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|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|26 Feb 1985
|Fecha de presentación
|29 Abr 1983
|Fecha de prioridad
|29 Abr 1983
|Número de publicación
|Joseph R. Marchetti, Wilbur R. Thomas
|Cesionario original
|Westinghouse Electric Corp.
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (4), Citada por (80), Clasificaciones (56), Eventos legales (14)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
Flame resistant, epoxy resin impregnated, glass cloth laminates have been used in the printed circuit industry to make high grade copper clad circuit boards. These high grade circuit boards must have excellent electrical properties, superior dimensional stability and mechanical strength, and outstanding chemical resistance. Moisture resistant laminates of this type are taught by Alvino et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,327,143. There, bisphenol A or epoxy novolac resins, are mixed with tetrabromobisphenol A, a flame retardant agent, at about 90° C. After mixing and cooling, an epoxy diluent is added, followed by addition of a dicyandiamide derivative (N-cyano-N'-hydroxymethyl guanidine) used as a curing agent, to provide an impregnating resin. This resin is impregnated into glass cloth sheet material which could be used to make NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association) FR-4 grade laminates.
While these laminates have excellent properties, the search continues for glass cloth and cellulosic paper based laminates having improved thermal aging characteristics, higher bond strength and heat distortion temperatures, i.e., Tg values, and even better blister resistance; and for "B"-staged prepregs, useful for manufacturing such laminates, having improved shelf life, and low levels of ionic contamination.
Pucci, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,311,753, attempted to solve problems of poor "B"-staged prepreg shelf life, and laminate solvent resistance, for glass cloth based prepregs and laminates useful in manufacturing flame resistant copper clad circuit boards. There, glass cloth "B"-staged prepregs are made, impregnated with a resin containing: a di and tetra functional epoxy mixture consisting of a brominated epoxy resin, such as a reacted mixture of bisphenol A epoxy and tetrabromobisphenol A, and a polyglycidyl ether of tetraphenylethane; dicyandiamide curing agent; a tetraalkylguanidine catalyst; and a solvent. Pucci et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,343,731, attempted to solve wetting properties of epxoy resins used in impregnating solutions for woven glass cloth. There, an epoxy resin is formulated from the fusion product of bisphenol A epoxy, quarternary phosphonium halide catalyzed bisphenol A epoxy, and tetrabromobisphenol A. This is used in combination with a dicyandiamide containing curing agent and solvent.
In the area of flame resistant paper based laminates for copper clad circuit board application, Nichols, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,804,693, attempted to improve room temperature shearing, blanking, punching, and other fabricating properties. There, a paper web is first impregnated with a water soluble phenolic resin mixed with a solvent, such as methyl alcohol. Then, the wetted paper web is impregnated with an epoxy modified phenolic resin comprising an admixture of: oil and/or rosin modified phenolic resin; water soluble phenolic resin; and bisphenol A epoxy resin; to which is added a brominated or chlorinated flame resistant additive, such as chlorinated bisphenyl or tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, mixed with antimony oxide. The phenolic resins taught are of the resole type, where the mole ratio of (phenol):(formaldehyde) is from (1):(1 to 1.5).
Claybaker, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,043,954 and 4,254,187, makes flame resistant laminates from paper web sheets impregnated with an opoxy modified phenolic resin mixture containing: tung oil modified phenolic resole resin; epoxy resin prepared from a tetrabromobisphenol A; a flame retardant mixture of triphenyl phosphate and antimony trioxide; barium hydrate; low viscosity, catalyzed phenol-formaldehyde resin to facilitate paper penetration; and solvent.
Lee & Neville, in the Handbook of Epoxy Resins, McGraw-Hill, 1967, ch. 11-13 to 11-16, teach a wide variety of curing agents for epoxies, including resole phenolformaldehyde resins; and also solid, high molecular weight phenolic novolac resins for use with high melting point bisphenol A epoxy resins in solvent solution, when catalyzed with benzyldimethylamine.
Flame resistant composite laminates, made from a resin impregnated cellulose paper core bonded to resin impregnated woven glass cloth, are taught by Gause et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 3,895,158. There, resins comprising bisphenol A or novolac epoxy, in combination with chlorinated phenol or brominated epoxy flame retardants, and curing agents such as dicyandiamide, are used in the glass cloth layer. The cellulose paper layer is impregnated with the same epoxy resin but using an anhydride curing agent.
The improvements described in the prior art do not, however, completely solve "B"-staged prepreg shelf life problems, or problems associated with possible attack of nitrogen cross link junctions introduced by dicyandiamide type curing agents, upon thermal aging. Nor has there been a completely satisfactory solution to moisture resistance problems which also addresses bond strength problems and improved flexural strength upon thermal aging. Thus, there is a need for new and improved flame resistant "B"-staged prepregs for copper clad printed circuit boards and other applications.
The above needs have been met and the above problems solved, by providing a "B"-staged prepreg of a reinforcing substrate, such as woven fibrous glass cloth, impregnated with an epoxy resin cured with a selected class of phenolic novolac. Useful epoxy resins comprise: (I) a brominated epoxy resin or (II) a mixture of (A) non-halogenated epoxy resin, such as bisphenol A epoxy, cycloaliphatic epoxy and novolac epoxy or mixtures thereof and (B) a flame retarding reactive additive containing bromine and phenolic hydroxyl groups, preferably tetrabromobisphenol A, and (III) phenolic novolac as a curing agent.
The preferred phenolic novolac is an oligomer having a low free phenol content, and an average of from 2.5 to 15, preferably from 4 to 8, phenolic hydroxyl groups per oligomeric unit.
The phenolic novolac oligomer is employed in an amount to provide a combined total of phenolic hydroxyl equivalents in the impregnating composition that is essentially less than or equal to the combined total of epoxy equivalents that are present. Thus, there will ideally be no unreacted phenolic hydroxyl groups, and there will preferably be an excess of unreacted epoxy groups. Here, equivalents=weight/equivalent weight. Preferably, the bromine content of the composition will provide a bromine range of from about 10 weight percent to about 20 weight percent of the cured resin.
The resin composition is impregnated into a porous substrate, such as paper or fibrous glass cloth, and "B"-staged, i.e., heated to provide a dry but not completely cured prepreg. These "B"-staged prepregs can be stacked in a press, and cure laminated to make: NEMA FR-4 grade laminates when epoxy resin impregnated woven glass cloth is used as the top, bottom and core layers, NEMA CEM-1 grade composite epoxy laminates when epoxy resin impregnated woven glass cloth is used as the top and bottom layer for an epoxy resin impregnated cellulose paper core, NEMA CEM-3 grade composite epoxy laminates when epoxy resin impregnated glass cloth is used as the top and bottom layer for an epoxy resin impregnated unwoven glass fiber core, and the like. These last two composite laminates provide good performance with lower cost than the higher grade FR-4 laminates. All of these laminates can have copper circuitry applied by well known additive or subtractive techniques. Some "B"-staged prepregs can also be used in making multilayer circuit boards.
All of the laminates of this invention, made from these "B"-staged prepregs, have good fabricating properties, outstanding heat distortion temperatures, i.e., Tg (glass transition) values, superior blister and solvent resistance, excellent bond strength and moisture resistance, and excellent flexural strength upon thermal aging. Also, the "B"-staged prepregs of this invention have excellent shelf life, and low levels of ionic contamination, contributing to outstanding electrical properties.
For a better understanding of the invention, reference may be made to the preferred embodiments exemplary of the invention, shown in the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a unitary, consolidated high pressure laminate in accordance with this invention, suitable as a printed circuit board; and
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a consolidated multilayer circuit board in accordance with this invention.
