at least one use. Reconditioning may include a combination of the steps of disassembly of the device, followed by cleaning or replacement of particular pieces, and subsequent reassembly. In particular, the device may be disassembled, and any number of particular pieces or parts of the device may be selectively replaced or removed in any combination. Upon cleaning and/or replacement of particular parts, the device may be reassembled for subsequent use either at a reconditioning facility, or by a surgical team immediately prior to a surgical procedure. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the reconditioning of a device may utilize a variety of different techniques for disassembly, cleaning/replacement, and reassembly. Use of such techniques, and the resulting reconditioned device, are all within the scope of this application.
Preferably, the embodiments described herein will be processed before surgery. First a new or used instrument is obtained and, if necessary, cleaned. The instrument may then be sterilized. In one sterilization technique, the instrument is placed in a closed and sealed container, such as a plastic or TYVEK® bag. The container and instrument are then placed in a field of radiation that may penetrate the container, such as gamma radiation, x-rays, or higher energy electrons. The radiation kills bacteria on the instrument and in the container. The sterilized instrument may then be stored in the sterile container. The sealed container keeps the instrument sterile until it is opened in the medical facility.
Any patent, publication, or other disclosure material, in whole or in part, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein is incorporated herein only to the extent that the incorporated materials do not conflict with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth in this disclosure. As such, and to the extent necessary, the disclosure as explicitly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth herein will only be incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and the existing disclosure material.
The embodiments are not to be construed as limited to the particular embodiments disclosed. The embodiments are therefore to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. Variations and changes may be made by others without departing from the scope of the claims. Accordingly, it is expressly intended that all such equivalents, variations and changes that fall within the scope of the claims be embraced thereby.
In summary, numerous benefits have been described which result from employing the embodiments described herein. The foregoing description of the one or more embodiments has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting to the precise form disclosed. Modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The one or more embodiments were chosen and described in order to illustrate principles and practical applications to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the claims submitted herewith define the overall scope.
|Patente citante
|Fecha de presentación
|Fecha de publicación
|10 Dic 2009
|4 Oct 2011
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
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|26 Abr 2007
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|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Surgical suturing apparatus
|27 Abr 2007
|24 Ene 2012
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Curved needle suturing tool
|30 May 2008
|14 Feb 2012
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|Electrical ablation device
|9 Sep 2008
|14 Feb 2012
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Surgical grasping device
|17 Abr 2012
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Rotational coupling device for surgical instrument with flexible actuators
|11 Dic 2008
|8 May 2012
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Specimen retrieval device
|15 Ago 2008
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|Sterile appliance delivery device for endoscopic procedures
|29 Ago 2008
|14 Ago 2012
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Articulating end cap
|30 Ene 2009
|28 Ago 2012
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Surgical access device
|14 Jul 2008
|11 Sep 2012
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Endoscopic translumenal articulatable steerable overtube
|21 Nov 2007
|11 Sep 2012
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Bipolar forceps
|10 Mar 2008
|11 Sep 2012
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Anastomotic device
|30 May 2008
|27 Nov 2012
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Endoscopic suturing tension controlling and indication devices
|17 Dic 2009
|15 Ene 2013
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|User interface support devices for endoscopic surgical instruments
|27 Jun 2008
|29 Ene 2013
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Surgical suture arrangement
|5 Jun 2008
|26 Mar 2013
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Manually articulating devices
|3 Sep 2008
|2 Abr 2013
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Surgical grasping device
|27 Ene 2010
|28 May 2013
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Electroporation ablation apparatus, system, and method
|31 Oct 2007
|9 Jul 2013
