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Andamanese people
The Andamanese people are the various aboriginal inhabitants of the Andaman Islands, a district of India located in the southeastern part of the Bay of Bengal.
The Andamanese resemble other Negrito groups in Southeast Asia. They are pygmies, and are the only modern people outside of certain parts of Sub-Saharan Africa with steatopygia. They lead a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, and appear to have lived in substantial isolation for thousands of years. The Andamanese are believed to be descended from the migrations which, about 60,000 years ago, brought the first modern humans out of Africa to the Andaman Islands.
By the end of the eighteenth century, when they first came into sustained contact with outsiders, there were an estimated 7,000 Andamanese divided into five major groups, with distinct cultures, separate domains, and mutually unintelligible languages.[citation needed] In the next century they were largely wiped out by diseases, violence, and loss of territory. Today, there remain only approximately 400–450 Andamanese. One group has long been extinct, and only two of the remaining groups still maintain a steadfast independence, refusing most attempts at contact by outsiders.
The Andamanese are a designated Scheduled Tribe.[1]
The five major groups of Andamanese found by the European colonists were:
- Great Andamanese, extinct 54 Admixed Individuals [2]
- Jarawa now estimated 250 to 400 verified to exist in pure form
- Jangil or Rutland Jarawa, extinct[3]
- Onge, now fewer than 100 verified to exist in pure form
- Sentinelese, now estimated to be 100 to 200.
Jarawa and Onge are dominated by y-dna haplogroup D which is native to the Andamanese.[4]
By the end of the eighteenth century, there were an estimated 5,000 Great Andamanese living on Great Andaman. Altogether they comprised ten distinct tribes with different languages. The population quickly dwindled until they went extinct in pure form, and had a low of 19 admixed individuals by 1961.[5] It has increased slowly after that, following their move to a reservation on Strait Island. By January 2011, there were only 54 admixed individuals from three tribes, who spoke mostly Hindi.[2]
The Jarawa originally inhabited southeastern Jarawa Island and have migrated to the west coast of Great Andaman in the wake of the Great Andamanese. The Onge once lived throughout Little Andaman and now are confined to two reservations on the island. The Jangil, who originally inhabited Rutland Island, were extinct by 1931; the last individual was sighted in 1907.[3] Only the Sentinelese are still living in their original homeland on North Sentinel Island, largely undisturbed, and have fiercely resisted all attempts at contact.
It is assumed that those ancestors were part of the initial Great Coastal Migration that was the first expansion of humanity out of Africa, via the Arabian peninsula, along the coastal regions of the Indian mainland and toward Southeast Asia, Japan, and Oceania.[6][7]
Some anthropologists postulate that Southern India and Southeast Asia once were populated largely by Negritos similar to those of the Andamans,[6][8] and that some tribal populations in the south of India, such as the Irulas are remnants of that period.[9][10]
Until the late eighteenth century, the Andamanese culture, language, and genetics were preserved from outside influences by their fierce reaction to visitors, which included killing any shipwrecked foreigners, and by the remoteness of the islands. The various tribes and their mutually unintelligible languages thus are believed to have evolved on their own over millennia.
The strongest clues to their origins are derived mostly from genetic analysis, both of nuclear DNA[6][11] and mitochondrial DNA.[12]
Nuclear DNA[edit]
The analysis of nuclear DNA confirms the uniqueness of the Andamanese people. First, they show a very small genetic variation, which is indicative of populations that have experienced a population bottleneck and then developed in isolation for a long period. Second, an allele has been discovered among the Jarawas that is found nowhere else in the world. Overall, the Andamanese showed closest relations with other Asian populations. The Nicobarese also were observed to share close genetic relations with adjacent Indo-Mongoloid populations of Northeast India.[11] Bulbeck (2013) likewise noted that the Andamanese's nuclear DNA clusters with that of other Andamanese Islanders, as they carry Haplogroup D and maternal M (mtDNA) unique to their own.[13]
The Andamanese are believed to be descended from the migrations which, about 60,000 years ago, brought the first modern humans out of Africa to the Andaman Islands. Analysis of mtDNA, which is inherited exclusively by maternal descent, confirms the above results. All Onge belong to M32 mtDNA, subgroup of M which is unique to Onge people.[12] While parental Y-DNA is exclusively Haplogroup D.[14]
According to the genome-wide study in 2009, Andamanese split from mainland Asia around 48,500 ybp [14] All Andamanese belong to MtDNA M and Y-DNA Haplogroup D [12] [15] [14][16]
Andamanese are unique in that they were the only population in the study that lacked Y-DNA Haplogroup CF and Haplogroup F.[17] The authors thus suggest that the peopling of Andaman islands must have occurred before the appearance of Y-DNA Haplogroup CF and Haplogroup F and it's descendants, around 60,000 ybp to 50,000 ybp. [18]
Y DNA[edit]
The male Y-chromosome in humans is inherited exclusively through paternal descent. Male Onges and Jarawas almost exclusively belong to Haplogroup D-M174.[19] The clade is most common today in Tibet and Japan, with its highest frequencies worldwide in the Pumi population of southwestern China (70.2%).[20] Haplogroup D-M174 also occurs frequently among the Ainu of Japan.[21] On the Indian mainland, it has been observed at low frequencies among Tibeto-Burman speakers.[19] Andamanese males were found to carry five different binary D haplotypes, all of which had previously been observed on the Indian subcontinent, in Southeast Asia and Melanesia.[22]
Male Great Andamanese do not have D-M174. The low resolution study discovered these clades as O, L, K, and P-M45, which means that Great Andamanese are extinct in pure form as all of their male lines have a post-1900 foreign origin and around half of their blood.[22]
Mitochondrial DNA[edit]
Analysis of mtDNA, which is inherited exclusively by maternal descent, confirms the above results. All Andamanese belong to M31 and M32 mtDNA, subgroup of M which is unique to Andamanese people.[12] The estimated split from mainland Asia is dated around 42,500 ybp. [14] Other mainland specific subgroup of M is distributed in the Asia, where it represents 60% of all maternal lineages.[22][23][24] Given the insularity of the Andamanese, this has led geneticists to believe that this haplogroup originated with the earliest settlers of India during the coastal migration that brought the ancestors of the Andamanese to the Indian mainland, the Andaman Islands, and farther afield to Southeast Asia.[25]
Furthermore, on the Andamans, M4 occurs as a subtype also seen on the mainland Asia, whereas M2 occurs in two subgroups (M2 haplotypes 16344T and 16357C) that have not been observed on the mainland and are presumed unique to the Andamanese.[12] This implies a long history of the Andamanese on the islands, which would allow the time for insulated local genetic development. Since the M2 and M4 lineages diverged 60,000-30,000 years before present and both occur outside the Andamans, it is likely that the Andaman islands were colonized originally by bearers of the two different haplogroups.[12]
Lack of Denisovan heritage[edit]
Unlike some Negrito populations of Southeast Asia, Andaman Islanders have been found to have no Denisovan ancestry.[26]
Population decline[edit]
The Andamanese's protective isolation changed with the first British colonial presence and subsequent settlements, which proved disastrous for them. Lacking immunity against common diseases of the Eurasian mainland, the large Jarawa habitats on the southeastern regions of South Andaman Island likely were depopulated by disease within four years (1789-1793) of the initial British colonial settlement in 1789.[27] Epidemics of pneumonia, measles and influenza spread rapidly and exacted heavy tolls, as did alcoholism.[27] By 1875, the Andamanese were already "perilously close to extinction," yet attempts to contact, subdue and co-opt them continued unrelentingly. In 1888, the British government set in place a policy of "organized gift giving" that continued in varying forms until well into the 20th century.[28]
There is evidence that some sections of the British Indian administration were working deliberately to annihilate the tribes.[29] After the mid-19th century, British established penal colonies on the islands and an increasing numbers of mainland Indian and Karen settlers arrived, encroaching on former territories of the Andamanese. This accelerated the decline of the tribes.
Many Andamanese succumbed to British expeditions to avenge the killing of shipwrecked sailors. In the 1867 Andaman Islands Expedition, dozens of Onge were killed by British naval personnel following the death of shipwrecked sailors, which resulted in four Victoria Crosses for the British soldiers.[30][31][32] In the 1940s, the Jarawa were bombed by Japanese forces for their hostility.[3]
Recent history[edit]
In 1974, a film crew and anthropologist Triloknath Pandit attempted friendly contact by leaving a tethered pig, some pots and pans, some fruit and toys on the beach at North Sentinel Island. One of the islanders shot the film director in the thigh with an arrow. The following year, European visitors were repulsed with arrows.[33][34][35]
On 2 August 1981, the Hong Kong freighter ship Primrose grounded on the North Sentinel Island reef. A few days later, crewmen on the immobile vessel observed that small black men were carrying spears and arrows and building boats on the beach. The captain of the Primrose radioed for an urgent airdrop of firearms so the crew could defend themselves but did not receive them. Heavy seas kept the islanders away from the ship. After a week, the crew were rescued by an Indian navy helicopter.[36]
On 4 January 1991, Indian scholar Triloknath Pandit made the first known friendly contact with the Sentinelese.[35]
Until 1996, the Jarawa met most visitors with flying arrows. From time to time they attacked and killed poachers on the lands reserved to them by the Indian government. They also killed some workers building the Andaman Trunk Road (ATR), which traverses Jarawa lands. One of the earliest peaceful contacts with the Jarawa occurred in 1996. Settlers found a teenage Jarawa boy named Emmei near Kadamtala town. The boy was immobilized with a broken foot. They took Emmei to a hospital where he received good care. Over several weeks, Emmei learned a few words of Hindi before returning to his jungle home. The following year, Jarawa individuals and small groups began appearing along roadsides and occasionally venturing into settlements to steal food. The ATR may have interfered with traditional Jarawa food sources.[37][38][39]
Until contact, the Andamanese were strict hunter-gatherers. They did not practice cultivation, and lived off hunting indigenous pigs, fishing, and gathering. Their only weapons were the bow, adzes, and wooden harpoons. Besides the aboriginal people of Tasmania, the Andamanese were the only people who in the nineteenth century knew no method of making fire[dubious ]. They instead carefully preserved embers in hollowed-out trees from fires caused by lightning strikes. They are known as Chadda[citation needed].
See also[edit]
- Andamanese languages
- Uncontacted peoples
- Dravidians
- Veddahs
- Irulas
- Australoid race
- Early human migrations
- ^ "List of notified Scheduled Tribes" (PDF). Census India. p. 27. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