Brominated epoxies are especially useful in the class of widely used flame retardant electrical grade laminates such as the NEMA Grade FR-4 laminates. Examples of readily commercially available pre-reacted brominated epoxy resins are the DER 511, DER 521 and DER 524 series offered by Dow Chemical Company. These prebrominated epoxy resins are (I) polyglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A and/or tetrabromobisphenol A. Flame retardant electrical grade laminates may also be made from (II) a mixture of (A) one or more non-halogenated epoxy resins, including polyglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A and (B) a flame retarding reactive additive, such as tetrabromobisphenol A. As will become apparent hereafter, tetrabromobisphenol A may be employed in combinations with a variety of non-halogenated epoxy resins, particularly mixtures that include cycloaliphatic epoxy.
Although tetrabromobisphenol A is preferred as (B) above, other reactive flame retarding additives which contain phenolic hydroxyl groups may also be used in (B). An example of an alternative brominated phenol is 1,3,5-tribromophenol. Tetrabromobisphenol A has 2 phenolic hydroxyl groups. The 1,3,5-tribromophenol has 1 phenolic hydroxyl group. The number of phenolic hydroxyl equivalents of these components, i.e. OH groups attached to an aromatic ring=molecular weight/hydroxyl equivalent weight.
Useful (A) non-halogenated epoxy resins include glycidyl polyethers, whose principal structure may be represented by the chemical formula: ##STR1## where n is an integer of the series 0, 1, 2, 3 . . . , and R represents the divalent hydrocarbon radical of the dihydric phenol. Typically R is derived from bisphenol A or bis-phenol F. These bisphenol type epoxy resins used in the invention have a 1,2 epoxy equivalency greater than one. They will generally be diepoxides. By the term "epoxy equivalent", is meant the number of 1,2 epoxy groups, ##STR2## contained in the average molecule of the glycidylether. Typically, epoxy resins of bisphenol are readily available in commercial quantities and reference may be made to the Handbook of Epoxy Resins, by Lee and Neville, for a complete description of their synthesis.
Other (A) non-halogenated epoxy resins that are particularly useful in this invention include polyglycidylethers of a novolac, and cycloaliphatic epoxies. The polyglycidylethers of a novolac suitable for use in accordance with this invention are prepared by reacting an epihalohydrin with phenol formaldehyde condensates. The product of the reaction is generally a massive oxidation resistant aromatic compound. Although epoxy novolac resins from formaldehyde are generally preferred for use in this invention, epoxy novolac resins from any other aldehyde such as, for example, acetaldehyde, chloraldehyde, butylaldehyde, fufuraldehyde, can also be used. Although the above formula shows a completely epoxidized novolac, other epoxy novolacs which are only partially epoxidized can be useful in this invention. An example of a suitable epoxy novolac is 2,2, bis[p-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)phenyl]-methane. These resins are well known in the art and reference may be made to the Handbook of Epoxy Resins for a complete description of their synthesis.
The cycloaliphatic type (A) non-halogenated epoxy resins employed as the resin ingredient in the invention are selected from non-glycidyl ether epoxides containing more than one 1,2 epoxy group per molecule. These are generally prepared by epoxidizing unsaturated aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, such as cyclo-olefins, using hydrogen peroxide or peracids such as peracetic acid and perbenzoic acid. The organic peracids are generally prepared by reacting hydrogen peroxide with either carboxylic acids, acid chlorides or ketones to give the compound R--COOOH. These resins are well known in the art and reference may be made to Brydson, J., Plastic Materials, 1966, p. 471, for their synthesis and description.
Examples of these non-glycidyl ether cycloaliphatic epoxides would include 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxy-cyclohexane carboxylate (containing two epoxide groups which are part of ring structures, and an ester linkage); vinyl cyclohexene dioxide (containing two epoxide groups, one of which is part of a ring structure); 3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexane carboxylate, and dicyclopentadiene, having the following respective structures: ##STR3## where S stands for a saturated ring structure.
Both of the (I) and II(A) epoxy resins can be characterized by reference to their epoxy equivalent weight, which is defined as the mean molecular weight of the particular resin divided by the mean number of epoxy groups per molecule. Thus, the number of epoxy equivalents=weight of the epoxy resin/epoxy equivalent weight. In the present invention, all of the suitable epoxy resins will have a preferred epoxy equivalent weight of from about 100 to about 1000.
With either the (I) or (II) resins, certain (III) phenolic novolacs are used as the curing agent. Phenolic novolacs are usually prepared by reacting phenol with formaldehyde in a molar ratio of (phenol):(formaldehyde) of about (1):(0.7 to 0.9) usually (1):(0.8) under acidic conditions. Under these conditions there is a slow reaction to form methylol phenols which then condense rapidly to form products of the dihydroxydiphenyl methane type, usually 2,4- and 4,4'dihydroxydiphenyl methane. These materials then slowly react with further formaldehyde to form their own methylol derivatives which in turn rapidly react with further phenol to produce higher molecular weight materials having the idealized chemical structural formula: ##STR4## where R is usually CH2, but can also be C2 H4 and C3 H8, when for example dichloroethane, and the like, is substituted for formaldehyde in the same molar ratio. Inclusion of alkyl groups over three carbons causes the Tg value as well as chemical and solvent resistance of the cured resin to drop significantly. Additionally, H on the aromatic rings can, in some instances, be substituted for by N or S. These novolacs themselves contain no reactive methylol groups, i.e., --CH2 OH, as do phenolic resoles. There can however be ether linkages, i.e., --O--, between novolac groups. The term "phenolic novolac" is here defined to include such N, S, C2 H4 and C3 H8 inclusions and ether linkages.
The phenolic novolacs useful as (III) curing agents for both (I) and (II) epoxy based impregnating resins of this invention must have, on the average, over 2.5 phenolic hydroxyl groups, i.e., OH groups attached to an aromatic ring, preferably an average of from 2.5 to 15 phenolic hydroxyl groups per oligomeric unit, and most preferably, an average of from 4 to 8 phenolic hydroxyl groups per oligomeric unit. A most preferred phenolic novolac oligomer is represented by the chemical structural formula: ##STR5## where each R group is selected from CH2, C2 H4, and C3 H8, with CH2 preferred, where the average of n=0 to 2, and isomers thereof.
The phenolic novolacs used herein should have a low free phenol content of less than about 1 weight percent free phenol. An average of over 15 phenolic hydroxyl groups per phenolic novolac oligomeric unit, the epoxy resin system will have a tendency to gel rapidly during "B"-staging, so that prepreg shelf life will be reduced drastically. Over about 1 weight percent free phenol and Tg (glass transition) values will be reduced substantially. Here again, the number of phenolic hydroxyl equivalents=weight of the phenolic novolac resin/hydroxyl equivalent weight.
Phenolic resoles are not desirable curing agents, in this invention, because their methylol groups form water upon reacting. If the water is not absorbed by the substrate, it may cause voids in or delamination of the circuit board. Phenolic novolacs on the other hand provide no by-products upon reacting. Additionally, phenolic resoles are usually made with ionic catalysts, such as sodium carbonate or ammonium hydroxide, which could contaminate and deleteriously affect the electrical properties of the circuit board.
In the cured resins of this invention, the phenolic hydroxyls of the tetrabromobisphenol A, for example, and the phenolic novolac oligomer react with and cross link the 1,2 epoxy groups in the epoxy resin, to provide a three dimensional structure. The use of phenolic novolac provides highly thermally stable, oxygen cross link junctions, resistant to chemical attack, rather than nitrogen cross link junctions resulting from use of dicyandiamide curing agents, which nitrogen junctions are subject to attack under high heat conditions--where the laminating resin contains from 10 weight percent to 20 weight percent bromine.
