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|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Número de PCT
|Fecha de publicación
|7 Ago 2003
|Fecha de presentación
|30 Mar 2001
|Fecha de prioridad
|30 Mar 2000
|También publicado como
|Número de publicación
|Yasuhiro Wakizaka, Kanji Yuyama
|Cesionario original
|Yasuhiro Wakizaka, Kanji Yuyama
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|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (5), Citada por (4), Clasificaciones (26), Eventos legales (4)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
[0001] This invention relates to a curable composition. More particularly, the invention relates to a curable composition for obtaining a multi-layer circuit board that is excellent in both an insulating property and in adhesion, and does not generate detrimental substances when burnt.
[0002] As electronic apparatuses have become smaller in size and multi-functional, a higher density has been required for circuit boards used for the electronic apparatuses.
[0003] Ordinary means for achieving a higher density of circuit boards include fabricating circuit boards into a multi-layer structure, as is well known in the art. The multi-layer circuit board is generally fabricated by stacking an electrically insulating layer (2) on an internal layer circuit board including an electrically insulating layer (1) and a conductor circuit (1) formed on a surface of the electrically insulating layer (1), forming a conductor circuit (2) on the electrically insulating layer (2) and if necessary, further stacking the electrically insulating layers and the conductor circuits in several stages.
[0004] When wiring is formed at a high density in a multi-layer construction as described above, exothermy occurs in the circuit board and in an electronic device. The electrically insulating layer can use a material blended with a halogen-type flame retardant as described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2-255848, for example, to impart flame resistance. The material blended with the halogen-type flame retardant generates halogen-type detrimental substances when it is burnt. Due to problems of environmental destruction and the greenhouse effect, however, the use of halogen-type flame retardants has been restricted. Therefore, a material providing flame resistance equivalent to that of the flame retardants of the prior art has been desired.
[0005] It is an object of the invention to provide a multi-layer circuit board excellent in insulating property and adhesion but not generating detrimental substances when it is burnt, and a curable composition suitable for providing the circuit board.
[0006] The inventor of the invention has conducted intensive studies to accomplish the object described above, has found that a multi-layer circuit board excellent in insulating property and adhesion, but not generating detrimental substances when burnt, can be obtained by use of a curable composition containing an insulating resin and a nitrogen type curing agent containing a vinyl group and an epoxy group, has found further that a multi-layer circuit board excellent in flame resistance, insulating property and adhesion but not generating detrimental substances when burnt can be obtained by use of a curable composition containing an aromatic polyether polymer or an alicyclic olefin polymer, a specific nitrogen type curing agent and a phosphorus type flame retardant, and has completed the invention on the basis of these findings.
[0007] Therefore, the invention provides a curable composition containing an aromatic polyether polymer, a nitrogen-type curing agent containing a vinyl group and an epoxy group and a phosphorus-type flame retardant; a curable composition containing an alicyclic olefin polymer, a nitrogen-type curing agent and a phosphorus-type flame retardant; and a curable composition containing an insulating resin and a nitrogen-type curing agent containing a vinyl group and an epoxy group.
[0008] The invention also provides a multi-layer circuit board fabricated by stacking electrically insulating layers formed by curing the curable composition described above.
[0009] A curable composition according to the invention contains an insulating resin and a specific nitrogen type curing agent.
[0010] The insulating resin that constitutes the curable composition according to the invention includes known insulating resins used for forming an electrically insulating layer. Examples of the resins include an epoxy resin, a phenol resin, an acryl resin, a polyimide resin, a polyamide resin, a polyisocyanate resin, a polyester resin, a polyphenylether resin and an alicyclic olefin polymer.
[0011] A suitable curable composition used in the invention contains an alicyclic olefin polymer or an aromatic polyether polymer as the insulating resin, and particularly suitably contains the alicyclic olefin polymer.
[0012] The alicyclic olefin polymer constituting the curable composition is a polymer of olefins having the alicyclic structure. The alicyclic structure includes a cycloalkane structure and a cycloalkene structure, but the cycloalkane structure is more preferred from the aspect of mechanical strength and heat resistance. The alicyclic structure includes a monocyclic structure, a polycyclic structure, a condensation polycyclic structure, a cross-linking alicyclic structure and a polycyclic structure comprising the combination of these cyclic structures. The number of carbon atoms that constitutes the alicyclic structure is not particularly limited, but is generally from 4 to 30, preferably 5 to 20 and more preferably 5 to 15. When the number of carbon atoms is within this range, various properties such as mechanical strength, heat resistance and moldability are balanced at a suitable levels. The alicyclic olefin polymer used in the invention is generally of a thermoplastic type.
[0013] The alicyclic olefin polymer generally contains repeating units derived from an olefin having the alicyclic structure (hereinafter called sometimes "alicyclic olefin"). The proportion of the repeating units derived from the alicyclic olefin in the alicyclic olefin polymer is suitably selected in accordance with the object of its use, and is generally from 30 to 100 wt %, preferably 50 to 100 wt % and more preferably 70 to 100 wt %. When the proportion of the repeating units derived from the alicyclic olefin is excessively small, heat resistance becomes undesirably low. Repeating units other than those derived from the alicyclic olefin are not particularly limited, but are suitably selected in accordance with the object of use.
[0014] The alicyclic olefin polymer used in the invention preferably has polar groups. Examples of such polar groups are a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, an alkoxyl group, an epoxy group, a glycidyl group, an oxycarbonyl group, a carbonyl group, an amino group, an ester group and a carboxylic acid anhydride group. Preferred among them are the carboxyl group and the carboxylic acid anhydride group.
[0015] The alicyclic olefin polymer can be generally obtained by subjecting an alicyclic olefin to addition polymerization or ring-opening polymerization and, whenever necessary, hydrogenating an unsaturated bond, or by subjecting an aromatic olefin to addition polymerization and hydrogenating an aromatic ring of the polymer. The alicyclic olefin polymer having a polar group can be obtained, for example, 1) by introducing a compound having a polar group into the alicyclic olefin polymer through a denaturation reaction, 2) by (co)polymerizing a monomer containing a polar group as a (co)polymerization component, and 3) by (co)polymerizing a monomer containing a polar group such as an ester group as a (co)polymerization component and hydrolyzing the ester group. In the invention, the alicyclic olefin polymer obtained by the 1) method is suitable.
[0016] Examples of the alicyclic olefin used for obtaining the alicyclic olefin polymer are listed below: norbornene type monomers such as:
[0017] bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene (customary name: norbornane),
[0018] 5-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene, 5,5-dimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene, 5-ethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene,
[0019] 5-butyl-bicyclo-[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene, 5-hexyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene,
[0020] 5-octyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene,
[0021] 5-octadecyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene, 5-ethylidene-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene,
[0022] 5-methylidene-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene,
[0023] 5-vinyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene,
[0024] 5-propenyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene,
[0025] 5-methoxycarbonyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene,
[0026] 5-cyano-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene,
[0027] 5-methyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene,
[0028] 5-ethoxycarbonyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene,
[0029] bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-5-enyl-2-methylpropionate,
[0030] bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-5-enyl-2-methyloctanate,
[0031] bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene-5,6-dicarboxylic acid anhydride,
[0032] 5-hydromethylbicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene,
[0033] 5,6-di(hydroxymethyl)-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene,
[0034] 5-hydroxy-i-propylbicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene,
[0035] 5,6-dicarboxy-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene,
[0036] bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene-5,6-dicarboxylic acid imide,
[0037] 5-cyclopentyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene,
[0038] 5-cyclohexyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene,
[0039] 5-cyclohexenyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene,
[0040] 5-phenyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hepto-2-ene,
[0041] tricyclo[220.127.116.11,5]deca-3,7-diene (customary name: dicyclopentadiene)
[0042] tricyclo[18.104.22.168,5]deca-3-ene,
[0043] tricyclo[22.214.171.124,5]undeca-3,7-diene,
[0044] tricyclo[220.127.116.11,5]undeca-3,8-diene,
[0045] tricyclo[126.96.36.199,5]undeca-3-ene,
[0046] tetracyclo[126.96.36.199,13.02,7]-trideca-2,4,6-11-tetra-ene(alias: 1,4-methano-1,4,4a,9a-tetrahydrofluorene),
[0047] tetracyclo[22.214.171.124,14.03,8]-tetradeca-3,5,7,12-11-tetraene (alias: 1,4-methano-1,4,4a,5,10,10a-hexahydroanthracene),
[0048] tetracyclo[220.127.116.11,5.17,10]-dodeca-3-ene (customary name: tetracyclododecene),
[0049] 8-methyl-tetracyclo[184.108.40.206,5.17,10]-dodeca-3-ene,
[0050] 8-ethyl-tetracyclo[220.127.116.11,5.17,10]-dodeca-3-ene,
[0051] 8-methylidene-tetracyclo[220.127.116.11,5.17,10]-dodeca-3-ene,
[0052] 8-ethylidene-tetracyclo[22.214.171.124,5.17,10]-dodeca-3-ene,
[0053] 8-vinyl-tetracyclo[188.8.131.52,5.17,10]-dodeca-3-ene,
[0054] 8-propenyl-tetracyclo[184.108.40.206,5.17,10]-dodeca-3-ene,
[0055] 8-methoxycarbonyl-tetracyclo[22.214.171.124,5.17,10]-dodeca-3-ene,
[0056] 8-methyl-8-methoxycarbonyl-tetracyclo[18.104.22.168,5.17,10]-dodeca-3-ene,
[0057] 8-hydroxymethyl-tetracyclo[22.214.171.124,5.17,10]-dodeca-3-ene,
[0058] 8-carboxy-tetracyclo[18.104.22.168,5.17,10]-dodeca-3-ene,
[0059] 8-cyclopentyl-tetracyclo[188.8.131.52,5.17,10]-dodeca-3-ene,
[0060] 8-cyclohexenyl-tetracyclo[18.104.22.168,5.17,10]-dodeca-3-ene,
[0061] 8-cyclohexenyl-tetracyclo[18.104.22.168,5.17,10]-dodeca-3-en
[0062] 8-phenyl-tetracyclo[184.108.40.206,5.17,10]-dodeca-3-ene,
[0063] pentacyclo[220.127.116.11,6.02,7.09,13]-pentadeca-3,10-diene,
[0064] pentacyclo[18.104.22.168,6.110,13.02,7]-pentadeca-4,11-diene,
[0065] tetracyclo[126.96.36.199,5.08,13]trideca-3,8,10,12-tetraene, and
[0066] tetracyclo[22.214.171.124,5.18,13]tetradeca-3,8,10,12-tetraene;
[0067] monocyclic cycloalkene such as cyclobutene, cyclopentene,
[0068] cyclohexene, 3,4-dimethylcyclopentene, 3-methylcyclohexene, 2-(2-methylbutyl)-1-cyclohexene,
[0069] cyclooctene, 3a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methano-1H-indene and cycloheptene;
[0070] vinyl alicyclic hydrocarbon monomers such as vinylcyclohexene and vinylcyclohexane; and
[0071] alicyclic conjugated diene monomers such as cyclopentadiene and cyclohexadiene.