- ^ a b Anosh Malekar, "The case for a linguisitic survey," Infochange Media, August 1, 2011.
- ^ a b c George van Driem (2001), Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region: Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language, BRILL, ISBN 90-04-12062-9,
... The Aka-Kol tribe of Middle Andaman went extinct by 1921. The Oko-Juwoi of Middle Andaman and the Aka-Bea of South Andaman and Rutland Island were extinct by 1931. The Akar-Bale of Ritchie's Archipelago, the Aka-Kede of Middle Andaman and the A-Pucikwar of South Andaman Island soon followed. By 1951, the census counted a total of only 23 Greater Andamanese and 10 Sentinelese. That means that just ten men, twelve women and one child remained of the Aka-Kora, Aka-Cari and Aka-Jeru tribes of Greater Andaman and only ten natives of North Sentinel Island ...
- ^ "Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population". Current Biology 13: 86–93. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2.
- ^ Jayanta Sarkar (1990), The Jarawa, Anthropological Survey of India, ISBN 81-7046-080-8,
The Great Andamanese population was large till 1858 when it started declining ... In 1901, their number was reduced to only 600 and in 1961 to a mere 19.
- ^ a b c Spencer Wells (2002), The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-11532-X,
... the population of south-east Asia prior to 6000 years ago was composed largely of groups of hunter-gatherers very similar to modern Negritos ... So, both the Y-chromosome and the mtDNA paint a clear picture of a coastal leap from Africa to south-east Asia, and onward to Australia ... DNA has given us a glimpse of the voyage, which almost certainly followed a coastal route va India ...
- ^ Anvita Abbi (2006), Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands, Lincom Europa,
... to Myanmar by a land bridge during the ice ages, and it is possible that the ancestors of the Andamanese reached the islands without crossing the sea ... The latest figure in 2005 is 50 in all ...
- ^ Jim Mason (2005), An Unnatural Order: The Roots of Our Destruction of Nature, Lantern Books, ISBN 1-59056-081-7,
... Australia's "aboriginal" peoples are another case in point. At the end of the Ice Age, their homeland stretched from the middle of India eastward into southeast Asia and as far south as Indonesia and nearby islands. As agriculture spread from its centers in southeast Asia, these pre-Australoid forager people moved farther southward to New Guinea and Australia. ...
- ^ K.V. Zvelebil (1982), The Irula language, O. Harrassowitz, ISBN 3-447-02247-7,
... into the low jungles of the Nilgiris (such movement might have been instigated e.g. by the advancing Australoids pushing out an earlier pre-Australoid ...
- ^ Stephen Fuchs (1974), The Aboriginal Tribes of India, Macmillan India, ISBN 0-333-19782-8,
... Guha thinks that the Negritos were the earliest racial element in India. He believes that the Kadar, Irulas and Panyans of south India have a Negrito strain, even though he admits that they are not pure Negritos ...
- ^ a b V. K. Kashyap, Sitalaximi T., B. N. Sarkar, R. Trivedi1 (2003), "Molecular Relatedness of The Aboriginal Groups of Andaman and Nicobar Islands with Similar Ethnic Populations" (PDF), International Journal of Human Genetics, 3(1): 5-11 (2003), retrieved 2009-06-08,
... the Negrito populations of Andaman Islands have remained in isolation ... the Andamanese are more closely related to other Asians than to modern day Africans ... the Nicobarese exhibiting a close affinity with geographically proximate Indo-Mongoloid populations of Northeast India ...
- ^ a b c d e f M. Phillip Endicott, Thomas P. Gilbert, Chris Stringer, Carles Lalueza-Fox, Eske Willerslev, Anders J. Hansen, Alan Cooper (2003), "The Genetic Origins of the Andaman Islanders" (PDF), American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (1): 178–184, doi:10.1086/345487, PMC 378623, PMID 12478481, retrieved 2009-04-21,
... The HVR-1 data separate them into two lineages, identified on the Indian mainland (Bamshad et al. 2001) as M4 and M2 ... The Andamanese M2 contains two haplotypes ... developed in situ, after an early colonization ... Alternatively, it is possible that the haplotypes have become extinct in India or are present at a low frequency and have not yet been sampled, but, in each case, an early settlement of the Andaman Islands by an M2-bearing population is implied ... The Andaman M4 haplotype ... is still present among populations in India, suggesting it was subject to the late Pleistocene population expansions ...
- ^ Bulbeck, David (November 2013). "Craniodental Affinities of Southeast Asia's "Negritos" and the Concordance with Their Genetic Affinities". Human Biology 85 (1). Retrieved 17 December 2013.
- ^ a b c d Reich, David; Kumarasamy Thangaraj; Nick Patterson; Alkes L. Price; Lalji Singh (24 September 2009). "Reconstructing Indian Population History". Nature 461 (7263): 489–494. doi:10.1038/nature08365. PMC 2842210. PMID 19779445. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
- ^ Moorjani, Priya; Kumarasamy Thangaraj; Nick Patterson; Alkes L. Price; Lalji Singh; David Reich (5 September 2013). "Genetic Evidence for Recent Population Mixture in India". Cell 93 (3): p422–438. PMC 2842210. PMID 19779445. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
- ^ Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009). "Reconstructing Indian population history". Nature 461 (7263): 489–94. Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R. doi:10.1038/nature08365. PMC 2842210. PMID 19779445.
- ^ Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009). "Reconstructing Indian population history". Nature 461 (7263): 489–94. Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R. doi:10.1038/nature08365. PMC 2842210. PMID 19779445.
- ^ Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009). "Reconstructing Indian population history". Nature 461 (7263): 489–94. Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R. doi:10.1038/nature08365. PMC 2842210. PMID 19779445.
- ^ a b "Y-DNA Haplogroup D and its Subclades - 2008". Isogg.org. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
- ^ Wen, Bo; et al. (May 2004). "Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans". American Journal Human Genetics 5 (74): 856–865. doi:10.1086/386292. PMC 1181980. PMID 15042512. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
- ^ Tajima, Atsushi; et al. (2004), "Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages", Journal of Human Genetics 49 (4): 187–193, doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x, PMID 14997363
- ^ a b c Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Lalji Singh, Alla G. Reddy, V. Raghavendra Rao, Subhash C. Sehgal, Peter A. Underhill, Melanie Pierson, Ian G. Frame, and Erika Hagelberg (2002), Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2008, retrieved 2008-11-16,
... Our data indicate that the Andamanese have closer affinities to Asian than to African populations and suggest that they are the descendants of the early Palaeolithic colonizers of Southeast Asia ... All Onge and Jarawa had the same binary haplotype D ... Great Andaman males had five different binary haplotypes, found previously in Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and Melanesia ...
- ^ Michael D. Petraglia, Bridget Allchin (2007), The evolution and history of human populations in South Asia, Springer, ISBN 1-4020-5561-7,
... As haplogroup M, except for the African sub-clade M1, is not notably present in regions west of the Indian subcontinent, while it covers the majority of Indian mtDNA variation ...
- ^ Revathi Rajkumar et al., Phylogeny and antiquity of M macrohaplogroup inferred from complete mt DNA sequence of Indian specific lineages, BMC Evolutionary Biology 2005, 5:26 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-26
- ^ Phillip Endicott, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Chris Stringer, Carles Lalueza-Fox, Eske Willerslev, Anders J. Hansen, and Alan Cooper (1 January 2002), "The Genetic Origins of the Andaman Islanders", American Journal of Human Genetics (The American Society of Human Genetics) 72 (1): 178–84, doi:10.1086/345487, PMC 378623, PMID 12478481,
... The high frequency of M2 is consistent with its greater age, and its distribution suggests that many of the populations viewed as the autochthons of India because of their cultural inheritance may also be genetic descendants of the early settlers of southern Asia ...
- ^ Choi, Charles (22 September 2011), Now-Extinct Relative Had Sex with Humans Far and Wide, LiveScience
- ^ a b Sita Venkateswar (2004), Development and Ethnocide: Colonial Practices in the Andaman Islands, IWGIA, ISBN 87-91563-04-6,
As I have suggested previously, it is probable that some disease was introduced among the coastal groups by Lieutenant Colebrooke and Blair's first settlement in 1789, resulting in a marked reduction of their population. The four years that the British occupied their initial site on the south-east of South Andaman were sufficient to have decimated the coastal populations of the groups referred to as Jarawa by the Aka-bea-da.
- ^ Richard B. Lee, Richard Heywood Daly (1999), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-57109-X,
By 1875, when these peoples were perilously close to extinction, the Andaman cultures came under scientific scrutiny ... In 1888, 'friendly relations' were established with Ongees through organized gift giving contacts ... As recently as 1985—92, government contacts have been initiated with Jarawas and Sentinelese through gift-giving, a contact procedure much like that carried out during British rule.
- ^ Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Francesco Cavalli-Sforza (1995), The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution, Basic Books, ISBN 0-201-44231-0,
Contact with whites, and the British in particular, has virtually destroyed them. Illness, alcohol, and the will of the colonials all played their part; the British governor of the time mentions in his diary that he received instructions to destroy them with alcohol and opium. He succeeded completely with one group. The others reacted violently.
- ^ Madhusree Mukerjee (2003), The Land of Naked People, Houghton Mifflin Books, ISBN 0-618-19736-2,
In 1927 Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt, a German anthropologist, found that around one hundred Great Andamanese survived, 'in dirty, half-closed huts, which primarily contain cheap European household effects'.
- ^ The London Gazette: no. 23333. p. 6878. 17 December 1867. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
- ^ Laxman Prasad Mathur (2003), Kala Pani: History of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, with a Study of India's Freedom Struggle, Eastern Book Corporation,
Snippet: "Immediately afterwards in another visit to Little Andaman to trace the sailors of a ship named 'Assam Valley' wrecked on its coast, Homfray's party was attacked by a large group of Onges."
- ^ Goodheart, Adam (Autumn 2000). "The Last Island of the Savages". The American Scholar 69 (4). JSTOR 41213066.
- ^ Pandit
- ^ a b "Islanders running out of isolation: Tim McGirk in the Andaman Islands reports on the fate of the Sentinelese". The Independent (London). 10 January 1993.
- ^ "Grounding". neatorama.com.
- ^ Seksharia, Pankaj. "Jarawa excursions". frontline.in. Front Line. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
- ^ Valley, Paul. "Under threat: an ancient tribe emerging from the forests". listserv.linguist.org. The Independent UK. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
- ^ Grig, Sophie. "Remote Jarawa tribe kill poacher – exclusive interview shows Jarawa denouncing poaching on their land". survivalinternational.org. Survival International. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
External links[edit]
- The Andamanese by George Weber[dead link]
- News by Survival International
- Videos by Survival International


