text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 19, 1981
|Filing date
|May 2, 1979
|Priority date
|May 15, 1978
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Akio Yamanishi
|Original Assignee
|Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (1), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (99), Classifications (11), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
tg -tb =τ�(aBλb -aBλg)CB �dB
tg -tb =τ�(aBλb -aBλg)CB �dB
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a medical instrument for examining newborn babies and more particularly to a calibrated optical-electro instrument for objectively determining the degree of jaundice in newborn babies.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The medical profession is aware of the importance of determining the existence of jaundice immediately after the birth of a baby. A large number of newborn children exhibit some degree of jaundice and frequently a jaundice test is performed as a regular routine in the delivery room. The degree of jaundice can range from a physiologically permissible level which will disappear within a short period of time after the birth to various severe degrees of jaundice, progressing to nuclear jaundice which can result in the death of a newborn or cerebral palsy as sequela even when the child is saved from death. While an accurate examination of the intensity of the jaundice condition can be determined by a measurement of the bilirubin value of the blood serum taken from newborns, it can be rather difficult or is often even unnecessary to take blood from each and every newborn for this measurement. Generally, doctors have made a visual observation of the color of the newborn's skin and then decided if there was any necessity to take a blood specimen for measurement of the bilirubin value of the blood serum.
To assist the doctors in making this visual observation the Gosset Icterometer has been developed and is employed as a screening test for deciding whether there is a need to test the bilirubin value of the blood serum. Basically, the Gosset Icterometer utilizes a plurality of standard color strips that are pressed against the skin of the baby and visually matched. Problems existed, however, due to the spectral reflection factors of the yellowish reference strips on the Icterometer, particularly under artificial illumination. Accordingly, although the prior art Icterometer has been of great assistance to the medical profession as a preliminary screening method, it frequently was necessary to rely upon the actual measurements of bilirubin in the blood serum from simply a safety point of view. Thus, quite frequently there are occasions of drawing blood from newborns that are in good health.
Of interest to the present invention is the work of Ballowitz and Avery, "Spectral Reflectance of the Skin", Biol. Neonate 15: 348-360 (1970) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,029,085. Cited of general interest are several patent disclosures relating to oximeters such as U.S. Pat. No. 3,638,640; U.S. Pat. No. 3,677,648; U.S. Pat. No. 3,814,081 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,998,550.
Accordingly, there is still a demand in the prior art to provide a safe and reliable objective test to determine the degree of jaundice in newborn babies.
An electro-optical medical instrument for determining, from an objective viewpoint, the degree, if any, of jaundice in a newborn baby is provided. A light source capable of providing a pair of wavelengths of light having approximately the same absorption coefficients with respect to hemoglobin is used in one embodiment of the present invention. Preferably, the light emitted from the light source has a sufficient quantity of light at a wavelength at or below the maximum wavelength of bilirubin absorption which is in the vicinity 455 mμ. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the light source produces predetermined flashes of light and utilizes integration circuits and sample hold circuits between a photoelectric converting member and amplifiers. A pair of electrical signals is produced with respect to two separate wavelengths of light and these signals are processed by appropriate circuit means to provide a determination of the bilirubin value in the baby's tissue.
The embodiment of the invention that utilizes a flash source of light can further incorporate a switch designed to be activated at a certain pressure, for example, at a certain force against the baby's skin to activate the light source. Since the intensity of the flash light decays in an exponential function of time a circuit provides the capability of measuring the length of the period of time between one of the two wavelength signals reaching a predetermined level and the time when the other signal reaches the predetermined level. The period of time is a function of the bilirubin density of the hypodermic tissue.
The features of the present invention which are believed to be novel are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The present invention, both as to its organization and manner of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a Gossett Icterometer;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the Gosset Icterometer scale and the total bilirubin value in te blood serum;
FIG. 3 is a chart showing the spectral reflection characteristics of the referenced color strips of the Gosset Icterometer together with the spectral reflection characteristics of the bilirubin;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of one preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an exemplary skin tissue;
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is an exploded perspective view of an optical system for the embodiment of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of the electrical circuit in the embodiment of FIG. 6;
FIG. 9 is a timing diagram of voltage versus time length signals of the embodiment of FIG. 6;
FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram of still another embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a partial circuit diagram of a modification to the embodiment of FIG. 10;
FIG. 12 is a timing diagram relating to the embodiment of FIG. 10, and
FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a switching mechanism.
The following description is provided to enable any person skilled in the medical field to make and use the invention and sets forth the best modes contemplated by the inventor of carrying out his invention. Various modifications, however, will remain readily apparent to those skilled in this field since the generic principles of the present invention have been defined herein specifically to provide a relatively economical and easily manufactured medical instrument for determining jaundice in newborn babies.
Referring to FIG. 1, the prior art Gosset Icterometer is disclosed in a perspective view. Basically, this device comprises a transparent base member supporting a plurality of strips with yellowish reference colors and different color tones extending across the width of the base member. These color reference strips are labeled No. 1 through No. 5 and are spaced along the longitudinal axis to permit alternative transparent portions to exist between two adjacent reference color strips. The doctor would take the icterometer and press it against the nose of a newborn child so that the flesh would be seen through the transparent strips. The underlying blood in the tissue of the nose would be scattered by the exerted pressure to reveal the original color of the skin. The doctor would then compare the color of the pressed skin with the respective yellowish reference color strips as an index and attempt to determine the closest identifying number of the yellowish reference color strips to that of the actual color of the skin.
The value obtained from the icterometer and the actual bilirubin value of the blood serum of the child were correlated as indicated on the chart in FIG. 2. This approach was practical because the unconjugated bilirubin is fat soluble and accumulates to a large degree in the hypodermal tissue which contains the greatest proportion of fat in the body of a newborn child. However, as can be determined from the graph in FIG. 3, the spectral reflection characteristics of the yellowish reference strips in the icterometer differ from the actual reflection by bilirubin and accordingly, a comparison of the skin color with the reference colors was not accurate, particularly under artificial illumination and suffered from variations relating to the subjective application of the test by either the doctor or the nurse. As a result, a doctor would utilize the icterometer test in a conservative manner to insure a sufficient safety factor in determining the degree of jaundice in a newborn child.
The embodiments of the present invention which will be subsequently described herein seek to remove the subjective determinations by individual doctors with an objective standard which will permit a more accurate determination of the condition of jaundice in a newborn child. Additionally these purposes are accomplished with an apparatus that is portable and capable of providing repetitive measurements with an immediate visual display.
Referring to FIG. 4, a first embodiment of the present invention is disclosed in a block diagram. Additionally, FIG. 5 schematically discloses a cross-sectional view of skin tissue and its effect on light. Basically light 1, emitted from a light source, finally reaches the hypodermic tissue 4 of the skin after scattering, reflection and absorption by the outer skin layer 2 and the actual or true skin tissue 3. As is well-known, the hypodermic tissue 4 contains a large amount of fat especially in newborn children so that the light 1 will have its shorter wavelengths absorbed to a larger degree due to the bilirubin content in the hypodermic fat. The light 1 reflected from the hypodermic tissue 4 again passes through the true skin 3 and outer skin 2 after additional scattering and reflection.
Although not shown in FIG. 4, it should be appreciated that a specific light source for directing light into the skin and a specific conduit for collecting light from the skin is utilized. The collected light is divided into two components by a spectroscopic means such as a spectral beam splitter 5. The splitter 5 provides at least a source of light with a wavelength λb (approximately 455 mμ) which permits a high absorption coefficient by the bilirubin in the skin tissue and another wavelength λg (more than 500 mμ) wherein the absorption coefficient of bilirubin in the skin tissue is low.
