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How can I tell my family I'm pregnant?
My family is extremely Catholic, and my relatives aren't thrilled that my fiance and I are living together before our wedding. Now I'm pregnant, and I'm scared to tell them. What should I do?
Posted: 01/06/2004 by a BabyCenter Member
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Jennifer--the tiny fact that your family is catholic shouldn't way into how you live your life. If they are good "christians", they willlove you no matter what. Tell your parents as soon as possible that you and your fiance are expecting a child. the sooner the news sinks in the better. your parents will soon realize that not only are you pregnant with a child, but you are pregnant with their grandchild!! and besides, seeing a newborn baby is just enough to melt anyone's heart---even your folks and family.posted 01/11/2004 by alohareign
They're going to find out that you're pregnant sooner or later, aren't they? You are planning on marrying your fiance... I'd say just try to get it done before the baby's born. Yes, they're Catholic and yes, they'll be pissed. They're just going to have to get over the fact that the clock cannot be turned back. They can either get over it or not, as is their choice. I'm thinking that they love you and (apart from the living together thing) they approve of your fiance. They will therefore, I'm assuming, love the grandchild that is on the way. If they don't... well... I'm a bit of a pig-head about that. If my parents couldn't love me enough to forgive me for poor judgement--screw 'em.posted 01/11/2004 by BabyElShami
If you won't be showing by the wedding day, tell everyone after. Also, you may want to find the courage of anyone who is very close to you will be seriously hurt by not being told, but never tell in your first tri, anyway. The risk of mis-carrage is so high, so why have them react to the news so early. This way, if anyone decides to be hurtful, at least they can't ruin the wedding. But they'll probably be kinder than you think, after all, the three of you will be a family, not an unwed mother. IF you will be showing, or if the wedding is after the baby will be born. Tell them at the beggining of the second tri, so they have lot's of time to deal with their emotions get happy for you in time for both special days. If anyone is cruel remind them that it is their niece/grandson/ect, they are talking about, not just you and your fiance. (If you will only be showing a bit, the right dress will make all the difference.) I am in the exact same situation as you, except I am marrying a methodist, so nothing I do can top that.posted 01/11/2004 by SweetbabyMelissa
Your family is upset about you living with your fiance because you aren't living up to what they consider to be reasonable expectations. Unless you move out of the country and change your name, they will eventually find out that you are pregnant. Lying to them about it can only damage their trust in you more. Take a deep breath, remember that you already know their beliefs on sex outside of marriage, have reasonable expectations about their reactions (they will be disappointed or angry or hurt or judgemental, etc.), and just tell them the truth. You must respect and love your family (otherwise you wouldn't care what they think), so give them a chance to express themselves, and then let them know that you love them and want them involved in this baby's life. Don't try any of that pretending-the-baby-was-just-born-really-early nonsense. They will never be sure if they can trust you again if you hold to a lie.posted 01/11/2004 by :)Naomi'sMom
What's the worst that could happen? Really. Do you think they will disown you? I doubt that, if they are good people of God they will forgive you for what they see is immoral. You are planning on marrying the father anyway. They may push you to move the wedding up, but that is really up to you and your fiance. Congratulations all the same!posted 01/11/2004 by Critter74
Hey girl I know what you mean, to tell you the truth my situation is a little similar to yours. I"m pregnant, not living with my boyfriend, not engaged, trying to work things out with him as far as commitment, I haven't told my parents, they are catholic religious as well. I will be telling them in 2 days and I'm nervous like crazy girl. Word of advice at first I wasn't going to keep the baby but things happen for a reason, your engaged and all what more do you want plus the baby will good for you and your finance. I think you should keep your baby have it and get married after. Who cares what anybody thinks or says. We dissapoint our parents once in a while well yea all the time but they will always love us. I am 23 years old and I am going to graduate from school atleast I can have that to back me up. You have your finance your living with him already you should be fine. GOod luck!posted 01/11/2004 by a BabyCenter Member
A child is a precious gift, and if they can't get past their own personal feelings about your personal life, then they will be missing out on the best thing in the world. I was in the same boat-we weren't married yet, and found out we were pregnant. I was terrified to tell my dad, but when I did; he was more concerned with my health, as well as the baby's health to be angry. Although I'm sure he wasn't thrilled that his unmarried daughter was pregnant, but he saw past that and immediatly fell in love with the fact that we were bringing his first grandchild into the world. If they get mad, they get mad. If not, then great. All that matters is that you and your fiance are happy and that you keep yourself healthy and strong-for your sake and the baby's. You'll be okay. :)posted 01/11/2004 by a BabyCenter Member
If your wedding is soon enough, it may not be necessary to tell them in advance. A lot of people (myself included) wait until the end of the 1st trimester to announce the pregnancy anyway. Then after the wedding you can tell them the good news along with your due date. If they do the math and are scandalized, so be it. Once the baby's here, no one will dwell on when he/she was conceived. I think that they will just be happy that you did get married before the child was born. But, if your wedding is going to be after the birth, you really don't have any choice--You'll have to tell them and they will probably be upset, but again, if they know that you are marrying soon, it should help alleviate the tension. Don't let judgemental relatives undermine the joys of your pregnancy. Enjoy it!posted 01/11/2004 by a BabyCenter Member
I think you should go ahead and tell them, they're going to find out sooner or later and if you tell them later, they will probably be mad that you didn't tell them when you first found out. i'm sure your parents will get over it. i'm 19 years old and when i told my parents they weren't very happy but now that i'm almost due, they are very excited!. i'm married but that doesn't mean that my parents wanted me to get pregnant that fast, but now that i'am, they are very happy. i think you should tell your parents and stop worrying about it because all that stress is not good for you. the moment you find out you're pregnant, you and your child are what you should be worried about, nothing else matters!. hope this helps! take care and good luck! relax!posted 01/11/2004 by tonysgirl5
Morally, it may be wrong in their eyes, but if they love you, they will give you the love and support that you need during this time. If you want to talk about timing, my sister became pregnant, bought a house with her man, had the baby and then got married -- his family was Catholic and couldn't have been happier they were having another grandbaby. They did it all out of "order" in some people's eyes, but in hers it felt right and good and she went with her heart. You can respect their belief and that what they think is "morally right" but in the end, you have to do what is right for you and your partner. Living by the organized institution of their belief may not be for you... if religion teaches you one thing it should be tolerance of other's beliefs. :) And in the end...if they don't like it.. you can say, well you're a Christian -- forgive me. What are they going to say? Sorry that was tacky....posted 01/11/2004 by Aprilrd72
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Strike a Pose
She's on top, then through a series of moves, she turns around while he's still inside her and ends up facing the opposite way. So she starts by riding him, rodeo-style. Then, using her hands to steady herself, lifts one leg over her body and begins to turn sideways. She continues rotating, stopping at intervals for a few thrusts, until she's facing away.
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Predictors of Caregiver Adaptation to Pervasive Developmental Disorders
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- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
This study will explore predictors of how caregivers might adapt to children diagnosed with a pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), including autism, Asperger s syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, Rett s disorder or other not specified PDD. PDD presents particular challenges for caregivers because of the communication and socialization challenges of affected children and because of the uncertainty surrounding the cause, prognosis and recurrence risks.
People 18 years of age or older who are the primary caregiver for a child diagnosed with a PDD may be eligible for this study. Participants fill out a survey, either online or in hard copy, that includes information in the following categories:
- How being a caregiver for a child with a PDD has impacted the caregiver.
- How much control the caregiver feels that he or she or others have over certain aspects of their child s PDD.
- What the caregiver thinks caused the child s PDD.
- What coping techniques the caregiver uses in caring for a child with a PDD.
- How uncertain the caregiver feels about his or her child s PDD.
- What the caregiver feels about him- or herself as a caregiver of a child with a PDD.
