text:
|N·mero de publicaci¾n
|Tipo de publicaci¾n
|N·mero de solicitud
|Fecha de publicaci¾n
|4 Abr 2000
|Fecha de presentaci¾n
|18 Mar 1998
|Fecha de prioridad
|22 Ago 1994
|Tambiķn publicado como
|N·mero de publicaci¾n
|Azhar J. Khan, Mohammad A. Khan
|Cesionario original
|Becton Dickinson And Company
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (35), Otras citas (14), Citada por (46), Clasificaciones (20), Eventos legales (4)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesi¾n de USPTO, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/798,810 filed Feb. 12, 1997, pending, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/670,296 filed Jun. 27, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,653,695; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/294,212 filed Aug. 22, 1994, now abandoned.
This invention relates in general to a novel lubricant used in connection with medical devices such as intravenous (IV) catheters.
IV catheters are designed to infuse normal IV solutions, including antibiotics and other drugs, into a patient. The typical catheter is hollow and is extruded out of a suitable plastic material such as Teflon, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polyurethane or polyether urethane. These catheters are also used to withdraw blood from the patient for normal blood-gas analysis as well as other blood work. In order to insert an IV catheter into a patient, an introducer needle is used. The needle is typically stainless steel and is hollow. Its distal tip is ground to a sharp tip for easy insertion into the patient. The catheter is also hollow and is initially located coaxially around the introducer needle in an "over the needle" arrangement. The internal diameter of the catheter tip is slightly less than the outer diameter of the tip of the needle so that the catheter tip has an interference fit on the needle tip. The interference fit is necessary so that when the catheter and introducer needle assembly is taken out of the package, the catheter remains snugly on the needle and does not easily slip off. This interference fit also facilitates insertion of the catheter and introducer needle assembly into the patient's vein because it minimizes the chance that the catheter tip will fold over or peel back on the needle tip.
Placement of the catheter and introducer needle into the patient may cause sharp pain to the patient. In order to facilitate insertion of the catheter and introducer needle into the vein and to minimize patient discomfort, the catheter and introducer needle can both be lubricated. Most IV catheters are lubricated with polydimethylsiloxane silicone fluid. However, some IV catheters are not lubricated at all.
The polydimethylsiloxane silicone fluid may be applied to the surface of the catheter and needle by wiping the surfaces with the lubricant. Alternatively, the catheter and needle can be separately dipped into a solution of polydimethylsiloxane silicone fluid and a solvent. This is generally the preferred method of applying the lubricant because a consistent, controlled and uniform coating can be achieved. The polydimethylsiloxane silicone fluid must be dissolved in an organic solvent because the silicone oil in this compound is hydrophobic. Typically, the solution contains 2.5% silicone oil. The catheter and needle are then separately dipped into this solution.
Until recently the preferred solvent has been freon because it is non-flammable and flashes off, i.e. evaporates, readily after the polydimethylsiloxane silicone fluid solution has been applied to the catheter and needle. Although freon has been preferred, it does suffer some drawbacks. For instance, the high evaporation rate of freon causes the polydimethylsiloxane silicone fluid to concentrate on the surface of the solution in which the catheter and needle are dipped. Because of this high evaporation rate, the solution is difficult to control. Moreover this solution is expensive because of the large loss of freon during the coating process. In addition, freon is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) which is thought to react with and destroy the earth's protective ozone layer. Thus the manufacture and use of such CFC's will eventually cease in the near future.
Other solvents will have to be used in order for silicone fluid to be applied to catheters and introducer needles as a lubricant. Other solvents include alcohol and hydrocarbons. However, alcohol and hydrocarbons are highly combustible and are therefore too dangerous for use in manufacturing.
Previous efforts have been made to provide a lubrication system that uses water as the solvent. Such systems typically are a three part system that uses a lubricant, a surfactant and water. U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,359 discloses such a three part system that uses water as the solvent. Although, such three part lubrication systems that use water as the solvent are "environmentally friendly" and are not flammable, they could be improved. Since a three part lubrication system by definition requires three separate elements, a certain amount of cost is associated with the materials and manufacturing processing needed to apply the system to a medical device to be lubricated.
Another important issue concerning IV catheters is the shape of the catheter tip. The shape of the catheter tip must produce minimal trauma to the patient during insertion of the catheter into the patient and while the catheter is in place in the patient. Such a preferred tip shape that provides these characteristics has a tapered outer wall and an angled tip and is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,588,398. A process for making that catheter tip is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,661,300. In this process, the catheter is placed on a mandrel. A die having an interior molding surface, which is tapered according to the tip desired on the catheter, is aligned axially with the mandrel. The catheter tip is heated, typically using RF energy, so that it is flowable. The mandrel and die are brought together so the distal edge of the mandrel engages the tapered portion of the die. This action cleanly forms a smooth and uniform tapered tip for the catheter.
After the catheter is tipped, it must be free of defects such as incomplete formation, substantial flash or jagged edges. The tip must also look smooth and be free of roll-overs. In addition, the length of the catheter must remain within a desired specification after the tipping process. If, during the tipping process, the thermoplastic material sticks to the die or the mandrel, the length will vary greatly due to stretching and the tip will not be free of defects. Visual or microscopic examination may be used to determine if there are any tip defects and if the length of the catheter is within specifications.
Typically a lubricant is used to allow the tipped catheter to be easily removed from the mandrel and die. If a lubricant is not used, the tipped catheter could stick to the mandrel or die resulting in a deformed catheter when it is removed from the mandrel or die. Standard tipping lubricants include polydimethyl siloxanes such as Dow Corning DC 360 or curable silicones such as Dow Corning 44159 MDX which are amine terminated and moisture curable. Non-curable amine terminated polydimethyl siloxanes have also been used for this purpose. Such lubricants are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,574,673; 4,904,433; and 5,185,006. Again, these silicone oils used are problematic as discussed above.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a lubrication solution for a medical device, such as a catheter and an introducer needle assembly, that is inexpensive and easy to control.
It is another object of this invention to provide a lubricant for a medical device, such as a catheter and an introducer needle assembly, that does not require the use of a CFC as a solvent.
It is yet another object of this invention to provide a lubrication solution for a medical device, such as a catheter and an introducer needle assembly, that is "environmentally friendly."
It is still another object of this invention to provide a lubrication solution for a medical device, such as a catheter and an introducer needle assembly, that is not flammable.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a lubrication solution that requires less material and cost than other lubrication solutions.
The lubrication solution of this invention is a two part system that uses water as the solvent. The lubricant is a silicone based water soluble material. No other material is needed for lubricity. Instead the silicone in the material alone provides the lubricity and the material is soluble in water. Thus, the solution of the silicone based water soluble material and water allows the silicone to be easily applied to the medical device or other apparatus and, when the water evaporates, ensures that the surface on which the material is applied is lubricious. Preferably, the silicone based water soluble material is a silicone surfactant or a silicone glycol. The silicone material is preferably non-ionic because it may have lower toxicity than the ionic form. The lubrication solution may also include vitamin E or its derivatives. In addition, the lubrication solution in which the device to be lubricated is dipped may include a solution stabilizer to clarify the solution and antimicrobial agents to inhibit microbial growth in the water solution or on the coated product.
The tipping process of this invention requires that the tip portion of the catheter blank be dipped in the solution or to otherwise have this solution applied to the surfaces to be lubricated such as by brushing or spraying the solution onto such surfaces. Once the water evaporates, the catheter blank is mounted on a mandrel and heated. A die and the mandrel are brought into engagement to form the catheter tip. The tipped catheter is then easily and quickly removed from the die and the mandrel.
The above and other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description.
The preferred embodiments are illustrated in the drawings in which like reference numerals refer to like elements and in which:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a die and mandrel arrangement with a catheter blank thereon with the mandrel engaged with the die to form the catheter tip.
Although this invention is discussed in terms of its application to IV catheters and introducer needles, it is to be understood that this invention could be used on other medical devices where a lubricious surface on the device is desirable.
This invention uses a silicone based water soluble compound as the lubricant since the silicone in the compound is a good lubricating fluid. The silicone based water soluble compound should comprise between about 0.25% to about 40.0%, preferably from about 2.0% to about 6.0% of the lubrication solution. The lubrication solution may also include vitamin E or its derivatives. Preferably between about 0.1% to about 1.0% of vitamin E or its derivative is used. The lubrication solution should also include a solution stabilizer to clarify the solution and antimicrobial agents to inhibit microbial growth in the water solution or on the coated product. The solution stabilizer should comprise between about 0.1% to about 10%, preferably between about 0.2% to about 1.0% of the solution. The antimicrobial agent should comprise between about 0.001% to about 5.0%, preferably between about 0.002% to about 0.05% of the solution.
The lubrication solution of this invention is a two part system of the silicone based water soluble compound and water. One silicone based water soluble compound that can be used is a silicone surfactant such as a Silwet silicone surfactant. Silwet is the trade name of a class of silicone surfactants sold by OSI Specialities, Inc. These surfactants are polyalkylene oxide-modified polydimethylsiloxane block copolymers. They are similar to standard silicone fluids except the polydimethylsiloxane backbone has polyalkylene oxide side chains similar to non-ionic surfactants like poly-(oxyethylene) poly-(oxypropylene) block copolymers known as pluronic polyols. The side chains are terminated with either hydroxy or low alkoxy end groups. One of these surfactants, Silwet L7001 has a molecular weight of 20,000 and a viscosity of 1700 centistokes. Its chemical formula is shown below: ##STR1##
The amino-modified silicone polyether copolymer can also be used as the lubricant alone or in combination with the polyalkylene oxide-modified polydimethyl-siloxane block copolymer. These surfactants are soluble in a wide variety of solvents such as CFC, alcohol, acetone, and water. The polyalkylene oxide chains also promote wetting on polyether urethane surfaces. Polyether urethane is a material that is used for making IV catheters. The similarity in chemical structure between these side chains and the soft segment of polyether urethane promote the surfactant's affinity for the catheter surface.
Although surfactants can be irritating or toxic depending on exposure levels, the Silwet silicone surfactants are copolymers of two polymeric materials, silicone fluids and polyalkylene oxides, which are low in toxicity. In particular, Silwet L7001 has a very low order of acute toxicity by swallowing, or skin penetration and is minimally irritating to the skin and is not irritating to the eyes. Thus, there should be no toxicity problems when the lubricant of this invention is used on a patient.
Another silicone based water soluble compound that can be used as the lubricant of this invention is an alkylene oxide modified silicone glycol. A preferred compound is sold under the trade name Masil which is a class of alkylene oxide modified silicone glycols sold by PPG. These compounds have the following structural formula: ##STR2## where R is defined as:
--CH2 CH2 CH2 O--(CH2 CH[CH3 ]O)Q --R1 (R1 =H or ALKYL)
MASIL« 1066D Silicone Surfactant is similar to the model above, but the silicone-organic linkage is through an Si--O--C bond, susceptible to hydrolysis under acidic or mildly basic conditions. The alkylene oxide modified silicone glycol can be used alone as the lubricant or it can be used in combination with the silicone surfactant.
Vitamin E and its derivative, Vitamin E acetate, may also be added to the solution. Vitamin E, which is chemically known as alpha-tocopherol, is an antioxidant and thus prevents degradation of the solution. Vitamin E and its derivative, vitamin E acetate, are both oily products and also enhance the lubricity of this lubrication system. The molecular structure of vitamin E is given below: ##STR3##
Since the lubricant solution is prepared in water, it is highly desirable that a small amount of an effective antimicrobial agent be present to serve as a preservative. In the absence of such an agent, micro-organisms may grow in the solution and make the solution toxic. There are several commercial antimicrobial agents available. These are iodophors; phenols; phenolic compounds such as para-chloro-meta-xylenol; biguanides such as chlorhexidine gluconate and polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (cosmocil). Cosmocil is used because it is less toxic than the other antimicrobial agents and is used as a preservative in contact lens cleaning solutions. The molecular structure of cosmocil is given below: ##STR4## The molecular weight of this product is 2100▒300.
The process of forming the catheter tip will now be described. First, the lubricant solution is applied to the surface to be lubricated, i.e. the catheter blank. The catheter blank 1 to be tipped is then mounted onto a mandrel 2 supported on a carriage (not shown). A die 3 having an interior molding surface, with at least one portion of which is tapered according to the tip desired on the finished catheter, is aligned axially with the mandrel 2. The carriage is moved toward the die 3 such that the end of the catheter blank 1 to be tipped engages the interior molding surface. The carriage is halted at a point after the catheter blank 1 has engaged the tapered portions of the interior molding surface of the die 3, and is biased toward the die 3 with only sufficient force to cause the catheter blank 1 to move further into the die as the catheter blank 1 is heated by RF energy to its melting point and begins to flow. See FIG. 1. The catheter blank 1 is then allowed to heat in the die 3 and is moved into the die 3 as it begins to melt and flow under the biasing force. The mandrel 2 is positioned so that its distal corner is against the tapered portion of the die 3, thus cleanly forming the leading edge of the catheter. The die 3 and catheter therein are then cooled, and the carriage is reversed such that the catheter may be withdrawn from the die 3. Finally, the catheter is removed from the mandrel 2. There is no flash left on the leading edge because of the contact between mandrel 2 and die 3.
The following examples show the beneficial result of using the lubricant of this invention:
Initial studies were conducted by separately dipping 20 gauge (ga) catheters and introducer needles into 4%, 8% and 32% Silwet L7001 silicone surfactant and water solutions and then assembling the catheters and needles. The assemblies were penetration tested through 13.5 mil. thick natural latex film.
______________________________________ 4% Silwet L7001 8% Silwet L7001 32% Silwet L7001______________________________________Needle tip (g) 24.5 (0.9) 23.3 (2.9) 24.3 (5.8)Needle transition (g) 18.5 (2.7) 17.0 (2.2) 15.0 (1.0)Needle heel (g) 11.0 (0.7) 10.5 (1.5) 8.0 (0.0)Catheter tip (g) 26.0 (3.7) 28.3 (5.3) 25.3 (1.9)Catheter taper (g) 15.3 (0.8) 15.0 (3.0) 10.3 (0.8)Catheter drag (g) 7.3 (1.9) 4.5 (0.5) 4.0 (0.0)______________________________________ NOTE: () = standard deviation. Sample size = 4.
The values given represent the resistance in grams when the device is penetrated through the latex membrane. These values are comparable to those of currently marketed products that are lubricated with dimethylsiloxane fluids and are better than products that are unlubricated. This example thus shows that a silicone surfactant works as a lubricant for a catheter and/or introducer needle.
20 gauge catheters and needles were separately dipped in a solution containing 8% Silwet L7001 silicone surfactant, 0.25% vitamin E, 0.5% vitamin E acetate, and 0.026% cosmocil. The catheters and needles were then assembled and these assemblies were penetration tested through 13.5 mil. thick natural latex film. The results are shown below:
______________________________________Needle tip (g) 18.3 (1.9)Needle transition (g) 14.7 (0.6)Needle heel (g) 7.0 (0.3)Catheter tip (g) 20.2 (2.3)Catheter taper (g) 10.5 (0.6)Catheter drag (g) 3.5 (1.3)______________________________________ NOTE: () = standard deviation. Sample size = 5.
It can be seen that the use of vitamin E and/or its derivatives as part of the lubricant in the solution improves the penetration forces.
When vitamin E and/or its derivatives are included in the silicone surfactant solution, a rather cloudy solution is obtained indicating that the solution is not homogenous. If a quaternary ammonium salt is added at a certain concentration, a clear solution is obtained. For example, Sylguard, sold by Dow Corning, which is a reactive quat and benzalkonium chloride can be added to the solution. Other quaternary ammonium salts, such as benzethonium chloride, could also be used.
A solution containing 6.0% Silwet L7001 silicone surfactant, 0.36%/o vitamin E and 1.0% benzalkonium chloride was used as the lubricant solution. In this example, the 1.0% benzalkonium chloride was in the form of 2.0% Hyamine 3500. Hyamine 3500 is a trade name for the benzalkonium chloride solution sold by Rohm and Hass and contains 50% of the active ingredient. As a comparison, a lubricant solution with no benzalkonium chloride was also used. 18 gauge catheters and needles were separately dipped and then assembled. These catheter assemblies were penetrated through dental dam (natural latex film).
______________________________________ No Quaternary Ammonium Salt 1% Benzalkonium Chloride______________________________________Needle tip (g) 24.3 (4.6) 24.0 (3.6)Needle transition (g) 19.0 (1.0) 19.3 (1.4)Needle heel (g) 11.3 (1.2) 10.0 (0.5)Catheter tip (g) 19.8 (2.1) 24.2 (2.3)Catheter taper (g) 15.5 (0.9) 17.3 (1.8)Catheter drag (g) 4.8 (0.5) 4.9 (0.4)______________________________________ NOTE: () = standard deviation.
These results indicate that there is no adverse effect on the lubricant caused by using a quaternary ammonium salt in the lubrication system.
Since amino-modified silicones are lubricious when applied to metal surfaces, the following lubricant solutions were prepared.
______________________________________ Lubricant I Lubricant II______________________________________Silicone Surfactant 4.50 4.50Amino-modified silicone 0.00 0.50polyether copolymerVitamin E (%) 0.25 0.25Cosmocil (PPM) 50 50Water Q.S. to 100 100______________________________________
20 gauge catheter products were assembled after dipping the catheter and the introducer needle separately into the above solutions. The tip adhesion force between the catheter and the needle was measured after aging the assemblies at 90░ C. for 21/2 days. The results are tabulated below:
______________________________________ Tip Adhesion (lbs)______________________________________Lubricant I 0.348 (0.11)Lubricant II 0.188 (0.03)______________________________________ NOTE: () = standard deviation.
These test results indicate that the use of an amino-modified silicone-polyether copolymer does lubricate the metal surface better than the unmodified silicone surfactant alone.
The following statistical experiment was run to optimize the formulation of the lubrication system of this invention. The following table lists some of the composition variations used.
______________________________________ Composition A Composition B Composition C______________________________________Silicone Surfactant 3.0 4.5 6.0Amino-modified 0.5 0.25 0.5silicone polyethercopolymerVitamin E (%) 0.125 0.13 0.125Cosmocil (PPM) 50 50 50Water Q.S. to 100 100 100______________________________________
20 gauge catheter assemblies were assembled after dipping the catheters and the introducer needle separately. After aging the assemblies at 90░ C. for 21/2 days, these assemblies were penetration tested through thick natural latex film of 86.7 mils thickness. The thick latex was used because it is closer to the thickness of mammalian skin and because small differences in penetration forces are magnified. The results are tabulated below:
______________________________________ Composition A Composition B Composition C______________________________________Needle tip (g) 156.0 (11.7) 150.4 (13.1) 155.9 (9.5)Catheter tip (g) 90.6 (10.3) 87.0 (10.5) 98.3 (7.0)Catheter drag (g) 31.6 (2.9) 32.0 (2.3) 27.6 (1.8)______________________________________ NOTE: () = standard deviation. Sample size = 8.
The above assemblies were also aged at 90░ C. for two weeks to simulate a five year shelf-life and penetration tested through fresh cow skin. The results are tabulated below:
______________________________________ Composition A Composition B Composition C______________________________________Needle tip (g) 237.0 (63.7) 226.0 (68.6) 209.0 (46.1)Catheter tip (g) 299.0 (53.5) 379.0 (42.7) 378.0 (41.2)Catheter taper (g) 320.0 (37.9) 284.0 (34.0) 327.9 (39.4)Catheter drag (g) 51.0 (8.0) 46.0 (9.7) 42.0 (11.2)______________________________________ NOTE: () = standard deviation. Sample size = 5.
These results on thick latex membrane show that the amount of silicone surfactant applied to the catheter and the needle has opposite effects on catheter drag and needle tip penetration. The higher the silicone surfactant concentration, the lower the drag, but at high lubricant concentrations the needle tip penetration value increases. On fresh cow skin, the needle tip penetration values decreased with increased concentration.
The following formulations were tested.
__________________________________________________________________________Catheter Lubricant Needle Lubricant__________________________________________________________________________Silicone Surfactant 4.75% ▒ 0.25% Silicone Surfactant 2.38% ▒ 0.25%Amino-modified silicone 0.525% ▒ 0.025% Amino-modified silicone 0.525% ▒ 0.025%polyether copolymer polyether copolymerVitamin E 0.263% ▒ 0.013% Vitamin E 0.263% ▒ 0.013%Cosmocil 50 ppm Cosmocil 50 ppmWater .0.S. to 100 Water Q.S. to 100__________________________________________________________________________
20 gauge catheters and needles were assembled as before and penetration tested through natural latex film of 13.5 mils thickness. At the same time, commercial 20 gauge Insyte« catheter products were tested under the same conditions for comparison. The results are tabulated below:
______________________________________ Experimental Sample Commercial Sample______________________________________Needle tip (g) 22.6 (8.6) 19.5 (5.7)Needle transition (g) 17.3 (1.9) 13.4 (1.2)Needle heel (g) 10.9 (1.1) 7.0 (0.6)Catheter tip (g) 18.1 (3.0) 16.3 (2.4)Catheter taper (g) 16.2 (2.1) 10.6 (1.0)Catheter drag (g) 4.8 (1.9) 3.0 (0.6)______________________________________ NOTE: () = standard deviation. Sample size 10.
As evident, the results are comparable for the commercial product and the experimental sample. The commercial sample used polydimethylsiloxane silicone fluid as the lubricant.
22 gauge catheters and needles were assembled as before using the formulations described in Example 6 and penetration tested through sheep skin on the hind legs just below the knee. The penetration forces were measured using sensitive force transducers. The data were collected on a computer for analysis. For comparison, commercial 22 gauge catheter and needle assemblies using polydimethylsiloxane silicone fluid as the lubricant were used. The results are summarized below:
______________________________________ Experimental Sample Commercial Sample______________________________________Max. Catheter/Needle 142.57 164.67Tip (g)Max. Catheter drag (g) 70.31 271.68______________________________________
As is evident, the new lubrication system is superior to the commercial product.
Polyurethane tubes were lubricated using the formulations of this invention described in Example No. 6 as well as polydimethylsiloxane silicone fluid. These tubes were implanted into the aorta of rabbits to determine the level of associated clotting and emboli formulations. After three days the animals were sacrificed and the tubes were examined while they were still in the aorta. Clotting, if present, was photographed and recorded as to size, number and location. The kidneys were also examined for renal infarcts which would indicate that emboli had formed and traveled downstream to lodge in the small arteries of the kidney. The clotting resulting from the water based lubricant systems of the invention was less than the clotting resulting from the commercial lubricant. The calculated risk of clotting was three times less for the water based lubricant versus the commercial lubricant.
Studies were conducted by dipping 18 gauge catheters and introducer needle assemblies into the various lubrication solutions shown below. The amounts of each ingredient is in percent by weight unless otherwise specified.
__________________________________________________________________________Ingredients 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8__________________________________________________________________________Alkylene oxide modified 4.5 -- -- -- 5.0 -- -- --silicone glycol (Masil 1066D)Alkylene oxide modified -- 4.5 -- -- -- 5.0 -- --silicone glycol (Masil 1066C)Alkylene oxide modified -- -- 4.5 -- -- -- 5.0 --silicone glycol (Masil 29)Alkylene oxide modified -- -- -- 4.5 -- -- -- 5.0silicone glycol (Masil 280)Amino modified silicone 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 -- -- -- --surfactant (Y12686)Vitamin E 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25Cosmocil 50 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppmWater 94.75 94.75 94.75 94.75 94.75 94.75 94.75 94.75__________________________________________________________________________
The assemblies were penetration tested through a latex film. The results are tabulated below:
__________________________________________________________________________ Comp. 1 Comp. 2 Comp. 3 Comp. 4 Comp. 51 Comp. 6 Comp. 7 Comp. 8__________________________________________________________________________Needle tip (g) 21.95(3.2) 22.80(4.3) 20.45(1.8) 20.65(3.1) -- 22.95(4.2) 20.78(4.0) 22.70(2.5)Catheter tip (g) 13.95(1.5) 12.65(0.7) 12.70(0.7) 13.85(1.0) -- 13.10(0.9) 14.15(1.1) 15.40(1.1)Catheter drag (g) 3.30(0.4) 3.86(1.5) 3.90(1.2) 5.15(1.0) -- 4.15(1.0) 5.95(1.0) 7.44(1.2)__________________________________________________________________________ NOTE: () = standard deviation. Sample size = 10. Compound 5 was not tested because of difficulties in mixing the solution.
These results are comparable to the results tabulated in Example No. 1.
The tip adhesion force between the catheter and the needle was measured for certain solutions and tabulated below.
______________________________________Tip Adhesion Comp. 3 Comp. 4 Comp. 6______________________________________Tip Adhesion 185.93 (23.37) 254.64 (25.20) 234.10 (23.40)(g) (non aged)Tip Adhesion 132.19 (45.89) 209.99 (104.26) 428.70 (183.29)(g) (aged 60░ C.18 h)______________________________________ NOTE: () = standard deviation. Sample size = 10.
The following table identifies the effects of using different amounts of a silicone surfactant and an amino-modified silicone surfactant as the lubricant in a catheter tipping operation.
______________________________________ 1 2 3 4______________________________________Silicone surfactant (%) 3.00 3.00 4.50 3.00Amino-modified silicone 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.50surfactant (%)Vitamin E (%) 0.125 0.00 0.25 0.125Cosmocil (PPM) 50 50 50 50Water (%) 96.88 96.75 95.25 96.38No. of Tips Sticking 8 0 1 0(out of 60)Catheter Length (inches) 1.99866 2.00030 1.99953 1.99993(Target length is 2.0 inches)______________________________________
If the catheter tip sticks, the catheter length will not be 2.0 inches due to stretching of the catheter tip as it is removed from the mandrel. As can be seen, when the lubricant provided adequate lubricity, no tips stuck to the mandrel and the catheter length was very close to the target length of 2 inches.
If the adhesion between the catheter tip and the introducer needle is too high, the needle cannot be easily withdrawn from the catheter after the assembly is placed into the patient's vein. Many thermoplastic materials such as polyurethanes are very sticky in nature and will bond to the surface of a metal under compression. Since the catheter tip sits over the stainless steel needle with an interference fit, it will stick to the needle unless the needle is lubricated.
The following lubricants were used during the tipping process as a tipping lubricant and to lubricate the needle and the catheter. The control group is included for comparison.
__________________________________________________________________________ Tipping Lube Needle Lube Catheter Lube__________________________________________________________________________Silicone surfactant (%) 2.375 ▒ 0.25 2.375 ▒ 0.25 4.75 ▒ 0.25Amino-modified 0.525 ▒ 0.025 0.525 ▒ 0.025 0.525 ▒ 0.025silicone surfactant (%)Vitamin E (%) 0.2625 ▒ 0.0125 0.2625 ▒ 0.0125 0.2625 ▒ 0.0125Cosmocil (PPM) 50 50 50Water (%) 96.8375 ▒ 0.2875 98.8375 ▒ 0.2875 94.4625 ▒ 0.2875ControlDC 12600 cstk Silicone (%) -- -- 2.0Masil 1 MM cstk Silicone (%) -- 2.4 --PS-513 Amino-modified 0.5 -- --Silicone (%)HCFC-141b, Genesolve 99.5 97.6 98.02000 (%)__________________________________________________________________________
20 gauge catheter products were assembled by first using the catheter tipping lubricant for tipping the catheter, lubricating the needle and catheter separately using the respective lubricants and finally assembling the catheter assembly. The products were aged at 90░ C. for two weeks and tested for tip adhesion. The products were also penetration tested through latex membrane 13.5 mils thick. The results are described below:
______________________________________ Control Test Tip Adhesion Catheter Tip Adhesion CatheterAging (lbs) Drag (g) (lbs) Drag (g)______________________________________0 Week 0.19 3.0 0.12 4.81 Week, 90░ C. 0.10 4.0 0.11 3.62 Week, 90░ C. 0.16 3.9 0.12 4.7______________________________________
From the above data, it is clear that the lubricant of this invention stabilizes tip adhesion and the catheter lubricant lubricates the catheter adequately. Furthermore, the properties of the lubricant of this invention are comparable to the control products.
Other silicone surfactant combinations have been tried. For example, a polyalkylene oxide-modified polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer known as Silwet L7230 which is similar to Silwet L7001 was used in combination with an amino-modified silicone-polyether copolymer known as Silwet Y12593.
______________________________________Ingredients Waterborne Lubricant Silicone 1 MM cstk______________________________________Silwet L7230 (%) 4.50 --Silwet Y12593 (%) 0.50 --Vitamin E (%) 0.25 --Water (%) 94.75 --Silicone 1 MM cstk (%) -- 2.4Freon TF (%) -- 97.6______________________________________
The catheter tubing is swaged into the catheter adapter by using stainless steel wedges. When the catheter assembly is put over the needle assembly it is possible that the stainless steel wedge and the stainless steel needle may rub. Thus there could exist a high resistive force between the two metal surfaces. This becomes even more prominent when the catheter is pushed off of the needle depending upon the angle between the catheter tubing and the needle. A test was devised in which the catheter was held stationary at certain angle rotations to make sure that the needle is rubbing the wedge. The needle was pulled out and the resistive force was measured. The results are given below:
______________________________________Product Tested Resistive Force (lbs)______________________________________Unlubricated 20(ga) catheter 0.40020(ga) Catheter Lubricated with Silicone 0.16020(ga) Catheter Lubricated with Lubricant of 0.078this invention as described above______________________________________
The data clearly shows the lubricant effectiveness of the water soluble lubrication system of this invention.
A quaternary ammonium salt was used as a solution stabilizer for the tipping lubricant solution to ensure that the solution is homogenous. A lubricant containing 3% Silwet L7001, 0.5% Sylguard, which is a reactive quaternary compound, 0.25% Urea, and 96.25% water was used for tipping catheters. In all products tested, the tip quality was acceptable. Other quaternary ammonium salts such as benzethonium chloride could also be used.
Different amounts of an amino-modified silicone-polyether were used to establish an acceptable range for use as a tipping lubricant.
______________________________________ 1 2______________________________________Amino-modified silicone surfactant (g) 1.0 10.0Water (g) 99.0 90.0Tip Quality Good Good______________________________________
The two part lubrication solution of this invention was compared to a three part lubrication solution. The following experiment compared a 4% silicone surfactant solution, and a 4% amino-modified silicone surfactant with a three part lubrication solution. This three part lubrication solution used aminopropyl terminated polydimethyl siloxane with a viscosity of 2000 centistokes as the lubricant. Such a product is available from Petrarch Systems under the PS513 trade name. 3% of the PS513 product was mixed with 1 % surfactant and 96% water. The surfactant used was Tergitol S and is available from Union Carbide. The tipping results are provided below:
______________________________________ Silicone Amino-modifiedParameters PS513 Emulsion Surfactant Silicone Surfactant______________________________________Tip sticking 0 0 0(out of 60)Tipped 2.0019(0.0010)* 2.0024(0.0014)** 1.9889(0.0008)*catheterlength (in.)Target length 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000______________________________________ Note: ()= standard deviation *= sample size 10 **= sample size 8
The lubrication results are provided below:
______________________________________ Tip Adhesion (lbs) Catheter Drag (g)______________________________________PS513 Emulsion 0.21 (0.02) 3.8 (0.4)Silicone Surfactant 0.48 (0.05) 5.8 (1.0)Amino-modified Silicone 0.23 (0.06) 3.5 (0.3)Surfactant______________________________________ Note: sample size = 10 () = standard deviation
Two lubricant solutions for use in the tipping process, lubricating the needles, and lubricating the catheters were tested simultaneously. Two thousand catheter and introducer needle assemblies were produced using one lubricant solution containing Masil 1066C, and another two thousand catheters were produced using another lubricant solution containing Masil 29. The machines ran smoothly. No significant problems surfaced, and the products produced were comparable to the control products similarly produced using the control silicone fluid solutions. These products had good quality tips. They were packaged and sterilized by ethylene oxide and aged at 90░ C. for two weeks to compare their performance.
______________________________________Tipping Lubricant Composition Composition No. 1 Composition No. 2Ingredients Percent W/W Percent W/W______________________________________Masil 1066C 3.50 --Masil 29 -- 3.50Lecithin 1.00 1.00Cosmocil 50 ppm 50 ppmWater 95.5 95.5______________________________________Needle Lubricant Compositions Composition No. 1 Composition No. 2Ingredients Percent W/W Percent W/W______________________________________Masil 1066C 3.50 --Masil 29 -- 3.50Vitamin E 0.25 0.25Cosmocil 50 ppm 50 ppmWater 96.25 96.25______________________________________Catheter Lubricant Compositions Composition No. 1 Composition No. 2Ingredients Percent W/W Percent W/W______________________________________Masil 1066C 5.5 --Masil 29 -- 5.5Vitamin E 0.25 0.25Cosmocil 50 ppm 50 ppmWater 94.25 94.25______________________________________Lubricant Composition for Control Products, Percent (W/W) Catheter Tipping Needle CatheterIngredients Lubricant Lubricant Lubricant______________________________________DC360 Silicone 12.50 CSTK -- -- 2.5IMM CSTK Silicone -- 3.0 --Amino Modified 0.65 -- --Polydimethylsiloxane PS-513Hydrochlorofluorocarbon 99.35 97.0 97.25(HCFC)______________________________________
Products produced using Composition No. 1 are identified as Group No. 1 Products. Similarly, those products produced using Composition No. 2 were identified as Group No. 2 Products. The performance of these products are described in Table No. 1 and Table No. 2 below.
TABLE 1______________________________________Performance of EtO Sterilized, Non-Aged ProductsParameters Group No. 1 Group No. 2 Control______________________________________Catheter Tip Adhesion 0.29 (0.03) 0.21 (0.06) 0.39 (0.11)(lbs)Latex PenetrationNeedle tip (g) 16.9 (1.9) 16.6 (1.1) 15.2 (1.7)Catheter tip (g) 16.7 (2.0) 17.6 (2.6) 11.8 (0.8)Catheter drag (g) 4.2 (0.5) 5.2 (0.9) 3.7 (0.7)Needle/Adapter Pull 46.9 (3.8) 50.1 (5.0) 50.0 (4.3)(lbs)Catheter/Adapter Pull 2.28 (0.21) 2.45 (0.24) 2.35 (0.19)(lbs)______________________________________
TABLE 2______________________________________Performance of EtO Sterilized, 2 Weeks Aged at 90░ C. ProductsParameters Group No. 1 Group No. 2 Control______________________________________Catheter Tip Adhesion 0.89 (0.29) 0.26 (0.09) 1.05 (0.11)(lbs)Latex PenetrationNeedle tip (g) 21.4 (2.6) 18.1 (1.9) 13.6 (1.4)Catheter tip (g) 17.4 (4.8) 18.8 (3.4) 12.1 (1.0)Catheter drag (g) 3.2 (0.6) 3.7 (0.9) 3.0 (0.3)Needle/Adapter Pull 45.1 (3.0) 47.9 (4.3) 41.9 (4.4)(lbs)Catheter/Adapter Pull 2.43 (0.14) 2.41 (0.12) 2.47 (0.18)(lbs)______________________________________
Performance test results before and after aging the products at 90░ C. for two weeks indicate that the performance of Group No. 1 and Group No. 2 products are comparable to the control.
Thus, it is seen that a new lubrication system is provided that is inexpensive, easy to control, safe, non-toxic and "environmentally friendly."
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Owner name: BECTON, DICKINSON AND COMPANY, NEW JERSEY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KHAN, AZHAR J.;KHAN, MOHAMMAD A.;REEL/FRAME:009105/0423
Effective date: 19980305
|25 Jul 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
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Year of fee payment: 8
|4 Oct 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text: Items 121 to 132 of 148 total View 12 / 24 / 48 Previous 1 ... 9 / 10 / 11 / 12 / 13 Next best test kit I've used By Matthew on 1/23/2012 Matthew would recommend this product to a friend This test kit is super easy, fast, and works great. It's consistent and I wish all tests were this simple! Okedokee!!! By Drew on 1/17/2012 Drew would recommend this product to a friend FINALLY a readable test kit! Now I can finally feel like I am getting an accurate test!!! great product By Derek on 1/8/2012 Derek would recommend this product to a friend I'll say my complaints first: the price is high compared to many other test kits and I often have trouble distinguishing between colors when they change even though I am not color blind lol. However, the quality of this product is great and I like the titrator system which makes testing simple. Compared to other test kits I have used I think this one is much more accurate and comes with better testing tools. The kit also comes in a small plastic box for storage which is corrosion resistant. It is nice that you can order the titrant separate from everything else when it is used up. Grade A product overall. Every reefer needs one! Good Multi test kit By Brian on 12/20/2011 Brian would recommend this product to a friend Red Sea seems to have done their homework. The cartridge for holding the titration syringe is an excellent addition to the test kit. The tests are fairly easy to read and they seem to be accurate. I checked the dKH using this kit and compared the numbers with the Hanna colorimeter and was right on with this test kit. Would highly recommend. Best bang for buck By Richard on 12/2/2011 Richard would recommend this product to a friend I dont know why I didnt buy this kit sooner. The only thing slicker and easier to use than these tests are hanna checkers but for guys who are on a tight budget like me, this is the perfect alternative. Red Sea even makes refills for when you run out. Red Sea was right on the money making this kit. great little test kit By onborrowedtime on 12/1/2011 onborrowedtime would recommend this product to a friend great little test kit, seems to be very accurate and easy to use, plus it comes in a great little storage case. Good kit for the money By Walter on 11/29/2011 Walter would recommend this product to a friend Good test kit and the instruction videos on line help. Haven't had to re-order reagents yet but that should help to off set the cost of this kit instead of getting whole new kit. Same grips as reviewers before about trying to fit everything back into the box he first few times. It's like a puzzle and just have to remember where everyting goes. works great By Jose De Jesus on 11/26/2011 Jose De Jesus would recommend this product to a friend red sea test kit works great clear and easy to read results and great quality stuff come with great case Outstanding!!!! By FuDz CWerner on 11/25/2011 FuDz CWerner would recommend this product to a friend Very easy to use test kit. Just add water from your tank and follow the instructions. I would offer some advice to people when testing...when you get close to the endpoint color go ahead and write the value down. Then titrate a little more to verify the endpoint. Then use that range to calculate your value. Great Product By Sam on 11/17/2011 Sam would recommend this product to a friend I have been using Red Sea test kits for a while and overall I am very happy with them. The quality is exceptional, and I am a fan of the way that the kits are organized. The API kits come in cheesy plastic trays, while the RS kits come in a hard plastic box that makes it very easy to keep everything together and organized. The color cards/charts show the basic instructions of how to conduct each individual test but you MUST read the instructions as well. My first couple of tests I was purging the air from the syringe when adding my reagents to the sample, which you are not supposed to do. This resulted in somewhat inaccurate testing. So make sure you read and understand the instructions on your first go around, and thereafter you can use the card as a reference. These test kits are easy to use, precise, easy to keep organized, and of high quality. I will continue to purchase them in the future. Easy to Use - Great Value By Milkman on 11/14/2011 Milkman would recommend this product to a friend I have been using the Foundation multi-kit for about four months and find it very easy to use. The end point color change is very easy to see and the test cn be completed quickly. Having all three of these basic tests bundled together makes it a great value, especially since you can replace the reagents on a test by test basis. I probably check my alkalinity twice as often as I check CA or Mg, so when I need more alk titrant, I can just buy what I need. Red Sea vs. API By James on 10/30/2011 James wouldn't recommend this product to a friend @AC2020x, why do you think Red Sea gives better results than API? Have you have Red Sea results compared to the results from an independent scientific lab, or are you just guessing? Write Your Own Review You're reviewing: Red Sea Reef Foundation Pro Multi Test Kit (Ca, Alk, Mg) *How do you rate this product? *Would you recommend this product to a friend? Yes No *Nickname *Summary of Your Review *Review Submit Review

