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|Evaporation has been listed as a level-4 vital article in Science. If you can improve it, please do. This article has been rated as Start-Class.
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- Talk:Evaporation/Archive001 → created Aug. 11, 2007.
Place new posts at the bottom and please sign posts.
This article is wrong when it says evaporation is when liquid becomes gasous without being heated to boiling point. I'll fix it--188.8.131.52 08:42, 14 November 2007 (UTC) big buttys drag it —Preceding unsigned comment added by 126.96.36.199 (talk) 22:57, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
Has anyone ever fixed "evaporation is when liquid becomes gaseous without being heated to boiling point"? Apparently not. I'll fix it. Dan Hickman (talk) 23:55, 11 December 2007 (UTC) what is the answer then? What is evaporation? "Evaporation is a spontaneous process in which liquid when kept open in atmosphere, gets converted into it's vapour at a temperature below it's boiling point".
As evaporation is an endothermic process, it brings about coolness. However, to understand endothermic nature of evaporation, we must understand, "the changes taking place at molecular level" during the process of evaporation.
Understanding concept of evaporation & it's consequences, taking example of water:
In liquid state, molecules of water are joined with each other through a weak chemical bond called, "Hydrogen bond". This weak force, resulted through hydrogen bonding, holds the molecule of water together and retards them escaping into the surrounding.
Further, in liquid state, the molecules of water are always in random motion called, "Brownian motion", which imparts some kinetic energy to each molecule of water. However, due to continuous inter moleular collision taking place among the molecules of water, some of them are moving very fast while some very slow. Due to this reason each of them does not posses same amount of kinetic energy. It is due to this reason that a more realistic scientific term, "average kinetic energy" is used for this.
At any temperature, there always exists a fraction of molecules of water possesing sufficiently high kinetic energy to escape into surrounding by breaking some of the hydrogen bonds. This fraction of molecules of water, which continuously escape into the surrounding, is called, "evaporation"! At lower temperature, fraction of such molecules of water possesing sufficiently high kinetic energy is small, causing slow evaporation; but at higher temperature, fraction of such molecules becomes large, causing speedy evaporation.
Here, the important point is, "energy is needed to maintain the fraction water molecules undergoing evaporation". As this energy is continuously absorbed from the surrounding, the surrounding becomes cooler. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chemiyog (talk • contribs) 07:57, 8 October 2014 (UTC)
Diffusion vs. convection[edit]
Water evaporation is a special case, but an important one. In still air, over still water, a saturated vapor layer would develop immediately above the water. But humid air is less dense than dry air, so this vapor layer would be buoyant and drive convection. An important detail to understand in the case would be, does diffusion or convection dominate in determining the long-term evaporation rate of the water? -188.8.131.52 (talk) 15:08, 28 February 2008 (UTC)
- Wrong. Humid air is denser than dry air.
- Gravuritas (talk) 12:29, 26 December 2013 (UTC)
- Sorry, the original statement that humid air is less dense than dry air is correct. It is because water molecules have an average molecular mass of 18, whereas N2 and O2 -- the two major constituents of air -- have molecular masses of 28 and 32 respectively. At a given pressure, more humid air will be less massive and less dense. My favorite example is hitting a baseball: It goes farther in humid conditions. See, e.g. http://www.exploratorium.edu/baseball/howfar3.html
- My mistake- thank you for pointing it out.
- Gravuritas (talk) 08:22, 13 January 2015 (UTC)
I suggest that the article has a section on the special case of water evaporation in air, linked to psychrometrics which doesn't seem to cover evaporation or condensation in detail. This would clarify that the rest of the article was about evaporation in general, so future edits can confine water evaporation to this section and general principles to the rest. Natty Stott (talk) 20:38, 20 November 2013 (UTC)
Needs rephrase[edit]
"On average, the molecules do not have enough energy to escape from the liquid, or else the liquid would turn into vapor quickly." -- this is stupid Needs to be rephrased, as in various cases the liquid does turn into vapor more or less "quickly". -- Writtenonsand (talk) 16:03, 24 July 2008 (UTC)
- Done (to my few, two eyes). That segment looked in need of edit to me too, I interpreted it as though they were trying to paint a picture of "what evaporation is in the real world, in contrast to boiling" but they didn't describe "the molecules" enough, and painting a picture doesn't work with too much abstraction. Now it goes "the molecules in a glass of water," which I think paints the picture they were going for a lot better. I also tossed in the word & link to "boil," which was left out and I believe the intended contrast the original author meant to make, that is, I don't think it was mere coincidence that the logical phrase "unless it is boiling" is the 100% perfect catch to the statement... although if the glass of water is very near boiling point, some may precive it's rate of evaporation as "quick" but hopefully it is an easy thing to read past. I'm glad it didn't just delete it, it's a pretty important distinction to make. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 22.214.171.124 (talk) 08:04, 5 December 2008 (UTC)
Needs reworking[edit]
Re: "Three key parts to evaporation are heat, humidity and air movement." 1) Humidity is a key part of the (important) evaporation of water but not of evaporation in general? 2) Surface area is a key part to evaporation? Bill B —Preceding unsigned comment added by 22.214.171.124 (talk) 20:33, 8 September 2008 (UTC)
- Basically agree with Bill B. When there is a gas-liquid interface with two different components (e. g. air and water), the gaseous part will accept the evaporated liquid only until relative humidity reaches 100 %; then condensation will compensate evaporation; in case of external heat source, the change in temperature may modify the gas-to-liquid ratio in the saturated mix, but nothing more. On the other hand, if the gas-liquid system has a single component (e. g. boiling water), the above simply does not make sense; you may evaporate as long as you feed enough energy. Re point 2 - no, surface area is NOT a key point; it might be influent - sorry for the brutal simplification - since a larger area makes evaporation easier, but the key points is the energy input to the system; in my understanding, also humidity and air movement are not key factors in the change of physical state; they are to be taken into account only as long as you refer to natural evaporation from water reservoirs (lakes, sea, etc.).--Ub (talk) 17:09, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
- Looking better into the article. The problem is in chapter 2 : Factors influencing the rate of evaporation. The previous part is quite correctly dealing with evaporation; this one concerns psychrometry. Therefore, the considerations by Bill B and myself are in the wrong place. The idea is to look at the main article (psychrometry) and to arrange this one accordingly. Hope to find the time. --Ub (talk) 18:46, 10 September 2008 (UTC)
Why has somebody replaced humidity with atmospheric pressure here? Did they mean the vapour pressure of water in the air? In general is evaporation mainly influenced by the partial pressure of the gas evaporating or does the presence of other gas significantly slow it down? Natty Stott (talk) 17:35, 16 November 2013 (UTC)
- At 0.1 bar water evaporates considerably faster, to the extent that at 50 °C it actually boils, even in dry air. Your reasoning about partial pressures is fine for a mixture of ideal gases but not when there are phase changes. Vaughan Pratt (talk) 03:08, 19 November 2013 (UTC)
Energy costs of form change[edit]
Link is gone! DGerman (talk) 00:20, 31 July 2012 (UTC)
evaporation time[edit]
this article needs to explain why, after running a dishwasher, plastic or tupperware dishes are commonly still wet long after smooth glass or china dishes are dry. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 00:34, 30 June 2010 (UTC)
Remember - heat is the driving force for evaporation. The glass (silica is involved) can "absorb" alot more heat and then evaporate the moisture "quicker" than the other materials mentioned. Dok Uranium (talk) 05:13, 27 March 2011 (UTC)
Factors affecting evaporation rate[edit]
Isn't viscosity of the liquid a factor whereby there is less evaporation from more viscous liquids? - perhaps more so than density? Is there an expert who can advise on this? Eeno11 (talk) 15:14, 6 September 2011 (UTC)
No it doesn't, at least in a simple picture. Do you have an example in mind? Density doesn't have any effect either. So, some work needed... AlanParkerFrance (talk) 10:45, 13 November 2012 (UTC)
- There are effects from viscosity but as AlanParkerFrance said, not in a simple picture. As a simple example, a thick layer of a viscous 10% polymer solution in a solvent may lose solvent by evaporation at its surface, faster than the solution is mixed by diffusion etc. This leads to an increase in solids content at the surface, an increase in viscosity, a decrease in mixing etc until the solution has formed a solid or near-solid 'skin' at the surface while the lower layers are still liquid. The evaporation of these lower layers is now extremely low. But I wouldn't have thought this degree of complication would be helpful to include in the article.Gravuritas (talk) 12:39, 26 December 2013 (UTC)
Help needed[edit]
We need an engineer to work on this. I can supply some input from having worked with evaporators in the pulp and paper industry, but I don't really have time to do it now. Also I need someone to check my work. Thanks.Phmoreno (talk) 20:50, 29 April 2013 (UTC)
Mechanism of evaporative cooling[edit]
Is the article's account of evaporative cooling complete? Certainly the statistical account, that the vapor molecules leaving the liquid are the faster ones, must be part of the explanation. But for it to be the whole explanation, the average translational energy of the departing molecules would have to equal that of the air into which they escape. (The vibrational and rotational energy need not be the same since water vapor is triatomic and bent while oxygen and nitrogen are only diatomic, but that only makes the cooling effect even greater.) This seems highly unlikely, even for air well below 0 °C.