In the (II) resins, which employ (A) non-halogenated epoxy resin, the phenolic hydroxyls in both the (B) brominated phenol, such as tetrabromobisphenol A, and in the (III) phenolic novolac oligomer, should provide a combined total of phenolic hydroxyl equivalents that is less than or essentially equal to the combined total of epoxy equivalents. In the (I) prebrominated epoxy resin, the same ratio of phenolic hydroxyl equivalents (i.e., less than or essentially equal to the epoxy equivalents) should be maintained, recognizing that if no unreacted tetrabrominated bisphenol A is present, the only source of phenolic hydroxyls may be the phenolic novolac curing agent (III). In both cases, there will ideally be no unreacted phenolic hydroxyl groups, and preferably there will be an excess of unreacted epoxy groups. A substantial excess of phenolic hydroxyl groups results in degradation of the integrity of the cured resin. The preferred ratio of epoxy equivalents: phenolic hydroxyl equivalents is from 1:1, to about 1.2:1. Over about 1.2:1, thermal and chemical properties of the laminate start to fall. Any hydroxyl groups present on the epoxy resin are not considered particularly reactive and are not included in the total amount of hydroxyl equivalents for purposes of this invention.
Useful optional catalysts preferably include tertiary amines, such as, for example, triethanolamine, 2-dimethylamino-2-hydroxy propane, hexamethylenetetramine, pyridine, N,N-benzyldimethylamine, N,N-benzyldiethylamine, triethylamine, and the like; and imidazoles, such as, for example, imidazole, 1-methylimidazole, 2-methylimidazole, 2-ethyl-4methylimidazole, and the like. These can be, and usually are, added in effective minor catalytic amounts. Use of these catalysts provides substantially higher Tg values for the cured resin, so their inclusion is preferred.
Optionally, effective minor amounts of epoxy diluents, having viscosities of between about 5 cps. to 200 cps. at 25° C., such as the diglycidyl ether of a glycol having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms in the glycol unit, for example, preferably, the diglycidyl ether of neopentyl glycol; as well as 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether; butyl glycidyl ether; bis(2,3-epoxy-2-methylpropyl)ether; 2,3-epoxy-3-phenoxy propane and the like, can be used to provide high solids, low viscosity impregnating solutions. A complete description of the synthesis of diglycidyl ether of neopentyl glycol is given in U.S. Pat. No. 3,868,613. Epoxy groups present in the epoxy diluent will be included in the total amount of epoxy equivalents for purposes of this invention. The impregnating resins of this invention will advantageously have viscosities of between about 225 cps. to 500 cps. at 25° C.
Useful solvents include oxygenated, not overly volatile solvents, such as, for example, methyl Cellosolve (ethylene glycol monomethyl ether), ethyl Cellosolve (ethylene glycol monoethyl ether), methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, dimethylformamide, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Acetone is relatively volatile, but may be used in admixture with xylene. As is well known, inorganic fillers can be added to fire resistant laminates. Examples of such fillers are listed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,579, and they may be used in the impregnating resin and, thus, in the prepregs and laminates of this invention, including particulate magnesium silicate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, calcium silicate, calcium carbonate, silica, aluminum trihydrate, mica, and their mixtures. Palladium compounds and other similar suitable fillers may also be used in resins for impregnating surface sheets where additive circuitry techniques are to be used, as is well known in the art.
Additives such as antimony trioxide, antimony pentoxide, and various phosphates, all well known in the art, may also be included, in minor amounts, to impart an additional degree of fire or flame resistance to the product. These materials can also substitute for the bromine containing flame retarding additive, and lower the bromine content of the cured resin to about 10% to 12%, without substantially harming the flame resistance of the final laminate. Such lowered bromine content may be desirable in some applications.
Referring now to FIG. 1 of the drawings, unitary, consolidated, high pressure laminate circuit board 10 is shown. Core 11, contains two resin impregnated sheets 12 and 13, disposed between resin impregnated outer surface sheets 14 and 15. The core 11 can contain from one to eight or more sheets. The entire laminate thickness including a top metal foil 16 is from about 5 mil to about 250 mil.
Resin is impregnated into each of the sheets 12, 13, 14 and 15, separately, usually by continuously passing porous sheet cellulosic paper, fibrous polyamide sheet, fibrous quartz sheet, woven fibrous glass cloth, unwoven fibrous glass mat, and the like, from a reel, through a treater trough containing an epoxy resin impregnant, then through rolls to remove excess resin, and then passing the impregnated sheet through a drying oven, to provide a "B"-staged prepreg, which is cut and stacked for storage. By "B"-staged is meant: the resin is heated in the sheet sufficiently to cause it to partially cure to a dry to the touch, non-tacky, fusible state, capable of further complete cure to the thermoset "C"-stage under heat and pressure. One obvious requirement of a "B"-staged prepreg is a long storage lifetime without undue moisture absorption or passage into the "C"-stage.
The cellulosic paper can be made from water-laid wood cellulose fibers which have been treated or fibrillated to provide a high degree of bonding between the fibers in the sheet, providing strength, so that the paper can be treated without auxiliary support. Other cellulose fibers, such as cotton linter cellulose fibers, may also be water-laid to provide high strength sheets and may also be employed. The term "cellulosic paper" is meant to include such types of fibers. Fibrous polyamide sheet sold by E. I. DuPont under the trade name "Kevlar" can also be advantageously used.
The glass fiber substrate can be woven or unwoven. Woven fibrous glass cloth is very strong and is used in the highest grades of copper clad laminates. This glass cloth is available in a plain weave of continuous filaments, in a variety of styles and finishes, generally varying from about 1 to 7 mils (0.001" to 0.007") in thickness and from about 0.6 to 6 oz./sq. yd. in weight. Further details on the impregnating process and useful cellulosic paper and fibrous glass sheet material, can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,895,158. Additionally, high grade, high purity glass cloth, i.e., fibrous quartz (SiO2) sheet, although expensive, can be advantageously used in those specialized instances where a low coefficient of thermal expansion support material is required, for example, in some chip carrier circuit board applications.
One or more sheets of the "B"-staged prepreg can be stacked, along with a metal foil outer sheet 16, preferably copper, and laminated for 1 to 11/2 hours, at from 150° C. to 200° C. and 500 psi. to 1500 psi, to "C"-stage the resin and bond all the component sheets together, providing circuit board 10. Copper foil, when used, is generally from about 0.7 mil to 2.8 mils thick, having a weight of from about 1/2 to 2 oz./sq. ft., respectively. A metal foil can also be bonded to the bottom of layer 15.
This type of metal clad laminate is used when subtractive circuitry techniques are to be employed, where a resist or suitable mask is applied over the copper foil and undefined copper portions are etched away with suitable etching solutions, to leave the desired circuit configuration. This is the common manner of making circuit patterns. However, if additive circuit techniques are to be used, the bonded laminate may not contain a foil layer at all. In this additive technique, copper circuitry is plated in a predetermined pattern through a resist or suitable mask onto the outer surface sheet, which is generally treated or catalyzed in some manner to make it more adhesive for the copper. Both subtractive and additive techniques have been used for many years and are well known in the art.