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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The Mig - Retro Steel Industrial Pendant - Yellow
Finish Chart / Features
Product Details
Bring the industrial look to any space with this cord hung pendant. The yellow finish to the Mig - Retro Steel Industrial Pendant Collection makes it pop out of any design! All Mig lights are made from recycled acetylene tank tops, meaning each light is completely different. You're buying a one-of-a-kind light!
The perfect addition to any home wanting a rustic feel, the Mig light also compliments modern spaces with its industrial charm. Hang Mig lights alone over your counter top or pair them in bunches to create a unique pendant. The Mig goes wherever you need it. Read More >
Other Colors: Red | Grey | Blue | Burnt Orange | Brown | Green | Orange | Porcelain Enamel Finish | Jadite Green
- Features: Original Steel Acetylene Tank Lids
- Mounting: 8' of Standard Cord | 6' of Cotton Cord (See Cord Options)
- Ceiling Canopy Dimensions: 5" Diameter
- Condition: Each Fixture and Finish is Unique
- Max Wattage Per Socket: 60 Watt Standard Incandescent (Bulb Not Included)
- Use: CSA Listed for Damp Locations (Except When Cotton Cord Mounted)
- Size: W 4" x H 8"
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text:
Same team, different tight ending this year?
'Super' senior likes changes at CSU-Pueblo
For the first time in more than five years with the Colorado State University-Pueblo football program, Roger Pfannenschmid feels something different this season.
"It's like it's all new and fresh," the Pack's senior tight end said. "We're doing some different things in practices — not just the same stuff we've been doing for five years."
Pfannenschimd is a super senior, really. He used his redshirt year in 2008 and played just one game in 2009. Because the NCAA granted him a hardship year of eligibility, the former standout from Centennial High School has been with the program as long as head coach John Wristen.
The Pack will scrimmage at 7 tonight at the Neta & Eddie DeRose ThunderBowl. It will be the final dress rehearsal for the Pack, which faces Northern Colorado on Sept. 7 in Greeley.