More likely, surely, is that on entry to air the molecules are initially well below average in translational energy and are speeded up to average by collision with the other air molecules, and moreover additional rotational and vibrational energy is absorbed. This will reduce the temperature of the skin layer of air, and then it's a good question how that cooling effect on the skin layer is divided between the liquid below and the air above.
Is this in fact the case, and if so is there a source for it? If there is it should go in the article. If not it sounds like a nice little project for a physics student to investigate, especially the question of how the skin layer cooling is apportioned between liquid and air, presumably as a function of the temperatures of the respective phases. Vaughan Pratt (talk) 18:43, 28 October 2013 (UTC)
Meanwhile I found some relevant discussion at Talk:Evaporative_cooler#Physical_principles_section_needs_work. Although agreeing with the above it doesn't offer any usable sources (the BEC link suggested there is not ideal since this is not about Bose-Einstein condensates). Vaughan Pratt (talk) 20:16, 28 October 2013 (UTC)
Where's the History?[edit]
It seems to me that this article could have been edited less arrogantly and destructively. Is it necessary to say, "This article is wrong", or, "this is stupid"?
Due to the way this Talk page was edited, I'm not sure who asked, "what is the answer then?", or whether the question was ever answered. However, the fact that the question was asked after two people said they would "fix it", suggests destructive editing.
Hopefully, obsolete explanations will not be included in the, "wrong", and, "stupid" categories; they are history, and should be included in the History section. Ideally, a History section about a chemistry subject would go back at least as far as Alchemy, and perhaps back to ancient applications of the subject. In the case of Evaporation that would probably include early stills and porous ice trays and jugs such as ancient Egyptians and others used to chill water, and Mesoamerican descendants continue to use. Downstrike (talk) 13:33, 15 November 2013 (UTC)
- Are you asking about the history of this talk page or the history of evaporation? Your comments seem to be addressing both. For the former, use the history tab to locate specific examples of "destructive editing" of this talk page (I took a look and was unable to find any). For the latter, see Evaporative cooler and distillation, both of which have long history sections. Evaporation itself presumably began not too long after the Big Bang, what would you like to see about its history in this article? Vaughan Pratt (talk) 17:02, 15 November 2013 (UTC)
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Newcastle 0 Liverpool 6: Reds sink their teeth into Pardew as Toon are humiliated
Two goals apiece from Daniel Sturridge and Jordan Henderson and one each from Daniel Agger and Fabio Borini told the sorry one-sided story of what could only be described as an abject surrender: Newcastle's biggest home defeat since 1925.
In fact, even the most ardent Geordie could not have complained had the defeat had run to double figures.
Last year at this stage of the season, Newcastle were in a Champions League position. Now they are in a relegation scrap, with trips to West Ham and Queens Park Rangers followed by a visit from Arsenal.
On the way: Daniel Agger (centre) scored early to put Liverpool on the way to a comfortable victory
Match facts
Newcastle (0) 0 Liverpool (2) 6
Newcastle: Elliot, Debuchy, Steven Taylor, Yanga-Mbiwa, Haidara, Sissoko, Tiote (Anita 65), Cabaye, Perch (Ben Arfa 46), Gutierrez (Gouffran 46), Cisse.
Subs Not Used: Harper, Williamson, Gosling, Ameobi.
Sent Off: Debuchy (75).
Booked: Debuchy, Gutierrez, Steven Taylor.
Liverpool: Reina, Johnson, Carragher, Agger, Jose Enrique, Henderson, Gerrard (Borini 72), Lucas, Coutinho (Suso 84), Sturridge (Shelvey 84), Downing.
Subs Not Used: Jones, Coates, Skrtel, Wisdom.
Booked: Sturridge, Johnson.
Goals: Agger 3, Henderson 17, Sturridge 54, 60, Borini 74, Henderson 76.
Att: 52,351
Ref: Andre Marriner
Manager Alan Pardew admitted: 'Of
course I'm worried. Liverpool were sharper, faster and better organised
than us all day. We looked ragged after the third goal and I can't
accept that from one of my teams. Next week we have to be a lot more
disciplined than we were.'
The pre-match talk had centred on how Liverpool would perform without the banned Luis Suarez.
His replacement, Sturridge, could not have demonstrated better that the Uruguay striker may not be missed.
And Phillippe Coutinho, the
20-yearold Brazilian, was magnificent in the Liverpool midfield It took
Liverpool less than three minutes to find a cure for any hangover they
may have felt over the Suarez episode.
And the wonder was it took them so long!
Coutinho had opened the home defence as if it were an infant's money box and it needed a timely interception by Mapou Yanga-Mibiwa to deny Sturridge after only two minutes.
But that defence was AWOL when a
cross from Stewart Downing found Agger around the penalty spot and his
looping header was well out of Rob Elliot's reach.
The Newcastle keeper had to race off
his line to deny Sturridge three minutes later after another precision
pass from Coutinho but Liverpool's embarrassing supremacy made a second
goal almost inevitable.
Leading the way: The result leaves Alan Pardew's side just five points above the relegation zone
Celebration: Fabio Borini shows his delight after netting Liverpool's fifth goal
No contest: Liverpool's Jose Enrique (left) vies with Newcastle United's Moussa Sissoko
Premier League table
And it was created with breathtaking skill.
Coutinho - who else? - was again at the heart of it, this time finding Sturridge with another defencesplitting pass.
The striker spurned the opportunity
of having a crack himself and, instead, rolled the ball across the goal
for the unattended Henderson to tap into an empty net.