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Yo Eskimo, I think your product photos are beautiful... but the template that you are using compromises the high-quality of those photos. Imagine a cluttered storefront with dust and signs in the window, but there in the middle sort of hidden is an awesome jewel or necklace. I would suggest going with a different template that has big bold photos as part of the homepage. - Ben
February 18, 2007 8:14 PM EST
in the topic
Free Website Planner for Beginners
in the forum
Building a Website that Works
Hey SUN friends, I just put together a quick and easy website planner kit and wanted to let you guys check it out first. It`s basically a questionnaire for people just starting out with a new website. Hopefully it can help some of you develop you`re site, just download the PDF and print it out! Download the Free Website Planner Kit HereIt`s the first version, so if you have feedback or suggestions, bring it on! Thanks everyone, and enjoy. All the best, Ben at 337 Design.
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text:
How would you answer this question:
'Are you a little bit country, or a little bit rock n' roll?'
If you're like me, you're probably a bit of both, and I like it even more in certain aspects of my life, especially when they involve food or music. It's hard to ignore the fact that the music we listen to today is connected in some way to the rock and soul born in the heart of America. You can discover a whole new world in your own backyard!
The birthplace of rock n' roll is credited to the United States, where some of the most influential jazz, country, and rock n' roll musicians of our generation made their mark in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Nashville, and New Orleans. Do the names BB King, Elvis Presley, Dolly Parton, or Johnny Cash ring any bells? Even today, we're still rockin' out to their tunes and people flock by the thousands to pay tribute to their favorite artists, whether it's at Elvis' Graceland Mansion, or the Rock n' Soul Museum.
With that much soul packed into one place, some of it is bound to seep into the food! Put on those elastic waistband pants and indulge in decadent beignets & cafe au lait from the Cafe Du Monde in New Orleans, or inhale some lip-smacking deep dish pizza in Chicago. There is food to dazzle the senses for every type of eater. Hm, I'm hungry now. Who else wants to get some soul food with me?
If you want to get in touch with either your country or rock n' roll side, you can get the opportunity with Contiki's Rock & Soul tour. Spanning 7 states (Illinois, Missouri, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louisiana), Rock & Soul's itinerary will knock your socks off. There's something for everyone: Sports fans can choose to tour the Louisville Slugger Museum, or visit the Muhammad Ali center. History buffs will visit Abraham Lincoln's hometown. Foodies can discover epicurean delights unique to the region. Adventurers can even go on an airboat swamp ride to see alligators! And music-philes, this tour brings you the heart of rock and soul. You won't be singing the blues after you take this trip – all while discovering something new in the U.S.A.
We can make this trip even sweeter. Contiki is currently offering $150 off any North America trips that you book (which ends March 24th!)- so its the perfect time to book Rock & Soul, departing exclusively on June 18th – ya dig?
It's time to decide whether you're a little bit country, or a little bit rock n' roll – discover the world of Rock & Soul.


