text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 10, 1998
|Filing date
|Oct 25, 1994
|Priority date
|Oct 2, 1991
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|James M. Marder, Warren J. Haws
|Original Assignee
|Brush Wellman Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (28), Classifications (39), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/221,374 filed Mar. 31, 1994 now allowed, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/156,356 filed Nov. 23, 1993, now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/770,187 filed Oct. 2, 1991 now abandoned.
1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to alloys of beryllium and aluminum. More particularly, the invention describes a method for making alloys of aluminum containing beryllium and forming them into useful structural products.
2. Brief Description of the Prior Art
Alloys of aluminum and beryllium are known in the art. For example, Cooper U.S. Pat. No. 1,254,987 describes the addition of aluminum to beryllium for improving machinability. Fenn U.S. Pat. No. 3,337,334 discloses and claims the Lockalloy commercial product (developed by Lockheed and Berylco in the 1960's) which comprises aluminum base metal and 62 weight percent beryllium.
Lockalloy was produced in sheet form and incorporated into the ventral fin of the YF12 experimental aircraft (Duba, YF-12 Lockalloy Ventral Fin Program, Final Report, NASA CR-144971, 1976). Following the introduction of Lockalloy, extensive data was obtained on rolled alloys made from pre-alloyed aluminum having 62 weight percent beryllium. See, for example, London, Alloys and Composites, Beryllium Science and Technology, Volume 2, Plenum Press, New York (1979).
Second and third order elemental additions to aluminum-beryllium alloys are reported in the literature. They include additions of magnesium, silicon, nickel or silver for making ternary and quaternary alloys of aluminum and beryllium as described in McCarthy U.S. Pat. No. 3,664,889. These alloys are made from rapidly solidified alloy powder, consolidated and worked by conventional means. Russian work on ternary and higher order aluminum-beryllium alloys is variously described in Molchanova, Phase Equilibria in the Al-Be-Ni System at 600 Deg. C, Vest. Mosk. Univ. Khim., Vol. 27(3), pages 266-271 (1986); Komarov, Increasing the Strength of Welded Joints in an Al-Be-Mg Alloy by Heat Treatment, Weld. Prod., Vol. 26(1), pages 32-33 (1979); Kolachev, Constructional Alloys of Aluminum Beryllium and Magnesium, Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Metal. Vol. 13, pages 196-249 (1980); Nagorskaya, Crystallization in Al-Be-Mg-Zn Quaternary System Alloys, Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Metal., Vol. 9, pages 72-74 (1973).
Minor amounts of beryllium are typically added to aluminum-rich alloys to prevent oxidation of the aluminum and other alloy components during processing steps like melting and pouring. As a primary example, Brush Wellman Inc., Elmore, Ohio produces and distributes aluminum-rich master alloys containing 10 percent or less beryllium for further processing by bulk producers. The residual beryllium level in downstream aluminum product is preferably less than 0.01 percent.
The most current aluminum-beryllium phase diagram shows a simple eutectic with essentially no terminal, solid solubility at either end. This Al-Be phase diagram, adopted from Murray, The Aluminum-Beryllium System, Phase Diagrams of Binary Beryllium Alloys, ASM International Monographs on Alloy Phase Diagrams, page 9 (1987), is reproduced as FIG. 1 in this specification.
Brush Wellman has conducted extensive research on aluminum alloys containing from about 10 to about 75 weight percent beryllium. See Hashiguchi, Aluminum Beryllium Alloys for Aerospace Application, European Space Agency Structural Materials Conference, Amsterdam (March 1992). The research showed that an aluminum alloy of about 62 weight percent beryllium is about 70 volume percent beryllium, and an alloy of 50 weight percent beryllium is about 59 volume percent beryllium. It was also discovered that the density and elastic modulus of alloy compositions in this system follow the Rule of Mixtures, i.e., interpolation of alloy properties is generally possible between the respective properties of pure beryllium and pure aluminum.
Results from studies at Brush Wellman's Elmore facilities have also shown that large cast ingots and fine pre-alloyed atomized powder particles can be produced with microstructures showing a metal composite including beryllium in an aluminum matrix. Presently, Brush Wellman markets these alloys as extrusions and stamped sheet products under the trademark AlBeMet™.
All presently known processes for making aluminum based alloys containing beryllium require a complete melt down of the aluminum and beryllium starting materials. Aluminum and beryllium metal charges are liquified in a chamber lined with a refractory material, under vacuum at a temperature well above 1280� C., the melting point of beryllium. This melt is usually cast into an ingot or atomized with an inert gas into a pre-alloy powder. Because these high temperature metallurgical processes are relatively expensive, they demonstrate a need for lower temperature methods which require less machining to reduce scrapped chip losses.
Brush Wellman has processed AlBeMet™ into useful component parts by two alternative routes. Both processes require vacuum melting of aluminum and beryllium starting materials in a ceramic-lined, refractory crucible at temperatures typically in the range between about 1350� to about 1450� C. In the first alternative, the liquified aluminum-beryllium melt is poured through a refractory nozzle to produce a stream which is intercepted by high velocity jets of an inert gas. The jets of gas break the liquid stream into tiny grains which solidify into a pre-alloy powder. Individual grains that comprise the powder pre-alloy have very fine dendritic micro-structure consisting of a beryllium phase within an aluminum alloy matrix. The pre-alloy powder is then consolidated by cold isostatic pressing, hot isostatic pressing or extrusion to produce a gross shape which can then be machined into a useful article.
The second alternative for processing AlBeMet™ into component parts is a conventional ingot casting operation in which molten aluminum-beryllium is poured into a graphite mold cavity and cooled to a solid ingot up to six inches in diameter. The microstructure of this casting is a relatively coarse, dendritic beryllium phase within an aluminum alloy matrix. The casting surface and hot-top are removed and scrapped and the ingot is further processed by rolling, extrusion or machining into the final article shape.
These alternatives are relatively expensive and cheaper net shaping processes are preferable. Conventional semi-solid processing or thixo-forming of metals takes advantage of low apparent viscosities obtained through continuous and vigorous stirring of heat-liquified metals during cooling. These techniques are generally described by Brown, Net-Shape Forming Via Semi-Solid Processing, Advanced Materials & Processes, pages 327-338 (January 1993). Various terms are presently used to describe semi-solid processing of metals to form useful articles of commerce, including rheo-casting, slurry-casting, thixo-forging and semi-solid forging. Each of these terms is associated with variations in the steps during semi-solid processing or in the types of equipment employed.
Semi-solid processing is initiated by heating a metal or metals above their liquidus temperatures to form molten metal or alloy. Various methods known in the art are used to introduce shear forces to the liquified metals during slow cooling to form, in situ, equiaxed particles dispersed in the melt. Under these conditions, the metals are said to be in a "thixotropic" or semi-solid slurry state. Thixotropic slurries are characterized by non-dendritic microstructure and can be handled with relative ease by mass production equipment allowing process automation and precision controls while increasing productivity of cast materials. See Kenney, Semisolid Metal Casting and Forging, Metals Handbook, 9th Ed., Vol. 15, pages 327-338 (1988).
The non-dendritic microstructure of semi-solid metal slurries is described in Flemings U.S. Pat. No. 3,902,544 which represents the state of this art. The described method concentrates on vigorous convection during slow cooling to achieve the equiaxed particle dispersion leading to non-dendritic microstructure. See also, Flemings, Behavior of Metal Alloys in the Semisolid State, Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 22A, pages 957-981 (1991).
Published literature prior to this disclosure has focused on the magnitude of force required to deform and fragment dendritic growth structures using high temperature shearing. It was discovered that semi-solid alloys displayed viscosities that rose to several hundreds, even thousands, of poise depending on shear rates (Kenney, Semisolid Metal Casting and Forging, Metals Handbook, 9th Ed., Vol. 15, page 327 (1988)), and that the viscosity of a semi-solid slurry, measured during continuous cooling, was a strong function of applied shear forces--with measured viscosities decreasing as shear rate increased. Flemings, Behavior of Metal Alloys in the Semi-Solid State, ASM News, pages 4-5 (Sept. 1991).
Subsequent commercial processes focused on developing different ways to agitate liquified metals to achieve the roughly spherical or fine-grained microstructure in semi-solid slurry. Two general approaches have been developed--(1) rheo-casting, in which a slurry is produced in a separate mixer and delivered to a mold and (2) semi-solid forging, in which a billet is cast in a mold equipped with a mixer which creates the spherical microstructure directly within the mold.
Winter U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,210 discloses a method for inducing turbulent motion when cooling metals with electro-dynamic forces in a separate mixer; while Winter U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,434,837 and 4,457,355 disclose a mold equipped with a magneto-hydrodynamic stirrer.
Various methods for agitating or stirring have been developed to introduce shear forces in the cooling metals to form semi-solid slurry. For example, Young U.S. Pat. No. 4,482,012, Dantzig U.S. Pat. No. 4,607,682 and Ashok U.S. Pat. No. 4,642,146 describe means for electromagnetic agitation to produce the necessary shear forces within liquified metals. Mechanical stirring to produce shear rates are also described in Kenney U.S. Pat. No. 4,771,818, Gabathuler U.S. Pat. No. 5,186,236 and Collot U.S. Pat. No. 4,510,987.
Application of currently known semi-solid processing technology to alloys of aluminum containing beryllium is difficult because the dendritic structures present in pre-alloyed materials require extremely high temperature thixotropic processing under negative vacuum pressure. These high temperatures must exceed the melting point of beryllium (1280� C.). The present specification describes solutions to the stated problems for making alloys of aluminum containing beryllium and further discloses an improvement in semi-solid processing for metal alloys.
It is an object of the present invention to provide practical aluminum-based alloys with beryllium additions in the range of 1 to 99 weight percent by modified semi-solid processing.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide practical aluminum-based alloys with beryllium additions, preferably in the range of 5 to 80 weight percent by modified semi-solid processing.
It is another object to provide a method for semi-solid processing which does not require heating to extremely high liquidus temperatures necessary for certain metals such as beryllium.
Another object is to provide a method for near net shape processing of aluminum-beryllium alloys which does not require high temperature vacuum melting.
A further object is to provide a method for near net shape processing of aluminum-beryllium alloys using non-reactive gas blanketing at low temperatures to protect the beryllium phase from oxidation.
It is another object to provide a method for semi-solid processing which does not require introduction of shear forces.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a modified semi-solid process for aluminum alloys using 5 to 80 weight percent powdered beryllium which eliminates the need for fully liquid metal processing.
It is yet another object to provide a method by which precision net shape aluminum components can be formed with significant amounts of beryllium.
A further object is to provide a technique for producing precision parts of aluminum-based alloys containing beryllium in the range between 5 to 80 weight percent.
Other objects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art after a review of the following disclosure.
The present invention includes methods which provide practical alloys of aluminum containing beryllium and means for making net shape aluminum-beryllium components which contain significant amounts of beryllium. The term "net shape" as used in this specification describes a component which is very near its final form, i.e., a precision casting that requires very little further machining before end-use application.
This disclosure also describes a novel use of solid beryllium particles dispersed in liquid or powder aluminum to produce beryllium-containing alloys of aluminum for semi-solid processing. The presently claimed alloys (and corresponding parts) have densities lower than other known aluminum alloys and a modulus of elasticity nearing that of beryllium. The modulus increases with beryllium content and approaches a linear combination when the amount of aluminum is 10.0 million psi and the amount of beryllium is 44 million psi.
The present alloys can be made by conventional ingot metallurgy or known atomization techniques. But, the presently described method more conveniently allows for combining aluminum, in either liquid or solid form, with solid particulate beryllium at dramatically lower temperatures. This addition of solid beryllium particles to produce the required mixture and proper dispersion in liquid or powder aluminum at the specified low temperatures, is uniquely described and claimed in the present disclosure. The following table summarizes the properties of the various beryllium-containing aluminum alloys made according to the present invention.
TABLE I______________________________________Beryllium-Containing Aluminum Alloy Property ComparisonBe Density Modulus E/Rho CTE(Wt %) (lb/in3) (MSI) (in � 106) (in/in/�F. � 10-6)______________________________________0 0.097 10.0 102.6 13.15 0.095 12.4 130.5 12.610 0.093 14.7 158.3 12.215 0.091 17.0 186.2 11.720 0.089 19.1 214.0 11.325 0.087 21.1 241.9 10.930 0.086 23.1 269.7 10.535 0.084 25.0 297.6 10.240 0.082 26.8 325.4 9.845 0.081 28.5 353.3 9.550 0.079 30.2 381.1 9.162 0.076 33.9 448.0 8.470 0.074 36.3 492.5 7.980 0.071 39.0 548.2 7.490 0.069 41.6 603.9 6.9100 0.067 44.0 659.7 6.4______________________________________
Since the starting material is a mixture of two powders, and there is no apparent tendency for the two powders to separate during the process, alloy compositions from 1 to 99 weight percent beryllium, balance aluminum, are made pursuant to the present method.
The commercial market requires aluminum based alloys with higher elastic modulus and lower density. As indicated in Table I, a continuous variation of properties from those of the aluminum alloy at one extreme to beryllium at the other is achieved. For example, a 5 percent beryllium increment produces a 25 percent higher modulus at about the same density when compared to the aluminum alloy base.
In one embodiment, spherical beryllium powder, produced preferably through an atomization process from liquid beryllium, is mixed with aluminum in powder, chip or other coarsely divided form. Inert gas atomization, a technique well known to those skilled in the art, was employed in some of the following examples to make the spherical beryllium powder. The use of atomized beryllium is preferred in the presently disclosed semi-solid processing because the spherical shaped particles improve flow during shaping and also cause less erosion to the surfaces of the equipment used.
Other methods for making beryllium powder are described in Stonehouse, Distribution of Impurity Phases, Beryllium Science & Tech., Vol. 1, pages 182-184 (1979) which is incorporated by reference herein. Ground beryllium is also applicable in conjunction with, or as an alternative to, spherical beryllium powder. Ground beryllium is ordinarily produced through impact grinding such as the Coldstream process, well known by those skilled in the art. These and other standard methods of comminuting beryllium powder are available in the art. See Marder, P/M Lightweight Metals, Metals Handbook, 9th Ed., Vol. 7, pages 755-763 (1984); Stonehouse, Beryllium, ASM International Metals Handbook, 10th Ed., Vol. 2, pages 683-687 (1990) and Ferrera, Rocky Flats Beryllium Powder Production, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Memorandum, Vol. 2, JOWOG 22/M20 (1984) which are incorporated by reference herein. In all cases, the beryllium starting material was provided by Brush Wellman.
Commercial purity aluminum and aluminum alloy powders are available from Valimet Co., Stockton, Calif. Specific aluminum-based alloys suitable for processing by the present method include American Society for Metals Aluminum Alloy Nos. 1100, 1300, 2024, 5056, 6061, A356 and A357, the compositions of which are tabulated in Boyer-Gail, Aluminum Alloys, ASM International Metals Handbook, 1985 Desk Edition, Table 2, pages 6-24 and 6-25, and Table 3, page 6-55, which pages are all incorporated by reference herein.
In the preferred embodiment, a mixture of spherical beryllium powder and chipped solid aluminum is heated to a temperature at which only the aluminum components melt (typically above 640� C.). This results in a suspension of beryllium particles in liquid aluminum. A semi-solid slurry of aluminum and beryllium is obtained without elevation to extreme temperature, and non-dendritic beryllium phase microstructure is achieved without introducing external shear forces into molten liquid metal. This process can be successfully conducted under a protective atmosphere, typically a vacuum environment or non-reactive gas such as argon, nitrogen or helium.
FIG. 2 is a photomicrograph showing the desirable, non-dendritic structure of an aluminum-beryllium alloy made by vacuum hot pressing aluminum alloy powder and equiaxed beryllium powder at about 704� C. Alloys having the structure shown in FIG. 2 are useful for direct engineering applications which require solidification in place to make a component part. They can also be subjected to conventional metal working processes, including subsequent rolling, forging or extruding.
Alloys having the structure illustrated in FIG. 2 can also serve as precursors for semi-solid processing to produce net shape parts. FIG. 3 is a photomicrograph showing preferred structure after modified semi-solid processing of an aluminum-beryllium alloy. The FIG. 3 microstructure is similar to that shown in FIG. 2. This modified semi-solid process did not involve the introduction of any shear forces prior to solidification. Thixotropic mixtures with structures similar to those illustrated in FIG. 3 are injected or molded using suitably modified extrusion or die-casting equipment. These processes are typically carried out in devices similar to those used for injection molding of plastic.
Conventional semi-solid processing is divided into two major operations--(1) the raw material preparation step needed to develop the initial microstructure and (2) the semi-solid shaping step. Unlike known semi-solid processing, the presently disclosed method does not require the raw material preparation step because the proper microstructure is immediately and automatically achieved by starting with two powder components heated above the solidus temperature of only one component.
There is little terminal solubility of the beryllium in the aluminum, or aluminum in beryllium. Therefore, the processing temperature of the material to be thixotropically formed by the presently claimed semi-solid process remains less than the liquidus temperature of the aluminum-beryllium alloy. This permits use of equipment made with less complex and relatively inexpensive engineering materials which do not need to withstand the extreme temperatures necessary to melt beryllium (above 1280� C.). Selected processing temperatures are dependent on the volume fraction of solid materials in the slurry. The net amount of solid present in slurry is established by the amount of solid beryllium added, plus the solid portion (if any) of the partially molten aluminum component. These innovative concepts allow for net-shape semi-solid processing of aluminum-beryllium alloys at the low temperatures typical of aluminum products.
There are two generally known approaches to semi-solid shaping--(1) thixotropic forging, where the alloy work piece is shaped by being squeezed in a closed die or flowed by a plunger into a permanent mold cavity and (2) thixotropic casting, where the semi-solid metal is conveyed to a permanent mold cavity by a rotating auger feed stroke. Both of these processes are compatible with the present invention as demonstrated by the examples below.
FIG. 1 is a current aluminum-beryllium phase diagram.
FIG. 2 is a photomicrograph illustrating equiaxed morphology in the beryllium phase of an aluminum-beryllium alloy made according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a photomicrograph showing retention of the equiaxed beryllium morphology after modified semi-solid processing of an aluminum-beryllium alloy. The structure is similar to that shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 illustrates an assembly of read/write heads comprised of the presently disclosed aluminum-beryllium alloy.
FIG. 5 shows a net shape, single actuator arm from the assembly of FIG. 4. Forces exerted on the arm are represented by vectors.
The examples below were conducted to produce net shapes of aluminum alloys containing additions of beryllium. These aluminum-beryllium alloys were produced into near net shape from the semi-solid state using in situ freezing or closed die forging. The examples clearly demonstrate that thixotropic forming of an aluminum based alloy with solid beryllium additions is feasible without externally introduced shear forces.
All environmental health and safety equipment, including supplementary HEPAVAC ventilation, are installed prior to the initiation of trials. Air counts are taken periodically during the trials and final clean-up operation. All participants wear suitable air filter masks and clothing during the trials. Further safety details are available from Brush Wellman Inc., Cleveland, Ohio.
Thixomolding is a semi-solid molding process which is generally described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,694,881, 4,694,882 and 5,040,589. Each patent is incorporated by reference herein. As stated in the Background section of this specification, the current art requires the addition of shear forces into substantially liquified metals to produce the necessary non-dendritic microstructure. Apparatus associated with the Thixomolding process were modified for the trials reported below, but those Thixomolding steps which require the application of shear forces to liquidus metals for generating non-dendritic microstructure were not practiced.
Aluminum based alloys other than commercially pure aluminum may be used to provide the molten phase for making the present aluminum-beryllium alloys. They can also be used as a precursor for the modified thixotropic process of the present invention. Alloys of aluminum are chosen based on their compatibility with beryllium. This compatibility is generally characterized as an absence of elements which would form weak, brittle or otherwise deleterious intermetallic compounds with beryllium at the relatively low temperatures used for semi-solid processing.
Several candidate alloys meet this compatibility requirement, including American Society for Metals Aluminum Alloy Nos. 1100, 1300, 2024, 5056, 6061, A356 and A357. See Boyer, Aluminum Alloys, ASM Int'l Metals Handbook, Desk Ed., pages 6-24, 6-25 and 6-55 (1985). The compositions of these alloys are presented in Table II.
TABLE II______________________________________NOMINAL COMPOSITIONS OF SELECTED ALUMINUMALLOYSAlloy ElementAA No. Si Mg Cu Cr______________________________________1100 -- -- 0.12 --6061 0.6 1.0 0.3 0.25056 -- 5.0 -- 0.11350 -- -- -- --A356 7.0 0.3 -- --A357 7.0 0.5 -- --______________________________________
For example, powdered Aluminum Alloy No. 6061 (available from Reynolds Aluminum Co., Louisville, Ky.) is mixed with impact ground, equiaxed beryllium powder provided by Brush Wellman. The resulting mix is then hot isostatically pressed at a temperature above the solidus of Alloy 6061 (about 645� C.), but well below the melting point of beryllium.
The resulting material serves, for example, as an input for the modified Thixomolding process which produces precision parts. The processing temperatures used for this starting material are between 645� and 700� C. so that only the aluminum melts.
As Table II indicates, Aluminum Alloy No. 6061 contains magnesium, copper and chromium, each of which forms a deleterious beryllium intermetallic compound when processed at the high temperatures required in conventional, fully molten processing. Ashurst, Structure and Properties of I/M AlBe Alloys, ASM-Sponsored Aeromat, Long Beach, Calif. (May 1991). The relatively low processing temperatures used for obtaining the liquid aluminum-rich phase avoids the formation of deleterious compounds and permits much wider latitude in alloying capability.
The modified semi-solid processing of the present invention can be used to fabricate precursor materials for additional, conventional metallurgical processes. Powders of aluminum, or an aluminum-based alloy such as Alloy 6061, and beryllium are mixed and vacuum hot pressed in the temperature range above the solidus of the aluminum alloy and below the melting point of the beryllium as noted in Example 1. The product of this semi-solid consolidation step is in the form of a billet for closed-die forging a net shape component.
Open die forging is also used, depending on the economics of the production process. The forging of this component takes place below the solidus temperature of the aluminum alloy, providing a conventionally processed, net shape finished part.
The modified semi-solid processing of the present invention is also used to fabricate precursor materials for semi-solid processes. Powders of aluminum, or an aluminum-based alloy such as Alloy 6061, and beryllium are mixed and vacuum hot pressed in the temperature range above the solidus of the aluminum alloy and below the melting point of the beryllium as noted in Examples 1 and 2.
This semi-solid consolidation step produces a billet for closed-die forging net-shaped components. These components are preferably forged in the temperature range above the solidus of the aluminum alloy, providing a semi-solid processed, net shape finished part. However, it should be noted that the temperature of this final forging step can be performed above or below the liquidus of the aluminum alloy, to adjust for the total fraction of solid material during the final steps. The total solid fraction is equal to the fraction of beryllium present, in addition to the solid contribution of the aluminum alloy, if any.
FIG. 2 is a photomicrograph showing the desirable, non-dendritic structure of an aluminum-beryllium alloy made by vacuum hot pressing aluminum powder and equiaxed beryllium powder at temperatures between 645� C. and 700� C. according to the present invention. The non-dendritic structure was obtained without the need for shear forces, such as stirring, prior to solidification. The structure shown in FIG. 2 is useful for engineering applications which require solidification in place to make a component part. They can also be subjected to conventional metal working processes, including subsequent rolling, forging or extruding.
The non-dendritic microstructure shown in FIG. 2 was obtained in a 40 percent beryllium, aluminum alloy solidified in place after vacuum hot pressing commercially pure aluminum powder and powdered beryllium. The aluminum powder is available from Reynolds Aluminum Co., Louisville, Ky. and powdered beryllium can be obtained from Nuclear Metals Inc., West Concord, Mass.
A powder blend of 60 weight percent of commercially pure aluminum powder (-400 mesh) and 40 weight percent atomized beryllium (-50 mesh) was heated in a vacuum at 704� C., with pressure applied to compact the semi-solid mass. The non-dendritic structure was achieved without introduction of shear forces because the second phase (beryllium) remained solid during the entire process.
Alternatively, the powders can be consolidated at a temperature below the solidus of aluminum, approximately 645� C., so that the aluminum does not melt. The non-dendritic structure obtained by consolidation below the solidus is similar to the microstructure illustrated in FIG. 2. Their alloys were used as precursors for the semi-solid processing as outlined in the next example.
The structure illustrated in FIG. 2 can also serve as a precursor for semi-solid processing to produce net shape parts. FIG. 3 is a photomicrograph showing the desirable structure after semi-solid processing of an aluminum-beryllium alloy. This process did not involve any shear processing such as stirring prior to solidification. Thixotropic mixtures with structures similar to those shown in FIG. 3 are injected or molded, using suitably modified extrusion or die-casting equipment. These processes are typically carried out in devices similar to those used for injection molding of plastic.
FIG. 3 shows that even after semi-solid forging, the non-dendritic microstructure is preserved for the aluminum-beryllium alloy made pursuant to the techniques described in Example 4. Like the process of Example 4, the semi-solid forging did not require external shear forces.
Solid Al-Be billets were machined from a precursor made following techniques like those outlined in Example 4. More particularly, the precursor for this example was made by consolidating a blend of 40 weight percent atomized beryllium (-325 mesh) and 60 weight percent commercially pure aluminum powder (-400 mesh) at 621� C., below the aluminum solidus. The atomized beryllium is available from Brush Wellman and pure aluminum powder can be obtained from Reynolds Aluminum Co.
The billets were then heated to the semi-solid region (about 704� C.) in a furnace. Preheated billets were transferred into dies using tongs and injected into closed cavities where they solidified. FIG. 3 illustrates the resulting micro-structure after the injection/forging process. The size and shape of the beryllium phase have not altered as a result of the additional processing because the beryllium remains solid during the entire process. Parts containing thin sections are also forged using the method described in this example, but modified with a mold designed for the thin sections.
Equiaxed beryllium was added to molten aluminum using an aluminum flux to prevent oxidation. Additions as high as 40 weight percent beryllium were made to the aluminum melt. The melt was then allowed to solidify in place. A non-dendritic structure was formed without the need for shear forces because the beryllium was added in equiaxed form as a solid and did not change shape.
The structure obtained is useful for engineering applications which require solidification in place to make a component part. They can also be subjected to conventional metal working processes, including subsequent rolling, forging or extruding. The structure obtained can also serve as a precursor for semi-solid processing to produce net shape parts.
This example summarizes how component parts are made using modified semi-solid processing with mixed powders followed by hot isostatic pressing to attain full density and conventional forging to define shape.
Aluminum powder is mixed with 40 weight percent beryllium powder and loaded into a vacuum hot pressing die. Vacuum hot pressing is then carried out at about 650� C. and a pressure of 1000 psi to achieve a density at 95 percent of theoretical (5 percent porosity).
The billet is placed into a hot isostatic press at 15 ksi and about 600� C. to achieve full density. The resulting part is forged at a temperature at which it was fully solid, for example, about 600� C., and machined to final components with properties similar to those listed in Table I.
Parts can also be made by modified semi-solid processing of mixed powders followed by hot isostatic and semi-solid forging to attain full density and define shape. Vacuum hot pressing at about 650� C. and 1000 psi increases density to 95 percent of theoretical (5 percent porosity). The billet is forged in the semi-solid state, at about 704� C. to a near net shape, with properties similar to those provided in Table I.
Pre-forms of aluminum alloy containing beryllium fabricated by vacuum hot pressing, hot isostatic pressing or other powder consolidation methods are further processed in subsequent semi-solid processing operations, including thixotropic forging, thixotropic casting and thixotropic (semi-solid) extrusion.
Initially, a combination of elemental aluminum and beryllium was melted and formed into an Al-Be powder which was hot rolled in a fully solid process. In a separate procedure, a beryllium powder and a separately formed aluminum powder were then combined and heat rolled in a fully solid process. For both procedures, elemental Aluminum Alloy No. 1100 was used with 20 weight percent beryllium powder processed by extrusion and subsequent rolling into sheet. Tensile tests were then carried out in the as-rolled and stress relieved conditions. This data compared the properties of pre-alloyed, atomized (as opposed to elementally blended) powder source material in both heat treatment conditions. The results are summarized below in Table III.
TABLE III______________________________________TENSILE STRENGTH OF ALUMINUM-BERYLLIUM ALLOYS Condition Y.S. U.T.S. Elong. ModulusProcess (HT) (KSI) (KSI) (%) (MSI)______________________________________Atomized As-Rolled 25.5 31.3 14.8 14.8 Stress- 18.2 25.7 11.6 11.6 RelievedPowder As-Rolled 18.5 20.2 3.6 11.6Blended Stress- 10.0 17.9 14.9 -- Relieved______________________________________
The strength of the elemental blended powder sheet was substantially lower than the pre-alloyed, atomized powder sheet. Elastic modulus values of elementally blended material were significantly lower than that of pre-alloyed, atomized material. This demonstrates that, in the absence of a semi-solid processing step, the properties required for this material are not attainable by mixing elemental powders.
This example demonstrates that simply blending aluminum and beryllium powders, followed by consolidation and rolling is insufficient to achieve desirable properties. The modified semi-solid processes of the present invention are required.
Non-limiting examples of articles manufactured with the alloys of the present invention can include actuator arms for disk drives, turbine blades, avionics boxes and aircraft skins. FIGS. 4 and 5 show a rotatable armset of an actuator having a bore for rotating about the shaft of a disk drive for positioning a head radially across a disk, wherein the armset is a one piece unit consisting essentially of an alloy of aluminum containing beryllium comprising from about 1 to about 99 weight percent beryllium, with the balance an aluminum component.
In particular, FIG. 4 illustrates a read/write assembly for hard disk drive 10 having multiple heads 12 mounted on actuator arms 14. Heads 12 and actuator arms 14 are assembled together on actuator shaft 16 which is rotated by the interaction of wire coil 18 and magnet 20 disposed in magnet housing 22. Actuator arms 14 are spring loaded to rest on the disk when it is stationary. When the disk is rotated, air pressure develops beneath head 12 and lifts it slightly above the disk.
Actuator arms 14 are subjected to vertical forces 24 and angular forces 26 as shown in FIG. 5. Actuator arms 14 should be sufficiently stiff to minimize the amplitude of vertical vibration and avoid damaging the disks above and below actuator arms 14. Likewise, actuator arms 14 should be sufficiently stiff to minimize the amplitude of lateral vibration and provide a more rapid response time for reading or writing at an appropriate address on the disk. Laminated materials are effective in minimizing deflections, principally in the vertical direction. The equiaxed morphology in the beryllium phase of the aluminum-beryllium alloy made according to the present invention is effective to minimize deflections in both the vertical and lateral directions.
Various modifications and alterations to the present invention may be appreciated based on a review of this disclosure. These changes and additions are intended to be within the scope and spirit of this invention as defined by the following claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 29, 1943
|Apr 23, 1946
|Cooper Wilford Beryllium Ltd
|Process for producing castings of aluminum-beryllium alloys
|May 26, 1969
|May 23, 1972
|Lockheed Aircraft Corp
|TERNARY, QUATERNARY AND MORE COMPLEX ALLOYS OF Be-Al
|Dec 12, 1977
|Oct 21, 1980
|Olin Corporation
|Method for the preparation of thixotropic slurries
|Feb 24, 1983
|Mar 6, 1984
|International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation
|Process and apparatus for making thixotropic metal slurries
|Jun 1, 1982
|Nov 13, 1984
|International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation
|Process and apparatus for continuous slurry casting
|Dec 1, 1981
|Sep 22, 1987
|The Dow Chemical Company
|Method for making thixotropic materials
|Dec 1, 1981
|Sep 22, 1987
|The Dow Chemical Company
|Method for making thixotropic materials
|Aug 5, 1981
|Sep 20, 1988
|Alumax Inc.
|Process of shaping a metal alloy product
|Feb 10, 1989
|Aug 20, 1991
|The Dow Chemical Company
|Method and apparatus for the injection molding of metal alloys
|Oct 18, 1991
|Nov 9, 1993
|Maxtor Corporation
|Sleeveless rotatable beryllium/aluminum actuator arm for a magnetic disc drive
|Title not available
|Boyer, et al., Aluminum Alloys, Metals Handbook Desk Edition, 1985, pp. 6 24, 6 25 and 6 55.
|Boyer, et al., Aluminum Alloys, Metals Handbook Desk Edition, 1985, pp. 6-24, 6-25 and 6-55.
|Brown, A.S., Beating Swords into Golf Clubs, Aerospace America, Nov. 1993, pp. 18 22.
|Brown, A.S., Beating Swords into Golf Clubs, Aerospace America, Nov. 1993, pp. 18-22.
|Flemings, M.C., Behavior of Metal Alloys in the Semisolid State, Metallurgical Transactions , 1991, vol. 22A, pp. 957 981.
|Flemings, M.C., Behavior of Metal Alloys in the Semisolid State, Metallurgical Transactions, 1991, vol. 22A, pp. 957-981.
|Kenney, et al., Semisolid Metal Casting and Forging, Metals Handbook, 9th Ed., 1988, vol. 15, pp. 327 338.
|Kenney, et al., Semisolid Metal Casting and Forging, Metals Handbook, 9th Ed., 1988, vol. 15, pp. 327-338.
|Marder, et al., P/M Lightweight Metals, Metals Handbook, 9th Ed., 1984, vol. 7, pp. 755 763.
|Marder, et al., P/M Lightweight Metals, Metals Handbook, 9th Ed., 1984, vol. 7, pp. 755-763.
|Murray et al., Phase Diagrams of Binary Beryllium Alloys, p. 9, 1987.
|Murray, et al., "Phase Diagrams of Binary Beryllium Alloys", p. 9; 1987.
|Murray, et al., Phase Diagrams of Binary Beryllium Alloys , p. 9; 1987.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 25, 1998
|Nov 16, 1999
|Takata Corporation
|Method and apparatus for manufacturing metallic parts by fine die casting
|Aug 25, 1998
|May 23, 2000
|Takata Corporation
|Method and apparatus for manufacturing light metal alloy
|Sep 25, 1998
|Oct 24, 2000
|Takata Corporation
|Method and apparatus for manufacturing metallic parts by injection molding from the semi-solid state
|Nov 18, 1998
|Nov 21, 2000
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Overmolding of actuator E-block by thixotropic or semisolid forging
|Jun 11, 1999
|Jun 5, 2001
|Takata Corporation
|Method and apparatus for manufacturing light metal alloy
|Dec 29, 1998
|Jun 26, 2001
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Semi-solid processing to form disk drive components
|Jun 11, 1999
|Aug 21, 2001
|Takata Corporation
|Method and apparatus for manufacturing metallic parts by ink injection molding from the semi-solid state
|Jun 11, 1999
|Sep 4, 2001
|Takata Corporation
|Method and apparatus for manufacturing metallic parts by fine die casting
|Oct 20, 1997
|Mar 26, 2002
|Alusuisse Technology & Management Ag
|Process for extruding a metal section
|Sep 12, 2001
|Nov 5, 2002
|Takata Corporation
|Injection molding method and apparatus with reduced piston leakage
|Apr 26, 2001
|Apr 1, 2003
|Takata Corporation
|Method and apparatus for manufacturing metallic parts by fine die casting
|Nov 4, 2002
|Dec 2, 2003
|Takata Corporation
|Injection molding method and apparatus with reduced piston leakage
|Jun 30, 2000
|Dec 23, 2003
|Takata Corporation
|Method and apparatus for supplying melted material for injection molding
|Apr 26, 2001
|May 25, 2004
|Takata Corporation
|Method and apparatus for manufacturing light metal alloy
|May 1, 2002
|Jun 1, 2004
|Takata Corporation
|Injection molding method and apparatus with base mounted feeder
|Apr 8, 2003
|Aug 24, 2004
|The Peregrine Falcon Corporation
|Joining of composite beryllium-aluminum parts
|Feb 2, 2004
|Sep 14, 2004
|Takata Corporation
|Injection molding method and apparatus with base mounted feeder
|May 19, 2003
|Apr 19, 2005
|Takata Corporation
|Vertical injection machine using three chambers
|Oct 14, 2003
|Sep 13, 2005
|Takata Corporation
|Injection molding method and apparatus with reduced piston leakage
|May 19, 2003
|Sep 20, 2005
|Takata Corporation
|Method and apparatus for manufacturing metallic parts by die casting
|May 19, 2003
|Oct 4, 2005
|Takata Corporation
|Vertical injection machine using gravity feed
|Jun 26, 2003
|Nov 29, 2005
|Seagate Technology Llc
|Data storage device with damped load arm formed from Mn-Cu alloy composition
|Jun 26, 2003
|Apr 8, 2004
|Macleod Donald James
|Damped load arm for a data storage device
|Oct 14, 2003
|Apr 22, 2004
|Takata Corporation
|Injection molding method and apparatus with reduced piston leakage
|May 19, 2003
|Nov 25, 2004
|Takata Corporation
|Vertical injection machine using gravity feed
|May 19, 2003
|Nov 25, 2004
|Takata Corporation
|Method and apparatus for manufacturing metallic parts by die casting
|May 19, 2003
|Nov 25, 2004
|Takata Corporation
|Vertical injection machine using three chambers
|Sep 1, 2004
|Feb 3, 2005
|Takata Corporation
|Method and apparatus for manufacturing metallic parts by die casting
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 5, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 15, 2002
|Jan 21, 2004
|Jan 22, 2004
|Jan 23, 2004
|Aug 10, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|May 1, 2008
Owner name: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, AS ADMI
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:BRUSH WELLMAN INC.;REEL/FRAME:020876/0865
Effective date: 20071107
|Aug 10, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Spanish doctor kidnapped in Nigeria set free
Madrid: Spanish physician Jose Manuel Machimbarrena, kidnapped in Nigeria on April 04, has been freed and is in good health though "pretty tired", officials at Spain`s Foreign Ministry said on Saturday.
The 58-year-old doctor was set free on Friday by his captors at an unidentified location, and is now back in the southern Nigerian city of Enugu where he has lived for many years.
The circumstances under which he was released and whether any ransom was paid have not yet been made clear.
In recent years, Enugu has suffered a growing number of abductions, mostly carried out to demand ransom money.
The problem became so serious in 2009 that the federal government enacted a law making kidnapping at gunpoint a crime punishable by death.
In a communiqué to the media on Saturday, the Nigerian police said that Machimbarrena "looks well, healthy and happy", and is currently back with the "hospital community" in Enugu.
The note also said that Nigerian security forces have stepped up "the search for the outlaws" who kidnapped him and whose identity is unknown.
Dr Machimbarrena, director of clinical services at the Niger Foundation Hospital, an Opus Dei project, has lived in Nigeria since 1978.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
You can access thousands of recipes by subscribing to WeightWatchers.com.Learn more
Quick and delicious entree. Definitely adding it to my favorites.
My picky family loves these! This is also really good for chicken breast on the grill.
I have a very picky bunch in my house but this is always a big hit! Delicious!
The whole family enjoyed this recipe and couldn't believe it was WW. I had to use white wine vinegar instead of apple cider and it was great!