Newcastle should have pulled one back
in the 36th minute but James Perch, given a clear opportunity by
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With Cheick Tiote having benefited
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The Brazilian robbed Ben Arfa wide on the left, strode forward and squeezed a great pass through two defenders for the striker to score his third goal in successive visits - the first for Bolton Wanderers, the second for Chelsea.
Rout: Two-goal Daniel Sturridge takes the ball past Newcastle's Jonas Gutierrez
More to come: Jordan Henderson wheels away in celebration after scoring his first goal
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Steven Gerrard exposed the crass lack of understanding in the home
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Dance: Sturridge laps up the appreciation after his goal
No avial: Massadio Haidara flies in to try and win the ball from Liverpool's Stuart Downing
Mathieu Debuchy's second yellow card,
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The final whistle was greeted by
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'That performance was just not good enough today.
Rounded off: Daniel Agger watches a free kick by Jordan Henderson go past keeper Rob Elliot for number six
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'One thing is important: we'll have our best players fit for next week. We have some who have known relegation at this club and we're going to have to lean on them. We have to roll our sleeves up and make a real fist of our last three games.'
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 20, 1993
|Filing date
|Feb 11, 1992
|Priority date
|Feb 15, 1991
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Didier Vilaire, Christian Pezant
|Original Assignee
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (8), Classifications (9), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to a method of measuring the exact position of the energy centre of an image spot of a bright object on a photosensitive detector constituted by a charge transfer detection matrix, said image spot being defocused to allow a subsequent barycentric calculation mode of said exact position and the luminous signal being digitized and thereafter processed in the form of digital pixels.
A charge transfer detection matrix is a device having a photosentive mosaic which, in response to an incident light ray, produces a video signal consisting of a pulse train whose individual amplitudes are proportional to the quantity of energy of the photons in each sensitive element of the device. Such a device is used more specifically in mosaic detectors employed in astronomical view finders and in space technology as a camera for the photography of (high magnitude) weak stars.
The mosaic detectors comprising a large number of new-generation sensitive elements are combined with high-speed microprocessors to provide star-tracking arrangements and instruments capable of tracking an apparently fast moving star. In these arrangements, which are intended for space missions, it is essential that the position of the energy centre of an image spot on the detection matrix be determined and recorded with high precision, in fact a precision equal to a fraction of the picture element or pixel. Such an accurate detection typically having an accuracy of one-tenth of the side of a pixel, will be specified in the sequel of the text of the measuring stage.
In order to reduce the processing time for the determination of the position of a star, one can first of all determine its approximate position so that, for the measurement, only a limited zone around the image spot must be considered. This preliminary stage, the search stage, is effected in a portion of the image zone of the detection matrix, denoted search window, whose dimensions depend on the estimated position of the star and the associated uncertainty.
This search window, which constitutes a square or rectangular subassembly of the detection matrix of the order of some hundreds of pixels, the still further limited zone whose position is derived from the search stage and to which the calculating algorithms are applied, is denoted the measuring field. The measuring field which itself forms a generally square subassembly of the search window, is made as small as possible and, typically, can vary from a 4 by 4 pixel pattern to a square pattern which may contain several hundreds of pixels. Calculating the position in the measuring stage can be effected, for example, in the manner described in the French patent application No. 2 625 396, corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4,979,221, wherein a memory is accessed which contains the precalculated positions of the centre of the luminous signal as a function of the signal levels found over the 5 pixels nearest to the centre. The precision obtained in accordance with this procedure and the device associated therewith is equal to one quarter of the side of a pixel.
It is an object of the present invention to obtain a precision better than the precision described in the foregoing and at least equal to one tenth of the side of a pixel, which is obtained by means of a state of the art different from the state described in said French patent application: the measuring field being centred around the estimated position of the star, either after a search stage, or after a just preceding measuring stage, calculating the position is effected in known manner using the trick of a barycentric calculation exercised on the set of pixels of a measuring field having such a dimension that all the pixels illuminated by the star in the viewfinder and having a significant level, i.e. the level exceeds the background noise, are taken into consideration. When the uncertainty about the position of the image spot is great, the measuring field is consequently also large and a significant number of non-significant pixels are taken into account, which degrades the accuracy of the measuremenet. It will furthermore be noted that, in order to improve the precision in the measuring stage, it is known to defocus slightly and permanently the detection matrix relative to the view finder. The optimum defocusing is such that the apparent diameter of the star aimed at, whatever its magnitude, is of the order of 2 to 2.5 times the side of a pixel.
In this context, the precise technical problem encountered is to obtain from a barycentric calculation a precision as regards the position of the centre of the image spot of the star in the view finder better than one tenth of the side of a pixel, whilst at the same time being affected to the least possible extent by the noise contained in the measuring field in the form of pixels illuminated by photons not originating from the star in the viewfinder.
This object is achieved and the disadvantages of the prior art consisting in an insufficient accuracy are obviated by the fact that the method defined in the opening paragraph is characterized, in that, in a measuring field forming a rectangular or square portion of the said detection matrix, the following consecutive operations are performed in each measurement:
a) the measuring field is centred around the estimated position of the bright object determined in a measuring stage or a just preceding search stage;
b) selection of a first group of pixels NS of the highest level having a predetermined number of the order of one tenth of the number of pixels of the measuring field;
c) selection, from the NS pixels, of a further group of NA pixels clustered around the maximum level;
d) a barymetric calculation is performed on the clustered NA pixels of the measuring field.
In the method in accordance with the invention a double segregation is effected which consists in removing from the barycentric calculation on the one hand the pixels which have a high level but do not belong to the image spot and on the other hand in rejecting the pixels which belong to the image spot but whose level is not significant relative to the background noise. The method is particularly interesting for use in borderline detection cases such as: the star has a high magnitude, high speed, little known or unknown direction of movement. The gain in measuring noise thus obtained may then be higher by a factor of two compared with a measurement of a fixed pattern. The value of NS is optimized as a function of the features of a mission intended for such a satellite.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention as regards the selection of the NS pixels, the NS first pixels read from the measuring field are entered into a memory zone having a capacity of NS pixels, each location of which contains the value of the pixel and its cartesian coordinates, thereafter the subsequent pixel is compared to the smallest of the preceding pixels and, when this pixel is higher, it replaces it in said memory, if it is not higher said subsequent pixel is rejected and the same operation is repeated for the next pixel, and so forth until the last pixel read from the measuring field.
This embodiment constitutes an algorithm in accordance with which the NS memory locations contain the NS highest level digital pixels of the measuring field in any sequence within the memory zone. In accordance with further known algorithms, or in accordance with a complementary algorithm, it is possible to obtain these pixels arranged in an ascending or descending order within the memory zone.
In accordance with a further preferred embodiment of the invention, as regards the selection of said NS pixels forming the greatest cluster, a spiral exploration of the measuring field is effected, centred around the pixel having the maximum level, PI(1) which belongs to a group NA, using the following steps:
p) by comparing the coordinates it is determined whether the pixel PSS belongs to said first group of NS pixels and if this is not the case one proceeds to step r;
q) if yes, the position of the pixel PSS is compared to the position(s) of the preveously selected pixel(s) and, if contiguous to at least one of these pixels, the pixel PIS is considered as belonging to the said other group of NA pixels, its position is considered as being the start of a completely empty turn of the spiral and thereafter one proceeds to the step r; if there is no contiguity, one directly proceeds to step r;
r) for each successive position of the explored pixel PIS of the spiral it is tested whether this pixel marks the end of a completely empty turn, in which case the exploration is ended, if not one passes to the next pixel of the spiral.