- General questions about the caregiver, his or her family and the child with a PDD.
Asperger's Syndrome
Rett's Disorder
|Study Type:
|Official Title:
|Understanding Caregiver Adaptation to Pervasive Developmental Disorders
|Estimated Enrollment:
|Study Start Date:
|June 2007
This study aims to understand the predictors of adaptation among primary caregivers of children with a pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). PDD presents particular challenges for caregivers because of the communication and socialization challenges of affected children, as well as the uncertainty surrounding the cause, prognosis and recurrence risks. The literature suggests that these challenges may make the process of adapting to having a child with a PDD different than it is for other chronic conditions. This study of caregivers is based on Lazarus and Folkman s Transactional Model of Stress and Coping. A cross-sectional design will be used to investigate the relationships among causal attributions, control perceptions, coping and adaptation. Caregivers will be recruited from support groups, listservs and magazines targeted to autism and other PDDs. Participants will be asked to complete either a web-based or paper survey. The main outcome measure is psychological adaptation to caregiving a child with PDD.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|18 Years and older
|Genders Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Must be 18 or older and the primary caregiver for a child with one of the five diagnosis categorized as a pervasive developmental disorder.
May not be younger than 18 years of age.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00496210
|United States, Maryland
|National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), 9000 Rockville Pike
|Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892
|Principal Investigator:
|Barbara B Biesecker
|National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
|Responsible Party:
|National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (CC) ( National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) )
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00496210 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|July 3, 2007
|Last Updated:
|January 24, 2015
|Health Authority:
|United States: Federal Government
Keywords provided by National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (CC):
Pervasive Developmental Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Caregiver Adaptation
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Asperger Syndrome
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive
Developmental Disabilities
Mental Disorders
Mental Disorders Diagnosed in Childhood
Pathologic Processes
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on October 13, 2015


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English, August: An Indian Storyby Upamanyu Chatterjee
Synopses & ReviewsPlease note that used books may not include additional media (study guides, CDs, DVDs, solutions manuals, etc.) as described in the publisher comments.
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Agastya Sen, the hero of English, August, is a child of the Indian elite. His father is the governor of Bengal. His friends go to Yale and Harvard. He himself has secured a position in the most prestigious and exclusive of Indian government agencies, the IAS.
Agastya's first assignment is to the town of Madna, buried deep in the provinces. There he meets a range of eccentrics worthy of a novel by Evelyn Waugh.
Agastya himself smokes a lot of pot and drinks a lot of beer, finds ingenious excuses to shirk work, loses himself in sexual fantasies about his boss's wife, and makes caustic asides to coworkers and friends. And yet he is as impatient with his own restlessness as he is with anything else.
Agastya's effort to figure out a place in the world is faltering and fraught with comic missteps. Chatterjee's novel, an Indian Catcher in the Rye with a wild humor and lyricism that are all its own, is at once spiritual quest and a comic revue. It offers a glimpse an Indian reality that proves no less compelling than the magic realism of Salman Rushdie and Arundhati Roy.
"There are two favorite themes in comic fiction, each the obverse of the other: The good-hearted innocent or Noble Savage who unexpectedly finds himself in the dazzling big city and the urban sophisticate somehow trapped among provincial hicks. On the one hand, 'Candide,' on the other, 'Cold Comfort Farm.' In both cases, the humor arises from incongruity and dislocation, as if a Martian were observing... Washington Post Book Review (read the entire Washington Post review) the strange ways of humans. Besides making us laugh (no small thing in itself), such novels compel us to think twice about our own social preconceptions and pretensions. Certainly, this is true of 'English, August,' Upamanyu Chatterjee's affectionate yet unsparing slacker view of modern India. When the pot-smoking, New Delhi-bred, directionless 24-year-old Agastya Sen joins the elite Indian Administrative Service he is posted to Madna, 'the hottest place in India.' While being driven through the town, Agastya looks out at his new home with the eyes of a blase, slightly stoned Gen-Xer: 'On their left was some kind of pond, with thick green water and the heads of contented buffalo. Scores of people, sitting on their haunches, smoking, wandering, gazing at anything moving or at other people. Most were in white dhoti, kurta and Gandhi cap (or was it Nehru cap? wondered Agastya. No, Gandhi cap and Nehru jacket. Or Gandhi jacket and Nehru cap? And Patel vest? And Mountbatten lungi and Rajaji shawl and Tagore dhoti?), some had towels over their heads.' To Agastya — known to his friends as August, or sometimes English — he has been sentenced to the back of beyond. Seemingly overwhelmed by the heat, this slow-moving novel goes on to describe Madna's petty officials, the pretensions and daydreams of its citizens, endless governmental meetings, hilarious dinner parties, much drunkenness and boredom and bureaucracy. To amuse himself when he meets the locals, Agastya makes up stories about his past: He confides to the District Inspector of Land Records that his (nonexistent) wife is a Norwegian Muslim and that his 'parents were in Antarctica, members of the first Indian expedition. Yes, even his mother, she had a Ph.D. in Oceanography from the Sorbonne.' To the superintendent of police he casually lets slip that last summer he had climbed Mount Everest. The food everywhere seems inedible. At one meeting at Gandhi Hall he is handed a plate. 'On it were laddus, samosas and green chutney. He could almost hear the chutney say, Hi, my name is cholera, what's yours?' Refusing the food, he explains to the waiter, '"I can't eat anything today. My mother died today." The man looked puzzled. ... "I mean, this is the anniversary of my mother's death, and I fast." For a moment he contemplated adding, "In penance, because I killed her."' In Madna everything is broken or stolen, mosquitoes swarm over one's body, people defecate in the streets. As the days pass, Agastya drifts, dodging his social obligations as he does his office duties. Self-pitying and not especially likable, he nonetheless reveals a sharp eye and ready wit. He neatly sums up his father, a distinguished government minister: 'Life for him was a serious, rather noble business, a blend of Marcus Aurelius and the Reader's Digest.' When asked about his major in college, Agastya truthfully answers, '"English, sir," ... and wished that it had been something more respectable, Physics or Economics or Mathematics or Law, a subject that at least sounded as though one had to study for its exams.' The notoriously sexy walls of Indian temples, he notes disingenuously, 'were covered with intricately carved figures of different sizes, all of whom seemed to be having a good time.' Most novels progress, but this one simply chronicles an ongoing anomie and spiritual restlessness. When an elderly acquaintance urges marriage to his granddaughter, Agastya quickly refuses. 'Eventually, he knew, he would marry, perhaps not out of passion, but out of convention, which was probably a safer thing. And then in either case, in a few months or years they would tire of disagreeing with each other, or what was more or less the same thing, would be inured to each other's odd and perhaps disgusting ways, the way she squeezed the tube of toothpaste and the way he drank from a glass and didn't rinse it, and they would slide into a placid and comfortable unhappiness, and maybe unseeingly watch TV every evening, each still a cocoon, but perhaps it would be unwise to be otherwise.' Born in 1959, Upamanyu Chatterjee himself served in the Indian Administrative Service, and clearly knows both its ways and the disconnect felt between young Indians and their past. Agastya and his city friends are drawn to, yet troubled by, the growing dominion of Western culture; they treat their religious and cultural traditions with nonchalance or disdain; sometimes they praise the British Raj, and sometimes they denounce it. When first published in 1988, 'English, August' became a best-seller and has since been likened to John Kennedy Toole's 'A Confederacy of Dunces' and J.D. Salinger's 'The Catcher in the Rye.' With some justice too, though it isn't quite as funny or brilliantly written as either. Chatterjee, though, excels in his descriptions of Indian life. These aren't always comic. There's a scene in which mothers tie ropes to their small children and lower them into nearly dried-out wells so that they can bring up buckets of muddy water. One official's elegant wife casually blames the servant when her spoiled child viciously takes a bite out of the poor man. Rural 'tribals' revenge themselves on an adulterer by chopping off his arms. While the laid-back Agastya may feel out of place in Madna, the American reader soon feels grateful for the chance to visit a world by turns so familiar and exotic (and thankful for the glossary of Indian words at the back of the book). For this we must honor New York Review Books, which specializes in reprinting well-chosen fiction and nonfiction from around the world. Unlike many of the other Indian writers we read these days — Salman Rushdie, Bharati Mukherjee, Rohinton Mistry, Shashi Tharoor — Upamanyu Chatterjee has remained in India, where he, surprisingly, still works as a civil servant and writes novels on the side, most recently 'The Mammaries of the Welfare State' and 'Weight Loss.' He's a writer worth discovering, and 'English, August' is the place to start. Michael Dirda is a critic for The Washington Post Book World. His e-mail address is mdirda(at)gmail.com, and his online discussion of books takes place each Wednesday at 2 p.m. on washingtonpost.com." Reviewed by Michael Dirda, Washington Post Book World (Copyright 2006 Washington Post Book World Service/Washington Post Writers Group)
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"[Chatterjee's] book displays a world rarely seen in modern Indian writing, revealing a detailed knowledge of the heartland that can result only from personal experience....[A] classic." New York Times
"It is hard to believe that it has taken this book so long to reach American readers, but once they finish it, they will agree it was well worth the wait. A contribution not just to Indian literature but to world literature." Library Journal
Published for the first time in the United States, a satirical look at Indian society by an internationally acclaimed writer.
