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SUMMARY: This final rulemaking revises requirements associated with on- board diagnostic (OBD) systems. The federal OBD rulemaking, published February 19, 1993, allowed for compliance with California OBD II requirements to satisfy federal OBD requirements through the 1998 model year. The California Air Resources Board has recently revised their OBD II requirements. This rulemaking promulgates appropriate revisions to federal OBD regulations such that compliance with the recently revised OBD II requirements will satisfy federal OBD. This rulemaking does not require that manufacturers comply with OBD II anti-tampering provisions. OBD systems in general provide substantial ozone benefits. EFFECTIVE DATE: This final rule is effective October 29, 1996. ADDRESSES: Materials relevant to this rulemaking are contained in Docket No. A-90-35, and are available for public inspection and photocopying between 8 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. Monday through Friday. The telephone number is (202) 260-7548 and the facsimile number is (202) 260-4400. A reasonable fee may be charged by EPA for copying docket material. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Todd Sherwood, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2565 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, telephone (313) 668-4405, or Internet e-mail at ``email@example.com.'' SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Regulated Entities Entities potentially regulated by this action are those which manufacture new motor vehicles and engines. Regulated categories and entities include: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Examples of regulated Category entities ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Industry.................................. New motor vehicle and engine manufacturers. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ This table is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a guide for readers regarding entities likely to be regulated by this action. This table lists the types of entities that EPA is now aware could potentially be regulated by this action. Other types of entities not listed in the table could also be regulated. To determine whether your product is regulated by this action, you should carefully examine the applicability criteria in Sec. 86.094-17 of title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations. If you have questions regarding the applicability of this action to a particular product, consult the person listed in the preceding FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section. Electronic Copies of Rulemaking Documents Electronic copies of the preamble and the regulatory text of this final rulemaking are available via the Internet on the Office of Mobile Sources (OMS) Home Page (http://www.epa.gov/OMSWWW/). Users can find OBD related information and documents through the following path once they have accessed the OMS Home Page: ``Automobiles,'' ``I/M & OBD,'' ``On-Board Diagnostics Files.'' Electronic copies of the preamble and the regulatory text of this final rulemaking are also available on the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) Technology Transfer Network Bulletin Board System (TTN BBS). Users are able to access and download TTN BBS files on their first call. After logging onto TTN BBS, to navigate through the BBS to the files of interest, the user must enter the appropriate command at each of a series of menus. The steps required to access information on this rulemaking are listed below. The service is free, except for the cost of the phone call. TTN BBS: 919-541-5742 (1,200-14,400 bps, no parity, eight data bits, one stop bit). Voice help: 919-541-5384 Internet address: TELNET ttnbbs.rtpnc.epa.gov Off-line: Mondays from 8-12 Noon ET. 1. Technology Transfer Network Top Menu: GATEWAY TO TTN TECHNICAL AREAS (Bulletin Boards) 2. TTN TECHNICAL INFORMATION AREAS: OMS--Mobile Sources Information 3. OMS BBS === MAIN MENU FILE TRANSFERS: Rulemaking & Reporting 4. RULEMAKING PACKAGES: Inspection & Maintenance 5. Inspection & Maintenance Rulemaking Areas: File Area #2...On-Board Diagnostics At this stage, the system will list all available OBD Review files. To download a file, select a transfer protocol which will match the terminal software on your computer, then set your own software to receive the file using that same protocol. If unfamiliar with handling compressed (i.e., ZIP'd) files, go to the TTN topmenu, System Utilities (Command: 1) for information and the necessary program to download in order to unZIP the files of interest after downloading to your computer. After getting the files you want onto your computer, you can quit TTN BBS with the
oodbye command. Table of Contents I. Introduction and Background II. Requirements of this Final Rulemaking III. Public Participation IV. Discussion of Issues V. Cost Effectiveness VI. Administrative Requirements I. Introduction and Background On February 19, 1993, the EPA promulgated a final rulemaking (58 FR 9468, February 19, 1993) requiring manufacturers of light-duty vehicles (LDV) and light-duty trucks (LDT) to install on-board emission control diagnostics (OBD) systems on such vehicles beginning in model year 1994. The regulations promulgated in that final rulemaking require that manufacturers install OBD systems which monitor emission control components for any malfunction or deterioration causing exceedances of certain emission thresholds, and alert the vehicle operator to the need for repair. That rulemaking also requires that, when a malfunction occurs, diagnostic information must be stored in the vehicle's computer to assist the mechanic in diagnosis and repair. Additionally, that rulemaking makes an allowance for manufacturers to satisfy the federal OBD requirements through the 1998 model year by installing systems satisfying the California OBD II requirements pertaining to those model years. This allowance means that manufacturers could concentrate on designing one system for OBD compliance and installing that system nationwide during allowable model years. As EPA regulations cannot be revised except through EPA rulemaking, the OBD II requirements allowed under this provision were, and have continued to be, those existing on the date of publication of the federal OBD final rulemaking. This means that subsequent changes made to the OBD II requirements by the California Air Resources Board (ARB) may be inconsistent and potentially unacceptable for federal OBD compliance. On March 23, 1995, EPA published a direct final rule revising specific federal OBD provisions, including a provision that would allow manufacturers to comply with federal OBD requirements by optionally complying with more recent OBD II regulations. EPA believed that the March 23 direct final rule would not be controversial. In that direct final rule, EPA stated that, ``If notice is received that any person or persons wish to submit adverse comments regarding some, but not all of the actions taken in this rulemaking, then EPA shall withdraw this final action and publish a proposal only with regard to the actions for which notice has been received.'' EPA stated that it would make such a withdrawal if adverse comment was received by April 24, 1995. EPA received adverse comment from the Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association (MEMA). This adverse comment was placed in the public docket for viewing. The comments submitted by MEMA were adverse with regard to the revision of 40 CFR 86.094-17(j) that would allow manufacturers the option of complying with the recently revised California OBD II requirements (California Air Resources Board Mail-Out #95-03). (MEMA had initially objected to other specific provisions of the direct final rule, but MEMA withdrew these objections in a letter signed May 18, 1995.) Therefore, EPA subsequently removed the provision of the March 23 direct final rule that pertained to optional compliance with the revised OBD II requirements of ARB Mail-Out #95-03 (60 FR 37945, July 25, 1995). As a result, the language of the prior final rule published on February 19, 1993 (58 FR 9468) allowing compliance with California OBD II requirements was reinstated in Sec. 86.094- 17(j). EPA then reproposed the provision allowing manufacturers to meet the federal OBD requirements by complying with revised California OBD II requirements. The proposal did not, however, require that manufacturers meet the anti-tampering provisions in California's OBD II regulations. (60 FR 55521, November 1, 1995). II. Requirements of this Final Rulemaking This final rulemaking allows manufacturers to comply with federal OBD requirements by optionally complying with the revised and recently adopted California OBD II regulations. The allowance for optional compliance with California OBD II has already been established in the federal OBD program and was incorporated into the federal OBD final rulemaking in February 1993. However, since that time, the ARB has made several revisions to the OBD II regulations. Because the Agency cannot simply accept the revised OBD II without undergoing the federal regulatory process, any optional compliance with California OBD II under the preexisting federal regulations had to be done according to the OBD II regulations as they existed in February 1993 (ARB Mail Out #92-56, November, 1992). However, the ARB has determined that several manufacturers would have difficulty complying with the OBD II regulations as they existed in February 1993. The most notable requirements that currently pose difficulties are those for engine misfire detection under all positive torque engine speeds and conditions and full OBD II implementation on alternative fueled vehicles. Additionally, most manufacturers have indicated difficulty meeting other aspects of the OBD II regulations due to, for example, the complexity of the computer software requirements, and unpredictable driver actions such as resting a foot on the gas pedal while stopped at a traffic light. It is these additional difficulties that have prompted ARB to provide a ``deficiency'' allowance in their revised OBD II regulations whereby manufacturers can certify as OBD II compliant despite some reasonably acceptable and unplanned deficiency in the OBD system. As a result of the ARB revisions to OBD II, and to remain consistent with the original intent of providing for optional compliance with OBD II for federal OBD purposes, and because EPA has determined that OBD systems complying with the revised OBD II requirements fully satisfy the intent of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments and federal OBD regulations, this final rulemaking will provide the same option but will require that manufacturers choosing this option comply with the more recent OBD II regulations contained in ARB Mail Out #95-34. In the proposed rulemaking, EPA proposed allowing manufacturers to comply with federal OBD requirements by optionally complying with more recent OBD II regulations, specifically those contained in ARB Mail Out #95-03, made publicly available January 19, 1995. In this final rulemaking, the applicable OBD II regulations are contained in Mail Out #95-34, September 26, 1995. Mail Out #95-34 is identical in content to Mail Out #95-03, the only differences being slight editorial changes and reference to an updated version of a Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) recommended practice (i.e., SAE J1939) that is not applicable to light-duty vehicles or light-duty trucks and therefore is not applicable under the provisions of this final rulemaking. As a result of this final rule, any federal vehicles complying with federal OBD by optionally complying with California OBD II are allowed the same deficiencies as allowed under the OBD II provisions. This is consistent with