text:
Seven, Gary
Human male who was raised on another planet. Seven was returning to Earth in 1968 to make sure that mankind did not destroy itself with nuclear weapons but was intercepted by the U.S.S. Enterprise. His efforts were eventually successful and he remained behind on Earth to carry out other missions. He was assisted by Roberta Lincoln and his mysterious cat, Isis.
Star Trek: Voyager - Season 4 DVD
$69.98 $57.99Buy Now
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Managing Director
MD of CTI Digital.
CTI are a technical digital agency sitting behind a number of agencies throughout the UK as their digital team.
We Work on technologies such as Drupal, Zend and Magento to provide cutting edge Open Source Solutions.
Cheaper rate to access exclusive DRUM content & events discounts
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Tom Poberezny, chairman emeritus of the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) has joined the leadership team of the Citation Jet Pilots Owner-Pilot Association (CJP), serving as vice president, CJP Events and Programs, and Chairman of the 2012 CJP Convention in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, Sept. 12-16.
EAA, AOPA file 3rd Class Medical exemption
The Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) and the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) today jointly filed a request for an exemption with the FAA that, if granted, would give pilots who fly recreationally the option of getting a 3rd class medical or, instead, participating in a recurrent online education program that will teach them how to self-asses their fitness to fly.
Steve Miller Band to rock out Oshkosh
The Steve Miller Band will play at EAA AirVenture Oshkosh on Monday, July 23, for the opening night concert, presented by Ford Motor Company.
Associations 'unwavering' in bid for driver's license medical
Officials at the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) and the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) say they are "unwavering in their effort to open more aircraft to pilots using a driver's license and medical self-assessment," despite the FAA's recent denial of a request to expand the driver's license medical to private pilots flying aircraft 6,000 pounds or less. On Feb. 2, the FAA denied a 2009 petition by David Wartofsky, owner of Potomac Airfield in Maryland, that had received more than 1,000 supportive comments, including comments from AOPA. Read more about the efforts here.
AD issued on Lycoming carburetors
The FAA has issued an airworthiness directive (AD) on carburetors installed on many Lycoming engines. According to a report at EAA.org, the AD targets only 409 carburetors, but 10,700 engines must be inspected to determine if they have one of the defective carbs. Effective date for the AD is March 27, 2012.
NOAA rule has unintended consequences for GA pilots
A new rule by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) usurps the FAA's authority to regulate airspace and could leave pilots unintentionally violating a restricted zone that does not appear on any current aeronautical charts, according to officials with the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) and Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA).
Women Soar slated again for AirVenture
Women Soar You Soar, a four-day mentoring camp featuring inspirational women aviators, returns for its eighth year in conjunction with EAA AirVenture 2012.
EAA names VP of AirVenture
Jim DiMatteo, a decorated U.S. Naval Aviator who has served in several aviation leadership positions, is joining EAA as Vice President, AirVenture Features and Attractions. In that role, he will be responsible for developing and coordinating the programs for the annual EAA AirVenture Oshkosh fly-in.
EAA scholarships, internships available
The deadline is rapidly approaching to take advantage of several EAA scholarship and internship opportunities for youth interested in pursuing aviation careers.
EAA Chapter 1128 hosts aviation events for local youth
Two Harbors Chapter 1128 of the Experimental Aircraft Association, in collaboration with Two Harbors High School and Lake Superior School District Community Education, recently hosted a two part aviation event for local youth.