For each precise measurement of the position of a star a certain period of time is required to effect the above-described pixel segragation. It will be noted that this loss of time is counteracted by the greater simplicity and the speed of the barycentric calculation which from now on does only apply to a small minority of the pixels of the measuring field.
The following description, which is given by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, will make it better understood how the invention can be put into effect.
FIG. 1 is a block circuit diagram of an arrangement for putting the method of the invention into effect.
FIG. 2 shows the portion of the detection matrix denoted measuring field in which the image spot is contained.
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a first preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a second preferred embodiment, which is compatible with the flow chart of FIG. 3.
Generally, an astronomical viewfinder comprising a charge transfer detection matrix formed by pixels, is intended to control the behaviour of artificial satellites and, consequently, only needs to have a slow rotational motion, matched to the period of rotation in an orbit. In the present case, the invention preferably relates to a manoeuvrable satellite. Handling a satellite implies a rotational motion which is significantly faster than for a simple behaviour control, the rate of angular motion typically being equal to 0.5 degree per second for a measuring accuracy of the order of 20 seconds of arc on an average. Such a shift is, for example, equal to a displacement 9 r (r being the length of the side of a pixel) of the star in the viewfinder between two consecutive measurements with a one second interval, the measuring accuracy always being equal to 0.1 r. If the anticipated angular shift covers several dozens of degrees, several stars forming, on the celestial sphere, a path which has been preestablished in a star cataloque on board the satellite, are utilized for effecting the relevant manoeuver. To this effect, a coarse positioning is established by the inertia station of the satellite to provide that the image of a predetermined star of the chosen star track, denoted star A, is formed on the detection matrix, this image being slightly defocussed so as to illuminate a plurality of pixels. Thereafter, a what is called search stage allows the localization of the pixel (or alternatively a square group of 4 or 9 pixels) having the maximum level illuminated by the star A in a search window which forms a sub-assembly of the detection matrix. This (these) pixel(s) with the maximum level constitute(s) the estimated position of the star A. At this stage, steering of the satellite can be effected by consecutive measurements with a precision of one tenth of a pixel, of the exact position of the stars which succeed each other in the said star track. At the end of the search stage, the measuring field is centered around the estimated position of the first star in sight, i.e. star A. The measuring field, which is smaller than the search window, is generally square and may be as small as 5�5 pixels.
Typically, the measuring field includes 10�10 to 15�15 pixels. Preferably, to facillitate centring of the measuring field around a star, the latter has an odd number of pixels, irrespective of the fact whether it concerns its side or its surface. For a small measuring field, the successive measuring fields may be separated one from the other and the measurements must be brough closer to each other in the time; in contradistinction thereto, for square windows from 10 to 15 pixels, the consecutive measuring fields can be partially suppressed. Acting thus, the point is reached, measurement after measurement, at which the image of star A leaves the matrix and the next measuring field is then centered around the image of a star B appearing in the matrix, the star B being the star that follows after the star A in the star path mentioned in the foregoing. It will be noted that, from measurement to measurement, for a given star the new measuring field is readjusted by centring it around a pixel whose position is derived from the position just measured, corrected for the estimated apparent motion of the star which is indeed known, during the time interval between two measurements. Controlling the orientation of the satellite during a manoeuver described in the preceding sentences is effected in known manner, preferably by effecting, for each measurement, a barycentric calculation which up till now covers all the pixels of the measuring field. This renders it possible to obtain, after a rather long calculation, an accuracy of the order of 0.1 r. A significantly better accuracy would be illusory given the fact that other factors prevent (at least for the moment) a greater accuracy. These factor are more specifically: geometrical errors of the viewfinder, thermal stability and field stability errors, pixel sensitivity errors.
The present invention renders it possible, whilst performing the measurement in accordance with a known barycentric calculation, to obtain, by means of this calculation, a greater accuracy on the basis of a smaller number of pixels used for the calculation than in the prior art. This general advantage can be utilized in different manners, all other matters being the same. It becomes, for example, possible to choose a larger measuring field and to increase the interval between measurements. It also becomes possible to integrate, in the said star path, stars having a higher magnitude than before or stars which are near stars of a higher magnitude than their own magnitude, so that it is possible to make the star paths in question more regular and denser.
FIG. 1 shows an astronomical viewfinder 1 having a charge transfer detection matrix 10. Reading the pixels from the matrix 10 (with or without memory zone) is effected in a known conventional manner, that is to say pixel-sequentially in an output stage (not shown). The signal is applied in the analog form by an output conductor 11 to an analog-to-digital converter 12 connected to a microprocessor MP, 13. The microprocessor 13 controls, by means of a control bus 14, the assembly (1, 10), the read control phases of the matrix in particular; it has its other side connected to a RAM memory 25 via a bidirectional data bus 26 and an address bus 27. As more detailed explanations are not given, the circuit diagram of FIG. 1 is of the conventional type. Only the structure and the usage of the memory 25 are original and are adapted to the invention, as described hereinafter. The detection matrix 10 (not shown), for example the matrix marketed by the firm of Thomson-CSF under type designation TH 7863, is in the form of a mosaic of image elements split into two parts: a first half, the photosensitive zone, is intended to receive and detect, during an integration period, the light radiation from the object aimed at and the second half, covered by an opaque film, serves as a transfer memory from which reading of the signal in the analog form is effected, pixel-by-pixel in each line and line-sequentially in the field, or in the form of square groups of 4 or 9 pixels.
FIG. 2 shows, of the matrix 10, the measuring field 30 containing the image of a star IE to which the pixel having the maximum level PI(1) belongs. The measuring field has 13�13 pixels and the background forming part of the field, is formed by 48 pisels situated at the periphery of the measuring field. This background, which serves as a low reference level for the determination of the value of the digital pixels in the microprocessor 13, is formed by the mean value of these 48 pixels constituting the periphery. When the background comprises pixels of a higher level, as defined hereinafter, these pixels are not included in the calculation of the means value. In addition to the pixel PI(1), 8 further pixels can be counted clustered around the maximum with PI(1), which are represented by hatched lines running in one direction, and three isolated pixels, represented by hatched lines running in the opposite direction, one of which, in the upper left corner, must be removed from the background. The assembly of these 12 pixels forms a first group of NS pixels of the highest level PI(1), . . . , PI(NS) in a decreasing order of levels. In accordance with the invention, these NS pixels are selected in a first period of time, in each measurement. In addition, a further limited group of NA pixels is selected from this further group. This further group, forming a larger cluster of pixels, is the group containing the maximum pixel PI(1). In FIG. 2 the group formed by PI(1) and the 8 adjacent pixels shown by hatched lines running in a first direction are concerned. A pixel is said to be clustered when it differs by an increment of 1 at most in x and/or y relative to a further likewise clustered pixel. This second selection consists in cancelling, from the highest level NS pixels, those pixels which are isolated, i.e. have the highest probability of being representative of noise in the measuring field. It will moreover be noted that a further cluster of pixels which is, for example, the image of a less bright star, may exist, but that it differs from the largest by the fact that it does not contain a pixel PI(1) of the highest level. Statistically, the noise has a gravity centre which is very near the centre of the measuring field. On the other hand, the position of the centre looked for can experimentally be located at a significant distance from the measuring field centre. This shows that it is very advantageous, for a gain in precision, to get rid of isolated pixels in the ultimate barycentric calculation, during each measurement.