revisions deemed necessary by EPA and subsequently made to federal OBD requirements through a direct final rulemaking published in March of 1995 (60 FR 15242, March 23, 1995). Note, however, that a manufacturer requesting certification of a deficient OBD II system must receive EPA acceptance of any deficiency independently of an acceptance made by ARB. The Agency will use the same criteria specified by the ARB in the OBD II regulation, (footnote: Those criteria being the extent to which the requirements are satisfied overall on the vehicle applications in question, the extent to which the resultant diagnostic system design will be more effective than earlier OBD systems, and a demonstrated good-faith effort to meet the requirements in full by evaluating and considering the best available monitoring technology) except that EPA will not provide deficiency allowances for lack of catalyst monitors or oxygen sensor monitors because the Clean Air Act specifically requires these monitors no later than the 1996 model year. The Agency will make every effort to determine the acceptability of OBD II deficiency requests in concert with ARB staff to avoid the potential for conflicting determinations. However, the extent to which the agencies can make concurrent and coordinated findings will rely heavily on the manufacturer, who will be expected to provide any necessary information to both agencies in parallel rather than pursuing deficiency determinations on a separate basis. III. Public Participation On November 1, 1995, EPA published a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) which set forth proposed requirements for complying with federal OBD regulations by optionally demonstrating compliance with the revised California OBD II regulations. On December 13, 1995, a public hearing was held. The period for submission of comments on the NPRM was scheduled to close on January 16, 1996. The comments received in response to the NPRM have not been extensive, and concentrate primarily on the issue of anti-tampering provisions. More specifically, the comments speak to the appropriateness of the anti-tampering provisions contained in the California OBD II regulations but intentionally excluded from any federal OBD compliance requirements. Comments were also received on the allowance of optional OBD II compliance for federal OBD purposes indefinitely, rather than through only the 1998 model year. Comments were received from original equipment manufacturers, automotive aftermarket manufacturers and service providers, and one automotive consultant. The comments along with EPA's analyses and responses are discussed in the following section. A formal written ``Response to Comments'' document has not been prepared in association with this rulemaking as all pertinent issues are sufficiently discussed in this preamble. IV. Discussion of Issues A. General Comments on the Proposal Summary of Proposal: The proposal allowed demonstration of compliance with revised California OBD II requirements (Mail Out #95- 03) as satisfying federal OBD requirements through the 1998 model year. Summary of Comments: The American Automobile Manufacturers Association (AAMA) fully supports the proposed regulatory action, stating that it will help by limiting the burden on manufacturers associated with the extremely technologically-challenging development of enhanced on-board diagnostic systems. The Association of International Automobile Manufacturers (AIAM) also stated its support, as did American Suzuki Motor Corporation and Michael Jay Grossman, an automotive certification consultant. Each of these commenters also stated that EPA should allow compliance against ARB Mail Out #95-34 rather than Mail Out #95-03, as was proposed. Analysis of Comments: EPA agrees that Mail Out #95-34 should be used rather than the proposed Mail Out #95-03. Mail Out #95-34 is identical in content to Mail Out #95-03, the only differences being slight editorial changes (the removal of strikeout and underlined text differentiating old from new text) and reference to an updated version of a SAE recommended practice (i.e., SAE J1939) that is not applicable to light-duty vehicles or light-duty trucks and therefore is not applicable under the provisions of this final rulemaking. EPA Decision: The final regulatory language will refer to ARB Mail Out #95-34. B. California OBD II Anti-Tampering Provisions Summary of Proposal: The proposal allowed demonstration of compliance with revised California OBD II requirements (Mail Out #95- 03) as satisfying federal OBD requirements through the 1998 model year, except that compliance with the tampering protection provisions of the California OBD II requirements was not required to satisfy federal OBD. Summary of Comments: Representatives of certain organizations within the automotive aftermarket made the following comments: (1) EPA should defer any decision in this proceeding until EPA has rendered a decision on California's request for a waiver of preemption under section 209 for its OBD II regulations; (2) EPA's incorporation of California OBD rules is an unlawful delegation of its powers; (3) EPA may not certify vehicles containing the anti-tampering devices required under the California OBD II regulations, because such devices violate sections 202(m) (4) and (5) and 207 of the Act; (4) the anti-tampering provisions of the California OBD II regulations violate the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act; (5) the exclusion of the anti-tampering provisions from this rulemaking is inadequate, because as long as the anti-tampering regulations are required in California, manufacturers will use such devices in all their vehicles; (6) the anti-tampering provisions are unnecessary and eliminate competition in the repair of vehicles; (7) the anti-tampering provisions of the California OBD II regulations impose significant economic impact on the automotive aftermarket. AAMA commented that it believes that both EPA and ARB have the general legal authority to require anti-tampering measures. Therefore, AAMA can see no viable cause for not proceeding with the NPRM as proposed. Analysis of Comments: (1) Regarding deferment of this rulemaking until the OBD waiver proceeding is completed, EPA has been processing the OBD waiver final decision at the same time it has been processing this final rule. EPA intends to complete the OBD waiver decision either prior to, at the same time of, or shortly after, the completion of this rule. However, EPA does not believe that the decisions necessary for completion of this rulemaking need to be delayed until after the waiver decision in completed. As discussed below, the issues raised by the aftermarket in this proceeding and the OBD II waiver proceeding are more appropriately dealt with in that proceeding, and are not necessary for completion of this rulemaking. Should the issues raised by the aftermarket be resolved in favor of the automotive aftermarket, that resolution will carry over into EPA's broader motor vehicle program, including the certification of any vehicle that complies with the requirements promulgated in this rulemaking. (2) Regarding the contention that EPA has unlawfully delegated its powers, EPA disagrees with this allegation. As the comments acknowledge, EPA has gone through a complete notice and comment rulemaking and found that the regulations that it incorporates today are consistent with the Act and that it is reasonable and appropriate for EPA to allow manufacturers to meet EPA's requirements by showing compliance with California's OBD II regulations, excluding its anti- tampering provisions. This is not delegation of power, but the acknowledgment that other entities besides EPA may devise reasonable methods for meeting particular requirements of the Act. These entities are not making decisions in place of EPA. EPA's decision to incorporate OBD II requirements is independent of California's initial decision to require OBD II in California. Commenters' line of reasoning would seem to require that EPA purposely ignore any sets of procedures drafted by another organization, (e.g., a state or a voluntary industry organization like SAE), no matter how reasonable, simply because EPA did not think of the procedures first. The restrictions on delegation of powers in no way require that result. (3 and 4) The comments allege that California's anti-tampering provisions violate certain provisions of the Clean Air Act and other federal law. The comments, however, never explain why such allegations are relevant to this rulemaking. The regulations EPA promulgates today explicitly exclude California's anti-tampering provisions from the federal requirements. EPA is taking no action in this rulemaking that has any effect on manufacturers legal requirement or ability to voluntarily equip vehicles with tampering protection measures. To the extent manufacturers were permitted to do so prior to this rulemaking, they can do so after the rulemaking. To the extent the Clean Air Act prevents them from equipping vehicles with tampering protection measures, nothing in this rulemaking allows manufacturers to circumvent the Clean Air Act's provisions. The issue of whether the California OBD II anti-tampering provisions violate the Clean Air Act is simply irrelevant to this rulemaking, because this rulemaking does not require manufacturers to meet the anti-tampering provisions. As discussed above, EPA will be reviewing the comments the aftermarket has provided on these issues in the California OBD II waiver proceeding. The comments are relevant in that proceeding, at least to a certain extent, because in that proceeding, EPA is specifically reviewing the consistency of California's OBD II provisions, including the anti- tampering provisions, with section 202(a) of the Act. (5) Regarding whether exclusion of the anti-tampering provisions is sufficient for the needs of the commenters, the appropriate issue is again whether the comments are relevant to this proceeding. The commenters admit in their comments, as well as in a letter to the Administrator dated April 30, 1996, that manufacturers will install the anti-tampering devices on their vehicles, and in fact are currently doing so, even in the absence of these regulations. Thus, the presence or absence of these regulations is irrelevant to whether manufacturers voluntarily equip vehicles with tampering protection measures. As noted above, EPA will deal with the issues raised by commenters in venues where such issues are relevant. (6 and 7) The practicality, cost, and reasonableness of the anti- tampering provisions are likewise irrelevant to this proceeding because the anti-tampering provisions are not required by this proceeding. EPA Decision: The regulatory language need not be changed from that proposed, with the exception of reference to ARB Mail Out #95-34 rather than #95-03. Should the anti-tampering provisions of the California OBD II regulations be deemed unlawful via the waiver process or other means, they will be removed from the OBD II regulations by the Air Resources Board and certification approval of vehicles containing anti- tampering measures consistent with those provisions will cease by both EPA and ARB. C. Acceptance of California OBD II Beyond the 1998 Model Year Summary of Proposal: The proposal allowed demonstration of compliance with revised California OBD II requirements (Mail Out #95- 03) as satisfying federal OBD requirements through the 1998 model year. Summary of Comments: Michael Jay Grossman suggested that EPA allow small volume manufacturers (<10,000 U.S. sales per year) the optional compliance against the California OBD II regulations beyond the 1998 model year, rather than eliminating this option beginning in the 1999 model year. Mr. Grossman reasons that such an allowance will present no loss of federal OBD program benefits due to the extremely small number of small