text:
The Korean longliner looked impressive from a distance. In the great expanse of the Pacific Ocean where you can go weeks without seeing anything but sea, the lights of the fishing vessel at night on the horizon were almost majestic.
Motherships… transshipping… they sound like things you'd find in outer space while you're star trekking across the universe. But the Rainbow Warrior is finding them way out in the high seas, in areas of the Pacific Ocean that are more...
The cruel yet lucrative shark fin trade is back in the headlines and it's clearly something people care deeply about, public pressure and a petition signed by nearly 180,000 people, prompted shipping giant United Parcel Service...
The United Nations recently, and boldly, declared that orangutans could face extinction in Borneo. Why? Because deforestation is 'simply unsustainable'.
In Indonesia, we've shown that the palm oil sector was the single largest...
I've written quite a bit about the inspirational stories of the activists fighting Shell's dangerous Arctic drilling plans. These activists and the millions of supporters along with them have made so much noise that drilling in...
Norwegian oil giant Statoil is sending a delegation of executives all the way from Norway to Whangarei. Next Friday, 28th August, they will attend a specially organised meeting with the Northland Regional Council's Maori Advisory...
In light of the climate crisis and the related criticism, Statoil has displayed remarkable expertise in brand management.
Our main work on this trip has been exploring the South Pacific albacore tuna fisheries. With less than 1% of fishing activity on longliners witnessed by independent observers in the region, it really is a fishery with very little...
About a week ago, on a late Wednesday night, a sight of almost Armageddon proportions confronted the residents of Tianjin. Whether they witnessed the red and orange blaze shooting up to the sky from their apartment windows; or whether...
There are two exciting, important and rapid shifts happening right now in the way our energy is generated. The first shift is away from polluting fossil fuel power stations, and towards renewable energy. The other is a transfer from...
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Ab-Soul and Kendrick Lamar have come together to release a fascinating video for their track "ILLuminate" from Ab-soul's LP, Control System. In the video, you are presented with a dystopian version of California where the world has obviously ended a re-birth is in order. In this new world of sparce resources, it's obvious that money has lost it's meaning as its used for heat and now people are now having to find a true reason for going on. Ab-Soul and Kendrick have become voices of inspiration is this new world of uncertainty.
The following two tabs change content below.
Montrey Whittaker
Co-Founder & Director
Like many, I started my musical education while engaged in playing classical music in school. What began as a simple adolescent activity, quickly transformed into a deep love and appreciation for all forms of music. This love would continue to grow and manifested itself into the form of becoming a Co-Founder of EARMILK. This online music publication has become my outlet to spread all genres of music to those impressionable people, much like me. And, much like you, i'm often literally waiting for the drop....
Latest posts by Montrey Whittaker (see all)
- Daily 2% – Chilled and Ready to Serve [King Midas Sound & Fennesz] - October 3, 2015
- Daily 2% – Chilled and Ready to Serve [Ark Patrol] - July 9, 2015
- Flume emerges with brand new video and single for "Some Minds" [Music Video] - May 28, 2015
- EARMILK x Kasum & Synchronice present: "Glorious" remix contest [Exclusive] - May 14, 2015
Article Tags:ab-soul · kendrick lamar
Article Categories:Hip-Hop · Music Videos · Videos