FIG. 3 is the flow chart of an embodiment of the selection stage of the group of NS pixels having the highest level. The memory RAM 25 (FIG. 1) comprises, in accordance with the invention, a particular zone 28 of NS pixels. Each location of the zone 28 contains the value of the level of a pixel and its cartesian coordinates at x and y. The block 40 (BEG) marks the beginning of the programme. At block 41 the NS first pixels, PI1, . . . , PINS, are stored in the memory zone 28 (a possible choice is, for example, NS=16). Reading the measuring field is effected along line 31 in FIG. 2. At 42 the equality: NS+1=1 (pixel 32) is effected, 1 being the running number of the pixel being processed in the field along line 31 (FIG. 2). At block 43, the pixel PI1 is taken for the sequel of the processing operation (pixel 32, FIG. 2). At 44 it is tested whether PI1 exceeds the smallest (PIk) of the pixels PI1, . . . , PINS (pixel of the order k, k≦NS. If not, (N) one proceeds to block 45 at which 1 is incremented by one unit. If yes (Y), the pixel PI1+1 replaces the pixel PIk in the memory zone 28 (block 46) and one proceeds to the block 45. In the next block 47, the value 1 is compared to n, which is the number of pixels of the measuring field (n=169, FIG. 2). For 1≦n (Y), a feedback to the block 43 is effected and the subsequent pixel (33, . . . ) is processed. If not (N), this indicates that the last pixel (PIn FIG. 2) has just been processed, and that the selection stage of the first group of NS highest-level pixels has ended (passage to end-of-programme block END in block 48). At this stage, the memory zone 28 contains the NS pixels of the highest level, i.e. the pixel PI(1) and the other hatched pixels in the example shown in FIG. 2, these pixels moreover not being arranged according to their amplitudes. For the performance of the subsequent stages of the measuring procedure it can be provided that the NS pixels of the highest level contained in the memory zone 28 are rearranged, in accordance with a specific complementary sub-programme of the microprocessor 13, in this memory zone 28 or a different memory zone of the largest PI(1) or smallest PI(NS). This first selection having been achieved, a second selection of a second group of maximally clustered NA pixels is effected from the NS of the highest level, for example as described hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 2 and 4.
In FIG. 4, the block 50 (BEG) marks the beginning of the programme. At block 51, the start of a spiral scan 37 is based on the highest-level pixel PI(1) (see FIG. 2). At the subsequent block, 52, the number of the order S of the pixel to be processed on the spiral 37 is incremented by one unit (S+1→S). At 53 the pixel PIS is taken for the sequel of the processing operation. Then one proceeds to the subsequent block 54 which is a test formed by determining whether the pixel PIS belongs or does not belong to the first group of NS pixels. If no, (N), one proceeds to the test block 55 which will be described hereinafter. If yes, (Y), one proceeds to the subsequent test block 56, in which it is investigated whether the pixel PIS is itself clustered (contiguous), that is to say whether at least one of its coordinates x or y differs by not more than one unit from a preceding pixel contained in the group NA, i.e. at least the pixel PI(1). If not, (N), one proceeds to the test block 55. If yes, (Y), the pixel is preserved as belonging to the group NA clustered to the maximum and stored in a memory zone 29 of the RAM 25 (FIG. 1), as indicated in block 57. This pixel also marks the beginning of a blank turn of the spiral as indicated by the block 58. Thereafter on proceeds to the test block 55 to test whether the pixel PIS marks the end of a completely blank turn, that is to say a turn on which no signal having the designation: clustered to the maximum, has been detected among the NS pixels. If so, (Y), one proceeds to block 59 which marks the end of the programme (END). A complete turn must be understood to be 1 turn plus 1 pixel on the spiral 37. The embodiment just described is long but very complete, that is to say that it allows of the definite removal from the second group of NA pixels the image of any star other than the star aimed at and comprising pixels whose level may be higher than the level of given pixels in the star aimed at.
The last, known, stage of the method consists in effecting, by means of the microprocessor 13, a barycentric calculation on the NA clustered pixels of the measuring field which, together with their positions, are contained in the memory zone 29. The barycentric calculation is performed, on the NA pixels, with removal from the level of each digital pixel the average background level measured along the periphery of the measuring field.
Variations within the skill of the average computer expert are possible to determine the first (NS) and the further (NA) group of pixels.
The embodiments described in the foregoing give every satisfaction when the quantization step for the measurement of the value of the pixels is small. Thus, all the pixels, at least the majority of the pixels of the measuring field, have different values. This results, whatever the direction in which the measuring field is scanned, in the same pixels NS of the highest level being selected. This is, however, no more the case when the quantization step is great, so that the values of the pixels can be classified according to value classes, each class comprising a plurality of pixels, at least for the pixels which do not have the highest level. After scanning, the lowest value class is most often incomplete and on the other hand, this incomplete class is the only class not constituting the same set of pixels along the direction of scan of the measuring field. This detrimental effect, which may be termed algorithmical bias can be obviated by eliminating from the first group of NS pixels those pixels that belong to the class of the lowest levels, which results in a smaller second group of NX, this latter number being variable (not predetermined). So as not to limit too much the number of pixels from which the other group of NA must thereafter be selected, the number NS may be increased, in anticipation of the removal of the last class of pixels, relative to the value mentioned in the foregoing; for example, the value of NS must be brought from 16 to 20. Another way of describing this variation is saying that all the pixels having levels which are identical to the level of the last pixel preserved among the NS are eliminated, so that the NS pixels ultimately preserved form classes having the same level, the number NX being of the order of one tenth of the pixels belonging to the measuring field.
The charge transfer detector described above is in a conventional manner sensitive to photons whose wave lengths are located in the absorption spectrum of silicon, i.e. 0.4 to 1.1μ. However, the ad hoc depositions on the detection matrix render it possible to make this matrix sensitive to ultraviolet rays (band from 0.25μ to 0.4μ). It is alternatively possible to realize charge transfer detectors which are sensitive to infra-red radiation, to electrons or to X-rays.
