text: Shri Bhuvaneshwari Enterprises, established in Bangalore, Karnataka India in the year 2002, is one of the eminent manufacturer and supplier of a distinct range of strapping machines, sealing machines, shrink wrapping machine. These include Semi & Fully Automatic Strapping Machine, pneumatic Strapping Tool, Band Sealing Machine, Foil Sealer, Shrink Wrapping Machine, Stretch Wrapping Machine, Pallet Stretch Wrapping Machine, Portable & Continuous Induction Sealer, Automatic Carton Sealing Machine, Packaging Consumables and many more. In order to complete the requirement of several production industries, we have a wide spread Infrastructure that is equipped with manufacturing unit, supplying unit and storing unit. We have a team of expert engineers and quality checkers who involve in delivering excellent quality packaging machinery and materials to our valuable clients. These packaging machinery and materials are renowned for their International quality standard, excellent durability & robust performance. These have various applications in several production industries. We also engaged in providing customized solution of these packaging machinery and materials to our various clients as per their requirements.


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IG enters search for acquisition employees
Officials: Reconsider inherently governmental functions
Report: Army relies heavily on contractors for acquisition support
The National Contract Management Association has started the W. Gregor Macfarlan Excellence in Contract Management Research and Writing Program to honor Macfarlan, a past president of NCMA, and generate interest in public-sector contract management, NCMA President Ronald Smith said.The time is right to really focus on scholarship and identify root causes and improvements that ought to be made, Smith said.This years award went to the authors of two papers.Steven Schooner and Daniel Greenspahn of George Washington University received a $5,000 prize for their paper, Hired Help: Why Failed Implementation, Rather than Outsourcing Policy, Explains the Governments Mismanagement of its Contractors.Debbie Eytchison, a graduate student at the University of Redlands in California who is pursuing a masters degree in finance, also earned a $5,000 award. Her paper was on the governments weak compliance with the Procurement Integrity Act of 1988. Florence Olsen
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Brown Deer resident Jesse Muldrow earned a bachelor of arts degree in psychology from Wisconsin Lutheran College on May 19.
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Final Sale
Faceted Jewel Stretch Bracelet
Sorry, this product is sold out online!
Sold Out Online:
Dream of the sea in alluring blue. Coordinates with our Faceted Jewel Oversized Ring and Faceted Jewel Statement Necklace.
- Faceted jewels on silvertone settings
- Stretch elastic for on/off ease
- 2 1/2" diameter
- Metal & Glass
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Item# 1755504


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Everything tagged
Latest from The Spokesman-Review
Scout will take over the space next to the Montvale Hotel in downtown Spokane
The owner of the Montvale Hotel will reopen the corner hangout formerly known as the Far West Billiards.
The Far West closed July 1 after 10 years in business, at 1001 W. First in downtown Spokane.
The plan was to lease the empty space to a new operator. That plan didn't take. The business will now be run as part of the Montvale.
It will be named Scout.
All that's holding up the opening is completing the paperwork from the city and getting a liquor license.
Keep an eye out for the full update in The Spokesman Review within a week.


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Shoot the Hostage Taker
Frank Reagan: Get your hands off my daughter.A villain uses a hostage as a Human Shield to deter the hero from attacking them and give into their demands. Unfortunately for the villain, a human shield can only protect so much, and the areas like the villain's head or arms are still exposed. So the hero or a third party will just end up shooting one of those areas instead (usually the head) and save the hostage anyway. Especially The Gunslinger or the Cold Sniper will attempt this strategy, where the By-the-Book Cop usually will not. Often involves Improbable Aiming Skills. A more specific form of Aggressive Negotiations. Can backfire and turn into Shoot the Hostage and, in turn, One-Hit Polykill.
Erin Reagan: Dad.
Dick Reed: You just try it— (Frank shoots Reed between the eyes.)
Erin Reagan: Dad.
Dick Reed: You just try it— (Frank shoots Reed between the eyes.)
— "Re-Do", Blue Bloods
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Anime and Manga
- During the episode "Ballad of Fallen Angels" from Cowboy Bebop, Faye gets used as a Human Shield by a Red Dragon goon who orders Spike to drop his gun. Spike responds by putting one through the goon's skull before he can finish his sentence.
- Spike also does this in the prologue of the movie where he and Jet interrupt a robbery to scoop up a bounty. One of the gang was in the bathroom and takes an old lady. Spike just tells him that it's too bad for the old lady. Then the guy tries to shoot Spike...
- Lupin III: The Secret of Twilight Gemini: Invoked by the Elder, when Jean Pierre attempts to pull his villainous exit, by taking Lara hostage, along with her half of the Twilight as leverage, to ensure no one got the Geltic treasure. It didn't work.
- An hostage situation in Cats Eye was solved by threatening to do this: as soon as the hostage taker went out of the building he had taken refuge in, Hirano shot five rounds around his head and told him it was very easy to kill him even with the Human Shield, at which point the criminal was too scared to stand up (and possibly keep his bladder control), let alone keep the hostage.
- Sousuke does this several times in Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu thanks to his Improbable Aiming Skills. In one episode, Sousuke is on the receiving end; he's being chased by an angry mob of students and holds a knife to an old lady's throat, only to get instantly knocked out by a jar hurled by Kaname.
Comic Books
- In The Dark Knight Returns, Batman solves a hostage situation by threatening to do this. It probably helped that the thug was new meat who didn't know about Bats' "no killing" rule.
- In the first issue of The Savage Dragon, the hero is taking down a group of hostage takers, only for someone else to shoot the lead criminal: the vigilante known as Star.
- The Punisher has little difficulty shooting people with human shields in the head.
- Judge Dredd has a specific bullet for this purpose. The Richochet round is often bounced off the wall behind the hostage taker and used to shoot them In the Back.
Fan Works
- In chapter seven of Bait and Switch Eleya has her away team's sniper, Lieutenant J.G. K'lak, set up on a hilltop with a vantage point over most of the village. A few minutes later she announces herself to a group of Orion Syndicate mooks and orders them to surrender. One of them grabs a 14-year-old girl and threatens to kill her, whereupon Eleya barks, "K'lak, take him!" into her combadge and the Klingon headshots the mook from behind.
Film — Live-Action
- RoboCop:
- In the first film, Robocop shoots between the hostage's legs to hit the hostage taker in the groin.
- During a raid on a drug lab in the second film, a criminal takes a baby hostage. Robocop uses a ricochet shot off a metal door to shoot the hostage taker in the head.
- In The Fifth Element: After Korben takes out a few of his men, the lead Mangalore holds priest Cornelius hostage and threatens "One more shot, we start killing hostages! Send someone in to negotiate!" Korben's method of "negotiating" is to calmly walk in, Boom, Headshot the leader, then ask "anyone else want to negotiate?" while waving his gun around at the rest.
- The Matrix Reloaded: While fighting one of the Merovingian's albino ghost twins, Trinity is captured and held while being threatened with a straight razor. The albino orders Morpheus to Put Down Your Sword And Step Away. Morpheus shoots him in the head, which forces him to desolidify long enough for Trinity to escape.
- In the first part of Dredd, Judge Dredd is faced with a fugitive holding a gun to a woman's head; after a failed attempt at negotiating with the criminal, he shoots a hot-shot into the perp's mouth, making his head burn up from the inside.
- Sonny's partner Sal gets shot this way at the end of Dog Day Afternoon.
- In The Fugitive, there's a sequence where Marshal Gerard and his men track down one of the other fugitives from the train crash, who takes one of Gerard's men hostage. Gerard shoots him at close range, leaving his subordinate temporarily deaf from the gunshot but still alive.
- Played with in Copycat (starring Leo de Cap). M.J. shows off the Chekhov's Skill early in the film: shoot the hostage taker in the right place on his shoulder, the nerves go haywire, and they automatically drop the gun. Later, when she doesn't aim right, she's more or less directly responsible for her co-worker's death.