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Detachable distal overtube section and methods for forming a sealable opening in the wall of an organ
|2 Sep 2008
|9 Jul 2013
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Suturing device
|17 Dic 2009
|30 Jul 2013
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Selectively positionable camera for surgical guide tube assembly
|18 Dic 2009
|13 Ago 2013
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Surgical instrument comprising an electrode
|22 Dic 2009
|27 Ago 2013
|Cook Medical Technologies Llc
|Electrosurgical rotating cutting device
|25 Ago 2008
|10 Sep 2013
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Electrical ablation devices
|25 Abr 2008
|29 Oct 2013
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Electrical ablation surgical instruments
|21 Nov 2007
|12 Nov 2013
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Bipolar forceps
|5 Nov 2009
|17 Dic 2013
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Vaginal entry surgical devices, kit, system, and method
|30 May 2008
|18 Feb 2014
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Multifunction surgical device
|12 Ene 2009
|9 Sep 2014
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Apparatus for forming an anastomosis
|14 Jul 2008
|18 Nov 2014
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Tissue apposition clip application devices and methods
|4 Jun 2008
|9 Dic 2014
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Endoscopic drop off bag
|4 Feb 2011
|27 Ene 2015
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Methods for closing a gastrotomy
|29 Ene 2010
|14 Abr 2015
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Surgical instrument comprising an electrode
|18 Dic 2009
|12 May 2015
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Surgical instrument comprising an electrode
|28 Abr 2011
|10 Nov 2011
|Jacek Krzyzanowski
|End effector assembly with increased clamping force for a surgical instrument
|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|606/174, 72/305, 29/525.01
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea
|30 Mar 2009
Owner name: ETHICON ENDO-SURGERY, INC., OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SPIVEY, JAMES T.;WASHBURN, THOMAS T.;SIGNING DATES FROM 20090218 TO 20090306;REEL/FRAME:022468/0969
|1 Abr 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


text:
Which new release will you catch this weekend?
The 2015-16 awards season is here! Beginning with the Gotham Award nominations, there's over four months of ballot mailing, nomination announcements and award ceremonies coming our way, culminating in ... Read More »
Slowly the entertainment industry's awards bodies are entering the digital age. Read More »
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences list of upcoming submission deadlines for the 88th Academy Awards is below. Read More »
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences continues its push for diversity. Read More »
Every summer the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Board of Governors hunkers down and reviews and approves proposed rule changes from the branches. Read More »
The story of making 'The Tribe,' and what went on behind and beyond the scenes, is a movie in itself. Read More »
Bela Tarr protégé Laszlo Nemes' Grand Jury Prize winner 'Son of Saul' will represent Hungary for the 2016 foreign language Oscar. Read More »


text:
Hello everyone,
Looking to upgrade my prophet to ride some freeride when the surf is not good and thought ill ask the pros here before doing so..
I have a lefty on it at the moment and I was thinking on upgrading to Rock Shock domain 318s. I was looking for the 302s that have 160mm travel but no luck for a good price.
Surface where I ride is rocky with small obstacles and rocks constantly in the way.
Is this possible or will I destroy my ride..
Thanks for reading yo all
Results 1 to 25 of 57
Thread: Prophet with 180mm fork
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text:
ARH Hospitals Announce Cutbacks
Posted: 02/11/2009 - The system will consolidate its business offices to central locations over the next 12 months.
Posted: 02/11/2009 - The system will consolidate its business offices to central locations over the next 12 months.
Updated: 02/05/2010 - 58-year-old Katherine Heck was last seen February 1st.
Posted: 02/11/2009 - Officials at a local volunteer fire department say they are having financial trouble.
Updated: 02/11/2009 - Police arrest two men they say stole materials from CSX Railroad.
Posted: 02/11/2009 - A man is taken to the hospital after an accident at a Letcher County mine.
Updated: 02/11/2009 - A highly debated tax on Kentucky's alcohol industry has cleared another hurdle.
Updated: 02/11/2009 - Officials with Miller Trailways Bus Service met with leaders in Pike County Wednesday afternoon to get the project off the ground.
Updated: 02/12/2009 - A line of severe storms leaves a path of damage across Eastern and Southern Kentucky.
Posted: 02/11/2009 - The results are nearly all in, but the future of Israeli politics is far from settled.
Posted: 02/11/2009 - A spokesman for the Defense Ministry says 17 people were killed and 46 wounded in multiple attacks on government building attacks in Kabul.
Posted: 02/11/2009 - The head of a small, family-owned peanut company at the heart of a salmonella investigation has been summoned to Congress by lawmakers seeking answers.
