text:
|Numéro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numéro de demande
|Date de publication
|30 mai 2002
|Date de dépôt
|31 aoűt 2001
|Date de priorité
|31 aoűt 2000
|Numéro de publication
|David Mack
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Infoseer, Inc.
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (1), Référencé par (33), Classifications (19), Événements juridiques (1)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
[0001] This application includes material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/229,037, filed August 31, 2000, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/229,040, filed Aug. 31, 2000, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/229,038, filed Aug. 31, 2000, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/229,039, filed Aug. 31, 2000, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/248,283, filed Nov. 14, 2000, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. ______, entitled SYSTEM AND METHODS FOR INCORPORATING CONTENT INTELLIGENCE INTO NETWORK SWITCHING, FIREWALL, ROUTING AND OTHER INFRASTRUCTURE EQUIPMENT, filed Aug. 23, 2001, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. ______, entitled SYSTEM AND METHODS FOR POSITIVE IDENTIFICATION AND CORRECTION OF FILES AND FILE COMPONENTS, filed Aug. 23, 2001, which are all incorporated herein by reference as if fully recited herein.
[0003] This application is related to commonly owned U.S. Patent Application No. ______, filed on Aug. 31, 2001, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR TRACKING AND PREVENTING ILLEGAL DISTRIBUTION OF PROPRIETARY MATERIAL OVER COMPUTER NETWORKS, commonly owned U.S. Patent Application No. ______, filed on Aug. 31, 2001, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PROTECTING PROPRIETARY MATERIAL ON COMPUTER NETWORKS and commonly owned U.S. Patent Application No. ______, filed on Aug. 31, 2001, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR POSITIVE IDENTIFICATION OF ELECTRONIC FILES, which are all incorporated by reference as if fully recited herein.
[0004] The present invention relates to the field of computer software, computer networks and the Internet, and more particularly, to a system and method for tracking privately owned or copyrighted material, and preventing the illegal distribution of privately owned or copyrighted material on computer networks.
[0005] As one example of the problem of content privacy, the entertainment industry currently has a problem with their copyrighted material being illegally distributed on the Internet. Content is being distributed without the owners thereof receiving compensation from proprietors of software packages such as Napster, Gnutella, BearShare and others. There is currently nothing in place that would protect the entertainment industry's interest when their media is distributed on the Internet. The Secure Digital Music Initiative (SDMI) is making an attempt to address the protection of copyrights but the SDMI model has several flaws (an important one of which is the protection of legacy content) that will make it difficult to enforce copyrights. SDMI states that if a software system is not SDMI compliant, it should still be allowed to use the entertainment media. This makes all their efforts to protect their currently existing data void.
[0006] Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a system and method controlling file distribution and transfer on a computer that substantially obviates one or more of the problems due to limitations and disadvantages of the related art.
[0007] An object of the present invention is to provide a robust and effective system and method to control transfers of digital information that represents proprietary content.
[0008] Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings.
[0009] To achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the present invention, as embodied and broadly described, in one aspect of the present invention there is provided an intelligent router including means for analyzing content being transferred through it, and means for identifying if the content is proprietary.
[0010] In another aspect of the present invention there is provided an intelligent switch including means for analyzing content being transferred through it; and means for identifying if the content is proprietary.
[0011] In another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for routing data across a network router including the steps of analyzing content being transferred through it; and identifying if the content is proprietary.
[0012] In another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for routing data across a network switch including the steps of analyzing content being transferred through it; and identifying if the content is proprietary.
[0013] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.
[0014] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention.
[0015] In the drawings:
[0016]FIG. 1 shows an overview of a system of the invention on a local or desktop machine;
[0017]FIG. 2 is a flow chart of the algorithm for monitoring the file system;
[0018]FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the algorithm for monitoring the socket connections;
[0019]FIG. 4 is an overview of the system in place on a network; and
[0020]FIG. 5 is a flow chart representation of an example of an algorithm employed by the invention.
[0021] Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
[0022] In one embodiment, a system and method is proposed for tracking privately owned or copyrighted material and preventing the illegal distribution of privately owned or copyrighted material over computer networks. The system includes at least two parts, both of which can reside on a local computer. The first part monitors the file system of the computer in order to track files on the local computer. (Examples of such files include, for example, entertainment media files, executable files, private health and pharmaceutical records; confidential personal documents, such as wills and financial records; images, including digital pictures and CAD drawings; trade secrets, such as recipes, formulas, and customer lists; and even confidential corporate documents, such as patent applications, video games, etc.) The second part monitors network socket connections to prevent protected entertainment media files from being illegally distributed on a computer network. This will allow the entertainment industry to explore the huge market that computer networks, such as the Internet, have, while protecting their interests in their intellectual property.
[0023] Thus, one embodiment of the present invention is designed to reside on a local computer, for example, a desktop computer in a corporate LAN or WAN. Copyrighted material is tracked once the material is on the computer, and the system prevents the distribution of that material on computer networks such as the Internet.
[0024] For the sake of consistent terminology, the following convention will be used:
[0025] A unique identifier (hereinafter, tag, InfoTag, or InfoScan identifier) is created for each file, using sophisticated digital signal processing techniques. The InfoTag, apart from accurately identifying the file, is used to control content to ensure that it moves across the network infrastructure consistent with the owner's requirements. The InfoTag is not embedded in the files or the header, thereby making it literally undetectable. In the case of music, the InfoTag may be created based on, for example, the first 30 seconds of the song. The InfoTag may also contain such information as IP address of the source of the file, spectral information about the file, owner of the file, owner-defined rules associated with the file, title of work, etc.
[0026] InfoMart is an information storage system, normally in the form of a database. It maintains all the identifiers (tags) and rules associated with the protected files. This data can be used for other value-added marketing and strategic planning purposes. Using the DNS model, the InfoMart database can be propagated to ISP's on a routine basis, updating their local versions of the InfoMart database.
[0027] InfoWatch collects information about content files available on the Internet using a sophisticated information flow monitoring system. InfoWatch searches to find protected content distributed throughout the Internet. After the information is collected, the content is filtered to provide the content owners with an accurate profile of filesharing activities.
[0028] InfoGuard is the data sentinel. It works within the network infrastructure (typically implemented within a router or a switch, although other implementations are possible, such as server-based, as well as all-hardware, or all-software, or all-firmware, or a mix thereof) to secure intellectual property. InfoGuard can send e-mail alerts to copyright violators, embed verbal and visual advertisements into the inappropriately distributed content, inject noise into the pirated content, or stop the flow of the content all together. InfoGuard may be thought of a type of intelligent firewall, an intelligent router, or an intelligent switch, in that it blocks some content files from being transferred, while permitting others to pass, or to pass with alterations/edits. InfoGuard can identify the type of file and identity of the file by creating a tag for it, and comparing the tag to a database of tags (InfoMart database).
[0029] Additionally, the following two appendices are incorporated by reference as if fully recited herein: APPENDIX 1, entitled White Paper: InfoSeer Audio Scan Techniques, and APPENDIX 2, entitled InfoSeer Inc. Response to RIAA/IFPI Requestfor Information on Audio Fingerprinting Technologies, July 2001.
[0030] When residing on a local machine, the system monitors the file system for any new file system events. For example, these events could be a file being created, deleted, modified or renamed. When one of these file system events occurs, the system looks at the affected file to determine if it is copyrighted or private media. This may be determined by several means. For example, one way would be to examine the media for a watermark of some form. When a file is found that is copyrighted, it is added to a local InfoMart-type database of information that needs to be protected. (The local InfoMart can be updated over a corporate network periodically.) Once a file is in the local InfoMart database, the movement of the file system is tracked. This ensures that even if the original is not the file being distributed, the copyright is still being protected.
[0031] The system also monitors all TCP/IP and UDP/IP connections that each application opens for use. These connections are monitored to see if one of the files being protected is about to be distributed. If the data is not protected, then the data is allowed to proceed to its destination. If the data is being protected, then it is blocked from continuing to its destination. In this way, the privacy or copyright of the content is protected. (Note that the invention is not limited to the TCP/IP and UDP/IP protocols, but is applicable to any number of communications protocols.)
[0032] An overview of the invention on a local system is shown in FIG. 1, which illustrates a personal computer and the actions of monitoring the local system and monitoring network applications for dispersion or distribution of privately owned or copyrighted material. In the preferred embodiment, the system monitors file system events that occur and decides which action should be taken based on the event.
[0033]FIG. 2 is flow chart representing an example of an algorithm utilized to monitor the file system. Whenever a copyrighted file is placed on the system it triggers an "add" file system event (200). At that point, the system scans the file and creates a tag associated with that file. It also checks to see if a watermark is present because a watermark can be used to enhance copyright protection. This information is stored in the local InfoMart database. Whenever a protected file is modified or renamed, that event is tracked as well. If a file is deleted, then it is removed from the system.
[0034] The system does not track any files that are not of a type it is interested in (i.e., entertainment media, books, movies, photographs, images, technical documents, blueprints, medical/financial data files, etc.). This requires the system to eliminate unnecessary files from its consideration to make the process as fast as possible. Part of this is done by looking at the size of the file and eliminating files below a certain size. If they are above that size then they are scrutinized further. The next step is recognizing the file format, regardless of the extension. This allows files to be tracked even if the extension is changed in an attempt to disguise the file. Each file has a "header" that identifies the format of the file but not necessarily the content. An example is the header at the beginning of an audio file. Every audio file starts off with "0A 02 08 0C 0F". So if the system encountered a file beginning with the header "0A 02 08 0C 0F" the system would recognize the file as an audio file. Movie files have their own header. Accordingly, in the preferred embodiment, the system will have the capability to track all entertainment media file types, and any other types it is instructed to recognize.
[0035] At this point the system has recognized that this particular file needs to be monitored, so it starts the process of tagging the file. This may be done using several aspects. One aspect is the use of a watermark, if one is present. The manufacturer likely placed the watermark there, and the watermark is preferably SDMI compliant. The watermark also gives some guidance as to how the file should be used. When the watermark is extracted, the rules for that file can be established. Those rules are entered into the database in association with this file and every file derived from the original.
[0036] Another aspect is the use of an algorithm that processes the file and generates a unique tag. The tag is used as determine what actions can be performed on the file, such as sending it out over a computer network, such as the Internet, or not to allow that action. The tag is used to look up a set of rules corresponding to the tag in the InfoMart database. The InfoMart database returns the rules for the protected content, and then the rules may be also stored in the same InfoMart database as the rules for the watermark (alternatively, a separate database may be used).
[0037] Before the data (tag) about the file is stored in the InfoMart database, it can be encrypted to verify that the database cannot be tampered with in order to defeat the system. The encryption is flexible in order to allow for changes or updates if the encryption is compromised. Note that each local machine can have its own encryption mechanism, so that if a particular desktop is hacked, only that desktop, and no other, is compromised. A network server would maintain a set of translators for translating tags from each local machine into tags stored in the master InfoMart database maintained on the network server.
[0038] As may be seen from FIG. 2, which shows a diagram of the file system monitor part of the system, when a file is added to the system, the system registers a "file added" event (200). The system then decides if the file is of a type that it needs to consider. For example, (201) such a decision may be based on file size. If the file is smaller than a certain size (of if the file does not meet some other predetermined criteria), subsequent operations with that file are ignored (202). If the file fits the criteria, the system then attempts to recognize if it is a media file, or some other type of file that it knows how to recognize and watch for (203). If the file is not of the type that it knows to recognize, then it will ignore subsequent operations relating to the file (204). If the file is of a type that the system recognizes, the system will check if it contains a watermark (205). If there is no watermark, the system will generate a tag corresponding to the file (206). The tag will be stored in an encrypted form in memory or on a hard drive. If the file does have a watermark, the system will determine what rules apply to the file (208).
[0039] Note also that in the case of exchange of encrypted files, the InfoTag can be generated for both the unencrypted file and the encrypted file, or, alternatively, only for the encrypted file. Thus, it is not necessary for the tag generation mechanism to know what the type of file it is dealing with, if it is encrypted, since it is comparing tags, not files themselves. Note that it may be possible to unencrypt the file first, to generate a tag, and compare tags for unencrypted files. Alternatively, as noted above, it is possible to compare tags for encrypted files.
[0040]FIG. 3 is a flow chart representing an example of an algorithm utilized to monitor network socket connections. In the preferred embodiment, the second part of the system deals with the monitoring of the TCP/IP and UDP/IP socket connections to the Internet. Every one of these sockets is a possible conduit to the Internet for protected data, so they must all be watched to verify that nothing that is protected is being sent out to the Internet. The system performs that action by doing the following steps:
[0041] As may be seen in FIG. 3, the system looks at the TCP/IP stack to see if a new socket/port is opened (301). If it is opened, then the system looks at which application opened this port (301). If the application is not being monitored, then it is added to list of applications to watch for copyright violations (302). If a socket/port is closed, then that application is removed from the list if that was the only socket/port associated with it. If an application has more than one socket/port, then it is not be removed from the list until all the socket/ports are closed.
[0042] The system looks at which applications are using the protected files. If an application, that has a socket/port connection to a computer network, such as the Internet, attempts to access the protected files, the system accesses the database that contains the rules associated with that file. If the rules don't allow that file to be sent out over the computer network, the system monitors the socket/ports that the application has opened. If the contents of the data being sent to the computer network match those of the file that was accessed, then transaction is stopped, thus protecting the copyright.
[0043]FIG. 3 shows a diagram of a process of monitoring of socket connections. As may be seen from FIG. 3, the system recognizes that a new socket has been opened (300). If the process that opened the socket is already being tracked (301), the port is added to a list for that application (303). Otherwise, the application and the port are added to a list that needs to be tracked (302). A triggering event occurs when a process tries to access a file in a database, with the file being one of the ones that are being monitored (304). If the process is on a list of processes that needs to be watched (305), then a decision needs to be made about whether the data is allowed to go out over the socket or not (307). If the process is not on the list of processes that needs to be watched, then the transaction is ignored (306). If the rules allow the file or the data to go out over the socket, then the system ignores the transaction, and the file is transmitted over the socket (309). Otherwise, the file transfer is blocked (308).