text:
Very relaxing stay with beautiful views. Such a cute and comfortable room that was clean and welcoming. The owner is so nice and accommodating, and cooks a mean breakfast. This was my first B&B stay, and what a great place to welcome me into it! I will definitely be back:)
The suite had separate living, eating and sleeping areas (as well as a private bath). It was also very conveniently located and within walking distance of most anything needed.
Could have had healthier snack selections geared more towards adults.
Beds are horrible. Sleeping on concrete would be more comfortable. Water was under a boil order, so you think they would get u bottled water, no. Free Breakfast is a joke. Couldn't use ice machine because the water was under boil order. You think they would've went to Schnuck's and got donuts for the free breakfast since you couldn't drink any juice or make any oatmeal due to boil order. TV didn't work as well since the receptacle was broke. Contacted front desk three different occasions, and never got called back about a possible refund of a little of the bill. Way overpriced, pretty clean, but bring your own pillow and mattress, their's are no good unless you want a back ache for a week.
Location and price
Small, traditional, small TV
All, great expirence
Wish it could of been a little cheaper
It was clean and right near everything. The breakfast was great. The staff was great. I had broken my leg and the ladies helped my elderly husband get our luggage and showed us where our room was. They were really above and beyond what they had to do.
The location was great, right in the middle of town.
The room was tiny, extremely outdated and gross. The smell was horrendous. The bathroom was crazy small. We arrived later and was told ww couldn't check in until we insisted.
Close to attractions
Old out dated rooms, Poor breakfast.
Feels like staying at home. The innkeeper is very nice.
Here's why:
We're not the seller
At KAYAK we don't set prices, so it's not possible for us to guarantee what other companies are selling.
We aggregate tons of data for you
Our service lets you quickly and easily compare results from hundreds of travel sites at once. In this sense, KAYAK is a search engine and we don't guarantee prices we find.
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KAYAK is part of The Priceline Group, the world leader in online travel & related services.


text:
Disney Party Doll
- Color:
- ariel
Qty: 1
- 1
- 2
Please select an available size.
Please select a size.
Description: Disney Princess Party Doll:
- Includes one party princess doll, balloon, and tiara
- Includes wearable ring accessory
- Fully detailed dress with shimmering accents
- For ages 3 years and up
Measurements: 12" H
Please note this product is assorted. Products will be randomly shipped one item per order.
Material: Plastic
Care: Wipe with a dry cloth
Brand: Mattel
Origin: Imported


text:
The Catholic University for Independent Thinkers
Available from Purchasing:
1 each Cabinet - (fits on lateral files or floor)
2. Free standing cubicle wall (5' x 5')
3. 5 ' double pedestal desk in good condition
At the end of June, there will be a 4-drawer vertical file cabinet available: 3 legal drawers and 1 letter.
Contact Al Sterling in Purchasing at ext. 5347 or email@example.com.