text:
Embassy Suites Hotel Des Moines Downtown
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- Continental Breakfast
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Day in Elk Rock State Park - Des Moines, Iowa
... also learn to open cabinets very slowly after driving - a few cups and other random things have already fallen on my head when not doing so. The worst incident though was when entering through the back door I had forgotten that the counter was set up in the entry way. I jumped up on the first step and Whack! hit my head right on the edge of the pop up counter. I thought for sure I busted my head open and would need stitches.....luckily ...
... We arrived in the evening where John, his friend Luke and the owner of the farm Father Bud.
The next day, we went to Williamsburg, a few miles west of Iowa City. We rode about 110km (68 miles) and were surprised by the huge hills. Dan and Nancy, from warmshowers, were able to host us. We had a lovely time with them, they provided us with a delicious meal and gave us a tour of their town.
We took off early the following morning, towards Des Moines: we cycled ...
That's About It
... places More of Orkney Islands, we only saw Mainland Shetland Islands Island of Iona, Mull and other Hebrides Boat trips around islands Castles we didn't see St. Andrews The Firth of Forth from the water Up the east coast The Borders country south of Edinburgh and Glasgow Places we'd give another chance: Isle of Skye, but before or after the summer tourist season. Driving around the few island roads in long lines of traffic with tour ...
Old movies and older books
Day 49. Monday. 13 July 2015
Drove through more corn fields to Algona where there had been a POW camp in WW2. Gemans and a few Italians. A very interesting display. We met there a group of Winnebago owners who tried to kidnap us to spend the night with them at the local showgrounds but alas we had to move on. Nice people from all over USA.
We drove on to the Hobo Museum ib Ritt. now they also have a festival every year and haeve a hobo King and Queen. Now it sounds ...
Day 2: Iowa with Friends
... to go out - plus they really wanted to hang out in this big house. So we chilled out home. Laneshia and Aria hung out watching a movie while I read a bit and Jadin just stuck close to his laptop.
Laneshia, Aria and I slept in the huge basement which felt like having a house to ourselves since everything we needed was down there. Jadin slept on the upstairs floor in his own room along with my parents and Shaunette in their rooms. ...