Posted: 02/11/2009 - Negotiators on Capitol Hill are hoping today's the day for a final compromise on the economic stimulus package. They hope to seal agreement after making good progress in the first rounds of closed-door talks.
Posted: 02/11/2009 - Forestry officials are fighting fires, just days after cleaning up from the ice storm. A growing fire in Perry County is just one of several reported since Monday.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - Operation UNITE is zeroing in on a county they say is not getting the help it needs in the war against drugs.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - The tough economic times have many struggling to pay their monthly bills and some are turning to area pawn shops to come up with the cash.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - CHARLESTON, W.Va. (AP) - A judge on Tuesday ordered the federal agency that regulates coal mining to strengthen rules designed to make the nation's 38,000 underground coal miners safer by creating better-trained rescue teams.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - LEXINGTON, Ky. (AP) - A federal judge has dismissed two counts contained in a bid-rigging indictment against former Transportation Secretary Bill Nighbert and road contractor Leonard Lawson.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - FRANKFORT, Ky. (AP) - The state Senate has approved a measure that would change the test administered to Kentucky students to test academic achievement.
Updated: 01/06/2010 - Hundreds of people who lost all the food in their shelves and refrigerators during the ice storm due to power outages got some help Tuesday.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - A Somerset man was arrested Tuesday afternoon after an investigation into a wanted person complaint.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - A father pleads not guilty after police say he purchased a hotel room for a group of teenagers celebrating a 16th birthday and allegedly supplied them with alcohol.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - Police arrested 32 year old John Eckhardt Thursday after they say he spent an hour looking at child porn websites at the Perry County Public Library.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - Kellog's is holding an online contest to determine which sports centers in America need restoring to help communities grow.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - After a two week break, an abuse trial resumed Tuesday in Perry County, but ended when the judge declared a mis-trial.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - A Hazard man charged with possession and distribution of child pornography was back in court Tuesday.


text:
About Me
I'm an Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy at Rhode Island College. [Curriculum Vitae]
Much of my current work concerns the nature and importance of well-being. Against a widely held view, I think that well-being is in many ways less important than other forms of value, particularly meaning and worth. There are a variety of ways in which we can evaluate lives. We can assess live in terms of welfare—how good they are for the one who lives them. We can assess them in terms of meaning. And we can assess them, more broadly, in terms of worth. In my current book project, Welfare, Meaning, and Worth, I defend theories of each.
Apart from my research on well-being, I'm especially interested in the normative assessment of emotion. I wonder to what extent one can be morally responsible for non-voluntary emotional reactions. And I'm curious about why voluntary control seemingly threatens the authenticity of emotions.
I'm currently at work on Philosophy of Film: A Contemporary Introduction (Routledge). The companion Web site is here: philosophyoffilm.com
Chris Grau and I are currently co-editing The Oxford Handbook to the Philosophy of Love.
I edit two PhilPapers categories: Aesthetics and Ethics and Philosophy of Film.
I've taught close to twenty different philosophy courses and several interdisciplinary humanities seminars: The Good Life, Philosophy of Love, Free Will, Bioethics, Political Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion, Environmental Ethics, Meta-ethics, Philosophy of Emotion, Moral Responsibility, Philosophy of Death, The Good Life, Philosophy of Film, and Philosophy of Love.
Recently, I've taught Philosophy of Art, Freedom and Responsibility, Philosophy of Love, Meta-Ethics, Philosophy of Film, and Philosophy of Death.