volume manufacturer vehicles in the overall vehicle population. Analysis of Comments: Mr. Grossman's suggestion was made by several commenters during development of the February 1993, federal OBD final rulemaking, although the comments then were not necessarily limited to small volume manufacturers. The same arguments against such a policy apply now as applied then. This alternative was neither proposed by the Agency, nor is it an attractive alternative from the Agency's perspective. The federal regulations contain enforcement approaches consistent with past EPA policies which rely on performance evaluations, rather than specific design requirements, to encourage innovative control strategies and improvements in technology. Also, having effectively two separate regulations mandating the same type of program is unnecessarily inefficient to enforce. Further, the current option for California OBD II demonstration puts EPA in the position of making mandatory regulatory revisions in the event ARB revises the OBD II regulations. EPA regulations cannot incorporate a moving target and, therefore, every regulatory revision by ARB requires a corresponding revision to federal regulations should the ARB revision be deemed appropriate for federal purposes. This is evidenced by the reality of today's rulemaking, which is being done only because of ARB's recent revisions to OBD II. Upon the effective date of today's rulemaking, the federally acceptable OBD II requirements will be those in Mail Out #95-34, and will not be those contained in any potential future California mail outs pertaining to OBD II. Barring passage of the National Low Emission Vehicle regulations and subsequent agreement among all stakeholders to voluntarily sign onto its requirements, EPA can see no reason to go forth with this suggestion. EPA sees merit in undertaking efforts to harmonize federal OBD requirements with the California OBD II requirements, but will explore other potential options as opposed to that suggested by Mr. Grossman. EPA Decision: EPA will take no action in this final rulemaking to accommodate this commenter's suggestion. Therefore, no changes to the proposed regulatory language will be made. As a result, through the 1998 model year, EPA will enforce OBD requirements against either the California OBD II requirements as they exist in Mail out #95-34 or the federal OBD requirements, depending on the set of requirements to which the vehicle has been certified. Beginning with the 1999 model year, full compliance with the federal OBD requirements will be required for all vehicles covered by this rulemaking. This will assure designs fully meeting the goals of the federal OBD program, not only for preproduction certification but also during in-use operation. As stated, EPA is exploring options to harmonize federal OBD requirements with the California OBD II requirements. EPA believes that effort will result in harmonized OBD system requirements along with enforcement approaches and regulatory philosophies consistent with each agency's respective goals. EPA also believes that effort will alleviate the concerns expressed by Mr. Grossman. V. Cost Effectiveness This final rulemaking alters an existing provision by allowing optional compliance with the most recent ``Revised'' California OBD II requirements, as opposed to the November 1992, ``Original'' OBD II requirements, for the purposes of federal OBD compliance. With three exceptions, the revised OBD II requirements provide regulatory relief relative to the original OBD II requirements. Those exceptions are: (1) More stringent catalyst monitoring requirements for 1998 model year low emission vehicles (LEV), requirements that would not apply to federal Tier I vehicles; and, (2) more stringent evaporative emission monitoring requirements for 2000 model year vehicles, requirements that begin beyond the 1998 model year cutoff of the OBD II compliance option; and, (3) more stringent anti-tampering provisions, requirements intentionally excluded from federal OBD compliance demonstration. Therefore, because this final rulemaking alters an existing provision, and that alteration provides regulatory relief, there are no additional costs to original equipment manufacturers associated with this specific final action. The automotive aftermarket industry has stated that the provision of this final rulemaking will result in substantial costs to that industry. As they argue it, these costs will be incurred because the anti-tampering measures required under the California OBD II regulations will present more difficulty for the automotive aftermarket in carrying out their business of reverse engineering original equipment manufacturer (OEM) parts and designing replacement or specialty parts. However, the anti-tampering measures are intentionally excluded from federal OBD compliance requirements, even when choosing the optional OBD II compliance demonstration. Therefore, OEMs are, in effect, voluntarily incorporating anti-tampering measures into their federal vehicles, and would arguably do so absent the requirement under the California OBD II regulation. Consequently, EPA cannot understand how the provisions of this final rulemaking are responsible for any potential increased costs on the automotive aftermarket, outside those costs mandated under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 which require all 1994 and later model year vehicles to incorporate OBD systems into their designs. The costs and emission reductions associated with the federal OBD program were developed for the February 19, 1993, final rulemaking. The change being made today does not affect the costs and emission reductions published as part of that rulemaking. VI. Administrative Requirements A. Administrative Designation Under Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993), the Agency must determine whether the regulatory action is ``significant'' and therefore subject to OMB review and the requirements of the Executive Order. The Order defines ``significant regulatory action'' as one that is likely to result in a rule that may: (1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more or adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or communities; (2) Create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere with an action taken or planned by another agency; (3) Materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlements, grants, user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of recipients thereof; or, (4) Raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles set forth in the Executive Order. It has been determined that this rule is not a ``significant regulatory action'' under the terms of Executive Order 12866 and is therefore not subject to OMB review. B. Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements This final rulemaking does not change the information collection requirements submitted to and approved by OMB in association with the OBD final rulemaking (58 FR 9468, February 19, 1993; and, 59 FR 38372, July 28, 1994). C. Impact on Small Entities EPA has determined that it is not necessary to prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis in connection with this final rule. This rule will not have a significant adverse economic impact on a substantial number of small businesses. This final rulemaking will provide regulatory relief to both large and small volume automobile manufacturers by maintaining consistency with California OBD II requirements. It will not have a substantial impact on such entities. This final rulemaking will not have a significant impact on businesses that manufacture, rebuild, distribute, or sell automotive parts, nor those involved in automotive service and repair, as the revisions affect only requirements on automobile manufacturers. D. Submission to Congress and the General Accounting Office Under 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A) as added by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, EPA submitted a report containing this rule and other required information to the U.S. Senate, the U.S. House of Representatives and the Comptroller General of the General Accounting Office prior to publication of the rule in today's Federal Register. This rule is not a ``major rule'' as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2). E. Unfunded Mandates Act Under section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (``Unfunded Mandates Act''), signed into law on March 22, 1995, EPA must prepare a budgetary impact statement to accompany any proposed or final rule that includes a Federal mandate that may result in estimated costs to State, local, or tribal governments in the aggregate; or to the private sector, or $100 million or more. Under section 205, EPA must select the most cost effective and least burdensome alternative that achieves the objectives of the rule and is consistent with statutory requirements. Section 203 requires EPA to establish a plan for informing and advising any small governments that may be significantly or uniquely impacted by the rule. EPA has determined that the final approval action promulgated today does not include a Federal mandate that may result in estimated costs of $100 million or more to either State, local, or tribal governments in the aggregate, or to the private sector. List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 86 Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure, Air pollution control, Gasoline, Motor vehicles, Motor vehicle pollution, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. Dated: August 22, 1996. Carol M. Browner, Administrator. For the reasons set out in the preamble, part 86 of title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations is amended as follows: PART 86--CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM NEW AND IN-USE MOTOR VEHICLES AND NEW AND IN-USE MOTOR VEHICLE ENGINES: CERTIFICATION AND TEST PROCEDURES 1. The authority citation for part 86 continues to read as follows: Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq. Subpart A--[Amended] 2. Section 86.094-17 is amended by revising paragraph (j) to read as follows: Sec. 86.094-17 Emission control diagnostic system for 1994 and later light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks. * * * * * (j) Demonstration of compliance with California OBD II requirements (Title 13 California Code Sec. 1968.1), as modified pursuant to California Mail Out #95-34 (September 26, 1995), shall satisfy the requirements of this section through the 1998 model year except that compliance with Title 13 California Code Sec. 1968.1(d), pertaining to tampering protection, is not required to satisfy the requirements of this section. * * * * * [FR Doc. 96-21946 Filed 8-29-96; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6560-50-P
Control of Air Pollution From New Motor Vehicles and New Motor Vehicle Engines: Regulations Requiring On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) SystemsAcceptance of Revised California OBD II Requirements
This final rulemaking revises requirements associated with on- board diagnostic (OBD) systems. The federal OBD rulemaking, published February 19, 1993, allowed for compliance with California OBD II requirements to satisfy federal OBD requirements through the 1998 model year. The California Air Resources Board has recently revised their OBD II requirements. This rulemaking promulgates appropriate revisions to federal OBD regulations such that compliance with the recently revised OBD II requirements will satisfy federal OBD. This rulemaking does not require that manufacturers comply with OBD II anti-tampering provisions. OBD systems in general provide substantial ozone benefits.


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October 8, 2010
Top Gear Magazine features iRacing Greger Huttu and his first experience in a non-simulated racecar.