The present invention relates in general to the detection of the precise position of an emitting source an image of which has been formed on the sensitive zone of a charge transfer detector, more specifically to the tracking of a hot spot in the infra-red region and to the recurring position of the position of stars (or planets) having a high magnitude and a high speed of apparent motion in the presence of a considerable background level, in which case the display of the image linked with the time of integration actually brings the level of the useful signal to very near the background noise. The view finder in accordance with the invention can be used with equal advantage on earth, in combination with a telescope, for example to determine where to aim this telescope on the canopy of heaven, as well as aboard an artifical satellite to determine its orientation, more specifically during a manoeuvering stage, in support of the inertial central station of the satellite.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 18, 1969
|Feb 8, 1972
|Hughes Aircraft Co
|Electro-optical target acquisition blanking system
|Jun 2, 1986
|Dec 1, 1987
|Aerospatiale Societe Nationale Industrielle
|System for locating a body in motion
|Jan 3, 1986
|Dec 15, 1987
|Westinghouse Electric Corp.
|Concentric detector array and associated hybrid signal processing for coarse and fine electro-optical tracking
|Dec 23, 1988
|Dec 18, 1990
|Agence Spatiale Europeene
|Method and apparatus for sub-pixel centroiding of a photon event
|Feb 26, 1990
|Nov 26, 1991
|U.S. Philips Corp.
|Arrangement for determining the direction of the energy center of a luminous object
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 26, 1992
|Mar 29, 1994
|Nec Corporation
|Optical navigation sensor with single two-dimensional CCD
|Sep 24, 1997
|Dec 21, 1999
|Aerospatiale Societe Nationale Industrielle
|Homing head for a flying body
|Sep 24, 1997
|Feb 8, 2000
|Aerospatiale Societe Nationale Industrielle
|Photosensitive detector and mosaic of photosensitive detectors for the detection of luminous flashes and applications
|Aug 21, 2000
|Mar 4, 2003
|Infrared Integrated Systems
|Detection of position and motion of sub-pixel images
|Nov 15, 2007
|Sep 20, 2011
|Mbda France
|Aiming system with integrated deviation meter
|Jul 1, 2005
|Oct 27, 2005
|8X8, Inc.
|Video data processing and processor arrangements
|Mar 7, 2013
|Feb 13, 2014
|Pixart Imaging Inc.
|Image determining method and object coordinate computing apparatus
|Dec 28, 1999
|Apr 23, 2003
|Automatic evaluation method of casting ingot cross section quality
|U.S. Classification
|250/206.2, 356/141.2, 250/203.3
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 23, 1992
Owner name: U.S. PHILIPS CORPORATION, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:VILAIRE, DIDIER;PEZANT, CHRISTIAN;REEL/FRAME:006061/0294
Effective date: 19920309
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Year of fee payment: 4
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Owner name: SOCIETE ANONYME D ETUDES ET REALISATIONS NUCLEAIRE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:U.S. PHILIPS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:009089/0609
Effective date: 19980331
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|Jan 4, 2005
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The California Gambling Control Commission granted slot licenses to two North County casinos. The San Pasqual Indian band plans to add 428 slot machines to its Valley View Casino, while Harrah's plans to add 400 slot machines to its Rincon Casino. The additional licenses resulted from a lawsuit over California's limit of 32,000 licenses for slot machines across the state.
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Nightmare Fuel: Quantum Leap
- One particular episode revolves around a villain faking a mummy's curse to steal its treasures, revealing how he did it all in the end. Then said mummy stands up and strangles him while the survivors flee in terror. Sam leaps out before we find out how it ends.
- It's even scarier because a wall separates them from the villain and the mummy. You don't see it happen; you only hear the screams. Al is able to pass through the wall to check it out, but immediately comes running back out, saying, "He's killing him."
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- The Halloween Episode.
- To clarify, Sam leaps into a horror novelist from The Sixties and, within just a few moments of arrival, a man falls to his death from a ladder, it having been moved by a goat, which seems to appear and disappear throughout the episode, and Sam's the only one who can see it. As time passes, other characters get killed off in increasingly creepy ways - and to bring this Up to Eleven, something is writing the murders in Sam's host's typewriter seemingly as they occur. Then it turns out that the goat is actually Satan, who's essentially been trolling Sam throughout the episode and steadily wearing him down, before taking human form and nearly strangling Sam in an extremely Mind Screw-ish sequence. Thankfully, Sam Beckett Strangles Satan and resets the episode to the very beginning, but without the devil causing mayhem, nobody dies this time around. And then, it turns that the allusions to horror novels from Sam's own time period has effectively inspired their own creation, because the host's assistant was a young Stephen King.
- There was also the episode where Sam leaps into Lee Harvey Oswald. As frightening as becoming the infamous assassin is on its own, it gets worse when Sam begins to behave like Oswald did, which includes abusing his wife. Both Sam and Al are horrified by his personality changes and Sam starts feeling like he's losing his mind.


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But, if we're honest it was seriously lacking one thing - an RSS feed feature - that really would result in the app being the ultimate personalised iPad magazine.
Well, hold on to you hats because Google Reader is now on board - and it works brilliantly.
The move means that you can get all of the web content you want, in the nice Flipboard style magazine format. And it works as a decent standalone RSS reader as well, with shared items, comments and starring all available too.
As well the Google Reader addition, you'll also now be able to add a Flickr account to the app, where you'll be able to view photostreams, favourites and groups of photos.
The Twitter and Facebook aspects have also both been improved.
"You can now create new status updates, post photos, and even share Flipboard pages across Twitter, Facebook and Google Reader, and you can compose a new post from any where inside Flipboard", read a blog post to announce the changes.
"You can even cross post between Twitter, Facebook, and Google Reader. If you see an interesting article on Twitter, you can post that story on your Facebook wall. Simply put, you can post updates from anywhere, to any network".
Flipboard, version 1.1, is in the App Store now. It's free.
This guy plays all the bad iOS GTA clones so you don't have to
What is Google's Now on Tap and how does it work?
YouTube Kids app adds new parental controls to combat safety complaints
Starbucks Mobile Order and Pay service goes live in UK
- This guy plays all the bad iOS GTA clones so you don't have to
- What is Google's Now on Tap and how does it work?
- YouTube Kids app adds new parental controls to combat safety complaints
- Starbucks Mobile Order and Pay service goes live in UK
- Apple OS X El Capitan review: Tweaks rather than overhaul for free OS update
- Chromecast 2 hands-on: All-new shape and a full-featured app to go with it
- Microsoft Office for iPad Pro needs a 365 subscription if you want to edit docs
- Full Twitch apps finally coming soon to PS4, PS3, PS Vita, and PS TV
- Best 3D Touch apps for iPhone 6S and 6S Plus
- BBC iPlayer for Children app coming for iPad and Android in 2016
- Which iPhone is best for you? iPhone 5S, iPhone 6, iPhone 6S, iPhone 6 Plus or iPhone 6S Plus?
- When is Android 6.0 Marshmallow coming to my phone?
- Samsung Galaxy View is an iPad Pro rival with a crazy 18.5-inch screen, amazing leaked specs reveal all
- OnePlus Mini: What's the story so far?
- Forza Motorsport 6 review: The Forza is strong with this one
- Siri, turn off my lights: Philips Hue with Hue Bridge 2.0 tested
- HP might debut a Star Wars-themed Windows 10 device this week
- Hanging around with Nathan Drake: Pocket-lint chats to Nolan North about gaming superstardom
- Can't afford the Xbox One Elite controller? Don't worry, you'll be able to remap your existing controller buttons
- Master HTML5 and CSS3 web design for 81 per cent off


text:
VW scandal is raising questions
And how to overcome those barriers
Join the NASDAQ Community today and get free, instant access to portfolios, stock ratings, real-time alerts, and more!
Enterprise software maker Oracle Corporation (
) late Thursday said it would pay more than $199.5 million to
settle allegations the company overbilled the U.S. government for
services over a period of nine years.
The lawsuit claimed Oracle sold $1.08 billion worth of software
to the General Services Administration, a deal struck on the
premise that the government would receive the same discounts Oracle
gives to commercial customers. The government was alerted to the
problem after a whistleblower filed a civil suit against the
Tony West, assistant attorney general of the Justice
Department's civil division, said in a statement that "Companies
that engage in unlawful or fraudulent practices to secure
government business undermine the integrity of the procurement
process and create an unfair advantage."