[0072] Examples of the aromatic olefin are styrene, α-methylstyrene and divinylbenzene.
[0073] The alicyclic olefin and/or aromatic olefin may be used either alone or in combination of two or more kinds.
[0074] The alicyclic olefin polymer may be prepared by copolymerising the alicyclic olefin and/or the aromatic olefin with a monomer copolymerisable with these olefins.
[0075] Examples of the monomers copolymerisable with the alicyclic olefin or the aromatic olefin are olefins or α-olefins of 20 to 20 carbon atoms such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 3-methyl-1-pentene, 3-ethyl-1-pentene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 4-methyl-1-hexene, 4,4-dimethyl-1-hexene, 4,4-dimethyl-1-pentene, 4-ethyl-1-hexene, 3-ethyl-1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, 1-octadecene and 1-eicosane; and non-conjugated dienes such as 1,4-hexadiene, 4-methyl-1,4-hexadiene, 5-methyl-1,4-hexadiene and 1,7-octadiene. These monomers can be used either alone or in combination with two or more kinds.
[0076] The polymerization method of the alicyclic olefin or/and the aromatic olefin and the hydrogenation method that is carried out whenever necessary is not limited and, in particular, they can be conducted by a known method.
[0077] Concrete examples of the alicyclic olefin polymers are ring-opened polymers of norbornene type monomers and their hydrogenated products, addition polymers of the norbornene type monomers, addition polymers of the norbornene type monomers and vinyl compounds, monocyclic cycloalkene polymers, alicyclic conjugated diene polymers, vinyl type alicyclic hydrocarbon polymers and their hydrogenated products, and aromatic hydrogenated products of aromatic olefin polymers. Preferred among them are the ring-opened polymers of the norbornene type monomers and their hydrogenated products, the addition polymers of the norbornene type monomers, the addition polymers of the norbornene type monomers and the vinyl compounds and the aromatic ring hydrogenated products of the aromatic olefin polymers. Particularly preferred is the hydrogenated product of the ring-opened polymer of the norbornene type monomers. The alicyclic olefin polymers can be used either alone or in combination of two or more kinds.
[0078] The alicyclic olefin polymer is not particularly limited by its molecular weight. The molecular weight of the alicyclic olefin polymer is generally 1,000 to 1,000,000, preferably 5,000 to 500,000 and more preferably 10,000 to 250,000 in terms of a weight average molecular weight (Mw) calculated as polystyrene measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using cyclohexane or toluene as a solvent. When the weight average molecular weight of the alicyclic olefin polymer is within this range, heat resistance, flatness of the surface of a molding, and so forth, are balanced satisfactorily and suitably.
[0079] The molecular weight distribution of the alicyclic olefin polymer is ordinarily 5 or less, preferably 4 or less and more preferably 3 or less in terms of a ratio (Mw/Mn) of the weight average molecular weight (Mw) measured by GPC using cyclohexane or toluene as the solvent to the number average molecular weight (Mn).
[0080] The weight average molecular weight (Mw), the range of the molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) and the measurement method can be suitably adapted to the norbornene type polymers, but are not particularly restrictive. In the case of the alicyclic olefin polymers, the weight average molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution of which cannot be measured by the method described above, it is possible to use polymers having a melt viscosity and a degree of polymerization to such an extent that a resin layer can be formed by an ordinary melt processing method.
[0081] The glass transition temperature of the alicyclic olefin polymer may be suitably selected in accordance with the object of use, and is generally 50° C. or above, preferably 70° C. or above, more preferably 100° C. or above and most preferably 125° C. or above.
[0082] The aromatic polyether polymer constituting the curable composition is a polyether having an aromatic ring, and can be generally obtained by causing a 2,6-disubstituted phenol such as 2,6-dimethyl phenol or 2,6-diphenyl phenol to react with oxygen in the presence of a basic copper (II) salt such as a copper (II) amine complex. Examples of the aromatic polyether polymers are polyphenylene ether and modified polyphenylene ether. Among them, denatured polyphenylene ether having a small dielectric constant and a small dielectric tangent is suitably used.
[0083] The nitrogen type curing agent used in the invention contains a nitrogen atom or more than one nitrogen atom. The curing agent may be an ionic curing agent, a radical curing agent or a curing agent that is both ionic and radical so long as it contains nitrogen. However, the ionic curing agent is preferred from the aspects of insulation resistance, heat resistance, chemical resistance and compatibility with an insulating resin. Preferably, the nitrogen-type curing agent used in the invention does not contain a halogen.
[0084] Examples of the nitrogen-type curing agent include aliphatic polyamines such as hexamethylenediamine, triethylenetetramine, diethylenetriamine and tetraethylenepentamine; alicyclic polyamines such as diaminocyclohexane, 3(4),8(9)-bis(aminomethyl)tricyclo[5.2.1.02.6]decane, 1,3-(diaminomethyl)cyclohexane, menthenediamine, isophoronediamine N-aminoethylpiperazine, bis(4-amino-3-methylcyclohexyl)methane and (4-aminocyclohexyl)methane; aromatic polyamines such as 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, α,α′-bis(4-aminophenyl)-1,3-diisopropylbenzene, α,α′-bis(4-aminophenyl)-1,4-diisopropylbenzene, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone, methaphenylenediamine, and methaxylylenediamine; polyamides such as nylon-6, nylon-66, nylon-610, nylon-11, nylon-612, nylon-12, nylon-46, methoxymethylated polyamide, polyhexamethylenediamine terephthalamide and polyhexamethylene isophthalamide; isocynates such as hexamethylene diisocyanate and toluylene diisocyanate; isocyanuric acid; triallylcyanurate; 1-allylisocyanurate, 1,3-diallylisocyanurate, 1,3-diallyl-5-benzyl isocyanurate, triallylisocyanurate, 1-allyl-3,5-dibenzylisocyanurate; and isocyanurates such as 1-allyl-3,5-diglycidylisocyanurate, 1,3-diallyl-5-glycidylisocyanurate and triglycidyl isocyanurate. Preferred among them are nitrogen type curing agents that contain the vinyl group and the epoxy group. Particularly preferred are those isocyanurate type curing agents that contain the vinyl group and the epoxy group but do not contain a halogen such as 1-allyl-3,5-diglycidylisocyanurate and 1,3-diallyl-5-glycidyl isocyanurate.
[0085] These nitrogen-type curing agents can be used either alone or in combination of two or more kinds, and their blend proportion is generally 5 to 150 parts by weight, preferably 15 to 110 parts by weight and more preferably 30 to 100 parts by weight, on the basis of 100 parts by weight of the insulating resin.
[0086] The phosphorus-type flame retardant used in the invention is a phosphorus-containing compound that is generally used as a flame retardant. Examples of the phosphorus type flame retardant include triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, trixylenyl phosphate, trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, tributoxyethyl phosphate, octyldiphenyl phosphate, cresyldiphenyl phosphate, xylenyldiphenyl phosphate, resorcinolbis(diphenyl) phosphate, 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate, dimethylmethyl phosphate, triallyl phosphate, diethylbis(hydroxyethyl)aminomethyl phosphate, and phosphoric acid ester compounds such as condensed phosphoric acid esters; and inorganic phosphorus compounds such as phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid, metaphosphoric acid; pyrophosphoric acid; sodium phosphinate monohydrate, sodium phosphinate pentahydrate, sodium hydrogenphophonate 2.5 hydrate, sodium phosphate dodecahydrate, disodium hydrogenphosphate dodecahydrate, sodium dihydrogenphosphate monohydrate, sodium dihydrogenphosphate dihydrate, sodium hypophosphate decahydrate, sodium diphosphate decahydrate, disodium dihydrogendiphosphate, disodium dihydrogendiphosphate hexahydrate, sodium triphosphate, sodium cyclotetraphosphate, potassium phosphinate, potassium phosphonate, potassium hydrogenphosphinate, potassium phosphate, dipotassium hydrogenphosphate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate, potassium diphosphate trihydrate, potassium metaphosphate and red phosphorus; phosphate compounds such as ammonium polyphosphate, polyphosphoric acid melamine salts, sulfates of polyphosphoric acid, guanidine phosphate and guanylurea phosphate; phosphoric acid ester amide compounds such as diphenylphosphoric acid ester-2-propenylamide, diphenylphosphoric acid ester-2-hydroxyethylamide, diphenylphosphoric acid ester-di(2-hydroxyethyl)amide, diphenylphosphoric acid ester-di-2-cyanoethylamide, diphenylphosphoric acid ester-p-hydroxyphenylamide, diphenylphosphoric acid ester-m-hydroxyphenylamide, and diphenylphosphoric acid ester-cyclohexylamide; and phosphoric acid amide compounds such as phenylphosphoric acid ester-di-N, N-phenylmethylamide and phenylphosphoric acid ester-di-N-cyclohexylamide.
[0087] The amount of the phosphorus-type flame retardant is generally 1 to 100 parts by weight and preferably 5 to 60 parts by weight, on the basis of 100 parts by weight of the insulating resin. Preferred among the flame retardants listed above are the flame retardants not containing a halogen, and particularly preferred are phosphoric acid ester amide compounds or phosphoric acid amide compounds that do not contain a halogen.