These two light components with different wavelengths are appropriately sensed by photoelectric converting means such as a photoelectric transducer 6 and 7 to produce a signal which is subsequently amplified by amplifiers 8 and 9.
The outputs Eb and Eg of the amplifiers 8 and 9 can be represented in the Lambert-Beer law as follows:
Eb =Ab �Ioλb �F.sub.λb �e-a.sbsp.Bλb.sup.�C.sbsp.B.sup.�d.sbsp.B
Eg =Ag �Ioλg �F.sub.λg �e-a.sbsp.Bλg.sup.�C.sbsp.B.sup.�d.sbsp.B
Ab and Ag are the coefficients of photoelectric conversion at the wavelengths λb and λg (the product of the spectral transmission factor of a filter, the sensitivity of the photosensitive elements, the gain of the amplifiers, etc.);
Ioλb and Ioλg are the intensity of incident light upon the skin of the wavelengths λb and λg ;
F.sub.λb and F.sub.λg are the attenuation in quantity of light due to absorption, scattering and the reflection on the outer skin, the true skin and the hypodermic tissue at the wavelengths λb and λg ;
aBλb and aBλg are the absorption coefficients of bilirubin at the wavelengths λb and λg ;
CB is the bilirubin density; and
dB is the equivalent light path length of bilirubin.
The resultant outputs Eb and Eg of the amplifiers 8 and 9 are then subject to logarithm conversion by logarithm converters 10 and 11 and subtraction by a subtractor circuit 12 in order to obtain ln (Eb /Eg). If the coefficients Ab and Ag are adjusted to assure Ab �Ioλb �F.sub.λb =Ag �Ioλg �F.sub.λg (this can in fact be accomplished by adjusting the gains of the amplifiers 6 and 7), then:
ln (Eb /Eg)=(aBλg -aBλb)�CB �dB
Since aBλb and aBλg are known values and dB assumes substantially a fixed value inherent to a specific measuring point, e.g., the forehead, the bilirubin density in the hypodermic tissue can accordingly be evaluated through ln (Eb /Eg). The bilirubin density is appropriately displayed on an indicator or display means 14 via an amplifier 13.
It should be noted that human blood vessels are widely distributed in the true skin 3 of FIG. 5 so that Eb and Eg may be under the influence of absorption by the blood. To eliminate such influences of absorption by the blood, the light outlet and light intake are disposed very close to each other and the measurements are conducted under a condition such that the blood is scattered out from the blood vessels in the true skin to reduce the influences of absorption by blood to a minimum. This can be accomplished by pressing strongly against the skin.
An electronic flash tube that can be appropriately timed for emission of light, as subsequently described in FIGS. 6 and 7, can be used with the embodiment of FIG. 4.
In addition, should the wavelengths λb and λg be selected from within ranges of wavelengths corresponding to blue and green light respectively, the absorption coefficients would be approximately equal to each other with respect to hemoglobin so that the ratio of Eb to Eg and hence the intended value of ln (Eb /Eg) are free from any influences of the amount of blood. Therefore, even when blood is incompletely removed from the tissue, it is still possible to minimize an error in measurement.
The foregoing description is true when employing a source of constant light such as a tungsten lamp. The quantity of light emission is, however, critical since the maximum wavelength of bilirubin absorption is in the vicinity of 455 mμ and the energy emitted from the tungsten lamp is relatively weak in the short wavelength range whereas the sensitivity of a silicon photocell is considerably low for short wavelength light.
Therefore, in a case where a light source such as the tungsten lamp or the like is employed, it is necessary to insure the release of a significant quantity of light. This, however, results unavoidably in a large-sized lamp device and great inconvenience in measuring newborns in bed or the nursing room. Accordingly, the present invention finds it desirable to use an electronic flash tube such as a xenon flash tube which is of a hand-held size and emits a satisfactory quantity of light in the desired range per unit of time.
With this preferred embodiment of the invention, the light source produces flashes of light and further requires integration circuits and sample hold circuits between the photoelectric converting means 6 and 7 and the amplifiers 8 and 9 respectively of the embodiment of FIG. 4.
In FIGS. 6 through 9, there is illustrated another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 shows, in a perspective view, an instrument accommodated within a housing 15 of a pocket size, which includes a power switch 16, a digital display panel 17 and a reset button 18. A holder 19 extends from both sides of the housing 15 and is movable upward and downward relative to the housing 15 and is normally biased upwardly. A light emitter or outlet is labeled 20 and the light intake is labeled 21.
FIG. 7 is an exploded perspective view of an optical system mounted within the housing 15 of the above embodiment. Light released from the Xenon flash tube 22 is guided to the light outlet 20 via a heat absorbing filter 23 and light source fiber guides 24 so as to impinge upon the skin at a specific measuring point. The return light reaches the light intake 21 after suffering from intense absorption in the blue light wavelength range due to the bilirubin contained within the hypodermic fat and then is transmitted to a condenser lens 26 via fiber optic guides 24. Such resulting light is divided into blue and green light components through a dichroic mirror 27 and is received at light responsive elements 30 and 31 after passing through a blue filter 28 and a green filter 29, respectively.
Prior to any measurements, the power switch 16 in FIG. 6 is turned on, the reset button 18 is depressed and the light outlet 20 and the light intake 21 are pressed against the forehead of newborns while being grasped by means of the holder 19. At this moment, the holder 19 is shifted downward with respect to the housing 15 against a predetermined biasing force. When the biasing force, which is equal to the pressure of forcing the light outlet and intake 20 and 21 against the skin, becomes a predetermined value of pressure, namely, when the holder 19 is shifted a predetermined distance with respect to the housing 15, a trigger switch is automatically closed for activation of the xenon flash tube 22 so that tube 22 releases a flash of light for measuring purposes. Thus, the force of pressuring the skin provides timing means for determining the firing of the flash. This insures that the pressing force for scattering out blood is unchanged for each measurement and further avoids any fear of applying too much pressure to newborns. Therefore, the above embodiment is suitable for prompt sequential measurements. Since the light outlet 20 and the light intake 21 pressed against the skin, the ambient illumination light is prevented from entering into the light intake 21.
When it is desired to conduct measurements at a different physical point such as the ear lobe, it may be sandwiched on both sides by the light outlet and the light intake. In this case, the measurement device is of a light transmission type.
FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of the signal processing from the light receiving elements 30 and 31 to the indicator 40 for the FIG. 6 embodiment. The construction disclosed in FIG. 8 incorporates the invention described in my copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16,561 filed Mar. 1, 1979 entitled "APPARATUS FOR OPTICALLY MEASURING A PROPERTY OF AN OBJECT" assigned to the same assignee as this application.
The light source is provided by a source of flash light such as an electronic flash tube of which the quantity of light emitted attenuates as an exponential function of the passage of time. A value proportional to the logarithm of a ratio of the outputs of the light receiving elements 30 and 31 is evaluated by measuring a period of time between two different points in time; one point where the output of the light responsive element 30 reaches a predetermined level due to light attenuation and the other point where the output of the light responsive element 31 reaches the predetermined level. The output current of the light responsive element 30 is converted via a current-to-voltage converter 32 into an output voltage which in turn is adjusted via again adjustment circuit 34 at the node 1 of FIG. 8. The output current of the light responsive element 31, on the other hand, is converted into a corresponding output voltage via a current-to-voltage converter 33 at the node 2 .