Agastya Sen, known to friends by the English name August, is a child of the Indian elite. His friends go to Yale and Harvard. August himself has just landed a prize government job. The job takes him to Madna, "the hottest town in India," deep in the sticks. There he finds himself surrounded by incompetents and cranks, time wasters, bureaucrats, and crazies. What to do? Get stoned, shirk work, collapse in the heat, stare at the ceiling. Dealing with the locals turns out to be a lot easier for August than living with himself. English, August is a comic masterpiece from contemporary India. Like A Confederacy of Dunces and The Catcher in the Rye, it is both an inspired and hilarious satire and a timeless story of self-discovery.
About the Author
Born in India, Upamanyu Chatterjee attended St. Stephen's College in Delhi. He joined the Indian Administrative Service in 1983, later moving to the United Kingdom to serve as the Writer in Residence at the University of Kent. A writer of short stories and novels, he was appointed Director of Languages in the Ministry of Human Resource Development for the Indian government.
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text: Learn About Long-Term Care By Gene Hetland September 27, 2013 South Dakotans have an opportunity in the coming months to learn about long-term care. The State Department of Social Services says the educational sessions will also focus on the Long-Term Care Partnership Program... Read More|Comment Category: Articles Tags: Health Care, Long-term care, SD Department of Social Services Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


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Surge In Health-Care Spending
June 13, 2014
Yevgeniy Feyman
In a revised estimate of gross domestic product, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) recently announced that the economy actually contracted by 1 percent in the first quarter of 2014. This comes as no great surprise: Output growth, after all, tends to slow during winter months, inventories accumulate due to harsh weather, and private investment falls.
But there's more to these numbers than mere bad weather.
When BEA released its "advance" estimates last month, which showed real GDP growth at 0.1 percent, one particular number stoked the health-care blogosphere into a frenzy:
The eye-popping annualized, inflation-adjusted 9.9 percent surge in health-care spending (specifically, personal consumption expenditures).
At the time, this represented a major category keeping GDP growth positive, contributing 1.1 percentage points to economic output. And if true and sustained, such spending growth could foreshadow the end of American health care's period of "Great Moderation," the era of low cost growth we've seen for some years.
Do such developments portend a return to high medical cost growth? Perhaps, for unless the Affordable Care Act's (ACA) cost-control measures work unexpected miracles, a return to (at least moderately) high cost growth seems inevitable.
Dissect the stunning 9.9 percent figure and other insights emerge.
For one, increased spending was to be expected, since the ACA rollout expanded the number of individuals with insurance. A recent report from the Altarum Institute also estimated that from February 2013 to February 2014, health-care spending grew nearly 7 percent (significantly higher than its estimates for prior years).
If the spending uptick was caused by the newly insured using services appropriately, rather than from price inflation (medical cost growth has remained very low), then this would be far from a bad thing.
That said, there were also reasons to think the 9.9 percent figure was overstating the real increase.
First, advance BEA estimates are routinely revised downward. Second, as former Office of Management and Budget director Peter Orszag pointed out, for these numbers to hold water, productivity in the health-care sector - as employment in health care didn't see a similar jump - would have had to more than double over just a few quarters.
Do the revised numbers confirm such predictions?
Health-care spending was indeed down, though not significantly: Real, annualized health-care outlays grew 9.1 percent, still well above the estimates by Altarum (7 percent) and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Service (6.1 percent).
Still, drawing face-value conclusions would, once again, be misleading. Another revision is expected in late June; this one will likely push down the health-care number further still (likely pushing down GDP in the process, too).
But there is also at least one important quirk in the data suggesting that even if the number remains high, it may not signal a change in trend, but rather a one-off increase.
Among those who obtained insurance on ACA exchanges, 6.7 million were deemed eligible for Medicaid coverage. Yet unlike those with private coverage, the way that spending gets counted for this latter group doesn't completely represent utilization per se.
Many (if not most) of the newly covered Medicaid beneficiaries will receive care through "managed Medicaid" - typically private HMOs paid by states and the feds to provide care to the Medicaid population. Generally, these plans are paid a per-member-per-month (PMPM) "capitated" rate: a flat payment, per enrollee, to manage care for beneficiaries, thereby transferring risk away from the state to the insurer.
Here's the kicker: When health plans receive these payments, the dollars are immediately counted as part of health-care personal consumption expenditures, regardless of whether any services are used. This means it is possible, and even likely, that at least some of the observed increase in utilization is being driven by new enrollees who are not receiving medical care. The relatively stagnant health-care workforce (1.4 percent growth March 2013 to March 2014), stable hours, and low inflation make it ever more plausible that the increase in "utilization" may not, in fact, stem from an actual increase in utilization. Other factors also bode well for the health-care slowdown. For instance, Medicare cost growth, which is more insulated from economic effects, continues to crawl at historic lows.
Of course, all this does not preclude a return to high cost growth going forward. Indeed, it has only been for the past decade or so that the gap between medical and general inflation growth has narrowed.
As the economy continues recovering, the Fed will raise rates. Inflation expectations will climb. And, as people start actually using their newly minted ACA plans, either hours or the workforce must expand - with prices likely to follow. While the ACA's cost-control measures may work, don't bet on a continued great moderation of U.S. health-care costs.
Original Source: http://www.philly.com/philly/opinion/inquirer/20140613_Surge_in_health-care_spending.html
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Path ran into some trouble a while ago for uploading phone contacts without asking for permission. It apologized for it and that was that, but the fiasco invited further scrutiny, scrutiny which in turn led to an $800,000, €585,000 settlement with the FTC over allowing kids younger than 13 to use the service.
Under US law, kids under 13 years old can't sign up for pretty much any service.
Technically they can, but there are some strict requirements which none of the big websites, Facebook, Google and everyone in between, wants to deal with.
That's not to say there aren't kids using Facebook or Gmail, it's just that these companies explicitly forbid it and put some stops in place to prevent it.
But Path didn't, it not only allowed kids to sign up, it collected their personal data, which it would have to do for it to work, without the consent of their parents, which is what got it into trouble.
"As you may know, we ask users' their birthdays during the process of creating an account. However, there was a period of time where our system was not automatically rejecting people who indicated that they were under 13," Path explained.
"Before the FTC reached out to us, we discovered and fixed this sign-up process qualification, and took further action by suspending any under age accounts that had mistakenly been allowed to be created," it said.