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Grades 2 - 3
Challenge students to come up with alternative definitions for the same words. Many words, like lock, fall, and stock, have multiple meanings!
Only registered users can write reviews. Please, log in or register


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I am having Windows 7 Operating System. I tried to change some firewall setting but ended receiving error message "Firewall can't change some of your settings. Error code : 0 x 800742c". Can anyone share solution on this , What should I do in order to make this error free ? Need help.
Suspecting that virus is causing many problem
I tried to search more on this issue , but found very less information related to this. I personally have no clue about this. But I found that you need to go through services.msc and try to change or alter few changes. You can set to service.mnc option to automatic. Hope you find this useful.
Well , unfortunately the option you suggested is not working on my system. I tried to set to automatic. But it popped up with error saying "Windows could not start the Windows Firewall services on Local Computer.Error 1068: The dependency services or group failed to start". There I tried to explore more options and found there was an exclamation mark next to Windows Firewall Authorization Driver. Need to find solution on this.
Try following few steps , hope that helps you to solve this issue. All you need to do is download Defogger to your desktop. Then double click to run that tool. Application Window will appear. You need to disable your CD Emulation driver. Then you can Click 'Yes' to continue. DeFogger may ask you to reboot the machine, if it asks you then click 'OK'. Do not re-enable these drivers until otherwise instructed.
>> Then go through Security check. Hope this helps you.
Have you tried to use AdwCleaner ? You need to download AdwCleaner on desktop so that is easy to trace and quick to access. Then you need to run AdwCleaner.exe. After running that particular file. Your computer will reboot automatically. This should help you to get rid of your issues. You can also view logFile , which you will find at location C:\AdwCleaner[S1].txt.


text:
Water & Bodies, Frame by Frame, Mosby
9 pm, Friday December 21 | $10 advance, $12 day of show.
Doug Fir Lounge
830 E Burnside St.
830 E Burnside St.
[ALT-ROCK] Hey, remember the mid-'90s? Portland's Water & Bodies certainly do. The band is quite fond of that part of the decade's big radio-ready guitars, arena-size drums and earnest vocals. This isn't "indie rock." It's "alternative rock" as defined in the post-grunge era, by bands like Incubus. Despite its high-production sheen, there's something commendable about a band in this city that actually seems to have grand ambitions and doesn't want to play dingy basement clubs its entire career.
Where: Doug Fir Lounge
Phone: 231-9663
Address: 830 E Burnside St.
Website: www.dougfirlounge.com


text:
Comfort Zone
BY: SusanD
If you treat a sick child as an adult and a sick adult as a child, it usually works out pretty well. I figured that one out as a young bride, the first time my husband came shuffling down the stairs, nursing a bad cold. . . in pajamas. He had always been a t-shirt and sweatpants sleeper, yet miraculously he appeared in a pair of PJ's straight out of "Leave it to Beaver."
I'm grateful when I have the chance to help someone I love feel better. There are times when I'll encourage my sniffling kid to buck up and keep on going. But then there are the times when I've called him in sick for nothing more than a hangnail.
What is it about feeling lousy; that causes us to return to our roots? I often wonder if it works like that with prayer. Take a turn off-course just slightly, and from independent thinker, become an anxious partner with God.
Whether we seek comfort from a worn pair of flannels or by calling upon our Creator, it's obvious we have a need for familiarity. Find peace in prayer, in sickness and in health.
from Susan's Blog Collection
Susan Diamond is founder of Prayables.com and publisher of .
I lost my nerve today
and You led me back to it.
What would I do without Your
ever-present support?
Thank You for never,
tiring of my repetitive
pleas and failings.
You are:
I am merely:
ever-grateful for You.
posted by PrayablesSpiritually Health Get rid of what enslaves you. Find spiritual health and well-being by discovering personal freedom. Don't be defeated by your life circumstances. Here's how to change your life for good. Inspired by Rabbi Karyn Kedar's new book, "Omer: A Counting" Written by Susan Diamond, ...
Previous Posts: You Can Have A Better Marriage | Living Life Outside the Box


text:
US Ambassador Susan Rice comments on the Congressional vote today that failed to pass which would insist that the country be repaid $179 million in money that the U.S. has overpaid to the United Nations. UNTV
Broadcast-quality video for UNifeed stories is available online for two weeks. Should you wish to request older material, please contact the agency source of the material. For UNTV or peacekeeping stories, please contact the UN Video Library.
© 2015 UNifeed.


text:
Wool coat with broad peaked lapel and double layer front closure for extra warmth.
Double breasted with four front button fastening and inside layer with zip closure and ribbed neck. Side pockets and elasticated ribbed cuffs.
Fully lined.
Fabric 1: 80% Wool, 20% Polyester Lining: 100% Cotton
The Stella McCartney fit can be quite small so we advise you to choose a size up if you want room to grow.


text:
Ithaca vs. Hartwick
April 18, 2009
|Nic Heckman
|(2, 1)
|Jay Lucas
|(3, 0)
|Mike Giunta
|(1, 1)
|Chris Carman
|(0, 2)
|Nick Neuman
|(2, 0)
|David Gal
|12 (0.632)
|Current Record
|go to Ithaca page
|Thomas Srubinski
|(1, 1)
|Alex Giovinazzo
|(2, 0)
|Steve Caramello
|(1, 1)
|Steve Kuron
|(1, 0)
|Michael Morrison
|(1, 0)
|Brandon Wilk
|(1, 0)
|David Aitchison
|(0, 1)
|Ryan Kloss
|(0, 1)
|John Meade
|17 (0.680)
|Current Record
|go to Hartwick page
|The Game Story:
|ITHACA, N.Y. � Junior attackman Nic Heckman (Sparta/Sparta, N.J.) scored at the 3:39 mark of overtime to lift the #4 Ithaca men�s lacrosse team (13-1, 6-1, Empire 8) to an 8-7 win over Hartwick (4-8, 2-5 Empire 8) in an Empire 8 game Saturday afternoon at Upper Terrace Field. It was Heckman�s second goal of the game and 27th of the season. It was Ithaca�s first overtime game of the season, and they closed their home portion of the regular-season schedule with a perfect 6-0 home record.
Senior defender Michael Serron (Canandaigua/Canandaigua) forced a Hartwick turnover, picked up the ground ball and the Bombers successfully cleared to set up the winning possession. Heckman circled clockwise around the crease, moving from behind the net to the edge of the crease and fired in a close-range shot.
Ithaca used a 6-1 run in the second and third quarters to build a 7-4 lead. Sophomore attackman Jay Lucas (Fox Lane/Bedford Hills) scored a career-high three goals to lead Ithaca�s offense. Junior middie Nick Neuman (Madison West/Madison, Wis.) had two goals and senior midfielder Mike Giunta (B. Reed Henderson/West Chester, Pa.) had Ithaca�s other tally. Senior Chris Carman (Monte Vista/Alamo, Calif.) had two assists in the game.
Sophomore David Gal (Loomis Chaffee [Conn.]/Amherst, Mass.) made 12 saves in the game, including one on a difficult bounce shot in overtime, to earn his 12th win of the season.
Senior defender Neth Wiedemann (Episcopal School of Dallas/Dallas, Texas) led Ithaca with six ground balls and five caused turnovers in the game. Sophomore long-stick midfielder Matt Molnar (Central Bucks East/Doylestown, Pa.) had a career-high four caused turnovers in the contest.
Ithaca wraps up its regular season Saturday at 7 p.m. at Stevens Institute of Technology.


text:
Steve Jobs
I am a dedicated developer who enjoys work.
And the only way to do great work is to love what you do.
Recent Projects
here is some of my recent work
Web development here is done with integrity and quality. Your website will be created in a simple-to-use format, so that you can be in control of your digital business. I like to keep maintenance costs low not only to save you money in the long run, but ultimately to hand over the "keys" to your site to allow you to drive. Your website will be well-documented for your company to follow, if you choose to maintain it yourself. Alternatively, I do offer professional maintenance services for proper upkeep. Rest assured, proper SEO, design, and thought is put into every aspect of your website. You are not just getting a site, you are getting a marketing tool that will help build your business.
Mobile Ready
Mobile and responsive design is the de facto standard. Rest assured, your website will be optimized for all devices.
You don't have to pay for maintenance costs, if you don't want to. Instead, you will receive documentation on how to manage your own website.
Better Rankings
SEO is a major asset for a website. I work closely with you to find out how to better reach your target market and get you rising on the search engine charts.
Get in Touch
Josh Flayhart
Birmingham, AL


text:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Lisa Jackson fleshed out details of the administration's five-year, $2.2-billion Great Lakes Restoration Initiative Action plan at a Feb. 21 news conference at the National Governors' Association's winter meeting in Washington. The plan, which covers fiscal years 2010-2014, was developed by 16 federal agencies. It calls for cleaning up some of the most heavily polluted hot spots, including remediation of 9.4 million cubic yards of contaminated sediment; restoring wetlands and other habitats; establishing total maximum daily loads for phosphorus; and taking steps to keep invasive species such as Asian carp out of the lakes. President Obama requested $475 million in the fiscal 2010 budget and has requested $300 million for fiscal 2011 for the effort. Amounts for fiscal 2011 through 2014 need Congressional approval.
EPA Outlines Restoration Plan For Overstressed Great Lakes
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text:
The Alternative: A Teacher's Story and Commentary
Paperback, 656 Pages
Price: $65.00
Ships in 3-5 business days.
This is what the future of college-level textbooks for aspiring public educators looks like. While facilitating rehearsal and promoting reflective practice, this text allows future educators to experience pedagogical realities and develop a more nuanced understanding of the profession and professionalism. It is a textbook with a plot, the critical theory unfolding as the journal-based story develops. As a documentary, the text presents the stories of real students who attended a rural alternative high school in Idaho. The author, Galen Leonhardy, explains their lives as both students and community members while presenting a practice of teaching that offers hope and the potential of social change.
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Product Details
- 9781105621475
- Copyright
- Galen Leonhardy (Standard Copyright License)
- Publisher
- Noble
- Published
- October 12, 2015
- Language
- English
- Pages
- 656
- Binding
- Perfect-bound Paperback
- Interior Ink
- Black & white
- Weight
- 4.07 lbs.
- Dimensions (inches)
- 8.5 wide x 11 tall
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text:
New Fatwa Calls on Men to Drink Women's Breast Milk
The problem isn't so much that Muslim women have to give men their mammary milk to drink, but rather what such a mentality has in store for us infidels.
June 4, 2010 - 12:01 am
Furthermore, al-Abaican's supposedly "moderate" position — that men should not drink the milk straight from the teat but rather from a cup — actually further demonstrates the inescapable strictures of Sharia law: for his sophistry relies on the fact that the hadiths do not literally indicate that men must drink straight from the nipple (probably because it would have been redundant to say so, as there were few other ways to derive breast milk in 7th century Arabia, "breastfeeding pumps" being non-existent then). Yet by not out-and-out condemning the practice, al-Abaican demonstrates that he, too, dares not stray from the bounds of Muhammad's literal words.
Now, here's the real problem (from an infidel point of view): If, in the year 2010, Muslims still feel compelled to be true to "adult breastfeeding," simply because 7th century Muhammad said so, surely they wholeheartedly embrace their prophet's thoroughly documented and unequivocal words concerning the infidel.
Look at it this way: the issue of adult breastfeeding is embarrassing for Muslims; far from providing them with any sort of advantage or benefits, it places them, especially their women, in a ludicrous position (indeed, it is ranked first in this list of "top ten bizarre or ridiculous fatwas"). So why is it still a relevant issue among Muslims? Because Muhammad said so. Thus, like it or not, Muslims must somehow come to grips with it.
What, then, of Muhammad's other commandments — commandments that, if upheld, far from embarrassing Muslims, provide them with power, wealth, and honor — that is, commandments that jibe quite well with mankind's most primordial urges? I speak of Muhammad's (and by extension Sharia law's) unequivocal commandments for Muslims to wage war ("jihad") upon the infidel, to plunder the infidel of his wealth and women, and to keep the infidel in perpetual subjugation — all things that define Islam's history vis-à-vis the infidel.
Indeed, Muhammad himself once warned Muslims: "Because you have forsaken jihad, taking hold of cows' tails and dealing in merchandise, Allah has adorned you with shame and you will never be able to shake it off yourselves until you repent to Allah and return to your original positions [as jihadists on the offensive]," The Al Qaeda Reader, p.162.
In short, the Muslim mentality that feels the need to address adult breastfeeding, simply because Muhammad once advised it, must certainly be sold on the prophet's constant incitements for war and conquest. Living in an era where the Muslim world is significantly weaker vis-à-vis the infidel world, and thus currently incapable of living up to such bellicose commandments, one may overlook this fact. But the intention is surely there. One need only look to 21st century Muslims debating an absurdity like "adult breastfeeding" to be sure of that.


text:
- Product Details
- Click Here to View All Oklahoma Sooners Home Accessories
Oklahoma Sooners 31 oz Glass Candy Jar - An Officially Licensed Candy Jar decorated with a hand-crafted metal Team Logo. Just add candy and you'll have the perfect gift for the Sports Fan with a 'Sweet Tooth'.
Additional Information
|This Item Usually Leaves The Warehouse In
|3 to 5 Business Days
|Estimated Delivery Time Map - Based on Your Shipping Zones
|Click to View Map of Estimated Delivery Times to Your Location
The Oklahoma Sooners Home Accessories Collection
Oklahoma Sooners Candy Jar
Oklahoma Sooners Picture Frame - Art-Glass Horizontal
University of Oklahoma Shelf with Pegs
University of Oklahoma 31 inch Logo Wall Art
Oklahoma Sooners Clock - 14"x19" Scoreboard
Oklahoma Sooners 48"x71" Comfy Throw - Stripes Series
University of Oklahoma Tissue Box Cover
University of Oklahoma Desktop Organizer
University of Oklahoma Key Holder with Picture Frame
University of Oklahoma Man Cave All-Star Rug 34"x45"
University of Oklahoma Man Cave Starter Rug 19"x30"
University of Oklahoma Man Cave Tailgater Rug 60"x72"
University of Oklahoma Man Cave UltiMat Rug 60"x96"
Oklahoma Sooners Candles Set
Oklahoma Sooners Wood Sign - Fans Welcome 12"x6"
Oklahoma Sooners Wood Sign - Football and Dog 6"x12"
Oklahoma Sooners Wood Sign - Home Sweet Home 6"x12"


text: Ian Delap, Townsquare Media [ Brian Scott Takes The ALS Ice Bucket Challenge [VIDEO] By Brian Scott August 21, 2014 Okay so I finally caved in to the pressure to do the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge. However I wanted to do this to underline the awareness and fundraising aspects of the challenge. Read More|Comment Category: Casper News, Events, Morning Tags: als, casper fire department, ice bucket challenge, Washington Park, wind city physical therapy Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


text:
Niijkiwendidaa Anishnaabekwewag Services Circle is a registered charitable not-for-profit community based organization. Niijkiwendidaa has been operated by Anishnaabekwewag (Indigenous Women) for Anishnaabekwewag since 1994. NASC is the sole provider of counselling and healing services for Anishnaabekwewag and their families in the following geographical areas: the Counties of Peterborough, Haliburton, Northumberland, City of Kawartha Lakes and the Region of Durham.
The services that Niijkiwendidaa provides enables Anishnaabekwewag and their families who have been abused, are being abused or are at risk of being abused to heal, build healthy relationships, and a healthy community.
In providing counselling and healing services, NASC utilizes Traditional Indigenous Healing methods and contemporary Western counsellling and healing practices. Foremost, NASC provides a cultural based approached and other appropriate methods to meet the needs of our clients.


text:
Purina Friskies 7 Lucky Cat Sweepstakes + Free Sample! Everyone who enters HERE gets a free sample of Lucky 7 Cat Food. Grand Prize (1): trip for two to Las Vegas, Nevada. »Read More
It's here! Get a FREE sample of Original Ultra Whole Body Health! This food will get your pets' tails wagging. Request your sample pack, then share the link with your »Read More
Free 6oz. Sample Of Beyond Dog Or Cat Food(FB) Signup HERERead More
Calling all dog owners! Enter to win a One year supply of Nudges Roasted Chicken Recipe Dog Treats! Plus get Nudges Dog treat coupons! Give it a shot. Worst cars scenario »Read More
While supplies last. Available to U.S. Residents only. Limit one sample per household. Signup HERERead More
Get a Free Pet Safety Pack. Includes a pet rescue window decal and an ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center magnet. Signup HERERead More
Enter the Nutri Dent Edible Chews Sweepstakes and win $300 in Nutri Dent edible chews for your dogs! Ends September 22nd, 2014. Good Luck! Signup HERERead More
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Send a friend (or yourself) a sample and they'll send you an email with a link to fill out the form. Signup HERERead More
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Get $2 Off Friskies Grillers! Get Your Coupon HERE!Read More