- In the S.W.A.T. movie's Action Prologue, Gamble attempts this but hits the hostage. She survives and sues the city, and Gamble and his partner Street are thrown off the S.W.A.T. team.
- In Iron Man, Tony raids an Afghan warlord to destroy the Jericho missiles that were illegally sold to him. A group of mooks grab a bunch of civilians and start yelling something at him in whatever language is used in the area (the gist is probably "drop your weapons or we start killing hostages"). Tony targets their heads with shoulder-mounted micromissiles and blows them all away at once, leaving the hostages unharmed.
- In Taken, the man who bought Bryan's daughter Kim as a Sex Slave holds a knife to her throat and says, "We can negoti—", but Bryan shoots him in the head.
- At the climax of The Untouchables.
Gangster: Me and the bookkeeper are walking out of here, getting into a car, and driving away. Or else he dies. He dies, and you ain't got nothing. You've got five seconds to make up your minds.
Eliot Ness: (ignores the gangster, addresses Stone) You got him?
Stone: (Stone is lying flat on his back, supporting a baby with one hand and holding a revolver in the other.) Yeah, I got him.
Gangster: One!
Ness: Take him.
Stone: (headshot) Two.
- The second installment of The Elite Squad series shows this in the very beginning. During the raid in the Bangu prison, Fraga (the human rights negotiator) joins the rebel prisoners and voluntarily stands at gunpoint under Beirada's mercy just as the BOPE arrives. He begs for a ceasefire in order to avoid more killing. Officer Mathias lowers his gun and orders Beirada to drop his, and he obeys - only to get shot a split-second later. Much to Fraga's dismay and criticism of the left-wing media.
- The climax of the first Infernal Affairs film is an example of this.
- The scene on the school bus at the end of Dirty Harry, where Callahan forces Scorpio off the bus when the murderer tries to take one of the kids hostage.
- In Godzilla vs. Megalon, Gigan has Jet Jaguar between his sharp hook hands to keep Godzilla away. Godzilla simply hits Gigan in the face with his atomic breath.
- In the prologue of Last Call by Tim Powers, the Big Bad uses his young son as a human shield when his wife threatens to shoot him, and finds out the hard way that holding a small child so that his head and chest are covered leaves his groin exposed.
- From the desk of Timothy Zahn, the writer who actually allows the Galactic Empire to be competent, we have the standalone Star Wars Expanded Universe novel Allegiance. Human Shield? Not a problem for a stormtrooper sniper; just shoot past the hostage's ear.
- Forms a Crowning Moment of Awesome in The Alloy of Law, when Lord Waxillium Ladrian has to shoot the bad guy who is holding a gun to the head of his not-a-girlfriend. However, the villain is koloss-blooded, which means that only a perfect headsot will drop him before he can pull the trigger. Furthermore, he knows this and is holding the girl directly between his head and Wax's gun. Wax's solution? Shoot a bullet off to the side and then shoot the first bullet with a second bullet in midair, causing the bullet to curve around the girl's head and drop the villain.
- The stakes are rendered somewhat higher by the way this trope had been horribly subverted in the Prologue, when Wax's attempt at this had ended up killing his girlfriend after the hostage taker moved as right as he fired.
- Shining Armor, a Space Western by Dominic Green opens with a Cool Old Guy practising his kata (as he does every morning) which concludes with him cutting several vegetables without damaging the rice paper they're resting on. Later on he climbs into a Giant Mecha to defend his village from mining company enforcers, one of whom grabs his daughter and holds a gun to his head. The mecha brings down one hand with such precision that he flattens the hostage taker's head while his daughter only suffers a wet dress.
Live-Action TV
- In the Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episode "Debt", the police raid a brothel run by a Chinese gang. In one of the rooms, a gang member takes one of the prostitutes hostage and uses her as as a Human Shield. The prostitute is saved when Detective Elliot Stabler dives through the door of the room and shoots the gang member in the head.
- In the pilot of Alphas, Hicks is confronted with a villain holding Rachel hostage and ducking behind her in such a fashion that the shot was virtually impossible. The villain had prepared for this ahead of time and had planned to psych Hicks out so that he wouldn't be able to make the shot. Being as Hicks' ability essentially is perfect aim, he makes it by use of ricocheting the bullet.
- Firefly. An Alliance lawman takes River hostage at gunpoint and gets out about half a sentence of demands before Mal storms in and shoots him in the face.
- He doesn't even break stride while doing it, emphasizing what a badass he is.
- At the end of the Blue Bloods episode "Re-Do", a serial rapist takes Erin hostage within sight of Frank, and tells him to put down his gun and step away. Or that was the plan, anyway: Frank puts a .38 round through his forehead before he can finish the sentence.
- In the series 2 premiere of Torchwood Jack Harkness makes his re-introduction by shooting a "blowfish" who was using a human shield.
- Boardwalk Empire: Harrow does it when one of Rosetti's men holds Tommy hostage.
- In the Justified episode The Life Inside, a criminal takes a pregnant woman hostage.
Raylan: Jess, you ever hear about a spot snipers call the apricot? It's where the brain stem meets the spine. Hit a fella there, he ain't gonna pull no trigger. It's just, lights out.
Jess: Oh, what, you're telling me you're that good?
Raylan: Me? (He shakes his head and gestures to Deputy Tim Gutterson, beside him.)
Jess: Really? Okay, this is how this is going to go down— (Tim takes the shot, perfectly.)
- In Stargate Atlantis, Kolya has Weir as a hostage and is trying to drag her through the Stargate, betting Sheppard won't risk it. Sheppard calmly puts one in his shoulder and sends him through the gate without Weir.
- There is a show dedicated to snipers that discusses this. Can't recall the name, but they show off various military world record holders for distance shots and at one point showcased a police officer who made a near-impossible to replicate shot against a robber who took a woman hostage in New York. A simulation (with paint-filled waterballoons strapped to moving dummies) was set up and every single sniper-in-training failed to shoot the hostage-taker (red paint) without also killing the hostage (white paint). Then they got the sniper who made the original shot (now retired) to come to the range. He made the shot.
- Late in 24 Day 8, Jack needs to recover some information from Dana Walsh only to discover her being held hostage by one of the villain's main goons. The guy attempts to say "You're not gonna take the shot", but before he's even finished saying this, Jack shoots him in the head.
- Combined with Shoot the Hostage and One-Hit Polykill in the Burn Notice episode 'Guilty as Charged'. Jesse snipes Michael through the shoulder to kill the guy using him as a Human Shield.
- Ziva does this once on NCIS. Not only that, but the Child Prodigy being held hostage calculates the odds of her success.
- Castle has a failure of this in a featurette on the season 5 DVD. Jon Huertas (Esposito on the show) is at a tactical training course (to lend authenticity to his role as a former Green Beret-turned-homicide detective), and during a "storming a hostage standoff" scenario he tries this (with plastic bullets) and hits the hostage in the face before nailing the hostage taker.
Video Games
- The bonus level "Mile High Club" in Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare ends with you having to shoot a terrorist using a hostage as a Human Shield. On higher difficulties, you must get a headshot or you fail the mission.
- In Deus Ex: Human Revolution, at the end of the first mission, you must attempt to save Josie Thorpe from Zeke Sanders, who has taken her as a hostage. Among the many options is to shoot Zeke before he can hurt his hostage.
- Batman: Arkham Series:
- Batman: Arkham Asylum has a non-lethal version: When Zsasz is holding a knife to Dr. Young's throat, you save her by knocking him out with a Batarang.
- In Batman: Arkham City, Ra's Al Ghul holds his own daughter, Talia, hostage at knife point when Batman refuses to kill Ra's and take Ra's place as leader of the League of Assassins. Batman saves Talia be hitting Ra's with a Batarang.