[0044] Another embodiment of the present invention works in conjunction with a routing infrastructure of a network. Any data coming from certain IP addresses and ports is redirected to a monitoring system (InfoGuard) via a routing mechanism. A load balancing system determines which privacy control system to send the incoming network connection to. Once the network connection is received by the monitoring system (InfoGuard), it can determine if intellectual property is being passed through the router. If intellectual property is detected, the InfoGuard monitoring system takes the action determined (usually in advance) by the owner(s) of the intellectual property.
[0045] Which IP Addresses and Ports should be routed to the InfoGuard system through a router and a firewall are determined by the InfoWatch system, and distributed throughout the Internet infrastructure (akin to DNS database) as the InfoMart database. Routing tables and firewall settings are regularly updated to monitor only those IP addresses and ports of certain machines. This setup allows to only look at packets of data coming from and going to certain machines. The benefits of only looking at data coming from and going to certain machines are that the performance of the network is not hindered, and a larger set of data does not have to be examined. The InfoGuard system then forwards data to the load balancing system which serves multiple purposes.
[0046] The InfoGuard monitoring system monitors the data flow path from the Internet to the user, and thus that allows the InfoGuard monitoring system to inspect data packets for suspected intellectual property, and take the appropriate action based on instructions of the owner of the intellectual property.
[0047]FIG. 4 is a representation of the physical nature of the InfoGuard system. The load balancing feature of the router-based system is beneficial and serves many purposes. The load balancing system allows for scalability, redundancy and performance. Scalability comes from the fact that one can easily add another InfoGuard machine if an increase in usage is seen, as more people are attempting to transmit intellectual property without the permission. Redundancy stems from load balancing, because if one machine goes down due to a hardware or software failure, the system will still function. The performance benefit comes from the fact that one can process multiple requests in parallel as opposed to sequentially processing the requests. This also gives greater speed and provides the ability to upgrade machines as needed. Note that load balancing is not required for the InfoGuard system to work, but it greatly enhances the overall system. See FIG. 4 for an overview of the system architecture on a network.
[0048] The router portion of the InfoGuard system does the processing of network and Internet connections and packets being sent through that connection. The network/Internet connections are routed to a detection and control system, and that system in turn establishes a connection to the destination machine and an information database. This connection establishes the following flow of data:
Network/Internet→Router→Firewall→Load Balancing∴InfoGuard Client and Routing System→Destination
[0049] In another embodiment, the data flow may look as follows:
Network/Internet→InfoGuard Client and Routing System→Firewall→Destination
[0050] Note that a firewall is not actually required, although most practical implementations will likely have one.
[0051] The InfoGuard monitoring system buffers packets of data and runs a tagging algorithm from an information identification module on the buffered data. That tag is then compared to the InfoMart database to see if a match is located. If there is a match located, the rules that are associated with that tag are returned. Those rules dictate what action the InfoGuard system takes, and depend on what action the owner of the intellectual property wants to take. Some possible actions could be: log the transaction, stop the transaction, add an advertisement into the file (e.g., "This song is the property of . . . . . . . ", or a visual advertisement for a movie), sprinkle the file with dead air, distort the music file or video file to the point where the user would not want to listen to it or watch it, or a combination of them.
[0052] Dead air can be injected into the file by removing the meaningful data and then replacing that with useless data. If dead air is injected into the file, the user has the perception that they did receive the entire file even though they in fact didn't. This is a useful deterrent, because in most cases downloads take quite some time (especially at slower modem speeds, such as 56K baud), and if the user keeps getting a useless file, they are less inclined to steal intellectual property.
[0053] In order for the system of the present invention to do its work, it must communicate with the InfoMart database. InfoMart is the database that stores all the tags for the files that are being monitored. All the IP Addresses and port numbers of machines that are offering intellectual property via the Internet is provided in a database called InfoWatch. The IP addresses and port numbers are constantly being updated as new machines offer up intellectual property, and other machines stop offering up intellectual property. The connection to the InfoMart database is through ODBC connections to allow maximum flexibility of database configurations. The current configuration is done using the SQL Server database engine.
[0054] The InfoGuard system also performs a search of the InfoWatch database for new IP addresses and port numbers, and in turn updates the router/firewall based upon the results of that search. This step redirects any data coming from a certain IP address and port to the InfoGuard system for processing. This programmatic updating makes the InfoGuard monitoring system efficient as well as more accurate. It is also possible, but usually not practical, to have a human in the loop to update the router/firewall.
[0055] As noted above, the InfoGuard system relies on (content owner-provided) rules for deciding what to do with a particular file. The decision on which rule to apply is based on the InfoTag. The rules may be looked up in a database, or, for speed, may be hardwired into the router or switch.
[0056] As may be further seen from FIG. 5, the InfoGuard System identifies that there is an incoming IP connection (500). The system then determines if this is a new connection (501). If it is a new connection, a new buffer for the new IP connection is created (502). If it is not a new connection, the InfoGuard system then asks if there is data in this packet that it needs to examine (503). Similarly, once a new buffer for the new IP connection is created (502), InfoGuard will determine if there is a packet that needs to be examined (503). The InfoGuard system will then add a copy of the data to the buffer for the existing connection (504). The InfoGuard system will then pass the data on to the destination machine (505). The InfoGuard system then determines if the buffer size is sufficient to tag the data (506). If yes, the data is tagged, and the tag is sent to the InfoMart database 510 (step 507). The InfoGuard system then tries to match the newly created tag to an existing tag and the InfoMart database 510 (step 508). If there is a match action will be taken based on rules associated with the particular tag, the rules being predefined by the owner of the proprietary content (509). The data from the buffer may be stored in a terabyte database for later reconstruction if necessary (511). InfoGuard logging 512 keeps track of access information and whether the transaction was allowed to proceed, or was blocked.
[0057] Additionally, the buffer can be useful when the nature of the file is such that even transmitting a portion of a file or document should not be permitted. For example, in the case of a sensitive document, even a portion of it should not be transmitted, and a buffer may be needed. On the other hand, receiving half a movie is not terribly useful, so a buffer might not be used in that application.
[0058] While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. On the other hand, receiving half a movie is not terribly useful, so a buffer might not be used in that application.
[0059] While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
[0060] This paper is intended to summarize the capabilities of the audio scan technique developed at InfoSeer and provide a description of the algorithm. The audio scan technology relies on two proprietary algorithms:
[0061] Scan Data Production—Used to produce a tag data structure for a given audio source
[0062] Scan Data Compare—Used to compare two tag data structures and produce a 'percent match' value
[0063] Scan Capabilities
[0064] The scan algorithm provides the following functional features:
[0065] Level Shift Insensitive—If the same source is presented at two different volume levels, it should be recognized as such (equal).
[0066] Stereo 'Balance' Insensitivity—Stereo sources are recognized independent of the direction (left and/or right channel) of the source data.
[0067] Ignore Leading 'Quiet' Data—This feature waits for the input level to exceed a fixed value before actual processing begins. (The fixed threshold is very low and is intended primarily to ignore blocks of leading samples that are near zero level. It is likely that these blocks are artifacts produced by the software used to store the original data.)
[0068] Time Shifting Insensitivity—If someone were to remove the first n seconds from a song we can still recognize that song as long as n is less than around 5.0 seconds.
[0069] Time Compression Insensitivity—Radio stations sometimes transmit time compressed audio so that they can have more time for commercials. I'm guessing the industry standard is around 15% compression (85% of the original). In limited testing it was determined that we could support this by producing a scan of the compressed source using a section size that is 85% of the original (e.g., if the uncompressed original is scanned using a 30.0 second section size, a scan of the 15% compressed version with a 25.5 second section time will match the original).
[0070] 'Whole Source' Option—When this is enabled; the available source is scanned once to determine its length in time. Then the section time is computed using the specified number of sections (section time=(whole source time−leading quiet time)/number of sections) so that when a second pass is made the whole source (minus the leading quiet data) is used to compute a tag. This option is appropriate for the case where the source is available in its entirety (e.g., local file or URL, not a streaming source) and a higher degree of recognition is desirable and possible (e.g., InfoWatch).
[0071] Scan Data Production Parameters
[0072] We developed a flexible audio scanning algorithm that allows us to choose the following parameters for the scan:
[0073] Section Time—Amount of source (in time) to use for scanning for each section. This is a real number greater than zero.
[0074] Number Of Sections—Number of source sections to use when computing the scan data. This is an integer greater than zero.
[0075] Points Per Section—Number of scan data points to produce for each section. Integer greater than zero.
[0076] We currently use 30.0 seconds, 1 and 24 for these values in InfoMart.
[0077] Scan Production Algorithm
[0078] The algorithm operates on 16 bit audio samples (stereo or mono, knowledge of the associated sample rate is required). A FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) size is selected to maintain a desired bin size1 in the output based on the sample rate.
[0079] The input data is down sampled (if possible) then filtered through a low pass filter. This removes noise and other interferences that could affect the accuracy of the result. Also there is statistically little audio data at the higher frequencies. The data is processed with the FFT and the output magnitude data is accumulated in a result vector. Prior to the FFT, a weighting window is applied to the input data. FFT operations can be optionally overlapped on the input data by 50% if desired. When all input samples have been processed the section is complete.
[0080] This process is repeated for all desired scan sections, producing a separate result vector for each section. Each section result vector is then normalized based on the peak magnitude value over all sections. The specified number of points with the highest magnitude are then selected for each section. Each selected point is stored as a magnitude and frequency pair.
[0081] At this point the data is ready for storage or comparison with other scan data.
[0082] Scan Compare Parameters
[0083] We developed a flexible audio scanning algorithm that allows us to choose the following parameters for the scan:
[0084] Frequency Weight—Amount of "importance" (from 0.0 to 1.0) applied to the frequency value when comparing data points.
[0085] Magnitude Weight—Amount of "importance" (from 0.0 to 1.0) applied to the magnitude value when comparing data points.
[0086] "Fast Track" Ellipse Magnitude—This value is computed from a fixed magnitude and frequency pair that has had the weights described above applied to each associated component. The value is used in a threshold test as described below.
[0087] Scan Compare Algorithm
[0088] The primary task of the compare algorithm is to compare the two sets of scan data points (referred in the following as scan A and B) created by the scan production algorithm and produce a 'percent match' result.
[0089] The first pass of the compare algorithm is to step through each point of scan A (within each section) and find the closest point in scan B using a two dimensional linear distance based on magnitude and frequency. Since there are many more data points available than are needed to achieve a high confidence level for the match, only the closest and high level points are used in the process. This technique further improves the robustness of the detection system.
[0090] The influence of each dimensional component (magnitude and frequency) on the distance calculation can be adjusted using weighting values between 0 and 1. This associates a level of 'importance' when comparing of either the magnitude or frequency when comparing data points. The distance values for each point in A is stored in an output array.
[0091] Any point in B that was not selected at least once by a point in A (as being closest), is also compared with each value in A to find the minimum distance and stored in the array. Processing then continues on the output array. If a specified percentage of the values in the output array are below a fixed threshold, these values are used in the final 'percent match' computation. Otherwise, the entire output array is used in the final computation. For the percent match, the average distance within each section and across all sections is used in the following equation:
[0092] This equation will produce negative percent match values that are often limited to 0% for display to the user.
[0093] The MatchScale constant is used to adjust how "quickly" the percent match will fall away from 100%. In our system we use a value greater than 95% to indicate a positive match.
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|23 mars 2012
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|System and method for searching for specific types of people or information on a peer to-peer network
|11 sept. 2001
|11 déc. 2012
|Digimarc Corporation
|Context sensitive connected content
|17 juin 2011
|22 janv. 2013
|Tiversa Ip, Inc.
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|31 mai 2011
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|31 mai 2011
|18 juin 2013
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|15 aoűt 2011
|12 nov. 2013
|Content Technologies, Llc
|Method of providing a digital asset for distribution
|15 aoűt 2011
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|Content Technologies Llc
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|26 mars 2012
|1 juil. 2014
|Tiversa Ip, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for optimally utilizing a peer to peer network node by enforcing connection time limits
|7 aoűt 2009
|5 aoűt 2014
|Tiversa Ip, Inc.
|Method for improving peer to peer network communication
|30 janv. 2012
|26 aoűt 2014
|Tiversa Ip, Inc.
|Method for monitoring and providing information over a peer to peer network
|26 mars 2012
|2 déc. 2014
|Tiversa Ip, Inc.
|Method for optimally utilizing a peer to peer network
|10 avr. 2008
|9 déc. 2014
|Tiversa Ip, Inc.
|System and method for creating a list of shared information on a peer-to-peer network
|6 oct. 2010
|3 mars 2015
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|Method for splitting a load of monitoring a peer to peer network
|28 juil. 2006
|7 avr. 2015
|Sony Corporation
|Methods, systems and computer program products for determining usage rights for digital content based on characterizing information thereof and related devices
|6 nov. 2007
|28 avr. 2015
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|System and method for enhanced experience with a peer to peer network
|11 sept. 2001
|2 mai 2002
|Levy Kenneth L.
|Using embedded data with file sharing
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|28 juil. 2005
|Hopkins Samuel P.
|Method for monitoring and providing information over a peer to peer network
|21 janv. 2005
|28 juil. 2005
|Hopkins Samuel P.
|Method for improving peer to peer network communication
|12 avr. 2005
|1 juin 2006
|Hopkins Samuel P
|System and method for searching for specific types of people or information on a Peer-to-Peer network
|8 déc. 2011
|Bryan Dunkeld
|Method of Providing a Digital Asset for Distribution
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|31 janv. 2008
|Sony Ericsson Mobile Comm Ab
|Methods, systems, and computer program products for determining usage rights for digital content based on characterizing information thereof and related devices
|Classification aux États-Unis
|1/1, 707/999.107
|Classification internationale
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Owner name: INFOSEER, INC., VIRGINIA
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UWM was at the center of Wisconsin State Fair excitement, as staff, students, faculty – and Pounce the Panther – greeted visitors during UWM Day.
Strategically located near the Original Cream Puff Pavilion on Sunday, UWM took over State Fair's Central Park and performance stage with 14 campus schools and departments represented.
From the famous Roar Like a Panther contest to cooking demonstrations and free samples at UWM Restaurant Operations, thousands of visitors were treated to a combination of entertainment and education.
There was a flying drone, an underwater robot, Panther face painting, music and exhibitions by UWM athletes and coaches.
UWM student photographer Kenny Yoo captured images of the day of fun, and dodged a few raindrops along the way.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
edstudioz participated with 15 other designers who submitted 106 entries and was awarded $1000. View this project »
Everything was great! davidparks21
Name your own price, then watch as dozens of participants submit ideas and choose your favorite. Our 100% money-back guarantee makes it risk-free!
Let us match you up with one of our very best Creatives and work 1-to-1 in complete privacy. You'll have all of the same tools and features as our regular projects!