text:
A New Approach?Friday, May 29, 2015
To the Editor:
A Few Axioms For Lower TaxesThursday, November 13, 2014
The work of Newtown's finance authorities is axiomatic: seek economy in the increasingly expensive enterprise of running a town. And in watching the early work of the Board of Finance and the Finance Department impacting the next budget cycle, some actual axioms come to mind. Waste not want not. A penny saved is a penny earned. Less is more. For some residents who may, for example, suffer a bone-jarring commute along some of the town's more pothole-pocked byways twice a day, the economic zeal of budgetmakers may seem more like parsimony.
Searching For The Right Balance On The BallotTuesday, October 14, 2014
To the Editor:
Town Fund Balance Approaches Goal With $917,000 InfusionFriday, November 1, 2013
Newtown is well on its way toward meeting a nine percent fund balance goal by the end of fiscal year 2015 as a result of unforeseen revenue surpluses and curtailed spending by various town departments in the fiscal cycle that ended June 30, 2013.
Financial Collapse?Monday, March 25, 2013
To the Editor:
With the pending descent into anarchy here in the US, per Mr Barzetti's letter in the 3/22 Bee ["Financial Collapse Is Near"], I would suggest he take his money from under the mattress and move to a country that is more politically and economically stable.
Finance Bd Pares School Budget Request By $750,000Thursday, March 14, 2013
The Board of Finance has no line item authority over the school district budget request, but that did not stop its members from suggesting myriad ways the Board of Education and district administration could shave its $73,042,343 spending plan without necessarily eliminating key components like planned security enhancements, technology upgrades, facility maintenance and even full-day kindergarten.
Finance Bd. OKs More Police, Vehicles, And Private School Grants For SecurityTuesday, March 12, 2013
Following several motions and proposed amendments at a Board of Finance meeting Monday, March 11, officials unanimously recommended setting aside $420,000 in a contingency account to hire and train additional police officers and providing them with vehicles to guard public elementary schools.
The board also unanimously recommended funding a grant program for three local private schools to help pay for additional security measures.
Board of Finance Weighs Security ExpendituresThursday, March 7, 2013
It would not be unusual for Board of Finance school budget deliberations to extend to three hours or more. But despite the intention to do so on March 6, finance officials never cracked open the school budget book.
Instead, they heard public comment and spent the rest of their special meeting originally scheduled to take up the district budget proposal, trying to get a better understanding about the scope and cost of future school security measures.
Finance Bd. Reviews School Budget, Security Dialogue BeginsWednesday, February 27, 2013
Along with a presentation on the Board of Education's proposed 2013-14 budget, the Board of Finance also heard from the Police Commission and a representative of a Security Committee for the first time on measures that could be taken regarding school security at its special meeting on Tuesday, February 26.
Newtowners Paid $12 Million More After Retroactive Tax IncreaseFriday, February 22, 2013
As Newtown struggled through its 2011 budget process, Board of Finance Vice Chair Joe Kearney was also watching closely as Governor Dannel P. Malloy rolled out a retroactive personal income tax increase in an effort to close an anticipated shortfall in state revenue projections.
At the time, Newtown's Senator and State Minority Leader John McKinney decried the measure, calling it a massive new financial burden on the state's middle class coming at a time when taxpayers could least afford it.


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The fun. with very special guests Tegan and Sara presale password that we've gotten so many requests for is up and ready for our members! This is a great chance for you to order tickets for fun. with very special guests Tegan and Sara before they go on sale!!! Don't miss this wonderful opportunity to see fun. with very special guests Tegan and Sara's concert in Phoenix!!
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Posted May 21 2007 @ 05:52 PM
Britney Spears got wild and crazy last night, May 20, in Miami, as she headed to the club Mansion for some late night partying after she performed there earlier in the evening. Decked out in Tricia Fix's Vivane Short Dress in Black Firecracker (the Vivian Short Dress is similar), fishnets, a black headband and carrying a metallic gold bag, Britney definitely looked ready for a night out in Miami. She was definitely in need of a good time after the little technical difficulty she had earlier this week, as she was caught off guard when the pre-recorded track for her song Do Somethin' skipped a few times while she was performing. PerezHilton.com is reporting that the performance was a disaster and the crowd started booing, and X17Online.com is reporting that when the track started skipping, Britney began singing live and the crowd exploded in applause for support. Battle of the blogs! Either way, Perez is also reporting that Britney has fallen off the wagon this week, saying that Brit was seen doing "lots of shots" at club SET. Let's hope this is just a rumor, it would be tragic to see Britney sabotage herself before her comeback has even gotten into it's full swing!
Britney Spears seen in Miami, Fl on May 20 2007.
she's lost her mind. check her in before she self-destructs, again.guest on May 22 2007 @ 09:45 AM
She's even too pathetic to knock...it's way too easy.
Does she know you can wash extensions? Ughguest on May 22 2007 @ 01:30 PM
I think part of her problem is she gets too much attention with her antics. Stop reporting her every move and maybe she will realize she is not that important, and her self destructive behavior only hurts herself.guest on Jun 27 2007 @ 08:14 AM
Drug rehabilitation (often drug rehab or just rehab) is an umbrella term for the processes of medical and/or psychotherapeutic treatment, for dependency on psychoactive substances such as alcohol, prescription drugs, and so-called street drugs such as cocaine, heroin or amphetamines. The general intent is to enable the patient to cease substance abuse, in order to avoid the psychological, legal, financial, social, and physical consequences that can be caused, especially by extreme abuse.
Alcohol Rehabguest on Oct 24 2008 @ 08:35 PM
stop harping on her extensions, i hope you get bald and not even have the cash to get extensions.
britney is still a star.guest on Apr 03 2009 @ 05:15 AM


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KITT got jacked. An infinite resource of cutting edge technology and he's still missing.#14035
Great colored pencil and ink work from self-taught Melbourne artist Scarlett Cat.#14034
Really nice packaging design from Atlanta based designer Anwar Pack for the Mister Nesbit grooming kit. The grooming kit is made to have an old school feel but still appeal to a more youthful audience.#14033
Images from Salzzeitreise, a museum located deep in a salt mine in Berchtesgaden, Germany.#14032
Kawasaki recently announced that it is developing Japan's fastest high speed train! The "Environmentally Friendly Super Express Train" will propel passengers along at 217mph, besting the record-holding Shinkansen's 186mph.#14030
Beautiful Anemone Shade by Heath Nash for Artecnica. The honeycomb shade is made out of Tyvek.#14028
Recycled glass bottle utensils by Laurence Brabant, just one of many amazing products.#14027
I love Francisco Mangado's spanish pavillion for the 2008 Zaragoza Expo. There were 750 clay columns that provide a modern take on greco-roman temple architecture.#14026
Amazing photos of Socotra Island, located off the coasts of Somalia and Yemen. The tree above is called a Dragon's Blood Tree, and the island features around 700 rare species of flora and fauna, 1/3 of which are found nowhere else on earth.#14025
Artek and Marimekko have an exhibition - Be Honest! - going on at the Spiral Garden in Tokyo, featuring interventions by various designers on Alvar Aalto's iconic Stool 60. The exhibition is on until 09/23.#14024
Ward van Gemert deconstructs an old chandelier and reconstructs it into a more modern form, resulting in the Exploded Chandeliers series. Debuting at Mint Gallery in London today, 09/18.#14023
5.5 Designers redesigned Baccarat's luxury Harcourt glassware into a more accessible line. The traditional Harcout silhouettes have been superimposed onto simple glass forms.#14022
Beautiful Light Frame by Stephen Burks for auction at Philips de Pury & Company next week.#14021
Using a simple piece of cardboard without any gluing, this coffee cup holder offers a nice service to the user carrying the standard milk cups and protecting the hand from the heat of the cup.#14016
The Bubble Process makes such fab prints, as you will see here!!! (They are also pretty inexpensive for those of you want to art your walls.)#14001