In FIG. 1, the metal foil layer 16 is shown without a circuit pattern. After etching, to provide the desired circuitry pattern, and removing the resist, a number of through holes may be drilled in or punched through the laminate. These through holes can be plated with copper and the like, usually by a combination of electrodless and electroplating techniques, to provide electrical leads through the circuit board. In many instances electrical components, such as diodes, transistors and the like, are soldered to conductor pads at temperatures of about 500° C. to 550° C., for about 20 seconds. This soldering can cause dimensional stability problems, if sophisticated resin systems are not used.
Referring again to FIG. 1, the highest grade, flame resistant, electrical laminate, NEMA FR-4, consists of epoxy resin impregnated woven glass cloth used as both the core 11 and surface sheets 14 and 15. This grade combines excellent electrical properties with excellent dimensional stability and excellent mechanical strength, it is expensive, however. Composite laminates can include NEMA CEM-1, where an epoxy resin impregnated cellulosic paper is used as the core 11, and epoxy resin impregnated glass cloth is used as surface sheets 14 and 15. NEMA CEM-3 grade laminates may have epoxy resin impregnated unwoven fibrous glass sheets as the core 11, and epoxy resin impregnated woven glass cloth as surface sheets 14 and 15. These composites are lower cost alternatives to the FR-4 grade. The epoxy resin impregnant of the various layers can be the impregnating resin of this invention.
FIG. 2 shows a simplified cross-sectional view of a multilayer circuit board 20, composed of circuit board 21 and circuit board 22, bonded together with a resin impregnated glass fiber adhesive layer 23. Circuit boards 21 and 22 have etched copper conductor patterns 24 and resin impregnated glass cloth or other suitable supports 25. In manufacture, a "B"-staged adhesive layer 23 is disposed between two "C"-staged circuit boards 21 and 22 and then laminated under heat and pressure to cause the adhesive layer to flow and conform to the conductor patterns and to cure the adhesive layer and bond the circuit boards together.
Punched or drilled copper plated through holes, one of which is open, shown as 27 in FIG. 2, electrically connect copper circuits on circuit board 21 with copper circuits on circuit board 22. An electrical component 28 is shown attached to the circuit boards with a suitable solder 29, soldering lead 30 which passes through the board via through holes 27. In all instances the resin impregnant of the various layers can be the impregnating resin of this invention.
The following example illustrates the invention with an admixture of a non-halogenated bisphenol A epoxy resin and tetrabrominated bisphenol A.
A flame resistant, copper clad NEMA grade FR-4 laminate was made. A mixing vessel was charged, at 25° C., with 22.55 parts by weight (22.55 weight percent) of methyl Cellosolve solvent, to which was added, with good agitation: 10.34 parts by weight (10.34 weight percent) of 100% solids phenolic novolac oligomer having an average hydroxyl equivalent weight of about 107 (and containing 0.096 phenolic hydroxyl equivalents, i.e., 10.34/107) and a melt viscosity at 150° C. of from 800 cps. to 1000 cps., sold commercially by Union Carbide Corporation under the trade name "Phenolic Novolac BRWE 5833", as the curing agent.
To this solution was added: 25.27 parts by weight (25.27 weight percent) of 100% solids tetrabromobisphenol A as flame retarding additive, having an average hydroxyl equivalent weight of about 271.9 (and containing 0.093 phenolic hydroxyl equivalents, i.e., 25.27/271.9); 41.69 parts by weight (41.69 weight percent) of a 97% solids solution of a quaternary phosphonium halide salt latent catalyzed liquid diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy resin, having an epoxy equivalent weight of 193 and a viscosity of about 4,000 cps. at 25° C., (and containing 0.211 epoxy equivalents, i.e., [41.69/193]×0.97) sold commercially by Shell Chemical Company under the trade name "Epon 829"; and 0.15 parts by weight (0.15 weight percent) of 2-methyl imidazole as a catalyst. After final addition, the admixture was stirred for 30 minutes at 25° C., to provide a resinous solution having a viscosity of about 250 cps. at 25° C. In this resin admixture the combined total of phenolic hydroxyl equivalents was 0.189, and was less than the total epoxy equivalents of 0.211, i.e., the ratio of epoxy equivalents: phenolic hydroxyl equivalents was 1.12:1.
Style 7628, silane treated woven glass fiber cloth, having a weight of 6.0 oz/sq. yd., was impregnated with the described resin admixture in a resin trough, passed between rollers to remove excess resin, and "B"-staged in a drying oven at about 160° C. for about 7 minutes, to provide a resin ratio of about 1.75, i.e., 0.75 parts by weight resin to 1 part by weight glass fiber. Style 7642, silane treated woven glass fiber cloth, having a weight of 6.8 oz/sq. yd. was also impregnated with the described resin admixture and "B"-staged in a similar fashion, to provide a resin ratio of about 2.1, i.e., 1.1 parts by weight resin to 1 part by weight glass fiber. Shelf life of these "B"-staged prepregs is at least 90 days at 25° C.
Four sheets of 50"×74" impregnated style 7642 woven glass cloth were used as a core between one top and one bottom impregnated style 7628 woven glass cloth surface sheet. This stack-up was then molded to one top sheet of one ounce copper foil at 1000 psi. and 160° C. for about 35 minutes, to provide, after cooling, a 1/16 inch flame resistant, copper clad, heat and pressure consolidated laminate. A series of tests were then run on the laminate and the results are given below in Table 1:
TABLE 1______________________________________Property Condition Results______________________________________Bond ASTM Cond. A 10.2 lb./in.Bond 260° C. solder float for 20 sec. 9.4 lb./in.Blister 260° C. solder float for 7 min. No BlistersBlister 302° C. solder float for 3 min. No Blisters*Glass Transition ASTM Cond. A 133.6° C.(Tg)Vol. Resistivity Mil Std. 202 3 × 108Sur. Resistivity Mil Std. 202 5.93 × 104Water Absorption D-1/105 + DES + D-24/23 0.070%Dielectric D-48/50 + D-1/2/23 60BreakdownDielectric Constant D-24/23 4.63Dissipation Factor D-24/23 0.0219Flex. Strength, ASTM Cond. A 68,000lengthFlex Strength, ASTM Cond. A 57,000crossArc Resistance D-48/50 + D-1/2/23 122______________________________________ *Differential Scanning Calorimeter
These results indicate outstanding thermal properties, including outstanding heat distortion temperatures, i.e., Tg values, showing good thermal and dimensional stability and resistance to warpage, excellent bond strength, and moisture resistance, excellent flexural strength and electrical properties, and excellent solder resistance without blistering. This copper clad laminate is of the FR-4 class, and after copper etching to provide circuit patterns could be used as an outstanding circuit board.
The following example illustrates the invention with a prebrominated bisphenol A epoxy resin.
A mixing vessel was charged, at 25° C. with 9.42 parts by weight (9.42 weight percent) of methyl Cellosolve solvent, to which was added with good agitation, 77.93 parts by weight (77.93 weight percent) of a commercially available prebrominated bisphenol A epoxy resin sold by Dow Chemical Company as DER 511 A80, which has an EEW of about 482 and is an acetone solution containing 80 percent solids. This would contribute 0.129 epoxy equivalents (i.e., 77.93×0.80/482). When a uniform solution was obtained, 12.44 parts by weight (12.44 weight percent) of 100% solids phenolic novolac oligomer having an average hydroxyl equivalent weight of about 107 (Union Carbide's BRWE 5833) was added with good agitation. This amount of phenolic novolac would contain 0.116 phenolic equivalents (i.e., 12.44/107). After the phenolic novolac was dissolved, 0.21 parts by weight (0.21 weight percent) of 2-methyl imidazole was added and stirred for 30 minutes to provide a homogeneous solution. In this resin admixture, the combined total of phenolic hydroxyl equivalents (0.116) was less than the total epoxy equivalents (0.129). The ratio of epoxy equivalents:phenolic hydroxyl equivalents was 1.11 (0.129/0.116). Because the tetrabromobisphenol A in the prebrominated DER 511 epoxy resin has been reacted, it has essentially no phenolic hydroxyl groups available for reaction and is, threfore, ignored in calculating the total phenolic hydroxyl equivalents.