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Dr. Clyde Moneyhun came to the university in 2010 as a professor in the English Department to direct the Boise State Writing Center. Since arriving, he has also taken on the title of Director of Writing Across the Curriculum and is charged with helping departments create and teach writing-intensive courses. He has lived and taught in a variety of locations, including France, Spain and Japan, and his education includes degrees in Comparative Literature, American Literature, and Fiction Writing, and culminated with a Ph.D. in Rhetoric, Composition, and the Teaching of English from the University of Arizona. Before coming to Boise State, he was the Director of the Hume Writing Center at Stanford University. Dr. Moneyhun has been a prolific writer and a presenter on the national level, and has held professional offices with the Council of Writing Program Administrators (WPA) and the Conference on College Composition and Communication (CCCC). Recent projects including teaching Hemingway's nonfiction and translating the contemporary Catalan poet, Ponç Pons.
Tutoring Teachers (with Patti Hanlon-Baker), The Writing Lab Newsletter (2012)
Most research on writing center work focuses on the students who come to us for...
Response to Doug Hesse's "The Place of Creative Writing in Composition Studies", College Composition and Communication (2012)
Many thanks to Doug Hesse for "The Place of Creative Writing in Composition Studies" (CCC...
Performance Evaluation as Faculty Development, WPA: Writing Program Administration (2010)
The article discusses the importance of performance evaluation in faculty development. It cites possible outcomes...
Believing, Doubting, Deciding, Acting, Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning (2010)
I used Peter Elbow's believing and doubting games and cooked up two games of my...
Response to the WPA Outcomes Statement for First-Year Composition, WPA: Writing Program Administration (1999)
Crafting Fiction: In Theory, In Practice (with Marvin Diogenes) (2001)
Presents an anthology of 58 articles, interviews, memoirs, and critical and personal essays, giving students...
Living Languages: Contexts for Reading and Writing (with Nancy Buffington and Marvin Diogenes) (1997)
A Heart of Winter (translation of Yuki-no Arubamu by Ayako Miura) (with Mark Caprio) (1991)
Translation of Yuki-no Arubamu by contemporary Japanese novelist Ayako Miura.
Contributions to Books
Literary Texts as Primers in Meaning-Making, Integrating Literature and Writing Instruction in First-Year English (2008)
Responding to In-Process Work to Promote Revision: Less is More in Response to Student Writing, Strategies for Teaching First-Year Composition (2002)
Antonio Gramsci, Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition: Communication from Ancient Times to the Information Age (1996)
Not Just Plain English: Teaching Critical Reading with I, Rigoberta Menchú, Teaching and Testimony: Rigoberta Menchú in the North American Classroom (1996)
Five Poems from Witch in Mourning in Exchanges (with Maria-Mercè Marçal) (2015)
Maria-Mercè Marçal was born in 1952, in the middle of the fascist dictatorship in Spain,...
El llibre d'amic e amat (The Book of the Lover and the Beloved), Inventory 4 (2013)
New translations of selections from the medieval book of mystic Christian poetry "El llibre d'amic...
"Cursed Soul," "Shards," and "Night in Marburg" in Eleven Eleven, Eleven Eleven (2013)
This work was translated from the original Catalan written by Ponç Pons and entitled "Anima...
"Obituary" and "Palinurus" in lyrikline (2013)
Translations of "Obituary" and "Palinurus" by the contemporary Catalan poet Ponç Pons. "Lyrikline.org is the...
"Walser, the Walker" in The Winter Anthology (2013)
This work was translated from the original Catalan written by Ponç Pons and entitled Walser,...
Nuances of Translating Medieval Romance-Language Poets (with Samuel Rosenberg and Jeannette Rogers), 36th Annual Conference of the American Literary Translators Association (ALTA) (2013)
We translate medieval Romance-language poets including the French trouvère Mahieu le Juif, Occitan troubadours Bernart...
Hemingway's Politics in His Journalism and Fiction, a Continuum of Contradiction (with Clay Morgan, Jacky O'Conner, and Mitch Wieland), 4th Annual Ernest Hemingway Symposium (2012)
Introduction by Clay Morgan. A conversation with distinguished Hemingway experts, authors, and faculty members of...
Translating Living Writers (with Christopher Burawa and Cynthia Hogue), 35th Annual Conference of the American Literary Translators Association (2012)
'L'èxstasi diví': Ramon Llull and the Mystic Beauty of the Word, Annual Meeting of the Rhetoric Society of America (2012)