text:
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Hotel De La Laure
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The Auvergne
After a long and tiring journey we arrived at our campsite. Weather is lovely so went for an uphill walk in the evening. Just enjoying a beer in the bar now. Day by the pool tomorrow me thinks. Did a little reading by the van after breakfast and then dozed off. After lunch went and had a dip in the pool. After some much needed sunbathing we decided to have a game of tennis - Sue cheated of course! Sat in the shade now with cool beer ...
Hubert had just arrived to welcome us. We got settled, organized and our stuff out of the caravan, which we parked in front of the house. As Mylene wasn't there but in Algeria to manage their funpark for a month and a half, Hubert had to do everything and invited friends for a dinner in the evening. One of his friends arrived early, so Andrea and her started to make kind of tapa's. Around 8:30 the first one's arrived and we slowly started to have something ...
Internet Connections Very Bad
We have had extremely bad internet connectivity the entire trip, therefore we have not been able to make postings of our trip. Plus, we have had such long & busy days there really hasn't been much time to work on it. Most likely, this will have to wait until we are home.
Sorry for those who have been trying to follow our ...
A failure to communicate
I promised the farmer that I'll be gone at eight o'clock. So I break up early. I'm desperate need of a toilet so I knock on the door and ask if I can use the toilet. That's no problem. I also get a nice cup of coffee and some cake. Communication is hard but they tell me I was heading the wrong way. Luckily not far but I need to turn around. Tramping is not working today. I'm walking in ...
I know its been awhile since i posted but for the most part things have been same old same old, ha. but these past two weeks specifically were a bit different. In France the school system gives kids multiple two week breaks throughout the school year. One in October, then christmas, one in February and one in April and then school ends mid June. Lucky ducks.
So. For this break I made a plan to visit my friend Caitlin ...
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Mercure Vichy Thermalia1 Avenue Thermale, Vichy | 3 star hotelfrom $123
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Hotel de Grignan7 Place Sevigne, Vichy | 3 star hotelfrom $92
Hotel les Nations13 bd de Russie, Vichy | 3 star hotelfrom $92
Hotel de la Plage11 / 13 Avenue Pierre Coulon, Vichy | 2 star hotelfrom $75
Logis Midland4 rue de l'Intendance, Vichy | 3 star hotelfrom $85
Hotel De Biarritz3 Rue Grangier, Vichy | 2 star hotelfrom $73
Hotel Moderne8, rue M-D. Fardel, Vichy | Hotelfrom $67
Ariane46 Rue Beauparlant, Vichy | Hotelfrom $71
Arverna Citotel12 Rue Desbrest, Vichy | 2 star hotelfrom $91
Kyriad Vichy Hotel6 Avenue Du President Doumer, Vichy | 3 star hotelfrom $75
Hotel Du Rhone8 Rue De Paris, Vichy | Hotelfrom $72
Hotel Nice Flore129 Boulevard des Etats-Unis, Vichy | Hotelfrom $64
Hotel Castel Louis11, Avenue Aristide Briand, Vichy | Hotelfrom $66
Hotel de Naples22 Rue de Paris, Vichy | Hotelfrom $69
Le Pavillon D'Enghien Hotel32 Rue Callou, Vichy | Hotelfrom $107
Logis Chambord82-84 rue de Paris, Vichy | 2 star hotelfrom $81
Hotel A La Regence34 avenue des Celestins, Vichy | Hotelfrom $64