Top Gear – Greger Huttu Story
Kevin Bobbitt is the Director of Marketing at iRacing.com. He has been with iRacing since 2007 and is a long time marketing professional bringing more than 16 years of experience in both online and offline consumer marketing to the job. Kevin's commitment to iRacing starts with his passion for motorsports. He is a fan of anything powered by an engine. When not racing on iRacing or watching a race on TV he can likely be found at the track or an autocross site in his Porsche 944S2. Kevin is also the commissioner, punisher and all around rule maker for the Rennsport Racing League run on iRacing. Kevin resides in New Hampshire with his wife and two boys.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Beliefs about chelation among thalassemia patients
1 New England Research Institutes, 9 Galen Street, Watertown, MA, 02472, USA
2 Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
3 Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Hematology, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Colket Translational Research Building, Room 11024, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
4 Children's Hospital & Research Center Oakland, Hematology/Oncology Department, 747 52nd Street, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
5 Children's Memorial Hospital, 2300 Children's Plaza, Box #30, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA
6 University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
7 Weill Cornell Medical College University, 525 E 68th Street, Box 103, New York, NY, 10065, USA
8 Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Eaton Wing North, 10th Floor, Room 225, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
9 University of London, School of Pharmacy, Mezzanine Floor, BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JP, UK
10 Liberal Studies Department, California State University San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, USA
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2012, 10:148 doi:10.1186/1477-7525-10-148Published: 7 December 2012
Understanding patients' views about medication is crucial to maximize adherence. Thalassemia is a congenital blood disorder requiring chronic blood transfusions and daily iron chelation therapy.
The Beliefs in Medicine Questionnaire (BMQ) was used to assess beliefs in chelation in thalassemia patients from North America and London in the Thalassemia Longitudinal Cohort (TLC) of the Thalassemia Clinical Research Network (TCRN). Chelation adherence was based on patient report of doses administered out of those prescribed in the last four weeks.
Of 371 patients (ages 5-58y, mean 24y), 93% were transfused and 92% receiving chelation (26% deferoxamine (DFO; a slow subcutaneous infusion via portable pump), 63% oral, 11% combination). Patients expressed high "necessity" for transfusion (96%), DFO chelation (92%) and oral chelation (89%), with lower "concern" about treatment (48%, 39%, 19% respectively). Concern about oral chelation was significantly lower than that of DFO (p<0.001). Self-reported adherence to chelation was not associated with views about necessity or concerns, but negatively correlated with perceived sensitivity to DFO (Sensitive Soma scale; r=−0.23, p=0.01) and side effects of oral chelation (r=−0.14, p=0.04). High ferritin iron levels, potentially indicating lower adherence, were found in 41% of patients reporting low necessity of oral chelation compared to 24% reporting high necessity (p=0.048). Concerns about treatment were associated with lower quality of life and more symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Despite their requirement for multimodal therapy, thalassemia patients have positive views about medicine, more so than in other disease populations. Patients may benefit from education about the tolerability of chelation and strategies to effectively cope with side effects, both of which might be beneficial in lowering body iron burden.
Clinicaltrials.gov identifier


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Green exercise boost to mental health, say researchers
As little as five minutes' exercise in natural setting provides benefits according to study
One of the joys of cycling is riding along a quiet country road, surrounded by nature, enough to put a smile on a bike rider's face on even the most miserable of days. Now, a new study has found that as little as five minutes' exercise in a green environment can provide a significant boost to mental health.
The study, published in the journal Environmental Science & Technology, was led by Professor Jules Pretty of the University of Essex and found that undertaking activities such as cycling or walking in a natural setting led to rapid improvement in mood and self-esteem.
Researchers surveyed 1,250 people of all ages in ten studies, with subjects taking part in outdoor activities including cycling, walking, horse-riding, fishing, boating and farming.
They discovered that the greatest boost was seen among young people as well as those who are mentally ill, with the biggest difference observed within just five minutes. While those exercising for longer in a green environment also benefited, the gains were smaller in scale, according to the study. The impact was also higher among those taking part in exercise in an area with water, such as a river or lake.
Professor Pretty, who has written extensively on the importance of people's relationship with nature, was quoted by BBC News as saying that people who led stressful or inactive lifestyles or suffered from mental illness were best-placed to benefit from "green exercise."
"Employers, for example, could encourage staff in stressful workplaces to take a short walk at lunchtime in the nearest park to improve mental health," he said, adding that outdoor exercise could also benefit young offenders, for example.
However, he cautioned that "a challenge for policy makers is that policy recommendations on physical activity are easily stated but rarely adopted widely."
Meanwhile, Paul Farmer, chief executive of Mind, the mental health charity, said that the study provided further proof that even a little exercise in a green environment could be used as a cost-effective way of improving mental wellbeing without resorting to drugs.
"It's important that people experiencing depression can be given the option of a range of treatments, and we would like to see all doctors considering exercise as a treatment where appropriate," he added.


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Tag Archives: !Ohmai
I don't know what happened to me, but for some reason I had an urge to blog. I think it's all this mesh goodness that has been released in the past few weeks. I just can't get enough! So, I decided to dust the cobwebs off this old blog and give it a little bit of attention.
Posted in Accessories, Dresses, Eyes, Fashion, Hair, Makeups, MV-SL-Fashion, Poses, Shoes, Skins, Tattoos, Tops Also tagged !BANG, Aphotic Gloom, cheLLe, elikatira, JANE, KAO, Kari, Laqroki, LeLutka, Meriken Co., Stacie Pryor, TokiDoki, [sheek] 3 Comments
52 Weeks of Color: #8 Green
I've had this green outfit more or less done since before Christmas, but I've been so busy with the holidays and traveling and work craziness that I haven't had a chance to take any pictures until today. Anyway, I wanted to use a good mix of greens since "green" is pretty vague and all encompassing, so here you go. I'm a little apprehensive about silver, but I guess I'll cross that bridge when I get to it. First things first… here's green…
Posted in Accessories, Challenges, Coats and Jackets, Cool Sims, Dresses, Eyes, Fashion, Hair, Jewelry, Makeups, MV-SL-Fashion, Places, Poses, Shoes, Skins, Skirts, Tattoos, Tops Also tagged (luc), Aoharu, cheLLe, Curio, fri.day, JANE, L.Fauna, Laqroki, League, Lusiadas, Pig, Reek, Stacie Pryor, tram, [sheek], [[Mozz]] Leave a comment
Cold Winter Air
It has been a loooooong while since I posted a regular LOTD here outside of the 52 Weeks of Color Challenge, but I couldn't sleep last night, so I played around with clothes instead. I have been wanting to put together a winter weather look with this adorable sweater (because hunter green is a redhead's best friend), but I didn't want it to end up looking like a Christmas outfit. However, I think this look worked out just fine for a late night/early morning clothing binge.
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52 Weeks of Color: #1 Grey
Luna Jubilee proposed a 52 Weeks of Color Challenge, and I think this might be a good goal for me. I have been a super lazy blogger because I spend so much time building and doing other things, so I am really going to try to stick to this. The first week is grey, and I had plenty of grey in my inventory to get me started.
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Hair Fair Faves: Short Hairstyles
There are lots and lots and LOTS of adorable short hairstyles at Hair Fair this year, so I chose a few of my favorites for you. Some are from new-to-me hair designers, and others are from old faves. But, all in all, I have to say that !OhMai definitely takes the cake this year, bringing my three favorite short hairstyles.
Posted in Accessories, Cool Sims, Dresses, Events, Eyes, Fashion, Hair, Makeups, MV-SL-Fashion, People, Places, Poses, Reviews, Skins, Tattoos, Tops Also tagged (pda) is dead, 5th&Oxford, Artilleri, Bliensen + MaiTai, Clawtooth, Ducknipple, Elate!, Hair Fair, L.Fauna, LAP, Laqroki, LollipopZ, Long Awkward Pose, Miamai, oyakin, Raspberry Aristocrat, Stacie Pryor, Stellar, StoRin, Surf Couture, Tres Blah, Whippet & Buck, [sheek], {flowey} Leave a comment


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HUGO BOSS 'James/Sharp' Trim Fit Stripe Suit
|Item # 689218
Details & Care
Patterned in fine stripes and cut from stretch-blend cotton, a modern suit features a two-button, notch-lapel jacket and flat-front trousers for overall classic appeal.
- Jacket has four-button cuffs; chest pocket; flap pockets; four interior pockets; side vents.
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- Unhemmed. Basic alterations are free for full-price suits: includes trouser hemming and waist, seat and sleeve adjustments. Other alterations will be charged. Find a store.
- Jacket is fully lined; trousers are partially lined.
- Cotton/elastane; dry clean.
- By Hugo Boss; imported.
- Men's Clothing.
- Learn more about the Hugo Boss labels.
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SHHHH.....Falls of Maplewood is the BEST VALUE in Meyerland! Why pay for overpriced inner loop living, when comfort and affordability are located only 5 minutes from West Loop 610 off of S. Braeswood? Falls of Maplewood - The BEST VALUE in Meyerland has undergone a $1 Million renovation. Whether it's the 100% A/C replacement, the updated exterior with designer colors, our new resident business center, or the upgraded pool area and laundry facilities, once you visit you'll call it HOME!
Our property is conveniently located near Loop 610 S in Maplewood near the intersection of S. Braeswood and Hillcroft. The beautiful grounds of the apartments feature a lush manicured courtyard and a sun deck and pergola near the pool. Rental units include the following great amenities crown molding, chair rail, two tone paint, and brush nickel hardware.
6-12 month lease. 13 month (plus). Dogs and Cats allowed. 50 lb pet weight limit, 2 pet maximum, $ 10 Pet rent, Non Agressive breeds only, $400 Non-Refundable Pet Fee.