The resin may be substituted for the resin employed in Example 1 to prepare "B"-staged prepregs and a 1/16 inch flame resistant copper clad laminate with results equivalent to those set forth in Table 1.
The following example illustrates the invention with cycloalphiatic epoxy resin alone and as admixtures with bisphenol A epoxy resin.
Seven unreacted impregnating resin compositions were made by dissolving 100% solids phenolic novolac oligomer having an average hydroxyl equivalent weight of about 107 and a melt viscosity at 150° C. of from 800 cps. to 1000 cps., sold commercially by Union Carbide Corporation under the trade name "Phenolic Novolac BRWE 5555", in methyl Cellosolve solvent at 25° C., with good agitation, followed by addition of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). When the tetrabromobisphenol A was dissolved, 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate, a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin having an epoxy equivalent weight of 133 and a viscosity of from 350 cps. to 450 cps. at 25° C., sold commercially by Union Carbide Corporation under the trade name "ERL-4221", was charged, followed by the addition of the bisphenol A epoxy resin described in Example 1. Lastly, 2-methyl imidazole (2-MI) catalyst was added at 25° C., to provide a series of unreacted resinous solutions having viscosities ranging from about 250 cps. to about 300 cps. at 25° C. The composition of these formulations is shown in Table 2.
Style 7628, silane treated woven glass fiber cloth was impregnated with the seven described resin admixtures in a resin trough, passed between rollers to remove excess resin, and "B"-staged in a drying oven at about 160° C. for from 6 to 7 minutes, to provide a resin ratio of about 1.66. Shelf life of these "B"-staged prepregs was at least 90 days at 25° C.
Nine sheets of 7"×7" prepreg, containing Samples 1 through 7 resins, were molded at 1,000 psi and 170° C. for about 35 minutes. The resultant non-clad, 1/16 inch NEMA grade FR-4 circuit board laminates were then tested for glass transition (Tg) values. The results are given in Table 3.
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________ SAMPLE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7__________________________________________________________________________parts (wt. %) ERL 4221 35.13 31.82 29.10 25.78 22.48 15.25 18.57parts (wt. %) Epon 829 -- 3.87 7.73 11.59 15.46 23.19 19.33parts (wt. %) TBBPA 24.78 24.18 24.78 24.78 24.78 24.78 24.77parts (wt. %) BRWE 5555 14.94 14.51 13.47 13.03 12.58 12.31 12.75parts (wt. %) 2-Ml 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15parts (wt. %) methyl Cellosolve 25.00 24.87 24.77 24.67 24.55 24.32 24.43ratio of epoxy equivalents: 1.14:1 1.15:1 1.16:1 1.15:1 1.16:1 1.16:1 1.15:1phenolic hydroxyl equivalents__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________ LAMINATE SAMPLE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7__________________________________________________________________________*Glass Transition (Tg) 160.9° C. 155.6° C. 148.9° C. 148.3° C. 147.7° C. 139.8° C. 144.7° C.__________________________________________________________________________ *Differential Scanning Calorimeter
All the laminates were light in color and were well cured as tested by rubbing with acetone and various solvents. All were especially suitable for copper clad circuit board application. As can be seen, the addition of cycloaliphatic epoxy resin, though expensive, can dramatically increase Tg values, compare Table 3 with Table 1. For highest temperature applications, an all cycloaliphatic epoxy-phenolic novolac cured woven glass cloth based circuit board would be most useful.
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|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|442/232, 442/281, 442/253, 428/416, 428/530, 442/235, 428/460, 428/477.4, 428/436, 428/920, 428/458, 442/234, 428/415, 428/464, 174/259, 428/432, 428/901
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea
|29 Abr 1983
Owner name: WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION, WESTINGHOUSE BL
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:MARCHETTI, JOSEPH R.;THOMAS, WILBUR R.;REEL/FRAME:004155/0208
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|31 Mar 1988
|Fee payment
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|2 Abr 1992
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|7 Dic 1992
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|24 May 2006
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To soothe and heal the occasional skin irritations, this natural, herbal skin soother provides the active healing ingredients for blemishes, irritations and inflammations. Stressed, oily, irritated acne-prone skin is healed effortlessly with morning and evening application.
Calamine: Soothing, Zinc Oxide: Healing, Allantoin: Promotes tissues growth, heals, Camphor: Opens senses, astringent, Witch Hazel: Antiseptic, Neem: Rejuvenates, heals, Burdock: Calming and cooling, Mint: Soothing, Methyl Paraben: Preservative, Propyl Paraben: Preservative.
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This product contains essential nutrients to heal, moisturize and protect all types of skin. It is very good and keep skin soft and smooth during hard winter.
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The Reviva body lotion smells softly of pink gray fruit. It also keeps my skin moisturized. This lotion absorbs well and do not leaves any residue. It leaves my skin really soft, this is the best lotion i have ever used. It has arrived very quickly and the price is good.
This moisturizing lotion smells like perfume, it does not make my skin feel any dry. It no only softens skin but reduces pain in my legs and feet .

subset: commoncrawl


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Allsports Grand PrixRead MoreIf you love to try new things, head to Allsports Grand Prix in Sterling and experience something new and exciting. Gain some experience behind the go-kart wheel at Allsports Grand Prix. Parking is plentiful, so visitors can feel free to bring their vehicles.45915 Maries Rd, Ste 170Sterling, VA US
Regal Entertainment TheaterRead MoreEveryone falls in love with the movies once in their life. Come fall in love again at Regal Entertainment Theater in Sterling. Don't worry about packing a snack. This theater has a great restaurant so you can keep the fun going. Youngsters don't need to sit out a trip to this theater — it's super family-friendly and perfect for little customers and their folks. It's about time you finally enjoyed the comfort of your car while watching the movies at this drive-in theater. Parking is plentiful, so patrons can feel free to bring their vehicles.45980 Regal PlzSterling, VA US
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Downpour Water PlaygroundRead MoreTake your friends and family to a world of exciting thrills and endless fun at Downpour Water Playground in Sterling. Parking is plentiful, so guests can feel free to bring their vehicles.47001 Fairway DrSterling, VA US


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Is there knee room if you want to sit down and use the desk without your legs having to turn sideways?
Let me begin by saying that now that it's in use it looks good and works well even if a bit on the expensive side. Took the better part of a rather long, frustrating at times, day to get it all together. Had to set one door aside and repair it as received as the factory-installed screws had split the wood frame and it just got tossed in the box and shipped as if it was all OK. With the aid of some wood glue and clamps and overnite drying, I was able to repair it so it's not too noticeable and use it. The screws provided for the two interior stacks of small shelves were too small; I had to substitute larger screws that I fortunately had available already in my workshop. There were some other hiccups in the assembly process but I finally got it al together and am happy with it's appearance and function. I would not recommend it for anyone who is not equipped to cope with the kinds of repair and assembly problems that I encountered....
Naples White Compact Computer Desk/ Hutch
ITEM#: 14124397Work in convenience and style with this Naples compact computer desk and hutch. With three spacious drawers, eight shelves and three wire management holes, this workspace can handle all your storage and organizational needs. A fully extensible keyboard tray and ample room for a printer mean that everything can have its own place. Made of wood with a rich white finish, this desk performs well as both an office and an elegant furniture piece.