text:
Seasonal Menus - Spring
The following special offerings are available to events scheduled between March 31st and May 7th. Due to our concern that the products offered at your event are of the highest quality and best value, these items are specially offered during this period and are not available outside these dates. Thank you for allowing UNC Catering to serve your needs.
Hors D'Oeuvres
- Smoked Salmon* Croquettes with Red Onion and Tomato Salsa (50 pieces) $82.00
- Colorado smoked salmon with bell peppers and onions, mixed with a rich cream then lightly breaded and seared to perfection; topped with a smoky red onion and tomato salsa
Signature Dinner Salad
(Add $1.75 to your served Dinner to upgrade your salad.)
- Marinated Asparagus and Seasonal Mushroom Salad
- fresh asparagus and a variety of seasonal Mushrooms which may include bolte, morel, crumini and oyster, marinated in a lemon tarragon vinaigrette served over fresh baby spring greens
Served Breakfast
- Poached Eggs de Cameron $9.75
- two English muffins toasted and topped with grilled tomato, tender shrimp, and two poached eggs, covered with a citrus Hollandaise sauce
- served with: assorted muffins, fresh fruit, chilled orange juice, coffee, hot tea and 2% milk
Served Lunch
- Muscato Poached Pacific Salmon with Tomato Cucumber Salad $10.50
- wild caught Pacific salmon poached in Muscato wine and other seasonings served with a refreshing salad of marinated cucumbers, tomatoes, and watercress
Served Dinner
- Roasted Colorado* Lamb Loin with a Sun Dried
Cherry Brown Sauce $23.50
- Locally raised Colorado lamb loin roasted to a medium doneness served with a rich brown sauce enhanced with sundried tart cherries
- try pairing this entrée with our Spring side options of petite pan squash and chevre potato cakes
Vegetarian Option
- Somen Noodle Salad with Fried Tofu and Spring Onions
- refreshing cold noodle salad with crisp tofu, carrot flowers, spring onions and a sweet soy dressing
- Strawberry Mango Pavlova $4.00
- crisp meringue shell topped with a dollop of mango custard, fresh sliced strawberries and mangos and topped with whipped cream and strawberry sauce