Since the manner wherein the quantity of light emission from the flash tube attenuates is according to an exponential function of time, the output voltages at the nodes 1 and 2 assume the following values at a specific point, t, in time as long as a reference point in time is in agreement with the emission rising edge and the quantity of light emission begins to attenuate in the form of logarithmic function at to (wherein τ is the time constant): ##EQU1## In the above defined formulas,
Vob =Ab�Ioλb �F.sub.λb �e-a.sbsp.Bλb.sup.�C.sbsp.B.sup.�d.sbsp.B (3)
Vog =Agλ �Ioλg �F.sub.λg �e-a.sbsp.Bλg.sup.�C.sbsp.B.sup.�d.sbsp. (4)
Through gain adjustment, the following relationship is achieved:
Agλ �Ioλg �F.sub.λg =Ab �Ioλb �F.sub.λb
The outputs at the nodes 1 and 2 are applied to comparators 35 and 36 for comparison with a reference voltage from a reference voltage generator 37. The output voltage of the comparator 35 (or 36) at the nodes 3 (or 4 ) is high when the voltages at the nodes 1 (or 2 ) is higher than the reference voltage. Otherwise the output voltage is low. The voltage waveforms appearing at the nodes 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 are depicted in a timing diagram shown in FIG. 9.
If Vc is the reference voltage and tb and tg are the points in time wherein the voltages at the nodes 1 and 2 become equal to Vc, then ##STR1## From the formulas (5) and (6), ##EQU2## Therefore,
tg -tb =τ�ln(Vog /Vob) (8)
Considering formulas (3) and (4), the formula (8) can be rewritten as follows:
tg -tb =τ�(aBλb -aBλg)CB �dB (9)
In FIG. 8, a counter 38 starts counting pulses from a clock pulse generator 39 at the point tb in time and discontinues counting at point tg in time.
As a result, the number of pulses counted is proportional to (tg -tb) and a value proportional to the value given in the formula (9) can be evaluated. Since τ, aBλb and aBλg are already known and dB is substantially identical if measuring points, e.g., foreheads, are identical it is thus possible to evaluate the value proportional to the bilirubin density CB of the hypodermic tissue. To evaluate the value directly indicative of CB, the cycle of the clock pulses should be properly selected. A conventional means 41 is provided for resetting the count of the counter to zero.
Considering the situation where the reference voltages Vcg and Vcb of the comparators 35 and 36 are different, then, ##EQU3## In the same manner as obtaining formula (9), the following formula is obtained from formulas (10) and (11): ##EQU4## If the following relationship exists in the above formula,
Ag �Ioλg �E.sub.λg �Vcb =Ab �Ioλb �E.sub.λb �Vcg (13)
tg -tb =τ�(aBλb -aBλg)�CB �dB (14)
The formula (14) is identical with the above defined formula (9). When the relationship as indicated by formula (13) exists in formula (12), (tg -tb) should be zero with CB =0. This implies conversely that the relationship as set forth in formula (13) can be fulfilled by adjusting the gain so as to make (tg -Tb)=0 when CB =0.
It is, therefore, not necessarily required that a discrete reference voltage generator be provided to produce Vc as the reference voltage. The comparators 35 and 36 can be a pair of known Schmitt trigger circuits for simplicity of circuit construction, which have Vcg and Vcb of different reference levels, respectively.
FIG. 10 discloses still another embodiment of the present invention constructed pursuant to the teachings of the embodiments of FIGS. 6 through 9. This embodiment includes a main switch S1 for supplying a measurement and display system with power from VDD and enabling a light source system ready for power supply, and a light source switch S2. When the switch S2 is closed, a main capacitor C within a charging circuit 43 is charged from a high voltage generator 42 of a well-known direct current to direct current (D--D) converter construction. Provided that a trigger switch, S3, in a trigger circuit 44 is closed at the beginning of the measurements, a xenon flash tube T in a light source section 45 consumes the charge accumulated on the main capacitor C for light emission. A resistor R is provided in the light source section for increasing the time constant as to the attenuation of the quantity of light.
Through reflection from the skin tissue of newborns, the light from the xenon flash tube T is incident upon a blue light responsive silicon photocell P1 and a green light responsive silicon photocell P2 within a light receiving section 46.
The output of silicon photocells, P1 and P2, are connected respectively to amplifiers within current-to-voltage converters 47. Each of the amplifiers can be implemented by a well-known operational amplifier OP1 and OP2. A potentiometer Rv is further provided for gain adjustment. A pair of Schmitt trigger circuits in block 48 are connected to the outputs of the amplifiers to provide outputs which are inverted according to the output levels of the amplifiers.
Two 4-bit counters 49 are provided in the order of units and tens of units and the contents are displayed via a display circuit 50 comprising a decoder driver and a seven-segment display element. The output pulses from a clock pulse generator 53 are connected to the input E of the counter 49 in the order of units during the period of time where its gate terminal is at low level.
A timing circuit 51 comprises a combination of conventional logic circuits and delay circuits, and gates the gate terminal a of the counter 49. The output terminal a thereof is low during a period between two points in time; one point, wherein the output of one of the Schmitt trigger circuits changes from high to low due to attenuation of the output of the blue light responsive silicon photocell P1 and the other point wherein the output of the other Schmitt trigger circuit changes from high to low due to that of the green light responsive silicon photocell P2.
A reset circuit 52 is adapted to receive the output of the Schmitt trigger circuit changeable in response to the output of the green light responsive silicon photocell P2 and a signal developed when the main switch S1 is closed. Upon closure of the main switch S1, the reset circuit 52 receives the signal at VDD and provides a reset signal at the output b. The reset signal is received at a reset terminal b of the counter 49 to reset the count to zero. On the other hand, when the xenon flash tube releases light and the output of the green light responsive silicon photocell exceeds the value of a reference potential, the output of the Schmitt trigger circuit changes from low to high so that the reset circuit provides the reset signal at the output terminal b, again resetting the count of the counter 49 to zero. Thus, before the output of the Schmitt trigger changes from high to low to initiate the counting operation due to attenuation of the output of the blue light responsive silicon photocell, the previous count of the counter 49 is automatically reset to zero and ready for a new measurement.
The above embodiment is suitable for prompt sequential measurements since the results of the previous measurement are reset automatically at the beginning of a new measurement without any particular reset operation. It should also be noted that the present invention provides a portable electrooptical medical instrument that can be held by hand and is self-contained.
In FIG. 11, there is illustrated a further improvement in the amplifier utilized within the current-to-voltage converter 47 of the embodiment of FIG. 10, wherein a diode D is connected to the input of the operational amplifier OP in parallel with the silicon photocell P.
The embodiment of FIG. 10, utilizing attenuation of the output of the amplifier operates, in principle, successfully even when the peak value of the output of the silicon photocell, P, is so high as to saturate the amplifier and the output of the amplifier does not fully follow transitions in the output of the silicon photocell. It is enough for the amplifier to follow transitions in the output of the silicon photocell in the output attenuation region necessary for measurements.
As a matter of fact, however, if the amplifier is in a saturated condition, then the node a of FIG. 11, provided that diode D is not added, will not be in the imaginary ground condition so that the potential falls and excessive charge is accumulated on a phase-compensating capacitor Cf within the amplifier.
