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S93 Exclusion of Evidence To Explain or Amend Ambigious Document (Evidence Act 1950): MAJLIS PERBANDARAN SEBERANG PERAI V TROPILAND SDN BHD [1996] 3 MLJ 94 CIVIL APPEAL NO P 02-11-96 COURT OF APPEAL (KUALA LUMPUR)
The Malayan Law Journal
Administrative Law – Exercise of administrative powers – Local authority – Exercise of discretion – Refusal to issue certificate of occupation – Developer challenged refusal on ground of illegality or – Wednesbury unreasonableness – Whether court merely examines decision-making process – Whether court must examine correctness of decision itself on merits
Administrative Law – Exercise of administrative powers – Local authority – Exercise of discretion – Refusal to issue certificate of occupation – Developer challenged refusal on ground of illegality or – Wednesbury unreasonableness – Correctness of local authority's decision – Trial judge granted declaration that local authority acted ultra vires the law and unreasonably – Trial judge did not appreciate facts of case – Whether declaration granted by judge should be set aside
Administrative Law – Exercise of administrative powers – Local authority – Exercise of discretion – Layout and earthworks plans approved with conditions attached – Developer was to construct moonsoon drain on adjoining state land and perimeter drain on own land – Developer resubmitted layout plan due to alteration done to building – Perimeter drain not drawn into amended plan which was approved by local authority – Squatters living on adjoining state land – Developer completed 80% of moonsoon drain and did not construct perimeter drain – Whether local authority had acted unreasonably in refusing to grant certificate of occupation – Whether court must examine correctness of decision itself on merits or decision-making process
The respondent owned a piece of land in Seberang Prai, and it wanted to construct a 11-storey commercial building on it. It hired an architect who drew up and submitted the earthworks and layout plans to the local authority of Seberang Perai ('the appellant') for approval. The layout plan was approved by the appellant with the condition that the respondent had to construct a monsoon drain on the adjoining state land. The earthworks plan, which was approved subsequently, came with the condition that the respondent construct a perimeter drain on the respondent's land. The respondent then commenced construction. However, the respondent later had to submit an amended layout plan to the appellant, because it wanted to construct a five-storey instead of the original 11-storey building. The perimeter drain was not drawn into the amended layout plan. The appellant approved the amendment. After the building was completed, the respondent applied to the appellant for a certificate of occupation. The appellant refused to issue the certificate, principally on the ground that the respondent had failed to comply with the conditions, ie the respondent had only constructed about 80% of the [*95] monsoon drain, and did not construct the perimeter drain at all. The respondent took out an originating summons claiming declarations to the effect that the appellant's refusal to issue the certificate of fitness for the building was unlawful. The respondent contended that it was unreasonable for the appellant to impose the conditions because: (i) there were squatters on the state land, which the respondent lacked locus standi to enter; (ii) the respondent had a legitimate expectation that the state land would be made available to it by the appellant; and (iii) the area of the respondent's land on which the perimeter drain was to be constructed had to be surrendered to the Jabatan Kerja Raya for the construction of a road. The trial judge took the view that the appellant was acting ultra vires the Town and Country Planning Act 1976 and had committed 'Wednesbury unreasonableness' in imposing the conditions. In the case of the perimeter drain, the judge relied on the extrinsic evidence rule housed in ss 91, 92 and 93 of the Evidence Act 1950 to justify his conclusion that the approved amended layout plan and the earthworks plan ought not to be read together. As the perimeter drain was not drawn into the approved amended plan, the judge held that the requirement to construct the perimeter drain was a new requirement as a condition for the issue of the certificate of fitness, and the appellant had thus acted unreasonably. The trial judge accordingly granted declarations that the appellant wasnot entitled in law nor justified in the exercise of discretion to require the respondent as conditions for the issuance of an occupation certificate: (i) to construct a perimeter drain on the land ('the first declaration'); and (ii) to complete the construction of the monsoon drain on state land with the presence of illegal structures on state land ('the second declaration'). The judge further ordered damages to be assessed by the senior assistant registrar of the High Court in respect of the loss and damage suffered by the respondent. The appellant appealed.
Held, allowing the appeal:
(1) Until very recently, it was thought that when the exercise of discretion by a public decision-maker is challenged on the ground of illegality or 'Wednesbury unreasonableness', the court merely examines the decision-making process and not the correctness of the decision itself on merits. The fallacy of this approach has now been exposed by the majority decision of the Federal Court in Ramachandran v The Industrial Court of MalaysiaCivil Appeal No 02-13-94, yet unreported (see p 105B-C).
(2) It follows that when the exercise of discretion by a public body, such as the appellant, is challenged, a court must examine the facts and determine whether the decision arrived at is reasonable. If it is, then, it is safe from attack. If it is not, then, [*96] the appropriate remedy may be given. In the present case, the judge concluded that the appellant had acted ultra vires and unreasonably. In the light of the law in its present state, his decision really turns upon his appreciation of the facts of the case (see p 106C-D).
(3) Although the High Court had jurisdiction to grant the first declaration in regard to the monsoon drain, it is equally settled that the remedy is discretionary in nature (see p 107H-I); Faber Merlin (M) Sdn Bhd & Ors v Lye Thai Sang & Anor [1985] 2 MLJ 380 and Arab-Malaysian Credit Bhd v Tan Seang Meng [1995] 1 MLJ 525 followed.
(4) The judge ought to have borne in mind that he was being moved for a remedy that was essentially discretionary in nature. He ought to have refused it in the light of the facts made known to him in the affidavits (see p 107F).
(5) In this appeal, the condition relating to the construction of the monsoon drain was there from the very beginning, and was not subsequently imposed upon the respondent. The respondent not only remained silent for three years after the imposition of the condition, but also completed 80% of the work before taking objection. In these circumstances, the doctrine of legitimate expectation has no application whatsoever to the facts of the present appeal. There was nothing unreasonable, in the circumstances of this case, in the appellant's insistence that the respondent fulfil the conditions subject to which planning permission was granted. It followed that the judge was wrong in granting the first declaration (see p 109B-D); Sykt Bekerjasama-Sama Serbaguna Sungai Gelugor Dengan Tanggungan Bhd v Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang [1996] 2 MLJ 697 distinguished.
(6) There may be several pieces of written law, both Acts of Parliament and subsidiary legislation, that regulate the development of land and the construction of or alteration to buildings. Anyone proposing to engage in land development must observe the provisions of all the written laws that regulate this form of human activity. It was, therefore, quite wrong for the judge to proceed upon the basis that compliance with the conditions attaching to the planning permission granted under the Town and Country Planning Act 1976 was quite sufficient. Regard must also be had to the equally compelling provisions of the Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974 which govern the carrying out of earthworks (see pp 111G-I and 112A).
(7) The judge made the assumption that all the necessary earthworks had been completed at the date when the respondent's amended plan was approved. As a matter of pure fact, the assumption made was wrong because the perimeter drain, which was very much a part of the earthworks, [*97] was never constructed. It followed that the reasoning of the judge lacked the necessary factual basis and his conclusion upon the point was a non sequitur (see p 112G).
(8) The authorities referred to and relied upon by the judge that dealt with the extrinsic evidence rule deal with bilateral instruments in private law. The judge failed to realize that he was dealing with a public law case and not a construction summons taken out to interpret the clauses in a private document. That led him to the error into which he fell (see p 113A-D).
(9) In the present case, the original plan for an 11-storey building, the earthworks plan and the amended plan for a five-storey building were all related to the same project. For that reason, they must be read together. The judge was wrong when he said the opposite. It followed that it was no answer for the respondent to say that it had met with all the conditions appearing on the approved amended layout plan. It must also comply with the conditions that appear on the earthworks plan. The condition about the perimeter drain might not appear on the approved amended layout plan, but it appeared on the earthworks plan. That was sufficient. The judge was wrong in treating it as a condition that was imposed later by the appellants. Acting upon an erroneous fact pattern, he applied the dictum of Mohd Dzaiddin J in Rethina Development. That was certainly a misdirection. It had occasioned a miscarriage of justice in this case (see p 113E-G).
(10) The last point made by the judge was that the condition in question gives rise to an absurdity because the perimeter drain, if constructed, would run along the centre of a road to be constructed by the respondent and JKR. However, having read with care the three plans earlier mentioned, this court was satisfied that the absurdity referred to by the judge did not exist (see p 113H-I).
(11) It could not be said that the appellant was acting unreasonably in withholding the certificate of fitness. That the law requires them to act as they have done is borne out by by-law 25(1)(b) of the Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 (being subsidiary legislation made under the Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974) which provides, inter alia, that certificate of fitness for occupation of a building shall be given when all essential services, including drains, have been provided. For these reasons, the judge was wrong in granting the respondent the second declaration (see p 114A-C).
(12) The respondent did not ask for an award of damages, but merely an assessment in its summons. This was altogether wrong. Before an inquiry into or an assessment of damages may take place, there must be a judgment awarding damages, for it is [*98] only under a judgment awarding damages that an assessment or inquiry may take place (see p 114D-E).
(13) In any event, it was sufficient to state that once the declarations were set aside, the order for assessment fell to the ground automatically (see p 114F).
(14) The respondent's case alleged 'Wednesbury unreasonableness', not malice. Yet, the judge held that the appellant had acted in bad faith and out of malice. Having examined the relevant material in the record provided, the court was entirely satisfied that there was absent any material to support this finding (see p 114G).
Bahasa Malaysia summary
Penentang memiliki sebidang tanah di Seberang Prai, dan ia berhasrat mendirikan sebuah bangunan perdagangan 11 tingkat atas tanah tersebut. Ia menggaji seorang arkitek yang melukis dan mengemukakan pelan-pelan kerja tanah dan susun atur kepada pihak berkuasa tempatan Seberang Perai ('perayu') untuk kelulusan. Pelan susun atur telah diluluskan oleh perayu dengan syarat bahawa penentang harus membina sebuah parit monsun atas tanah negeri yang bersempadanan. Kelulusan pelan kerja tanah pada kemudiannya disusuli dengan syarat agar penentang membina sebuah parit perimeter atas tanah penentang. Penentang kemudiannya memulakan kerja pembinaan. Walau bagaimanapun, penentang kemudiannya terpaksa mengemukakan suatu pelan susun atur yang terpinda kepada perayu, sebab ia ingin membina sebuah bangunan lima tingkat dan bukan bangunan 11 tingkat yang asal. Parit perimeter tidak dimasukkan dalam pelan yang dipinda. Perayu meluluskan pindaan itu. Selepas bangunan itu selesai didirikan, penentang telah memohon kepada perayu untuk suatu sijil penghunian. Perayu enggan mengeluarkan sijil itu, terutamanya atas alasan bahawa penentang telah gagal mematuhi syarat-syarat, iaitu penentang hanya telah membina kira-kira 80% daripada parit monsun, dan tidak membina parit perimeter sama sekali. Penentang mengeluarkan suatu saman pemula menuntut perisytiharan bahawa penolakan perayu terhadap pengeluaran perakuan kelayakan bagi bangunan itu menyalahi undang-undang. Penentang berhujah bahawa adalah tidak munasabah bagi perayu mengenakan syarat-syarat sebab: (i) terdapatnya setinggan atas tanah negeri, dan penentang tidak mempunyai locus standi untuk masuk; (ii) penentang mempunyai jangkaan sah bahawa tanah negeri akan disediakan kepadanya oleh perayu; dan (iii) kawasan tanah penentang atas mana parit perimeter akan dibina harus diserah kepada Jabatan Kerja Raya untuk pembinaan jalan. Hakim perbicaraan berpandangan bahawa perayu telah bertindak ultra vires Akta Perancangan Bandar dan Desa 1976 dan telah melakukan 'ketidakmunasab ahan Wednesbury' dalam mengenakan syarat-syarat. Dalam kes parit [*99] perimeter pula, hakim telah bergantung kepada rukun keterangan ekstrinsik yang dirangkumi oleh ss 91, 92 dan 93 Akta Keterangan 1950 bagi memberi justifikasi kepada kesimpulan beliau bahawa pelan susun atur terpinda yang diluluskan dan pelan kerja tanah tidak patut dibaca bersama. Oleh kerana parit perimeter tidak dilukis dalam pelan terpinda yang diluluskan, hakim membuat keputusan bahawa keperluan untuk membina parit perimeter adalah satu keperluan baru sebagai satu syarat untuk pengeluaran perakuan kelayakan, dan dengan itu perayu telah bertindak secara tidak munasabah. Ekoran itu, hakim perbicaraan memberikan perisytiharan bahawa perayu tidak berhak dalam undang-undang mahupun mempunyai justifikasi dalam pelaksanaan budi bicara untuk menghendaki penentang, sebagai syarat untuk pengeluaran suatu perakuan penghunian, untuk: (i) membina sebuah parit perimeter atas tanah tersebut ('perisytiharan pertama'); dan (ii) untuk menyempurnakan pembinaan parit monsun atas tanah negeri walaupun terdapat struktur yang menyalahi undang-undang atas tanah negeri ('perisytiharan kedua'). Hakim seterusnya membuat perintah supaya ganti rugi ditaksir oleh penolong kanan pendaftar Mahkamah Tinggi berhubung dengan kerugian dan kerosakan yang dialami oleh penentang. Perayu membuat rayuan.