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The Food Forum convened a public workshop on February 22-23, 2012, to explore current and emerging knowledge of the human microbiome, its role in human health, its interaction with the diet, and the translation of new research findings into tools and products that improve the nutritional quality of the food supply. The Human Microbiome, Diet, and Health: Workshop Summary summarizes the presentations and discussions that took place during the workshop. Over the two day workshop, several themes covered included:
Table of Contents
|skim chapter
|Front Matter
|1 Introduction
|2 Study of the Human Microbiome
|3 Interaction Between the Microbiome and Health and Environment
|4 Influence of the Microbiome on the Metabolism of Diet and Dietary Components
|5 Influence of Diet and Dietary Components on the Microbiome
|6 Societal and Policy Implications
|7 Possibilities for the Future
|A: Workshop Agenda
|B: Speaker Biographical Sketches
|C: Workshop Attendees
|D: Abbreviations and Acronyms
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- Northern New York Newspapers
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- Ogdensburg
- Massena-Potsdam
- Lowville
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CAPE VINCENT The Town Council decided not to act on the proposed Local Law No. 1 of 2013 that would have allowed it to hire a code enforcement officer.
Town officials had considered creating the position and have its zoning officer, James G. Millington Jr., conduct building inspections.
In light of further studies by the board, comments from the developers and builders and revelations of the Watertown Daily Times recent report, theres no way were going to adopt this law, said town Supervisor Urban C. Hirschey at the public hearing for the proposal Wednesday night.
Mr. Millington recently admitted to building his Point Peninsula home without a building permit. He had said his architect skipped town with the drawings that needed to be submitted to Jefferson County and was unable to complete the process.
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Safety Zone; NOBLE DISCOVERER, Outer Continental Shelf Drillship, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, Alaska
Summary: ↑
The Coast Guard proposes a 500-meter safety zone around the DRILLSHIP NOBLE DISCOVERER, while anchored or deploying and recovering moorings on location in order to drill exploratory wells at various prospects located in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas Outer Continental Shelf, Alaska, from 12:01 a.m. on July 1, 2012 through 11:59 p.m. on October 31, 2012. See TABLE 1. The purpose of the temporary safety zone is to protect the drillship from vessels operating outside the normal shipping channels and fairways. Placing a safety zone around the drillship will significantly reduce the threat of allisions, which could result in oil spills, and releases of natural gas, and thereby protect the safety of life, property, and the environment. Lawful demonstrations may be conducted outside of the safety zone.
Table of Contents
- Public Participation and Request for Comments
- Submitting Comments
- Viewing Comments and Documents
- Privacy Act
- Public Meeting
- Basis and Purpose
- Discussion of Proposed Rule
- Regulatory Analyses
- Regulatory Planning and Review
- Small Entities
- Assistance for Small Entities
- Collection of Information
- Federalism
- Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
- Taking of Private Property
- Civil Justice Reform
- Protection of Children
- Indian Tribal Governments
- Energy Effects
- Technical Standards
- Environment
Table of Figures
Dates: ↑
Comments and related material must be received by the Coast Guard on or before March 26, 2012.
Addresses: ↑
You may submit comments identified by docket number USCG-2012-0024 using any one of the following methods:
(1)Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov.
(3)Mail: Docket Management Facility (M-30), U.S. Department of Transportation, West Building Ground Floor, Room W12-140, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Washington, DC 20590-0001.
(4)Hand delivery: Same as mail address above, between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. The telephone number is 202-366-9329.
To avoid duplication, please use only one of these four methods. See the "Public Participation and Request for Comments" portion of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section below for instructions on submitting comments.
For further information contact: ↑
If you have questions on this proposed rule, call or email LT Jason Smilie, Seventeenth Coast Guard District (dpi); telephone 907-463-2809, email@example.com. If you have questions on viewing or submitting material to the docket, call Renee V. Wright, Program Manager, Docket Operations, telephone 202-366-9826.
Supplementary information: ↑
Public Participation and Request for Comments ↑
We encourage you to participate in this rulemaking by submitting comments and related materials. All comments received will be posted without change to http://www.regulations.gov and will include any personal information you have provided.
Submitting Comments ↑
If you submit a comment, please include the docket number for this rulemaking (USCG-2012-0024), indicate the specific section of this document to which each comment applies, and provide a reason for each suggestion or recommendation. You may submit your comments and material online (via http://www.regulations.gov) or by fax, mail, or hand delivery, but please use only one of these means. If you submit a comment online via http://www.regulations.gov, it will be considered received by the Coast Guard when you successfully transmit the comment. If you fax, hand deliver, or mail your comment, it will be considered as having been received by the Coast Guard when it is received at the Docket Management Facility. We recommend that you include your name and a mailing address, an email address, or a telephone number in the body of your document so that we can contact you if we have questions regarding your submission.
To submit your comment online, go to http://www.regulations.gov, click on the "submit a comment" box, which will then become highlighted in blue. In the "Document Type" drop down menu select "Proposed Rule" and insert "USCG-2012-0024" in the "Keyword" box. Click "Search" then click on the balloon shape in the "Actions" column. If you submit your comments by mail or hand delivery, submit them in an unbound format, no larger than 81/2; by 11 inches, suitable for copying and electronic filing. If you submit comments by mail and would like to know that they reached the Facility, please enclose a stamped, self-addressed postcard or envelope. We will consider all comments and material received during the comment period and may change the rule based on your comments.
Viewing Comments and Documents ↑
To view comments, as well as documents mentioned in this preamble as being available in the docket, go to http://www.regulations.gov, click on the "read comments" box, which will then become highlighted in blue. In the "Keyword" box, insert USCG-2012-0024 and click "Search." Click the "open Docket Folder" in the "Actions" column.
You may also visit the Docket Management Facility in Room W12-140 on the ground floor of the Department of Transportation West Building, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Washington, DC 20590, between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. We have an agreement with the Department of Transportation to use the Docket Management Facility.
Privacy Act ↑
Anyone can search the electronic form of comments received into any of our dockets by the name of the individual submitting the comment (or signing the comment, if submitted on behalf of an association, business, labor union, etc.). You may review a Privacy Act notice regarding our public docketsin the January 17, 2008 issue of the Federal Register(73 FR 3316).
Public Meeting ↑
The Coast Guard does not plan to hold a public meeting. But you may submit a request for one by using one of the four methods specified under ADDRESSES. Please explain why you believe a public meeting would be beneficial. If we determine that one would aid this rulemaking, we will hold one at a time and place announced by a later notice in the Federal Register.
Basis and Purpose ↑
The Coast Guard proposes the establishment of a temporary safety zone around the DRILLSHIP NOBLE DISCOVERER while anchored or deploying and recovering moorings on location in order to drill exploratory wells in several prospects located in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas during the 2012 drilling season.
The request for the temporary safety zone was made by Shell Exploration & Production Company due to safety concerns for both the personnel aboard the NOBLE DISCOVERER and the environment. Shell Exploration & Production Company indicated that it is highly likely that any allision or inability to identify, monitor or mitigate any risks or threats, including ice-related hazards that might be encountered, would result in a catastrophic event. Incursions into the safety zone by unapproved vessels could degrade the ability to monitor and mitigate such risks. In evaluating this request, the Coast Guard explored relevant safety factors and considered several criteria, including but not limited to: (1) The level of shipping activity around the operation; (2) safety concerns for personnel aboard the vessel; (3) concerns for the environment given the sensitivity of the environmental and subsistence importance to the indigenous population; (4) the lack of any established shipping fairways, fueling and supply storage/operations, and size of the crew increase the likelihood that an allision would result in a catastrophic event; (5) the recent and potential future maritime traffic in the vicinity of the proposed areas; (6) the types of vessels navigating in the vicinity of the proposed area; (7) the structural configuration of the vessel, and (8) the need to allow for lawful demonstrations without endangering the safe operation of the rig. For any group intending to conduct lawful demonstrations in the vicinity of the rig, these demonstrations must be conducted outside the safety zone.
Results from a thorough and comprehensive examination of the criteria, IMO guidelines, and existing regulations warrant the establishment of the proposed temporary safety zone. The proposed regulation would significantly reduce the threat of allisions that could result in oil spills, and releases. Furthermore, the proposed regulation would increase the safety of life, property, and the environment in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas by prohibiting entry into the zone unless specifically authorized by the Commander, Seventeenth Coast Guard District, or a designated representative. Due to the remote location and the need to protect the environment, the Coast Guard may use criminal sanctions to enforce the safety zone as appropriate.
The proposed temporary safety zone will be around the NOBLE DISCOVERER while anchored or deploying and recovering moorings on location in order to drill exploratory wells in various locations in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas Outer Continental Shelf, Alaska during the 2012 timeframe.
Shell Exploration & Production Company has ten proposed drill sites within the Burger, Suvulliq and Torpedo prospects, Beaufort Sea, Alaska (See Table 1).
Table 1—Prospect Locations ↑
|Lease No.
|Flaxman Is
|Flaxman Is
|Flaxman Is
|Flaxman Is
During the 2012 timeframe, Shell Exploration & Production Company has proposed drilling up to two exploration wells at the identified Chukchi and Beaufort Sea prospects depending on favorable ice conditions, weather, sea state, and any other pertinent factors. Each of these drill sites will be permitted for drilling in 2012 to allow for operational flexibility in the event sea ice conditions prevent access to one of the locations. The number of actual wells that will be drilled will depend on ice conditions and the length of time available for the 2012 drilling season. The predicted "average" drilling season, constrained by prevailing ice conditions and regulatory restrictions, is long enough for two to three typical exploration wells to be drilled.
The actual order of drilling activities will be controlled by an interplay between actual ice conditions immediately prior to a rig move, ice forecasts, any regulatory restrictions with respect to the dates of allowed operating windows, whether the planned drilling activity involves only drilling the shallow non-objective section or penetrating potential hydrocarbon zones, the availability of permitted sites having approved shallow hazards clearance, the anticipated duration of each contemplated drilling activity, the results of preceding wells and Marine Mammal Monitoring and Mitigation plan requirements.
All planned exploration drilling in the identified lease blocks will be conducted with the NOBLE DISCOVERER. The NOBLE DISCOVERER is a true drillship, and is a large self-contained drilling vessel that offers full accommodations for up to 124 persons. The hull has been reinforced for ice resistance.
The NOBLE DISCOVERER has a "persons on board" capacity of 124, and it is expected to be at capacity for most of its operating period. The NOBLE DISCOVERER's personnel will include its crew, as well as Shell employees, third party contractors, Alaska NativeMarine Mammal Observers and possibly Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) or Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) personnel.
While conducting exploration drilling operations, the NOBLE DISCOVERER will be anchored. The NOBLE DISCOVERER uses an anchoring system consisting of an 8-point anchored mooring spread attached to the onboard turret and could have a maximum anchor radius of 3,600 ft (1,100 m). The anchor spread, which radiates from the center of the NOBLE DISCOVERER, may pose a fouling hazard to any vessel attempting to anchor within the anchor spread. Fouling of the NOBLE DISCOVERER anchor lines may endanger the drillship, its 124 persons onboard the third party vessel, persons onboard the third party vessel and the environment.
The center point of the NOBLE DISCOVERER will be positioned within the prospect location in the Beaufort Sea at the coordinates listed below (See Table 1).
The NOBLE DISCOVERER will move into the Chukchi or Beaufort Sea on or about July 1, 2012 and onto a prospect location when ice allows. Drilling will be curtailed on or before October 31, 2012. The drillship and support vessels will depart the Beaufort Sea at the conclusion of the 2012 drilling season.
Discussion of Proposed Rule ↑
The proposed temporary safety zone would encompass the area within 500 meters from each point on the outer edge of the NOBLE DISCOVERER while anchored on location in order to drill exploratory wells or deploying and recovering moorings on location in order to drill exploratory well. No vessel would be allowed to enter or remain in this proposed safety zone except the following: An attending vessel or a vessel authorized by the Commander, Seventeenth Coast Guard District or a designated representative. They may be contacted on VHF-FM Channel 13 or 16 or by telephone at 907-463-2000.
Regulatory Analyses ↑
The Coast Guard developed this proposed rule after considering numerous statutes and executive orders related to rulemaking. Below we summarize our analyses based on 13 of these statutes or executive orders.
Regulatory Planning and Review ↑
This proposed rule is not a significant regulatory action under section 3(f) of Executive Order 12866, Regulatory Planning and Review, and does not require an assessment of potential costs and benefits under section 6(a)(3) of that Order. The Office of Management and Budget has not reviewed it under that Order.
This rule is not a significant regulatory action due to the location of the DRILLSHIP NOBLE DISCOVERER on the Outer Continental Shelf and its distance from both land and safety fairways. Vessels traversing waters near the proposed safety zone will be able to safely travel around the zone without incurring additional costs.
Small Entities ↑
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601-612), the Coast Guard has considered whether this proposed rule would have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. The term "small entities" comprises small businesses, not-for-profit organizations that are independently owned and operated and are not dominant in their fields, and governmental jurisdictions with populations of less than 50,000.
The Coast Guard certifies under 5 U.S.C. 605(b) that this proposed rule would not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. This proposed rule would affect the following entities, some of which might be small entities: The owners or operators of vessels intending to transit or anchor in the Sivulliq and Torpedo Prospect of the Beaufort Sea, including Flaxman Island blocks 6610, 6658 and 6659, and Posey Blocks 6714, 6762, 6764, 6812, 6912, 6915 (See Table 1).
This safety zone will not have a significant economic impact or a substantial number of small entities for the following reasons: This rule will enforce a safety zone around a drillship facility that is in an area of the Flaxman Island of the Beaufort Sea not frequented by vessel traffic and is not in close proximity to a safety fairway. Further, vessel traffic can pass safely around the safety zone without incurring additional costs.
If you think that your business, organization, or governmental jurisdiction qualifies as a small entity and that this rule would have a significant economic impact on it, please submit a comment (see ADDRESSES) explaining why you think it qualifies and how and to what degree this rule would economically affect it.
Assistance for Small Entities ↑
Under section 213(a) of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 (Pub. L. 104-121), we want to assist small entities in understanding this proposed rule so that they can better evaluate its effects on them and participate in the rulemaking. If the rule would affect your small business, organization, or governmental jurisdiction and you have questions concerning its provisions or options for compliance, please contact LT Jason Smilie, Coast Guard Seventeenth District, Office of Prevention; telephone 907-463-2809, email@example.com. The Coast Guard will not retaliate against small entities that question or complain about this proposed rule or any policy or action of the Coast Guard.
Collection of Information ↑
This proposed rule would call for no new collection of information under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501-3520.).
Federalism ↑
A rule has implications for federalism under Executive Order 13132, Federalism, if it has a substantial direct effect on State or local governments and would either preempt State law or impose a substantial direct cost of compliance on them. We have analyzed this proposed rule under that Order and have determined that it does not have implications for federalism.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act ↑
The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1531-1538) requires Federal agencies to assess the effects of their discretionary regulatory actions. In particular, the Act addresses actions that may result in the expenditure by a State, local, or tribal government, in the aggregate, or by the private sector of $100,000,000 (adjusted for inflation) or more in any one year. Though this proposed rule would not result in such expenditure, we do discuss the effects of this rule elsewhere in this preamble.
Taking of Private Property ↑
This proposed rule would not cause a taking of private property or otherwise have taking implications under Executive Order 12630, Governmental Actions and Interference with Constitutionally Protected Property Rights.
Civil Justice Reform ↑
This proposed rule meets applicable standards in sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of Executive Order 12988, Civil Justice Reform, to minimize litigation, eliminate ambiguity, and reduce burden.
Protection of Children ↑
The Coast Guard has analyzed this proposed rule under Executive Order 13045, Protection of Children fromEnvironmental Health Risks and Safety Risks. This rule is not an economically significant rule and would not create an environmental risk to health or risk to safety that might disproportionately affect children.
Indian Tribal Governments ↑
This proposed rule does not have tribal implications underExecutive Order 13175, Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments, because it would not have a substantial direct effect on one or more Indian tribes, on the relationship between the Federal Government and Indian tribes, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities between the Federal Government and Indian tribes.
Energy Effects ↑
The Coast Guard analyzed this proposed rule under Executive Order 13211, Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use. We have determined that it is not a "significant energy action" under that order because it is not a "significant regulatory action" under Executive Order 12866 and is not likely to have a significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use of energy. The Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs has not designated it as a significant energy action. Therefore, it does not require a Statement of Energy Effects under Executive Order 13211.
Technical Standards ↑
The National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA) (15 U.S.C. 272 note) directs agencies to use voluntary consensus standards in their regulatory activities unless the agency provides Congress, through the Office of Management and Budget, with an explanation of why using these standards would be inconsistent with applicable law or otherwise impractical. Voluntary consensus standards are technical standards (e.g., specifications of materials, performance, design, or operation; test methods; sampling procedures; and related management systems practices) that are developed or adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies.
This proposed rule does not use technical standards. Therefore, we did not consider the use of voluntary consensus standards.
Environment ↑
We have analyzed this proposed rule under Department of Homeland Security Management Directive 023-01 and Commandant Instruction M16475.lD, which guide the Coast Guard in complying with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) (42 U.S.C. 4321-4370f), and have made a preliminary determination that this action is one of a category of actions that do not individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the human environment. A preliminary environmental analysis checklist supporting this determination is available in the docket where indicated under ADDRESSES. We seek any comments or information that may lead to the discovery of a significant environmental impact from this proposed rule.
List of subjects in 33 cfr part 147 ↑
Continental shelf, Marine safety, Navigation (water).
For the reasons discussed in the preamble, the Coast Guard proposes to amend 33 CFR part 147 as follows:
Part 147—safety zones ↑
1. The authority citation for part 147 continues to read as follows:
Authority: ↑
14 U.S.C. 85; 43 U.S.C. 1333; Department of Homeland Security Delegation No. 0170.1.
2. Add § 147.T17-0024 to read as follows:§ 147.T17-0024
(a)Description. The NOBLE DISCOVERER will be engaged in exploratory drilling operations at various locations in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas from July 1, 2012 through October 31, 2012. The DRILLSHIP will be anchored while conducting exploratory drilling operations with the center point of the vessel located at the coordinates listed in Table 1. These coordinates are based upon [NAD 83] UTM Zone 3. The area within 500 meters (1,640.4 feet) from each point on the outer edge of the vessel while anchored on location is a safety zone. Lawful demonstrations may be conducted outside of the safety zone.
Table 1—Prospect Locations ↑
|Lease No.
|Flaxman Is
|Flaxman Is
|Flaxman Is
|Flaxman Is
(b)Regulation. No vessel may enter or remain in this safety zone except the following:
(1) An attending vessel; or
(2) A vessel authorized by the Commander, Seventeenth Coast Guard District, or a designated representative.
(c)Penalties. Violation of this regulation may result in criminal or civil penalties, or both.Dated: February 2, 2012. Thomas P. Ostebo, Rear Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard,Commander, Seventeenth Coast Guard District.
- Active


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A big thanks goes out to Karen from thegraphicsfairy.com. Karen has allowed us to feature her kitchen and beautiful countertops. This kitchen is different than most in that it has two different colors of granite.
The island in the middle of the kitchen has kashmir white granite countertops. The surrounding surfaces are premium black. This kitchen is overall very light, although the floors are stained dark and there are black granite countertops. The white cabinets, tile backsplash, and island keep the kitchen bright and filled with light.