Oracle shares fell 23 cents, or -0.8%, in premarket trading
The Bottom Line
Shares of Oracle (
) have a .80% dividend yield, based on last night's closing stock
price of $30.07. The stock has technical support in the $26-$28
price area. If the shares can firm up, we see overhead resistance
around the $32-$34 price levels.
Oracle Corporation (
) is not recommended at this time, holding a Dividend.com DARS™
Rating of 3.1 out of 5 stars.
Be sure to visit our complete recommended list of the
Best Dividend Stocks
, as well as a detailed explanation of
our ratings system here
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State Bank Financial Corporation Realigns Organization to Increase Efficiency
ATLANTA, GA, September 10, 2015 – State Bank Financial Corporation today announced a realignment of the Company's executive management responsibilities and reporting structure that is expected to streamline operating processes and improve efficiency.View Press Release ›
W. Cameron Nixon Appointed Regional President of State Bank & Trust Company
ATLANTA, August 4, 2015 - Remer Y. Brinson III, President of State Bank & Trust Company, announced today the appointment of W. Cameron Nixon as Executive Vice President & East Georgia Regional President. Nixon had previously served as Senior Vice President & Senior Lending Officer of First Bank of Georgia.View Press Release ›
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Pushed back for departure late evening.......
About to touch down on rw36R.
Airborne from runway 05L
This wonderful cargo hauler was delivered to Great Wall Airlines in May 2006 but then grounded due to some shareholder problems. But here she is again banking left in full glory on her way to the ... (more)
Climbing away from rwy 05L, with Terminal 3 as a back drop.
On finals for 05L


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Arnold Schwarzenegger Wears 'I Survived Maria' T-Shirt
- Photo: LIONEL CIRONNEAU/Invision/AP1 of 17
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- Prev
Um, hardy har?
Arnold Schwarzenegger recycled an old gag T-shirt while exercising in Santa Monica on Sunday. As the photo (originally at TMZ) shows, the former California governor and actor, 64, donned a shirt that read "I survived Maria" on the back. On the front of the shirt the dates "2007-2010" appear, but "2007" is crossed out, replaced with "1977."
VIDEO: Arnold and Maria in happier times
"Maria" would be Maria Shriver, his wife of 25 years, whom he began dating back in 1977. He and 55-year-old Shriver, of course, are headed for divorce following his admission of a secret 13-year-old love child with former housekeeper Mildred "Patty" Baena.
But Schwarzenegger's choice of T-shirt wasn't quite as cruel as it sounds. TMZ reports that he received the clothing item last November during a farewell party for the governor's staff, and Shriver's employees designed the T-shirt as a joke, writing in the "1977" date themselves.
PHOTOS: Famous women who've been cheated on
And, despite the shocking drama, the former couple (they announced their split this May) are on good terms as they work through their divorce. Last month the pair banded together last month as their youngest son Christopher, 13, was hospitalized following a serious surfing accident.
The family -- which also includes son Patrick, 17, and daughters Katherine, 21, and Christina, 19 -- was also all together for a lunch in honor of the patriarch's July 30 birthday.
Read all about the most shocking celeb splits
Get the scoop on Arnie's birthday lunch with Maria
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Select Local Merchants
Curriculum ProjectRead MoreAt Curriculum Project in Austin, you can become your own interior designer and pick out great furniture items for every room in your home. If you are starting to redecorate your home, start with some new furniture from here, such as living room furniture. Your home office will look better than ever with some stylish new furnishings, so get started on your shopping. If you're tired of the same old furniture, head over here and shop the latest bedroom furniture options, such as bedroom furniture. For a style that suits your backyard, browse the selection of patio furniture before the sun goes down. New bathroom furniture can be a great household update. Come see the selection at Curriculum Project. It's time to make your living space even more livable with rugs, throw pillows, and vases. If you're in need of some design tips, head on over to this store and peruse the exquisite pieces on display. If you have a desire to decorate your walls, start off on the right foot with items like curtains and mirrors. Treat yourself to a new book, such as fiction, and enjoy a relaxing night of page turning and adventure. Paper books not quite your thing? No worries. They have a wide variety of electronic reads too, like e-books. Take advantage of the many nearby parking options and enjoy the quick trip to and from your car. Realize the old adage "home is where the heart is" by finding the best furniture on the market at Curriculum Project.3100 Barton Point CirAustin, TX US
Seacret Skin CareRead MoreWhat services does your business offer and what makes your business stand out from the competition? Seacret products, made with Dead Sea minerals and essential oils, include facial cleansers, moisturizers, and anti-aging products; body soaps, scrubs, and lotions; shampoo and conditioner; hand, foot, and nail care products. They are hypoallergenic, paraben-free, fair trade, and cruelty free. What was the inspiration to start or run this business? Skin care, which is essential to a person's overall health, is also a booming business, growing to about9506 Scenic Bluff DriveAustin, TX US
E-Deshields GroupRead MoreDon't hesitate to fix your car's wear and tear by bringing it into the body shop at E-Deshields Group in Austin. Give your ride some spunk and personality with some new car accessories from here. So keep your car looking and running smoothly all year long with some affordable and highly rated services from E-Deshields Group. For dynamic service that gets the job done the first time around, you'll definitely want to go to E-Deshields Group's auto shop in Austin.9310 Creeks Edge CirAustin, TX US
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Integrative Sports & Wellness Medical CenterRead MoreIntegrative Sports & Wellness Medical Center's health experts, under the watchful gaze of Russ Jepson, D.C. and medical director Bryan Jepson, M.D., aim to aid patients in the quest for improved health with a diverse palette of detoxification, massage, and chiropractic care services. Sports- and child-focused chiropractic treatments help bolster active or still-developing bodies, preventing spinal problems, athletic injuries, and being scolded for slouching at the dinner table. Multidisciplinary weight-loss management programs assist patients in shedding pounds while also ridding the body of harmful toxins, and massage packages regularly ease tension.11420 Bee Caves Rd, Ste A-100Austin, TX US
Whitley and SiddonsRead MoreYou don't have to be worried about parking. If you are heading to Whitley and Siddons, there are plenty of options nearby.11612 Fm 2244Austin, TX US


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Mr. Deluca will provide his perspective on Green Sustainable Real Estate Development, specifically as the pertain to the healthcare industry.
The running theme will be Demystifying Green and Sustainability. Each month Frank will discuss his personal experiences and findings during the development of the DCL Green Healthcare real estate portfolio. His perspective will not be from an Engineer, Architect or LEED advocate but as a developer who has to make sensible decisions on Green and Sustainable applications that make a return on investment for his company.
Environmental Leader is the leading daily trade publication keeping corporate executives fully informed about energy, environmental and sustainability news.
DCL Equity Partners is a Private Equity firm that is focused on green sustainable investments in commercial real estate, specifically healthcare real estate.


text:
Rates are calculated based on the latest information provided. Please contact the manager/owner to confirm actual rates for your requested dates.
Ski trip in Berkshires and this place was perfect. Gave us nice options to do on off days. Debra was great with any issues that came up and was very helpful and responsive. Clean and spacious. Would stay here again.
We spent the weekend at the Gartner House in Lenox to visit my son at Shakespeare and Company. From my first contact with Deb, she was friendly and helpful. It is evident throughout the house that Deb has taken great care to make anyone's stay at the Gartner House an enjoyable experience. The house is in a perfect location (walking...