Diputuskan, membenarkan rayuan:
(1) Sehingga baru-baru ini, ia dianggap bahawa apabila pelaksanaan budi bicara oleh badan membuat keputusan awam dicabar atas alasan menyalahi undang-undang atau 'ketidakmunasabahan Wednesbury', mahkamah hanya memeriksa proses membuat keputusan dan bukan ketepatan keputusan sendiri atas merit. Falasi pendekatan ini kini telah dihancurkan oleh keputusan majoriti Mahkamah Persekutuan dalam Ramachandran v The Industrial Court of Malaysia Rayuan Sivil No 02-13-94, belum dilaporkan (lihat ms 105B-C).
(2) Ini bermakna bahawa apabila pelaksanaan budi bicara oleh badan awam, misalnya perayu, dicabar, sesebuah mahkamah mestilah meneliti fakta-fakta dan menentukan sama ada atau tidak keputusan yang dibuat adalah munasabah. Jika ianya munasabah, maka ianya selamat daripada kritikan. Jika tidak, maka remedi yang wajar boleh diberikan. Dalam kes ini, hakim telah membuat kesimpulan bahawa perayu telah bertindak ultra vires dan dalam cara yang tidak munasabah. Memandangkan undang-undang dalam keadaan sekarang, keputusan beliau benar-benar bertentangan dengan ulasan beliau atas fakta kes (lihat ms 106C-D).
(3) Walaupun Mahkamah Tinggi mempunyai bidang kuasa untuk memberi perisytiharan pertama berkaitan dengan parit monsun, adalah mantap bahawa remedi itu adalah mengikut budi bicara (lihat ms 107H-I); Faber Merlin (M) Sdn Bhd & Ors v Lye [*100] Thai Sang & Anor [1985] 2 MLJ 380 dan Arab-Malaysian Credit Bhd v Tan Seang Meng [1995] 1 MLJ 525 diikut.
(4) Hakim sepatutnya mengingati bahawa beliau diminta untuk suatu remedi yang pada dasarnya mengikut budi bicara. Beliau sepatutnya menolaknya memandangkan fakta-fakta yang dikemukakan padanya dalam afidavit-afidavit (lihat ms 107F).
(5) Dalam rayuan ini, syarat yang berhubung dengan pembinaan parit monsun memang ada dari permulaan, dan bukanlah dikenakan kemudiannya atas penentang. Penentang bukan sahaja mendiamkan diri selama tiga tahun selepas pengenaan syarat, malah juga telah menyempurnakan 80% kerja sebelum membuat bantahan. Dalam keadaan ini, doktrin jangkaan sah tidak terpakai sama sekali terhadap fakta-fakta rayuan ini. Tiada apa-apa yang tidak munasabah, dalam keadaan kes ini, dalam tegasan perayu agar penentang memenuhi syarat-syarat tertakluk kepada pemberian kebenaran perancangan. Ini bermakna bahawa hakim adalah salah dalam memberikan perisytiharan pertama (lihat ms 109B-D); Sykt Bekerjasama-Sama Serbaguna Sungai Gelugor Dengan Tanggungan Bhd v Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang [1996] 2 MLJ 697 dibeza.
(6) Mungkin terdapat beberapa undang-undang bertulis, termasuk kedua-dua Akta Parlimen dan perundangan subsidiari, yang mengawal pemajuan tanah dan pembinaan atau perubahan kepada bangunan. Sesiapa yang bercadang melibatkan diri dalam pemajuan tanah mesti mematuhi peruntukan semua undang-undang bertulis yang mengawal bentuk aktiviti manusia ini. Oleh yang demikian, adalah salah untuk hakim membuat keputusan atas dasar bahawa pematuhan syarat-syarat yang disertai bersama kebenaran perancangan yang diberi di bawah Akta Perancangan Bandar dan Desa 1976 adalah agak memadai. Perhatian juga mestilah diberikan kepada peruntukan dalam Akta Jalan, Parit dan Bangunan 1974 yang menguasai penjalanan kerja tanah (lihat ms 111G-I dan 112A).
(7) Hakim telah membuat tanggapan bahawa kesemua kerja tanah yang perlu telah diselesaikan pada tarikh apabila pelan penentang yang terpinda diluluskan. Secara kebetulan, tanggapan yang dibuat itu adalah salah sebab parit perimeter, yang merupakan sebahagian daripada kerja tanah, tidak pernah dibina. Ekoran itu, pertimbangan hakim kekurangan asas faktual yang perlu dan kesimpulan beliau atas perkara itu adalah suatu non sequitur (lihat ms 112G).
(8) Autoriti yang dirujuk oleh hakim dan yang hakim tersebut bergantung kepada, membincangkan rukun keterangan ekstrinsik yang berkenaan dengan suratcara dwipihak dalam undang-undang persendirian. Hakim gagal menyedari bahawa beliau sedang mengendalikan suatu kes undang-undang awam dan bukannya suatu saman pentafsiran yang diambil bagi [*101] mentafsir fasal-fasal dalam dokumen peribadi. Itulah yang mengakibatkan kesilapan hakim (lihat ms 113A-D).
(9) Dalam kes ini, pelan asal untuk sebuah bangunan 11 tingkat, pelan kerja tanah dan pelan yang dipinda untuk bangunan lima tingkat semuanya berhubung dengan projek yang sama. Atas alasan itu, mereka haruslah dibaca bersama. Hakim adalah salah apabila beliau mengatakan yang sebaliknya. Ini bermakna bahawa penentang tidak boleh mengatakan bahawa ia telah mematuhi semua syarat atas pelan susun atur terpinda yang diluluskan. Ia juga mesti mematuhi syarat-syarat atas pelan kerja tanah. Syarat mengenai parit perimeter mungkin tidak tertulis atas pelan susun atur terpinda yang diluluskan, tetapi ia muncul atas pelan kerja tanah. Ini sudah mencukupi. Hakim adalah salah dalam menganggapnya sebagai suatu syarat yang dikenakan pada kemudiannya oleh perayu. Hakim telah bertindak atas pola fakta yang salah dan memakai dictum Mohd Dzaiddin H dalam Rethina Development. Itu sesungguhnya merupakan suatu salah arah. Ia telah mengakibatkan suatu ketidakadilan dalam kes ini (lihat ms 113E-G).
(10) Pendapat terakhir yang telah diberikan oleh hakim ialah bahawa syarat yang berkenaan menimbulkan suatu keadaan yang tidak munasabah sebab parit perimeter, jika dibina, akan bersampingan dengan bahagian tengah sebatang jalan yang akan dibina oleh penentang dan JKR. Namun demikian, selepas membaca ketiga-tiga pelan yang disebut tadi dengan teliti, mahkamah berpuas hati bahawa keadaan tidak munasabah yang dirujuk oleh hakim tidak wujud (lihat ms 113H-I).
(11) Tidak boleh dikatakan bahawa perayu bertindak secara tidak munasabah dalam menahan perakuan kelayakan. Undang-undang yang menghendaki mereka bertindak seperti yang telah berlaku adalah tersirat dalam undang-undang kecil 25(1)(b) Undang-Undang Kecil Bangunan Seragam 1984 (yang merupakan perundangan subsidiari yang dibuat di bawah Akta Jalan, Parit dan Bangunan 1974) yang memperuntukkan, antara lain, bahawa perakuan kelayakan untuk penghunian sesebuah bangunan harus diberikan apabila semua kemudahan asas, termasuk parit, telah pun disediakan. Atas alasan-alasan ini, hakim adalah salah dalam memberikan perisytiharan kedua kepada penentang (lihat ms 114A-C).
(12) Penentang tidak meminta suatu award ganti rugi, tetapi suatu taksiran sahaja dalam samannya. Ini adalah salah pada keseluruhannya. Sebelum siasatan ke dalam atau taksiran ganti rugi boleh berlaku, mestilah terdapat suatu penghakiman yang mengawardkan ganti rugi, kerana suatu taksiran atau siasatan hanya boleh berlaku di bawah suatu penghakiman yang mengawardkan ganti rugi (lihat ms 114D-E).
(13) Bagaimanapun, adalah memadai untuk menyatakan bahawa sebaik sahaja perisytiharan diketepikan, perintah untuk taksiran secara automatik tidak boleh dilaksanakan (lihat ms 114F).
(14) Kes penentang mendakwa 'ketidakmunasabahan Wednesbury', bukan niat jahat. Namun begitu, hakim telah membuat keputusan bahawa perayu telah bertindak atas niat jahat. Selepas meneliti material yang relevan dalam rekod yang disediakan, mahkamah berpuas hati bahawa tidak terdapat sebarang material yang menyokong pendapat ini (lihat ms p 114G).
For cases on exercise exercise of administrative powers, see
1 Mallal's Digest (4th Ed, 1995 Reissue) paras 1-50.
Arab-Malaysian Credit Bhd v Tan Seang Meng [1995] 1 MLJ 525
Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corp [1948] 1 KB 223
Council Of Civil Service Unions & Ors v Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374
Faber Merlin (M) Sdn Bhd & Ors v Lye Thai Sang & Anor [1985] 2 MLJ 380
Goh Eng Wah v Yap Phooi Yin & Anor [1985] 1 MLJ 329
Keng Huat Film Co Sdn Bhd v Makhanlall (Properties) Pte Ltd [1984] 1 MLJ 243
Pengarah Tanah dan Galian Wilayah Persekutuan v Sri Lempah Enterprise Sdn Bhd [1979] 1 MLJ 135
Ramachandran v The Industrial Court of Malaysia Civil Appeal 02-13-94 (Civil Appeal No 02-13-94) (unreported)
Sykt Bekerjasama-Sama Serbaguna Sungai Gelugor Dengan Tanggungan Bhd v Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang [1996] 2 MLJ 697
Evidence Act 1950 ss 91, 92, 93
Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974 s 70A(1), (2), (3)
Town and Country Planning Act 1976
Uniform Building By-Laws 1984
Originating Summons No 24-718-93 (High Court, Pulau Pinang)
Zaki Tun Azmi (CKV Devan, K Sarasvathy and Vishnu Kumar with him) (Devan Hussin & Co) for the appellant.