text:
I bought Indy from a man whom I had worked for for about four or five years. He gave me papers documenting Indy as having come from a man who claimed that there was no previous owner. I cannot find this man on the internet, only his yellow pages listing. Has anyone ever heard of him?
Walter C Walker
Hudson, North Carolina
I have his address and phone number but did not feel it was appropriate to post that.
The reason I posted this in the breeding section is that since Mr. Walker was the original owner, that would imply that he had Indy as a baby and he either bred for him or bought a mare in foal and then had him. I was wondering if anyone knew him or anything along those lines. I would be really interested to learn more about Indy's background. Thanks!
*My apologies if this is the wrong section!


text:
Death by celluloid
Quoth the press release: "On a daredevil caving holiday, six woman friends are unexpectedly trapped underground when a rock fall blocks their exit. Searching the maze of tunnels for a way out, they find themselves hunted by a race of fearless, hungry predators, once humanoid but now monstrously adapted to live in the dark."I imagine this will make "Howard the Duck" look like "Citizen Kane."
My friends and I got even more snickers out of making up alternate titles for "The Descent." My favorites:
"Dude, Where's My Luna Bar?"
"Must Love Caves"
Mine was by far the worst. The musical theater version: "Sunday in the Dark with Gorge."
Praise (or blame) goes to Ron Evans for the first alternate title, and to Mark Addleman for the other two.