- Mass Effect:
- Mass Effect 1 features a mission on the Citadel where some mooks take hostages in a medical bay. In a cutscene, Garrus takes out the mook holding a hostage, and after combat ends, the player, as Commander Shepard, can choose how to respond to this. Renegade Shepard's response is to compliment Garrus for taking the mook out; Paragon Shepard chastises Garrus for doing something that could have gotten the hostage killed.
- This is an option to resolve the hostage crisis at the end of Thane's loyalty mission in Mass Effect 2. You can shoot his son Kolyat, the hostage taker, nonfatally, or Shoot the Hostage. The third option is a Paragon interrupt that has Shepard shoot a lamp behind Kolyat to startle him, whereupon Shepard moves in and decks him.
- In "Lair of the Shadow Broker", Tela Vasir takes a civilian hostage with a similar set of options for resolving it. Among them is to have Shepard distract her while Liara throws a gorram table at her head.
- Dragon Age II gives Rogue PCs a lower-tech version during the Wayward Son quest.
Slaver: (holding a sword to Feynriel's neck) Take one more step, and the boy dies!
Rogue Hawke: This is as close as I get. (launches Murder Knife into the slaver's throat)
- In Grand Theft Auto IV, Roman gets kidnapped and you must rescue him; you finally find him used as a hostage by a Russian mobster. You must carefully aim for the Russian's head to free him.
- In Army of Two: The 40th Day, enemies will sometimes use civilians as human shields. You can do this to them, but if you're not careful, it's possible to kill the enemy and the civilian with the same bullet. Also, your partner can rescue you this way if an enemy holds you hostage.
- This is the usual way for Cole Phelps to resolve a hostage situation in L.A. Noire. Don't take too long to line up a shot or you'll lose.
- Operation Wolf series:
- The second boss of the first game uses an old woman as a human shield, but an able player can off the boss without hurting the woman (who will then wave happily at the player.) Just wait for the boss to pop out to shoot you, and blast him then.
- The sequel, Operation Thunderbolt, does this in the final stage, where you confront the lead hijacker on the plane and he uses the pilot as a human shield. Kill the pilot and you get the bad ending; wait till the hijacker pops out to shoot you and blast him till he goes down to get the good ending.
- S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Call of Pripyat has one particular side quest in the second map that has you rescuing a captive stalker from a gang of bandits in a holed up warehouse, due to a deal gone wrong according to his friends. You can choose to storm the place either by yourself or with the stalker's known friends and launch the daring rescue. Once you get to the last room in the warehouse, the bandit ringleader has a gun pointed behind the hostage and warns you to not make any sudden moves. At this point, you have the golden opportunity to make a carefully placed head shot on the ringleader; however, you have only three seconds to do it before he pulls the trigger and effectively shoots the hostage dead (and thus failing the quest).
- In the first half of Stage 3-3 of Time Crisis 2, Ernesto Diaz uses Christy Ryan as a hostage shield. The players have to engage Diaz accurately, otherwise, a missed shot hitting Christy will cost 5000 points.
- Played straight and played with during one level of The Matrix: Path of Neo in an abandoned church. An Agent takes the guy you're supposed to save hostage. Neo can then try to shoot the Agent and either it takes or dodges the bullet.
- John Marsden from Red Dead Redemption manages this on multiple occasion, Though remarkably not in one of the last missions.
- Used rather anticlimactically toward the end of Alone In The Dark 2008


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3562 Views Previous 1 2 Next 22 Replies Latest reply: May 2, 2008 11:14 AM by Robert Whalen1 Go to original post
fjglynn Feb 17, 2008 4:35 AM
Re: Logging in to iTunes Store on my Apple TV in response to gdrichardsHere's what worked for me for YouTube and iTunes. For accessing YouTube from my ATV, it turns out I needed to go back to my mac and go though the email address verification process to my YouTube account would be certified. Once I did that, I was in like a champ.
On Friday evening 16Feb, when we were trying to watch our first ATV PPV movie, it kept complaining about my postal address. In that case, I went back to the iTunes store from my mac, let it know my zip code was "inside the citiy" (this is a sales tax thing...) and with that all set, we could watch the movie. Good luck.
Gino Cerullo Feb 17, 2008 8:15 AM
Re: Logging in to iTunes Store on my Apple TV in response to gdrichardsWell it seems that my problems were related to DNS. My Airport Extreme router was having problems pulling the correct DNS settings from my ISP, apparently my ISP is flakey in that department. Since I normally have my network setup manually with static addresses I didn't notice any problems with any of my other computers. I ended up manually entering the DNS information in to the Airport Extreme. Once I did that the Apple TV, using DHCP to get it's network settings, worked as it should and I was able to login to my iTunes account and generally connect to the Internet and pull content in.
Tim in Paris Feb 17, 2008 12:39 PM
Re: Logging in to iTunes Store on my Apple TV in response to Grant DaviesYes. This is the problem that most people are having (including me) and there is another string which gives more details. The solution posted by Apple recommends emailing Customer Support and they will contact you after switching your Apple ID to a new ID which doesn't contain and AOL email address. I waited 24 hours for a response and then solved it myself by following directions posted in another string. Those are:
Go to http://myinfo.apple.com
Change your apple ID to anything not containing an AOL email address. Then reenter the new Apple ID in the appropriate location on your Apple TV's menu. I have no idea how an AOL address being in your Apple ID could possibly cause a glitch with apple TV but continue to work normally in iTunes, however, doing this immediately solved this problem for me. You will of course have to now input the new Apple ID in iTunes as well.
Thomas1010 Feb 23, 2008 7:04 PM
Re: Logging in to iTunes Store on my Apple TV in response to gdrichardsI just received an Apple TV with 2.0 installed. I also can not log-on to the Itunes store from the Apple TV over my wireless network. I can log-in to the Itunes store using a wireless PC so the problem seem to be with the Apple TV. I can play trailers on the apple TV which was the only successful test criteria I have seen. I have reset the apple tv and changed my password - neither has worked.
I have also had problems syncing a move I rented from my mac to the apple tv. Once I got it over there (not sure how) it would of course not play since the long on to Itunes Store would not work.
Bill Youngs Feb 23, 2008 9:23 PM
Re: Logging in to iTunes Store on my Apple TV in response to gdrichardsI was having trouble too logging in to my Apple TV -- tried a dozen work-arounds, and then I noticed the top line in the alphabet where you enter name and password is ALL CAPS. I reentered information from the second row, in lower case, and voila, I was logged right in and and my movie in now downloading. This may solve the log in problem in many instances.
Thomas1010 Feb 25, 2008 8:53 AM
Re: Logging in to iTunes Store on my Apple TV in response to gdrichardsIn working with Apple TV Support it seems to come down to some wireless networks (my is supplied by Verizon FIOS - is required for that service) may block ports required for the Itunes store from the Apple TV. I have tested logging in to the apple store over the wireless network and that does work. Therefore I am not sure that that that is the problem although Verizon tells me the do block port 50. Itunes does get through the filter but it seems apple tV does not. The Verizon solution is to purchase a static address. I have not found out how much that will cost yet but it is a business solution so I am sure it will be expensive.
I anyone has a Apple TV working with a Verizon FIOS Wireless Network I would like to know about how they got it to work.
Thomas1010 Feb 28, 2008 7:47 AM
Re: Logging in to iTunes Store on my Apple TV in response to gdrichardsMy problem with logging on to the Itunes store was solved. It was solved by changing my apple tunes payment profile to use the State Drop Down menu to pick out my state. It seems in when I setup the account I typed in the State Name instead of using the drop down menu which seems to have caused a problem with the ATV. Changing it fixed all my issues.
Robert Whalen1 May 2, 2008 11:14 AM
Re: Logging in to iTunes Store on my Apple TV in response to Thomas1010Did you ever get the FIOS router to allow computers on the network to see the Apple TV when in iTunes? I can't, and I suspect a port blocking issue. The Apple TV connects to th iTunes store normally, but none of the computers on the network can see it. I have tried all of the permutations suggested by Apple support, but no luck so far.