[0088] Examples of the peroxides used in the invention include benzoyl peroxide, dichlorobenzoyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-(peroxide benzoate)hexine-3,1,4-bis(tert-butyloxyisopropyl) benzene, lauroyl peroxide, tert-butyl peracetate, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butyl peroxy)hexine-3,2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane, tert-butyl perbenzoate, tert-butyl perphenylacetate, tert-butyl perisobutylate, tert-butylper-sec-octoate, tert-butyl perpiperate, cumyl perpiparate, tert-butylperdiethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, cyclohexanone peroxide, 1,1-bis(t-butylperoxy)3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, 2,2-bis(t-butylperoxy)butane, t-butyl hydroperoxide, 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-dihydroperoxide, dicumyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexine-3,α,α′-bis(t-butylperoxy-m-isopropyl)benzene, octanoyl peroxide, isobutyryl peroxide and peroxy dicarbonate. Among these peroxides, those not containing a halogen element are preferred.
[0089] The amount of the peroxide is generally 0.1 to 40 parts by weight and preferably 1 to 20 parts by weight on the basis of 100 parts by weight of the insulating resin. When the amount of the peroxide is within this range, a lamination property, such as the burying of wiring, is superior.
[0090] Other components may be blended into the curable composition used in the invention, whenever desired. The blend components include insulating resins other than the insulating resin described above, flexible polymers, fillers, heat resistance stabilizer, weatherability stabilizers, antioxidants, leveling agents, antistatic agents, slip agents, anti-blocking agents, anti-hazing agents, lubricants, dyes, pigments, natural oil, synthetic oil, wax, emulsifiers and fillers. The blend proportion of these agents is suitably selected within the range that does not spoil the object of the invention.
[0091] The flexible polymer is a polymer that generally has Tg of not higher than 30° C. Concrete examples include a diene-type rubber such as natural rubber, polyisobutylene rubber, butyl rubber, polybutadiene rubber, polyisoprene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer rubber, styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber, styrene-isoprene copolymer rubber and styrene-butadiene-isoprene ternary copolymer rubber, and their hydrogenated products; a saturated polyolefin rubber such as ethylene-α-olefin copolymer and propylene-other α-olefin copolymer; an α-olefin-diene-type polymer rubber such as ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer, α-olefin-diene copolymer, isobutylene-isoprene copolymer and isobutylene-diene copolymer; a specific rubber such as urethane rubber, polyether rubber, acryl rubber, propylene oxide rubber and ethylene acryl rubber; styrene type thermoplastic elastomers such as styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer rubber and styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer rubber, and their hydrogenated products; 1,2-polybutadiene type thermoplastic elastomer; and silicone rubber.
[0092] Examples of the resin are polyolefins such as low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, ultra-low density polyethylene, polypropylene, syndiotactic polypropylene, polybutene and polypentene; polyamides such as nylon 66; ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer; polyesters; polycarbonate; acryl resin; polyimide; and silicone resin.
[0093] These polymers or resins can be used either alone or in combination of two or more kinds. The blend ratio of other polymers is generally 100 parts by weight or less, preferably 70 parts by weight or less and more preferably 50 parts or less, on the basis of 100 parts by weight of the insulating resin. The lower limit is 0 parts by weight.
[0094] To improve the insulating resistance and the peeling resistance, a thiol compound and a silane compound are preferred as the blending agent. The blend amount of the thiol compound or silane compound is generally 0.001 to 30 parts by weight and preferably 0.01 to 10 parts by weight on the basis of 100 parts by weight of the insulating resin. When the blend amount is too small, the effect of improving the insulating resistance and the peel resistance cannot be acquired easily and, when it is too great, the heat resistance and the chemical resistance are likely to drop.
[0095] The curable composition according to the invention is excellent in flame resistance, an insulating property and in adhesion and does not, moreover, generate detrimental substances such as a halogen compound when it is burnt. Therefore, the curable composition can be utilized for an insulating film of multiplayer circuit boards, an inter-level insulating film of semiconductor devices, a solder resist, a spacer and a cell for liquid crystal display devices, an adhesive, and so forth.
[0096] The multi-layer circuit board according to the invention has an electrically insulating layer (2) that is obtained by curing the curable composition, and is laminated thereon.
[0097] The electrically insulating layer (2) is generally formed on the internal layer board. The internal layer board includes an electrically insulating layer (1) and a conductor circuit layer (1) formed on a surface of the electrically insulating layer (1).
[0098] The conductor circuit layer (1) constituting the internal layer board is an electric circuit formed of an electric conductor such as an electrically conductive metal, and its circuit construction is the same as the circuit construction used in ordinary multi-layer circuit boards.
[0099] Concrete examples of the internal layer board are a printed wiring board and a silicon wafer board. The thickness of the internal layer board is generally from 50 μm to 2 mm, preferably from 60 μm to 1.6 mm and more preferably from 100 μm to 1 mm.
[0100] The material of the electrically insulating layer (1) constituting the internal layer board is not particularly limited so long as it has an electric insulating property. Examples of the material of the electrically insulating layer (1) are those products that are obtained by curing a curing composition containing an alicyclic olefin polymer, an epoxy resin, a maleimide resin, a (meth)acrylic resin, diallyl phthalate resin, a triazine resin or a polyphenylene ether. The internal layer board may contain glass fiber, etc, to improve the strength.
[0101] Methods of forming the electrically insulating layer (2) on the internal layer substrate include a method that applies a solution or dispersion of the curable composition to the internal layer board, removing and drying a solvent to form a coating layer of the curable composition, and curing the composition, and a method that molds the curable composition into a film or sheet, laminating the sheet or film onto the internal layer board by heat bonding, etc, and curing the sheet or film to form the electrically insulating layer (2). In the invention, the latter method that forms the sheet or film and then forms the insulating layer is preferred.
[0102] The method of molding the curable composition into the sheet or film is not particularly limited but, in the invention, a solution casting method or a melt casting method is preferably employed. According to the melt casting method, the solution or dispersion of the curable composition is applied to a support and the solvent is dried and removed.
[0103] Examples of the solvent for dissolving or dispersing the curable composition of the invention include aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene and trimethylbenzene; aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents such as n-pentane, n-hexane and n-heptane; alicyclic hydrocarbon solvents such as cyclopentane and cyclohexane; halogenated hydrocarbon solvents such as chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene and trichlorbenzene; and ketone type solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclopentaonone and cyclohexanone. These solvents may be used either alone or in a combination of two or more kinds.
[0104] Preferred among these solvents are mixed solvents prepared by mixing non-polar solvents such as the aromatic hydrocarbon solvents or the alicyclic hydrocarbon solvents with polar solvents such as the ketone type solvent. The mixing ratio of the non-polar solvent and the polar solvent can be selected appropriately but is generally 5:95 to 95:5, preferably 10:90 to 90:10 and more preferably 20:80 to 80:20 in terms of the weight ratio.
[0105] The use amount of the solvent is appropriately selected in accordance with the object of use, but is such that the solid content concentration in the solution or dispersion of the curable composition is generally 5 to 70 wt %, preferably 10 to 65 wt % and more preferably 20 to 60 wt %.
[0106] The curable composition may be dispersed or dissolved in the solvent in a customary manner by, for example, using a stirrer with a magnetic stirrer, a high-speed homogenizer, a disperser, a planetary stirrer, a two-axial stirrer, a ball mill or three-roll mixer.
[0107] The support used for the solution casting method is a resin film or a metal foil. A thermoplastic resin film is generally used for the resin film. Concrete examples include a polypropylene film, a polyethylene film, a polycarbonate film, a polyethylene terephthalate film, a polyethylene naphthalate film, a polyarylate film and a nylon film. Among these resin films, the polyethylene terephthalate film and the polyethylene naphthalate film are desirable from the aspects of heat resistance, chemical resistance and peeling property after lamination. Examples of the metal foil are a copper foil, an aluminum foil, a nickel foil, a chromium foil, a gold foil and a silver foil. The copper foil, particularly an electrolytic copper foil or a rolled copper foil, is suitable because it has high conductivity and is economically available. The thickness of the support is not particularly limited. From the aspect of the working factor, however, the thickness is generally 1 to 150 μm, preferably 2 to 100 μm and more preferably 3 to 50 μm.
[0108] The coating method includes dip coating, roll coating, die coating and slit coating. The condition for drying and removing the solvent is suitably selected in accordance with the kind of the solvent. The drying temperature is generally 20 to 300° C. and preferably 30 to 200° C., and the drying time is generally 30 seconds to 1 hour and preferably 1 to 30 minutes.
[0109] The thickness of the film or sheet is generally 0.1 to 150 μm, preferably 0.5 to 100 μm and more preferably 1.0 to 80 μm. Incidentally, when it is desired to obtain the film or sheet as a single substance, the film or sheet is formed on the support and is then peeled from the support.
[0110] To laminate the film or sheet consisting of the curable composition on the internal layer board, the film or sheet having the support is arranged in such a fashion that the film or sheet comes into contact with the surface of the internal layer board and it is heat bonded by use of a pressing machine such as a press laminator, a press, a vacuum laminator, a vacuum press or a roll laminator. Heat bonding is preferably carried out in vacuum so as to improve the burying property of the wiring and to suppress the occurrence of air bubbles. The temperature of heat bonding is generally 30 to 250° C. and preferably 70 to 200° C. The pressure is generally 0.1 to 200 kg/cm2 and preferably 1 to 100 kg/cm2. The bonding time is generally 30 seconds to 5 hours and preferably 1 minute to 3 hours. Generally, the pressure is reduced to 760 to 0.01 mmHg and preferably to 300 to 0.1 mmHg.
[0111] To cure the curable composition, the curable composition is generally heated. The curing temperature is appropriately selected in accordance with the kind of the nitrogen-type curing agent but is generally 30 to 400° C., preferably 70 to 300° C. and more preferably 100 to 200° C. The curing time is generally 0.1 to 5 hours and preferably 0.5 to 3 hours. When the film or sheet having the support is laminated on the internal layer board, the film or sheet formed of the curable composition may be heated and cured while it has the support. Generally, however, the film or sheet formed of the curable composition is heated and cured after the support is peeled.
[0112] On the other hand, when the film or sheet having the support is laminated on the internal layer board, the support is wholly removed, and the film or sheet is cured to give the electrically insulating layer (2). Incidentally, when the support is an electrically conductive metal foil, the metal foil may be left either partially or wholly and may be used as the conductor circuit (2).