The curve 1 in FIG. 12 shows variations in the output of the amplifier when the power supply voltage to the amplifier is high enough not to saturate the amplifier, whereas the curve 3 depicts variations in the output of the amplifier caused by the influences of the charge accumulated on the capacitor Cf in case that amplifier is saturated at Vs. As a consequence, the point tg, wherein the reference potential Vcg is reached is shifted to tg '.
However, in a case where a diode D is connected as indicated in FIG. 11, the forward current is shunted through the diode D after the output voltage is saturated so that the fall of potential at the node, a, is prevented and the output waveform of the amplifier approaches the curve 1 as is obvious from curve 2 in FIG. 12. A high degree of accuracy is, thus, assured even when the output voltage is saturated.
FIG. 13 shows a schematic connection between the trigger switch S3 in FIG. 10 and the construction in FIG. 6. Holder 19, which is upward and downward slidable relative to the housing 15, is normally biased toward the upper side of the housing 15 by spring Sp. If the housing 15, held by the holder 19 is pressed against the skin of a newborn baby, holder 19 will be moved against the force of spring Sp, toward the direction of the arrow relative to the housing 15, with the lower side of the housing 15 kept in contact with the skin. When the holder 19 is shifted a predetermined value relative to the housing 15, projection 19a pushes a pair of contacts forming switch S3 to a closed position. Thus, switch S3 is always closed when the pressure of the lower side of the housing 15 on the skin reaches a predetermined value for actuating the flash tube T of FIG. 10 to emit a measurement flash light source.
As stated above, the present invention provides a medical instrument which performs measurements accurately, irrespective of differences in the surrounding illumination light and different operators assure a high degree of reliability in comparison with the prior art screening method. In addition, the present invention both permits an early check of jaundice which may endanger the life of newborns, while eliminating the need to draw blood from newborns in good health.
While the above embodiments have been disclosed as the best mode presently contemplated by the inventor it should be realized that these examples should not be interpreted as limiting, because artisans skilled in this field, once given the present teachings, can vary from these specific embodiments. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention should be determined solely from the following claims in which
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 6, 1990
Owner name: HARRIS TRUST AND SAVINGS BANK, ILLINOIS
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ATWOOD AUTOMOTIVE, INC., A CORP. OF MI;REEL/FRAME:005736/0008
Effective date: 19900629


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subset: commoncrawl


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evilbastard finally gives the healthcare system some encouragement.
Ez still feels bad for killing his.
drunkill is clearly mistaken. Kane was obviously killed...
evilbastard moves pixels like a little angel.
Doctor Ben Carson, Popeye's survivor, has some advice about school shootings, terrorists on airplanes, chopping malls, and more perilous scenarios.
With all these great tats, it's safe to say I'm the most unique person on earth. Which sounds great, until you realize how lonely it is.
It's not really fall until the Goons make fun of those haunted house people and the faces they make!
Welcome to Tony Ha (loading... loading...) wk's Pro (unreadable due to blurry texture)
The Goons make political Magic: The Gathering cards (with bonus jokes for people who actually play)!
Photoshop Phriday showcases the tremendous image manipulation talents of the Something Awful Forum Goons. Each week they tackle a new theme, parodying movies, video games, comics, history, and anything else you can think of. If you want in on the action, join us on the Something Awful Forums!
Copyright ©2015 Rich "Lowtax" Kyanka & Something Awful LLC.


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Amid ongoing controversy over its scrutiny of nonprofits, the Internal Revenue Service has decided it will no longer screen approximately 80% of the organizations seeking tax-exempt charitable status each year, a change that will ease the creation of small charities while doing away with a review intended to counter fraud and prevent political and other noncharitable groups from misusing the tax code.
Lawrence Lessig on His Super PAC to End Super PACs'PAC to End PACs' Hits $5 Million Funding GoalMost Migrant Kids Who Cross Border Get to Stay NBC NewsAdmit It, You're Only Pretending To Like These 23 Things Huffington PostWrecked Costa Concordia Floats Once Again NBC News
IRS Surrenders, Won't Check Whether Political Nonprofits Are Breaking The Law
Amid ongoing controversy over its scrutiny of nonprofits, the Internal Revenue Service has decided it will no longer screen approximately 80% of the organizations seeking tax-exempt charitable status each year, a change that will ease the creation of small charities while doing away with a review intended to counter fraud and prevent political and other noncharitable groups from misusing the tax code.
US Special Envoy to Middle East resigns
The U.S. special envoy to the Middle East is resigning after a breakdown in new efforts to make a peace deal between Israel and the Palestinians, officials said Friday.
Martin Indyk, brought on nearly a year ago as Mideast envoy, will return to his previous job with the Brookings Institution think tank, tweeted State Department spokesperson Marie Harf.
Prosecutors: Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker in criminal scheme
Prosecutors claim Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker was at the center of a plan to illegally coordinate fundraising with an array of outside conservative groups to help him and several Republican senators survive a 2012 recall election, new court documents show. In the documents unsealed Thursday, prosecutors spell out a "criminal scheme" by Walker and top aides to circumvent state law and raise money and plan spending by a dozen outside groups during the election.
The prosecutors' filings include an email in which Walker tells Republican strategist Karl Rove that a top campaign aide, R.J. Johnson, was leading the coordination effort and praises Johnson's work.
Big Oil and Big Guns: Not so strange bedfellows
Oil and gas companies give hundreds of millions of dollars to political campaigns and lobbying groups to further their interests in Congress. In 2012 and 2013 oil and gas spent a combined $24 million on contributions to (mostly Republican) lawmakers in the Senate and the House. In 2013, OpenSecrets.org reported, the oil-and-gas industry spent almost $145 million on lobbying.
Oil and gas donations to advocacy groups relate to issues of oil and gas exploration on land and offshore, climate change, tax increases and approving the Keystone pipeline. But recent research by liberal groups suggests that millions of dollars have also been going to gun groups, such as the National Rifle Association (NRA) and Safari Club International (SCI), for purposes that seemingly contradict the platforms those groups purport to represent.
The Bush, NeoCon and Pro-War Liberal Blunders That Produced the New Mess in Iraq
And so the inevitable is unfolding: a possible collapse of the U.S.-imposed Iraqi state, the apparent triumph of the most brutal extremists in the world, and more to come in Syria, Afghanistan, and possibly Jordan, Mali, Libya, and who knows where else. The first step to recovery -- if recovery is even feasible -- is an honest reckoning of why this is happening.
The discourse in Washington, as always, will be superficial, partisan, and knowledge-free. The blaming of Obama for leaving Iraq in 2011 will be the Fox News mantra of coming days and weeks (and, judging from the Benghazi flap, for years). Even theNew York Times on Wednesday morning -- reporting that the forces of the extremists, the Islamic State of Syria and Iraq, or ISIS, had overrun Mosul and were headed toward Baghdad -- mentioned that this was another blow to the White House's faltering foreign policy. But while Obama has his share of missteps, the responsibility for this catastrophe rests with the neocons of the George W. Bush years and the liberal hawks who can't help but propose war when they see a wrong that needs righting.
The Right Didn't Mind When Bush Paid a Ransom to Terrorists
Republicans are howling (with no proof) that Obama paid a ransom for Bowe Bergdahl's freedom. Funny. They weren't howling when Bush actually did it.
The Bowe Bergdahl story moves to the hearing stage this week, so we'll be treated to the sight of preening House Republicans trying to press Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel on when it was that he, too, started hating America. Meanwhile, over in the fever swamps, speculation is growing about an alleged "ransom" the Obama administration may have paid to bring Bergdahl home.