Cats Allowed. Dogs Allowed. Call for service animal policy.
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2 August 2013 by Permi Krishna
The best Alienware desktops are powerful PC's from Dell designed to perform heavy usages like gaming. The Alienware models come with Intel Core i7 processors and have internal memory up to 8GB.
This list of the best alienware desktop is also applicable for the following topics:
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Gov. Scott Walker today announced the award of $12.6 million in affordable housing tax credits, to be distributed by the Wisconsin Housing and Economic Development Authority (WHEDA), to help finance 21 housing developments in the state.
"I'm pleased to announce these tax credit awards that will result in much needed job creation and affordable housing for Wisconsin," said Walker. "Private developers can now move forward with construction of properties that may have been difficult to obtain financing on their own."
"The program successfully attracts private equity capital enabling Wisconsin's leading developers to construct high quality affordable rental housing," WHEDA Executive Director Wyman Winston said.
WHEDA received 74 applications, totaling $49 million in requests, for the tax credits.
The projects in southeastern Wisconsin that will receive the affordable housing tax credits through WHEDA are:
- Family Supportive Housing at Center an Buffum, Milwaukee, 37 units, $989,942, Heartland Housing Inc.;
- Farwell Studio Apartments, Milwaukee, 34 units, $407,221, Cardinal Capital Management Inc.;
- Hillcrest Apartments, Waukesha, 60 units, $494,926, Legacy Property Management Services;
- Impact Milwaukee, Milwaukee, 24 units, $530,023, Impact Seven Inc.;
- LBWN – Rent to Own Homes, Milwaukee, 24 units, $530,064, Layton Boulevard West Neighbors;
- Meadows of Mill Creek, Salem, 20 units, $332,333, Bear Development;
- Northside Homeowners Initiative II, Milwaukee, 45 units, $741,439, Gorman & Company Inc.;
- Northside Neighborhood Initiative II, Milwaukee, 60 units, $803,758, Gorman & Company Inc.;
- Oconomowoc School Apartments, Oconomowoc, 50 units, $624,469, Keystone Development;
- Parkview III, Caledonia, 73 units, $432,333, Parkview Affordable Housing Partners III LLC;
- Residences on Main, Twin Lakes, 21 units, $299,908, Bear Development;
- Walworth Apartments, multiple cities in Walworth County, 134 units, $716,526, Wisconsin Housing Preservation Corp.


text:
Rao, K Virabhadra (1970) Indian Mackerel; Identity. In: CMFRI Bulletin No.24. Nair, R V,(ed.) CMFRI, pp. 3-14.
|PDF - Published Version
The family Scombridae (under the order Perciformes of sub-class Actinopterygii) comprises four subfamilies viz., Gasterochismatinae, Thunninae, Scomberomorinae and Scombrinae. The first subfamily includes just one member, Gasterochisma melampus Richardson, popularly known as the butterfly mackerel which has a southern and disjunct distribution, occurring on coast of South Africa, New Zealand, Australia and Argentina. Thunninae includes a large assemblage of species, called tunnies coming under the genera Auxis Cuvier, Cybiosarda Whitley, Sarda Cuvier, Gymnosarda Gill, Thunnus South, Allothunnus Serventy, Orcynopsis Gill, Katsuwonus Kishinouye and Euthynnus Jordan and Gilbert. The genus Thunnus comprises several subgenera, viz., Thunnus S.Str., Parathunnus Kishinouye, Kishinoella Jordan and Hubbs and Neothunnus Kishinouye.Scomberomorinae has the seer fishes under the genus Scomberomorus Lacepede and the Wahoo under Acanthocybium Gill. The subfamilyScombrinae includes the chub mackerels or the true mackerels and the double-lined mackerel under the genera Scomber Linnaeus, Rastrelliger Jordan and Starks and Grammatorcynus Gill. Most members of these four subfamilies are well distributed in the Indo-Pacific region. Some, however, are restricted in their distribution to temperate regions only as Scomber scombrus, Orcynopsis unicolor and Allothunnus fallai Serventy. The genus Rastrelliger has two valid species i.e. R. kanagurta (Cuvier) and R. brachysoma (Bleeker) occurring in the seas aound India, the former being by far the commonest and most abundant mackerel species in this region.
|Item Type:
|Book Section
|Uncontrolled Keywords:
|Demersal Fishes > Mackerel
|CMFRI-Cochin > Marine Capture > Pelagic Fisheries
|ID Code:
|Deposited By:
|Deposited On:
|24 May 2010 11:48
|Last Modified:
|17 Oct 2011 10:56
|Related URLs:
Repository Staff Only: item control page


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Product Description
Classic charm of yesterday meets modern contemporary style of today.
Every room offers spectacular views of our gardens & river suir or the
comeragh mountains.
- Twins with a double & single bed
- Room size: 28 Square meters
- 26" LCD Televisions with Free Internet Access
- Tea & Coffee making facilities
- Trouser press & Iron


text:
Regular-Fit Corduroy trousers
Unfortunately, this item will not be back in stock.
Brioni takes its name from the Adriatic Sea's Brijuni Islands, a popular holiday destination for aristocracy in the 20th century. These soft corduroy trousers make a refined off-duty choice, with unfinished hems so they can be tailored for an exact fit. We'll be wearing ours with a plaid blazer and silk pocket square. Shown here with a Canali shirt, Etro blazer and pocket square, Paul Smith shoes and belt, Gucci sunglasses and a Mulberry bag.
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Let's Write a Grant CD
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History of SchoolGrants
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My experience is broad and not entirely related to the education world.
A friend and colleague once told me that I should promote myself as
"an accountant by training and a fundraiser by nature." The
first years of my career were spent as an accountant in for-profit
corporations. I found my niche, what I love, when I joined the grants
office at the Dallas Independent School District (DISD).
I worked for DISD in Dallas,
Texas, for over seven years. I began as the supervisor of their
federal accounting department. When an opening became available in the Grants
department of the District several months later, I jumped at
the opportunity to "expand my horizons". I
had never seen a grant proposal before that time, but I
quickly fell in love with everything that goes into grants -
the projects themselves, researching and writing proposals, managing
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grant-writing, grant review, or workshops, please contact me.
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The sense of pride was palpable beneath the Bulfinch Tent July 17 as hospital employees, affiliates, public officials and media crews gathered for a celebration of the news that the MGH ranked No. 1 in the nation on the U.S. News & World Report 2012-13 "Best Hospitals" list. Employees shared their thoughts on how they help make the MGH a great place to work.
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Brian Kerr (football manager)
|Personal information
|Full name
|Brian Kerr
|Date of birth
|3 March 1953
|Place of birth
|Dublin, Ireland
|Teams managed
|Drogheda United (assistant manager)
|St Patrick's Athletic
|Republic of Ireland Under 20's
|Republic of Ireland
|Faroe Islands
Brian Kerr, (born 3 March 1953) is an Irish football manager. Born in Dublin, Kerr grew up playing football and boxing. At the age of 13, he took his first coaching role with the Crumlin United under 11 side. Realizing later that he didn't have the talent to become a top player, he decided to focus on coaching. In 1986 he was appointed manager of the League of Ireland side St. Patrick's Athletic. In 1992, when the club was facing liquidation, Kerr was among the investors who raised IR£82,000 to help save the club. In December of 1996 he left the St. Pats to become the technical director of the Football Association of Ireland, but he is still idolized by the St. Pats fans. He worked with the Republic of Ireland youth and also with the senior side. He was appointed on January 26, 2003 as the full-time manager. In 2007, Kerr became the Director of Football of the St. Patrick's Athletic football club. Then, in 2009, he was confirmed as the head coach of the Faroe Islands national football team.
He has managed two senior national teams. He managed his native Republic of Ireland national football team and most recently, the Faroe Islands national football team.[1] He currently works as a studio analyst and co-commentator for RTÉ Sport and TV3.
Early days[edit]
Kerr was born in Dublin, growing up in Drimnagh, a suburb in south west Dublin. He began playing football for noted schoolboy side Crumlin United along with future world champion athlete Eamonn Coghlan. He also boxed with Drimnagh Boxing Club as his father the internationally famous many-time Irish Amateur bantamweight champion Frankie Kerr, was a coach there. At age 13, Kerr took his first coaching role when appointed to the Crumlin United under 11 side. He gained employment in University College Dublin as a trainee technician, while following his football interests. Kerr, although playing for Shelbourne F.C. B team, realised he did not possess enough talent to make it to the top as a footballer and at an early age decided to concentrate on coaching.
He was then invited by Liam Tuohy to manage Shamrock Rovers B side in 1974. Kerr managed the Irish Technical Schools team during this time.
He was reserve team manager at Shelbourne F.C. in 1978 and after a stint playing for Bluebell United he was appointed assistant manager at Shels in 1983. The following season he moved to Home Farm where he was involved in a bizarre incident, involving a pig and a flag pole in November 1984.[2]
He coached under Liam Tuohy with the Irish Youth side that reached the World Cup finals in 1985. He resigned in April 1986.[3]
Soon after he was appointed assistant manager at Drogheda United under Mick Lawlor (footballer) but left following Lawlor's resignation in November.