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Today I'm sharing a recipe I first published on The Yummy Bits in September, 2012, for homemade ginger ale… with a minor upgrade. If you haven't made ginger ale but love fresh ginger like I do, this is your calling.
My previous ginger ale recipe was fairly simple, but with an abundance of fresh mint (as seen in my last recipe for Minted Sparkling Lemonade), I've added the herb to this drink as well. The recipe below is for minted ginger syrup, to which you add sparkling water, ice, and fresh mint if desired for the drink.
Because this beverage starts as a syrup, it's easy to make adjustments to suite your personal taste. Some people find fresh ginger to be very spicy; if you feel the same way, hold back on the amount of syrup you use. If you love fresh ginger, you might prefer your drink to have more of the syrup.
Do you like fresh ginger? Have you ever made your own ginger ale? Let me know in the comments below.
- 2 cups water
- 1 cup sugar
- 1/4 cup fresh mint leaves
- 1 cup ginger, peeled and chopped
- 1 lemon, juiced
- ice as needed
- carbonated water as needed
- fresh mint to garnish
- In a pot, combine the water, sugar, and ginger. Bring to a boil and then remove from heat. Allow the mixture to cool at room temperature, steeping the ingredients.
- Strain the liquid to remove the ginger and mint, and chill until cold. Add the lemon juice.
- Fill a cup with ice and pour enough syrup to fill the glass by one quarter (use more or less depending on your personal taste). Add carbonated water to fill and stir well.