text:
Interestingly, 17 of the 24 most highly mutated genes have been implicated in controlling either brain size or behavior. Lahn believes many of these mutations were selected precisely for their effect on cognitive ability. "The making of the large human brain is not just the neurological equivalent of making a large antler. Rather, it required a level of selection that's unprecedented," he says.
The authors conclude their Cell paper by noting: "As first recognized by Charles Darwin, adaptive evolution must have played a key role in driving the acquisition of greater cognitive powers in humans ... We argue that accelerated protein evolution in a large cohort of nervous system genes ... represents a salient genetic correlate to the profound changes in brain size and complexity during primate evolution."


text:
Definitions for habilimenthəˈbɪl ə mənt
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word habiliment
Clothes, especially clothing appropriate for someone's job, status, or to an occasion.
Equipment or furnishings characteristic of a place or being; trappings.
Origin: Middle English habilement, from Old French habillement "to clothe".
Webster Dictionary
a garment; an article of clothing
dress, in general
Origin: [F. habillement, fr. habiller to dress, clothe, orig., to make fit, make ready, fr. habile apt, skillful, L. habilis. See Habile.]
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text: Photo Courtesy: ragincajuns.com [ UL Women Close Out Season At Arkansas St. – Inside The Numbers By Steve Peloquin March 7, 2015 Louisiana's Ragin' Cajun women's basketball team is back in action on Saturday, when coach Garry Brodhead's squad travels to Jonesboro, Arkansas to take on the the Arkansas St. Red Wolves in a Sun Belt Conference affair. Read More|Comment Category: Local Sports, Sports Tags: arkansas st. red wolves, louisiana's ragin' cajuns, ul women's basketball Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter


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WWII veteran gets preview of Seabee Museum
Clarence Hamersen's face lit up with recognition Tuesday when he saw the display of an old cable-fitted bulldozer used in World War II at the new U.S. Navy Seabee Museum in Port Hueneme.
"I went to earth-moving school and was taught how to use one of these things, scraper and all," said Hamersen, a 94-year-old WWII veteran. The former chief petty officer was touring the mostly empty building as part of an early open house at the 36,000-square-foot, $12 million museum.
Museum Director Lara Godbille said the building, funded through the nonprofit Civil Engineer Corps Historical Foundation, has been designed with Seabee materials used for mobile construction projects around the globe.
"We purposely used raw materials that the Seabees use every day," she said, pointing out that the shiny, polished floor is made of concrete while the ceiling, with exposed stainless steel beams and air ducts, is covered with painted insulation.
Godbille said now that construction of the new facility is complete, she and the rest of the four-person museum staff are left with the responsibility of moving 12,000 artifacts and 8,000 linear feet of archival material from the old museum, which opened in 1956 in two Quonset huts.
The Historical Foundation has hired a presentation firm to help with the large placards and other display materials for the exhibits, but Godbille and her staff have to research and write the material for the exhibits that will be displayed when the museum opens in about a year.
"Right now we don't have all of the exhibits because that is a function of fundraising," Godbille said. Still, areas of the bright, airy museum are mapped out to best showcase the Seabees and their history, she said.
As she led a tour through the museum for Hamersen and his daughter, Carol Garrard, who both traveled from Tuscon, Ariz., to visit the new building, Godbille noted that the exhibits will straddle the main hall of the museum, with WWII displays on the south side and post-WWII displays on the north side.
"The purpose of this area is to bring people back to the period of World War II. This will be Main Street U.S.A, with a newsstand and a recruiting truck like the ones from WWII that were used in the Midwest to recruit the Seabees," Godbille said. "There is going to be a marquee, which will feature 'Fighting Seabees.' And there will be a John Wayne exhibit."
For Hamersen, the tour wasn't so much historical as it was a tour down memory lane. "The average age level of World War II Seabees was high. We had World War I soldiers in the Seabees," Hamersen recalled. With the help of his daughter, Hamersen described how Seabees used the stars to help survey the land for what eventually became Honolulu International Airport.
Godbille said the new museum will show all aspects of the Seabees, including materials used for road building, a display featuring underwater construction, and humanitarian efforts such as building wells and other structures for people around the world.
There also will be a victory walk leading to the museum door where people can purchase a brick for $125 and have it inscribed. So far, 4,000 bricks have been sold, but there is room for 14,000. The old Seabee Museum will be closed until it reopens in 2011.
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Thursday, Aug. 13 & Friday, Aug. 14
Thursday, Aug. 13 at 8 p.m. ($20)
Michael Donovan (Act II's Comedy Producer)
LaTice Klapa (From "The View")
Roger Weaver (Multiple Philly's Phunniest Phinalist)
Sidney Gantt (Comcast's "Summer Joke School")
Friday, Aug. 14 at 8 p.m. ($20) & 9:30 p.m. ($10)
Emcee: Carl Boccuti
Featured Act: Pat House
Headliner: Tommy Pope (Comedy Central's "Delco Proper;" Disney's Planes; Winner, Big Sky Comedy Festival)
All stand-up comedy events contain adult content.
Please Note: The 9:30 p.m. show on Friday is a "blue show," meaning there are no restrictions on content or language. Tickets are only $10.


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Is this restaurant good for couples?
Is this restaurant family-friendly?
Is this restaurant good for dinner?
Does this restaurant serve Chinese food?
Is this restaurant good for lunch?
Does this restaurant serve Asian food?
Does this restaurant accept reservations?
Does this restaurant serve chow mein?
Does this restaurant serve shrimp?
Is this restaurant good for breakfast?
Thanks for helping!
Whenever we are in Seaside, we make at least one visit to Great Wall of China Restaurant. The portions are large, the price is reasonable, and the food is good. The restaurant is clean and welcoming.
Pros: they bring a pot of tea while you wait on your order
help was very pleasant
there was ample food for the price
standard Chinese food menu
Cons: nothing outstanding
rice was stir fried I think but gummy no flavor
Another average restaurant, this is pretty much just a normal Chinese food place. The unique part for me was being seated by a Caucasian and waited on by a Hispanic. There's certainly no genetic component that I'm aware of in the service of Chinese food, it was just unexpected. I do forget that Oregon has a bit of history with...
Seen it for years - today was our first visit and it was surprisingly great! Service was excellent, place was clean and very nice all around, but the best part was the food and the value. Lunch specials were all under $10 and excellent. Dinner portions are very large and soda refills are not extra. Moo Shu chicken was fresh...
The rice was very good👍 We honestly couldn't tell the difference between the sweet and sour chicken and the pork. We have definitely had better Chinese food. We would not go back. Overall disappointing experience.
This is so excellent place to have a lunch! The price is cheap, the meal is large and stuff is very nice! Huge portions and cool beer are very good and delicious!!!
We eat in the bar area and the service is wonderful and the food is the best I have ever eaten. The help is friendly and the bar manager is great and the owner seems always available and oversees the preparation of drinks and food.
Took my daughter and her family to the Great Wall while visiting them. Food was Okay and the service was quite good. Have to remark that the servings were more than ample so be sure you're hungry when you eat there. Don't know what it was about the food but for Chinese is was sort of bland.
Had a stormy night so ordered some Chinese and was disappointed. Giving larger portions doesn't make up for the bland mushy :-(
Coffee drinks were a little tipid....a bummer since it was below freezing outside. Good pork chow mein.......waitress was very attentive.
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Most Recent Articles In Fashion
Latest Fashion Articles
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Eddie Borgo got the Midas touch in Paris, showing a spring collection worked entirely in gold finish. This standout, interchangeable necklace can be worn in three different ways.
RELATED STORY: See the Most Recent 'Accessory of the Day' >>


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Rustic base lodge to be welcome siteDecember 27,2013Rustic base lodge
to be welcome site
STOWE An 86-year-old building that has served as a rustic base lodge, hostel and gift shop at the southern foot of Smugglers Notch in Vermont is being turned into a state-run welcome center.
Seth Jensen of the Lamoille County Planning Commission told Vermont Public Radio that the Barnes Camp was built in 1927 and used by hikers and skiers before the opening of Stowe Mountain Resort.
The resort has been using it for storage for several decades, but the state plans to re-open it in the spring as a visitors center where people can learn about the areas history and natural resources.
Project architect Jay White said its unusual to find so many original building materials still in place, including the large fireplace.MORE IN Vermont News
MONTPELIER — From the wage gap to the challenge of child care, there is still work to... Full Story
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In 2008 I was placed as Rear Detachment when my unit returned to Iraq. I tried to deploy with my unit but because of my 2005-2006 deployment to Iraq where I received a TBI ( that I received a Purple Heart for)and suffered from PTSD, I was left behind. I was told by the Det commander to turn in my VA paperwork. After doing so I was told that the Guard could no longer retain me. My combined rating was 90% so I was to wait for my MEB. I was placed on the ING instead without my knowledge. I tried to get back on drill status to finish my remaining three years for my 20 year retirement but was told I needed a DR's letter stating I was fit for duty. I wrote the ABCMR but they would not review my case without that LOD. I was never evaluated by the Army and no one knows were my medical records are since I was never discharged. I was never told I was placed on the ING, I found out from a RNCO friend of mine with another unit. My unit claims I am not assigned to them when my ING order states I am. I just found out that the ING regs were revised in 2010. Under the revision I could request my ING orders be revoked because I had medical issues from active duty before I was placed in the ING. I wrote the TAG in Nov and have received no response.
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Senior Member
- Nov 2010
- 4862
Iraq/Afghan War Veteran
101st Airborne Division/4th Infantry Division
Former Marine
I would go to the IG.
OP: The reference for you to look through, regarding the ING, is NGR 614-1
It may provide some insight into your situation. Unless you've already looked through that reg, heed the chief''s advice.Last edited by AWeisenberger; May 11th, 2014, 01:12 PM.
Contrary to Chief Kemosabe's advice that all Soldiers contact the IG, the proper organization that can guide you in this is the Office of Soldiers Counsel (A specialized section of JAG). They are spread out and operate by region. Simply typing Office of Soldiers Counsel into google will give you a starting point of numbers to call. This is a complicated disability law issue, and the IG will be clueless.