text:
Final hearing held to keep autistic boy's chickens
Published On: Dec 05 2012 07:24:39 PM EST Updated On: Dec 05 2012 07:29:04 PM EST
The family of an autistic boy will soon find out if the fight for their son will be able to keep his therapeutic chickens at a DeBary council debate.
Copyright 2012 by ClickOrlando.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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John GoodmanAmerican (Newton, Massachusetts, 1947)
Pops, The Times Square Gym
1993photograph | gelatin silver print
Not on view at this time; find out where you can see works from our collection at locations around the Bay Area while our building is closed for expansion
14 7/8 in. x 10 in. (37.78 cm x 25.4 cm)
Acquired 2001
Collection SFMOMA
Accessions Committee Fund purchase
© John Goodman


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Conway's law
Conway's law is an adage named after computer programmer Melvin Conway, who introduced the idea in 1968; it was first dubbed Conway's law by participants at the 1968 National Symposium on Modular Programming.[1] It states that
organizations which design systems ... are constrained to produce designs which are copies of the communication structures of these organizations— M. Conway[2]
Although sometimes construed as humorous, Conway's law was intended as a valid sociological observation. It is based on the reasoning that in order for two separate software modules to interface correctly, the designers and implementers of each module must communicate with each other. Therefore, the interface structure of a software system will reflect the social structure of the organization(s) that produced it.
Eric S Raymond, an open source advocate who co-founded the Open Source Initiative, restated Conway's law in The New Hacker's Dictionary, a reference work based on the Jargon File he maintained for years. The organization of the software and the organization of the software team will be congruent, he said. Summarizing an example in Conway's paper, Raymond wrote that "If you have four groups working on a compiler, you'll get a 4-pass compiler".[3][4]
James O. Coplien and Neil B. Harrison stated that "If the parts of an organization (e.g. teams, departments, or subdivisions) do not closely reflect the essential parts of the product, or if the relationship between organizations do not reflect the relationships between product parts, then the project will be in trouble... Therefore: Make sure the organization is compatible with the product architecture".[5]
The impact of Conway's Law can be seen in the design of corporate websites. Nigel Bevan, a usability expert, states that "Organisations often produce web sites with a content and structure which mirrors the internal concerns of the organisation rather than the needs of the users of the site."[6] A similar effect may be found when websites undergo design by committee.
Supporting evidence[edit]
Evidence in support of Conway's law that has been published by a team of MIT and Harvard Business School researchers, who found "strong evidence to support [what they term the equivalent]… mirroring hypothesis", and that "significant differences in [product] modularity" were "consistent with a view that distributed teams tend to develop more modular products".[7]
Additional and likewise supportive case studies of Conway's law have been conducted by Nagappan, Murphy and Basili at the University of Maryland in collaboration with Microsoft,[8] and by Syeed and Hammouda at Tampere University of Technology, in Finland.[9]
See also[edit]
- ^ Yourdon, E. N., and Constantine, L. L. Structured Design (Prentice Hall, 1978), p. 400
- ^ Conway, Melvin E. (April 1968), "How do Committees Invent?", Datamation 14 (5): 28–31, retrieved 2015-04-10
- ^ Eric S. Raymond (October 1996). The New Hacker's Dictionary - 3rd Edition. ISBN 978-0-262-68092-9.
- ^ Eric S. Raymond, Conway's Law, retrieved 2012-06-18
- ^ Coplien and Harrison (July 2004). Organizational Patterns of Agile Software Development. ISBN 978-0-13-146740-8.
- ^ "Usability Issues in Web Site Design" (PDF). Retrieved 30 March 2015.
- ^ "Exploring the Duality between Product and Organizational Architectures : A Test of the "Mirroring" Hypothesis" (PDF). Hbs.edu. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
- ^ Nachiappan Nagappan, Brendan Murphy & Victor Basili, 2008, "The Influence of Organizational Structure On Software Quality: An Empirical Case Study," ACM TechReport MSR-TR-2008-11, see [1], accessed 9 March 2015.
- ^ M. M. Mahbubul Syeed & Imed Hammouda, 2013, "Socio-technical Congruence in OSS Projects: Exploring Conway's Law in FreeBSD," In Open Source Software: Quality Verification, Part I (Etiel Petrinja, Giancarlo Succi, Nabil El Ioini & Alberto Sillitti, Eds.), IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology Volume 404 (Proceedings of the 9th IFIP WG 2.13 International Conference, OSS 2013, Koper-Capodistria, Slovenia, June 25-28, 2013), pp. 109-126, Berlin:Springer, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-38928-3_8, ISBNs 9783642389276 and 9783642389283, see [2], accessed 9 March 2015.
Further reading[edit]
- Alan MacCormack, John Rusnak & Carliss Baldwin, 2012, "Exploring the Duality between Product and Organizational Architectures: A Test of the 'Mirroring' Hypothesis," Research Policy 41:1309–1324 [earlier Harvard Business School Working Paper 08-039], see [3], accessed 9 March 2015.
- Lise Hvatum & Allan Kelly, Eds., "What do I think about Conway's Law now? Conclusions of a EuroPLoP 2005 Focus Group," European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs, Kloster Irsee, Germany, January 16, 2006, see [4], addressed 9 March 2015.


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PISCATAWAY, N.J. (AP) — Rutgers women's basketball coach C. Vivian Stringer will guide the Scarlet Knights into the Big Ten.
The Hall of Fame coach signed a four-year contract extension on Wednesday the school announced. She will earn $700,000 in salary and guaranteed money and can reach up to $1 million a year with incentives. She earned $1 million a year in her previous seven-year contract that expires on June 30.