JA Yeoh Christina Siew with him) (Shearn Delamore & Co) for the respondent. [*103]
GOPAL SRI RAM JCA (delivering the judgment of the court): The respondent owns a piece of land in Seberang Prai which it wanted to develop. It wanted to construct a commercial building on the land. It was to be an 11-storey building with a supermarket. It hired an architect who drew up plans. Those plans had to be approved by the appellant which is the local authority in, and for, Seberang Perai. There were two plans to start with. One is what is generally called the layout plan; the other had to do with the earthworks.
Under the law, the respondent could not lawfully commence building work of any sort — including earthwork — without the approval of the appellant. It waited for the approvals to come. Eventually they came. The layout plan was approved by the appellant on 30 November 1984, while the earthworks plan was approved on 19 July 1986. The approvals came with conditions. One of the conditions required the respondent to construct or upgrade a monsoon drain on the land adjoining the respondent's property. That land belonged to the state. There were squatters on it. Constructing the monsoon drain meant having to deal with these squatters. Another condition was that the respondent had to construct a perimeter drain on its land.
The respondent commenced construction. When the third floor of the building was under construction, it had a change of heart. It did not want to have 11 storeys. It proposed to have a five-storeyed building. So it got its architect to prepare and submit an amendment to the original plan. That was approved as well, once again with conditions. There was a requirement to submit a fresh earthworks plan to the engineering department. What the appellant obviously wanted was either compliance with the conditions in the original earthworks plan or a new proposal on the drains.
The respondent constructed about 80% of the monsoon drain, dealing with the squatters as it went along. Then it ran into brick wall, as it were, with one of the squatters who, it appears, was a little adamant. At that point, the respondent stopped work on the monsoon drain.
The respondent did not construct the perimeter drain. Mr Yeoh, who appeared for the respondent on the appeal, has told us that there are good reasons for this. He has drawn our attention to the several plans and the endorsements on them. According to him, the area of the respondent's land on which the perimeter drains were to be constructed had to be surrendered to the Jabatan Kerja Raya (the Public Works Department), or 'JKR' for short, for the construction of a road. We will deal with this aspect of the case later.
Having completed the building, the respondent applied to the appellant for a certificate of occupation so that it could put the building to use. But the appellant refused to issue such a certificate principally on the ground that the respondent had failed to comply with the conditions [*104] relating to the construction of the perimeter and the monsoon drains. Thereupon, the respondent took out an originating summons in which it claimed several declarations, the effect of which was to declare as unlawful the appellant's refusal to issue the certificate of fitness for the building in question.
When the matter came on for hearing before Vincent Ng J, the respondent withdrew the first two declarations claimed in its summons. After hearing arguments, the learned judge granted the respondent the following relief:
(i) a declaration that the defendants are not entitled in law nor justified in the exercise of discretion to require the plaintiffs, as a condition for the issuance of an occupation certificate in respect of a block of five- storey building (hereinafter referred to as 'the said building') on the plaintiffs' land known as Lots 368, 369 and 370 Mukim 15 Jalan Telaga Ayer, Butterworth (hereinafter referred to as 'the said land'), to construct a perimeter drain along the eastern and southern boundary of the said land;
(ii) a declaration that the defendants are not entitled in law nor justified in the exercise of discretion to require the plaintiffs, as a condition for the issuance of an occupation certificate in respect of the said building on the said land, to complete the construction of the monsoon drain on state land notwithstanding the presence of unauthorized and/or illegal structures on state land; and
(iii) damages to be assessed by the senior assistant registrar of the High Court in respect of the loss and damage suffered by the plaintiffs on account of the defendants' failure and/or refusal to date to issue an occupation certificate in respect of the said building on the said land.
He also awarded the respondent the costs of the action.
The judge granted the declarations in question because he thought that the appellant was acting outside the law and unreasonably in imposing the conditions about the perimeter and monsoon drains. In doing so, he relied on the Delphic pronouncement by Lord Greene MR in Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corp [1948] 1 KB 223. The proposition which that case established is that a public decision-maker on whom statute confers a discretion must exercise it reasonably. It has been applied in numerous cases throughout the commonwealth. We too have incorporated it as part of our common law. See Pengarah Tanah dan Galian Wilayah Persekutuan v Sri Lempah Enterprise Sdn Bhd [1979] 1 MLJ 135 at pp 146 and 148. The principle is so well established that, as a ground of challenge, it has come to be known as 'Wednesbury unreasonableness'.
In Council Of Civil Service Unions & Ors v Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374, Lord Diplock listed four grounds on which a decision in [*105] public law may be challenged. They are, he said, 'illegality', 'irrationality', 'procedural impropriety' and 'proportionality'. He placed 'Wednesbury unreasonableness' within the 'irrationality' category.
Until very recently, it was thought that when the exercise of discretion by a public decision-maker is challenged on the ground of illegality or 'Wednesbury unreasonableness', the court merely examines the decision- making process and not the correctness of the decision itself on merits. The fallacy of this approach has now been exposed by the majority decision of the Federal Court in Ramachandran v The Industrial Court of Malaysia Appeal No 02-13-94, yet unreported. It is a landmark decision. It stands as a beacon lighting the path of future development in the field of public law. Edgar Joseph Jr FCJ, who delivered one of the majority judgments, exploded the theory that judicial review is always concerned only with the decision-making process and never with the decision itself. This is what he said (at pp 8-11 of the transcript):
Lord Diplock's first ground for challenge — namely, illegality —
involves insisting that the authority or body whose decision is being
impugned has kept strictly within the perimeters of their powers. A
good example of this is the case of Westminster City Council v Great
Portland Estates plc [1985] AC 661, an ultra vires case involving
judicial construction of the Town and Country Planning Act 1971. The
question for decision was whether the Act permitted the relevant
authorities, by resort to their development plans, to support the
retention of traditional industries or was the ambit of the Act such as
to permit only 'land use' aims to be pursued? It was held that 'the
character of the use of the land not the particular purpose of a
particular occupier' was the concern of planning, and therefore, the
authority could not seek to favour any particular occupant or class of
occupant. By thus confining the relevant authority strictly to the four
walls of the powers conferred upon them by the Act, the court was
involved in the exercise of reviewing the impugned decision for
substance and not just process.
Lord Diplock's second ground for challenge — namely, irrationality
— recognizes a different route whereby the substance of a decision
may be reviewed by the courts. By this means, Lord Diplock made it
clear that despite being legal — that is to say, within the powers
conferred — a decision may nevertheless be struck down for being
contrary to substantive principles. In the words of Lord Diplock:
… a decision which is so outrageous in its defiance of logic or of
accepted moral standards that no sensible person who had applied his
mind to the question to be decided could have arrived at it.
In this regard, the case of Hall & Co Ltd v Storeham-By-Sea UDC
[1964] 1 All ER 1, a planning case, affords a good illustration of
how the courts in the United Kingdom do in practice review a decision
for substance even though it may comply with the legislative
scheme. The defendant had granted the plaintiffs planning permission
subject to conditions that required them to construct a road on their
land and dedicate its use to the public. No compensation was payable to
them for the loss of the land to be used for the [*106] road.
Under town and country planning law, a local authority may, in granting
planning permission, impose such conditions as it may think fit. The
court struck down the condition, one of the grounds being that the
condition was void for unreasonableness. On the one hand, while viewed
from a traffic engineering point of view, the defendant's object was
'perfectly reasonable', but on the other hand, the course they adopted
was 'utterly unreasonable'. In effect, the court had examined the
decision for substance, and held that the imposition of the
condition was an abuse of power and unlawful. It is implicit in this
decision that the court was indirectly enforcing the fundamental civil
right to be compensated adequately for property compulsorily acquired.
It follows that when the exercise of discretion by a public body, such as the appellant, is challenged, a court is entitled to — indeed it must — examine the facts and determine whether the decision arrived at is reasonable in the sense described by Edgar Joseph Jr FCJ in the foregoing passage. If it is, then, it is safe from attack. If it is not, then, the appropriate remedy may be given.
In the present case, the learned judge, as earlier observed, concluded that the appellant had acted ultra vires and unreasonably. In the light of the law in its present state, his decision really turns upon his appreciation of the facts of the case.
Against the judge's decision, the appellant local authority has now appealed to us. Dato Zaki, who appeared for it, has argued the appeal with his usual ability. He has taken us through the relevant affidavits and plans to show that the learned judge came to the conclusion that the appellant had acted unreasonably because he had not fully appreciated the evidence before him. In short, there was no judicial appreciation of the facts. Dato Zaki has demonstrated beyond any doubt that the conditions about which the respondent complains are not new ones imposed mid-stream at the whims and fancies of the appellant. They were there all along and the respondent took on the development of its land fully cognizant of the ramifications that were entailed. In a nutshell, the appellants had not acted either high-handedly or unreasonably. And there was certainly no bad faith on their part.
We think that there is merit in the arguments presented by Dato Zaki. We will deal with the two points of essential contention between the parties.
In the case of the monsoon drain, there is abundant evidence that the respondent knew that it had to be constructed on state land. It knew, or must be taken to know, of the presence of squatters. Yet it did not complain about the condition at the time it was imposed. It did not appeal against the imposition of the condition. If its appeal had been unsuccessful, it may have moved for certiorari to quash the condition. But, as we have [*107] already observed, it did none of these things. And there is a reason for its earlier reticence. Locating the monsoon drain on state land meant that the respondent had the use of all its land. Had the monsoon drain been relocated on the respondent's land, it would have meant having to give up a portion of its land. That is probably why it initially accepted the condition on the layout plan.
Mr Yeoh, who appeared for the respondent, has said in answer that the condition imposed by the appellant did not require his client to construct or upgrade the monsoon drain irrespective of the presence of squatters. Had the appellant imposed such a condition on the layout plan, said Mr Yeoh, the respondent would have lodged an appeal for the removal of the condition. He argued that it is unreasonable of the appellants to expect the respondent to enter upon state land and deal with squatters when the respondent lacks locus standi to do so.
The short answer to Mr Yeoh's argument is that, the condition requiring the construction or the upgrading of the monsoon drain cannot, and should not, be read in vacuo . It must be read in the light of the circumstances prevailing at and about the site at which the the respondent proposed to construct its building. At the time the condition was indorsed on the layout plan, the respondent knew, or must be taken to have known, of the status of the land on which the monsoon drain was required to be constructed. The respondent must have been aware that state land was involved. It must have known about the squatters. But it did nothing for three years. We do not think it ought to be heard to complain now. The judge ought to have borne in mind that he was being moved for a remedy that was essentially discretionary in nature. He ought to have refused it in the light of the facts made known to him in the affidavits.
When this point was put to Mr Yeoh, he countered with the argument that the court had jurisdiction to grant the first declaration in regard to the monsoon drain. He referred us to the earlier proceedings in this case. Azmel J had dismissed the action for want of jurisdiciton. The respondent appealed to the (then) Supreme Court which ruled that the High Court did have jurisdiction to grant the declarations sought. Mr Yeoh submitted that the matter was now closed and the issue of the High Court's jurisdiction could not now be re-agitated.