text:
Listen DXMB 951 Online
Listen DXMB - 95.1 FM Butuan, Northeastern Mindano Region Online Radio FM:
Title: DXMB 951 Online Radio
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DXMB 951 Listening Tips:
If you like to listen to DXMB 951 online radio, kindly share this radio station streaming with your friends through Facebook like, Google+, Tweets, or other sharings. Also, you can bookmark this online live radio by pressing CTRL+D so that you can have quick access and listen to DXMB 951 live radio anytime you want.
Listen Online 24 provides you with the options to choose different DXMB 951 radio streaming source. If the first source link is broken, you can try the second source link and so on. Also, you can listen DXMB 951 online using diffrent players. For each link source, you can choose different players to listen. Just test out different players to see which plugin is more suitable for you.
If you have trouble or problem listening to DXMB 951 radio station, you can visit the DXMB 951 official site by clicking the link given.


text:
Show Boards & Posters by Palmieri Concepts
The #1 Choice, Custom Showboard & Car Picture Company
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Show how patriotic you are and include a flag in the background of your board. The examples below are with the USA flag, however, I can do any flag. Even the flag from the origin of your vehicle.
Facts about all of our products on this page
Select a design option and size to meet your needs and price range
Custom Photo Posters with "Your Vehicle"
Text only Poster (16"x24") with cool text graphics- $95**
Custom Poster (16"x24") with pictures - $135 to $160**
Increase the poster size to 20"x30" for just $15 more
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20"x30" (popular size) Museum Board with pictures - $385 to $425**
Order an extra 11x17 Mini Original Classic Board for only $80 with purchase of any board type with same exact design
"Progress & Timeline" Show Boards
After many hours of hard work, showcase your progress with one of our Progress or Timeline Showboards for all to see. These boards display a timeline of progress, or a diagram of special modifications.
See more examples below
Contact us to learn more about what we can do for you.
**Since each board is custom for you, the actual price will be based upon a quote and the prices shown are just a guideline. As a "general rule", the more pictures and graphics, or elaborate text layouts in a design, the higher the cost. Motorcycles, and open vehicles where you can see through many areas, such as spokes, and engine areas will be closer to the higher end and above the price range due to the extensive amount of editing required to remove the background. Massachusetts residents sales tax is added. Please note that all of our posters and boards will have the www.PalmieriConcepts.com signature at the bottom of the design. It will be small, and unobtrusive, but will always be there as our signature. The boards do not come with a stand, it is recommended that you purchase one at an Art store. When in stock we do sell a carrying case for an additional fee.
Rush Service is sometimes available for an extra fee!
Final posters and boards are within 3/4" of stated size due to trimming.
Other custom poster and board sizes are available to meet your needs, just ask.
We do stand behind our products, and any products found to be defective within 30 days of receipt (NO MORE THAN 30 days) will be replaced. We can not guarantee everything for life. Mishandling of the boards, including exposing it to high temperatures and liquids is not covered.
To Order - Easy As 1 2 3
Creating your poster or showboard is so easy. Send us your pictures and we do the rest - If you are local we can even take the pictures.
You can take one of our existing designs as a starting point, then customize it to reflect your car, your personality and your message, or we can work with you on a completely custom design. Here are a few examples and descriptions about them.
These are just a few boards we have done for major US Auctions
Barrett Jackson, Mecum, Atlantic City, and Russo-Steele auctions.
CLICK here to learn more about what we did for our client at Barrett-Jackson, Russo-Steele and other auctions
Palmieri Concepts is not affiliated with General Motors, Ford, Chrysler, or any other company, or endorsed by any of these companies. Any pictures or trademarks used, depict items that are on the car, or the owner has the permission to use and were provided by the owner (not provided by Palmieri Concepts). Palmieri Concepts does not and will not provide any trademarked/copyrighted images. All associated images have been provided by our clients as their property or right to use.


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Omnipresent early '00s bad boy Chad Michael Murray has landed a plum role on Marvel's newest TV drama.
"Marvel's Agent Carter" will premiere on ABC in January, with Hayley Atwell reprising her title character as Captain America's former love.
Marvel revealed on Friday that CMM will join her as SSR Agent Jack Thompson, while "Dollhouse" favorite Enver Gjokaj will play Agent Daniel Sousa.
Both characters will meet Agent Peggy Carter when she arrives in New York in 1946.
After significant arcs on WB hits like "Gilmore Girls" and "Dawson's Creek," CMM landed the starring role of Lucas Scott on "One Tree Hill."
His character was written out under dubious circumstances after six seasons, after which he stayed very much under the radar for a few years.
But true to form, CMM rose like a phoenix over the past year with roles on TNT's "Southland," Crackle's "Chosen," "Tyler Perry's A Madea Christmas" and Nic Cage's forthcoming "Left Behind" reboot.
Are you excited to have Chad Michael Murray back on your TV?
Copyright© 2015 by Greater Media All Rights Reserved.


text: Mildred Lewis | IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information Official Broadway League sites: - sites - broadway.org broadwayleague.com broadwayfanclub.com kidsnightonbroadway.com stagespecs.org tonyawards.com Quick Search For: In This Category: All Show People/Org. Theatre Season Mildred Lewis Performer Female Productions ProductionsDate of ProductionsMarching Song[Play, Drama, Original] Performer: Mildred Lewis [Ensemble]Feb 17, 1937 - Apr 1937 Find out where Mildred Lewis and are credited together © 2001-2015, The Broadway League, All Rights Reserved. (Copyright and Disclaimer)


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To relieve pressure and reduce back pain, Dr Oz recommended a butt pillow. Shaped as a horseshoe it removes some of the pressure on the nerve thereby reducing and easing the discomfort.
This is particularly important for people with back pain that sit for long periods of time.
If you sit and have back pain this is something worth investing in.
It is also referred to as a tailbone pillow.
Learn more about the benefits of a butt pillow
Dr Oz also recommended Magnesium Citrate for Migraines
Take 400-600 milligrams per day
For overall chronic pain he recommended Corydalis Supplement
For Back Pain Dr Oz also recommend Foam Rollers


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- 800.878.7323
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Other titles in the Little House series:
Little House in the Big Woods (Little House)by Laura Ingalls Wilder
Synopses & Reviews
Publisher Comments:
Laura Ingalls's story begins in 1871 in a little log cabin on the edge of the Big Woods of Wisconsin. Four-year-old Laura lives in the little house with her Pa, her Ma, her sisters Mary and Carrie, and their trusty dog, Jack.
Pioneer life is sometimes hard, since the family must grow or catch all their own food as they get ready for the cold winter. But it is also exciting as Laura and her folks celebrate Christmas with homemade toys and treats, do the spring planting, bring in the harvest, and make their first trip into town. And every night they are safe and warm in their little house, with the happy sound of Pa's fiddle sending Laura and her sisters off to sleep.
And so begins Laura Ingalls Wilder's beloved story of a pioneer girl and her family. The nine Little House books have been cherished by generations of readers as both a unique glimpse into America's frontier past and a heartwarming, unforgettable story.
In this first book in the Little House series, the Ingalls family is snug in its Wisconsin log house, safe from blizzards, wolves, and the lonely forest. Illustrations.
Fans of the Little House books will fall in love with Esther.
Thanks to her superstitious mother, Esther knows some tricks for avoiding bad luck: toss salt over your left shoulder, never button your shirt crooked, and avoid black cats. But even luck can't keep her family safe from the Great Depression. When Pa loses his job, Esther's family leaves their comfy Chicago life behind for a farm in Wisconsin.
Living on a farm comes with lots of hard work, but that means there are plenty of opportunities for Esther to show her mother how helpful she can be. She loves all of the farm animals (except the mean geese) and even better makes a fast friend in lively Bethany. But then Ma sees a sign that Esther just knows is wrong. If believing a superstition makes you miserable, how can that be good luck?
Debut author Gayle Rosengren brings the past to life in this extraordinary, hopeful story.
About the Author
Laura Ingalls Wilder was born in 1867 in the log cabin described in Little House in the Big Woods. She and her family traveled by covered wagon across the Midwest. Later, Laura and her husband, Almanzo Wilder, made their own covered-wagon trip with their daughter, Rose, to Mansfield, Missouri. There, believing in the importance of knowing where you began in order to appreciate how far you've come, Laura wrote about her childhood growing up on the American frontier. For millions of readers Laura lives on forever as the little pioneer girl in the beloved Little House books.
Garth Williams's classic illustrations for the Little House books caused Laura to remark that she "and her folks live again in these pictures." Garth Williams also illustrated Charlotte's Web, Stuart Little, and almost one hundred other books.
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Satie - Gymnopedies and GnossiennesItem #: HL.00296833
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As performed by Matthew Edwards. Composed by Erik Satie. Edited by Matthew Edwards.
Piano With a CD of Performances Schirmer Performance Editions Book/CD. Softcover with CD. 9x12 inches. 32 pages. Published by G. Schirmer, Inc. (HL.00296833)
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Found in: Classical Piano Sheet Music
Six short pieces from Satie's early years, which capture the composer's graceful unconventionality. With historical and performance notes. Intermediate Level.
Songs Include:


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hungryhouse ExpressDelivered in 45 or your next meal free!*
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Britain's fastest roads have been named and shamed – and 70 per cent of them are not motorways.
The A27 Arundel Road in Binsted, West Sussex, has the dubious honour of taking the number one slot in our top 10 league table – after one motorcyclist was caught speeding at 152mph last year.
The police data, supplied to insurer Liverpool Victoria (LV=) following a Freedom of Information request, reveals that the UK's second fastest road is the A90 from Dundee to Aberdeen in Scotland, despite it being notorious for speed cameras.
Tayside Police recorded speeds as high as 139mph, 141mph and 149mph in the years 2009, 2010 and 2011 respectively – the period over which all the data was gathered.
The south of England and Scotland dominate the table, in fact, accounting for the roads occupying the top five places. LV= managing director John O'Roarke said: "All motorists share a responsibility to other road users, and driving at high speeds dramatically increases the chance of failing to react quickly enough in an emergency.
"These motorists need to realise Britain's roads are not race tracks, and driving at such high speeds is very dangerous."
|Speed (mph)
|A27 Arundel Road, Binstead, W Sussex
|A90 Dundee to Aberdeen (pictured)
|A303 Cartgate, Somerset
|M40 J2-4, Buckinghamshire
|A90 Dundee to Aberdeen
|A690 West Rainton, Co. Durham
|A435 Hollywood towards Birmingham
|A90 Dundee to Aberdeen
|M6 at Brunthwaite, Cumbria
|M1 Northbound near Ratby, Leics
|M65, Burnley, Lancashire
|A27 West Ashling, Chichester, W Sussex
|M1 Southbound, Swinford, Leics
|A47 Tilney All Saints, Norfolk
if i can just add 142mph on m60 ring road manchester too,lol
I would love to hear some of the excuses for the speeding.
'Sorry officer I sneezed whilst driving my Veyron and the next time i looked I was doing 152mph'. he he
Looks like LV is looking for reasons to push up their insurance prices.
OK, lets go along with this. Now tell us how many crashes have been caused at those speeds. I'd lay a bet that the answer is "not many" if any at all. Crashes are caused by lack of attention, driving conditions or inappropriate speed at busy times or a combination of these - speed alone is not the factor or all of these people would be smears on the windscreen of life.
Correct, most crashes are caused by driver error. In surveys, it doesn't matter who you ask – young males, Americans, old people, student s– 90% of drivers say they're of above average ability, which means there are lots of very bad drivers out there who think they're very good. In fact, I bet you think you're a great driver too, one that's brilliant at controlling a ton of metal at 100mph.
Yes, it's this kind of illusory stupidity that gets people killed. Sadly, it doesn't just kill the retard that's driving fast (that wouldn't bother me for a second), it usually kills someone else too: like a young kid crossing a road, a couple in another car, or a bloke cycling home from work to his family.
You should think hard about the words written here. It won't sink in immediately, but you should give it your best shot. It might just stop you being the world's biggest asshole forever.
Can I add 138 on the A66 Darlington Middlesbrough - Was caught and penalised - learnt my lesson the hard way - Police man pulled me with a smile - took him 11 miles to catch up - silly slow bmw's !!


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November 18, 2013
2013: Creditable Service & Absence Without Regular Compensation
It is within the discretion of the State Boston Retirement System to allow up to thirty (30) days of creditable service to any member who was continuously absent without regular compensation pursuant to M.G.L. ch. 32, § 4(1)(c). The allowance of creditable service shall not exceed the number of days of continuous absence, if less than thirty, (i.e., 14 days of continuous absence may only be allowed 14 days of creditable service).
In order to be considered for this award of creditable service, the applicable absence must have been authorized by the member's employer. This includes, but is not limited to, personal leaves of absence and Family and Medical Leave Act ("FMLA") leaves, provided that they are authorized by the employer.
In no event shall a member be granted more than thirty (30) days of creditable service for such absences during the course of his entire membership with the State Boston Retirement System. This thirty (30) day cap applies to all members, including those who may have terminated and reinstated service.
(1) A member whose entire service is in a part-time position shall receive one year of creditable service for each year worked provided the member works the number of hours required by the position held.
(2) A member employed on a part-time basis who becomes full-time shall receive credit for his part-time service on a pro-rated basis as it relates to a full- time position.
(3) A member employed on a full-time basis who becomes part-time shall receive credit for his part-time service on a pro-rated basis as it relates to a full- time position.
(4) Part-time membership service performed on or before November 21, 2000 shall be credited with full-time service. Thereafter, all part-time service shall receive credit in accordance with the rules stated in this regulation.
A "teacher," is any person employed under a contract with the Boston School Committee on a basis of not less than half‑time service who
(a) is deemed to be a teacher by the Boston School Committee and
(b) performs services in a job title included in or substantially similar to those enumerated in Mass. Gen. Laws. c. 32, §1, paragraph 55 ("Teacher") or Mass. Gen. Laws. c.71, §38G, paragraph 19, and
(c) (i) holds a certificate required by the Board of Education of the Commonwealth or
(ii) has been granted a waiver pending certification by the Board of Education, or
(iii) has been approved as an apprentice teacher in accordance with the provisions of St. 1985, c. 188, §21 or
(iv) is exempted from the requirement of certification by the Commissioner of Education upon the request of the superintendent or by law or regulation.
In no event shall the State Boston Retirement System recoup more than 50% of the net amount of the member's retroactive check. Should there still remain a balance of monies owed to the retirement system, after the issuance of the retroactive check, Board staff shall utilize the Vatalaro formula to collect the balance of monies owed to the State Boston Retirement System.
"has not been continuously a member in service" shall mean that the 75% limitation on an accidental disability retirement allowance of any member, with a membership date prior to January 1, 1988, is applicable, only if:
- the member had an unauthorized leave of absence without pay consisting of 31, or more, consecutive days, since January 1, 1988, but specifically not including any department approved or authorized leaves of absence.
For the purposes of M.G.L. ch. 32, § 7(2)(a)(ii) only, any unauthorized leave, or leaves, of absence without pay consisting of 30, or less, days does not constitute a severance of continuous employment. Thus, any member with a membership date prior to January 1, 1988, who had an unauthorized leave, or leaves, of absence without pay of 30, or less, days since January 1, 1988, shall not be subject to the 75% limitation on an accidental disability retirement allowance.
a. Preamble
i. The trustees of the Boston Retirement Board have waived nearly $4 million dollars since 2000, largely monies owed to the retirement system due to incorrect contribution rates. This causes an obvious financial strain on the retirement system.
ii. Effective November 1, 2012, members who are identified as owing monies to the retirement system due to incorrect contribution rates shall be required to make their account whole.
iii. The Vatalaro formula allows a member to repay arrears in those cases where the member's retirement date is approaching and a lump sum payment would create a financial hardship.
iv. Members-in-service who are in arrears are required to repay any arrears, even if he or she is not yet on the retirement payroll. Repayment may be in a lump sum or installment plan as approved by the Trustees.
v. The Trustees retain their rights to exercise their discretionary power to waive future arrears, as enunciated in MGL ch. 32, § 20(5)(c)(3), which states, in pertinent part: "at the request of a member who has been determined to owe funds to the retirement system, the board may waive repayment or recovery of such amounts…."
b. Formula for post-retirement repayment of arrears.
i. The Trustees believe that there is a fair way to reconcile the erroneous contribution rate without unnecessarily burdening the member of the retirement system:
- The "Unmodified" retirement allowance, Annuity and Pension for the member shall be calculated as if he had made the required payment;
- The member's annuity should be recalculated based upon the actual contribution he made to the system;
- The member's "Modified" total retirement allowance will therefore be equal to the sum of the pension portion (determined as if he had contributed at the correct rate) and an annuity (determined from actual contributions); and,
- At such time as the total sum of the difference between the Modified and Unmodified pension allowances exceeds the amount the Member failed to repay the system, the Member shall receive the Unmodified allowance.
a. The Vatalaro formula is enunciated in the matter of Anthony Vatalaro vs. State Retirement Board, CR-9962 (CRAB March 16, 1987)
c. Option Selection.
i. A member who elected Option B must name the "Boston Retirement Board" as an option B beneficiary to the extent of the arrears only.
- Any net monies above and beyond the arrears will be paid to the other Option B beneficiary or beneficiaries.
- In the event the member elects Option C. the Option C beneficiary is responsible for continuing the Vatalaro repayment until the member's account is made whole.
a. Any Option C beneficiary must agree to waive that portion being collected until the account is made whole pursuant to MGL ch. 32, §90B.
If a member is in service until the school in which he is employed closes for the school year, his retirement shall not take effect earlier that (sic) 12 o'clock midnight on June 30 irrespective of any earlier date, which may be designated on his application.
13.02. Definitions. For purposes of 807 CMR 13.00, the following terms shall have the following meanings:
"Election Opportunity" shall mean the 180-day election "window" available to Transferees in G.L. c. 32, § 5(4). Said election "window" shall begin on the date when the System receives the transfer of the member's account from the other contributory retirement system.
"RetirementPlus" shall mean the enhanced superannuation retirement allowance provided for in G.L. c. 32, § 5(4). This term includes the Teachers' Alternate Retirement Program ("TARP") of the State-Boston Retirement System.
"Transferee" shall mean any member of another chapter 32 Massachusetts contributory retirement system who is transferring his or her membership to the System, or a member of the System who is transferring to another c. 32 contributory retirement system.
13.03. Refunds. (a) Any member who takes a refund of accumulated total deductions pursuant to G.L. c. 32, § 10(4) and after July 1, 2001 re-establishes membership with the System or the State-Boston Retirement System shall be a mandatory participant in RetirementPlus. Any member who takes a refund of accumulated total deductions pursuant to G.L. c. 32, § 10(4) and after July 1, 2001 re-establishes membership with another contributory retirement system, and later transfers to the System, shall be treated like any other Transferee.
13.04. Transfers In.
(a) Except as provided below, any Transferee into the System shall have an Election Opportunity.
(b) Because an election opportunity is irrevocable, any Transferee into the System who, since his/her date of membership (or re-establishment of membership after a refund), has made an election to participate or not participate in RetirementPlus (or who failed to so elect when an opportunity was available), shall not have another Election Opportunity. The rights of such a Transferee shall be governed by his or her previous election or non-election.
(c) Any Transferee into the System who is or was a mandatory participant in RetirementPlus shall not have an Election Opportunity.
13.05 Transfers Out. In transferring a Transferee's account to another contributory retirement system, the System will transfer the entire account and break out for the other retirement system the "excess" contributions over the normal retirement contribution rate.
Payment schedules for the buyback of military service credit shall be available to a member whose buyback bill exceeds $1,000.00. Payment schedules must be completed within a five-year period or before the member retires, whichever comes first. No interest shall be charged over the period of the payment schedule. The Board may extend the five-year maximum payment period upon a showing by the member that the monthly payment amount for a five-year period would create an undue hardship upon the member.