It settled with the FTC, but it will have to undergo privacy audits for the next 20 years. Yet, in what couldn't have been worst timing, Path is now the center of yet another privacy problem.
It turns out that, even if users disable location tracking, the app still posts location info extracted from metadata in photos. It vowed to fix this though and an updated app is already available.


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A close association between Sst I polymorphism in the 3' untranslated region of the apolipoproteinC3 (APOC3) gene and levels of plasma triglycerides (TG) had been reported by different investigators. Hypertriglyceridemia(HTG) is a known risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) in the context of Asian Indians. We conducted a study on the relationship between APOC3 SstI polymorphism (S1S1, S1S2 and S2S2 genotypes) and plasma TG levels in a group of 139 male healthy volunteers from Northern India.
DNA samples were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by SstI digestion. Digested PCR products were run on 3% agarose gel and visualized by ethidium bromide staining.
Rare S2 allele was highly prevalent in our study population (0.313) as compared to the Caucasians (0.00–0.11). The genotypic distribution was in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. S2 allele was almost two times more prevalent in the HTG group (N = 34) as compared to NTG group (N = 105) (p = 0.001). Multiple logistic regression revealed S1S2 individuals had age-adjusted odds ratio of 2.43 (95%CI = 0.99–6.01, p = 0.054) and S2S2 had 9.9 (95%CI = 2.66–37.29, p = 0.0006) for developing HTG in comparison to S1S1 genotype.
Our study shows a significant association between rare S2 allele and HTG in Asian Indians.
Apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII protein; APOC3 gene) is a 79 amino acids long glycoprotein that is synthesized predominantly in the liver and to a lesser degree in the intestine [1]. It is present on very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) and chylomicron remnants; and to some extent on high density lipoproteins (HDLs) [1]. Although the precise function of apoCIII is not clearly understood, several lines of evidence suggest its involvement in the regulation of triglyceride (TG) levels. In vitro, apoCIII inhibits lipoprotein lipase (LPL), a rate-limiting enzyme for TG hydrolysis, resulting in the delayed catabolism of TG-rich particles [2]. Furthermore, it also decreases apoE-mediated remnant removal by displacement of apoE from the VLDL particles in vivo [3,4]. Additional copies of human APOC3 gene in transgenic mice were associated with hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) [5], whereas the absence of the gene in knock out mice leads to reduced TG [6].
APOC3 gene has been mapped on the long arm of chromosome11, closely linked to the APOA4 and APOA1 genes [7]. A transversion from C to G in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of exon 4 in the APOC3 gene results in an SstI polymorphism. Several studies have suggested a close association between rare S2 allele of SstI polymorphism and elevated TG levels [8-24] and apoCIII levels [22-25]. However, few other studies have shown contradictory results [26-31].
We have investigated the association of APOC3 SstI polymorphism with TG levels in a group of healthy volunteers from Northern India; considering the high prevalence of CAD in Asian Indians, HTG as one of the underlining risk factors in the progression of coronary atherosclerosis [32] and no information available on Asian Indians in this context.
The characteristics of the NTG and HTG groups are shown in Table 1. There was no significant difference in the mean age between the two groups (p = 0.748). TC (p = 0.0001) and TG levels (p < 0.0001) were significantly higher in the HTG group as compared to the NTG group. There was no significant difference in LDL, HDL and LDL/HDL ratio.
Table 1. Characteristics of the NTG and HTG group
The genotypic and allelic distribution of APOC3 polymorphism in the study population is shown in Table 2. No significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed in the study population. The frequency of the S2 allele in the study population was 0.313 (Table 2). The 95% CI of the allele frequency is also presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Frequency distribution of various genotypes and alleles of APOC3 SstI polymorphism in the study population *
To determine the association of APOC3 SstI polymorphism with TG levels, the study population was divided into NTG and HTG groups. Out of 139 individuals, 34 subjects (24.46%) were in HTG group i.e. TG levels beyond 1.921 mmol/L. Table 3 summarize the distribution of various genotypes and alleles of APOC3 polymorphism between the NTG and HTG groups. The 95% CI of the allele frequencies is also presented in Table 3. No significant difference was observed between the expected and observed genotype frequencies of the two groups (NTG: Chi square = 0.9852, df = 1, p = 0.3209 and HTG: Chi square = 0.000, df = 1 and p = 0.9960; in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium). There was a significant difference in the genotypic distribution between the NTG and HTG groups as shown in Table 3 (Chi square = 14.019, df = 2, p = 0.001). S1S1 genotype was more frequent in the NTG group as compared to the HTG group (53.3% vs. 26.5%). Conversely, S2S2 genotype was almost five times more prevalent in the HTG group as compared to the NTG group (23.5% vs. 4.8%). However, not much difference was observed in the S1S2 frequency between the two groups (HTG: 50% vs. NTG: 41.9%). In totality, 73.5% of HTG group (25/34) were S2 carriers out of which 32% individuals (i.e. 8/25) were S2 homozygotes. Comparatively, NTG group had 46.7%(49/105) S2 carriers, of which only 10.2%(5/49) were S2 homozygotes. Consequently, S2 allele was almost two times more frequent in the HTG group compared to the NTG group (p = 0.001) as shown in Table 3.
Table 3. APOC3 SstI polymorphism and triglyceride levels
Logistic analysis revealed a significant association of APOC3 S2 allele with hypertriglyceridemia (Table 3). The crude Odds ratio (OR) for S1S2 genotype (in comparison to S1S1 genotype) was found to be 2.4 (95%CI: 0.98–5.90), which was towards significance (p= 0.056) and did not change much after adjusting for age (OR= 2.43, 95% CI = 0.99–6.01, p= 0.054). The crude OR for S2S2 to develop HTG (in comparison to S1S1) was found to be 9.95 (95% CI: 2.66–37.29, p = 0.0006), which was highly significant and remained significant even after adjusting for age (OR = 9.90, 95%CI = 2.64–37.12, p = 0.0007). In totality, S2 carriers had a crude OR of 3.17 to develop HTG (95%CI = 1.35–7.45, p = 0.008) and 3.22 (95% CI = 1.37–7.60, p= 0.007) after age adjustment.
The intergenotypic variations in lipid profile in the HTG, NTG and total subjects are shown in Table 4. TG was significantly different among various genotypes in the HTG (p = 0.015, log TG: p = 0.015), the total subjects (p < 0.0001) and insignificant in the NTG group (p = 0.114, logTG: p = 0.137). In particular, the S2S2 individuals were associated with highest concentration of TG followed by S1S2 and then by S1S1 in HTG group & total study population. No significant differences were observed in TC, LDL, HDL and LDL/HDL ratio in any of the study group (Table 4).
Table 4. Intergenotypic variation in the lipid profile in NTG group, HTG group and total study population
ApoCIII provides a strong negative charge on the surface of lipoproteins preventing nonspecific interactions with cell surfaces [33] and perhaps with other lipoproteins. This may serve the function of reducing futile cycles in TG transport by preserving the particles for high affinity interactions such as with lipoprotein lipase or specific cell surface receptors e.g., such as those binding to apoE or apoB. Plasma concentrations of apoC-III in human populations correlate well with TG levels [16,34]. In vivo apoCIII modulates the postprandial management of the TG [6] and inhibits the hepatic uptake of VLDL remnants [35]. The genetically determined deficiency of apoCIII in humans has been shown to increase the rate of TG clearance from plasma by 6- to 7-fold [36]. A similar enhancement of TG clearance was observed in mice made apoCIII deficient by gene knockout experiments [6]. Overexpression of apoCIII produces hypertriglyceridemia in transgenic mouse models via inhibition of clearance of TG-rich particles [4]. It is now clear that normal physiological systems responsible for TG transport are partially determined by the plasma content of apoCIII. Although it is not clear how this protein contributes to the familial hypertriglyceridemic syndromes, recent studies have found that two classes of drugs that are effective in lowering plasma TG in these patients act through suppression of APOC3 gene transcription in rodents [37,38].