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for Our Daily News Updates
In John Calipari's three seasons as UK's head coach, 10 freshmen and sophomores have left Lexington for the NBA draft.
Consequently, the three upperclassmen Calipari has thus far brought to the program as scholarship players have all been transfers.
The latest of those players is guard Julius Mays.
Mays arrives at UK this season with a reputation as a lights-out shooter after one season at Wright State and two seasons at NC State.
"(He's) a great kid who had performed at a high level, who could make baskets, especially jump shots, and that wanted to be a part of this and understood what it meant," Calipari said of Mays in a preseason roundtable interview with local media.
Mays was named the Horizon League Newcomer of the Year last season after leading Wright State in scoring at 14.1 points per game. At Wright State, Mays shot 42.8 percent from the field and 42.4 percent from three-point range in 30 games. The high point of his season came with 33 points against UIC when he set at Horizon League record with 19 made free throws.
Mays started 28 of 30 games at Wright State as a redshirt junior and likely would have been in a featured role for the Raiders this season if he had remained there.
Instead, Mays decided he wanted the chance to win a national championship so badly he was willing to take a bench role at UK.
"I'm not a selfish guy at all," he said in a preseason interview with KyForward. "I know I had the opportunity to go to other big places and walk into a role like that, but that's not what I wanted to do. I wanted to have to earn everything. I wanted to have a better chance to win than just being a scorer or playing 25 minutes a game."
Mays is eligible to play immediately at UK since he is enrolled in a graduate program that is not offered by Wright State.
He will likely see time off the UK bench at both point guard and shooting guard.
Calipari made sure Mays had no illusions about his role before he committed to become a Wildcat.
"We don't make any promises," he said. "Are you good coming off the bench? Are you good if that's the case? 'I'm good. I'm good. I'm good.' He knew what he was walking into."
Since becoming UK's head coach, Calipari has added four transfers to the program: Mays, redshirt senior guard Twany Becham, redshirt sophomore guard Ryan Harrow and the recently graduated center Eloy Vargas.
Each of Calipari's four UK teams have featured at least four scholarship upperclassmen, but Vargas, Beckham and Mays are the only Calipari recruits of that group.
By sending so many players to the NBA draft before they have exhausted their college eligibility and signing the No. 1 recruiting class in the nation in each of the last four years, Calipari has to be creative in looking for veteran bench players.
"People say, 'Why don't you just go out and recruit a top 50 or 60 player that understands he's going to be the seventh or eighth man?' Well, good luck," Calipari said. "The top 50 or 60 player, what does he think? How long until the NBA."
With a rotation that is likely to feature six freshmen and sophomores, Mays is ready to take on a leadership role even though this is his first year at UK as well.
"I think it's a great situation that I'm walking into: being a new guy but also being a guy with the most college experience," he said. "I think there are different expectations for you. When things get tough, I think coach is going to look to me to be there for those guys and make sure they stay positive."
Mays describes his leadership style as somewhere between a quiet, lead only by example player and a vocal leader who likes to shout and yell.
"I do tend to pull guys to the side to pick them up and to make sure that they're staying positive and they're not getting down on themselves," he said.
Mays may be counted on as a veteran leader, but he is still trying to adjust to everything that goes along with being a Wildcat himself.
He describes himself as "still under-the-radar," but he noted he has already been stopped by fans for autographs and pictures even though he has yet to appear on the court.
Even in his fifth season as a member of a college basketball team, that recognition is new for Mays.
"I loved my experience at Wright State, but the fan base wasn't really big," he said. "I was recognized around the city, but not like how I will be here. It was a great experience I had there, but what I've experienced here so far, I've never experienced anything like it."
Mays has already made an impression on his young teammates.
"He just knows how to play the game really," said freshman forward Alex Poythress. "He's got a great shot. He's got great moves, knows how to get to the spot where he needs to, knows how to play basketball."
"He adds a lot of depth to our team, just being able to shoot the ball," said sophomore forward Kyle Wiltjer. "He's a playmaker. He can pass the ball as well. He's just a guy you want on your team and you want to play with because he's unselfish and he'll get you the ball."
Even with all the preseason praise, Mays isn't getting ahead of himself. He has no expectations for a certain amount of playing time or points scored.
"To me it really doesn't matter," he said. "That could be averaging 10 points, or it could be averaging four points or two points. I just want to do whatever I have to do to help this team succeed and win again."
You can read more from the preseason interview with Julius Mays on the KyForward UK Sports Notebook on Tumblr. The Mays' profile is the final story in the preseason UK basketball preview. You can access all the stories in the preview here. There's still more basketball coverage to come on KyForward.com with media day Thursday and Big Blue Madness on Friday.


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Jensen Beach charity forced to find new home
JENSEN BEACH, Fla. - Pastor Jerry Herald of the Bridge Christian Outreach says all of his ministry's items have been dumped into storage, because the landlord of their previous food pantry said he didn't want, "those people" around.
Those people refer to the more than 200 families who come for help.
Herald says he understands from a business standpoint that the landlord has the right to choose tenants, and he plans to somehow find another place for the ministry.
"Something that upsets me is when people refer to another group of people as 'those people.' And they fail to see that those people live on their street. Those people are indeed their neighbors," Herald explained.
Herald credits his wife Evelyn for being his most important helper in his outreach efforts.
Jensen Beach Bowl offered its parking lot as a temporary spot for the Saturday morning food pantry, so the ministry will be out bright and early in the morning to serve the families.
If you can volunteer, or wish to donate, you can contact Herald by email at firstname.lastname@example.com .


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A taste of luxury awaits travelers to cosmopolitan Dubai -- Qatar Airways is offering roundtrip flights from Montreal for $1169, slashing $330 off surrounding dates on the same airline.
Book by March 20 for roundtrip travels through May 31.
Qatar Airways has been named a 5-star airline by Skytrax, a popular airline and airport review site. It is one of only seven airlines in the world to have achieved such a high rating.
Other destinations including Jakarta and Bangkok have been discounted as part of this sale -- click below for more information.
Please go to your email and confirm your subscription.


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Sedalia's Weekend Events: Weekend of October 3
Leeton Lions Club Helps Young Girl with Third Lung Transplant [INTERVIEW]
Johnson County Volunteer Fire Auxiliary Holding Spaghetti Dinner and Silent Auction in Warrensburg [INTERVIEW]
We all know that you never think about the Fire Department until you need them. But there are some people who go out of their way to make sure you never have to think about it, and they volunteer their time to help keep us all safe. The Johnson County Fire Auxiliary Spaghetti Dinner and Silent Auction serves as a thank you to a lot of these brave souls.


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Ron Wilson, age 72, son of Maebelle (McDaniels) Schutz and Albert Wilson was born October 20, 1940 in Kirksville, MO. He passed away on November 14, 2012 at home in Houston, MO.
Ron is preceded in death by his mother, father and son, Timothy Wilson. He is survived by his wife of 27 years, Doris Wilson of the home in Houston, MO, five sons; Ronald Wilson, Jr. of Pekin, IL, Greg Wilson and Ronald Eric Wilson of VA, Michael Ingalls of CA, Brian Wilson of Mtn., View, MO, two daughters; Angela Slater of VA and Shannon Fugate of CA, 21 grandchildren and 15 great-grandchildren.
Ron married Doris Walker on March 2, 1985.
He was a member of Souls Harbor Family Church in Houston, MO. He received Christ as his Savior in 2006 and remained faithful for the rest of his years.
Ron was enlisted in the Navy during the Vietnam War from 1957 – 1961. He later went on to become a firefighter, law enforcement, EMT, PEMT instructor, home builder, Rodeo (bull riding) and a gardener. Out of all of these, his favorite title was Husband, Dad and Grandpa.
His grandchildren and great alike held a very special place in his heart and in his life; they meant the world to him. Ron would sit for hours telling stories of his favorite memories of them. A favorite family joke with him was that when God said "Go forth and populate the earth", that Ron thought he was literally speaking to him. Ron would laugh and flash his big beautiful smile with a glimmer in his eye and say, "someone had to do it!"
Ron was a proud man, and proud of his family, he didn't ask much in this life, other than his loved one's to be happy. He was quiet until he got to know you, then he would open up with such a warmth. He would give big ole bear hugs that would melt even the coldest hearts.
A man's word meant a lot to Ron, if he gave you his word you knew you could count on him to keep it. During his life, Ron touched so many lives. He will be greatly missed.
Live on Ron, you have earned your reward.
Online condolences may be sent to the family at www.evansfh.com.
The family will be hosting a Memorial Service at 6:00 P.M. Tuesday November 27, 2012 at Souls Harbor Family Church with Pastor Cordie Wimberley officiating. Arrangements were under the direction of Evans Funeral Home.


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SPECIAL: Defending Life at the United Nations is No Easy Task
By Bishop Rene Henry Gracida, D.D.
Bishop Emeritus of Corpus Christi
�Catholic Online 2004
�Last week�s U.N. debate on the prohibition of human cloning ended without a decision.� (www.catholic.org, October 24, 2004).
�The Holy See alerted the U.N. of the danger of hindering promising research in adult stem cells by diverting attention to the cloning of human beings as a source of embryonic stem cells.� (www.catholic.org, October 22, 2004).
If persons engaged in the struggle to promote respect for human life in the United States Congress think that they have a tough job, they should monitor the struggle which the Holy See is constantly engaged in over at the United Nations. There the threat to human life at all of its stages is constant with pressure coming from nations like The Netherlands promoting euthanasia and from Britain promoting abortion and cloning.
The United States has, especially in the past four years, played a significant role in helping to hold back the assault on human life on the international scene. Much of the credit for that must go to President George W. Bush.
It really is regrettable that because President Bush has some reservations about banning abortions involving cases of rape and incest it is necessary to categorize him as being pro-abortion. On a pro-abortion scale of one to ten he would not even rank as a �one.� He has demonstrated time and again that he is more pro-life than he is pro-abortion.
Everyone knows that President Bush expended a lot of political capital to see that the bill banning the terrible procedure known as partial-birth abortion was finally passed by Congress after having been passed during the Clinton Administration twice only to have President Clinton veto it. Similarly, President Bush has limited the use of Federal funds for embryonic stem-cell research to the embryonic stem-cell lines existing at the time he issued his presidential order.
What is not generally well known is the extent to which President Bush has fought for the same moral positions which the Catholic Church has been fighting for on the international scene ever since he took office as President. I only became aware of the full extent of the Bush Administration�s commitment to fight on behalf of the same human life and family issues, that have been of such great concern to Pope John Paul II, in a conversation earlier this year with my friend John Klink.
During the 1980�s I was privileged to serve on the Board of Directors of the Catholic Relief Agency. Part of my responsibilities as a Board Member was to visit the staff members of CRS working in the Caribbean and Central American countries. On one of my visits to Haiti to see first hand the important work being done there on behalf of some of the poorest people in the world I met and became friends with John Klink, who was part of the team working in aid to Haiti.
John Klink has recently, at my urging, sent an important letter to every Catholic Bishop in the United States. I have asked him if I could share it with the general public and he has graciously consented to its publication. Here is his letter:
1187 Coast Village Road, Suite 10-M
Santa Barbara, CA 93108
Tel.: 805 565-1001
Email: email@example.com
October 18, 2004
Your Eminence/Your Excellency,
We hope this letter finds you well.
We know that you will have followed with careful attention and prayer the extremely important debates at the United Nations over the course of the past 15 years. As you will recall, His Holiness Pope John Paul II was instrumental in focusing the world�s attention on these debates, particularly the now famous Cairo Population Conference. John Klink was honored to have assisted the Holy See in those critical years as a diplomat and negotiator from 1988 to 2001, working under H.E. Cardinal Martino, the then Permanent Representative of the Holy See to the United Nations in New York and the current President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace. Despite the notable successes in the promotion of the culture of life won by the Holy See and its allies in those critical years, major and continuous opposition to these efforts was marshaled by the European Union and the United States. As the history of the major UN conferences bears witness, these extraordinarily powerful political entities continually sought to create an international right to abortion, to effectively promote sexual activity amongst adolescents, and to weaken parental rights.
Arguably, the most dangerous of the UN conference documents was the outcome document of Cairo + 5 in 1999 which for the first time in a United Nations document called for training health care workers to perform abortions. It was ...
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- Filed Under
Concert, pre-revival
MUNCIE - A Saturday night musical and concert with the Gospel Travelers, Kathy Evans, New Hope Choir and various soloists will be presented at 6 p.m. today at Greater Pilgrim Rest Baptist Church, 723 S. Macedonia Ave. All are invited to attend. A freewill offering will be received.
Pre-revival services featuring local ministers will be at 7 p.m. Monday-Friday.Catholic faith meeting ...
MUNCIE - There will be a meeting at 7 p.m. Monday at St. Lawrence Catholic Church for anyone interested in learning about the Catholic faith.