St. Patrick's Athletic[edit]
In December 1986 Kerr was appointed manager of League of Ireland side St Patrick's Athletic. Kerr told reporters that as a fan of St. Pats, this appointment was a "dream come true". Within 3 weeks Kerr had won his first senior trophy as St. Pats won the Leinster Senior Cup. It was the Inchicore side's first trophy in a decade. Traditionally one of Ireland's poorer clubs, Kerr immediately set about rebuilding the squad on a shoe string budget. He acquired several players from junior and schoolboy football (such as future international Curtis Fleming) and rescued others from reserve leagues. This included John McDonnell, who went on to become manager of the club himself. St. Pats drew 1–1 with Dundalk F.C. in the last game of the 1987/88 season when a win would have seen St. Pats gain their first league title since 1956. In 1990, Kerr led St. Pats to that long cherished league championship.
As financial troubles hit St. Pats, Kerr was forced to offload his star players and all bar John Treacy left by 1993. In 1992, with the club facing liquidation, Kerr was among a group of investors (many of whom re-mortgaged their houses) who raised IR£82,000 which helped save the club from extinction. Once again Kerr was left the job of rebuilding a totally new squad and once again he showed he was more than capable as St. Pats won the league again 1996. In December 1996 he shocked St. Pats by quitting to become technical director of the Football Association of Ireland. Kerr is still idolised by fans of St Patrick's Athletic and most commentators attribute the further success the club have had largely down to work started by Kerr.
Republic of Ireland Youth coach[edit]
As part of his technical director remit, Kerr was manager of Republic of Ireland sides from Under-16 to Under-20 level. His first major tournament was the 1997 World Youth Championships. Kerr surprised many commentators by bringing 3 players from the League of Ireland but was proved correct when Republic of Ireland won bronze medals by finishing third. The undoubted star of the Irish team was Damien Duff.
The following year Kerr guided Republic of Ireland to an unprecedented double by winning both the Under-16 and Under-18 European Championships. No Irish team had ever won a major trophy before (and none have won since). A number of the players involved would go on to win full international caps, such as John O'Shea and Robbie Keane. In 1999 Republic of Ireland were knocked out of the World Youth Championships by hosts Nigeria on penalties in the quarter final. He again qualified Ireland for the 2003 World Youth Championships before taking up the position of manager of the senior national side.
Republic of Ireland Senior Side[edit]
After two defeats in the opening two qualifying games for Euro 2004, national manager Mick McCarthy resigned from his post. On 26 January 2003, Kerr was appointed as the new full-time manager. This was welcomed by most sections of the media and fans alike. Following a draw at home to Russia, and a defeat in Switzerland, Republic of Ireland finished 3rd, and were out of the competition.
In qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup Kerr's team lost once, drew 5 and won 4. The Republic of Ireland finished in 4th place in the group. For the second time, Kerr's squad failed to qualify. Kerr came in for heavy criticism from sections of the media, who saw his tactics as negative. Kerr himself felt that the media were being excessively intrusive and unhelpful, in his efforts to perform his job. Kerr responded by refusing to entertain media questioning concerning his decision making. As a result of Ireland's failure to qualify their FIFA world ranking dropped.
In October 2005 Kerr's contract was not renewed by the FAI.[4] Kerr was personally disappointed. He was replaced by Steve Staunton. In 2006 Kerr became a director of Sport against Racism Ireland (SARI). Kerr is a regular contributor on radio, television and to newspapers (including the Irish Times) as a soccer pundit.
St. Patrick's Athletic Director of Football[edit]
In March 2007 Kerr returned to St. Patrick's Athletic football club, this time taking a position as Director of Football, a role to which he was appointed by new club owner Garrett Kelleher.[5] His duties at the club included technical support to the management team, as well as scouting of youth players. On 19 May 2008 Kerr announced his resignation from his role as director of football at St Pat's with immediate effect. Despite being strongly linked with a vacant managerial position at Cork City a number of months later, a return to Irish club management for Kerr was not to materialise.
Coach of Faroe Islands[edit]
On 6 April 2009, Brian Kerr was confirmed as head coach of the Faroe Islands national football team.[6] He stated on the Irish talk show Tubridy Tonight that the Faroese language was '50% Norwegian, 50% Gaeilge'. His first game as manager was on 10 June 2009 against Serbia in Tórshavn, in which they lost 2–0.[7][8]
Brian's assessment of his squad: Apart from four players who play full-time in Denmark and another in Iceland the rest of Kerr's 22-man squad is made up of part-time players who are either working or studying. "We have four carpenters, at least six full-time students – one of them had to fly to Copenhagen and back for an exam this week – two policemen, an accountant, one fella works in a sports shop, two teachers, Andreas works in a bowling alley, and he's doing a bit of carpentry as well. Simun is full-time in Iceland, Suni works in a fish factory, I think Frodi's a builder, Jakup is a teacher but he's on the town council as well, he's like a TD. That's kind of the run of it. The pool is quite limited, there's no one at Milan we've missed out on. The Granny Rule isn't much help either, the Faroese haven't been huge at emigration."[9]
On 9 September 2009, the Faroe Islands won 2–1 against Lithuania in a 2010 World Cup qualifying game, their first World Cup qualifying win since September 2001.[10] On 17 November 2009, a documentary aired on RTE called Away with the Faroes, about Kerr taking over as the Faroes boss.
On 12 October 2010, the Faroe Islands drew 1–1 against Northern Ireland in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier for their first point of the qualifying campaign.[11] This point was built upon with a 2–0 win over Estonia on 7 June 2011, a first Euro qualifier win for the Faroes since their 1995 victory over San Marino. The win still left Faroe Islands bottom of the table, but with 4 points.[12] On 26 October 2011, Brian Kerr stepped down as coach of the Faroese national team, after Faroe Islands Football Association (FSF) announced that "it was not possible to agree a new contract with Brian Kerr".[13] "I gave it the best I could and I spent a lot of time away. I'm happy enough that we moved forward in the last three years and we had some very special days" he said on leaving.
- St Patrick's Athletic
- LOI Premier Division: 1989–90, 1995–96
- LFA Leinster Senior Cup: 1986–87, 1989–90, 1990–91
- LFA President's Cup: 1990–91
- Republic of Ireland U-20
- FIFA Under-20 World Cup (Third): 1997
- Republic of Ireland U-18
- Republic of Ireland U-16
- SWAI Personality of the Year: 1995–96
- Philips Sports Manager of the Year: 1997, 1998
Managerial statistics[edit]
- As of 28 March 2015
|Win %
|Republic of Ireland
|January 2003
|October 2005
|Faroe Islands
|April 2009
|July 2011
- ^ "Kerr takes on Faroe Islands post". BBC Sport. 6 April 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
- ^ The Irish Times – Wednesday, November 28, 1984
- ^ The Irish Times – Wednesday, April 9, 1986
- ^ "Kerr is axed as Republic manager". BBC Sport. 18 October 2005. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
- ^ "Kerr back in game with St Pat's". BBC Sport. 13 March 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
- ^ The Irish Times – Monday, April 6, 2009
- ^ "Kerr has taken to the Islands". Irish Times. 10 June 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
- ^ "Serbia eye finals after beating Faroe Islands 2–0". The Guardian (London). 10 June 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
- ^ "Kerr has taken to the Islands". The Irish Times. 6 June 2009.
- ^ "Faroe Islands 2 – 1 Lithuania". ESPN. 9 September 2009. Retrieved 13 October 2009.
- ^ "Kerr delighted with Faroe result". RTÉ Sport. 12 October 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
- ^ "Faroe Islands 2 – 0 Estonia". RTÉSport. 7 June 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
- ^ "Brian Kerr steps down as coach for the Faroese National Team". UEFA.com. 26 October 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
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text:
Rocketman is a film about the adventures of Fred Randall as he journeys to Mars. Fred is an excellent programmer who wrote the navigation system of the spacecraft for the first manned mission on Mars. He is accompanied by the Paul Wick, the flight director, William Overbeck, the mission commander, Julie Ford, a geologist, Ulysses, a chimpanzee and Gary Hackman, a computer specialist.
An incident happened to one of the crew for the mission to Mars. Instead of delaying the mission, NASA decided to replace him. The two candidates for the mission are Fred and Gordon Peacock.
The two went through different kinds of exams to test their physical and mental capacity for the rigors of space. In the end, Fred gets the spot.
The team then flies into space. Since the travel from Earth to Mars takes about eight months, the team has to be in "hypersleep" to save resources. However, Ulysses went into Fred's chamber to sleep, leaving him to sleep at the small chimp's chamber. Fred can't go to hypersleep, instead he does a lot of activities on the way to mars. Including painting the ceiling of the shuttle.
After eight months, the rest of the team wakes up. The commander sees Fred's mess and got furious. He then calmed down after seeing the planet Mars.
They proceeded to land to Mars and do a few walks. It was time to plant the American flag on Mars, however, Fred accidentally dropped the flag into a deep crevice. He then used his boxers since it was designed and colored like an American flag.
The team went out to get some rock samples for study, however, the Martian storm was earlier than expected. The team was caught in the storm until Fred then heroically saved them.
The lander's wirings fried because of the storm. Fred successfully rewires the wirings and they blasts off from the Martian surface.