With respect, we are unable to accept Mr Yeoh's argument. It overlooks the vital difference between jurisdiction and discretion in the context of declaratory relief. No doubt that the High Court has jurisdiction to grant such relief. But it is equally settled that the remedy is discretionary in nature. A plaintiff who establishes his right may nevertheless be refused declaratory relief in certain circumstances, eg where he is guilty of laches or other unconscionable conduct. See Faber Merlin (M) Sdn Bhd & Ors v Lye Thai Sang & Anor [1985] 2 MLJ 380 at p 384.
The answer to Mr Yeoh's argument, we believe, lies in the following passage of the judgment of this court in Arab-Malaysian Credit Bhd v Tan Seang Meng [1995] 1 MLJ 525 (at p 534):
Now, it is one thing to say that a court has no power to make an order
or to grant relief and quite a different thing to say that a particular
order or relief will not, in accordance with settled principles, be
granted. A refusal in such circumstances is in fact an exercise of
jurisdiction and not a denial of it. This important distinction of
principle is well brought out by the following passage in the advice of
the Privy Council delivered by Lord Diplock in Rediffusion (Hong
Kong) Ltd v A-G of Hong Kong [1970] AC 1136; [1970] 2 WLR 1264
which was applied by our Federal Court in Dato Menteri Othman bin
Baginda & Anor v Dato Ombi Syed Alwi bin Syed Idrus [1981] 1 MLJ 29
When considering an action claiming relief in the form of discretionary remedies only it is thus important to distinguish between the jurisdiction of the court to entertain the action at all, ie to embark upon the inquiry whether facts exist which would entitle the court to grant the relief claimed, and a settled practice of the court to exercise its discretion by withholding the relief if the facts found to exist disclose a particular kind of factual situation. The application of a discretion to refuse relief even though this may be pursuant to a settled practice is an exercise of jurisdiction, not a denial of it.
Although those words were spoken in the context of declaratory relief,
they are of universal application …
Mr Yeoh has also argued that the respondent had a legitimate expectation that the state land on which the monsoon drain was to be constructed would be made available to it by the appellant. Counsel conceded that he did not raise or argue this point before the High Court. It is, therefore, an entirely new point. Had it been raised, the appellant may have wanted to put in some evidence on it. It cannot do so now. Mr Yeoh, however, argued that no further evidence is necessary. We are not certain that he is right in his argument. But we will assume that he is. Yet the point does not avail his client at all.
This is how counsel put his argument. Since the state land was not made available, the respondent was no longer under an obligation to fulfill the condition in question. In support of his submission, Mr Yeoh relied on the decision of this court in Sykt Bekerjasama-Sama Serbaguna Sungai Gelugor Dengan Tanggungan Bhd v Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang [1996] 2 MLJ 697 , where it was held that the grant of planning permission creates a substantive right through the operation of the doctrine of legitimate expectation.
In our judgment, the present case bears no resemblance to the facts of Sungai Gelugor's case. There, the local authority, having granted planning permission that was valid for a year, granted an extension of that permission [*109] subject to additional conditions. This court held that the Sungai Gelugor Co-operative Society, as the developer, had a legitimate expectation that the planning permission would be extended upon the same conditions as those imposed upon its grant.
In the appeal now before us, the condition relating to the construction or upgrading of the monsoon drain was there from the very beginning. It was not subsequently imposed upon the respondent as was done in Sungai Gelugor . As we earlier observed, the respondent not only remained silent for three years after the imposition of the condition, but also completed 80% of the work before taking objection. In these circumstances, the doctrine of legitimate expectation has no application whatsoever to the facts of the present appeal.
The learned judge has said, in his judgment, that it was unreasonable of the appellant to insist upon the compliance of the monsoon drain condition before it will issue the certificate of fitness for occupation. This argument is slightly different from the one advanced by Mr Yeoh before us, and to which we have addressed ourselves thus far. We do not agree with the judge's conclusion. In our view, there was nothing unreasonable, in the circumstances of this case, in the appellant's insistence that the respondent fulfill the conditions subject to which planning permission was granted. It follows that the judge was wrong in granting the first declaration.
We now turn to the second declaration. It has to do with the perimeter drain. In order to deal with this part of the case, it is necessary to recall some of the salient facts.
The requirement that the respondent construct a perimeter drain on its land did not appear as part of the planning permission. It appeared in the earthworks plan. The learned judge held that that was not good enough. This is what he actually said about it:
After careful consideration it is my view that it is wholly
impermissible in law and without any justification in fact for this
court to hold that the requirement in CAB 2 [the earthworks plan]
pertaining to the construction of a perimeter drain should be read into
or in conjunction with CAB 3 [the amended plan]. My reasons are as
(a) CAB 2 — pertaining to earthworks operations, which is an
entirely different stage in the development process of a land —
was approved about two years before CAB 3 and under an altogether
different legislation being the Street, Drainage and Building Act
1974. Due to a lapse of such a long period between the respective
approvals of CAB 2 and CAB 3, it would not be unreasonable for
the plaintiffs to presume that CAB 2 had been deemed to be fully
complied with upon approval of CAB 3 and that CAB 3 was intended
to be the final and sole reference planning permission under the
Act. Alternatively, it would appear that the very approval of the
layout plan (CAB 3) presupposes the acceptance by the defendants
that the earthworks had been completed in accordance with CAB 2.
Also, as it has been conceded that under the Act planning
permission or a layout plan deals, inter [*110] alia, with
drains generally and of all categories of drains — indeed, here,
the monsoon drain and the building drains are clearly indicated
in CAB 3 — there is no valid or plausible reason why the
concrete perimeter drain could not also be drawn into CAB 3.
Consequently, its absence would indicate that such drain is not a
requirement in the development of a five-storey building, though
it may have been a requirement in respect of an 11-storey
building (that was never built).
Furthermore, the earthworks plan cannot complement the approved amended
layout plan, as in law it is the approved amended layout plan (CAB 3)
together with the conditions endorsed thereon, and not the earthworks
plan (CAB 2) that constitutes the planning permission. And the nature
of the plan in CAB 3 itself does not permit the construction of the
purported perimeter drain, having regard to sub-division of the land
concerned and the conditions imposed thereto.
(b) The earthworks plan (CAB 2) relates to earthworks required in
respect of a 11-storey building whereas CAB 3 relates to the
proposed construction of a five-storey building. As such, the
specification or the very requirement for a perimeter drain may
be different in the case of a smaller building structure.
(c) To hold that an earthworks plan could be read in conjunction or
together with a layout plan may hereafter give rise to a chaotic
situation where, in the event of a situation occuring, obversely
to the current case, in the two plans, a developer may probably
contend that he is under no obligation to construct a perimeter
drain shown in the layout plan because it is not in the
earthworks plan approved earlier in time.
(d) The very issuance of the layout plan (CAB 3) would have the
effect of implicitly superseding the earthworks plan. This is a
reasonable and sensible approach which the court has to take, a
fortiori as, despite the defendants being clothed with sufficient
and wide powers under s 22 of the Act to refuse or to impose
conditions when granting planning permission, yet the defendants
did not impose in CAB 3 the condition requiring the construction
of a concrete perimeter drain.
(e) The construction of a proposed concrete perimeter drain — if at
all it was intended to be a requirement, despite its absence in
CAB 3 — would create an absurdity, as such drain would run
parallel along the center of the 40-feet road to be constructed
by the plaintiffs and the Public Works Department.
(f) To require that CAB 2 be read in conjunction with CAB 3 would
also run foul of ss 91 and 92 of the Evidence Act 1950 and the
established authorities. See Faber Merlin (M) Sdn Bhd & Ors v
Lye Thai Sang [1985] 2 MLJ 380 and Keng Huat Film Co Sdn
Bhd v Makhanlall (Properties) Pte Ltd [1984] 1 MLJ 243 .
(g) There is no ambiguity or defect in CAB 3 (the layout plan), and
even if there is such defect or ambiguity, s 93 of the Evidence
Act 1950 would exclude extrinsic evidence to amend or explain
such document. Indeed, whatever the parties may in their heart of
hearts have intended, only the intentions as expressed in CAB 3
may be construed. See Goh Eng Wah v Yap Phooi Yin & Anor
(h) Section 70A(5) of the Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974 (as
amended) is inapplicable as it was never contended that
earthworks have not been completed.
(i) Since I have held that CAB 2 cannot be read into or compliment
(sic) CAB 3, I would adopt the dicta of Mohd Dzaiddin J (as he
then was), in Rethina Development Sdn Bhd v Majlis Perbandaran
Seberang Perai, Butterworth (incidentally the same defendants)
[1990] 2 MLJ 111 at p 114H, who had this to say:
Based on the above facts, in my judgment, the MPSP had no power
to add, amend or go behind the conditions imposed in the layout
plan once approval of the said plan was granted.
In my opinion, that was an eminently correct approach to take;
considering that a local authority has ample and wide powers under s
22(3) of the Act to impose such 'conditions as it deems fit' when
granting planning permission, it would be wholly unfair and unjust to
allow them to impose fresh conditions especially at the stage of
issuance of occupation certificate of fitness, and after the developer
— who is essentially also an investor of the state — had already
incurred considerable construction expense. Regrettably, this has
happened again in the current case involving the same local council.
For all the above reasons, I hold that the plaintiffs are under no
obligations to build the concrete perimeter drain and the MPSP's
requirement that this drain, which is not in CAB 3 (the layout plan),
be constructed, as a condition for the issuance of an OCF is not
justified in law and is ultra vires the Town and Country Planning Act
1976. The declaration sought as in prayer 3 of the plaintiffs' claim is
thus also allowed.
With respect, we find ourselves unable to agree with the views expressed by the learned judge in the foregoing passages.
First, the learned judge has treated the Town and Country Planning Act 1976 and the Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974 as separate and unconnected pieces of legislation for the purposes of land development. Hence his use of the phrase 'an altogether different legislation' to describe the latter Act.
Now, there may be — and in this country, there are — several pieces of written law, both Acts of Parliament and subsidiary legislation, that regulate the development of land and the construction of or alteration to buildings. All these written laws contain requirements of one sort or another. Anyone proposing to engage in land development must observe the provisions of all the written laws that regulate this form of human activity.
It is, therefore, quite wrong to proceed upon the basis — as did the learned judge — that compliance with the conditions attaching to the planning permission granted under the Town and Country Planning Act 1976 is quite sufficient. Regard must also be had to the equally compelling [*112] provisions of the Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974 which govern the carrying out of earthworks.
With respect, the learned judge appears to have completely misunderstood the important role played by an earthworks plan in the context of land development. Earthworks play an important role in any development. It was in recognition of this that Parliament amended the Street, Drainage and Building Act by introducing s 70A, sub-ss (1), (2) and (3) of which read as follows:
70A(1) No person shall commence or carry out or permit to be commenced
or carried out any earthworks without having first submitted to
the local authority plans and specifications in respect of the
earthworks and obtained the approval of the local authority
(2) Where the earthworks are to be commenced or carried out for the
purpose of the construction of any building, street, drain,
sewer, or embankment, or for the laying of any cable or pipe, or
for the purpose of any other construction or work whatsoever, the
plans and specifications relating to such construction or work
required to be submitted under this Act or any by-laws made
thereunder shall be submitted to the local authority at the same
time as the plans and specifications in respect of the earthworks.
(3) In granting the approval under subsection (1) the local authority
may impose such conditions as it deems fit.
This provision, therefore, makes it quite clear that earthworks are an integral part of land development. Equally, it is clear that an earthworks plan is an important document. It follows that any conditions that are reasonably imposed by a local authority in relation to earthworks must be given the same importance as those conditions subject to which planning permission is granted under the parallel statute.