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Review Details
GXRTQ GE SmartWater Inline Filter System
Product Rating:
Product Review (submitted on January 4, 2009):
Good price - way cheaper than local appliance and home products stores!Got here quickly - and I had it installed in about 3 minutes. As it happened it fit the quick-snap installation fittings on my fridge. But it came with the hardware to adapt any in line setup to fit the filter so it would have on


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Last March Jamie Emerson and I were invited to conduct the initial route setting at new climbing gym in St. Louis. David Chancellor, along with a group of talented partners teamed up to create what I like to call an interactive art project. Climb Soill is, in my opinion in a league of its own when it comes to climbing facilities. The colors are vibrant, the building is rustic on the outside, a skeleton of an old power plant, yet the gym inside is clean. When we first entered, I felt like a young child, eager to climb on anything, only at the time there we're barely holds on the wall. Jamie and I got to work immediately with the SoIll setting crew, Yusuf, John and Doug. In two an a half days we set 12 routes and over 50 boulders. The experience was challenging, but definitely one of the most enjoyable times I've spent setting. The Chancellors were great hosts, and by the time the weekend was over, we were laughing, sharing drinks at the City Museum of St. Louis (look it up if you don't know what it is). Jamie and I left without climbing on the boulders or seeing the gym in action but satisfied with our work.
Climb Soill, A Revisit - Jon Cardwell
Fast forward six months, and I'm on the road to Atlanta, via St. Louis. Thoughts of Climb Soill linger in my head and after speaking to Dave again, we plan a return visit. It was great to visit a now familiar city. I was up early to begin setting. I figured a reset of the bouldering would be great, especially since this time we would climb on the wall. We started around 8am and finished setting around 2 with over 40 boulder problems. Chelsea and I fore-ran with the crew, who stepped up their game a huge notch, I was completely impressed by the efficiency and quality in the setting. We climbed until the late afternoon and called it at day once the gym was getting busy. It was awesome to see people enjoying our work, honestly, its the best part of my 'job' as a route setter.
Everyone was starving so we hurried out of the gym to check out a new pizza place downtown called Pi, and rounded out the evening with some famous St. Louis frozen custard....I got Reeses, as always. AMAZING. The next morning we climbed a bit to stretch out and say goodbye to the crew before continuing on our travels. I have to give a huge thanks to David and Jamie Chancellor, and also happy birthday to Jamie! And, big thanks to the awesome crew and staff at Climb Soill, you guys made the experience!
We're currently in Atlanta now. Chelsea is competing in the IFSC World Cup this weekend and we're off to the first leg of the Triple Crown.
Oh, and if you like those nice blue shoes, stay tuned!


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"When a girl becomes a mother before she becomes literate, when a woman gives birth alone and is left with a permanent disability, when a mother toils daily to feed her large family but cannot convince her husband to agree to contraception, these struggles represent suffering that can and should be avoided. They represent potential that goes unfulfilled. And they also represent an opportunity to extend critical help to women worldwide and the children who depend on them."
-- Secretary Hillary Rodham Clinton, January 2010
The President's Global Health Initiative (GHI) puts women and girls at the center of U.S. global health strategy. The GHI provides robust new funding and a strategic approach to maternal, newborn and child health, family planning and nutrition, and specifically targets barriers to health care for women and girls. Women and children face severe challenges to their health, have more limited access to quality health care, and bear a disproportionately greater share of disease, violence and mistreatment. Global rates of maternal mortality remain perilously high, with hundreds of thousands of deaths each year, and millions of women suffer from debilitating pregnancy-related injuries, diseases, and infections. More than 215 million women lack access to modern forms of contraception and are therefore unable to regulate their fertility.
The consequences of a mother's death ripple throughout her family and community. For example, when a mother dies, the chances of her child dying within 12 months increase sevenfold.
Women's and Girls' Health
Investments to improve the health and lives of women and girls will target:


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Bishops of Papua New Guinea lament pressure for abortion, sterilization
Catholic World News - May 15, 2014
The Catholic bishops of Papua New Guinea have issued a public warning against "dangerous trends" toward acceptance of abortion and sterilization.
In an open letter to government leaders, the bishops said that their relationship with the state has always been based on mutual respect, and pointed to Church-state cooperation in the fields of health, education, and social services. However, the bishops said that they are compelled to speak out on moral issues, as they have spoken in the past in opposition to capital punishment.
In that context, the bishops remarked that the country's leaders "face great pressure"—including pressure from outside the country—to end the ban on abortion in Papua New Guinea. "We pray that our leaders will never bow to this temptation," they write.
The bishops go on to decry the "political ideology that links development with population control," and the willingness to invite organizations to "temporarily sterilize great numbers of women" in order to slow population growth. That approach ignores the welfare of women, the bishops write, and fails to recognize the rich resources of the country.
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Scholarships >> Browse Articles >> Scholarship Themes
10 Scholarships for the Everyday Student
Not an all-star athlete or an A+ student? No problem -- scholarships for the everyday student!
By Kathryn Knight Randolph
March 23, 2012
ALA Viral Video Scholarship Contest
Are you a former crossing guard, fire warden or hall monitor from your school? Passionate about public safety? Or more passionate about winning a $1,500 scholarship for school? Whatever your answer, the ALA Viral Video Scholarship Contest is open to all high school and college students.
To enter, you must create and submit a viral video / public service announcement, of up to 240 seconds, on any topic covering public safety.
Deadline: March 31, 2012