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Pricing is aggressive, suggests TSLA wants to move serious volume
Save some big bucks during these sales
Join the NASDAQ Community today and get free, instant access to portfolios, stock ratings, real-time alerts, and more!
Looking today at week-over-week shares outstanding changes among
the universe of ETFs covered at
ETF Channel
, one standout is the Utilities Select Sector SPDR Fund (Symbol:
XLU) where we have detected an approximate $138.2 million dollar
outflow -- that's a 2.0% decrease week over week (from 158,974,160
to 155,724,160). Among the largest underlying components of XLU, in
trading today PPL Corp (Symbol: PPL) is up about 0.6%, PG&E
Corp. (Symbol: PCG) is up about 1.2%, and Public Service Enterprise
Group Inc. (Symbol: PEG) is up by about 0.7%. The chart below shows
the one year price performance of XLU, versus its 200 day moving
Click here to find out which 9 other ETFs
experienced notable outflows »
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Bank Of America Is Probably Going To Regret This 'Je Suis Bullish' Email Title http://t.co/IGACJjhceo
Larger-than-usual move for Yahoo shares expected after results
NEW YORK, Jan 26 (Reuters) – Yahoo Inc's shares are
expected to move nearly twice as much as they have following
other recent earnings reports when the company announces
fourth-quarter results on Tuesday, options data showed.
Yahoo is scheduled to report results after the close of
market on Tuesday, and much of investors' focus will be on the
company's plans for its 15 percent stake in Chinese e-commerce
giant Alibaba Group Holding.
NY insider trading ruling tests prosecutors beyond Wall Street http://t.co/gxfWj9VLYW via @reuters
FXCM options activity surges after Swiss shock http://t.co/SrSg5Uz64H http://t.co/kulrH2GAwm
FXCM options activity surges after Swiss shock
NEW YORK (Reuters) – Losses from the surprise move by the Swiss National Bank nearly crippled brokerage FXCM (FXCM.N: Quote, Profile, Research), but all the attention has resulted in a surge of activity among options traders on the online forex broker.
FXCM's shares fell nearly 90 percent on Tuesday after the company faced $225 million in losses on the SNB's shock decision last week to remove the cap on the Swiss franc. It then agreed to an emergency loan from Leucadia National Corp (LUK.N: Quote, Profile, Research).


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18 Min ago Krishnagiri (Kerala): On a high after managing a memorable draw in the first match, India A will aim to put up an even better... ...http://news.Indiaonline.in/India-A-aim-for-improved-performance-against-South-Africa-A-Preview-654349
India A would fancy their chances against South Africa A in the first of two-match 'Test' series at Krishnagiri Stadium in Wayanad. Catch all the... ...http://m.sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/247144-india-a-vs-south-africa-a-first-test-live-cricket-score
Krishnagiri: On a high after their limited overs tri-series final win over Australia A, India A will aim to take their recent form into the longer... ...http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/MathrubhumiEnglish/~3/69HiRUVFQOE/story.php
Unmukt has played 14 matches for India A and has four fifties and a century. FILE PHOTO Delhi opener Unmukt Chand had returned home from Chennai,... ...http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/unmukt-chand-named-captain-of-india-a-squad-for-tri-series/


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This job posting is no longer available on Indeed.
Find similar jobs:Manufacturing Technologist jobs
- Nanalysis jobs
Nanalysis nanalysis.com is looking for an energetic, hard working, critical thinking individual with adept problem solving skills to contribute to the manufacturing of spectrometers and magnet assemblies. The magnet assembly is a key technology of NMR, and their production is complicated and challenging. Nanalysis is a world leader in magnet design and production, and produces state-of-the-art magnet assemblies in-house. This position will require substantial training, but this individual will bring their experience to the manufacturing team to help increase output, efficiency, and even product performance.
Skill Set


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Briefs that provide comfort you can count on along with endless quality. These trunk briefs come two to a pack. Dockers offer comfortable underwear that lasts. International Shipping Prohibited.
Web Id: P000176678
An oversized item surcharge may apply to some heavy or bulky items due to size, weight or special handling required. This item surcharge is in addition to standard shipping rates and not included in shipping promotions.


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Petersen Automotive MuseumJune 10, 2012Museum • Los Angeles, United States
Call the number posted on the walls for the audio tour :)
Call the number posted on the walls for the audio tour :)
Oh..M..Gee!!!! Everything here is Bombay!!! And not expensive :)
Don't have the chicken burger... :( not worth it
The wings aren't all that and not spicy :(
There's reserved seating now so if it's a last minute thing go somewhere else
Best customer service from Juan
Teriyaki burger...mmmmhhh so yummy =9 and onion rigs so crispy
If you love spicy food, THE RED Sauce is a must!!


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Job Board
Fall 2015 Workshop Catalog
Fall offerings, including special conversations with visiting artists, workshops on creating community and social media insights!
Join Creative Exchange
Creative Exchange is a platform for storytelling and resource-sharing around artists & community, powered by Springboard for the Arts, in partnership with the Knight Foundation and Urban Innovation Exchange.
Artists' Access to Healthcare and MNsure Enrollment Help
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Visit us in Fergus Falls
Springboard for the Arts works in urban, suburban and rural communities. Learn more about our office in Fergus Falls, and support artists cross Minnesota!
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|Reviews for In Essence Divided
| Guest chapter 3 . 7/5
This is so ridiculously cool, please resume it.
I just realized: if wizards are used to seeing moving photographs and portraits, Muggle photos must look like dead people to them. Creepy and still, unmoving. Interesting.
| Qi Eclipse chapter 4 . 7/4
Very intriguing concept well done
| BYoshi1993 chapter 4 . 5/5
I have never seen a story like this and likely never will again. It's marvelous! I wish I had found it when you had been writing it. It's a shame that you seemed to have stooped writing. You really know how to make a story come alive; I envy your ability to string words together.
Your descriptions are on point! I could so imagine Dumbledore in all of the ways you described. He seemed like a wonderful person with the experience of a century rather than the bumbling fool most people seem to make him out to be, myself included.
I'll be sure to stalk your profile in hopes of more gems like this one. You are an amazing author.
| Flashx11 chapter 4 . 4/19
...this is several stories put together, each awesome, and together even more awesome. Gripping action scenes, repeated clever applications of original magical theory, and a cast of new, competent villains.
| superb1a chapter 3 . 4/8
Love it
| Guest chapter 4 . 3/1
I can't wait for the rest!
| Kyudomaster chapter 4 . 1/8
A great story and concept. But when will you finally update?! Really looking forward to it. !:)
| jdl chapter 4 . 12/15/2014
great new idea looking forward to the next chapter
| pregar chapter 4 . 11/9/2014
Damn, that was amazing. One of the best and most original HP fanfiction here. Such a pity you dropped this story.
| pregar chapter 1 . 11/9/2014
Wow. Sometimes I think, that I've already read everything, that no new idea will surprise me... and I love when someone proves me wrong. Very interesting, this first chapter.
| sasha1213 chapter 4 . 11/3/2014
Yeah, a stupid owl knew Harry Potter secret. Seriously? Dumbledore or Madam Pomfrey didn't figure that out, but Hedwig did. And yeah, the portrait of Nicolas Flamel was in the room, how convenient.
But, anyway, it's a remarkable and very interesting story. I hope you will continue it soon. Thank you!
| sasha1213 chapter 2 . 11/2/2014
Amara Malfoy disinherited squib... that's strange. I hope by sodomy you don't mean bestiality. Dumbledore died, em...hm...
| sasha1213 chapter 1 . 11/2/2014
The basis of this story is a very interesting idea. And for that thank you.
| Das Legio chapter 2 . 8/7/2014
Dumbledore committed suicide? What the fuck?
| Boomerpyro chapter 4 . 7/29/2014
please update, i love your work


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MILES DAVIS - 0 Comments
Here's the latest in Sony's continued effort to milk as much money as possible out of the 50th anniversary of Davis' 1959 masterpiece. This two-CD set features the original album, still striking and at times even majestic in its modal sparseness, along with previously released studio takes that prefigured "Kind of Blue," and an uptempo live recording of the record's opener, "So What," until now only available in bootleg form. Surprisingly, however, it's the studio chatter that may make this package worthwhile.


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The Urban Legends Test
Their result for The Urban Legends Test ...
You have a 74% grip on reality.
Their Analysis (Vertical line = Average)
They scored 74% on Grip on Reality, higher than 78% of your peers.
All possible test results
Credit where credit's due: I pulled most of these questions from snopes.com, the go-to place for looking up urban legends. Read more
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I was always perplex to hear that in Israel pork products were one of the best. When one stop thinking that Israel, being the country where Judaism was born and where Judaism should be kept at the utmost level of purity we find the total opposite. Thanks to the democracy and freedom that Jews enjoys as opposed to other neighbouring countries where it is non existant, we still find pork there. AMAZING! isn't it? We all know that Mr. Gaydamak is playing a good political card,. Getting the Religious Jews on his side is a good move! I am not a religious jew but observant. Nevertheless I find this stratagem to be remarkably well orchestrated. Good job Mr. Gaydamak!
Report: Palestinian, 18, killed in clashes with IDF in West Bank (Haaretz)
from the article: Will Mizra still be able to bring home the bacon?