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A high chair is a must-have for most parents once a baby starts eating solids. With many high chairs on the market featuring all the bells and whistles, it may be hard to choose the one that you think will be best for your family. To help navigate your way through what is and isn't necessary, I always tell parents that my top three high chair features are: 1) Easy to … [Read more...]
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I'm not a germaphobe by any means, but when my babies were small, I wanted to limit the amount of germs they picked up in restaurants. Since we all know how gross those public high chairs can be, I always made it a point to bring my own seat for baby! My go-to dining out option was the Fisher-Price Deluxe Healthy Care Booster. It gave my babies a seat of their own that I knew … [Read more...]
Featured Review: Chicco Pocket Snack Portable Booster Seat
Have you ever taken your baby or toddler to a restaurant and was hopeful that there would be a safe, clean and working high chair there for you to use? Sure, sometimes it works out for you and everything is perfect but then there are the other days. The days that you get to the restaurant only to find out that the high chairs are dirty, covered in germs, not in working order … [Read more...]
Baby Gizmo Review: Inglesina Gusto High Chair
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New Products and Updates for Inglesina in 2014
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Baby Gizmo 25 Million Giveaway Celebration Day 5
Congrats to our winners - Quinny Buzz & Tukk - Jeannie H. - Entry #2607 Stokke Tripp Trapp - Kelly H. - Entry #472 Baby Gizmo hit 25 MILLION video views on YouTube and we are celebrating! We couldn't have hit this massive milestone without YOU so we are celebrating by throwing a five day giveaway celebration! So that we don't bore our regulars by repeating everything, … [Read more...]
Baby Gizmo Spotlight Review: phil&teds Poppy High Chair
There is a new high chair on the block and this one is from phil&teds. Keeping in mind those busy, modern parents who may be short on space and time, phil&teds has introduced the compact and super easy to clean poppy high chair. With what this super lightweight chair (weighs only 8.8 lbs!) lacks in bells and whistles, it makes up for it in its easy to clean and store … [Read more...]
Space Saving Baby Gear as Seen on WGN TV
Regardless of where you live, if you are a soon-to-be parent living in a small place - say that cozy one bedroom apartment that looked good when you were engaged- you will not want it cluttered up with tons of big baby gear. Because let's face it - the only thing more stressful than bringing home the baby is fitting all the baby's "stuff" into your home. We discussed the answer … [Read more...]
Best Space Saving Baby Gear
As you know, we have a great partnership with Sunny Bump. It's that new company that is all about finding the coolest things for baby through the most amazing and fun images. Lately, we have been having so much creating "collections" for you. Today we are sharing our "Best Space Saving Gear" collection since we know some parents live in a place where space can be … [Read more...]
Baby Gizmo Awards 2012 – Best High Chairs
The Baby Gizmo Awards Season continues this week! Today we are giving out awards to the Best High Chairs of 2012. Whether you are looking for a full-featured, compact or just great to look at high chair, here are our favorites. [imagebrowser id=22] … [Read more...]
Baby Gizmo 12 Days of Christmas Day 8
Congrats to our winners - 5-70 Convertible Car Seat - Entry #600 - Melissa A. Siesta High Chair - Entry #2958 - Marenah R. Skip Hop Play Prize Pack - Entry #4442 Jill B. On the 8th day of Christmas, Baby Gizmo gave to me... Peg Perego Primo Viaggio 5-70 Convertible Car Seat Peg Perego Siesta High Chair Skip Hop Play Prize Pack - including Zoo Playspot, Alphabet … [Read more...]
How Not to Use a Bumbo (VIDEO)
Today's Baby Gizmo video is keeping it real. Very real. I've wanted to do this video for a long time and decided to just get it done. It's a sort of public service announcement for parents who lack common sense. I told you that I was keeping it real! :) … [Read more...]


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Alfred Benedetti Obituary
Alfred Benedetti
, 58, of Cranston, Rhode Island, the owner of Freddie's Palace restaurant, died on October 14, 2000. Funeral services are scheduled for Wednesday, October 18, 2000, 9 a.m., from
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, 627 Union Avenue, Providence, Rhode Island, to St. Bartholomew Church, 297 Laurel Hill Avenue, Providence, with services at 10 a.m. Interment will be at St. Ann Cemetery, Cranston, Rhode Island. In lieu of flowers, memorials may be made to St. Bartholomew Church, 297 Laurel Hill Avenue, Providence, RI 02909.
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Alfred Benedetti
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Two Hearts that beat as one. A love that will never die. A love that generated to family and friends. Proud father,husband,and grandfather. This is the legacy of love that we will always remember of Freddie. Rest now dear brother
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Alan Balutis is senior director and distinguished fellow at Cisco Systems' Internet Business Solutions Group.
It is indeed hell to get old. A trip out of town no longer raises Secret Service-like urges. Instead, it offers a chance to be "wild" in other ways — a chance to salt one's food and have bacon with breakfast. Cocktail banter seems dominated by talk of ailing prostates or roughage-filled diets. But the worst part is seeing old friends and colleagues pass away. In one week in June, I mourned the deaths of two excellent members of our community: Lynn McNulty and Mark Zelinger.
Lynn spent 30-plus years in public service — at the CIA, the State Department, the Federal Aviation Administration and the Commerce Department, where I had the chance to work with him. Federal Computer Week's obituary describes him as "an early champion of information security in the government." That is true but hardly begins to describe his impact as a pioneer and visionary.
It's difficult today to recall a time not so long ago when security hardly registered as a concern or priority. But look back at the annual surveys done by Gartner, Forrester Research, the Association for Federal Information Resources Management and others and see when "IT security" made it onto the top 10 list. It made it because of the ongoing efforts of people like Lynn McNulty, who educated, tutored and lectured patiently for years on the importance of cybersecurity. And when many didn't listen, Lynn would patiently return to educate and tutor again. In 2008, his contributions were recognized with his induction into the Information Systems Security Association's Hall of Fame.
I ran into Lynn a few months ago at the City Club in downtown D.C. at a meeting of (ISC)2, a nonprofit cybersecurity training organization. Lynn was a board member and director of government affairs. He looked thin and weak, clearly the result of the treatments for the lymphoma that took his life. Sadly, I know that look all too well from my own past battles. We talked briefly and shook hands. I wished him well in his treatments. Now I have only the memories of the times he would come to my Commerce office on 14th Street, spread out some charts and start his lesson. "Look at the increase in security incidents, Alan…."
Mark was also taken by cancer. If Lynn was the university professor, Mark was the fullback. Lynn was the educator; Mark was the blunt object. Mark was always in industry, and I met him when he was a vice president at GTSI and served with him on the board of the D.C. Chapter of AFCEA International. I made the mistake once of telling Mark the old joke that any company that had "Group" or "Associates" in its name usually had neither. When he founded his sales and business development firm, ZAI Solutions (short for Zelinger Associates Inc.), he began every conversation thereafter with "I have four people," "I have six associates," "We're up to eight." He made me rue the day I tried to be funny.
I'll remember our service on the AFCEA board of directors the best. Mark's obituary noted that "he was particularly passionate about raising funds for...scholarships." And he was passionate, tireless, unrelenting. Every conversation came back to that topic as he reminded members that that was our core mission and asked how what was being proposed contributed to it. What a pain! What a very good man!
About the Author
Alan P. Balutis is senior director and distinguished fellow at Cisco Systems.
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The Army Doctor's Christmas CollectionThree heartwarming stories of love and family that all end happily at Christmas. A Christmas proposal, a Christmas wedding, and a Christmas birth! The Army Doctor's Baby After his wife betrayed him, Major Radley Knight dedicated himself to becoming the best Army doctor he could be, dedicated himself to saving soldiers' lives. When he returns on leave from Afghanistan he is ready for a break.