It was time to come home to Earth. They need to sleep again in order to travel back. Ulysess takes Fred's chamber again, leaving him with Ulysses' small chamber. The movie then ends.
In the race to play The Rocket Man, Justin Timberlake has taken the lead and a soft spot in Elton John's heart. You can catch Timberlake test driving John's platforms, here. Timberlake won John over after he played in him a David LaChapelle video.


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Gariboldi 20 Studies Op 132Item #: WB.K02224
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Giuseppe Gariboldi (1833-1905), was born in Macerato, Italy, lived most of his career in Paris, France, and died in Castelraimondo, Italy. A flutist a nd composer, he wrote three operas and numerous vocal pieces, but was most prolific in writing etudes, solos, and ensembles for flute.


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VIVEK CHHETRI, TT, Darjeeling, April 4: The Gorkha Janmukti Morcha is racing to organise events at Garidhura and Mirik where its rival, the GNLF, has already scheduled its foundation day celebrations tomorrow.
The synchronisation of the two parties' events is likely to spiral into a showdown specially since there were complaints today that Bimal Gurung's outfit had torn some of the GNLF flags in town on the eve of the foundation day programmes. The administration has also mobilised forces ahead of tomorrow's programmes.
The GNLF alleged that Morcha supporters came in a convoy of 23 vehicles and tore the flags and festoons put up at Rockgarden-Barbotey, 15km from here. "The Morcha members were led by assistant secretary Binay Tamang.
The synchronisation of the two parties' events is likely to spiral into a showdown specially since there were complaints today that Bimal Gurung's outfit had torn some of the GNLF flags in town on the eve of the foundation day programmes. The administration has also mobilised forces ahead of tomorrow's programmes.
The GNLF alleged that Morcha supporters came in a convoy of 23 vehicles and tore the flags and festoons put up at Rockgarden-Barbotey, 15km from here. "The Morcha members were led by assistant secretary Binay Tamang.
They came in 23 vehicles and tore the flags and festoons that we had planted for tomorrow's programme. We will lodge an FIR against Tamang and others," said Man Hang Subba, the president of the Barbotey village committee of the GNLF. Tamang, however, denied the allegation.
"The GNLF had been saying it would be organising the foundation day in a grand manner at Barbotey but since the party is unable to do so, it is levelling false allegations." But Subba said the GNLF decided to scale down the celebrations at the request of party president Subash Ghisingh.
"We had earlier planned to hold a big event but Sir (Ghisingh) asked us to scale down the celebration. The party will organise small programmes at Barbotey, Jorebunglow, Pulbazar and Lama Gaon at Kaijalay," said Subba.
Garidhura is under Kurseong subdivision, about 25km from Siliguri. The subdivional officer of Kurseong, R.K. Jha, said the GNLF had been given permission to organise the foundation day celebrations.
"The GNLF seems to have applied for permission on March 27 and the same has been granted to the party. As the Morcha approached us later, it hasn't been given the permission to hold a conference," said Jha.
The Gorkha Janmukti Yuwa Morcha had planned to hold a conference at Garidhura for three days starting today. Priyabardan Rai, general secretary of the Morcha's youth front, said the organisation was still hopeful of obtaining the permission and the conference could begin tomorrow.
The outfit, however, has not given any timing for its event. Asked if the Yuwa Morcha was organising the conference just to spoil the GNLF's foundation day celebrations, Rai replied in the negative.
Sources said the Yuwa Morcha might refrain from holding the conference in the absence of permission but its supporters were expected to attend a puja to be organised by the "public" at Garidhura.
The GNLF said nothing could stop the party from celebrating its foundation day at Garidhura, expected to start between 9am and 9.30am.
"The Morcha does not stop other political parties like the ABGL and the CPRM from holding their programmes. The fact that the Morcha is getting restless over our meeting suggests that they are scared of us. We are holding this function to show that we have a lot of supporters in the hills," said GNLF convener Nima Lama.
In Mirik, 40km from Darjeeling, Ghisingh's party is determined to go ahead with its indoor meeting at Byabsyee Community Hall. The Morcha also said it would hold its own programme to campaign "for the inclusion of the Terai and Dooars" in the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration tomorrow.
The GNLF has obtained permission from the local police station to hold the meeting but such a nod hasn't been granted to the Morcha.
"We do not need permission from the police as we are not using microphone," said a Morcha leader from Mirik, Phubi Rai.
The police, however, said their permission was a must even to organise rallies without microphones.
"The permission for the use of mike is given by the SDO. But if a rally has to be organised without mike, permission from a senior police officer who is of a DSP rank is needed," said an officer.
The superintendent of police of Darjeeling, Anand Kumar, said: "Garidhura and Mirik look sensitive at the moment. We are moving forces from other parts of the district to the two places."
GNLF to renew Sixth Schedule campaign
SNS, DARJEELING, 4 APRIL: The once preponderant party of the Darjeeling Hills, the Gorkha National Liberation Front, is set to observe its foundation day tomorrow across the Hills and the party activists are likely to launch renewed campaign in support of including the Hills within the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution.
However, inter-party clashes cannot be ruled out as, according to Subash Ghising's followers, the GJMM activists are tearing off the GNLF flags in order to intimidate them. "Our party flags have been torn off at several places and we are sure the GJMM activists are doing this to intimidate us.
Such incidents have happened at Rock Garden and Dali in Darjeeling but we are determined to go ahead with the foundation day programme at any cost," said a GNLF activist Mr Basant Subba. He said the party chief, Subash Ghising, has asked them to carry on with the programme regardless of everything.
"We know the GJMM would pull all stops to obstruct it. But we are prepared to take the challenge head on," he said. Another party activist said the thrust of the foundation day programme would remain trained on reaching out to the people with the message that the inclusion of the Hills in the Sixth Schedule is the only option left with the GTA setup floundering.
"We are invincibly opposed to the GTA, as it is a mockery of the Constitution-guaranteed power enshrined in the Sixth Schedule," he said. When asked to comment on the GNLF allegation that the GJMM cadres are tearing off GNLF flags, the GJMM general secretary Binay Tamang said his party was least interested in the GNLF.
"The common people have decisively rejected the party and its Sixth Schedule panacea," he said.
GJMM-GNLF face-off likely today
SNS:Tension is likely at Gaaridhura tomorrow as the GJMM and the GNLF are both going to hold programmes in the town.
The supporters of the GNLF are going to observe their party's foundation day tomorrow. The GJMM, after failing to obtain police permission to hold its proposed youth meeting at Gaaridhura, is organising a five-day puja there, instead.


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Markus Eisele: Devoxx 2012 Trip Report - clouds and sunshine.
Devoxx 2012 Trip Report - clouds and sunshine.: Wednesday Nov.14 - Start of sessions. The part of the conference I had waited for. A lot of big names on the schedule, and the exciting part is that Google allowed their speakers to attend this conference. The content? One word: Amazing! 97 sessions. Well known names. RedHat and Google Keynote. Oracle all over the place with a booth next to Google...
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text: [ Most Creative Way To Sell A House By Mark Allen January 21, 2012 I was at Walmart and was walking up to the front of the store and noticed that someone had a sign in their Jeep window. Thought the CAR was for sale... Read More|Comment Category: AM 1450 Exclusive, Mark's Opinion, Photos Tags: home for sale, Mark Allen, Walmart Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


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Author Comments
Rated 5 / 5 stars
what would the world do without burnt face man
Another burnt face man, and just as good if not better than all the rest. Keep up the good work!!! I cant wait to see more burnt face man.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
so was it as good for you as it was for me?
wow... not much i can say but it was damn funny... and gay too!!
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Rated 4 / 5 stars
a bit dissapointed that you haven't been working on the salad fingers series...but bfm is still definitely worth a look.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
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Rated 4.5 / 5 stars
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|News » Archives
Northern Kentucky (8-20, 4-12 A-Sun)
Lipscomb (13-14, 8-8 A-Sun)
2/21/2014 | Nashville, Tenn. - Allen Arena | Attendance: 1893
Thursday, February 20, 2014
NASHVILLE, Tenn. – With the 2013-14 regular-season road schedule in the books, the Bisons return home for the final three contests of the season starting off with Northern Kentucky on Friday night at Allen Arena.
The contest is set to air on CSS around the South and on ESPN3 outside of the CSS geographic footprint. The game will also be carried on ASun.TV for those that are blacked out on ESPN3. Along with the television broadcast, the game will air on 94.9 Game 2 in the Nashville area with Jonathan Seamon, Jay Walton and Jared Revlett calling the action.
Friday night's contest will be the fourth meeting between NKU and Lipscomb in the NCAA Division I era. The Bisons hold a 2-1 advantage in the series.
To purchase tickets visit: http://www.LipscombTickets.com or call 615-966-HERD (4373)


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BPL Community Profile
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Re: Strapping water bottles on AR style... how?
I was thinking of adding a mesh back to an Ion. I guess it would go against the point of the Ion's simplicity, but I prefer a pack with *some* type of outside pocket. The other option is ju...
Official don't change the subject on reply thread
Until BPL can fix the software, I plead with my fellow BPL'ers not to change the subject when replying to a thread. It makes it so much difficult to track conversations. Reply here to agree.