The Real Origins of the Religious Right
One of the most durable myths in recent history is that the religious right, the coalition of conservative evangelicals and fundamentalists, emerged as a political movement in response to the U.S. Supreme Court's 1973 Roe v. Wade ruling legalizing abortion. The tale goes something like this: Evangelicals, who had been politically quiescent for decades, were so morally outraged by Roe that they resolved to organize in order to overturn it.
This myth of origins is oft repeated by the movement's leaders. In his 2005 book, Jerry Falwell, the firebrand fundamentalist preacher, recounts his distress upon reading about the ruling in the Jan. 23, 1973, edition of the Lynchburg News: "I sat there staring at the Roe v. Wade story," Falwell writes, "growing more and more fearful of the consequences of the Supreme Court's act and wondering why so few voices had been raised against it." Evangelicals, he decided, needed to organize.
More Articles...
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This Salvation is fairly large with a great selection of contemporary clothing for men, women, and children. Some furniture and electronics. Not very many books. Has fitting rooms. Is priced similarly to the other thrift stores in the area (~$4 for adult clothing.) Worth browsing.Like this review?Yes|Flag Abuse
Salvation Army Family Store
7505 New Hampshire Ave # 206,
Takoma Park, MD 20912
(301) 434-0307
Business Details
- Hours:
- Do you know the hours for this business?
- Extra Phones:
Primary Phone: (301) 830-6531
TollFree: (800) 728-7825
- Neighborhood:
- Takoma-DC
The Salvation Army
Salvation Army Thrift Store
Thrift Store
- Other Link:
- Categories:
- Thrift Shops, Used Furniture, Charities
Stephanie H.11/17/2009


text:
Franklin Hospital Medical Center has issued a call for the community to join with its employees by participating in the hospital
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Kasia. 21. Girl. Kraków. Poland. brown eyes. brown hair. ambitious. fascinating. charming. the life and soul of a party. talkative. moody. cute. reliable. sociable. rebellious.
LOVE: tv shows! ♥ The Vampire Diaries, Gossip Girl, Supernatural, 90210, Desperate Houseviwes, Ian Somerhalder, Jensen Ackles & Jared Padalecki, Ed Westwick , DELENA, Chuck&Blair, music, MUSE, Maroon 5, Adam Levine, coffe, France, England, graphics.
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Moleskine Introduces New Collection With Black Pages
The iconic notebook brand reinvents their classic stationery.
Moleskine's 'Black Collection' is the latest series from the designer notebook brand. The pages in the book are black and meant to be written on with fluorescent gel pens.
While there is a wide range of pitch-black stationary being introduced (i.e notebooks for photography, writing, making scrapbooks, sketching…etc.) the product itself is quite niche, most likely targeting users looking for something that is different than the standard notebook.
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Posted: January 21, 2014Dave March takes a sip of his coffee and looks through the windshield of his car, which is idling in the water in Newport Harbor, next to his 65-foot yacht.
"This has been a dream for 10, 15 years," he says, his gaze fixed toward Catalina. "Every time I see that island, I think, 'Oh, it's not that far.'"
March, 58, has spent more than a decade developing the high-speed amphibious car he is about to take to market for $135,000 a piece. He has taken deposits from the Prince of Dubai, tycoons in Silicon Valley and millionaires from around the world.
Click here to read more.


text:
When EGM was shut down a few months ago, I felt that a part of myself was lost. I had been an avid reader of EGM since issue #109 with Tomb Raider 3 on the cover, so the magazine coming to an end after ten years of reading each issue cover-to-cover came as a big loss to me. Afterwards, I considered buying up old issues of EGM on Ebay, but I lacked the necessary funds, so I decided to settle with one issue I'd always wanted. The issue on my mind was #100, which not only contained EGM's top 100 games list, but it also included a brief history of the magazine. Being a devoted EGM fan prompted me to score this fabled issue on Ebay. Fortunately, I didn't have to pay an ungodly price, as would have happened if I purchased one of the first few issues of EGM.
After a couple weeks of waiting, my well-maintained issue arrived. Memories of days as a middle and high school kid rushed to my brain where I eagerly awaited each new issue of EGM. I'd often flip through the entire magazine checking out what previews and features awaited me in each issue, and I'd sometimes quickly browse through all the review scores. If I had time that day, I'd then begin to read the magazine starting from the cover and would work my way towards the end over the course of the month. Even though EGM issues during the early Ziff Davis era were massive, I seemed to tear through them at an inhuman rate.
One thing I had always admired about EGM when I started reading it, was that the magazines were strictly about providing interesting content in a fun way. Unlike the journalism of today, reviewers then weren't as cynical and critical. I'm not saying I want reviewers to be biased fanboys, but today they sometimes focus far more on the negative aspects of games than the positive. EGM #100 fell in line with those early days when I started reading the magazine. Despite sometimes being overworked, all the writers were very enthusiastic about the products they covered. They scoped out rumors on the Playstation 2, the upcoming Sega system, which would later be called the Dreamcast, and even a Nintendo 64 successor, and all this was back in '97. EGM also wrote detailed previews of upcoming games, including some that would never make it here. This issue also had many excellent reviews on games ranging from Saturn Bomberman to Castlevania: Symphony of the Night.
It wasn't the reviews and previews that got me the most excited however; what I actually enjoyed most was the massive write-up on EGM's 100 favorite games and the small feature on the history of the magazine. EGM's top 100 games were not necessarily the best titles in existence, or even the best titles of their time; rather, these were games EGM staffers would take with them if they were stranded on a desert island (I'm sure many later readers remember their top 5 desert island games feature). Were these top 100 games good choices? Well, that's all a matter of opinion. I agreed with some choices, and disagreed with others, but the great thing about this list is pretty much all the games are high quality games regardless of whether they're your favorite games or not. It's a nice list to have at your side, especially if you're a collector, or at least a person that likes to experience games of ages past. A couple of the titles are a little iffy, mostly the sports games, because many of them don't hold up well today, but they were fine titles for their time.
Describing every game in this feature would rack up a massive word count, so I'm going to stick with describing how well EGM's top 10 picks hold up today. Afterwards, I'll list what my top ten picks from the dawn of time up until 1997 would have been.
First I'll start with EGM's least favorite game on the top ten list, Saturn Bomberman. Here's what EGM had to say about it:
"The game: You still get the same little Bomberman character who likes to blow up his friends (and enemies), but this time he's on the Saturn with up to 10 players at once. It's as good as multiplayer gaming on the consoles gets.
It made the list because: If you have a copy of Bomberman and can rustle up at least four friends, there's really no reason to play any other game--or even leave the house. It's simply the greatest party game on the planet. And Saturn Bomberman is the best incarnation of this classic series yet. Sure, the Super NES and TurboGrafx-16 versions come close, but now 10 players can try to blow each other to bits in a Hi-res Mode that is incredibly hectic and fun (although it burns the eyes a bit; Eight-player Mode's a little easier on your vision). Plus, you get options for team play and the ability to lob bombs from the sidelines after you die. Revenge is a wonderful thing.
Coolest part: Realizing that you've trapped your opponent(s) with bombs just as the one-ton weights are about to clobber you from above. Yep, you can start panicking now.
Don't you hate it when: You start trash-talking before a multiplayer game, only to start and trap yourself with two of your own damn bombs. D'oh!"