The Army Doctor's Scottish Collection: Three Christmas RomancesTreat yourself to three heartwarming romances set in the magnificent Scottish Highlands. The Army Doctor's New Year's Baby Dr. Daniel Fabian's jet-setting lifestyle as a cosmetic surgeon to the rich and famous left him empty inside. In his quest for fulfillment he followed his brother into the army, to use his medical skills to help soldiers injured in combat. He dedicated himself to his work and
Fourteen Sweet Christmas RomancesUSA Today Best Seller *** 14 Full-length Novels & Novellas *** This holiday season, warm your heart with 14 Sweet Christmas Kisses, a bundle of PG-rated romance novels and novellas from USA Today, national bestselling, and award-winning authors. Sweet Christmas Kisses takes you from small-town USA to England, Scotland, and even Ecuador; from the beach to snow-capped mountains, and...
Ice Gods (Paranormal Romance Novella)A trip to Iceland to find her father turns into a nightmare when she is transported to the icy palace of Valhalla and lands in the middle of the Ice Gods family feud. Odin's son has loved and protected her from afar. Now she is in his world, he can finally make her his.
A Clockwork Fairytale (Fantasy Romance)Melba was raised as a boy to pick pockets and run messages in the poor outer circles of Royal Malverne Isle. When Master Turk, a young spymaster, accepts her pledge to join his gang, she can't wait to become a spy. With his exotic southern looks and wealthy lifestyle, Turk fascinates her. Not only is he a famous spy, he also wields earth magic. But Turk is not who he seems. He follows the orders
Boxed Set of Three Contemporary RomancesBoxed set of three contemporary romance stories from award-winning author, Helen Scott Taylor. Oceans Between Us He's a wealthy Italian celebrity used to dating beautiful women. She's a guesthouse cook without a penny to her name. When tragedy brings them together for a few weeks, an unlikely romance blossoms. But he has commitments that take him back to his jet-setting life, while her future lies
The Army Doctor's Christmas Baby (Army Doctor's Baby #3)After he loses his wife, army surgeon Colonel Sean Fabian protects his damaged heart by cutting women out of his life. He dedicates himself to his career and being a great dad to his twin babies. When he asks army nurse Kelly Grace to play nanny to his children over Christmas, he realizes how much he misses having a beautiful woman in his life and in his arms. Caring for Sean's adorable twin
The Army Doctor's Wedding (Army Doctor's Baby #2)Major Cameron Knight thrives on the danger of front-line battlefield medicine. Throwing himself into saving the lives of injured servicemen keeps the demons from his past away. When he rescues charity worker, Alice Conway, and a tiny newborn baby, he longs for a second chance to do the right thing, even if it means marrying a woman he barely knows so they can take the orphan baby to England for
The Army Doctor's Baby (Army Doctor's Baby #1)After his wife betrayed him, Major Radley Knight dedicated himself to becoming the best Army doctor he could be, dedicated himself to saving soldiers' lives. When he returns on leave from Afghanistan he is ready for a break. Instead he finds himself helping a young mother and her newborn baby. He falls in love with Olivia and her sweet baby boy and longs to spend the rest of his life caring for
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|Numéro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numéro de demande
|Date de publication
|14 déc. 2006
|Date de dépôt
|13 juin 2006
|Date de priorité
|14 juin 2005
|Autre référence de publication
|Numéro de publication
|Jeremy Grata, Michael Pitsakis
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Diasense, Inc.
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (40), Référencé par (13), Classifications (22), Événements juridiques (2)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/690,418 entitled "Method and Apparatus for the Non-Invasive Sensing of Glucose in a Human Subject" filed Jun. 14, 2005, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates, in general, to noninvasive sensing of biological analytes in the capillary vessels and in interstitial fluid. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for the determination of blood glucose, lipids and/or alcohol concentration at regular short intervals on a continuous basis or on demand.
2. Description of Related Art
Diabetes is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), a ten year clinical study conducted between 1983 and 1993 by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, demonstrated a direct positive correlation between high average blood glucose levels, known as hyperglycemia and the development of devastating complications of the disease that affect the kidneys, eyes, nervous system, blood vessels and circulatory system. Treatment includes insulin injections, oral medication, diet control and exercise. Adjustment of the user's regimen by a physician to control hyperglycemia requires routine self-monitoring of glucose levels three or more times per day. Currently persons with diabetes measure their glucose levels by using invasive blood glucose instruments that measure glucose using expensive disposable test strips where a small sample of blood obtained from a finger or the forearm is applied. The procedure is very painful and often results in chronic nerve ending damage. This is one reason many diabetes patients forego monitoring risking the development of serious complications.
Many prior art systems utilize diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to determine blood glucose concentration in tissue. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 6,097,975 to Petrovsky et al. discloses an apparatus and method for non-invasively measuring blood glucose concentration. The apparatus projects a beam of light (2050-2500 nm) to a selected area of the body that is rich in blood vessels, such as the inner wrist or ear lobes. The projected pulse of light is transmitted through the skin, tissues and blood vessels, partially absorbed by glucose in the blood and partially scattered, diffused and reflected off of irradiated structures back through the blood vessels, tissue and skin. The luminous energy of the reflected light is then collected by a receiving detector, converted to an electrical signal proportional to the glucose concentration in the blood of the subject and analyzed. The wavelength range of the preferred embodiment disclosed in this reference utilizes the wavelength range of 2050-2500 nm.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,016,435 to Maruo et al. discloses a device for non-invasive determination of a glucose concentration in the blood of a subject. The device includes a light source, a diffraction grating unit as a spectroscope of the light provided by the light source and a stepping motor unit for controlling a rotation angle of the diffraction grating to provide near-infrared radiation having successive wavelengths from 1300-2500 nm. The device further includes an optical fiber bundle having a plurality of optical fibers for projecting the near-infrared radiation onto the skin of a subject and a plurality of second optical fibers for receiving the resulting radiation emitted from the skin. A light receiving unit is connected to the second optical fibers and a spectrum analyzing unit determines the glucose concentration in the blood through the use of spectrum analysis based on information from the light receiving unit. This invention differs from the present invention in that it utilizes a continuous spectrum lamp and a diffraction grating with mechanically moving parts.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,533,509 to Koashi et al. discloses an apparatus for non-invasive measurement of blood sugar level. The apparatus includes a wavelength-variable semiconductor laser that tunes in small ranges around wavelengths of interest producing a beam that is separated into two optical paths with a beam splitter and an integrating sphere that collects laser light transmitted or reflected after passing along an optical path and made incident on an examined portion of skin in which the blood glucose level is determined by examining the derivative of the absorbance spectrum. The present invention differs from this reference in that the skin is probed over the entire range with a plurality of wavelengths and not just certain wavelengths, and the absorbance spectrum, not the derivative of the absorption spectrum, is used to determine glucose concentration.
United States Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0250997 to Takeda et al. discloses an apparatus for determining a concentration of a light absorbing substance in blood. The apparatus includes a plurality of photo emitters that emit light beams having different wavelengths toward a living tissue. A photo receiver is adapted to receive the light beams which have been transmitted through or reflected from the living tissue. However, the preferred embodiment of this invention calls for only two light emitting diodes; one at 680 nm and one at 940 nm.
United States Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0256384 to Walker et al. discloses a non-invasive glucose sensor including at least one laser (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) or edge emitting) and at least one photo detector configured to detect emissions from the emitter. The glucose sensor further includes a controller driving one or more emitters by shifting emitter wavelength by 1-2 nm from a group of selected wavelengths having center wavelengths of 1060 nm, 980 nm, 850 nm, 825 nm, 800 nm, 780 nm and 765 nm. This enables measurement of absorption at a plurality of wavelengths and derivation of a glucose concentration measurement from the absorption measurement values. The wavelength range of operation of this apparatus is outside the wavelength range of the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,703,364 to Rosenthal discloses a method for performing near-infrared (NIR) quantitative analysis. The method includes the steps of providing NIR radiation at a plurality of different wavelengths (600-1100 nm) for illumination of an object to be analyzed and varying the amount of time that radiation at each wavelength illuminates the subject according to the output level of radiation at each wavelength so as to provide substantially similar detection data resolution for each of the plurality of wavelengths. The wavelength range of operation of this apparatus is outside the wavelength range of the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,816,241 to Grubisic discloses a solid-state spectrophotometer for non-invasive blood analyte detection that employs a plurality of Light Emitting Diodes (LED(s)) that emit at distinct, but overlapping, wavelengths in order to generate a continuous broad radiation spectrum and a linear detector array. It therefore differs from the present invention in that it uses an array of LEDs and an array of detectors.