[0113] In the multi-layer circuit board according to the invention, a conductor circuit layer (2) can be formed on the surface of the electrically insulating layer (2). A method of forming a new conductor circuit on the electrically insulating layer (2) includes plating and sputtering. To improve the bonding strength between the electrically insulating layer (2) and the conductor circuit (2), the surface of the electrically insulating layer (2) is brought into contact with a solution of permanganic acid or chromic acid, or a plasma treatment is applied to the surface of the electrically insulating layer (2), before plating or sputtering is carried out.
[0114] In the invention, it is also possible to laminate new electrically conductive layers and conductor circuits in multiple layers by using the boards obtained by forming the electrically insulating layer (2) and the conductor circuit (2) as new internal layer boards.
[0115] In the multi-layer circuit, a via-hole electrically connects the conductor circuits (1) and (2) separated by the electrically insulating layers (2). The via hole can be formed by physical treatment such as drilling or laser processing, or by so-called "photolithography" that optically cures the curable composition while it is masked, and removes non-cured portions. Among these via formation methods, laser processing using a CO2 laser, an excimer laser or a UV-YAG laser is preferred because it can form the via hole in a smaller size without altering the properties of the insulating layer.
[0116] In the multi-layer circuit board described above, a part of the conductor circuit may be a metal power supply layer, a metal ground layer or a metal shield layer.
[0117] In electronic appliances such as computers and cellular phones, the multi-layer circuit board can be used as a printed wiring board to which semiconductor devices such as a CPU and a memory, and other packaging components, are packaged. A multi-layer circuit board having miniature wiring, in particular, is suitable as a high-density printed wiring board in high-speed computers and mobile terminals used in a high frequency range.
[0118] The invention will be hereinafter explained concretely with reference to Examples and Comparative Examines. The term "part or parts" used in Examples represents "part or parts by weight" unless otherwise specified.
[0119] Evaluation methods in the following Examples are as follows.
[0120] (1) Molecular Weight:
[0121] The molecular weight is measured as a polystyrene equivalent value by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using toluene as a solvent, unless otherwise specified.
[0122] (2) Hydrogenation Ratio and Carboxyl Group Content:
[0123] They are measured by 1H-NMR.
[0124] (3) Glass Transition Temperature (Tg):
[0125] The glass transition temperature Tg is measured by differential scanning calorimetry.
[0126] (4) Adhesion:
[0127] The multi-layer circuit board is treated for 100 hours in saturated vapor condition at 121° C., and measurement is made in accordance with JIS K 5400. The evaluation points stipulated by JIS K 5400 are evaluated in accordance with the following standard: ◯: 8 points or more, Δ: less than 8 to 4 points or more, X: less than 4 points
[0128] (5) Flame Resistance:
[0129] The multi-layer circuit board is cut into strips in accordance with UL-STD-94 and the flame resistance test is carried out. ⊚: V0 level, Δ: V1 level, X: burnt
[0130] (6) Insulating Property:
[0131] A comb-shaped electrode having a wiring distance of 50 microns and a wiring width of 50 microns is formed on the second layer electrically insulating layer of the multi-layer circuit board. While a DC voltage of 50 V is applied, the electrode is left standing under a 120° C. saturated vapor condition, and 300 hours later the electric resistance value is measured. ⊚: electric resistance of 109Ω or more, 603 : 108 to less than 109Ω, Δ:less than 108Ω and not having short-circuit, X: short-circuited
[0132] 8-ethylidene-tetracyclo[18.104.22.168,5.17,10]-dodeca-3-ene was subjected to ring-opening polymerization and then to a hydrogenation reaction. There was obtained a hydrogenated polymer having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 31,200, a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 55,800 and Tg of about 155° C. A hydrogenation ratio of the resulting polymer was 99%.
[0133] Next, 28 parts of the polymer so obtained, 10 parts of maleic anhydride and 3 parts of dicumyl peroxide were dissolved in 130 parts of t-butylbenzene, and a reaction was carried out at 140° C. for 6 hours. The resulting solution of the reaction product was poured into 300 parts of methanol, and was coagulated to give a maleic acid denatured hydrogenated polymer. This denatured hydrogenated polymer was dried in vacuum at 100° C. for 20 hours. The denatured hydrogenated polymer had molecular weight Mn of 33,200, Mw of 68,300 and Tg of 170° C. A maleic acid group content was 25 mol %.
[0134] Next, 100 parts of the denatured hydrogenated polymer described above, 50 parts of 1,3-diallyl-5-glycidylisocyanurate, 5 parts of dicumyl peroxide and 40 parts of polyphosphoric acid melamine salt having a mean particle size of 3 μm were dissolved in a mixed solvent consisting of 175 parts of toluene and 117 parts of methyl isobutyl ketone to give a varnish.
[0135] After the varnish was filtered with a Teflon micro-filter having a pore diameter of 10 microns, it was then applied to a polyethylene naphthalate film (carrier film) having a size of 300 mm square and a thickness of 75 microns by use of a die coater. The varnish was then dried at 120° C. for 210 seconds inside a nitrogen oven to give a dry film with a carrier film having a resin thickness of 35 microns.
[0136] The dry films with the carrier film were superposed with the resin surface thereof facing inward on both surfaces of a 0.8 mm-thick core board (obtained by causing a glass cloth to be impregnated with a varnish containing a glass filler and an epoxy resin not containing a halogen) on which a conductor circuit layer having wiring width and wiring distance of 75 microns and wiring layer thickness of 18 microns and plating through-holes having a diameter of 0.2 mm were formed. Heat bonding was conducted by reducing a pressure to 1 mmHg, at a temperature of 150° C. and a pressure of 5 kgf/cm2 for 30 minutes by using a vacuum laminator to give a laminated board. The resulting laminated board was withdrawn from the laminator, and only the polyethylene naphthalate film was peeled. The laminated board was heated at 180° C. for 60 minutes inside a nitrogen oven to cure the resin and to form an insulating layer.
[0137] A UV-YAG laser was used to form via-holes for inter-layer connection, having a diameter of 30 microns at the insulating layer portion of the resulting laminated board. Next, the laminated board was washed with water, dried and exposed to a 1,000 W argon plasma for 10 minutes.
[0138] Next, the laminated board was subjected to copper sputtering treatment and a copper thin film having a thickness of 0.1 micron was formed on the wall surface of the via-holes and on the entire surface of the laminated board.
[0139] A commercially available photosensitive dry film was heat bonded to the surface of the laminated board, and a mask having a predetermined pattern was brought into close contact with the dry film, and was exposed and developed to give a resist pattern. Electrolytic copper plating was applied to portions not covered with resist to form an electrolytic copper plating film having a thickness of 18 microns. Next, the resist pattern was peeled and removed by use of a peeling solution, and the sputter copper thin film hidden below the resist formation portion was removed by use of a mixed solution of copper (II) chloride and hydrochloric acid to thereby form a wiring pattern. Finally, annealing was carried out at 170° C. for 30 minutes to give a circuit board.
[0140] A solution for pre-treating the conductor layer was prepared by dissolving 0.1 part of 2-dibutylamino-4,6-dimercapto-S-triazine in 100 parts of isopropyl alcohol. The circuit board obtained in the manner described above was immersed in this pre-treating solution for 1 minute and was then dried at 90° C. for 15 minutes. The circuit board so treated was used as the core board described above, and the insulating layer and the conductor layer were repeatedly formed in the same way as described above to obtain a multi-layer circuit board having six layers in total on both surfaces. The evaluation result is tabulated in Table 1. As the curable composition constituting the dry film did not contain a halogen-containing material, halogen-type detrimental substances were not generated during the flame resistance test.
[0141] A multi-layer circuit board was obtained in the same way as in Example 1 with the exception that phosphoric acid ester amide expressed by the chemical formula (1) was used in place of the polyphosphoric acid melamine salt used in Example 1. The evaluation result is tabulated in Table 1. Halogen-type detrimental substances were not generated in the flame resistance test.
[0142] Two parts of a polymer obtained by oxidative polymerization of 2,2-bis(3,5-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane and 2,6-dimethylphenol was dissolved in a mixed solvent consisting of 100 parts by volume of toluene and 5 parts by volume of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine, and after 10.8 parts by volume of n-butyl lithium (1.54 mol/liter, hexane solution) was added, the mixture was reacted at room temperature for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction solution was subsequently cooled down to −70° C., and after 2 parts of propargyl bromide was added, the reaction solution was stirred. The reaction solution was poured into a large amount of methanol to precipitate the polymer. After filtration, the polymer was washed thrice with methanol to give a white powdery propargyl group substituted polyphenylene ether polymer. The substitution ratio of the propargyl group was determined as 5% by 1H-NMR.
[0143] 100 parts of the propargyl group substituted polyphenylene ether polymer, 50 parts of 1-allyl-3,5-diglycidyl isocyanurate, 5 parts of dicumyl peroxide and a polyphosphoric acid melamine salt having a mean particle size of 3 μm were dissolved in 200 parts of trichloroethylene to give a varnish. A multi-layer circuit board was obtained by use of the varnish in the same way as in Example 1. The evaluation result was tabulated in Table 1. Halogen-type detrimental substances were not generated in the flame resistance test.
[0144] A multi-layer circuit board was obtained in the same way as in Example 1 with the exception that triallyl-1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylate was used in place of 50 parts of 1,3-diallyl-5-glycidylisocyanurate used in Example 1. The evaluation result is tabulated in Table 1. Halogen type detrimental substances were not generated, but the multi-layer circuit board did not have any flame resistance.