What I have to say: Saturn Bomberman had just been released, and received EGM's prestigious gold award, so maybe they were a bit hasty in placing it in the top ten, but from what I've heard and seen, Saturn Bomberman sounds like an excellent party game. I haven't played many Bomberman games, but each one I've played has been an excellent group experience, and expanding that mode to ten players was unprecedented at the time. Four-player was starting to become a big thing during that era with games like Mario Kart 64 and Goldeneye, but having ten people packed in one room must have been a great experience for those with a Saturn, a couple multitaps, a room full of controllers, and plenty of gaming friends. I'm sure this experience isn't as fresh today, but I had some fun with Bomberman on XBLA, so this game may still be worth checking out.
Be sure to check out Part 2!


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Anthony Castrovince has been a reporter for MLB.com since 2004.
|The boos rained down upon Chase Utley, just as the forecasts had figured. And there were moments Monday night when Citi Field faithful's demands for a pound of flesh -- voiced in those rhythmic "We want Utley!" chants -- were about as loud and nearly as long as the public discourse over Utley's takeout tactics.
More» Harvey on crowd's energy, retaliation
|Baseballs were flying out of ballparks all across the country on Monday, with eight teams combining for 21 home runs, the greatest total for any single day in postseason history.
More»Eight teams set single-day postseason home run record
|Major League Baseball attempted to handle the discipline of Chase Utley with a two-game suspension for his so-called "slide" that broke Ruben Tejada's leg. Utley appealed, as is his right, and the appeal process will allow him to be available for Game 3 of the National League Division Series between the Dodgers and Mets at 8:30 p.m. ET Monday on TBS.
More» Torre explains decision to suspend Utley
|You can call it a "slide," if you really want to take liberties with the language. You can call it a "tackle," as Matt Harvey did. You can call it a "rolling block," as Joe Torre did. Whatever the wording, the bottom line is that Chase Utley quite literally went too far with his takeout of Ruben Tejada in Game 2 of the National League Division Series, and he deserves punishment.
More» Torre explains decision to suspend Utley
|The question now is not whether Chase Utley's actions in Game 2 of the National League Division Series are going to inspire a heightened level of intensity from the New York nine in Game 3 on Monday night at Citi Field, but whether the Mets' emotions will work for them or against them.
More» Collins on Harvey facing Utley in Game 3
|The rules allow slides like the one executed by the Dodgers' Chase Utley in the pivotal seventh inning of L.A.'s 5-2 win in Game 2 of the National League Division Series against the Mets. The rules also used to allow collisions at home plate, where the catcher wears protective gear from head to toe. And so the hunch here is that the broken leg Ruben Tejada suffered late Saturday night inspires a change to the rules covering the double-play pivot.
More» Utley's hard slide injures Tejada
|This is the age of exaggeration, a time when "Everything is Awesome" if you choose to believe it is, a time when facts can easily be conflated with myths in the immediacy of our social media consumption, a time when NBC has a TV program called "Best Show Ever."
More»Arrieta channels Sutcliffe's second-half dominance
|The Division Series slate is jam-packed on this frantic Friday. To miss an inning because of a small inconvenience like employment or adult responsibility is an error -- and we all know how costly errors can become in October.
More»2015 Postseason action is on full display on Friday
|In this American League Division Series matchup that begins at 7:30 ET tonight at Kauffman Stadium and on FS1, the only thing standing in the way of the Astros continuing their wild rise and ride is a Royals team looking to build off 2014's triumphs Here's a position-by-position breakdown.
More»Astros, Royals are set to clash in thrilling ALDS
|In the Wild Card era, teams have collectively logged a .263/.331/.417 slash line and scored 4.64 runs per game in the regular season. In the postseason, it drops to .245/.318/.391 and an average of 4.19 runs per game. So when the stakes are raised, production is lowered.
More»Royals attempt to make another World Series run
|Maybe the job has evolved considerably in a short time, but managers still matter in Major League Baseball. And as the postseason begins, it's worth exploring the path the 10 men guiding the October-bound took to get to this point.
More»Hinch discusses facing Tanaka, confidence in Keuchel
|Postseason teams are a collage, a collection, a comprehensive story of many men and many moments. But that doesn't mean you can't identify a single face in the clubhouse crowd whose individual story represents the big picture. On this Fan Crush Monday, these are the guys we believe best epitomize each October entry.
More» Altuve cracks 20 mph hustling around bases
|Although his future for next season is uncertain, veteran Torii Hunter is enjoying his opportunity with the Twins this season, as he has helped Minnesota contend with his clubhouse presence and performance on the diamond.
More» Torii's bases-clearing double adds to lead
|Let's get this American League postseason situation settled, shall we? Technically, we've still got the AL West on the line and four teams eligible for two Wild Card spots with four days to play.
More» Beltre crushes a two-run moonshot to left
|They were due to break through. This much is true. But mere patience alone is not enough to end a division drought the likes of which the Toronto Blue Jays had endured.
More»Blue Jays celebrate AL East division title
|The real story of the Dodgers' 2015 season is not yet written. But at least now it has a proper prologue.
More» Dodgers clinch as Kershaw finishes shutout
|Wrap your head around this: Zack Greinke has a 1.65 ERA that, if it holds, would be the sixth-lowest in Major League Baseball in a full season in the live ball era (since 1920). His 0.85 WHIP would be the fourth-lowest in that span. And Greinke might not win the National League Cy Young Award or the Esurance MLB Award for Best Starting Pitcher.
More» Arrieta one-hits Pirates over seven innings
|The story of the 2015 Mets could fill many volumes -- and will, I'm sure, if they go all the way.
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|Eight of the 10 active leaders in career games played without a postseason appearance are on teams either certain or very likely headed to October, as are a few pitchers whose waits have been particularly prolonged relative to their peers. For these players, the champagne would taste especially sweet.
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|If you had any doubts about the Royals' staying power, any belief that their October run of 2014 was a product of luck and timing -- and plenty of people did -- they spent all summer proving you wrong. And now, following Thursday's 10-4 win over the Mariners, they've got their first American League Central title, their first division title of any sort in 30 years, to show for it.
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The World in a Kitchen
30 Oct 12
Coconut rice with cashew sauce from Mozambique, an Ethiopian tasting plate, Sri Lankan curried beef with millet roti and Malaysian curries were just some of the dishes on the menu at the Terra Madre Kitchen, a new eatery at the Salone del Gusto and Terra Madre in 2012. Crowds of visitors were enticed by authentic recipes from far-flung regions that are most almost impossible to find outside their communities, prepared by more than 40 cooks from Africa, Asia, Australia and the Middle East during the five-day event.
Click here for a gallery of images following four Terra Madre Kitchen cooks.
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Italy | 06/10/2015 | At We Feed the Planet, a project to make the Common Agricultural Policy more digestible to the wider public
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05/10/2015 | At We Feed the Planet, Indigenous delegates discuss ancestral seeds, ecological knowledge, native food...