Accordingly, a need exists for a system for the non-invasive sensing of glucose in a human subject that utilizes a pulsable and selectable wavelength, a selectable intensity monochromatic laser radiation source, involves a spectroscopic referencing scheme that does not require mechanical moving parts, and provides an improved instrument baseline stability by utilizing a dual-beam-double-reference spectrophotometer.
The present invention is directed to an apparatus for a non-invasive sensing of biological analytes in a sample. The apparatus includes an optics system having at least one radiation source and at least one radiation detector; a measurement system operatively coupled to the optics system; a control/processing system operatively coupled to the measurement system and an embedded software system; a user interface/peripheral system operatively coupled to the control/processing system for providing user interaction with the control/processing system; and a power supply system operatively coupled to the measurement system, the control/processing system, the user interface/peripheral system or any combination thereof for providing power to each of the systems. The embedded software system of the control/processing system processes signals obtained from the measurement system to determine a concentration of the biological analytes in the sample.
An absorbance spectrum obtained from the optics system may be used, together with a previously stored calibration vector, by the control/processing system to determine the concentration of the biological analytes in the sample. The sample may be one of interstitial fluid (ISF) of living tissue, the capillary bed of living tissue and/or a blood sample. The radiation source may be one of a selectable emission wavelength and selectable emission intensity, Transversely Pumped, Counter Propagating, Optical Parametric Oscillator (TPCOPO) device or a selectable emission wavelength and selectable emission intensity laser diode array. The radiation detector may be fabricated of InGaAs or Ge.
The biological analyte may be glucose, lipids or alcohol. An emission spectrum of the radiation source may cover a range of about 1,200 nm to about 1,900 nm and a responsivity of the radiation detector may cover a range of about 1,200 nm to about 1,900 nm, if the biological analyte is glucose or lipids. An emission spectrum of the radiation source may cover a range of about 800 nm to about 1,300 nm and a responsivity of the radiation detector may cover a range of about 800 nm to about 1,300 nm, if the biological analyte is alcohol.
The user interface/peripheral system may be configured to alert a user, in case of pending hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, by an audible tone and/or the display of a text message; alert other individuals equipped with a Bluetooth alarm, in case of pending hypoglycemia, using a Bluetooth module; determine the user's location using a Global Positioning System module and, in case of hypoglycemia, transmit an emergency text message to a telephone number or relay biological analyte concentration data to a centralized server; and relay coded glucose concentration readings when they are taken to an insulin pump programmed to recognize the code and be in connection with the user, via the Bluetooth module for the purpose of automatic release of insulin.
The at least one radiation source may be fabricated from optical crystals, semiconductor material monolayer structures or any combination thereof. A semiconductor pump source may be integrated with a beam steering structure and a TPCOPO layer to achieve emission wavelength selection and intensity. In one embodiment, the at least one radiation source includes a pair of GaAs Bragg reflectors with a GaAs TPCOPO active layer, a GaAs narrowband coherent source pump and GaAs Electro-Optical beam deflecting layer. The pump source and beam steering structure may be parallel to the TPCOPO layer along the entire length of a Bragg cavity or reside at one end of the Bragg cavity to allow for beam steering before launching the pump source into the Bragg cavity containing the TPCOPO layer. Separate electrical connection means may be made to the pump layer and the GaAs Electro-Optical beam deflecting layer. An applied electric current to the pump layer may determine an intensity of emitted radiation, and an applied voltage to the GaAs Electro-Optical beam deflecting layer may determine a wavelength of emitted radiation.
The present invention is also directed to a method for the non-invasive sensing of biological analytes in a sample through spectrophotometric referencing utilizing two beams, each close in space (hereinafter referred to as "TECS") applicable to measuring interstitial fluid diffuse reflectance. The method includes the steps of: providing an optics system utilizing a first radiation source and a second radiation source and a first radiation detector and a second radiation detector, thereby establishing four optical beam paths close in space through the system; modulating the sources with different time functions; configuring the optics system in a manner in which all optical elements of the optics system transmit and/or reflect the beams; separating a first pair of the beams and a second pair of the beams at one point in the system, focusing the first pair of beams on a user's skin and focusing the second pair of beams into a reference sample; demodulating signals produced by the first detector and the second detector and separating signals due to the beams; and computing a spectrophotometric transmittance as a ratio of a first ratio to a second ratio.
The first ratio may be the ratio of a skin diffuse reflectance signal incident on the second radiation detector due to radiation from the first radiation source to a reference diffuse reflectance signal incident on the second radiation detector due to radiation of the second radiation source, and the second ratio may be an instrument signal incident on the first radiation detector due to radiation of the first radiation source to an instrument signal incident on the first radiation detector due to radiation of the second radiation source. The spectrophotometric transmittance may be used to determine a concentration of biological analytes in the sample. The optics system may have an area of separation between a sample beam and a reference beam that is restricted to an interior portion of an optical glass element. The area of separation between the sample beam and the reference beam may be protected by an enclosure.
These and other features and characteristics of the present invention, as well as the methods of operation and functions of the related elements of structures, will become more apparent upon consideration of the following description and the appended claims with reference to the accompanying drawings, all of which form a part of this specification, wherein like reference numerals designate corresponding parts in the various figures. As used in the specification and the claims, the singular form of "a", "an", and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
For purposes of the description hereinafter, the terms "upper", "lower", "right", "left", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "lateral", "longitudinal" and derivatives thereof shall relate to the invention as it is oriented in the drawing figures. However, it is to be understood that the invention may assume various alternative variations, except where expressly specified to the contrary. It is also to be understood that the specific devices illustrated in the attached drawings, and described in the following specification, are simply exemplary embodiments of the invention. Hence, specific dimensions and other physical characteristics related to the embodiments disclosed herein are not to be considered as limiting.
With reference to
With reference to
With reference to
Source "1" 49 and Source "2" 50 may be, but are not limited to, one or more TPCOPOs or a laser diode array. Desirably, Source "1" 49 and Source "2" 50 are pulsable and selectable wavelength and selectable intensity monochromatic laser radiation sources. The use of a selectable emission wavelength solid-state radiation source lends to using a single photodetector and no need for a spectrograph, and therefore has the advantages of small size, battery operation, wearability, improved stability and improved drift. In addition, use of a source that is capable of being switched on/off very rapidly and of emitting at one wavelength at a time, allows higher radiation power, resulting in increased diffuse reflectance signal and signal-to-noise ratio due to ISF, but especially due to capillary blood that is detectable and therefore enabling probing of the capillary blood glucose in addition to ISF glucose. As discussed above, such a radiation source may be a TPCOPO, a laser diode array or others. The laser diode array provides radiation at several wavelengths covering the required broad spectrum. While the TPCOPO uses only one laser diode as a pump, the laser diode array uses one laser diode for each wavelength. A broad spectral coverage source finds applications beyond spectroscopy wherever monochromatic light sources have applications such as telecommunications, displays, room lighting, etc. Compact, high efficiency, rapidly and widely tunable solid-state monochromatic light sources are applicable in all of these fields; however, individually, existing technologies such as monochromators, optical parametric oscillators (OPO), light emitting diodes (LED), laser diodes tuned via thermal, piezo-electric or electro-optic action, and dye lasers have some but not all of the above features.