TABLE 1 flame property adhesion resistance insulating Example 1 ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ Example 2 ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ Example 3 ◯ ⊚ ◯ Comp. Ex. 1 ⊚ X ⊚
[0145] The curable composition according to the invention can easily provide a multi-layer circuit board having high adhesion and high insulating property. The curable composition does not generate halogen-type detrimental substances when burnt, and is excellent in environmental safety. The multi-layer circuit board obtained using the curable composition can be used as a printed wiring board for packaging semiconductor devices such as a CPU and memories and other packing components in electronic appliances such as computers and mobile telephones. A multi-layer circuit board having miniature wiring, in particular, is suitable as a high-density printed wiring board in high-speed computers and mobile terminals used in the high frequency band.
|Patente citada
|Fecha de presentación
|Fecha de publicación
|4 May 1936
|28 Mar 1939
|American Box Board Co
|Título no disponible
|Título no disponible
|Título no disponible
|Título no disponible
|Patente citante
|Fecha de presentación
|Fecha de publicación
|10 Feb 2006
|20 Jul 2010
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Flame resistant covercoat for flexible circuit
|16 Jun 2011
|13 Nov 2012
|Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd.
|Flame retardant resin composition for multilayer wiring board and multilayer wiring board including the same
|21 Ago 2012
|2 Oct 2014
|Zeon Corporation
|Curable resin composition, film, prepreg, laminate, cured article, and composite article
|5 Feb 2007
|23 Ago 2007
|3M Innovative Properties Co
|Flame resistant covercoat for flexible circuit
|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea
|30 Sep 2002
Owner name: ZEON CORPORATION, JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:YAKIZAKA, YASUHIRO;YUYAMA, KANJI;REEL/FRAME:013942/0119
Effective date: 20020920
|27 Abr 2009
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|18 Oct 2009
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|8 Dic 2009
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20091018


text:
There is much about the total camp experience that creates an ambience of informality — summer, warmth, blue skies, school vacation, recreational dress codes, and experiential learning versus academic learning. Camp professionals often want to extend this air of informality throughout the camp's total interaction with parents and children. Please don't.
There is a potential pitfall here that must be scrupulously avoided. Never confuse natural informality with a license for laxity.
Your marketing program represents you at a point when prospective enrollees and their parents do not yet know much about your camp. They are examining your messages — and often comparing them to the messages of your competitors — for any and every cue to help them form an opinion of you and your practices.
Many of us have fond remembrances of our school years and such scenes as: When we would begin math or science tests that included essay questions, some student would inevitably ask, "Does spelling count?" The questioning student figured that since the test was not about English or social studies, correct spelling should be irrelevant. Some teachers would say yes; others no. It is apparent years later that the permissive teachers were not doing the students any kind of favor. Instead, they were reinforcing an acceptance of carelessness.
Shift to today. Camp marketing materials are too often filled with spelling errors, typos, and grammatical horrors. Why? Who really knows? Perhaps there is some feeling that camp is "natural" and "back-to-basics" and that exacting disciplines like proper use of the English language are irrelevant. On the other hand, the people who are creating the messages may simply not be relying on effective backstops to check their copy before it is distributed.
Seen from a different perspective, however, this situation is a mine field. The different perspective mentioned here is that of the educated parent. To such a reader or viewer, little things like "effect" or "affect" and "council" or "counsel" and those apostrophes to the left or to the right of the ending letter "s" do indeed get noticed — but only when they are used wrongly. Haphazard use of English — particularly in a printed piece — simply communicates carelessness on the part of the author. And carelessness is not a desirable attribute for an institution which is entrusted with children.
Add to this the fact that many camps boast senior staffs made up largely of educators, and you have a real credibility problem when your first opportunities to interface with the target audience — your marketing package — contain errors.
Our newest medium of camp marketing communications probably sports the most flagrant offenses. We are speaking hear of your Web site. The Web site presents itself as an ideal place to be current. Unlike a brochure that gets printed once every three to five years, the photos and text on a Web site can be changed constantly. Unfortunately, Web sites get activated, and then are far too often ignored. As a result, dates remain unchanged. Rates remain posted throughout the active year then remain on the site past the camp season, when they no longer apply. Asked why the old rates are there, camp directors are known to reply that the rates for the coming year have yet to be finalized. Fine, but you must delete the now outdated rates and temporarily refer to "watch this space."
Every camp publishes it's rates and dates yearly. For some, this is the entire brochure; for others, it is an insert for the more permanent marketing materials. In either case, this piece deserves careful scrutiny before printing. The last place anyone would want to find a mistake is on the very instrument used for specifying payment and other terms of enrollment and participation.
The only place where the "reality" of spelling and grammatical errors can be considered acceptable is a newsletter format which includes submissions by campers. Young children's spelling and grammar can have a certain charm. However, this leniency should not be extended to staff members. Even first-year counselors should be perceived as sufficiently caring and careful to be willing and able to write correctly.
Here are some suggestions to help you ensure a positive image:
- All printed materials — including Web site content — should be proofread by three different people before being made public.
- If all three proofreaders agree on needed corrections, you are done. If two out of three agree on a particular correction and the third does not, it is necessary to go to a next confirming step. Do not simply figure that "majority rules."
- Understand up-front that commas and apostrophes are the trickiest — and deserve special attention.
- The Web site should be reviewed thoroughly during the week following the camp season, and then should receive a page-by-page once-over at least monthly throughout the year. This maintenance check should include not only the accuracy of all copy, but also the functionality and navigability of the site.
That last point brings us so the issue of organization. You have a lot of information to impart and this should be done in the most orderly and accessible format possible. Experienced Web surfers have come to expect a certain general pattern for wending their way through a site. Said differently, certain types of information and various levels of detail are expected to be in certain places and to require certain established paths of navigation. Take a look at popular Web sites and learn from the experts.
Brochures should feature the general information at the beginning and the more detailed data next, all clearly labled for easy skimming and access. If you place your materials in a pocket folder, consider an alternative to stuffing a stack of eleven-inch high single sheets. That alternative could be a series of cards, graduated in height. The card at the back of the stack is the expected eleven inches, and then each preceding card is slightly shorter. The top of each card shows a header band, labeling the information that will be found there.
The rise of the DVD format has made it possible to restructure and divide your camp promotional video into chapters — like a sequence of notable scenes in a movie. In most cases, however, you will want to think carefully before doing this. Your promotional video is your selling story. It should have a beginning and an ending — with a logical progression of topics and feature/benefit descriptions in between. Dividing your DDV into click-able chapters could have the ultimate result of putting your viewer in charge, thus taking control of your selling story away from you. An example — soccer is just one offering at your camp. If you chapter-divide your video and then label soccer as chapter sixteen, avid soccer players may skip right to that point, watch it over and over again, and evaluate your camp based solely on their most favorite sport. This is clearly not the usage you intended for your exciting, multi-faceted, and comprehensive video presentation of the total camp.
The time and effort you put into meticulous proofreading and careful organization of your marketing package will reward you with marketplace perceptions of your camp as professional, well-run, and trustworthy. In short, these perceptions support an overall feeling of confidence in you.
Now turn immediately to page 58 for a final important note about this column.
Steve Cony is a marketing consultant who assists children's camps with the development of strategic plans and the execution of marketing materials. Camp directors may contact him at 914-271-8482 or e-mail email@example.com [1].
Originally published in the 2003 May/June issue of Camping Magazine.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Navigation >> Home >> Breed Pages >> German Shepherd Dog >> Profiles >> Display Profile
Introducing the
German Shepherd Dog
Logo vom Radhaus (Imp Srb) a ED normal
© Unauthorised use of photo prohibited
Logo vom Radhaus (Imp Srb) a ED normal
|Sire : Furbo Degli Achei
|S: Quenn vom Loher Weg
|S: Uran vom Moorbeck
|D: Elsa vom Kuckucksland
|D: Fenia Degli Achei
|S: Baru von Haus Yu
|D: Arlet (Ita)
|Dam : Mara vom Radhaus
|S: Bravos vom Steffen Haus
|S: Esko vom Danischen Hof
|D: Holly von der Maleiche
|D: Beauty vom Radhaus
|S: Natz van de Herdersfarm
|D: Prima vom Radhaus
Recent Results
- 8-Jul-12 1st Open Dog
Shepparton & District Kennel Club [CH] (Judge was Mrs B Marsh)
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text:
How do I turn off dynamic inclusion?
Created: 08 Mar 2013 • Updated: 20 Mar 2013 | 1 comment
This issue has been solved. See solution.
I have two vcenter backup jobs, one with machines selected for GRT, and another with GRT disabled. When a new VM is created it is automatically added to both jobs. How can I turn off this dynamic inclusion on one or both jobs?
Operating Systems:
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text:
The High Note Society
The Best Seat in the House Belongs to the
High Note Society
The High Note Society is a group of jazz enthusiasts dedicated to furthering the Clearwater Jazz Holiday. The High Note Society was founded as a means to provide support for Clearwater 's major jazz festival and to promote music education and the arts in our community. The Clearwater Jazz Holiday, which has been in existence for 35 years, has featured such legendary musicians as Tony Bennett, Woody Herman, Buddy Rich, Dizzy Gillespie, Herbie Mann, Dave Brubeck, along with some of todays most popular and innovative jazz stars, including Chicago, Bonnie Raitt, The Avett Brothers, Brandi Carlile, Rick Braun, Neville Brothers, Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, Dr. John, Soulive, Brian Culbertson, Maceo Parker, Dianne Reeves, Trombone Shorty & Orlenas Avenue, Chicago, Marcia Ball, Edward Sharpe & The Magnetic Zeros and Earth, Wind & Fire.
Schedule of Events for 2015
- High Note Social, Sea Salt, Sept 21st, 6:00pm-8:00pm
- Partner Appreciation & Holiday Celebration, The Living Room, December 8, 6:00pm-8:00pm
* This is a High Note Social Event with non-member admission fee
** Ticket for event is required. Call the Clearwater Jazz Holiday Office for additional information @ 727-461-5200. Dates & locations subject to change.
*** This is a High Note Member only event
The High Note Society was founded as the means to provide the support necessary for Clearwater's major jazz festival and promote music education and the arts. As a member, you will join a committed group of area professionals, community leaders, and jazz enthusiasts dedicated to enhancing the quality of the Clearwater Jazz Holiday.
For more information, email email@example.com or write to Clearwater Jazz Holiday High Note Society, PO Box 7278, Clearwater, FL, 33758-7278.
High Note Levels for 2016 Coming Soon!
General Admission & Reserved Seating
Purchase your General Admission or Reserved Seat NOW to experience the 36th Clearwater Jazz Holiday Presented by HCI Group Inc.,
October 15-18! Daily, 4 Day and Weekend tickets are available. Kids12 and under are FREE when accompanied by a paid adult.
No exchanges, refunds or Re-entry.
The Reserved seat allows you the opportunity to get up close to the Tampa Bay Times stage and includes one reserved seat in the front area of the stage on the day you select. Daily, 4 Day and Weekend packages are available as well. The purchase of the Reserved seat includes admission to Coachman Park. Entrance to the Reserved Seating section is located on the South side of Coachman Park, to the left of the main stage.
All prices will increase the day of the show. Buy Tickets Now!