The human APOC3 gene expression is controlled by positive and negative elements that are spread through out the APOA1-C3-A4 gene cluster on the long arm of chromosome 11 [39]. Various restriction fragment length polymorphisms in and around the human APOC3 gene have been associated with hypertriglyceridemia in several distinct populations [40]. The present study on SstI polymorphism was carried out on a random sample of 139 individuals inhabiting plains of Northern part of India. The genotypic distribution was in good agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Our study revealed a higher frequency of rare S2 allele (0.313) than observed for most of the Caucasians (0.00–0.11) [8-13,18,21,26] but within the same range as reported for different non Caucasian populations (0.15–0.39) [14-17,20,28-31]. Earlier Paul et al reported the distribution of APOC3 SstI polymorphism in a much smaller sample of immigrant Asian Indians at U.K. (S2 = 0.19, N = 24) [41]. We attempted at elucidating the association of APOC3 SstI polymorphism with TG levels. Individuals having TG levels up to 1.921 mmol/L were grouped in NTG and more than 1.921 mmol/L were grouped in HTG group. S2S2 individuals had the highest levels of TG followed by S1S2 and S1S1 in HTG and total study population. Significantly higher frequency of S2 allele in the HTG group as compared to the NTG group suggests a strong association of the S2 allele with higher levels of TG. Such an association of S2 allele with higher levels of TG has been reported in studies carried out on Caucasians [8-13,18,21-24], Chinese [14], Mayans [15], Japanese [16], Koreans [17], South Africans [19] and Arabs [20]. The biochemical basis for the association of S2 allele with hypertriglyceridemia has yet to be established. Dallinga-Thie et al [22,23] and Shoulders et al [24,25] reported an association between levels of apoCIII and S2 allele. The SstI polymorphism is located in the 3' untranslated region of APOC3 gene. Therefore, it is more likely that S2 allele is not etiological but in linkage disequilibrium with other causative mutation hitherto unknown in APOC3 or nearby gene involved in determining the TG levels. It has been suggested that certain haplotypes generated from SstI polymorphism and promoter polymorphism of APOC3 gene may protect or predispose to hypertriglyceridemia [17]. In addition, SstI polymorphism may also influence mRNA stability [17]. Few of the studies carried out on Caucasians [26,27], Taiwanese [28], Japanese [29,30] and Arabs [31] did not find any significant association between SstI polymorphism and HTG. It has been speculated that the linkage disequilibrium between this polymorphic site and the causative mutation is weakened or absent in some populations [24].
Ours is the first study on Asian Indians to report a strong association of APOC3 S2 allele with hypertriglyceridemia in Indians. The logistic analysis revealed that individuals carrying S2 allele were 3.2 times more prone to develop hypertriglyceridemia as compared to S1S1. Thus, S2 allele may serve as a significant risk marker for susceptibility to hypertriglyceridemia. This is an important finding as Asian Indians are highly sensitive to the adverse effects of hypertriglyceridemia [32], the risk of which is likely to increase manifold with growing shift towards affluent lifestyle and sedentary habits in larger fraction of our population.
We found a high prevalence of rare S2 allele of APOC3 gene in HTG individuals. Further, this allele was more frequent in our study population as compared to Caucasians. Since HTG is considered as a risk factor for CAD in Asian Indians, there is an urgent need to evaluate the association of APOC3 SstI polymorphism with the risk of developing coronary artery disease in Asian Indians.
Materials and Methods
One hundred and thirty nine healthy male volunteers from plains of northern part of India (mean age: 52.32 ± 11.02 years) were enrolled in the study. The subjects were scrutinized on the basis of standard questionnaire. They shared fairly common socio-cultural background and comparable dietary habits. All underwent routine biochemical tests (hemoglobin, urea & sugar) and blood pressure measurement. Subjects having angina or any history of myocardial infarction were excluded from the study. The research was undertaken with the approval of ethical committee set by All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi and its guidelines were observed.
Venous blood was collected from each individual after at least 12 hours of fasting. Lipid profile was monitored using enzymatic kits (Randox laboratories limited, UK).
The study subjects were classified into normotriglyceridemic group (NTG: N = 105, TG < = 1.921 mmol/L) and hypertriglyceridemic group (HTG: N = 34, TG>1.921 mmol/L) based on the normal range of the TG calibrated at AIIMS, which is 0.791–1.921 mmol/L. The calibration was done on data obtained from huge number of serum samples. All the chemicals used in the study were procured from Sigma Chemical Co., USA, if not specified.
DNA was extracted from blood by salting out method [42]. 100–500 ng of DNA was amplified in a thermocycler (PTC-100, MJ Research Inc., USA) using 1 unit of Taq DNA Polymerase (Life Technologies Inc., USA) in a 25 ul reaction mixture containing 10 picomole forward primer: 5'-CAT GGT TGC CTA CAG GAG TTC-3'and reverse primer: 3'-TGA CCT TCC GCA CAA AGC TGT-5' (MWG Biotech GmbH, Germany)[8]. The PCR mixture also contained 10% DMSO and 5 mM dNTPs (Life Technologies Inc., USA). DNA was initially denatured for 5 minutes at 95°C, annealed at 58°C for 3 minutes and at 72°C for 5 minutes. The cycling conditions were set to heat the samples at 95°C for 50 seconds, at 58°C for 45 seconds and at 72°C for 1 minute. The cycle was repeated 40 times followed by final extension at 72°C for 10 minutes.
Nine microlitre of the PCR product was digested at 37°C overnight with 10 units of SacI restriction enzyme (New England Biolabs Inc., USA) in the presence of 1 ul of 10X buffer provided with the restriction enzyme. The digested PCR product was resolved on a 3% agarose gel using 1XTBE buffer (89 mM Tris Borate, 2 mM EDTA, pH8.3) at 80 V for at least 1 hour and visualized by ethidium bromide staining on a U. V. transilluminator. The presence of the SstI site yields two fragments of 225 bp and 371 bp, while in the absence of the site one fragment of 596 bp is observed. The wild type allele lacking the restriction site is called as S1 and the allele containing the SstI restriction site is designated as S2 allele.
Allelic frequencies were estimated by gene-counting method. The sample-size dependent standard error of alleles was calculated in terms of 95% confidence interval (CI) of the estimates. Chi-square goodness-of-fit was used to verify the agreement of the observed genotype frequencies with those expected ones (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) in various study groups. Chi-square test was applied to compare genotypic frequencies between the two groups. Contingency table approach (Fisher's RxC test) was used to determine if there is significant differences in allele frequencies among the group of individuals. The biochemical characteristics of the individuals in various genotypic groups were expressed in terms of mean ± standard deviation (S.D.) and were compared using analysis of variance (Annova). Triglycerides values were also log transformed because the test of homogeneity of variance was found to be significant. Logistic analysis with enter method was performed. S1S1 genotype was taken as the reference and the odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was calculated for S1S2 and S2S2 genotypes individually and taken together. Hypertriglyceridemia was entered as dependent variable with NTG = 0 and HTG = 1. All the statistical analysis was preformed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for windows (version 7.5.10, SPSS Inc., Chicago). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
The financial assistance provided by Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial trust, New Delhi, Lady Tata Memorial Trust, Bombay, India and the Volkswagen foundation, Germany is duly acknowledged.
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Wu JH, Kao J-T, Wen M-S, Lo S-K: DNA polymorphisms at the apolipoprotein A1-CIII loci in Taiwanese: correlation of plasma APOCIII with triglyceride level and body mass index.