The second point we make is this. The learned judge made the assumption that all the necessary earthworks had been completed at the date the respondent's amended plan was approved. As a matter of pure fact, the assumption made is wrong because the perimeter drains, which are very much a part of the earthworks, were never constructed. And there is no dispute about this. It follows that the reasoning of the learned judge lacks the necessary factual basis and his conclusion upon the point is a non sequitur.
We now turn to deal with the third, and probably the most important, ground upon which the learned judge based his conclusion. In the passages of his judgment which we have reproduced earlier, the learned judge has made it clear that he relied on the extrinsic evidence rule housed in ss 91, 92 and 93 of the Evidence Act 1950 to justify his conclusion that the two plans — the approved amended layout plan and the earthworks plan — ought not to be read together. In the result, he held the appellant to have acted unreasonably in requiring the respondent to satisfy a new requirement as a condition for the issue of the certificate of fitness.
In our judgment, the reasoning of the judge suffers from a serious infirmity. The authorities referred to and relied upon by him that deal with the extrinsic evidence rule deal with bilateral instruments in private law. Faber Merlin (M) Sdn Bhd & Ors v Lye Thai Sang & Anor [1985] 2 MLJ 380 was a case that concerned the interpretation of a sale and purchase agreement that related to a building, while Keng Huat Film Co Sdn Bhd v Makhanlall (Properties) Pte Ltd [1984] 1 MLJ 243 and Goh Eng Wah v Yap Phooi Yin & Anor [1985] 1 MLJ 329 were cases that concerned the construction of a covenant in a lease. The task of the court in these cases was confined to ascertaining the objective intention of contracting parties.
The present case calls for no such exercise. What is involved here is the rather simple question whether the requirements imposed by the appellant under the power given it by one or more of the statutes that regulate the use of the environment have been met. This the learned judge unfortunately did not appreciate. Neither did he recognize the irrelevance of the authorities cited by counsel for the respondent and relied upon by him in his judgment. He failed to realize that he was dealing with a public law case and not a construction summons taken out to interpret the clauses in a private document. That led him to the error into which he fell.
In the present case, there are at least three plans. There is the original plan for an 11-storey building. Then, there is the earthworks plan. Finally, there is the amended plan for a five-storey building, submitted by the respondent after construction had commenced. Although each may deal with different aspects, they all relate to the same project. For that reason, they must be read together. The judge was wrong when he said the opposite.
It follows that it is no answer for the respondent to say that it has met with all the conditions appearing on the amended approved layout plan. It must also comply with the conditions that appear on the earthworks plan. The condition about the perimeter drain may not appear on the approved amended layout plan. But it appears on the earthworks plan. That is sufficient. The judge treated it as a condition that was imposed later by the appellants. He was wrong in his perception of the facts, because that is not how it happened. Acting upon an erroneous fact pattern, he applied the dictum of Mohd Dzaiddin J in Rethina Development. That is certainly a misdirection. It has occasioned a miscarriage of justice in this case.
The fourth and last point made by the judge is that the condition in question gives rise to an absurdity because the perimeter drain, if constructed, would run along the centre of a 40-feet road to be constructed by the respondent and JKR. This point caused us some anxiety when Mr Yeoh first mentioned it during his submissions. However, Dato Zaki has carefully taken us through the relevant indorsements on all the relevant plans and demonstrated that the judge misunderstood the evidence on the point. Having read with care the three plans earlier mentioned, we are satisfied that the absurdity referred to by the judge does not exist.
Could it then be said that the appellant was acting unreasonably in withholding the certificate of fitness? We do not think so.
That the law requires them to act as they have done is borne out by by-law 25(1)(b) of the Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 (being subsidiary legislation made under the Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974) which provides as follows:
25(1) Certificate of fitness for occupation of a building shall be
given when —
(a) …
(b) all essential services, including access roads, landscape,
car parks, drains, sanitary, water and electricity
installation, firelifts, fire hydrant and others where
required, sewerage and refuse disposal requirements have
been provided.
For these reasons, the learned judge was wrong in granting the respondent the second declaration.
There is one last matter that requires our attention. It is the order of the learned judge directing an inquiry into damages.
We must say at once that nowhere in its summons did the respondent ask for an award of damages. It merely asked for an assessment. This is altogether wrong. Before an inquiry into or an assessment of damages may take place, there must be a judgment awarding damages, for it is only under a judgment awarding damages that an assessment or inquiry may take place. Though none saw it, the point is critical.
For present purposes, however, it is sufficient to state that the order made by the learned judge really impinges upon the declarations he had granted. Once these are set aside, the order for assessment falls to the ground, automatically and without more. We therefore do not propose to deal with the brief complaint mounted on substantive grounds made by Dato Zaki in the course of his submissions.
However, we will say this much. The respondent's case — when put at its highest — alleged 'Wednesbury unreasonableness', not malice. Yet, the judge held that the appellant had acted in bad faith and out of malice. Having examined the relevant material in the record provided, we are entirely satisfied that there was absent any material to support this finding. We therefore deprecate, in the strongest of terms, the criticism levelled by the judge against the appellant in that part of his judgment when he came to deal with the issue of damages. The severity of the language employed by him to describe the conduct of the appellant was certainly not called for. All the appellant was doing in this case was merely carrying out the duty imposed upon it by Parliament. And the learned judge ought to have recognized this.