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Russia works with CIS to upgrade radar
Moscow (UPI) Aug 9, 2010
Since the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union, one of the Russian Federation's biggest concerns has been to replace the Soviet Union's unified aerial radar surveillance capacities.
The goal is closer because of a recent meeting of Commonwealth of Independent States in Minsk to integrate use of the Parol', or "Password," Unified System of State Radar Identification between CIS member states.
CIS member nations include Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Turkmenistan is an unofficial associate member while Ukraine hasn't ratified the agreements and so is officially not a member.
The meetings concern the improvement and development of the CIS Joint Air Defense System.
Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine met recently to upgrade the CIS-wide radar system at a Belarus air base. The delegates reviewed and approved a draft work plan the CIS Secretariat of Council of Defense Ministers to upgrade, organize and integrate the Parol' system, which will subsequently be sent to the defense ministries of the countries of the CIS for coordination, the Russian Ministry of Defense newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda reported Monday.
CIS Council of Defense Ministers Secretary Aleksandr Sinaisky, said, "The formation and development of various unified military systems have been some of the most important areas in the activities of the Council of Defense Ministers of the CIS.
"It should be mentioned that the Agreement on the Provision of Radar Identification of Objects Equipped with Parol' Aircraft Identification Systems was among the first documents approved by heads of the governments of the states in the post-Soviet zone in 1992. And this is logical since the reliable identification of aerial, ground-based, and sea-based objects is in integral component of the provision of reliable security for the borders of any state, not to mention the special capability of the system.
"Correspondingly, the following were elaborated and approved by the Council of Defense Ministers of the CIS: Instructions for the identification of aerial, sea-based, and ground objects in the armed forces of the states-participants of the CIS; a training manual for the organization of the use of the Parol' system; and a technique for the preparation and conducting of evaluations of the equipment of the Parol' identification system."
Regarding upgrades to the Russian Federation's air defense upgrades, Russian air force Col. Gen. Alexander Zelin told journalists that Russia's S-500 air defense missile system, its most advanced, will shortly be deployed, commenting, "In the coming years, the Russian air force will be equipped with the latest S-500 and S-400 air defense missile systems.
"By 2020, we will have purchased a significant number of these systems. We are talking about five air defense missile regiments, with S-400 and S-500 systems in their arsenals, and about a quite large number of those systems. All of the plans that were proposed by us were reviewed and approved, since the development of air defense, aerospace defense, and missile defense is a priority in the construction of the armed forces of Russia."
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Farnborough, United Kingdom (AFP) July 20, 2010
The Eurofighter consortium said here on Tuesday that it would begin development of a cutting-edge radar system for its Typhoon combat jet, meeting a key Indian demand. The AESA (Active Electronically Scanned Array) radar, unique for its low detection and high resistance to hostile jamming, is set to enter service in 2015, the consortium said at the Farnborough International Airshow near Lond ... read more
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Many words of programming wisdom have been written to promote the idea of low coupling between modules. "Prefer delegation over inheritance", "The Law of Demeter" are examples of these words of advice. But why does delegation introduce less coupling then inheritance. And how does the law of Demeter reduce coupling? To understand these issues, we will look at the concept of "connascence" how it appears to unify many different design principles under an overall view of coupling. We will also talk about oatmeal and physics.
Mahalo to ThinkTech Hawaii (thinktechhawaii.com) and Panopto (panopto.com) for their video recording services.
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Incidence of Neo-Aortic Insufficiency
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
The records of all the patients that underwent the Norwood-Sano operation at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2004 will be investigated. These patients will be compared with an equal number of consecutive cases treated by classic Norwood stage I operation in order to determine the incidence of neo-aortic valve insufficiency and the clinical outcome of these patients.
Congenital Disorders
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Observational Model: Defined Population
Time Perspective: Longitudinal
|Official Title:
|Comparison of the Incidence of Neo-Aortic Insufficiency After Classic Norwood I and Norwood I-Sano Procedures
|Study Start Date:
|January 2002
Neoaortic valve insufficiency after Norwood type palliation of single ventricle patients has not been well studied. Patients with mild insufficiency tolerate it well; moderate to severe insufficiency however is poorly tolerated and can result in the death of the patient or at least require re-operation. Re-operation for neo-aortic insufficiency in this small size child is a difficult operation and the operative options are very limited. The introduction of the Sano modification of the Norwood procedure introduced a new set of variables due to the presence of a ventricular incision and possible distortion of the neo-aortic valve. It is therefore critical to determine the incidence of neo-aortic insufficiency and compare it to the standard Norwood operation, as well as to determine the clinical consequences of the presence of this phenomenon immediately postoperatively as well as long-term, up to completion of the stage II of the Norwood procedure (Glenn stage).
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|up to 21 Years
|Genders Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- patients undergone Norwood-Sano at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta between 9.2.2002 and 12.31.2004
- equal number of consecutive patients undergone Norwood classic stage I at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta between 9.2.2002 and 12.31.2004
Exclusion Criteria:
- those who do not meet the inclusion criteria
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00268073
|United States, Georgia
|Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
|Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30322
|Principal Investigator:
|Kirk R Kanter, MD
|Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
No publications provided
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00268073 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|December 20, 2005
|Last Updated:
|May 3, 2007
|Health Authority:
|United States: Food and Drug Administration
Keywords provided by Children's Healthcare of Atlanta:
neo-aortic insufficience
Norwood standard Stage I procedure
Norwood Sano procedure
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
Cardiovascular Diseases
Heart Diseases
Heart Valve Diseases
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on October 09, 2015


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Environmental Assessment
Metal Finishing Facility Risk Screening Tool (MFFRST): Technical Documentation and User's Guide
Archive disclaimer
Archived files are provided for reference purposes only. The file was current when produced, but is no longer maintained and may now be outdated. Persons with disabilities having difficulty accessing archived files may contact the NCEA Webmaster for assistance. Please visit http://epa.gov/ncea to access current information.
Report Information
The model MFFRST, short for Metal Finishing Facility Risk Screening Tool, is a user-friendly pc-based computer tool which allows an individual to evaluate the potential exposures and health risks to workers and nearby residents from emissions from individual metal finishing facilities. .
Emissions into the air (from stacks to the outdoor environment and fugitive emissions from indoor sources) from routine operations are the only emissions considered in MFFRST at the present time. Efforts are underway to evaluate the feasibility of incorporating other waste streams, water and sludge, into MFFRST. Also, only inhalation exposures from air emissions are evaluated, not other potential exposure pathways from airborne emissions such as dermal contact, soil impacts (from deposition), and food chain impacts. As the name implies, this is a "screening" tool, and as such, its development has followed these principals: 1) the computer interface must be user-friendly, 2) the data needs are manageable and sufficient guidance for all model parameters should be provided either in the accompanying documentation or attached data bases, and 3) the results are purposively conservative such that, if assessments show an insignificant potential human health risk, the user can feel confident of that judgement. On the other hand, if the results suggest a potential concern, the user should not consider these as definitive and should consider additional assessment efforts including: refinement of assumptions in the use of MFFRST, the use of more refined and sophisticated modeling, monitoring to evaluate actual air concentrations, or other measures.
Additional Information
- (195 pp, 3 MB, about PDF)


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Welcome Back!
This years Mystery Photo Contest is going to be our best one yet.
So let's get right into it.
Where is this photo taken?
Know where this picture is taken?
Then COMMENT on this post and tell me the address.
If you're right, you will put into a drawing for this week's prize.
What's the prize???
$25 Gift Certificate to NadoLife Restaurants.
This is a wonderful gift because you can use it at ANY of their amazing restaurants on the island.
They have Village Pizzeria, MooTime Creamery, Lil' Piggy's BBQ, or Leroys.
All great choices...how do you choose?
So get out there and find this gorgeous gate. It's somewhere on the island.
Good Luck and Thanks for playing.
Tonights Concert In The Park starts at 6:00 pm in Spreckles Park and the Coronado Community Concert Band is playing. See you there!
Views: 384
This is tough - I love it, but have no idea!!
Don't worry...just get on your bike and start riding around...You'll find it. And this gate is so gorgeous, it will be worth it.
905 Margarita Avenue. That is one neat gate!
Comment (keep it clean & on topic)