Detector "1" 51 and Detector "2" 52 may be, but are not limited to, Ge detectors, InGaAs detectors, or extended InGaAs detectors. The two radiation sources and the two radiation detectors have identical spectral coverage over 1,200 nm to 1,900 nm for glucose and lipids detection and 800 nm to 1,300 nm for alcohol detection. The sources emit M (64-256) distinct wavelengths and the detectors are responsive equivalently over the same range.
A first mirror 53 and a first lens 54 direct two beams 64 and 65 from the two sources onto a beam splitter 55 where a small portion of the radiation power is reflected and is directed through a second lens 56 to Detector "1" 51. Second lens 56 may be, but is not limited to, a Kohler lens that images the aperture of beam splitter 55 onto Detector "1" 51. Most of the optical power, however, is transmitted through the beam splitter 55, a third lens 57 and a second mirror 60 to an immersion lens 61 that is in contact with the user's skin 63. The beam 65 of Source "2" 50 is focused onto a reference standard 62, such as spectralon, which is immersed and protected in immersion lens 61, while the beam 64 of Source "1" 49 is focused on the skin 63. Immersion lens 61 is dimensioned to a size large enough to allow significant separation of the skin beam and the reference beam to occur only within the glass of immersion lens 61. Immersion lens 61 is constructed from, for example, Bk-7, fused silica, or sapphire. Both beams are collected by pick-up optics 58 and 59 and concentrated onto Detector "2" 52.
Detector "2" 52 is used to detect both the skin and reference signal that form the biological beam pair, whereas Detector "1" 51 is used to detect instrument stability beams such as an instrument beam pair. Defining signals resulting from the optical paths of the two beam pairs of incident radiation on the detectors as: S11 instrument signal incident on Detector "1" 51 due to radiation of Source "1" 49, S12 instrument signal incident on Detector "1" 51 due to radiation of Source "2" 50, S21 skin diffuse reflectance signal incident on Detector "2" 52 due to radiation of Source "1" 49, and S22 reference diffuse reflectance signal incident on Detector "2" 52 due to radiation of Source "2" 50. The transmission spectrum is computed as a ratio of two ratios:
T=(S21/S22)/(S11/S12) (Equation 1)
At any given time, during measurement, only one source is activated. If the two beam pairs are very close in space, they encounter identical transmissions, reflections, and disturbances and the effects of optical/electro-optical component drifts and disturbances are canceled out. Therefore, the expense of using two radiation sources provides sampling of the reference standard diffuse reflectance without having to move mirrors while, in addition, the use of two detectors provides instrument stability. Accordingly, this spectroscopic referencing scheme, TECS, does not require mechanical moving parts and provides improved instrument baseline stability by utilizing a dual-beam-double-reference spectrophotometer. This scheme utilizes two sources and two detectors, as described above, that form two beam pairs each sampled close in space that experience the same disturbances.
With reference to
Controller/Processor System 13, in conjunction with User Interface/Peripheral System 14, is thereby provided with the ability to perform a variety of functions. For instance, Controller/Processor System 13 can display the last glucose reading and the time it was taken on LCD 30 as well as calculate and display the trend and rate. It can calculate and display on LCD 30 various statistics, such as moving average (trend) and daily moving min-max deviation over a selected time period and plot them versus time on LCD 30 when requested. It can provide the option to the user for selecting the units of glucose concentration mg/dL or mmol/L and can store up to a yearlong set of glucose readings in nonvolatile memory together with time stamps reflecting the time they were taken, display, or upload to a computer when requested via USB interface 33 or Bluetooth module 28 as selected.
In cases of pending hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, it can alert the user by an audible tone created by buzzer 31 and display a text message on LCD 30. Further, in cases of pending hypoglycemia, apparatus 1 can alert other individuals equipped with a Bluetooth alarm and located at a distance of up to 10 meters away using built Bluetooth module 28. Apparatus 1 can also determine the user's location through the use of GPS module 27 and, in case of hypoglycemia, can transmit an emergency text message to a telephone, such as emergency services "911" and/or any other preprogrammed telephone number, including a centralized sever by built in General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) or Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) or simply relay glucose concentration data to centralized server for the purpose of telemedicine. Apparatus I may also relay glucose concentration readings at the time they are taken to an insulin pump, connected to the user, via Bluetooth module 28 and, together with the insulin pump, form an artificial pancreas. If apparatus 1 is used in such a manner, Controller/Processor System 13 must code the data by a pseudorandom sequence shared by both apparatus 1 and the insulin pump in order to avoid interference with other users who happen to be nearby.
With further reference to
Apparatus 1 may determine its status by self-testing Power Supply System 15 and Measurement System 12 prior to each measurement and warn the user in case of faults via buzzer 31 or LCD display 30. Apparatus 1 also monitors battery voltage and warns the user when replacement is necessary between glucose readings without interruption in monitoring, as battery charging will take place outside the unit to perpetuate continuous monitoring. Apparatus 1 also determines battery status by monitoring duration of service (how long the battery holds its charge in normal use) and warns the user when a new battery is necessary. Apparatus 1 may also automatically power down some circuitry between measurements in order to preserve battery life. Apparatus 1 also has the ability to request and obtain confirmation via User Interface/Peripheral System 14 to turn off apparatus 1 in response to Power On/Off Push Button 36 activation in order to avoid accidental power off.
Measurement System 12 includes the Radiation Source Module 17, a Source Module Temperature Controller 16, an EOBS Driver 20, a 16-bit Wavelength D/A Converter 21, a VCSEL Driver 18 and a 16-bit Intensity D/A Converter 19. It also includes Radiation Detection Module 23, a Detector Module Temperature Controller 22, a Detector Amplifier 24, and a Signal A/D Converter 25.
With reference to
With reference to
The software of Controller/Processor System 13 processes the signals to minimize noise first, then computes transmittance and the absorbance spectra, and finally computes analyte concentrations. Theoretically, transmittance is defined as the ratio:
T=I/I o =e −kd (Beer-Lambert law) (Equation 2)
I denotes the intensity of the diffuse reflectance in response to incident radiation of intensity Io, k denotes the extinction coefficient (tissue or reference standard), and d denotes the penetration distance. In the case of ISF, the skin diffuse reflectance, the reference diffuse reflectance, and the photodetector dark current are measured. In the following description, bold letters denote vectors. The transmittance spectrum is computed as a double ratio Iskin/Io divided by Iref/Io. Therefore, T=Iskin/Iref, hence bypassing the need to measure incident radiation, Io. The detected radiation, Rskin, Rref includes a strong component D2 due to detector dark current, which must be subtracted, plus uncorrelated noise. Therefore, after mean centering all signals the transmittance spectrum is computed as T=(Rskin−D2)/(Rref−D2) and the absorbance spectrum is by definition:
X=−log T (Equation 3)
The software sorts the sampled signals of skin, reference, and dark time sequences in a 3×N×M array. Each signal sequence skin, reference, and dark is low-pass filtered at 0.5 Hz by a sharp zero-phase digital filter to reduce excessive noise. To develop the ISF absorbance spectrum, the transmittance spectra are calculated first for each set of acquired data, then averaged, and absorbance is computed using the average transmittance spectrum. The development of the capillary absorbance spectrum, however, requires more processing. The skin diffuse reflectance signal, at each wavelength channel, contains a large DC part, due mostly to ISF diffuse reflectance with a small part due to capillary diffuse reflectance (˜1%), a small part due to detector dark signal and a large portion due to uncorrelated white noise. This signal is modulated by heart pumping action with high excursions occurring at the systolic phase of the heart and low excursions occurring at the diastolic phase. Accordingly, apparatus 1 provides for the measurement of glucose in the capillary vessels by utilizing a spectroscopic referencing scheme that does not require a reference standard and/or mechanical moving parts. Apparatus 1 thereby offers improved instrument baseline stability and processing that involves optimized synchronous detection of the time signal at each wavelength of the extremely small and slowly varying heart pulse modulated diffuse reflectance signal and forming the transmittance as a ratio of the maxima to the minima. This referencing scheme samples one path that changes minutely close in time at the minimum and maximum photon path changes during each heart pulse.