J Formos Med Assoc 2000, 99:367-374. PubMed Abstract
Rees A, Stocks J, Paul-Hayase H, Ohuchi Y, Galton D: Haplotypes identified by DNA polymorphisms at the apolipoprotein A-I and C-III loci and hypertriglyceridemia: a study in a Japanese population.
Hum Genet 1986, 72:168-171. PubMed Abstract
Bai H, Saku K, Liu R, Imamura M, Arakawa K: Association between coronary heart disease and the apolipoprotein A-I/C-III/A-IV complex in a Japanese population.
Hum Genet 1995, 95:102-104. PubMed Abstract
Johansen K, Dunn B, Tan JCY, Kwassi AAA, Skootnicki A, Skootnicki M: Coronary artery disease and apolipoprotein AI-CIII gene polymorphism: a study of Saudi Arabians.
Clin Genet 1991, 39:1-5. PubMed Abstract
Enas EA, Mehta JL: Malignant coronary artery disease in young Asian Indians. Thoughts on pathogenesis, prevention and therapy.
New Engl J Med 1995, 333:1301-1307. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Shelburne F, Hanks J, Meyers W, Quarfordt S: Effect of apoproteins on hepatic uptake of triglyceride emulsion in the rat.
J Clin Invest 1980, 65:652-658. PubMed Abstract
Schonfeld G, George PK, Miller J, Reilly P, Witztum J: Apolipoprotein CII and CIII levels in hyperlipoproteinemia.
Metab clin exp 1979, 28:1001-1010. PubMed Abstract
Windler E, Havel RJ: Inhibitory effects of C apolipoproteins from rats and humans on the uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants by the perfused rat liver.
J Lipid Res 1985, 26:556-565. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Ginsberg HN, Le NA, Goldberg IJ, Gibson JC, Rubinstein A, Wang-Iverson P, Norum R, Brown WV: Apolipoprotein B metabolism in subjects with deficiency of Apolipoprotein CIII and A.
J Clin Invest 1986, 78:1287-1295. PubMed Abstract
Bar-Tana J, Frenkel B, Bishara-Shieban J: The effect of b, b9-tetramethylhexadecanedioic acid (MEDICA 16) on plasma very low density lipoprotein metabolism in rats: role of Apolipoprotein CIII.
Biochem J 1994, 298:409-414. PubMed Abstract
Bar-Tana J, Rose-Kahn G, Frenkel B, Shafer Z, Fainaru M: Hypolipidemic effect of b, b-methyl-substituted hexadecanedioic acid (MEDICA 16) in normal and nephrotic rats.
J Lipid Res 1988, 29:431-441. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Jong MC, Hofker MH, Havekes LM: Role of ApoCs in Lipoprotein Metabolism Functional Differences Between ApoC1, ApoC2, and ApoC3.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999, 19:472-484. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Surguchov AP, Page GP, Smith L, Wolfgang P, Boerwinkle E: A Polymorphic markers in Apolipoprotein C-III gene flanking regions and hypertriglyceridemia.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996, 16:941-947. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Paul-Hayase H, Galton D, Stocks J: DNA polymorphic patterns and haplotype arrangements of apoA-1, apoC-III, apoA-IV gene cluster in different ethnic groups.
Hum Genet 1987, 75:264-268. PubMed Abstract
Miller SA, Dykes DD, Polesky HF: A salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells.
Nucleic acid Res 1988, 16:1215. PubMed Abstract


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A rule of thumb is one pound of liquid extract per gallon of water for a light bodied beer. One and a half pounds per gallon produces a richer, full bodied beer. A pound of LME typically yields a gravity of 1.034 - 38, as measured by a hydrometer, when dissolved in one gallon of water. DME yields about 1.040 - 43. These yield values are referred to as Points per Pound per Gallon. If someone tells you that a certain extract or malt's yield is 36 points, it means that when 1 pound is dissolved into 1 gallon of water, the gravity is 1.036. If that 1 pound is dissolved into 3 gallons, its gravity would be 36/3 = 12 or 1.012. The gravity is how the strength of a beer is described. Most commercial beers have an Original Gravity (OG) of 1.035 - 1.050.
Example of Gravity Calculations
If you want to brew 5 gallons of 1.040 gravity beer, this would call for 5 lbs of DME having 40 pts/lb./gal, or 5.5 lbs of LME having 36 pts/lb./gal.
i.e. 1.040 = 40 pts/gal x 5 gal = 200 pts total
200 pts = 36 pts/lb. x (?) lbs => (?) lbs = 200 / 36 = 5.55 lbs.
5.55 lb. of 36 pts/lb./gal LME are needed to make the same 5 gallons of beer.
Note: The same concept can be used with the SI units of Liter Degrees per Kilogram, i.e., L°/kg or pts./kg/L. The conversion factor between ppg and L°/kg is 8.3454 x ppg = L°/kg.
Buy the print edition
Appendix A - Using Hydrometers
Appendix B - Brewing Metallurgy
Appendix C - Chillers
Appendix D - Building a Mash/Lauter Tun
Appendix E - Metric Conversions
Appendix F - Recommended Reading
All material copyright 1999, John Palmer


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text:
One of the things that most Wrath-era tanks learned early was to stack stamina. It was a no-brainer. We were taking massive, massive damage on every boss fight. In the Naxx era, a 30k-health warrior tank was doing decently and could expect to take a 23k hit back to back on certain fights. It only got worse going into Ulduar, then Trial, and finally ICC. Tank health went up, and so too did the amount of damage the tank was expected to soak. Cooldown use became so critical that the time cooldowns took to recharge decreased dramatically. Fights like Sartharion (especially with three drakes up), Mimiron, the Beasts of Northrend and Deathbringer Saurfang (just to name a few) saw tanks being expected to come up with ways to stay alive from monstrous, unavoidable damage. Stamina and armor became two of the most popular means to that end, but armor could only mitigate physical damage, while stamina worked on everything, even the huge magical blasts of damage that ignored armor and all other avoidance or mitigation strategies.
Stamina was king in Wrath.
The more I think about it, though, the more I think that king has been dethroned.
The maimed man cannot be king
It's not that I think stamina has suddenly become a bad stat or that tanks won't want it. It's that I think the new paradigm for healing in Cataclysm means that stacking too much stamina becomes counterproductive. There are two reasons for my thoughts on this matter. The first is the emphasis on making threat and threat statistics matter, and the second is the triage method of healing so often mentioned and emphasized in discussions of healing in this expansion.
Making threat matter means many things. Yesterday's discussion of threat and threat mechanics discussed it in detail, and one of the things mentioned is that threat must be generated. Threat is something you should be working to make happen, not a passive thing. Monsters attack you because you do the right things to get their attention.
If threat generation is too easy then the entire risk of the encounter drops. Newsflash: we don't actually want encounters to be easy. We want encounters to be fun, and for most players, that includes both rewards and risks.
We want tanks to care about the buttons they hit instead of just relying on auto-attacking to control their target. We don't necessarily want very complicated tank DPS rotations, because as I mentioned above, tanks do have other things to keep track of. But we want their combat abilities to be engaging. Good tanks should be those who control, survive, and generate sufficient threat.
One of the things that a good tank does to generate that sufficient threat is to gear for it. There's a reason the two stats most often mentioned as "threat stats" are also DPS stats. We call hit and expertise our threat stats because in order to generate threat -- in order to threaten a mob or boss -- we must hit it. Conceptually, in order to make the things we seek to engage stay focused on us, our attacks must not miss. They must not be dodged. They must not be parried. Every attack you make that is ineffectual does not merely fail to damage your enemy; it fails to make the mob take you seriously as a threat when there are three other people in the room setting it on fire, stabbing it, bludgeoning it or what have you. And it takes a great deal to keep a mob from noticing that his or her attempts to kill you are being foiled by that nice goblin in a kilt over to the side.