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Newtown (NHS) Class of 1963 Alumni List
Help us Update the Newtown 1963 Class List by adding any names missing from the list below:
Registered Alumni
1963 Class List
- Joe Acquaro
- Victoria Bailos
- Doris Beers
- Paul Bohsung
- Paul Brown
- Carl Cantone
- Fred Carney
- John Clifton
- Edward Cohen
- Joy Detomaso
- John Doe
- Gene East
- Judy Einschlag
- Robert Flanagan
- Cedric Foss
- Hugh Foss
- Denise Gerber
- Martin Gerber
- Jaclyn Giampa
- Leonard Goldberg
- Barbara Berenson Goodman
- Ed Hanlon
- Janet Harmon
- Paul Hickey
- William Hickey
- Ellen Hoffeld
- Paul Kaplan
- James Kelleher
- Dena Krugman
- Dennis Laughlin
- Frank Lawrence
- Martin Levine
- Sheldon Levinson
- Helen Locker
- William Mack
- Catherine Maddi
- John Manzi
- Mary Mc Kenna
- Lynne Menaker
- John Mentle
- Slobodan Mijalkovic
- Theresa Moltisanti
- Stephen Neely
- Valerie Perlman
- Susie Quint
- Magaly Rodriguez
- Barbara Rooks
- Barry Rosen
- Rita Rosenthal
- Laura Roth
- Linda Schifferdecker
- Stephen Schwartz
- Michael J Sekely
- Adrianne Shepherd
- Clarence Spruiell
- Richard Squires
- William Stark
- Richard Sternberger
- Rita Stichinsky
- Athanasia Markoulaki Terezaki
- Ronnie Torres
- Kenneth Walter
- Elaine Weiler
- And Weir
- Susan Winburgh
- Susan Wineburgh
- Montserrat Xucla
- Mike Zak
Know Newtown Class of 1963 graduates that are NOT on this List? Help us Update the 1963 Class List by adding missing names.
The top movie in theaters during 1963 was Cleopatra, grossing over $48,000,000 in its lifetime. The most popular television series for 1963 was The Beverly Hillbillies
Hit Songs From 1963
So Much In LoveTymes
Ruby BabyDion
If You Wanna Be HappyJimmy Soul
That Sunday, That SummerNat King Cole
Shut DownBeach Boys
In DreamsRoy Orbison
Hello Muddah, Hello Fadduh! (A Letter From Camp)Allan Sherman
Fools Rush InRick Nelson
Easier Said Than DoneEssex
SukiyakiKyu Sakamoto
Hit Movies From 1963
- Cleopatra
- Dr. No
- How the West Was Won
Hit TV Shows From 1963
- The Ed Sullivan Show on CBS
- Candid Camera on CBS
- The Jackie Gleason Show on CBS
- Hazel on NBC
- The Virginian on NBC
Newtown High School News
More 1963 alumni from Newtown HS Elmhurst, NY have posted profiles on Classmates.com®. Click here to register for free at Classmates.com® and view other 1963 alumni.
The Newtown High Elmhurst, NY class of '63 alumni are listed below. These are former students from Newtown HS in Elmhurst, NY who graduated in 1963. Alumni listings below have either been searched for or they registered as members of this directory.
Newtown High School alumni can relive their experiences from high school by sharing memories and pictures, reconnecting with those alumni listed, and more.


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Improving Jury Images and Artwork Photography
Examples of my artwork photography and before and after examples of jury images I've improved. This featured image will change every few months with new artwork images as I photograph them. Continue to scroll down to read new articles on the web site. Read More…>>


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Lady Gaga launches bracelet for Japan relief fund
Lady Gaga has urged her legions of fans to buy a special bracelet launched to raise funds for those affected by the Japanese tsunami.
RELATED: Stars tweet for Japan
More than 20 countries in the Pacific Rim were put on high alert on Friday after a massive, 8.9-magnitude tremor caused a tidal wave which devastated Japan.
A raft of celebrities have sent their condolences to those who have lost family members in the disaster, and now the "Poker Face" hit maker is asking fans to donate $5 or more to the relief effort by buying a bracelet via her website.
RELATED: Adele, Lady Gaga & More Unconventional Pop Stars
A post on the site reads, "Lady Gaga designed a 'We Pray For Japan' prayer bracelet, buy yours now for $5 in the web store and all proceeds go to Japan tsunami relief."
RELATED: Lady Gaga bails on her deal with Target
Japanese star Yoko Ono and Star Trek actor George Takei have also asked for fans' help in raising money for the cause.
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Full CoverageOperation Football
Father charged in death of infant daughter
Homicide charge expected to be filed against Robert HeibertUPDATED 7:03 PM EDT Jul 26, 2012
A Beaver County father is facing charges in in the death of his 2-month-old daughter.
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text: Krishna Reddy via WFISD [ Wichita Falls Teen Develops Ingenious DUI Testing Device Featured in National Science Contest By Mike Hendren 2 days ago | NewsTalk 1290 Wichita Falls teen's invention could help prevent DUI fatalities in the future. Read More|Comment Category: Lubbock News, State News, Technology Tags: Science Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


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Still Cries The Soul is the story about a young couple, who are very much in love. The boy dies in an accident, but his soul and presence remains with the girl through out her daily life, though she cannot see him. As time passby, the girl decides to move forward with her life and try to forget the sad memories. The Soul (boy) learns that it is time for him to go away from her life and to face his destiny...
Written, Edited & Directed by Riju Raju Sam


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Photo Galleries
< MyNorthwest
Monday in photos
Feb. 11: Tank gets yarn bombed, chihuahua is dog show ready, postcards of the pope
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A man dressed as queen Taramati, wife of legendary Hindu king Harishchandra, performs a play on the king's life during the Maha Kumbh festival in Allahabad, India , Monday, Feb. 11, 2013. Millions of Hindu pilgrims are attending the Maha Kumbh festival, which is one of the world's largest religious gatherings that lasts 55 days and falls every 12 years. During the festival pilgrims bathe in the holy Ganges River in a ritual they believe can wash away their sins. (AP Photo/Saurabh Das)
Photo by Saurabh Das
Photo by Saurabh Das
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Stargazers treated to supermoon eclipse
Stargazers were treated to a rare astronomical phenomenon with a total lunar eclipse combined with a so-called supermoon.
Week in photos
Photos from the Associated Press taken from around the world.
Four killed in Aurora Avenue Bridge crash in Seattle
The four people killed when a charter bus and Ride the Ducks vehicle collided were students from North Seattle College, The Seattle Times reports.
Big-name business leaders meet China's president in Seattle
Business leaders from Apple, Honeywell, Disney, Microsoft, Starbucks, Dow Chemical, Amazon, IBM, and many more attended a Wednesday morning meeting with the president of China.
Week in photos
Photos taken from around the world during Sept. 14-18.
Week in photos
Check out the week in photos from all over the world.


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379 Views 1 Reply Latest reply: Aug 6, 2012 1:59 PM by planb77
planb77 Aug 6, 2012 1:59 PM
Re: headphone jack auto shut-down problem in response to tarquin999
Bring the iPod into your local Apple Store/Genius Bar to have them take a look at it. If it's still under Apple's 1 year warranty against manufacturing defects, they should swap it out for you at no cost if they deem the problem as a manufacturing defect.
If no Apple Store nearby, send it into them instead.


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Revue de presse
—The Financial Times
The Death of Money makes a valuable contribution to our economic discourse."
"James Rickards' The Death of Money is ... making it a veritable golden age for smart books on the current state of the global economy."
"A terrifically interesting and useful book . . . fascinating."
—KENNETH W. DAM former deputy secretary of the Treasury and adviser to three presidents
"The Death of Money contains very big, provocative ideas clearly explained and delivered in an evenhanded tone that steers away from the sensational proclamation yet successfully undercuts conventional market wisdom. Rickards's insight enables him to connect the dots in a way that few others can. A worthy successor to Currency Wars."
—JOHN HATHAWAY portfolio manager, Tocqueville Gold Fund
"The Death of Money is an engrossing account of the massive stresses accumulating in the global financial system, especially since the 2008 financial crisis. Jim Rickards is a natural teacher. Any serious student of financial crises and their root causes needs to read this book."