Re: confession time
>have never, ever, added up absolutely everything for a real >base weight. i wonder if this is a gender difference, as i >genuinely don't care if i'm carrying 11 lbs 5 oz or 12 lbs...
FS - 1 Gregory Reality Pack
Gregory Reality Internal Frame backpack Size M, color Lichen Purchased new in 2005 for ~200 and used 4 times total. In perfect condition. 85 shipped to 48 states, paypal preferred. http...
Re: Base Weight
>3 season weights-- > On my haunts in Texas: 2.1 pounds > In colder spots: 3.4 pounds I'm calling shanningans, unless it's for a day hike....
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Michael starring in "Sporks on a Plane!"
Re: Re: Smaller pot size
Good question! I'm going to get a Tri-Ti custom for my Brasslite 600ml so it will be perfect.
Smaller pot size
Most of my hiking trips are with a group of 3 and our meals consist of freeze dried packaged meals like those from "Mountain House". I carry a Snowpeak 1900ml pot to boil the water, whic...
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I actually bring a small travel size [whatever they have at the local supermarket], but it's not for me, it's for my cohikers. I can stand the smell of my own stench, but not the people I ...
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If your gear list isn't in google docs, then just upload and share it. Easy peasy. my gear list where the source is google docs.
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My R1 hoody stitching started to fall apart and they took back the old one and sent me a brand new one. I also had a rip in my micropuff vest when my waist cinch cord ripped out. Again, no proble...
Never had an issue with them so they get a 5
Taco Bell Spork
I recently used the TacoHell spork on a recent 3 person trip. I had titanium spoon, but my brother and cousin did not and this was a free and light alternative. Unfortunately, two of the sporks brok...


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- Northern New York Newspapers
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POTSDAM Potsdam used a strong first half to defeat Gouverneur 30-8 Friday night in a matchup of the final two undefeated Northern Athletic Conference football teams.
Potsdam (6-0) scored on its first three drives of the game.
The first two drives ended with 20-yard run by Oden Robertson. Potsdam made it 22-0 when Will Coleman threw a 25-yard touchdown pass to Garrett Kilgore and then connected with Kilgore again for a 2-point conversion.
Robertson finished with 101 yards rushing on 14 carries and scored three touchdowns. His final touchdown, on a 19-yard run, put Potsdam up 30-0 late in the third quarter.
Quarterback Mark Horne led Gouverneur (5-1) with 65 yards rushing.
Quarterback Nate Angel rushed for 228 yards on 12 carries, including three touchdowns, to lead the Blue Devils (4-2) past the Lumberjacks in Tupper Lake.
The Blue Devils finished with 385 yards rushing. Zach Sharpe added 71 yards for OFA. Mitch Keniston passed for 109 yards, including two touchdowns, for Tupper Lake (1-5).
Sandy Creek took a giant step toward winning the Section 3 Class D Central crown with a superb performance on both sides of the ball Friday night.
Mason McNitt rushed for a season-high 182 yards, including a 57-yard scoring run, and the Comets defense forced three turnovers as Sandy Creek held off visiting Westmoreland at Sandy Creek to remain unbeaten and take sole possession first place in the division.
Quarterback Tyler Swarthout threw for a touchdown and ran for another score for the Comets (6-0 overall, 4-0 division), who now have a one-game lead over the Bulldogs (4-2, 3-1) and Pulaski (4-2, 3-1), which beat South Lewis 60-22 on Friday.
Swarthout also kicked three key extra points after each touchdown.
With Sandy Creek leading by one point, Cameron Hall hauled in an 84-yard touchdown pass from Swarthout on the first play of the fourth quarter to build a 21-13 advantage.
Westmoreland drew within two points on a 35-yard TD reception by Joe LaLonde from Zack Green with six minutes remaining in the game. But a run for the 2-point conversion was stopped by Sandy Creek.
The Comets defense, which forced three fumbles, stopped the Bulldogs on their final two drives, including their last possession when they reached the Sandy Creek 30.
John Shirley was credited with 14 tackles to lead the Comets defensively, and teammate Zach Brown recorded nine tackles.
After Green opened the scoring on a one-yard TD run in the first quarter, Swarthout responded with a one-yard rushing score of this own later in the period.
After McNitt broke loose for his long TD for a 14-7 Sandy Creek lead in the second quarter, Westmoreland got within 14-13 on Tim Harrisons 2-yard run in the third period.
Sandy Creek, which finishes the season at Pulaski next weekend, was also playing without leading rusher Wyatt Bush, who sat out with an injured ankle.
Marty Clanton threw for 209 yards and three touchdowns as the Bulldogs routed the Comets in a Class A interdivision game in Syracuse.
Clanton threw TD passes of 5, 15 and 35 yards for Nottingham (4-2). Clanton also scored on a 1-yard touchdown run, whileDerek Gore had 12 carries for 135 yards and a touchdown.
Thousands of readers like you have made Northern New York Newspapers the number one ranked website* for local news and sports coverage in the north country.
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Antimicrobial Agents in General Dentistry (OM105-0214)
Wednesday, February 12, 2014
Course Overview
Systemic antibiotics, antifungal, and antiviral agents are employed in dentistry to treat and/or manage facial infections. This program will review and update oral health providers on the common antimicrobial agents employed in dentistry and focus on the pharmacology, adverse effects, and drug interactions of these agents. The presenter will compare different antibiotics and antimicrobial agents, discuss their appropriate use, indications, and contraindications.
Course Objectives
At the completion of the course participants will be able to:
The Inn at St. John's, Plymouth, MI
Includes a light dinner and refreshments.
6:00 PM to 9:00 PM; Registration table opens half an hour before the course begins.
CDE Credits
3 hours (Lecture)
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Our Publications
Workshop Papers
Developing Mechanisms for Rewarding the Asian Upland poor for the Environmental Services They Provide (RUPES).. Review of the Development Environmental Services Market in Indonesia.. :54. Abstract. 2002.
Participatory Scenarios for Sustainable Management of an ASB Benchmark site in Thailand: The case of Mae Kong Kha Subwatershed of Mae Chaem Watershed.. International symposium 'Towards sustainable livelihoods and Ecosystems in mountainous regions'.. :11. Abstract. 2006.
Working Paper
Agroforestry and Watershed functions on Tropical Land Use Mosaics.. 2nd Asia Pacific training workshop on ecohydrology "Integrating Ecohydrology and Phytotechnology into workplans of government, private and multinational companies" Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia 21-26 July 2003. :1-10. Abstract. 2003.
Agroforestry Is a Form of Sustainable Forest Management: Lessons from South East Asia.. ICRAF Southeast Asia Working Paper No. 2003_2. :18. Abstract. 2003.
Agroforests: An Original Agro-Forestry Model from Smallholder Farmers for Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development.. Proceedings of the UNESCO-University of Tsukuba International Seminar on Traditional Technology for Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development in Asian Pacific region. :52-58. Abstract. 1996.
Agroforests: An Original Agroforestry Model from Smallholder Farmers for Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development.. Proceedings of the UNESCO-University of Tsukuba International Seminar on Traditional Technology for Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development in Asian Pacific region. :52-58.. 1996.
Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study: Non-Wood Forest Products Outlook Study for Asia and the Pacific: Towards 2010. Working Paper No: APFSOS/WP/28 . Abstract. 1997.
Assesment of Tillage Erosion Rates on Steepland Oxisols in the Humid Tropics Using Granite Rocks.. Soil Science Society of North Carolina Proceedings, Volume XLI (1998). XLI:1-9. Abstract. 1998.
Beyond reforestation: An assessment of Vietnams REDD+ Readiness. (Working Paper 180):23.. 2014.
Biodiversity and Smallholder Cocoa Production Systems in West Africa.. STCP Working Paper SeriesIssue 6. :21. Abstract. 2008.
Characterization and Diagnosis of Farming Systems in the Forest Margins Benchmark of Southern Cameroon.. IITA Social Sciences Working Paper No 1. :75. Abstract. 2004.
Characterization of the Air Dingin - Muara Labuh area of the Kerinci - Seblat National Park: Farm and National Park Interactions.. Workshop on Alternatives to Slash and burn. :135-172.. 1997.
Chocolate Forest and the Peri-Urban Landscape: Tree Diversity of the Cocoa Agroforests around Yaoundé (Southern Cameroon). . STCP Working Paper Series 5. :16. Abstract. 2008.
Choice of Benchmark Sites and Soil C Data for ASB-Indonesia.. Modeling and measuring soil organic matter dynamics and greenhouse gas emissions after forest conversion. Proceedings of Workshop/ Training Course, 8-15 August, 1994, Bogor/Muara Tebo, Indonesia. :9-34.. 1994.
Criteria and Indicators for Environmental Service Reward and Compensation Mechanisms.. ICRAF Working Paper no. 37. :64. Abstract. 2007.
Developing Pro-Poor Markets for Environmental Services in the Philippines.. RUPES Working Paper No. 2003_2. :123. Abstract. 2003.
Eco-Certification as an Incentive to Conserve Biodiversity in Rubber Smallholder Agroforestry Systems: A Preliminary Study.. CRAF Southeast Asia Working Paper No 2003_1. :58. Abstract. 2003.


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