Learn More about General Admission & Reserved Seating
CLICK HERE to view a venue map
Purchase your individual VIP credential NOW to experience the
36th Clearwater Jazz Holiday Presented by HCI Group Inc., October 15-18!
Your single day VIP Experience affords you a reserved seat along with enjoying our hospitality area on the day you select.
4 Day packages are available though our High Note Society
Entrance to the VIP Experience area is located on the North and South sides of Coachman Park, to the left and right of the main stage.
Learn More about VIP Experience
Clearwater Jazz Holiday Official After Party
What better way to continue the Clearwater Jazz Holiday experience than attending the Official After Party of the Clearwater Jazz Holiday, starting at 10:30pm till 1:30am at the Capitol Theatre in downtown Clearwater. Constructed and established in 1921 as the Capitol Theatre (Royalty Theatre 1982-2008), this classic structure, complete with a large mezzanine and furnishings reminiscent of a classic Hollywood theater, is one of the oldest operating theatres in the state of Florida. The theaters beautiful Mediterranean-Revival façade with its ornate parapets and arched entrances were the talk of the town in its day. The finishing touches have recently been placed on the Capitol Theatre, which also encompasses the 1917 Clearwater News Building to its west. The result is a magnificent Mediterranean-Revival gem, which promises to fuel downtown's resurgence and become the cultural and arts center that it once was.
Appetizers and cocktails will be available for purchase
Don't let the party stop as you listen to the sounds of the Mindi Abair, Dave Stryker and the Clearwater Jazz Holiday Jam Band,
Hosted by Allon Sams & featuring the "All-Star House Band" and more!
You never know who might show up and sit in for the Jam!
Don't let the party stop as The Betty Fox Band will be keeping the party going!
Starting at 11:15pm till 1:30am aboard the StarLite Majesty Dining Yacht
docked at the Clearwater Harbor Marina on the waterfront of Coachman Park.
This 115-foot sleek, modern styled vessel, the StarLite Majesty Dining Yacht is the
flagship of the StarLite Fleet. The vessel features an all new yacht interior,
elegantly appointed and tastefully decorated to create an unparalleled
atmosphere in a very unique setting. The yacht will remain dockside for this
special Late Night Centennial Celebration party.
Appetizers and cocktails will be available for purchase
Tickets are only $16 in advance while supplies last!
For more information and to purchase your tickets follow the links below!
We'll see YOU, October 15-18, 2015
Check back for updates and upcoming events concerning the Clearwater Jazz Holiday and Jazz events in our area!
Looking for a gift for that special Jazz Holiday Fan?
Check out our event merchandise.
We've got posters, shirts, hats, Tervis Tumblers and more!
Do you have an artist that you would like to see at the
Let us know today at firstname.lastname@example.com. Thank you for your support!


text:
June 17, 2010
Reed Coldiron
One of Oklahoma State's top defensive line targets in the form of Concord, California native Dylan Wynn was able to take a recent unofficial visit to OSU. The 6-foot-3, 234-pounder made the trip to Stillwater following a Nebraska football camp in Lincoln last week and recently he talked with OSI about the latest in recruiting as well as his thoughts on his experience on campus. Get the details on Wynn's visit inside
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text:
McWane Science Center's mission is to change lives through science and wonder, combining its unique assets to create hands-on science learning experiences that parents and teachers value and kids love. McWane Science Center's NEW ELEMENT was established in 2013 to identify a select group of young leaders who recognize and appreciate McWane Science Center's importance to the State and region, and who are committed to ensuring its continued success. Members represent young leaders from business and industry, the legal profession, and the public and non-profit sectors. Members of NEW ELEMENT have the opportunity to network and socialize with like-minded individuals, support McWane Science Center, and become more engaged in science education.
Nominations are accepted throughout the year and made by NEW ELEMENT members as well as McWane Science Center Board and staff. To nominate someone, contact Karon Grubbs at (205) 714-8303 or email@example.com.
Members are young people (generally 30-45 years of age) who have demonstrated significant leadership in their respective fields and a strong commitment to the community. An interest or expertise in science is a plus, but certainly not a requirement. Many, but by no means all, of our members are the parents of young children.
As well as…
Absolutely. Spouses or guests are included in all NEW ELEMENT events. With advance notice, members are welcome to bring a prospective member to any event.
At least one NEW ELEMENT event each year will include the children of members.
Members of NEW ELEMENT are asked to make an annual, tax-deductible $500 gift to the McWane Science Center to support its mission to change lives through science and wonder.
Karon Grubbs, Development Coordinator, McWane Science Center, 205.714.8303 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
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A Step-by-Step How To: Pork Tenderloin - Cleaning
Start by removing the tenderloin from the package. Dry it off with paper towels and lay it on a clean cutting board.
Loosen as much of the fat and white connective tissue as you can with your hands.
Pull away the tissue.
Most of the tissue will rest on top of a smooth white strip that runs from the center to the cap of the tenderloin.
This smooth white strip is called the silver skin. It must be removed with a knife.
Push the tip of your knife under the thin silver skin pointed toward the clean portion of the tenderloin. Slide your knife toward the clean side to loosen just the end of the silver skin.
You have created a small tab that you can hold.
Turn your knife blade toward the silver skin. Run your knife just under the silver skin to remove it. Continue until all of the silver skin has been removed.
The silver skin will run between the tenderloin and a small cap. Remove this cap to fully remove all of the silver skin.
You now have a clean pork tenderloin and a clean cap piece. It can be roasted whole and then sliced or slice raw and cooked for a faster preparation.
To portion before cooking, slice 1-1/2 inch sections from the thick portion of the pork tenderloin.
Increase the width of your slices as you get to the thinner portion of the tenderloin. This way, the slices will be equal weight.
The thicker pieces may be gently pounded to make them an equal thickness for uniform cooking.


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"Keep calm and carry on." This handmade ceramic desk plaque features the famous saying printed and seen throughout Britain during WWII. Cream base with brown lettering. Measures 5 x 2.5 inches, weighs about 0.5 pounds. Includes copper wire for easy hanging or standing.
Handmade in the USA: skillfully created by artisans using natural materials. No two pieces are exactly alike. Variations in color, shape and size may be present.
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General Info and Directtions to School ll Letter ll Mission ll Vision ll Staff ll Contacts ll School Committee ll Handbook
The Helen R. Donaghue Elementary School is part of the Pentucket Regional School System. The town of Merrimac is located in the northeast corner of Massachusetts, between the cities of Haverhill, to the west, and Amesbury, to the east. Our town borders New Hampshire.
Dear Parents/Guardians and Students:
It is our pleasure to welcome you to the Helen R. Donaghue Schools. The faculty and staff join me in saying we're happy to have you as part of the Pentucket community. We hope this will be a successful and satisfying school year for you.
This handbook is designed to outline for you the major policies, procedures, expectations, and programs that we have at the schools. We suggest that parents and students review the contents together. If you have any questions that remain unanswered after reading the handbook, please call the school office. We believe that open and clear communication between school and home is important to the success of our educational program. We encourage you to take an active part in your child's education: review your child's school work and homework, volunteer in the library, attend PTO meetings, run for a School Council seat, and read the school newsletters.
We look forward to working with all of you as together we help your children
learn, grow and develop through their elementary school years.
Robert C. Harrison, Principal HRD
Helen R. Donaghue School
24 Union Street Extension
Merrimac, MA 01860
Grades 3 - 6
Tel: (978) 346-8921/346-7838
Fax: (978) 346-7839
e-mail: email@example.com
In the Pentucket Regional School community, everyone works together in an environment founded upon trust, integrity, fairness, and open communication with that belief that every individual can discover and develop talents and abilities, and pursue unlimited potential. The hallmarks of this community are educational excellence, respect for self and others, and responsible, ethical citizens.
" where students will be engaged in instructional programs that will develop
their communications skills, critical thinking skills, productive
utilization of technology, creativity, and ability to work cooperatively and independently
" where students are motivated to learn and excited about learning.
" which provides both curricular and co-curricular activities that will challenge all students.
" where teachers have a command of content knowledge, make use of appropriate strategies and methodologies, and serve as important role
models for students.
" with a caring and committed faculty and staff who will be continuously engaged in learning and developing their skills.
" where parents realize the vital role they play in the education of their children and work cooperatively with their children's teachers and
" where instructional programs and services reflect the learning needs of individual students.
" where learning objectives are clearly defined and a comprehensive system of assessing student progress is in place.
" where all its members feel valued, cared for, and safe.
" where facilities and instructional materials are of high quality, are well maintained, and are conductive to learning.
We expect that our students will
" have an appreciation for the arts.
" think critically and exhibit creativity.
" use technology effectively to access and process information.
" learn how to work independently and with others.
" demonstrate strong communication skills.
" accept challenges and take intellectual risks.
" have an appreciation for learning as a life-long process.
" understand the rights, privileges, and responsibilities of citizenship and have respect for the rights of others.
" possess skills necessary to further their education and/or compete in the job market.
" have an appreciation for all academic areas.
Our beliefs work together to form the foundation for all of our actions.
We believe that ..
" the ultimate commitment of the school system is to the students.
" every individual has potential, can learn, and should have an equal opportunity to learn.
" self esteem, which derives from hard work, persistence, and pride in accomplishments, should be developed and encouraged in each individual.
" the acquisition of academic and applied life skills are the right and responsibility of each student.
" a positive relationship and rapport between teacher and student is essential for maximum learning to take place.
" students, teachers, administrators, and parents are responsible and accountable for student learning.
" parents are the child's first teachers and parental involvement enhances the educational process.
" active community involvement is an important component of the educational process.
" instructional programs grow out of an awareness of current learning theories and emphasize learning as an "active" process.
" high standards and expectations are a prerequisite to achieving excellence.
" the uniqueness of the individual and the strength of diversity should be supported and respected.