—JOHN H. MAKIN, PH.D. resident scholar, American Enterprise Institute; former chief economist, Caxton Associates
"A crucial primer for investors and consumers for what lies immediately ahead for the United States and a world that remains entirely dependent upon the dollar. The Death of Money is an important new book for those who worry about the future of our country."
—R. CHRISTOPHER WHALEN noted bank analyst; author of Inflated
"Rickards's analysis of the inflation-deflation paradox, dangerous adversaries to the dollar, and the Fed's strategy is insightful. Following his bestseller Currency Wars, this book is even better. A great book makes you think differently about the world—and this one does just that."
—DON YOUNG twenty-five-time Institutional Investor All-Star Analyst; former board member, Financial Accounting Standards Board
Présentation de l'éditeur
The international monetary system has collapsed three times in the past hundred years, in 1914, 1939, and 1971. Each collapse was followed by a period of tumult: war, civil unrest, or significant damage to the stability of the global economy. Now James Rickards, the acclaimed author of Currency Wars, shows why another collapse is rapidly approaching—and why this time, nothing less than the institution of money itself is at risk.
The American dollar has been the global reserve currency since the end of the Second World War. If the dollar fails, the entire international monetary system will fail with it. No other currency has the deep, liquid pools of assets needed to do the job.
Optimists have always said, in essence, that there's nothing to worry about—that confidence in the dollar will never truly be shaken, no matter how high our national debt or how dysfunctional our government. But in the last few years, the risks have become too big to ignore. While Washington is gridlocked and unable to make progress on our long-term problems, our biggest economic competitors—China, Russia, and the oilproducing nations of the Middle East—are doing everything possible to end U.S. monetary hegemony. The potential results: Financial warfare. Deflation. Hyperinflation. Market collapse. Chaos.
Rickards offers a bracing analysis of these and other threats to the dollar. The fundamental problem is that money and wealth have become more and more detached. Money is transitory and ephemeral, and it may soon be worthless if central bankers and politicians continue on their current path. But true wealth is permanent and tangible, and it has real value worldwide.
The author shows how everyday citizens who save and invest have become guinea pigs in the central bankers' laboratory. The world's major financial players—national governments, big banks, multilateral institutions—will always muddle through by patching together new rules of the
game. The real victims of the next crisis will be small investors who assumed that what worked for decades will keep working.
Fortunately, it's not too late to prepare for the coming death of money. Rickards explains the power of converting unreliable money into real wealth: gold, land, fine art, and other long-term stores of value. As he writes: "The coming collapse of the dollar and the international monetary system is entirely foreseeable. . . . Only nations and individuals who make provision today will survive the maelstrom to come."


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Can eco-films save the planet?
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'The Hulk' isn't the only green thing on our screens today. Tom Huddleston tracks the rise of the eco-documentary
The film credited with kickstarting the market for eco-documentaries – indeed, with sparking the latest phase of the global environmental protest movement – is Al Gore's incendiary 'An Inconvenient Truth'. The movie earned $49 million at the US box office alone, extraordinary business for what is essentially a filmed lecture given by the former vice president, who interweaves stark empirical truths about the impending climate catastrophe with more personal observations about humanity's place in the natural world.
But can such movies, however hard-hitting, really make a difference? Sir David Attenborough, whose BBC documentary 'The Truth About Climate Change' has recently been released on DVD, thinks so. 'Al Gore's film certainly made a difference worldwide. It's been so fast, there's been this huge groundswell of popular opinion. People can see now that it's not just a few crackpots getting hot under the collar. They realise this is serious.'
It's taken Sir David a long time to throw his hat into the climate change ring: what was holding him back? 'Well, I knew about conservation issues from the 1950s onwards. But I suppose about eight to ten years ago I truly became aware of the seriousness of the issue. But I didn't want to go out there and make all sorts of statements, I didn't think it was my place, I'm not a climate scientist. Then about three years ago I saw a lecture in Liege which opened my eyes, there were so many facts and figures presented, charts of global weather changes taking place which tallied directly with the graphs of human population growth, and it seemed incontrovertible.'
In the wake of Gore's film, a number of similarly themed projects sprang into existence. The most high profile of these was 'The 11th Hour', which uses the recognisable face and voice of Leonardo DiCaprio to sweeten the bitter pill of a radical eco-agenda. Sadly the documentary relies much more heavily on sentiment than Gore's film, fuzzying the facts and treating us to an endless and random selection of soft focus nature-doc images and enthusiastic talking heads.
It didn't take long for the opposing side to make their voices heard: 'The Great Global Warming Swindle' was the first and most high profile of a number of Gore-bashing documentaries that took the side of Big Oil and attempted to soothe public concern and get folk back in their gas-guzzlers. Thankfully, the majority of these titles sank without trace beneath the rising waters of public concern.
But although the celeb-doc aspect of the movement may be a modern phenomenon, films aimed at raising ecological awareness are nothing
new. Movies as diverse as kids' cartoon 'Ferngully: The Last Rainforest' and '70s animal-horror classics like 'Frogs' and 'Piranha' have willingly exploited the theme, as did Roland Emmerich's enjoyable but woolly-headed climate change blockbuster 'The Day After Tomorrow'.
Last week saw the release of M Night Shyamalan's 'The Happening', in which eco-terrorism is flipped on its head and the biosphere begins to exact bloody revenge.
Perhaps the most memorable of these films is John Boorman's gorgeously photographed labour of love, 'The Emerald Forest', which receives a welcome DVD re-release next month. The film concerns a boy kidnapped by Amazonian Indians whose father, an engineer, comes to realise his own culpability in the ongoing destruction of the rainforest. 'I've always been an environmentalist,' Boorman enthuses, 'and my particular interest is trees. The Amazon, and the rainforest that straddles the equator, is a kind of lung for the planet, so vital to our existence.'
So, with such important issues at stake, does Boorman believe that fiction can have as great an impact as a documentary? 'I think the effect is that you make a film which affects people emotionally, so the next time they read something about the rainforest being destroyed they have an emotional commitment to it. That's what fiction can do, it makes people look at these issues in an emotional, rather than just an intellectual way.'
It seems likely that DVD and television companies will keep producing ecological documentaries as long as the issue remains relevant and sales remain high. The concern is that, once the fuss surrounding these films has died down, the public will forget about the climate-change issue, as they have with so many other celebrity-endorsed political and cultural movements. But Sir David, for one, intends to keep promoting this vital issue, and not for any reasons of personal gain. 'I'm well aware that as a television personality I have a certain amount of bogus authority. The mere fact that you've got this exposure means people take more notice of you than the government chief scientist or someone who genuinely knows what they're talking about, climatologists and climate chemists, which is of course absurd. But if you do think this is an important issue, and I most certainly do, then you should play your part in it with the appropriate modesty, and not get it confused with your public reputation.'
'The Truth About Climate Change' and 'The 11th Hour' are available on DVD. 'The Emerald Forest' will be released on July 14. 'The Happening' is in cinemas now.
Author: Tom Huddleston
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text: Martyn Lawrence-Bullard and Trip Haenisch, of Martynus-Tripp, created a European villa-style interior for a Los Angeles house designed by Harold Levitt in the early 1990s. Pierre Bonnard's 1925 Chien Chassant des Oiseaux hangs in the living room. Edelman leather and Glant velvet on sofa. Larsen fabrics on footstools. Mansour area rug.Photography by Tim Street-PorterPinterestFacebook