- Color: White
- Materials:Hardwood solids and engineered wood
- Finish: Rich white
- Keyboard tray with ball bearing drawer guides that fully extends
- CPU compartment
- Three (3) wire management holes, and letter organizers
- Type of desk: Compact
- Number of drawers: Three (3)
- Number of shelves: Eight (8)
- Dimensions: 70.25 inches high x 37.75 inches widex 23.75 inches deep
Assembly required
|White Finish
|Desk Type
|Computer Desks Hutch Desk
|Assembly Required
|Furniture Frame Material
|Product Features
|Keyboard Tray
|See description
|30 day Limited Manufacturer
|See description
|Model Number
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Give it a "Good" with some reservations...
Let me begin by saying that now that it's in use it looks good and works well even if a bit on the expensive side. Took the better part of a rather long, frustrating at times, day to get it all together. Had to set one door aside and repair it as received as the factory-installed screws had split the wood frame and it just got tossed in the box and shipped as if it was all OK. With the aid of some wood glue and clamps and overnite drying, I was able to repair it so it's not too noticeable and use it. The screws provided for the two interior stacks of small shelves were too small; I had to substitute larger screws that I fortunately had available already in my workshop. There were some other hiccups in the assembly process but I finally got it al together and am happy with it's appearance and function. I would not recommend it for anyone who is not equipped to cope with the kinds of repair and assembly problems that I encountered.Read More
Frequent buyer
You have to know how to put things together, but if you know how and get it together correctly it's a decent piece for the price for sureRead More
Looks great but hard to assemble - need 2 people
Makes putting together IKEA furniture look easy. Do a thorough inventory of all the pieces as well as the hardware. Comes packed very well but comes in many, many pieces. The wood is very sturdy. Unfortunately the directions for the top and the bottom have the same number-so I had 2 a-s, 2 b-s, etc. I ended up labeling everything myself. In doing so I discovered I was missing a big piece. I contacted Overstock and got the wrong piece. So I contacted the vendor directly and they sent me the wrong piece 3 times because their directions were wrong. I finally got the correct piece because I interpreted their directions and asked for piece that I already received. In the beginning I sent them pictures, etc. Then I discovered that I was missing a couple bags of wood screws. My local hardware store doesn't carry them. I contacted the vendor and after 2 weeks they couldn't send me any screws because of the doors, and they directed me to Overstock. Overstock still hasn't gotten back to me (their customer service is very helpful). I hedged and asked a contractor friend to see if he can find the screws too. Once I have them (if I have them) I can finish assembling this.Read More
Great Buy
When it was finally put together, it is great. However it takes many hours and two sons working together to put this together. Many many pieces.Read More
Just what I wanted in a computer desk. Close it up and it looks like a nice piece of furniture. Problem the top main board was warped. It bows up so the front doors are not even. And since i'm finding that returning big items to overstock is like pulling teeth or spending more money than it cost to purchased, i just decided to live with it.Read More
Perfect computer storage for small room.
The hutch is perfect for the small room where I keep my computer, but space allotted for the printer is not large enough for the taller printer, scanner, copier, fax combination that I had, so I had to get a smaller printer. Other than that, it is a great computer hutch.Read More
Nice Piece for the Money
For months I had been trying to get my husband and his huge computer moved off our dining room table, but the only logical place for him to go was our sunroom. There was a narrow brick wall there that would accommodate a small desk, and the Naples compact computer cabinet seemed like it would fill the bill. It arrived in two-very heavy-boxes and was extremely well packaged. I have quite a bit of experience assembling furniture, so except for the weight of the pieces, I found putting this together fairly easy. The pre-drilled holes, the overall quality and packaging of the parts, the instructions all were satisfactory. I am never completely satisfied with the screw/cam lock method of construction. No matter how hard I try, I never can seem to get the piece I am assembling to feel truly solid, and this piece was no exception. I must emphasize again that the hutch/desk is extremely heavy. While I was actually able to put it together by myself, I had to have help moving it into place and especially putting the hutch on top of the base. I like the fact that all the doors are double hinged, which means they fold back flat against the sides. The color is not a bright white, but I would still call it white, not off white. My husband's computer and printer are so large that little room was left for cubbies, but I still managed to find room for two of them and that is a real plus. Overall, I am satisfied with my purchase. The thing that I like least is having to open the bottom doors every time I need access to the drawers behind them. All things considered, I am pleased and would buy it again.Read More
Very heavy needs 2 people to handle and assemble. Average assembly every piece lined up and drilled appropriately. Once togetRead More
Bye bye clutter!
I bought this desk to clear up a lot of visible clutter from my computer equipment. UPS dropped the two well packaged boxes with no problems. It took my husband and me roughly 4 hours to assemble. There are a few issues with the alignment of the upper as well as lower doors. The screw holes in the media storage cubbies were too deep and the provided screws would not fit. We used other screws we had on hand, and used tiny washers on the drop hinges to adjust the doors(although I could have done without that little detour). All in all I am pleased with the finished product which looks great and seems very sturdy.Read More
not the easiest to assemble, but looks/works great
our hutch broke when we were trying to assemble it. we contacted the manufacturer and they immediately sent replacement parts. the assembly instructions aren't quite accurate, and it is indeed a heavy piece of furniture. we opted to leave the media shelves out of it. works great and looks really nice in our living room.Read More
Questions & Answers
Hello flanc28906, there will be leg room when the keyboard tray is pulled out. Thanks for shopping with us!
Why did you choose this product?
Fits in space and hides computer equipment.
Appeared to be of an appropriate size for my needs. I hope my combo printer will fit the appointed space. The fact that it is solid wood is a plus. Most merchandise from Overstock has been first-rate for the price. Free shipping was a BIG plus as we are pretty far out in the sticks in Western North Carolina.
I work from home now and need a work place other than my dining room table. I wanted the work space on the main floor of my house and wanted the hide my pc when not in use. An armoire of this size, style, and color will fit perfect in the eating area off my kitchen. Price also is reasonable.
Needed to move office from third bedroom to make room for my 3 yr old and had small space to put it in and didn't want to see the clutter when not in use.
I have a monitor that is 26" wide X 21" high - would it fit?
Hello cherished1, I attached the information requested below. Please let us know if you have any further questions. Overall product dimensions: 37.75 W x 23.75 D x 70.25 H. File drawer dimensions: 10 H X 21.25 W X 18.5 D. Keyboard tray dimensions: 1.75 H X 32 W X 15 D. Shelf dimensions: 8.25 H X 23.25 W X 20.75 D. CPU compartment dimensions: 18.5 H X 9.75 W X 21 D. Small drawer dimensions: 2.25" H X 77.75 W X 14.5 D. Pigeon hole organizers dimensions: 20.5 H X 6.25 W X 9.75 D. Letter organizer slot dimensions: 12.5 H X 13.25 W X 11.75 D. Fixed shelf dimensions: 14 H X 34 W X 12 D. Product weight: 259 lbs.
What is the size of are for the printer?
Hello 25 /sew 4 Me, the printer shelf is approximately 23"W x 20"D x 8"H. Thanks for shopping with us!
Do you have the dimensions the keyboard tray when pulled out?
Hello salsasinger, the keyboard opening measures 32 inches wide x 15 inches deep x 1 3/4 inches high. Thank you for shopping with us!
Hi, is there a work surface that slides out as well as the keyboard tray? Or is the work surface fixed?