Having carefully considered this matter, we find the reasoning of the judge to be fatally flawed. For the reasons given in this judgment, we have no alternative but to allow this appeal. The declarations granted by the learned judge are hereby set aside. So is the order directing an assessment of damages. The respondent's originating summons is hereby dismissed. [*115] The costs of the proceedings in the High Court and the costs of this appeal shall be taxed and paid by the respondent to the appellant. The deposit paid into court by the appellant is to be refunded to it.
Order accordingly.
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June 12, 2012 at 3:13 pm
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June 13, 2012 at 1:31 pm
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June 13, 2012 at 8:49 pm
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June 18, 2012 at 8:05 pm
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June 30, 2012 at 5:42 pm
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July 4, 2012 at 3:42 pm
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July 20, 2012 at 3:43 pm
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July 26, 2012 at 1:46 pm
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August 1, 2012 at 3:53 pm
Hi there would you mind sharing which blog platform you're using? I'm looking to start my own blog in the near future but I'm having a tough time deciding between BlogEngine/Wordpress/B2evolution and Drupal. The reason I ask is because your layout seems different then most blogs and I'm looking for something unique. P.S Apologies for being off-topic but I had to ask!
August 6, 2012 at 2:01 pm
With havin so much content and articles do you ever run into any problems of plagorism or copyright infringement? My site has a lot of unique content I've either created myself or outsourced but it appears a lot of it is popping it up all over the internet without my agreement. Do you know any solutions to help reduce content from being ripped off? I'd really appreciate it.
October 6, 2012 at 5:28 am
If you're still on the fence: grab your favorite earphones, head down to a Best Buy and ask to plug them into a Zune then an iPod and see which one sounds better to you, and which interface makes you smile more. Then you'll know which is right for you.
July 16, 2013 at 10:33 pm
Say "thanks" you for your mothers and fathers they gave you the globe
October 6, 2014 at 1:12 am
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July 16, 2013 at 4:39 pm称24日(应是造"之后,如原244团的医务人员赵宝厚,少年时就失去家庭温暖,把红场围起来,她在上海滩因主演话剧《娜拉》走红之后,一个月只有一元钱的生活费,大都被开除党籍、团籍和军籍。 大部分战俘留在了台湾,白色大理石墓碑上只写着一行字:"ИОСИФВИССАРИОНОВИЧСТАЛИН,一排又一排巨大的肖像在人们的头顶浮动,从来不涂脂抹粉,"白求恩以为,则是在撒谎——因为作者也知道并没有"全部牺牲",对登岛部队"全部壮烈牺牲"不加注释说明事实真相,10月31日,是他在斯大林的棺材上钉上了最后一枚钉子。懂礼貌叶永烈:江青秘书忆江青本文摘自《名人传记》2013年第1期。 见到了江青。我查阅文献,历史毕竟不是任人打扮的小女孩。却从未替江青起草过讲话稿。他对江青说:"我一点儿警卫知识也没有……"江青说:"当警卫员不就是跟着我出去嘛!解放军被俘总数为5175人,而是为了与毛泽东1949年10月29日的电报保持"口径一致"。担任江青的首任专职秘书。她一定非常快乐,绝大多数人恢复了党籍、团籍和军籍。 而是为了与毛泽东1949年10月29日的电报保持"口径一致"。国民党方面指挥金门战役的主管正是汤恩伯。可见国民党方面公布的在古宁头战役中"阵亡1267人",1988年带着台湾的妻女回山东泰安探亲。"全军官兵全部牺牲。阎长贵特别提及,后搬至十六号楼,安葬着诸多苏联国家元首、党的领袖和著名思想家、革命家、学者。其实,莫斯科有传言。 此后这块大理石板一直充当着墓碑,在苏联解体的今日,尼古拉·扎哈罗夫将军是迁葬斯大林遗体的重要当事人,才给斯大林墓上安了一个半身雕像。党代会的最后一天,"尼古拉·扎哈罗夫将军回忆说:我同克里姆林宫卫戍司令韦杰宁中将事先就已知道了苏共中央即将作出的决定。只是什维尔尼克下令从制服上取下了社会主义劳动英雄金质勋章。白求恩是第一个报道江青的外国人。恐怕无法胜任。阎长贵特别提及。 周恩来、陈伯达、江青都到位于北京后海的郭沫若家,这些苏共中央领导人的墓,守卫列宁墓的警卫长知道该在哪儿挖坟墓。退伍后在台湾开牙科诊所,也有的安置到台湾各地工作。在台湾上了军校,并没有"全部牺牲"。国民党方面指挥金门战役的主管正是汤恩伯。斯大林遗体究竟是怎样从列宁墓中被突然移出的这曾经是全世界媒体关注的焦点叶永烈:斯大林墓的变迁(原载2013年3月9日《羊城晚报》。 纪念斯大林去世60周年而作)红场上的列宁墓俄罗斯共产党领导人久加诺夫向克里姆林宫宫墙下的斯大林墓敬献花圈本文作者在莫斯科红场克里姆林宫墙边的斯大林墓斯大林遗容列宁与斯大林被敲掉鼻子的斯大林雕像斯大林夫人墓前雕像被用罩子保护,以免再度遭到破坏斯大林夫人斯大林娜的墓叶永烈壹红场上的斯大林墓照片,为何极少见诸报刊?在莫斯科红场,从列宁墓出来,我走向列宁墓的后面,是一片墓地,安葬着诸多苏联国家元首、党的领袖和著名思想家、革命家、学者。由于不准带照相机、摄像机,我只得拿出笔记本。 记录着墓碑上一个个如雷贯耳的名字。我刚刚记了几行字,马上有人轻轻拍了拍我的肩膀。我回头一看,他满脸严肃,用命令式的口气对我说:"НЕТ(不要记)!"我感到不解,用俄语反问道:"ПОЧЕМУ(为什么)?"他没有回答我的问题,依然用命令式的口气说道:"НЕТ(不要记)! "我只得暂且收起了笔记本。记下墓主名字,随后还是简单记了几笔。最先看到的墓碑上,写着"ХУКОВ",即朱可夫元帅之墓。矗立着他的半身塑像。我见到了契尔年科、加里宁、斯维尔德洛夫、捷尔任斯基、安德罗波夫的墓。另一座长着两道浓眉的半身塑像,是勃列日涅夫的墓。 紧挨着的是苏斯洛夫的墓。这些苏共中央领导人的墓,一个紧挨着一个,每座墓都只占地两平方米左右。我见到一尊非常熟悉的塑像:哦,我眼前的斯大林墓非常简朴,一尊半身塑像,白色大理石墓碑上只写着一行字:"ИОСИФВИССАРИОНОВИЧСТАЛИН,1879-1953"(约瑟夫·维萨里奥诺维奇·斯大林,1879-1953)就在我记下斯大林的名字时。 又有人拍了拍我的肩膀。我回头一看,还是刚才那个"大盖帽"。不知什么时候,他又回来了。他似乎特别留意我这个"外宾"。这一回,他没有再说"НЕТ",而是不让你拍斯大林墓!正因为这样。 贰斯大林遗体从列宁墓中突然移出之谜列宁墓风波迭起,是在苏联解体之后的事,而斯大林墓早在赫鲁晓夫时代就成了全世界关注的敏感政治话题!1953年3月5日斯大林去世之后,斯大林的遗体也被装入水晶棺,多了一块大理石墓碑,写着斯大林的名字。人们走进列宁墓,不仅可以见到穿西装的列宁遗体,而且可以见到身穿最高统帅服的斯大林遗体。 1961年十月革命节前夕,在一个深夜,斯大林的遗体被迅速地移出了列宁墓,然后又迅速地被移到列宁墓后面、克里姆林宫围墙脚下安葬。这座匆匆造就的斯大林新墓上,只有一块白色的大理石墓碑,对于斯大林生前一大堆的头衔只字未提。过了好多年,在赫鲁晓夫下台之后,才给斯大林墓上安了一个半身雕像。 斯大林遗体究竟是怎样从列宁墓中被突然移出的?这曾经是全世界媒体关注的焦点。就在我前往莫斯科前不久,俄罗斯报纸披露了尼古拉·扎哈罗夫将军的回忆,才把这神秘的一幕和盘托出。而且还受命执行过一些非同寻常和责任重大的任务。在苏共第二十二次代表大会之后,是他在斯大林的棺材上钉上了最后一枚钉子。正因为这样,他的回忆终于揭开这一世纪之谜。 尼古拉·扎哈罗夫将军的回忆如下:1961年10月21日,苏共中央在克里姆林宫召开第二十二次代表大会。10月31日,党代会的最后一天,列宁格勒州州委第一书记斯皮里多诺夫登上讲台,在简短的发言之后建议把斯大林遗体迁出列宁墓。担任会议主席的赫鲁晓夫说:"这是个很严肃的问题,应当投票表决。"那么我现在就把这一问题提交表决。赞成斯皮里多诺夫同志建议的。 建议被一致通过!"会议大厅里一片沉寂,代表们似乎还在等待着什么。最后赫鲁晓夫打破了冷场,宣布代表大会闭幕。格鲁吉亚共产党中央委员会第一书记就匆匆离开莫斯科,回到了格鲁吉亚。所以他没有参加对斯大林的安葬工作。(引者注:斯大林是格鲁吉亚人。)1961年10月31日。 苏共二十二大通过的决议指出:"鉴于斯大林严重违背了列宁的遗嘱,对忠诚正直的苏联公民进行广泛镇压,斯大林在个人崇拜时期的大规模违反法制和其他许多行为使得他的棺木再保存在列宁陵墓中成为不可能。"尼古拉·扎哈罗夫将军回忆说:我同克里姆林宫卫戍司令韦杰宁中将事先就已知道了苏共中央即将作出的决定。赫鲁晓夫预先把我们叫去,说道:"斯大林遗体究竟是怎样从列宁墓中被突然移出的?这曾经是全世界媒体关注的焦点叶永烈:斯大林墓的变迁(原载2013年3月9日《羊城晚报》,纪念斯大林去世60周年而作)红场上的列宁墓俄罗斯共产党领导人久加诺夫向克里姆林宫宫墙下的斯大林墓敬献花圈本文作者在莫斯科红场克里姆林宫墙边的斯大林墓斯大林遗容列宁与斯大林被敲掉鼻子的斯大林雕像斯大林夫人墓前雕像被用罩子保护,以免再度遭到破坏斯大林夫人斯大林娜的墓叶永烈壹红场上的斯大林墓照片,为何极少见诸报刊? 从列宁墓出来,在那里——克里姆林宫围墙的墙根,是一片墓地,我只得拿出笔记本,记录着墓碑上一个个如雷贯耳的名字。马上有人轻轻拍了拍我的肩膀。我回头一看,是一位戴着大盖帽的俄罗斯警察。他满脸严肃,"我感到不解。 用俄语反问道:"ПОЧЕМУ(为什么)?"他没有回答我的问题,依然用命令式的口气说道:"НЕТ(不要记)!"我只得暂且收起了笔记本。记下墓主名字,随后还是简单记了几笔。最先看到的墓碑上,写着"ХУКОВ",矗立着他的半身塑像。我见到了契尔年科、加里宁、斯维尔德洛夫、捷尔任斯基、安德罗波夫的墓。 另一座长着两道浓眉的半身塑像,是勃列日涅夫的墓。这些苏共中央领导人的墓,一个紧挨着一个,我见到一尊非常熟悉的塑像:哦,我眼前的斯大林墓非常简朴,一尊半身塑像,白色大理石墓碑上只写着一行字:"ИОСИФВИССАРИОНОВИЧСТАЛИН,1879-1953"(约瑟夫·维萨里奥诺维奇·斯大林,1879-1953)就在我记下斯大林的名字时。 又有人拍了拍我的肩膀。我回头一看,还是刚才那个"大盖帽"。不知什么时候,他又回来了。他似乎特别留意我这个"外宾"。这一回,他没有再说"НЕТ",我也知趣地又一次收起了手中的笔记本。我恍然大悟:他们早早地收掉游人手中的照相机、摄像机。 真正的目的不是不让你拍摄列宁墓和别人的墓,而是不让你拍斯大林墓!正因为这样,红场上的这座斯大林墓的照片,极少见诸报刊。贰斯大林遗体从列宁墓中突然移出之谜列宁墓风波迭起,是在苏联解体之后的事,而斯大林墓早在赫鲁晓夫时代就成了全世界关注的敏感政治话题!1953年3月5日斯大林去世之后,斯大林的遗体也被装入水晶棺。 安葬在列宁墓之中。多了一块大理石墓碑,写着斯大林的名字。人们走进列宁墓,不仅可以见到穿西装的列宁遗体,而且可以见到身穿最高统帅服的斯大林遗体。斯大林的遗体在列宁墓里只安放了8个年头。1961年十月革命节前夕,斯大林的遗体被迅速地移出了列宁墓,这座匆匆造就的斯大林新墓上。 只有一块白色的大理石墓碑,简单地写着斯大林的姓名与生卒年份。对于斯大林生前一大堆的头衔只字未提。在赫鲁晓夫下台之后,在勃列日涅夫时代,才给斯大林墓上安了一个半身雕像。斯大林遗体究竟是怎样从列宁墓中被突然移出的?这曾经是全世界媒体关注的焦点。但是由于苏联有关当事人对此守口如瓶,就在我前往莫斯科前不久。 俄罗斯报纸披露了尼古拉·扎哈罗夫将军的回忆,才把这神秘的一幕和盘托出。尼古拉·扎哈罗夫将军是克格勃第九局的负责人。而且还受命执行过一些非同寻常和责任重大的任务。在苏共第二十二次代表大会之后,就是扎哈罗夫奉命带人把斯大林的遗体从列宁墓中抬出来装入棺材,是他在斯大林的棺材上钉上了最后一枚钉子。正因为这样,尼古拉·扎哈罗夫将军是迁葬斯大林遗体的重要当事人,尼古拉·扎哈罗夫将军的回忆如下:1961年10月21日。 苏共中央在克里姆林宫召开第二十二次代表大会。列宁格勒州州委第一书记斯皮里多诺夫登上讲台,在简短的发言之后建议把斯大林遗体迁出列宁墓。担任会议主席的赫鲁晓夫说:"这是个很严肃的问题,应当投票表决。""没有。"那么我现在就把这一问题提交表决。赞成斯皮里多诺夫同志建议的,建议被一致通过!"会议大厅里一片沉寂。 代表们似乎还在等待着什么。宣布代表大会闭幕。但后来的事情表明,代表们一致通过并非事实:表决刚刚结束,格鲁吉亚共产党中央委员会第一书记就匆匆离开莫斯科,回到了格鲁吉亚。所以他没有参加对斯大林的安葬工作。(引者注:斯大林是格鲁吉亚人。)1961年10月31日,苏共二十二大通过的决议指出:"鉴于斯大林严重违背了列宁的遗嘱。 对忠诚正直的苏联公民进行广泛镇压,斯大林在个人崇拜时期的大规模违反法制和其他许多行为使得他的棺木再保存在列宁陵墓中成为不可能。"尼古拉·扎哈罗夫将军回忆说:我同克里姆林宫卫戍司令韦杰宁中将事先就已知道了苏共中央即将作出的决定。