With reference to
A replica of the heart pulse signal can be developed by estimation of pulse rate using the time sequence of the skin diffuse reflectance signal at a channel with a wavelength around 1275 nm. Radiation at this wavelength penetrates the epidermis and reaches the capillary bed much deeper than any other wavelength. The transmittance is computed as mentioned above by averaging the peak positive excursions to/from Rskin and averaging the peak negative excursions to/from Rref since there are 6-12 cycles over the measurement period. Alternatively, the excursions can be determined similarly by operating at the fundamental of the switching frequency. However, this method requires, in addition, down-conversion to DC by multiplication of the signals by a synchronous replica of the switching signal.
Finally the absorbance spectrum is used together with a previously stored calibration vector b, to predict glucose concentration:
yP=X b (Equation 4)
The calibration vector is obtained by Partial List Squares as:
b=(X T X)−1 X T y R (Equation 5)
yR are reference readings obtained with an accurate invasive device. The number of required acquired spectra and invasive reference readings for the purpose of calibration can be reduced drastically by adding a priori knowledge about the spectra in determining the calibration vector as discussed in the article entitled "On Wiener filtering and the physics behind statistical modeling" by Marbach. Accordingly, the required individual calibration time may be reduced from many days to a few hours.
With reference to
The TPCOPO layer and Bragg reflectors are designed for the wavelength of the pump. In this embodiment, the pump and beam steering elements can be either parallel to the TPCOPO layer along the entire length of the Bragg cavity or they can reside at one end of the Bragg cavity to allow for ample beam steering capacity before launching the pump into the Bragg cavity containing the TPCOPO layer. Electrical connections for the means of applying drive voltages are made to the pump and EOBS layers separately. Electrical power to the pump determines the optical output power and the electrical voltage applied to the EOBS layer determines the optical output energy (i.e., frequency). The described structure can be made either as a single element emitter or as an array. The structural layers of the TPCOPO shown in
Although the invention has been described in detail for the purpose of illustration based on what is currently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover modifications and equivalent arrangements that are within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. For example, it is to be understood that the present invention contemplates that, to the extent possible, one or more features of any embodiment can be combined with one or more features of any other embodiment.
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|Classification aux États-Unis
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|13 juin 2006
Owner name: DIASENSE, INC., PENNSYLVANIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GRATA, JEREMY;PITSAKIS, MICHAEL N.;REEL/FRAME:017973/0536;SIGNING DATES FROM 20060609 TO 20060610
|13 oct. 2006
Owner name: DOMINION ASSETS, LLC, VIRGINIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DIASENSE, INC.;REEL/FRAME:018385/0153
Effective date: 20060913


text:
Danubius Health Spa Resort Sarvar - Sarvar
- Free buffet breakfast and WiFi
Main amenities
- 136 smoke-free guestrooms
- Restaurant and bar/lounge
- Full-service spa
- Spa tub
- Fitness center
- Airport shuttle
- Terrace
- 24-hour front desk
- Daily housekeeping
- Garden
- Car rentals on site
- Library
What's around
- Heart of Sarvar
- Sarvar Arboretum (0.2 mi / 0.3 km)
- Sarvar Castle (0.2 mi / 0.4 km)
- Francis Nadasdy Museum (0.3 mi / 0.4 km)
- Bukfurdo Health and Adventure Centre (16.4 mi / 26.4 km)
- Buk Football Field (16.6 mi / 26.7 km)
Beautiful old world hotel, charming even though frayed around the edges. Room comfortable…
Reasonable Danubius establishment, one of several spa hotels ranged around Sárvár.…
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 1-877-214-4288from $55
- Double Room
- Single Room
- Triple Room
- Single Room
- Standard Double/Twin
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 136 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 4 floors
- Check-in time 2:00 PM-6 AM
- Check-out time is 11:00 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Pets allowed (dogs and cats only) *
- Specific rooms only *
- 1 per room
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Train station pickup *
- Accessible parking
Other information
- Smoke-free property
In the hotel
- Free buffet breakfast daily
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Coffee shop/café
- Room service (during limited hours)
- Fitness facilities
- Full-service spa
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Bicycle rentals on site
- Golfing nearby
- Spa tub
- Steam room
- Sauna
- 24-hour front desk
- Concierge services
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Hair salon
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Year Built 1985
- Elevator/lift
- ATM/banking
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Garden
- Terrace
- Library
- Disabled parking
In the room
- Minibar
- Bathrobes
- Balcony
- Private bathroom
- Bathtub only
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Digital TV channels
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Daily housekeeping
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Special features
Danubius Health Spa has 6 treatment rooms. Services include hot stone massages, massages, facials, and body treatments. A variety of treatment therapies are provided, including aromatherapy and hydrotherapy. The spa is equipped with a sauna, a spa tub, and a steam room.
Children under 6 years old are not allowed in the spa without adult supervision.
Danubius Health Spa Resort Sarvar - Sarvar's small print
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Pet-friendly rooms can be requested by contacting the property at the number on the booking confirmation.
Children under 6 years old are not allowed in the spa without adult supervision.
For transfers, guests must contact the property before arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
Reservations are required for massage services and spa treatments and can be made by contacting the property before arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
Mandatory fees
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at check in or check out:
- A tax is imposed by the city: HUF 420.00 per person, per night. This tax does not apply to children under 18 years of age.
The charges below are included in the total price displayed:
- New Year's Eve gala dinner fee for stays on 31 December
Optional extras
Late check-out can be arranged for an extra charge of HUF 12500
Air conditioning is available for an extra charge of HUF 2000 per night
Rollaway beds are available for HUF 13000.00 per night
Pets are allowed for an extra charge of HUF 3800 per pet, per night (maximum HUF 3800 per stay)
Airport shuttle service is offered for an extra charge
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


text:
Opening Ceremonies for the 2014 Winter Olympic Games begin tomorrow, February 7, at 7:30 p.m. EST (on tape delay). And while NBC will be live-streaming all sporting events on its website, take note that it is not streaming tomorrow's fanfare, so hole up in your living room or find a sports bar to catch all the Sochi opening festivities.
Washington State has eight athletes competing for Team USA. Among them: Cross-country skiers (and brother-sister duo) Erik Bjornsen and Sadie Bjornsen, short track speedskater J.R. Celski, whose first documentary film project, The Otherside, on the Seattle hip hop scene, is available for free online streaming during the games , Patrick Deneen, freestyle skiing, Brian Gregg, cross-country skiing, Torin Koos, cross-country skiing, Christian Niccum, luge, and Angeli VanLaanen, freestyle skiing.
The Sochi 2014 site has a super handy (and colorful) chart of all the sporting events so you can plan ahead to watch your local guys and gals compete.We'll keep you updated on how Celski et al are performing. Go Team USA!
Want to experience Russian culture without leaving Seattle? See our guide to the best places around town to catch the Olympic spirit.
And watch the trailer for Celski's The Otherside (special appearances by Macklemore and Ryan Lewis) here:


text:
I read somewhere that Dreams Cancun provides transporation for it's guests. Is this true? Or does it only mean that there is s shuttle service and they will call them for you? This will be our first time to a Dreams hotel.
They (Dreams & Secrets) offer transfers services thru third party,
if you google "airport transfers" you'll find better prices than those which resort offers
They recommend a company. It's not included, you have to pay seperate for it. But contact them either my phone or email (their email address is on their website) and they will set it up for you.
Not included. Lomas or USA Transfers get the most praise around these forums and I've used both and wouldn't hesitate to use either again. Both are very good.
anyone knows how much is usually the charge for shared shuttles from airport to hotel?Any recommendations other than the above two mentioned names?
any recommendations from recent visitors to dreams resorts and spa are welcome.Thanks
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