I visited Lenox on a girls leaf peeping trip in mid-October. We found this house to be cozy & warm. It is very quaint & centrally located. It was nice to have most of the comforts of home, such as a washer/dryer, and full kitchen equipped with pots/pans & little things like aluminum foil. Deb was very responsive when coordinating...


text:
WASHINGTON – Giant Food recalled organic mini-peanut butter sandwich crackers because of possible salmonella contamination.
The grocery store is recalling the following versions of Late July Organic Snacks mini peanut butter sandwich crackers with sell-by dates May 19, 2013 to July 11, 2013:
Consumers who bought these items should throw them away and show a receipt at a Giant Food store for a full refund.
Follow WTOP on Twitter.
(Copyright 2012 by WTOP. All Rights Reserved.)
In Maryland, all sorts of marine life is living among more than 100 sunken ships.


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Neil Ferree's curator insight, May 3, 11:13 AM
Microsoft has also partnered with Uber for integration into Cortana. Not only is the company incorporating the car ride service into its calendar for Outlook, it also aims to suggest Uber rides alongside transit information. This will assist Windows mobile users in deciding which method of transport they would like to use for a journey.
Neil Ferree's curator insight, March 15, 11:50 AM
Follow these steps to get maximum exposure for your newly published blog post article.
How many of these tasks do you do?
Jakarta Web Developer's curator insight, December 21, 2014 10:40 AM
be Social:
malek's curator insight, August 30, 2014 11:11 AM
"links cause sites to rank higher. But any link created purely for SEO reasons is spam. It is an attempt to artificially manipulate rankings."


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My Father's Heart
Cornelius Winston One thing you should know about my father is that he has an abnormally large stomach. The kind of stomach that, if x-rayed, would reveal a picnic bench of five angry truck drivers demanding a 4th serving of fillet mignon and mushrooms (if they happen to be sautéed and available). With that being… More
A Review of Randall Mann's "Breakfast with Thom Gunn"
Scott Hightower Breakfast with Thom Gunn Randall Mann, University of Chicago Press, 2009 10: 0-226-50344-5, $14.00 _______________________________________________________ "BREAKFAST WITH THOM GUNN"-Desire, Beauty, Unbeauty, and Vanity Randall Mann's first book, Complaint in the Garden, won the Kenyon Review Prize in Poetry. Mann has delivered a second book, "Breakfast with Thom Gunn." It is a smart, even… More
James Feller Around 1 am, after my parents had gone to sleep–mom in bed, dad passed out to the Discovery Channel on the couch–I quietly tiptoed out of my bedroom. The whole downstairs smelled strongly of cigarettes and I remembered my childhood. Summer mornings, obsessively examining my baseball card collection, I would call out to… More
How to Think About Politics
Ryan McCarl First, question everything, beginning with the political ideas you inherited from your parents, family, community, church, and school. Create an inventory, in your mind or on paper, of these ideas: what are your strong, visceral, "gut" feelings about the political parties, religion in schools, the legalization versus criminalization of abortion, taxation, drug laws,… More
An Examination of Religion in the work of T.S. Eliot and Christopher Dawson
Benjamin Lockerd "Eliot's reputation as a critic of society has been worse than his record"—so wrote Roger Kojecký at the beginning of his 1971 book, T. S. Eliot's Social Criticism.1 Thirty-five years later, the situation has not changed, for T. S. Eliot's cultural criticism continues to be more maligned than studied. It is not uncommon… More
A Modest Proposal: Regarding the Protection of Antiquities from Wanton Destruction in Future War
Jascha Kessler The title of the following observations might better be offered as, "…from wanton destruction by the present heirs and/or occupiers of the lands of their original creators." As we were sadly aware, immediately upon the lightning-swift liberation of Baghdad after a campaign of less than four weeks it was discovered, even as guns… More
The Next Forgotten War
Ryan McCarl Human beings have strong emotional immune systems, and human societies have a remarkable capacity for collective forgetfulness. Milan Kundera, writing of the effect of the news cycle on historical memory, once said: "The bloody massacre in Bangladesh quickly covered the memory of the Russian invasion of Czechoslovakia, the war in the Sinai desert… More


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Collection The Library of Congress Celebrates the Songs of America
Results: 1-1 of 1
Refined by:Sites and Collection: The Library of Congress Celebrates the Songs of America Remove Contributor: Schirmer, G. Remove Contributor: Goldbeck, Robert Remove Subject: Choruses, Sacred (Mixed Voices, 4 Parts) with Organ Remove
My faith looks up to thee, no. 3 [quartet]
Sheet Music. print | 1 score | From: Music Copyright Deposits, 1870-1885 (Microfilm M 3500) Also available through the Library of Congress Web Site as facsimile page images. (Additional Physical Form). Print (Form). Electronic Resource (Form). Remote (Form).
- Contributor: Schirmer, G. - Goldbeck, Robert
- Original Format: Notated Music
- Date: 1879


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that was just last night. I see 40$ the next time she raises her estimates. I am going to be brief and tell you it is the perfect storm from massive profit growth still for these companies. Don't trust me though. Feel free to do your DD. Mama mia 5 mm traded the last 3 days on no news, including 700k the last 30 minutes Friday. It just broke out of the channel too. I expect a 5-10$ move in the next 2-3 weeks on hyuge volume as p/e's are 12 for the sector. 12x 2.66 =31.00 and her estimate is still way too low. But that's how the game works.
Later guys.
estimates were raised by 28%!
not 21%
I'm not a good pumper lol.
Looks like that's what it turned out to be. Stock now trading below $15 a share. That 5 mm shares of trading turned out to be from smart sellers.


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Reload the page and try again.
No one likes the rain but it's just a fact of human nature. We've had quite a few snow days here.
When the weather is cold and there is ice or snow the campus sometimes closes because there are a lot of students that travel.
When it rains, there are some areas where there is a lot of water and should probably where rain boots.
The weather is the normal wishy-washy Arkansas weather, but when it rains it can get flooded in spots which isn't good for your shoes.
The weather is pretty normal! We get a lot of rain. It's no fun because there's hardly any cover to walk under. We get snow day's when it actually decides to snow! Overall pretty average weather!
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The weather in Little Rock is pretty predictable, and a quick look out your window will let you know whether you'll need to wear shorts, a coat, or rain boats. Overall, the weather is usually pleasant here, but from August to late September, heat waves have been known to hit the Little Rock area. For example, one day may be around 70 degrees, but then the next few could shoot above 90 degrees.
The one season that's not predictable is winter—it can be extreme and random. Some days you'll only need a light jacket on your walk the class, but the next day you'll need a coat, gloves, and boots. One thing that Little Rock seems to get a lot of is rain. Sometimes, there will be a drizzle that lasts for only a few minutes, but later on in the day, a downpour will wash the students right off campus (okay, not literally, but you get the point!). Essentially, when coming to school in Little Rock, you'll want to be prepared with a little bit of everything: rain boots, umbrellas, gloves, coats, hats, shorts, and jeans.
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text:
- Gadgets
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Pinkish red, richly colored nylon plastic with a smooth finish.
Oloids have a funny way of rolling on flat surfaces.
They were invented by Paul Schatz in 1929. More information about Paul Schatz: www.paul-schatz.ch
Size of this object (circle diameter) 50mm ~2 inches.