Thank you for contacting us, salsasinger. The following parts slide in and out. Please let us know if you have any further questions.
Do you have any bedroom furniture that would match the style and color of this desk (Teen boy room)?
Thank you for your inquiry, thaehn. We recommend you try items 1418829 and 14188269. We hope this helps. Thank you for shopping with us.
Is the large drawer on the bottom left side a file drawer?
Hello mommytog, Yes, it is. It accommodates letter or legal size files, and the drawer measures 21-1/4-inch width by 18-1/2-inch depth by 10-inch height. Thanks for shopping with us.
What is the depth of the top monitor computer hutch? Thanks!
Thank you for your question lynnlie. The depth of the top monitor computer hutch is 23.75 inches. Have a great day.
Does the printer drawer slid out?
Yes myava827, the printer drawer does slide out. Thanks for shopping with us.
Hi! wondering if the given specs are with the doors closed or open. have a narrow alcove this would go and want to make sure that it would fit with doors open as shown in second picture. could you confirm the door open dimensions on the width? thanks!!!
Thank you for your question slcgal2014. The dimensions on the product page, are the dimensions with the doors closed. The doors measure 15.4375 inches each. The door post is 2 inches. Have a great day.
What is the size of the monitor compartment?
Hello speedyzags! This hutch is beautiful! The monitor area measures 25.25 inches high x 33.75 inches wide. I hope this helps. Thanks for shopping with us.
Is this made out of pressed wood because it looks like it? What is hardwood solid?
Hello, mhtb1. Hope your day is going well. From our supplier---"Calling the units all hardwood construction is primarily referring to the frames the drawer fronts and the door frames. The side panels and the door panels, behind the framing, are hardwood veneers over plywood. The plywood is all hardwood and is used to prevent warping on the side panels, the back panel, and the door panels, but unlike most other manufacturers the veneer on the unit is over plywood, not particle board or MDF. The plywood is all hardwood unlike particle board and MDF. This is why it is referred to it as all hardwood construction. The only companies that are still using plywood to veneer on, other than us, are contract companies where warping and longevity are critical. High-end furniture factories used to veneer on plywood, but none of them do any more. We are still one of the few using plywood on these units, everyone else is using MDF." Thank you for shopping with us and please feel free to contact us again with any further questions.
what are the dimensions of the CPU compartment?
Thank you for your question and I apologize for the delayed response. The dimensions of the CPU compartment are 22.25 inches deep x 7.875 inches wide x 18.375 inches high.
How much does the desk weigh?
Thank you for your question. The shipping weight is 141lbs, the desk will weigh slightly less than that. have a great day!
What are the dimensions of the printer compartment? (length, width, height)
The printer shelf measures 23 inches wide x 20 inches deep x 8 inches high.
Shopping Tips & Inspiration
How to Choose a Computer Desk
How to Choose a Computer Desk from Overstock.com. Our guides provide customers with information about how to choose a computer desk and advice about our many brand-name products.
Helpful Features of Office Desks
Helpful Features of Office Desks from Overstock.com. Our guides provide customers with information about helpful features of office desks and advice about our many brand-name products.
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Computer Desk Essentials
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How to Clean Computer Desks
How to Clean Computer Desks from Overstock.com. Our guides provide customers with information about how to clean computer desks and advice about our many brand-name products.
FAQs about Desks
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How to Buy a Home Office Computer Desk
How to Buy a Home Office Computer Desk from Overstock.com. Our guides provide customers with information about how to buy a home office computer desk and advice about our many brand-name products.
How to Measure an Office for a Desk
How to Measure an Office for a Desk from Overstock.com. Our guides provide customers with information about how to measure an office for a desk and advice about our many brand-name products.
Tips on Assembling a Computer Desk
Tips on Assembling a Computer Desk from Overstock.com. Flat-pack furniture will be easier to put together when you follow theese tips.
How to Organize a Home Office Desk
How to Organize a Home Office Desk from Overstock.com. Our guides provide customers with information about how to organize a home office desk and advice about our many brand-name products.
Southern Exposure
The desert landscapes and intricate textiles of the Southwestern United States are legendary. Capture the iconic western style in your home with Navajo patterns, animal head decor, and desert plants.
Modern Geometry
Shapes are here and they're making a scene in the modern home. Draw in wandering eyes with geometric rugs, lamps, and furniture. You'll make the decor grade, even if math wasn't your favorite subject.
Connect The Dots
Seeing spots? That's okay, because you're not the only one. Polka dots are a charming way to bring energy to your decor as well as your wardrobe. Go ahead and embrace those little spots.
Retro Revival
The 1950s were a time of swinging tunes, mid-century furniture, and innovative fashion. We're looking fondly to the days of jukeboxes and soda shops for design inspiration.
Wedding Bells At Pride Parade
"It's not just gay marriage, to us it is marriage. Whether it's gay, straight, lesbian, or anything in between, every person should have the right to marry whomever they want and to be happy."
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text:
Earlier this month, I had the real pleasure of visiting the River Fund team at their HQ in Queens. The River Fund performs an amazing service in their community - connecting people with government benefits like food stamps and running a weekly grocery pickup service out of their headquarters building, which is also Project Leader Swami Durga Das' home. The first floor of the home has been transformed into a client-facing service delivery center, and the garage is a well-stocked food bank.
When I visited, several people were being served - getting on the official food stamp rolls, and saving hours and hours by working with The River Fund instead of applying directly to government agencies. The River Fund has a sophisticated tracking system for clients. They are each given a swipe card so The River Fund can track food preferences and other beneifits received. The information system was developed in house but will roll out to other food banks. This mentoring of other organizations is part of how The River Fund sees expanding its impact.
When Superstorm Sandy hit, many of their existing clients were affected. Without transportation to get to jobs for a week, many lost those jobs permanently. The River Fund used mobile food units and got to places where people were cut off from regular food sources. They responded quickly, working with government agencies and other organizations, to coordinate food distribution and delivery. The River Fund has seen an increase in the number of ongoing clients since the storm, as families struggle with basic necessities.
I was very impressed by The River Fund's close engagement with their community. They have a tangible can-do spirit and kind culture of service that's truly inspiring. I left my visit extremely happy that such a great organization was able to connect with meaningful funding through GlobalGiving.
Project Reports on GlobalGiving are posted directly to globalgiving.org by Project Leaders as they are completed, generally every 3-4 months. To protect the integrity of these documents, GlobalGiving does not alter them; therefore you may find some language or formatting issues.
If you donate to this project or have donated to this project, you will get an e-mail when this project posts a report. You can also subscribe for reports via e-mail without donating or by subscribing to this project's RSS feed.
Combined with other sources of funding, this project raised enough money to fund the outlined activities and is no longer accepting donations.
Still want to help?
Find another project in
United States
or in
Disaster Recovery
that needs your help.
Richmond Hill,
New York,
United States
Executive Director
Richmond Hill,
United States


text:
A while back I had written about attending Anime Expo 2015 this year since it was a late graduation gift to myself, the original plan was to cosplay a Vampire Knight student while I attend the convention, well on the Monday of May 18 at 10:32PM my dream of cosplaying Vampire Knight was ruined.
Over a month ago, I took it upon myself to order the uniform from a online seller, the cosplay was $96 plus shipping and handling would add it to about $105. I thought back then it was a good deal since I had two months to go before the convention, it wasn't till now that I realized it was a huge mistake.