In Cataclysm more than ever, tanks are going to need to focus on stats that generate threat, not just hit and expertise. It's not enough that your attacks connect and are not evaded; your attacks have to generate some damage. Yes, Vengeance exists in part to address this issue, but it's not the whole story. As a tank, you should at the very least be considering strength once you are at the 8 percent hit target and around 26 expertise. Crit and haste may be asking too much, considering your defensive needs, but in a world where threat matters (and needs to matter), then you have to gear for it.
Be a hammer crushing your enemies, not a bucket
The difficulty here comes from the same issue our druid cousins have long known about in terms of giant health pools. Sometimes, all that stamina, all that health, just becomes a bigger bucket to dump healer mana into. Consider that a tank starting in heroics in ilevel 333 blues can easily be around 125k to 130k health, and it's not hard at all to be between 140k and 150k health in ilvl359 epics. Generally speaking, bosses are not hitting for 65 to 70k bursts, consistently forcing you to dump all of your most powerful heals in order to keep tanks alive. This isn't Wrath, when the big challenge to healers came in forcing them to drop powerful bombs of healing onto a high-stamina tank target to keep his health full so that the boss didn't one-shot him.
Cataclysm heroics involve a lot more triage, forcing healers to decide if they should heal with a big heal or a small heal and if the tank needs a heal right now or if he or she can wait until the DPS is healed. Damage occurs more by attrition, spread out more among the group and less slammed down on the tank constantly.
The goal, the stated intention of a Cataclysm heroic, is to force the group into a situation in which victory feels like a hard-earned consequence of good choices from tanks, healers and even DPS to lower and minimize how much damage they take as well as raise and maximize how much damage they do. Standing in the fire rather than moving out of it should hurt, maybe even kill you. In this situation, when tanks may go extended periods without a heal, having an extra 10k health isn't nearly as important as not taking the damage that would force a heal and use up healer mana. Dodge, parry and the Critical Block mastery loom larger in such a scenario, because they are mana conservation statistics rather than soak ones that eat damage.
Fast and hard, not slow and ponderous
In short, when gearing your tank, stacking stamina to the exclusion of all else might sound like the best strategy, because as we stated before, stamina works on everything and dodge, parry, block and armor only work on physical damage. But once you've reached a certain sufficiency of stamina that you can stay alive long enough to be healed again, anything else may be overkill. At best, it doesn't really benefit you to have 175k health if you will never be at maximum health and will never take more than 40k health in a single global, as an example. At worst, you're giving healers a big bucket to waste time healing up when other people may actually need the healing more if you're going to survive to kill the boss or handle the trash.
Combining these two changes in paradigm gives us a situation in which you may simply not want to stack stamina. If you need to make sure your threat informs your gearing, gemming and enchanting, while at the same time wanting to focus on avoidance and mitigation in order to avoid as much damage as you possibly can, then stamina perhaps ends up as a detour. In the new, mana-conscious, threat-concerned world of Cataclysm tanking, it may be better to be an aggressive, hard-striking hit-and-run target that's harder to hit than a large, lumbering one that forces the expenditure of resources rather than avoiding the need. With specialization bonuses like Sentinel and with tanking gear having the same stamina as DPS plate anyway, we could be needing to rethink what kind of tanks we need to be.
At the center of the dury of battle stand the warriors: protection, arms and fury. Check out more strategies and tips especially for warriors, including Cataclysm 101 for DPS warriors, a guide to new reputation gear for warriors, and a look back at six years of warrior trends.


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Microsoft has already confirmed that the Surface with Windows 8 Pro would be released this month, but the company is yet to announce the official launch date.
A source close to the Redmond campus told us that Microsoft may actually unveil the Surface tablet on January 29, with sales to begin the next day in the United States.
The cheapest model will be priced at $899 (€690) and will offer 64 GB of storage, while the second version will come with 128 GB of storage space and a price tag of $999 (€770).
Microsoft won't offer the Surface with Windows 8 Pro with a Touch Cover, but those who want one can purchase it separately for an additional $119 (€90). The package will, however, include a Surface pen with Palm Block technology.
Here are the complete tech specs of the upcoming Surface with Windows 8 Pro.


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Minnesota River's contribution to the Dead Zone
Mark Schroepfer
Lesson Plan 1: Forming the Dead Zone with the Minnesota River
I. Standard Addressed: People, Places, and Environments
Performance Expectation Addressed: examine, interpret, and analyze physical and cultural patterns and their interactions, such as land use, settlement patterns, cultural transmission of customs and ideas, and ecosystem changes
II. Results/Expected Learning Outcome:
The student will understand why the Gulf's Dead Zone formed, recognize environmental concerns created by an expanding Dead Zone, analyze the Mississippi River Basin's and the Minnesota River Basin's contributions to the Dead Zone, discover why the Dead Zone's size fluctuates daily and annually, and evaluate solutions to the Dead Zone problem.
III. Evaluation:
Students will demonstrate proficiency in this case study by making a tag board flow chart on day two of two. Flow charts meeting the standards will explain how the Dead Zoneforms and the problems it creates, starting with the Minnesota River Basin's role. Flow charts meeting the standards will also review why the Dead Zone's size fluctuates daily and annually and present a solution for reducing and/or eliminating the Dead Zone.
IV. Curriculum:
This 100-minute activity (two 50-minute class periods) belongs in the high school geography course. Since this case study highlights the human-environmental interaction theme of geography, it might serve as an introductory activity to the human-environmental aspect of geography.
Otherwise, this case study might fit neatly into the first chapter of many high school cultural geography texts: the five themes of cultural geography. The theme of cultural geography examined here is cultural ecology. Although not the aim of this lesson plan, this lesson may merit a third day of study to debate the four schools of thought surrounding cultural ecology (environmental determinism, possibilism, environmental perception, and humans as modifiers of Earth) and their relevance to the Dead Zone.
V. Instruction:
A. Preliminary questions to probe student knowledge:
1. Propose a long-term solution that will reduce the Dead Zone's magnitude.
2. Describe how the Minnesota River Basin affects the Dead Zone.
3. Where is the Dead Zone?
4. What is the Dead Zone?
5. Where is the Mississippi River?
6. Where is the Minnesota River?
B. Introduce students to the Gulf's Dead Zone by having them independently read an overview of the Dead Zone by the Gulf Coast Preservation Society (http://www.gulfpreserve.org/deadzone.htm).
After students finish reading the aforementioned article, enter a large group discussion.
Ask students these questions:
1. Where is the Mississippi River Basin?
2. What word did the authors use to describe oxygen-deprived water?
3. How does hypoxia affect marine life?
4. What causes the Dead Zone's hypoxia?
Display an image of the Mississippi River Basin (http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-177/basnmap.gif) on the document camera. Ask students to disregard the numbers on the
map and instead focus on the extent of the Mississippi River Basin. Since this image
does not include the Minnesota River, ask students where it should be drawn on the map.
Explain that the Minnesota River is a tributary of the Mississippi River. Ask students to
identify more tributaries of the Mississippi River.
Ask students to guess what percentage of the Mississippi River's nitrogen load traces to
Minnesota. Use the correct answer, seven percent, to highlight that "most of the seven
percent of nitrogen comes from the Minnesota River basin, which drains the state's main
corn growing area in the southern half of the state." Ask students to reiterate activities
that contribute to nitrogen and phosphorus contributions to the Mississippi River
(answers might include heavy rains increase farm run-off; fertilizer run-off).
C. Ask students to examine the varying size of the Dead Zone. Introduce this concept
and the variables that affect it by showing a 30-second video clip from the Gulf Coast
Preservation Society (http://www.gulfpreserve.org/deadzone_more.htm).