Here are some of my works in progress:
Here are some of my published (and forthcoming) articles:
Most of my papers are available here:
The best way to get in touch with me is through email: email@example.com
CV | Research | Teaching | PhilPapers Profile


text:
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Lady Fitness CenterRead MoreTurn over a new leaf working out at Lady Fitness Center in Suisun City. Whether you're looking for a quick snack or a full meal, the restaurant at this gym is sure to dish out something delicious. Tots are more than welcome to hang with their parents at this gym. Kickboxing is a great form of cardio exercise. Parking is plentiful, so patrons can feel free to bring their vehicles.254 Sunset AvenueSuisun City, CA US
Jump Highway FairfieldRead MoreJump Highway is constantly in motion. The "trampoline sports arena" is filled with more than 10,000 square feet of custom-built, steel-frame trampolines that cover the floor and climb partway up the walls. Here, visitors of all ages bound across the room and into foam pits large enough for use by professional gymnastics teams or a giant's naptime. In addition to freestyle jumping sessions, the center also hosts group dodgeball and basketball tournaments. The gym's Airobics class treats the trampolines as a whimsical track and field during its cardio-focused, low-impact, and low-gravity workouts. Each piece of equipment is carefully inspected each day and the staff regulates the number of jumpers to prevent overcrowding. They also monitor the different trampoline zones, which include a separate jumping area just for smaller children. When guests are ready for the world to stop shaking, an on-site lounge feature leather furnishings and wireless internet.455 Lopes Rd.Fairfield, CA US
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Chapman UniversityRead MoreAbsolute Pilates's instructors are far from old-school. Though they each boast extensive training in traditional Pilates—and teach classic mat classes—they focus largely on incorporating modern equipment into the ancient practice. Pilates Reformers, Towers, chairs, and even the barre are used during classes, often in combination with each other to optimize workouts and results. The equipment helps students of all levels maintain their balance and target dormant muscles, transforming standard Pilates into a more effective workout. But teachers still maintain the welcoming, personal environment long attributed to Pilates studios and grandma's doomsday bunker.4820 Business Center DrFairfield, CA US
24 Hour FitnessRead MoreJump on the treadmill or work on your weights — Fairfield's 24 Hour Fitness offers a full body workout. With food just the way you like it, this gym elevates your restaurant experience just on the level of taste. Families will feel right at home at this gym with its kid-friendly atmosphere. Take advantage of their excellent personal trainers to ensure that your fitness goals are met on the time table you set. Kickboxing is a great way to whip your whole body into shape. Sign up for a class today. You'll feel the satisfying burn after a cross fit workout. Parking is plentiful, so patrons can feel free to bring their vehicles.1519 Gateway BlvdFairfield, CA US
SWAT All Stars gymRead MoreTweak, tone, shape up, or slim down! SWAT All Stars Gym in Fairfield is just the place you need to get the results you want. Whether you want mouth-watering food or great drinks, this gym has the restaurant just for you. Having trouble finding that family-friendly activity everyone will love? This gym is made for all ages, so little ones are welcome to come along, too. Learn how to defend yourself with kickboxing. Parking is plentiful, so patrons can feel free to bring their vehicles.1891 Woolner AvenueFairfield, CA US


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prints, history prints, historic prints, historical prints, celebrated prints, famous prints, hero prints, heroic prints, important prints, legend prints, legendary prints
"Saladin, Sultan Of Egypt And Syria" print by Photo Researchers. Ships within 3 - 4 business days and arrives rolled in a tube. Choose from multiple print sizes, papers, mats, and frames.
All prints ship in durable cardboard tubes.
Fine Art America is one of the largest, most-respected giclee printing companies in the world with over 40 years of experience producing museum-quality prints. All of our prints are produced on state-of-the-art, professional-grade Epson printers.
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Prints ship within 3 - 4 business days in durable cardboard tubes.
Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (1138-1193) was a Kurdish Muslim, who became the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria, and founded the Ayyubid dynasty. At the height of his power, his sultanate included Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, Yemen, and parts of North Africa. Under his leadership, his forces defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin, leading the way to his recapturing of Palestine, which had been seized from the Fatimid Egyptians by the Crusaders 88 years earlier. Though the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem would continue to exist for a period, its defeat at Hattin marked a turning point in its conflict with the Muslims and Arabs. Saladin was a strict adherent of Sunni Islam. His noble and chivalrous behavior was noted by Christian...
Science Source is a leading source for unique historical, science and nature images. With over 150,000 images to choose from, you can transform your home, office, or dorm room, and change your phone case to suit your every mood! Explore our collections and let your imagination take hold. Science Source� is a registered trademark of Photo Researchers, Inc.
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