Superintendent of Schools Dr. Paul Livingston (978) 363-2250
Assistant Superintendent Dr. Peter McGinn (978) 363-2280
Business Manager George Collins (978) 363-5101
Special Education Coordinator Lauren Fain (978) 363-2031
Principal, Donaghue School Robert C. Harrison (978) 346-8921 e-mail: email@example.com (978) 346-7838
Special Education Office (978) 346-8114
Health Office (978) 346-8115
Special Education Office (978) 346-7843
Health Office (978) 346-8210
Parent Teacher Organization (PTO)
|Executive Board
|Rec. Secretary-TBA
|Elena Bachrach
Treas. Accts. Rec.-Kym Codair
Scott Brennan
|Treas. Accts. Pay.-Kim Kutcher
|Jennie Capener
PTO Board
|Tracey Duprey and Sharon Pellerin
|1st VP -
|Sue Freeman
|2nd VP -
|Jen Marden
|Secretary -
|Pam Romanowski
|Tracy Blais
2006-2007 Pentucket Regional School Committee
|Carol Grazio
|Earl Baumgardner
|Richard DeVeau
|Maria Piccolomini
|Guillaume Buell
|Thomas Atwood
|Doreen Blades
|Jed Levine
|Richard A. Baker
|Robert Fournier
|Maureen Moran
|Jill Albert
Robert C. Harrison, Principal
Richard Jervey, Teacher
Karen Schwartz, Teacher
Alicia Couturier, Parent
Parent Lynette Provencal, Parent
Home || General Info || Handbook || Lunch || Newsletter || Classrooms || Improvement Plan
Revised: August, 2006


text: Emmanuel Menlah 5pts thank you so much for your clearances about the four different cars. Honda civic all the way. no size Honda.I am really in love with that Honda civic for my work but don't have money to purchase one. even if I die and come back, I will still be with Honda.


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FORT DRUM The post announced the schedule Friday for its Mountainfest and Riverfest celebrations this month while outlining some of the financial challenges it faces in hosting the events because of federal budget cuts.
Post officials said they had to limit some employee hours and call on additional sponsorship to keep the events going without major cuts.
The communitywide Mountainfest will be held at 1 p.m. June 26 at Division Hill on the post.
The Riverfest event, primarily for soldiers and their dependents, is scheduled for June 20 in Alexandria Bay.
Garrison Commander Col. Gary A. Rosenberg, in a statement, said continuation of the events despite sequestration concerns was a testament to the incredible support of our community and corporate sponsors.
These sponsors have enabled Fort Drum to recognize the hard work and contributions made by our soldiers, families, civilians and neighbors over the last year.
Col. Rosenbergs statement said the events are important this year because of the deployments of the 1st and 2nd Brigade Combat teams and the 10th Combat Aviation Brigade.
The wellness found in connecting with our loved ones, neighbors and supporters during times of rest and celebration directly contributes to our ability to execute the mission when we are once again called upon, he said.
On Friday, post spokeswoman Julie A. Cupernall said a major issue for the post was ensuring appropriate staffing at Mountainfest without incurring major overtime costs.
This year we had to scrutinize every single use of it, she said.
Ms. Cupernall said the post would limit much of the overtime use for employees in emergency services and electrical work, and rely more on military police instead of civilian workers to provide security.
She said many of the employees working during the Mountainfest event are in nonappropriated fund positions, meaning they are not subject to the militarywide furlough days.
To help run Mountainfest without making any programming cuts, Ms. Cupernall said, the post received additional funding from already signed sponsors and sought new sponsors.
She said she could not comment on specific funding levels from the sponsors because of the terms of their contracts.
Mountainfest will feature military displays, food stands and several game areas. The event will also host the BOSS Custom Car, Motorcycle and Audio Show.
The Salute to the Nation event will start at 5 p.m. with a patriotic rank-and-file display honoring each state and each of the nations territories.
The Salute to the Nation will be immediately followed by a concert featuring performances by country singer Craig Morgan, Syracuse-based rock band Scars N Stripes and Corey Walts, North Country Idol 6 winner.
Ms. Cupernall said a large portion of the funding for Riverfest came from ticket sales.
Thousands of readers like you have made Northern New York Newspapers the number one ranked website* for local news and sports coverage in the north country.
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Tragic Black is a death rock band based out of Salt Lake City. They have been around for four years, and as with any band, have had their fair share of troubles and better times. Here I got to ask Vision their singer a few questions to share with people who may have yet to hear of their music what Tragic Black is all about.
Can you give us a little bit of history about the band, members past and members present?
Vyle and I formed the band in 2000. We've been through a couple line up changes since then. It took some time and expierence looking for the right people to work with to make this band what it has grown to be now.
We released our first CD "Articulate Lacerations" in may of 2002. We also released a mp3.com CD "Vatican Demonica" which had 7 tracks off articualte, 2 being exlusive mp3.com versions.
We created those CD's under a different line up than we are in now, that line up was; Vision, Vyle and Toni. After it's release we added Stich to the band, and after going through some difficult times we removed Toni, and have since then created all new music. We're releasing "The Sixx Premonitions" e.p. July 11th, which will contain new songs featured in our upcoming full length album, and a new remix of one of our older songs.
This e.p. CD will be limited to 500 copies, as it is intended to be a premonition of the greater vision into our next full length album. We have 2 local CD Release shows scheduled for this e.p., along with a CD Release show at Release the Bats in Long Beach California, check our website for details.
How do you feel the line up has affected the music?
It's liberated us. We're creating music now in a more open enviorment so we feel a lot more comfortable expressing our ideas, and making our music sound how we want it to.
In the past we expierecend conflicts of intrest, which did give the songs diversity- which is good, but not when the enviorment it's created in is negative or stagnant.
Thats why we feel really positive when we leave the recording studio or practice space now, because we are able to write without anything holding us back!
Recently you played at Drop Dead LA and introduced some new songs, how do you feel was the crowds response to it?
It went really well, although our sound wasn't what it should of been. We didn't get a sound check so the first two songs got a bit distorted. When we played our new music at the Vampire Bizaar it was recieved well & sounded great, as well as our other recent shows in California have been. All of our fans have been telling us that they like the way we sound now as opposed to the way we sounded a year ago.
Without using labels, how would you describe your music?
It's a dark , energetic, thought provoking, political-spiritual, poetic, eclectic, decadent, imaginative, against the grain, psychoactive, artistic expressive soundscape.
Are CD's available now?
Not currently. Our first CD's are our of print. Although we are featured on several compilations you can purchase Now; New Dark Age Vol.1 & The Dark Arts Festival 2002 compilation, both can be purchased through via the music section of our website.
How has the support been amongst your scene?
The support has been pretty nice, we have fans worldwide who let us know they enjoy our music. It's really great to be appreciated and able to communicate with great people in this worldwide scene. We get offers and demands to play shows quite regularly, so I think our scene has been treating us quite well so far.
Whats in the future for Tragic Black?
After our e.p. comes out we're looking to release the full length CD on a record label, and start playing more shows here in the US, and start playing shows in Europe!
Any last words for the readers?
Ring around the rosies, pocket full of posies, ashes, ashes, we all fall down. Be sure to check out Tragic Black's website, and download some of the available music.


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Take to the waves in Lisa Marie Fernandez's statement blue swimsuit. Featuring the designer's signature exposed zip fastening and slick paneling, this lust-have oceanside style is guaranteed to turn heads.Small to size. See Size & Fit tab.
Blue stretch-nylonStitched panelingExposed zip fastening along back85% nylon, 15% elastaneHand washDesigner color: Blue Vintage
Product code: 194317 - Need help? Contact us


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Wrap up a chic fall look with T by Alexander Wang's fringed mushroom wool-blend scarf. Layer it over a tee with a blazer and skinny jeans for weekends in the city. Shown here with Alexander Wang boots and bag, Maison Martin Margiela jeans, T by Alexander Wang top, Tom Binns ring and an Alice + Olivia blazer.
Mushroom wool-blend scarf. T by Alexander Wang scarf has fringe detailing, a designer tag at one end and simply slips on. 60% viscose, 25% nylon, 10% wool, 5% silk. Dry clean.
Product code: 96494 - Need help? Contact us


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Passes Currently Accepted!Listed below are all the hours that the Kids Skate Free passes are accepted at Aurora Skate Center!
Wednesday10:00 am - 12:00 pm
Saturday1:00 pm - 4:00 pm
7:30 pm - 11:00 pm
Sunday1:00 pm - 4:00 pm
Important Terms:
Passes valid for children 10 years old and younger. $4 (regular, speed, or inline) Can not be combined with any other offer. Can not be used towards group rates, birthday parties, fundraisers, or special events. Thursday passes do not include pizza and pop. Check the "Daily Calendar" for School's Out matinees; they are also available for KSF (holidays, winter and spring break matinee sessions, etc.). Skate rental not included.


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FinCEN Director Freis Receives Treasury Medal
September 21, 2012
In a ceremony held at the Treasury Department on Wednesday, Sept. 19, 2012, James H. Freis, Jr., Director of the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), was presented with the U.S. Department of the Treasury Medal. Several Federal, State, and international officials participated in the event, which was held in appreciation of his years of service.
The text of the citation accompanying the Treasury Medal follows:
James H. Freis, Jr. has served under three Treasury Secretaries enhancing the integrity of financial systems as the longest serving Director of the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, and previously as the first Deputy Assistant General Counsel for Enforcement & Intelligence.
Mr. Freis joined the Department in September 2005 to help build legal support for the components of the Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence. He contributed significantly to the ongoing national security successes of the Terrorist Finance Tracking Program and outreach to global financial institutions about the risks posed by rogue nations.
Mr. Freis's tenure at FinCEN since March 2007 has witnessed expanded support to law enforcement at the Federal, State, and local levels; new partnerships with Federal and State regulators; and a global approach for the nation's financial intelligence unit. He spearheaded efforts to combat fraud exposed through the financial crisis and risks of emerging payment technologies, and his outreach has helped the financial industry focus on serving their customers, not criminals. His successful modernization of FinCEN's IT systems will leverage information and solutions across hundreds of other government agencies for years to come.


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As a fifteen-year-old Cantonese descent, Quan tries hard to fit into his adoptive home in Wales. On a dark winter morning on the school bus, his sister's nagging disrupts his routine and he is thrown into the situation he fears the most. The film is a three-time BAFTA winner Daniel Mulloy's second work and exhibits the creator's extraordinary talent through the depiction of human relations between people in the closed countryside in the setting of a school bus that runs through dreamlike mountains.
Daniel Mulloy studied fine art in London and New York, graduating in 2001. He is primarily interested in people, and like his paintings his films reflect this. With the sale of his graduation show Mulloy shot his first short, Dance Floor, which won many accolades, including an award that gave him the finance to shoot his next short as well as a BAFTA Wales for Best Newcomer. Mulloy's second film, Sister, released in 2005, won another BAFTA and a slew of awards internationally. Antonio's Breakfast premiered in Sundance in 2006 and has again gained international acclaim and won Mulloy his third BAFTA for Best Short Film.