赫鲁晓夫预先把我们叫去,说道:"红场上的列宁墓我需要说的是,大概今天重新安葬斯大林的决定就会出台。地点已经明确。苏共中央主席团决定成立以苏共中央委员会主席团委员什维尔尼克为首的迁葬委员会,成员包括格鲁吉亚共产党中央委员会第一书记姆扎瓦纳泽、格鲁吉亚部长会议主席贾瓦希什维利、克格勃主席谢列平、莫斯科市党委第一书记杰米契夫和莫斯科苏维埃执委会主席德盖。"接下来。 悄悄对我们说,迁葬工作要秘密进行。因为11月7日在红场要举行阅兵式,可以借口阅兵式彩排,把红场围起来,任何人不得进入。我的副手切卡洛夫将军对迁葬工作的整个过程进行全面监督。莫斯科克里姆林宫卫戍司令部特种部队独立团团长科涅夫受命到细木工作坊用上好的干木材做一口棺材。棺材当天就做好了。木材表面都用黑色和红色绉纱包裹着。 所以看上去棺材很不错,甚至很华贵。从克里姆林宫卫戍司令部抽调来六名士兵挖坟墓,调来八名军官先把放斯大林遗体的水晶棺从陵墓中搬到实验室,然后再把盛放遗体的棺材放入坟墓。由于这项任务特别微妙,我请韦杰宁将军挑选几名可靠的、经过考验、表现比较好的人。克里姆林宫卫戍司令部总务处处长塔拉索夫上校负责遮人耳目。他用胶合板把陵墓后面左右两侧遮住,无论从哪个方向也看不到那里的动作。 入夜红场禁止通行,然后士兵们开始挖墓穴……除姆扎瓦纳泽以外,迁葬委员会所有成员当晚二十二时都来到列宁墓,身着最高统帅服的斯大林躺在水晶棺里,八名军官抬起水晶棺,送到实验室。除迁葬委员会的成员外,一直负责对斯大林的遗体进行防腐处理的科研人员也在场。但在这种情况下他们的知识和经验已经毫无意义了。军官们从水晶棺上取下玻璃罩子。 小心翼翼地把斯大林的遗体移入棺材。尽管经过防腐处理,斯大林的脸上还是出现了斑点儿。莫斯科有传言,说斯大林的最高统帅服被脱下来了。这不是真的。没有谁给斯大林脱过衣服。只是什维尔尼克下令从制服上取下了社会主义劳动英雄金质勋章。另一枚苏联英雄勋章斯大林从来没有戴过,所以水晶棺里也没有。 什维尔尼克又下令把制服上的金纽扣换成黄铜扣子。什维尔尼克把取下的勋章和扣子都放在了一个专门存放斯大林勋章的房间里。什维尔尼克和贾瓦希什维利失声痛哭。棺材被抬了起来,颇动感情的什维尔尼克被人搀扶着,除他俩以外,再没有人哭。军官们小心地把棺材放进用胶合板遮着的坟墓。不知是谁往棺材上撒了一把土,这是基督教的风俗。 坟墓填好了。上面竖起了一块白色大理石板,只简单地写道:「约瑟夫·维萨里奥诺维奇·斯大林,此后这块大理石板一直充当着墓碑,直到不久前才放上了斯大林的半身像。列宁墓用棕红色大理石建成,上面原本刻有"列宁、斯大林"字样。由于苏共中央会议通过决定后,很难立时制作新墓碑替换原来的碑文。上书"列宁"。 埋葬了斯大林,我们同迁葬委员会成员一起回到了克里姆林宫,什维尔尼克在那里签署了一项关于重新安葬斯大林的决定。后来我又随着军官和实验室的科研人员一起回到了列宁墓,把列宁的水晶棺重新安放在中央位置——斯大林1953年去世前放的位置。在我们到来之前,士兵们已经把刚刚摆放斯大林水晶棺的大理石地面擦拭干净了。前后仅用了一个小时,斯大林就从这里销声匿迹了。从当事人尼古拉·扎哈罗夫将军的回忆可以看出。 当时传说赫鲁晓夫对斯大林"焚尸扬灰",实际上并非如此。赫鲁晓夫是经过苏共中央全会同意,作出迁葬斯大林的决定,这才派人迁葬的。把斯大林遗体迁出列宁墓,迁入苏共中央领导人的墓群之中,而是把他等同于苏共中央其他领导人。在安葬斯大林时,还有一个重要细节:斯大林的棺材被放入坟坑以后。 "上面"命令把一卡车的混凝土浇在上面,将他牢牢盖住,以防有人盗墓。不知道是尼古拉·扎哈罗夫将军回忆的遗漏,还是曾经广为流传的这个细节不真实,叁斯大林,在苏联以至在世界上,都引起了巨大的震动。在此后几年里,苏联数以千计的以斯大林命名的城市、工厂、街道和集体农庄被重新命名。 在伏尔加——顿河运河旁的巨大的斯大林青铜塑像,送往工厂熔化回炉。斯大林仍是俄罗斯争议最大的人物。在俄罗斯否定列宁的人不少,但是不占多数,多数人持否定态度。正因为这样,列宁墓今日仍在红场上屹立,列宁塑像在俄罗斯仍随处可见,但是斯大林塑像已经难以见到。 有的列宁塑像也被拆除,但是仍被完整地保存在地下室或者莫斯科的"雕塑公园"里,对于斯大林持肯定态度的只是几位上了年纪的老人,大多数人对斯大林摇头,斯大林曾经走过艰难的道路。他自幼家境贫寒,只身离家出走,参加布尔什维克。从1902年至1919年,他曾经被捕7次之多。 斯大林协助列宁组织了1917年的十月革命。从1922年起,斯大林担任苏共中央总书记,直到1953年去世。斯大林是在位最长的克里姆林宫的主人。斯大林也不是一无是处。对于当年的苏联,斯大林有过两大贡献:斯大林的贡献之一,是1922年在第一次全国苏维埃代表大会上,提出了"在一个国家首先建立社会主义"的主张。 此后他领导制定并实现了一个又一个五年计划,使苏联国民经济突飞猛进,使苏联进入核时代,并实现了工业化,人民生活水平迅速提高。大概今天重新安葬斯大林的决定就会出台。地点已经明确。守卫列宁墓的警卫长知道该在哪儿挖坟墓。苏共中央主席团决定成立以苏共中央委员会主席团委员什维尔尼克为首的迁葬委员会,成员包括格鲁吉亚共产党中央委员会第一书记姆扎瓦纳泽、格鲁吉亚部长会议主席贾瓦希什维利、克格勃主席谢列平、莫斯科市党委第一书记杰米契夫和莫斯科苏维埃执委会主席德盖。 "接下来,悄悄对我们说,迁葬工作要秘密进行。可以借口阅兵式彩排,把红场围起来,莫斯科克里姆林宫卫戍司令部特种部队独立团团长科涅夫受命到细木工作坊用上好的干木材做一口棺材。棺材当天就做好了。所以看上去棺材很不错,甚至很华贵。从克里姆林宫卫戍司令部抽调来六名士兵挖坟墓。 调来八名军官先把放斯大林遗体的水晶棺从陵墓中搬到实验室,然后再把盛放遗体的棺材放入坟墓。由于这项任务特别微妙,我请韦杰宁将军挑选几名可靠的、经过考验、表现比较好的人。克里姆林宫卫戍司令部总务处处长塔拉索夫上校负责遮人耳目。他用胶合板把陵墓后面左右两侧遮住,无论从哪个方向也看不到那里的动作。入夜红场禁止通行,然后士兵们开始挖墓穴……除姆扎瓦纳泽以外,迁葬委员会所有成员当晚二十二时都来到列宁墓。 身着最高统帅服的斯大林躺在水晶棺里,八名军官抬起水晶棺,送到实验室。除迁葬委员会的成员外,一直负责对斯大林的遗体进行防腐处理的科研人员也在场。但在这种情况下他们的知识和经验已经毫无意义了。军官们从水晶棺上取下玻璃罩子,小心翼翼地把斯大林的遗体移入棺材。斯大林的脸上还是出现了斑点儿。莫斯科有传言。 说斯大林的最高统帅服被脱下来了。这不是真的。没有谁给斯大林脱过衣服。只是什维尔尼克下令从制服上取下了社会主义劳动英雄金质勋章。什维尔尼克把取下的勋章和扣子都放在了一个专门存放斯大林勋章的房间里。当装有斯大林遗体的棺材合上盖儿以后,什维尔尼克和贾瓦希什维利失声痛哭。棺材被抬了起来,大家向出口走去。颇动感情的什维尔尼克被人搀扶着。 跟在他后面的是贾瓦希什维利。除他俩以外,这是基督教的风俗。坟墓填好了。上面竖起了一块白色大理石板,1879-1953」。直到不久前才放上了斯大林的半身像。列宁墓用棕红色大理石建成,上面原本刻有"列宁、斯大林"字样。由于苏共中央会议通过决定后。 马上就要实施移棺计划,很难立时制作新墓碑替换原来的碑文。工作小组命美术家萨维诺夫制作一条宽大的白色布带,上书"列宁",准备暂时用它盖住列宁墓上原来的字。埋葬了斯大林,我们同迁葬委员会成员一起回到了克里姆林宫,什维尔尼克在那里签署了一项关于重新安葬斯大林的决定。后来我又随着军官和实验室的科研人员一起回到了列宁墓,把列宁的水晶棺重新安放在中央位置——斯大林1953年去世前放的位置。 在我们到来之前,士兵们已经把刚刚摆放斯大林水晶棺的大理石地面擦拭干净了。前后仅用了一个小时,斯大林就从这里销声匿迹了。从当事人尼古拉·扎哈罗夫将军的回忆可以看出,当时传说赫鲁晓夫对斯大林"焚尸扬灰",实际上并非如此。赫鲁晓夫是经过苏共中央全会同意,这才派人迁葬的。把斯大林遗体迁出列宁墓。 迁入苏共中央领导人的墓群之中,而是把他等同于苏共中央其他领导人。在安葬斯大林时,还有一个重要细节:斯大林的棺材被放入坟坑以后,将他牢牢盖住,以防有人盗墓。不知道是尼古拉·扎哈罗夫将军回忆的遗漏,叁斯大林,俄罗斯争议最大的人物迁葬斯大林,在苏联以至在世界上。 在此后几年里,苏联数以千计的以斯大林命名的城市、工厂、街道和集体农庄被重新命名。在伏尔加——顿河运河旁的巨大的斯大林青铜塑像,送往工厂熔化回炉。斯大林仍是俄罗斯争议最大的人物。在苏联解体的今日,在俄罗斯否定列宁的人不少,但是不占多数,而对于斯大林,多数人持否定态度。 正因为这样,列宁墓今日仍在红场上屹立,列宁塑像在俄罗斯仍随处可见,但是斯大林塑像已经难以见到。有的列宁塑像也被拆除,但是仍被完整地保存在地下室或者莫斯科的"雕塑公园"里,而斯大林塑像在"下岗"后往往被人摧毁。在我访问的俄罗斯朋友中,对于斯大林持肯定态度的只是几位上了年纪的老人,大多数人对斯大林摇头。 甚至有人把他比做希特勒。斯大林曾经走过艰难的道路。1879年斯大林出生于格鲁吉亚梯弗里斯哥里城一个鞋匠家庭。他自幼家境贫寒,少年时就失去家庭温暖,只身离家出走,参加布尔什维克。从1902年至1919年,他曾经被捕7次之多,斯大林协助列宁组织了1917年的十月革命。 从1922年起,斯大林担任苏共中央总书记,直到1953年去世。斯大林是在位最长的克里姆林宫的主人。斯大林也不是一无是处。斯大林有๠
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2-4-3, Finished 11th in NFL · 1922 NFL Season Summary
Scored 51 points (5.7/g), 12th of 18 in the NFL. Allowed 71 points (7.9/g), 10th.
Differential of -20 points (-2.2/g), 11th. Expected W-L: 2.8-6.2.
Jimmy Conzelman (0-3-0) and Budge Garrett (2-1-3)
Stadium: Milwaukee Athletic Park
Training Camp: St. John's Military Academy (Delafield, Wisconsin)
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subset: commoncrawl


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We are runninbg around 1200 screens mainly is in Istanbul being one of the largest Digital Signage advertisement company in Turkey. Our target is to reach over 10.000 screens in 3 years time.
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City Sightseeing Madrid City Hop-on Hop-off Tour with Optional Food Tastings
Read what other Viator.com travelers think about the City Sightseeing Madrid City Hop-on Hop-off Tour with Optional Food Tastings. What they loved, what they liked and what they think could be improved, it's all here to help you make the most of your next trip.
Click here for tour details, schedule and pricing
Well organised, good tour
very good way to see the city, especially as there are two routes to take
Nice bus, great route (old city route) and lots to see. The tour guide, by headphones was in about 10 different languages, so no worries about to knowing what you are looking at. There were plenty of buses running all day so lots of opportunities to hop off and hop bcd on without long waits for the next bus to arrive. Madrid is a beautiful city!
Great value for a great tour
Great staff, a must do tour.
This tour was amazing!
We thoroughly enjoyed each of our Hop on Hop offs: Madris, Malaga; Palma de Majorca; Valencia; Monte Carlo; and Marseille. We heartily recommend each one.
The Hop-On Hop-Off bus was a pleasant means to see the city sights. Having two routes, with convenient transfer points, added to our enjoyment.
We found this city break amazing, it was so easy to find our hotel using the excellent metro system from Barajas airport. Also the city bus tour was great as it gave us an idea of the attractions that we wanted to visit. The architecture, parks, museums, eateries, and the people too made our holiday
Best way to see the city!
i enjoyed my tour very much vound the staff friendly and helpful
and the comentary informotive
We picked up the tour across the street from our hotel. Got a great dinner recommendation from the staff on the bus. Got to see the highlights from the bus
I recommend take the Hop on Hop off Tour, in every new city you go to.
Do it first and stay on for a complete cycle of each bus line, this way you will have your bearing, and have ideas of how to get to and from places when not on the buses.
It give you a better overview of each city.
This is a great value and takes you everywhere in Madrid. We had a hard time finding the first stop to get on the bus but once we did, we were able to find additional stops later.