When I opened the alleged package on the evening of May 18, I was shock with disappointment of how different the product was opposed to how the actual uniform is suppose to be, the material was heavy and the lining looked like ribbon was just glued on the cloth, the silver buttons it was suppose to have turned out to be plastic diamonds. When I tried the uniform it proved to be WAY to small for someone of my size, it looked more like for a child.
People tell me I should of checked the sizing chart but what they don't know is I did, i chose my size accordingly, but what it didn't say was they were using a petite sizing chart for the measurement sizing. Over all i was a very disappointed costumer. I decided to give the outfit to my little sister, it fit her but my mother protested against the idea when i told her how it didn't fit me. She said to return it and get our money back, and doing so now i am going to return it first chance i get.
Good thing i had a plan B in mind, but even that proved a failure as when i went to check the anime hobby shop, (Jungle Store) at Little Tokyo they had the uniform, just not in my size, i was very disappointed. So the new plan today is to order another uniform off the internet, and be sure to get my exact measurements using a adult chart and hope it would get here in time before July, with such notice every second counts, so hopefully its as they say, maybe the third time would be the charm after all.


text:
Hillary Copsey: Help the Port St. Lucie 'Christmas house' illuminate for charity
Christmas began Labor Day weekend at one Port St. Lucie home.
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Written on: 12/06/2012
Sanotint is touted as the hair dye with the least PPDs, and while that may be true, it's still enough to cause a severe reaction. Too bad I had to waste $25.00 to find this out!
Sanotint is apparently the last resort for many people with allergies. Give it a try, but don't get your hopes up! Since Clariol quit making their non-permanent hair color, I'm left with nothing.
As rated by our community of reviewers
" Whys it called hair color? " Read More
" Ruined my hair " Read More
" Beautiful Dark Red Colour & Amazing Condition " Read More
Written by LunarGirl
" Allergy, Chemical and Fake Product for Hair " Read More
Written by Monikamona9900
" Worth the money! " Read More


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ReviewGist App
Read reviews on the go.
'We chose white, since it was less likely to pick up fingerprints, though black looked quite sleek.'
'AT&T says its third-generation mobile network is available in some 280 markets now; that number will grow to 350 by next year, according to the company.'
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'we were down at our local O2 store before opening this morning to pick up ours, thanks to the nice chaps at O2 - the UK's exclusive iPhone carrier.'
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'great phone'
'The shutter speed is OK for a camera phone, though steady hands are still required for truly beautiful shots.'
'Ample onboard memory and expansion plan.'
'As usual, LG use a proprietary connector for the supplied two-piece headphones, so you're limited to the supplied two piece headphones, however, the connector is positioned nicely at the top edge meaning it's easier to use, particularly when in your pocket.'
'The keys' white backlight looks superb at night and enhances this phone's credentials as a premium fashion handset.'
'the Prada phone is simple in its design and as a result is easy to use.'
'Pros Chic design.'
'phone flat and streamlined'
'The build quality of the phone is decent, yet not perfect.'
'decent multimedia moves'
'probably the worst wind noise test performance'
'Our one big complaint about the phone: If you want to dial a number that's not in your address book, you have to open the screen first so that you can access the keyboard/dial pad, then close it again to use it as a phone--a really cumbersome setup.'
'We were actually quiet surprised with the Sidekick and its performance.'
'EDGE compatible'
'the touchscreen sensitivity can be somewhat disappointing.'
'The chassis is compact and well-built, and the bright and sparkling 3in display is roomy enough to accommodate your pinkies.'
'large and vivid display Responsive touchscreen Fast UI Well'
'LG have always been good at creating entertainment phones which are great looking and the KP500 is no exception.'
'awkward and ugly touch screen interface Rating'
'The F490 will be available in select European markets this February for about 530EUR, before taxes and subsidies.'
'slim sized phone'
'more traditional mobile phone manufacturers'
'music playback through the unit's speakers was poor.'
'the keys are mushy and have very little travel, none of the satisfying "click" of a BlackBerry key.'
'The Mogul is also known to support microSDHC cards at least up to 4 GB, thus removing the size restrictions that have typically accompanied such small slots.'
'Songs sounded tinny and lacked volume and richness.'
'Our friends said they could hear us loud and clear and couldn't even tell we were using a cell phone.'
'The keypad on the N73 is rather small, and one of the things I like least about the device.'
'in very bright light the colors are not realistic and little amount of purple fringing occurs'
'Battery life, at more than 8 hours of talk time, was good for this powerful a phone.'
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BPL Community Profile
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Re: Gear Geek 10 Essentials
I use the same bag. I like it.
New Tarp User. Need advice
Newton, that's funny! Thanks for not posting pics :)
Re: New Tarp User. Need advice
John said: "Think of your tarp as a large umbrella. When you use an umbrella most of us point the top center of the umbrella towards the worst of the incoming rain. Point the foot end of...
Re: ion
Mike....I like! I want one!
Re: pad
Evan, Your Zrest should be quite comfortable next 2 skin. If not, buy 5 or six other lightweight pads like the rest of us, hoping each time that "this is the one" with the perfect bal...
Re: quilt
Which pad do you use? My reason for asking is that some pads (ie: BA Clearview) would be VERY sticky on bare skin.
Re: For Sale: Eddie Bauer Vest - NEW
Thanks for asking! Updated original post for weight. The loft is 1/2".
Re: Insole Camp Shoes
Ha!! Yeah Hal - I had the yellow, my friend had the other! It worked out ok.
More Insole Camp Shoes
Here's mine: I made them while on my last trip..... Just wrapped cord around my insoles from the shoes I was wearing.
TRADED: Eddie Bauer Vest - NEW
Primaloft Vest Eddie Bauer Size: Large - Tall Color: Black Weight: 14.6 oz Ripstop exterior Microfleece-lined pockets and neck New w/o tags (Lost 'em) $40 shipped Con US, Payp...
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Napoli are interested in signing Cagliari defender Davide Astori, Corriere dello Sport have claimed today.
The Partenopei need to fill the gap left by suspended Paolo Cannavaro, and see the 25-year-old centre-back as the ideal replacement.
President Aurelio De Laurentiis is fan of the Isolani man and is looking into the possibility of bringing him to San Paolo in January.
But, the Roma-based paper believe that the player himself would prefer to wait until June to make the move.
Astori has been virtually ever-present this season for the Sardinian side, playing 15 League games so far.
Check out OLBG.com's list of ££ Free Bets from UK bookmakers before placing your bets!


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Are there any trails close to Glenbrook, NV? I'm going to be in Tahoe all next week, but am not familiar with this area (we normally stay near Cold Creek). I will have a car available, and plan to do a bigger ride or two, but like to be able to head out the door for a short ride before everyone is up. Cold Creek and Powerline were great for this kind of thing.
Thanks for any help.
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Editors' Note: The Download Now link directs you to the product page in Google Play. The application can directly be downloaded and installed on the registered Android device from your PC, or you can download it from Google Play on your Android device.
Dolphin Browser for Android
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From Mobotap: Dolphin Browser - fast, speedy, private, web browsing. Dolphin is a free, fast, smart and personal web browser for android. The exclusive features include one-tap share, tabbed browsing, cloud sync, gesture browsing, sonar search, speed dial, sidebar and a lot more to be discovered. Why should I use Dolphin browser? Features different: Faster (Speedy Kernel), Playful (Gesture & Sonar(Voice)), free extensions, Cloud sync (bookmark syncing), Beautiful(Great User interface), one-tap share(social), Hot apps & Games. With lightning fast speed, Dolphin for Android provides you the best experience to browse and search the web. Download Dolphin Android Browser for free to surf the web with exclusive features of your very own mobile browser.
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