D. Have students independently read an article (http://minnesota.publicradio.org/ display/web/2007/07/17/deadzonesize) explaining why the Dead Zone's magnitude of 2007 almost surpassed 1999's (refer to 30-second video clip for 1999 statistic). Ask students to find the variable that made 2007's Dead Zone larger than usual.
Initiate a discussion after students recognize the variable. Ethanol production
requires corn, and demand for ethanol is climbing. Therefore, corn producers have a
financial incentive to plant, fertilize, and harvest more corn. Heightened corn production increases run-off from commercial fertilizers. Additional run-off increases nitrogen in the Mississippi River and Dead Zone. To quantify this assumption, inform students that farmers planted 20% more corn in 2007, compared to 2006.
E. Find solutions to the Dead Zone problem.
First, display a timeline of EPA inaction (http://www.iaenvironment.org/documents/ deadzone_factsheet_08_000.pdf). Ask students to explain why the EPA has failed to eliminate the Dead Zone.
Second, use the same document to read the solution, presented by Iowa's Environmental Council.
Third, ask students to refer to their Gulf Coast Preservation Society hand-out to find
three more solutions. Ask students to evaluate all solutions. Include the following
questions into the discussion:
1. Categorize each solution's merit using the SMART goal method (specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, timely).
i.e. Which solution(s) are Specific?
Which solution(s) are Measurable? How is the success of each solution measured?
Which solution(s) are Attainable? How is each solution attained?
Which solution(s) are Realistic? What factors increase or decrease pragmatism?
Which solution(s) are Timely? Is the current economic and political
climate conducive to reform?
2. How will farmers react to each proposal?
3. How will Gulf fisheries react to each proposal?
F. Assessment on Day Two
Ask students to create a tag board flow chart of the Minnesota River Basin Data Center's Dead Zone explanation (http://mrbdc.mnsu.edu/mnbasin/fact_sheets/minn_miss.html). Since the aforementioned site mentions Lake Pepin, ask students to identify it on the Mississippi River Basin map before dispersing into groups. In groups of three, have one student write short captions for each step, one student make simple illustrations of eachstep and select the best Dead Zone solution, and one student visit http://www.smm.org/ deadzone/causes/weather.html to research the influence of daily weather on the size and shape of the Dead Zone. The third student should summarize his/her findings on the tag board, also. The second student should write a brief on the tag board, explaining why his/her solution will reduce and/or eliminate the Dead Zone. When students are finished, post each tag board on the classroom wall.
VI. Bloom's Taxonomical Questions
A. Knowledge Question:
Where is the Dead Zone?
B. Comprehension Question:
Describe how the Minnesota River Basin affects the Dead Zone.
C. Application Question:
Select long-term solutions that will reduce the Dead Zone's magnitude.
D. Analysis Question:
Analyze solutions presented by Iowa's Environmental Council and the Gulf Coast
Preservation Society. Determine why each organization offers different solutions.
E. Synthesis Question:
Propose a long-term solution to reduce the Minnesota River Basin's contribution to the
Dead Zone.
F. Evaluation Question:
Evaluate each solution. Consider how each solution impacts farmers, ethanol supplies, Gulf fisheries, economical goals, and environmental goals.


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Vehicles with Consumer Reviews
Narrow year range (drag arrows to filter):
Changes to the 2014 Volkswagen Golf and GTI are limited to two special-edition GTI trims: Wolfsburg and Driver's Edition. The 2-door Golf/GTI body is dropped taking with it the option of a manual transmission on the base 2.5. The Golf R is also no more.
For 2013, the manual transmission is dropped from the base Golf 4-door model, while all cars now have a standard front center armrest and front and rear floor mats. The GTI gets a new golf-ball-style shifter and new wheels.
No significant changes to the base car, but option packages have been simplified. Those Golfs equipped with the 2.5-liter 5-cylinder gasoline powertrain are available in Golf, Golf with Convenience, and Golf with Convenience and Sunroof guises. Those consumers opting for the 2.0-liter Clean Diesel can spec their Golfs as Golf TDI, Golf TDI with Sunroof and Navigation, and Golf TDI with Tech Package. Making any of these choices continues to provide you with a high level – for the segment – of standard equipment. Celebrating 35 years as the world's best "hot hatch," VW's GTI receives a new variant - GTI with Convenience and Sunroof - which groups together some of the most popular stand-alone options. And for those with a penchant for spending more to get more, the Golf R, with 256 horsepower, 4Motion all-wheel drive and a $35,000 MSRP should more than satisfy.
The Cold Weather package, which features heated washer nozzles and heated seats, is now standard equipment on every 2009 GTI.
2014 marks the final year for this long-running version of the Golf/GTI; an all-new model is slated to arrive late next year. However, even at the end of its model run, the 2014 VW Golf and GTI remain impressive vehicles. Available only as a 4-door hatchback, the Golf is no longer as body-style diverse as the Hyundai Elantra. However, the Koreans still haven't been able to match the interior materials and feel of the German compacts, especially in the area of seat comfort. Enthusiasts will love the refined power found in the GTI, while those more concerned with a smooth ride and good fuel economy can opt for the diesel-powered Golf TDI.


text:
Give Now
A centennial celebration of the composer who gave us "Everything Happens To Me," "Violets For Your Furs," and other songs that ranged from wistful to winsome.
Celebrating the centennial of the singer, actor, and last surviving member of Duke Ellington's early-1940s big band.
We pay tribute to the arrival of warm weather with music from Nat King Cole, June Christy, Louis Armstrong, Hoagy Carmichael, George Benson and more.
Music from tributes to Ray Charles and the songs of Disney films, featuring Esperanza Spalding, Roy Hargrove, Roberta Gambarini, Norah Jones and others.
"On the Air" features recently-released archive radio broadcasts of Frank Sinatra (his Lucky Strike show from the late 1940s), Dave Brubeck (the Quartet with Paul Desmond in the mid-1950s, hitting its stride several years in advance of its landmark album Time Out), Carmen McRae (her concert debut in Europe), and Miles Davis (his great late-1950s group with Cannonball Adderley and John Coltrane).
Afterglow kicks off its celebration of the season featuring wintry and celebratory music.
In honor of the fall, this week on Afterglow we'll be featuring music from Nat King Cole, Blossom Dearie, Al Cobine, Dave Brubeck and more.


text:
Talent and creativity abound in the Art of Quilting feature in Love of Quilting.
66" x 55", 2007
Colorado artist Denise Labadie has been quilting for thirty years. In 1993, an art quilt class taught by Michael James directed her creativity in new directions. Four years later, Denise�s husband gave her a trip to Ireland, the land of her ancestors, with the stipulation that she come back with a quilt idea. While in Ireland, Denise was drawn to the Bronze Age Piper Stones in County Wicklow, where the townspeople told her the stones were talking to her. This quilt is one of twenty in Denise�s series of original Irish Stone Quilts. She enlarged a photo of the site for reference, and then hand-painted each individual stone, which was appliqu�d and then strip pieced to form the top. Denise teaches, exhibits her quilts nationally and internationally, and makes commissioned quilts of sacred locations.
Designer: Denise Labadie


text:
Nothing is "back to normal." Hurricane Sandy has affected some Empire State faculty, professionals and staff too! On November 8, 2012, Marnie Evans, Director of Academic Review at Metropolitan Center, NYC shared with us what she has experienced:
There was a difficult time with no water, power, heat, elevator or Internet. Luckily my land line worked, so I had a telephone, and I have friends who never lost any services and after two days I went there for a visit and a meal, so my inconvenience was not what many faced. Our services at home came back on Friday night. The office was not open until Tuesday, so I'm glad to be back at the office with some semblance of normal days. After two days I went to a friend's apartment for a shower, a visit and a HOT meal, but then was home to track the phone and sleep. Cold, but connected with family and friends.


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