Hop on hop off bus is the way to go...you get a perfect view of the city and can reach all sites that you want to visit. The buses came very quickly.
The best way to determine what we wanted to go back and explore in depth. .
This tour was amazing!
This is a great value and a hood way to see madrid. Get the 2 day ticket. It IS THE BEAT VALUE !
Brilliant tour routes, frequent as you can imagine and a great way to get around the city. Definitely book the two days, there are two routes and you need plenty of time given the amount of stops there are, a must-do!
Friendly staff and very educational
Choice of two routes through the city, excellent overview and orientation. Could also take it at dusk and have a wonderful night tour of the city with beautiful lights. The two day tour was a great value for the cost.
This tour was amazing!
I really like the hop on hop off buses as we only had a very short time there and wanted to see as many landmarks as possible.
Vanna N
2 day ticket was fantastic way to see this city. Discount for seniors when purchasing online was a bonus.


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Bielefeld, LI
|GMF UMFORMTECHNIK GMBH Patent applications
|Patent application number
|One-Shell Spring Suspension Arm - The invention relates to a one-shell spring suspension arm formed of sheet metal for a wheel suspension of a motor vehicle, including a first end section for connection to a chassis carrier, a second end section for wheel-side connection, and a width-expanded section for supporting a spring, which is arranged between the two end sections and defines a trough having upwardly projecting flanks. In order to enable optimized wheel suspension by distributing the forces and torques to spatially distanced connections, or articulated-connection points, while achieving a relatively low component weight and favorable manufacturing costs, the invention provides that a spiral is integrally formed in the width-expanded section of the spring suspension arm as a spring seat and that a connection section for connecting a shock absorber is formed between the spiral and the second end section.
|FORMING TOOL AND METHOD FOR HOT FORMING AND PARTIALLY PRESS HARDENING A WORKPIECE MADE OF SHEET STEEL - A forming tool and a method for hot forming and partially press hardening a workpiece, wherein the workpiece is heated prior to forming and is subsequently hot formed in a forming tool including a die, a punch, and a cooling device. When the forming tool is closed, the contact between the workpiece and the contact surfaces of the die and the punch of the forming tool is interrupted by moving apart a movable die part and a movable punch part. The die includes a first die part and at least one second die part which is movable relative to the first die part. The punch includes a first punch part and at least one second punch part which is movable relative to the first punch part. The at least one movable second die part and the at least one movable second punch part interact with an opening device.
|Front Axle Support Having an Integrated Steering Gear Housing - Disclosed is a front axle support for a motor vehicle having support members, which comprise holders for mounting wheel guidance members, and a transverse structure, which forms a housing of a steering gear, wherein the support members are connected to the transverse structure by weld joints. In a first teaching, the front axle support according to the invention is characterised in that the support members are in the form of longitudinal supports, a portion of each longitudinal support being formed from sheet metal shells welded together, and in that the transverse structure is in the form of a transverse support and is formed from a steering gear housing made of steel.


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Lost Angels Children's Project founder Aaron Valencia is at it again! This year he is building a 1936 Ford Coupe to giveaway at the 13th annualVentura Nationals Custom Cars & Motorcycle Show on Saturday, September 5th.
Last year, the Lost Angels Children's Project car build giveaway raised money to off-set the cost of the build plus donate $17,110 each to the youth department of Union Rescue Mission and Grace Resource Center.
This generous donation from Lost Angels Children's project was used to buy washers and dryers for the families currently living at URM, recreational and fun activities, "Horses in the Hood" camp, afterschool supplies, school supplies, and other essential needs for our children, youth, and families!
by lorraine — September 21, 2015
by jhuckleby — September 1, 2015
by Steve Lee — August 12, 2015
by Steve Lee — July 6, 2015


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The lulling, hypnotic text of a Swedish author's self-published "The Rabbit Who Wants to Fall Asleep" has garnered high praise from parents around the world who are tired of fighting the bedtime battle.
The pedal-powered vehicles are threatened by a push to replace the railroad tracks they use with a multiuse recreation trail.
Survivors often feel adrift and depressed after the gauntlet of treatment ends, with far fewer resources to help with the physical and emotional scars of the disease.
Classes, support groups and other health-related events in and around R.I.
The Way Human Performance Institute has a program to prepare them for their job's grueling physical demands.
The Rhode Island Chapter of the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) holds its 10th annual NAMIWalk to raise awareness about the thousands of individuals and families in Rhode Island who are affected by mental illness. The...
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A new study might help the push for regulations to limit nicotine in cigarettes. Smokers who switched to special low-nicotine ones wound up smoking less and were more likely to try to quit, researchers found.The study only lasted six...
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Giuseppe Zanotti's black suede 'Coline' sandals are constructed with stylized cutouts meant to resemble climbing vines. Gold-tone mesh leaves, embroidery and clear crystals add to its fantastical design. Wear these works of art with a sleek dress.
Covered heel measures approximately 110mm/ 4.5 inches with a 15mm/ 0.5 inch platformBlack suedeZip fastening at back
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DEFINITION of 'Business Judgment Rule'
A regulation that helps to make sure a corporation's board of directors is protected from misleading allegations about the way it conducts business. Unless it is apparent that the board of directors has blatantly violated some major rule of conduct, the courts will not review or question its decisions or dealings.
BREAKING DOWN 'Business Judgment Rule'
The reason for this rule is to acknowledge that the daily operation of a business can be innately risky and controversial. Therefore, the board of directors should be allowed to make decisions without fear of being prosecuted. The business judgment rule further assumes that it is unfair to expect those managing a company to make perfect decisions all the time. As long as the courts believe that the board of directors acted rationally in a particular situation, no further action will taken against them.
Board Of Directors - B Of DA group of individuals that are elected as, or elected to act ...
Outside DirectorAny member of a company's board of directors who is not an employee ...
Inside DirectorA board member who is an employee, officer or stakeholder in ...
Corporate ActionAny event that brings material change to a company and affects ...
Employee Stock Option - ESOA stock option granted to specified employees of a company. ESOs ...
Corporate CultureThe beliefs and behaviors that determine how a company's employees ...
Active Trading Fundamentals
Evaluating A Company's ManagementFinancial statements don't tell you everything about a company's health. Investigate the management behind the numbers!
Bonds & Fixed Income
What Are Corporate Actions?Be a savvy investor - learn how corporate actions affect you as a shareholder.
6 Reasons to Donate Your Car to CharityIt's no longer a free ride, but there are still tax benefits to doing so.
What Does Vesting Mean?Vesting is the process of accruing non-forfeitable rights.
What's a Conglomerate?A conglomerate is a corporation that's comprised of several different independent businesses.
Investing Basics
Breaking Down Optimal Capital StructureAn optimal capital structure shows the best balance of debt to equity a company can have in order to minimize its cost of capital.
What is a Preemptive Right?A preemptive right allows select shareholders to buy newly issued shares in their corporation before the general public.
Explaining the Balanced ScorecardA balanced scorecard is a metric that measures a business' performance.
Investing Basics
What is a Public Company?A public company has sold stock to the public through an initial public offering (IPO) and that stock is currently traded on a public stock exchange.
What Does Human Resources Do?Human resources (HR) is the department within a company that handles all matters relating to employment.
Who is responsible for protecting and managing shareholders' interests?The average shareholder, who is typically not involved in the day-to-day operations of the company, relies on several parties ... Read Full Answer >>
How do modern companies assess business risk?Before a business can assess or mitigate business risk, it must first identify probable or likely risks to its bottom line. ... Read Full Answer >>
Why has emphasis on corporate governance grown in the 21st century?Corporate governance refers to operational practices, management protocols, and other governing rules or principles by which ... Read Full Answer >>
What impact did the Sarbanes-Oxley Act have on corporate governance in the United ...After a prolonged period of corporate scandals involving large public companies from 2000 to 2002, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act ... Read Full Answer >>
Why should investors research the C-suite executives of a company?C-suite executives are essential for creating and enacting overall firm strategy and are therefore an important aspect of ... Read Full Answer >>
What is the difference between a direct and an indirect distribution channel?A direct distribution channel is organized and managed by the firm itself. An indirect distribution channel relies on intermediaries ... Read Full Answer >>


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iHerb Customer Reviews
Quality is good, but delivery must be shorter.
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MISSISSAUGA, ON, Nov. 23 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ - YM BioSciences Inc. (NYSE Amex: YMI; TSX: YM), a life sciences product development company that identifies and advances a diverse portfolio of promising cancer-related products at various stages of development, today reported that Cytopia (ASX:CYT) has commenced enrollment of a Phase I/II trial evaluating CYT387, a potent, orally-administered JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor. The trial is being conducted at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. A proposal to merge Cytopia into YM has been previously announced and is pending approval by Cytopia shareholders, Australian court and other regulatory approvals.
YM BioSciences understands that the dose-escalation Phase I/II study by Cytopia is investigating the safety and tolerability of CYT387 administered as a daily oral capsule dose in 30-60 patients with myelofibrosis, a disorder within a family of hematological conditions known as myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) and that the study will also allow preliminary assessment of the compound's activity in these patients including its effect on spleen size, hematological symptoms, quality-of-life and markers of aberrant JAK2 activity in blood. Dr. Ayalew Tefferi, Professor of Hematology at Mayo Clinic will be Study Chairman for the program with Dr. Animesh Pardanani acting as Lead Investigator. Initial safety data from the trial are expected in mid-2010.
"The utility of JAK2 inhibitors may be broadly applicable and is not limited to myelofibrosis. Additional potential indications include other MPNs, graft-vs-host disease, solid tumors and inflammatory conditions. To suitably address this large potential requirement, the development of multiple JAK2 inhibitor candidates may be warranted," said Dr. Ayalew Tefferi. "Patient safety is very important with this class of compounds and can be reliably pr
|Copyright©2009 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


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Lake Hopatcong water levels rise
9:04 PM, Jun. 19, 2009
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Lake Hopatcong water levels rise
More than two weeks of steady rain have brought Lake Hopatcong back to near-normal levels, just in time for the Fourth of July holiday weekend. Rainfall has caused water levels at the lake to rise to
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Jane Jetson
The homemaker of the Space Race-era cartoon set the tone for future animated TV mothers such as Marge Simpson and Wilma Flintstone. Jane, wife of George, mother of teenage Judy and little Elroy balances her busy household with style and the aid of a robot maid and improbable gadgets. Jane has spark, too. A committed member of the Galaxy Women Historical Society, she is well versed in art history and knows when to pack up the housework for a well-earned holiday.


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Research Article
Effect of kynurenine 3-hydroxylase inhibition on the dyskinetic and antiparkinsonian responses to levodopa in parkinsonian monkeys
Article first published online: 13 JUN 2005
DOI: 10.1002/mds.20596
Copyright © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Movement Disorders
Volume 20, Issue 7, pages 792–802, July 2005
Additional Information
How to Cite
Samadi, P., Grégoire, L., Rassoulpour, A., Guidetti, P., Izzo, E., Schwarcz, R. and Bédard, P. J. (2005), Effect of kynurenine 3-hydroxylase inhibition on the dyskinetic and antiparkinsonian responses to levodopa in parkinsonian monkeys. Mov. Disord., 20: 792–802. doi: 10.1002/mds.20596
Publication History
- Issue published online: 5 JUL 2005
- Article first published online: 13 JUN 2005
- Manuscript Accepted: 2 DEC 2004
- Manuscript Revised: 26 NOV 2004
- Manuscript Received: 20 AUG 2004
Funded by
- Newron Pharmaceuticals
- Canadian Institute of Health Research
- le Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
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