United Kingdom
Shorts "Dad" - 2006 "Antonio's Breakfast" - 2005 "Sister" - 2004/5 "Dance Floor" - 2001
2008-03-30 02:56:01
2007-10-18 11:44:03
2006-04-01 20:15:26
2006-02-10 18:30:41
2006-02-03 10:49:17
Michael M
2006-01-20 00:22:41
Very interesting and very well done. Daniel Mulloy has employed an incredibly intense style and it is clear that a lot of time has gone into this. The only slight problem with the film I think is the editing around the kick as it is slightly confusing but I think Mulloy has pulled it off. Well done and I definately hope to see more from this director soon.
2006-01-17 07:07:21
Fantastic film, i gt into it instantly! Rly natural n beautiful! Well dun 2 da makers!
2006-01-16 19:05:25
2006-01-16 08:17:57
An extraordinary intense drama which has captured a very interesting aspect of teenage life. "Sister" easily draws you to watch it without an easy explaination; by putting together this brilliant 13 minutes it doesn't need a detailed analysis of why it is outstanding. Well Done!
2006-01-15 03:18:58


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Follow @ssdai
Oct 25, 2012 12:45PM ET
Associated Press on radioactive water, USA Today on LEED, MarketWatch on a Chinese environmental advocate, Reuters on Italy's garbage, and Ecologist on rain gardens.
Oct 25, 2012 10:23AM ET
E.J. Dionne Jr. on the right wing, Amy Sullivan on Mourdock, Richard H. Thaler on entrepreneur safety nets, Greg Lukianoff on free speech at college, and Pete Early on the mentally ill.
Oct 25, 2012 9:25AM ET
People in America agree on two things, Jon Stewart said last night on The Daily Show: popcorn is corn and counts as a vegetable and we should help veterans.
Oct 24, 2012 8:01PM ET
Matt Groff's chart arguing the war on drugs isn't working got a lot of flack for methodology. Well, he took it to heart and is back with an updated version with adjusted methodology—and the new chart says even when looking at data based on population, increased spending does not curb usage.
Oct 24, 2012 2:31PM ET
Los Angeles Times on other countries fracking, Frontline on climate skeptics, The Guardian on the oil spill's damage to whales. McClatchy Newspapers on climate scientist suing conservatives, and Grist on a California state senate race.
Oct 24, 2012 10:34AM ET
Ross Douthat on foreign policy, Dana Milbank on conventional wisdom, Efraim Halevy on Republicans and Israel, Michael Tanner on big government, and Irin Carmon on Republican misogyny.
Oct 24, 2012 9:17AM ET
Jon Stewart looked at Monday's foreign policy presidential debate last night on The Daily Show and reached a conclusion: Mitt Romney is leaning toward voting for Barack Obama.
Oct 23, 2012 4:00PM ET
The new James Bond film Skyfall premiered in London today for the franchise's 50th anniversary, but 007 does not give as much bang for buck as he used to, according to this chart from business intelligence company BIME.
Oct 23, 2012 1:14PM ET
PRI on Sweden importing trash, Mother Nature Network on electric cars, The Guardian on debates and climate change, Treehugger on IKEA's renewable efforts, and National Geographic on wood-heated homes.
Oct 23, 2012 10:10AM ET
Peter Beinart on George W. Bush policy, David Brooks on poll addiction, Roger Cohen on Muslim Brotherhood, Charles Lane on the postal service, and Richard Vedder on college education.
Oct 23, 2012 9:12AM ET
In an investigation into the "Barack-tose Intolerance" that afflicts Fox News, Jon Stewart examined four years of ridiculous hyperboles last night on The Daily Show.
Oct 22, 2012 12:51PM ET
Boy Scouts released its hidden files on some 5,000 suspected pedophiles last week on a court order, and it's clear from this terrifying map from a Los Angeles Times interactive that sexual abuse affected troops across the nation.
Oct 22, 2012 11:48AM ET
Scientific American on energy costs and freight rails, New Scientist on turning air into gas, Reuters on tropical disease in Europe, The Guardian on Sting and tree uprooting, and the Associated Press on protests in China.
Oct 22, 2012 9:40AM ET
William D. Cohan on regulating Wall Street, Alex Pareene on confused moderates, Robert J. Samuelson on Obamacare, Wendy Kopp on education and foreign policy, and Bob Dole on George McGovern.
Oct 19, 2012 4:33PM ET
Banana Boat is recalling its UltraMist spray-on sunscreens after five people in the past year have caught on fire from wearing it, the AP reports. But the sunscreen that's the problem—it's the bottle.
Oct 19, 2012 3:37PM ET
Los Angeles Times on security and melting ice caps, New York Times on a dumping businessman, The Guardian on Saudi Arabia and renewable energy, Kansas City Star on polar bears, and Wired on organic-industrial combo farming
Oct 19, 2012 10:43AM ET
David Brooks on environmentalism, Ruth Marcus on Romney the '50s dad, William Pesek on global hunger, Timothy Egan on Romney the manager, and Touré on blacks voting Obama.
Oct 19, 2012 9:17AM ET
Before chatting with Barack Obama last night on The Daily Show, Jon Stewart took a look at how pundits explored an important topic: What "turns on" women in the election.
Oct 18, 2012 2:36PM ET
In a profile by Ayelet Waldman in Marie Claire, Hillary Clinton responded to a question about her former employee Anne-Marie Slaughter, who wrote The Atlantic's cover story on why women still can't have it all, with some direct words: "Some women are not comfortable working at the pace and intensity you have to work at in these jobs."
Oct 18, 2012 12:54PM ET
Dinesh D'Souza resigned from The King's College Thursday as president even though he wrote in Fox News last night that no, he did not cheat on his wife Dixie with his new, young blonde fiancee, as evangelical magazine World reported earlier this week.
Oct 18, 2012 10:22AM ET
Ezra Klein on Romney and Bush, Nicholas Kristof on healthcare, Anne Applebaum on diplomatic security, Linda Greenhouse on the embarrassment of Fisher v. Texas, and K.C. Cole on male white CEOs.
Oct 18, 2012 9:24AM ET
Jon Stewart reviewed Tuesday's debate last night on The Daily Show, and with Libya attack, the one spot Mitt Romney could've had "an ace in the hole," Romney flubbed and ended up looking like Wile E. the Coyote to Barack Obama's roadrunner.
Oct 17, 2012 4:37PM ET
The standard line of thought is that movement to cities correlates with more wealth, but while that works for developing countries in Asia, it doesn't apply to Africa, as these charts from the World Bank's World Development Report show.
Oct 17, 2012 10:22AM ET
Cass R. Sunstein on the conservative Constitution, Steven M. Davidoff on Dodd-Frank, Jeffrey A. Meyer on privacy and drug-sniffing dogs, Steve Kornacki on the debate impact, and Ruth Marcus on solitary confinement.
Oct 17, 2012 9:07AM ET
Jon Stewart is sick of the campaign. Case in point? The Paul Ryan dish washing scandal, as he explained last night on The Daily Show.
Oct 16, 2012 5:16PM ET
Yes, Americans are getting fatter, but not all of us are, right? Now you can see in this interactive from Scientific American of the changing rates of obesity, heavy drinking, and tobacco use by state.
Oct 16, 2012 3:24PM ET
Dinesh D'Souza, who when not touting conservative documentary 2016: Obama's America or being the president of upstart Manhattan Christian school King's College, was caught by evangelical news magazine World introducing a young blonde woman to attendees at an evangelical Christian conference as his fiancée—even though he was still married to his wife of 20 years.
Oct 16, 2012 10:25AM ET
Ramesh Ponnuru on protectionism, David Brooks with rules for lawmakers, William Pesek on "Gangnam Style" economy, Dana Milbank on Harry Reid, and Jo Ellen Chatham on the conservative argument for PBS.
Oct 16, 2012 8:47AM ET
While liberal pundits reprimanded Barack Obama for his ghost-like debate performance against Mitt Romney a couple weeks ago, Fox News took a different tactic after the VP debate. Jon Stewart examined it last night on The Daily Show.
Oct 15, 2012 4:44PM ET
Have you ever noticed that the characters on Parks and Recreation wear a lot of plaid? The obsessive blogger at Parks and Plaid noticed and made this amazing pie chart to show which characters wear the most.


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Scouting Report: Kris Bryant, INF, Bonanza (NV) HS (2010 Draft)
By The Baseball Beginnings Guy
February 12, 2010
Put a question mark on which position Kris Bryant ends up playing as a pro, be it first, third or the outfield. What you can't put a question on is his physical presence and plus, plus, raw right-handed power. The comparisons Bryant gets are guys like Troy Glaus and Dave Kingman. One thing about the Kingman comp: he was a better athlete earlier in his career, and actually had enough arm to pitch and play third base in college. Those are both things Bryant could do in college, if he gets to San Diego. The dollar sign is on the right-handed power and the right kind of body.
Kris Bryant
6-5, 190
Bats: R, Throws: R
Bonanza HS, Las Vegas, NV
Games Seen: 6, Innings: 30
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Tall, lean and rangy, still growing into his frame. Loose hands and forearms, power in his hands.
STRENGTHS: Plus, plus, raw right-handed power. Lanky and loose for large guy, explosive extension, easy stroke. Physical presence on field and in middle of order; still possesses physical projection.
WEAKNESSES: Armsy swing, will need to adjust and cover inner-half as pro. Hands should be good enough to do so. Will need to translate raw power into power frequency as pro. Adequate defender when I saw him, adds value if he can stay at 3B, otherwise likely LF, 1B or RF.
SUMMARY: Should be middle of the order hitter on a good club with top flight power. Won't have another tool that comes close to his power, but will be athletic enough to play every day and contribute elsewhere. Good athlete and actions for large kid; should grow into durable athlete built for long haul.
GRADES (Present/Future):
Hit 30/50
Power 40/80
Run 50/50
Throw 50/50
Field 30/50
Adjusted Overall Future Potential: 56
More on Kris Bryant:
Read Kris Bryant Q&A
Watch Kris Bryant Video
Watch more Kris Bryant Video
Watch more Kris Bryant Video
Read Fall 2010 Kris Bryant Update
Read Summer 2010 Kris Bryant Update
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