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Photo by Romulo Yanes
YIELD: Makes 4 servings
ACTIVE TIME: 40 minutes
TOTAL TIME: 40 minutes
- 2 medium onions, finely chopped
- 1 tablespoon unsalted butter
- 1 tablespoon Calvados, Applejack, or other brandy
- 4 cups low-salt beef stock
- Kosher salt and freshly ground black pepper
- 4-8 1/2"-thick slices baguette, cut to fit ramekins
- 1 cup grated Gruyère or raclette cheese
- Special equipment: Four 10-ounces ramekins
Preheat oven to 450°F. Cook onions in a 12" nonstick skillet over high heat, stirring constantly, until soft and caramelized, about 15 minutes. Add butter and toss onions to coat. Remove pan from heat and stir in Calvados. Return pan to heat and continue cooking until Calvados is absorbed, about 30 seconds. Add stock and bring to a simmer. Simmer until soup is reduced to 4 cups, about 5 minutes. Season soup to taste with salt and pepper.
Place ramekins on a rimmed baking sheet. Divide soup among ramekins. Top each ramekin with 1-2 slices of bread. Sprinkle 1/4 cup cheese over each. Transfer baking sheet with ramekins to oven and bake until cheese is bubbly and browned in spots, about 4 minutes.
Per serving: 382 calories, 13 grams fat, 46 grams carbohydrate
Nutritional analysis provided by Bon Appétit


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Miami Heat v Boston Celtics
Brandon Bass of the Boston Celtics drives to the basket against the... News PhotoBasketball - Sport,Boston - Massachusetts,Boston Celtics,Brandon Bass,Drive - Ball Sports,Horizontal,Making a Basket,Massachusetts,Miami Heat - Basketball Team,NBA Pro Basketball,Sport,TD Garden,Taking a Shot - Sport,USAPhotographer Brian BabineauCollection: National Basketball Association 2013 NBAEBOSTON, MA - JANUARY 27: Brandon Bass #30 of the Boston Celtics drives to the basket against the Miami Heat on January 27, 2013 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2013 NBAE (Photo by Brian Babineau/NBAE via Getty Images)


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Mercure London Heathrow3
Shepiston Lane, Hayes, Middlesex, LONDON, UB3 1LP
Price FromView Rooms
- Very Good
- 12 guest reviews
"Very confident for travel fe on heathrow..."
"Good comfortable accommodation. Bit too hot so had to open windows which meant we heard quite a lot of road noise from the nearby M4. Nice r..."
"I'm extremely impressed with the room I've booked privileged room with a comfortable bed and Hugh TV I didn't expect the quality to be so go..."
"Ideal for business travellers. Easy parking, nice food and good value..."
"Restaurant was superb with excellent friendly customer service. The food was lovely and the best Tiramisu I have ever had. Lovely hotel and..."
About the hotel
The newly refurbished Mercure London Heathrow with À la carte restaurant, snack bar, Costa coffee, Dry Gym, extensive meeting facilities and the Hoppa shuttle service (chargeable) to Heathrow which runs every 40 minutes from 4AM to 11PM. Located just under 2 miles from London Heathrow, the modern rooms all offer air-conditioning, flat-screen television, hairdryer, ironing facilities, complimentary tea tray, mini fridge and laptop bedroom safes as standard. Privilege bedrooms and Suites also available.
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Room Availability
Showing Tuesday 13 October 2015 to Wednesday 14 October 2015Change Search
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- Doctor on call , Porter , Lift to all floors
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- Call us on 0333 300 1007 and we'll help find the perfect hotel for you
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- The price shown is based on the occupancy and dates you have searched for. Prices and availability are subject to change based on the arrival date, number of nights and occupancy searched for. All prices are inclusive of all local taxes.
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Very Good
83% would recommend it to a friend
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Very confident for travel fe on heathrow
Friendly and efficient front desk.
Good comfortable accommodation.
Bit too hot so had to open windows which meant we heard quite a lot of road noise from the nearby M4. Nice restaurant. Better quality than most Airport hotels.
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Advanced Search
This course surveys the historical development and contemporary context of the use of criminal sanctions to combat the use of illicit drugs. The relationship between drug use/abuse and crime is explored. The course also provides a policy analysis of the alternative means available to deal with the drugs-crime issue (legalization, decriminalization, interdiction, tougher criminalization).


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Houston has co-authored the Reliable Water Supply Bond Act of 2008, which will go to a hearing April 24, Lindsay said.
"I think we are really going to be focusing on water this year. San Francisco has already issued some warnings," she noted.
The act outlines the need for expanded bond money for additional reservoirs that will supply water for drinking and agriculture. The legislation cites studies that predict climate changes, like decreasing snow pack run-off patterns, along with California's growing population as reasons for the proposed bill.
"It expands the ability to capture water and create new reservoirs ... we don't believe conservation alone will be enough," said Houston's Chief of Staff Aaron Bone.
The act would authorize $3.95 billion in bond sales of which $2 billion would go to surface water storage, $1 billion for Delta sustainability, $500 million for ground water, $200 million for a water use efficiency program, and $250 million for an environmental restoration program.
"It creates more drinking water and water for farming," Bone said.
While few groups have publicly opposed the bill to date, some Californians argue the bill benefits farmers more than the typical California resident. Forty-three percent of the state's water supply goes to farming, while only 11 percent goes to homes and businesses, according to a report from California Department of Water Resources from 2003.
But Bone added that California's population increases by about 600,000 per year and that new reservoirs for drinking water haven't been added in decades.
By 2020, California's population is expected to reach nearly 48 million while its snow pack runoff is expecting to decrease by 25 percent by 2050, according to studies cited by spokespersons for the bill.
As current laws exist, California has issued money for maintaining water sources but not for adding additional ones.
Alamo, Danville and Diablo residents who wish to give input on the bill or propose ideas for other legislature are encouraged to call Houston's office at 606-4990, Lindsay said.
Contact Natalie O'Neill at firstname.lastname@example.com


text: 0 Showbiz Back to article: Kate Middleton, Florence Welch top 'Britain's Best Dressed 2011' list 0 Previous Next 18. Kristin Scott Thomas - actor: Judges say: "The woman we all want to be when we grow up. Her substance, wit and intelligence are conveyed through her style." Copyright: PA Images Riccardo De Luca/AP 18 of 20 Previous Next


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Back in the game
The question caught Roosevelt Bolden completely off guard.
Not for its complexity, but for its simplicity.
Bolden was helping his nephew, Gerard Jr., work on his shot when the 5-year-old turned to his uncle and asked, "Uncle Roo, why don't you play basketball anymore? It makes you happy doesn't it?"
Bolden thought for a few seconds, and responded, "You are right. It does make me happy."
"That little spark gave me the fire to play ball again," said Bolden, recalling last month's conversation. "I realized how much better I did feel when I was playing."
Bolden's basketball career has taken him on a maturation process across states and countries.
But the Buena High graduate will be playing closer to home again this season for the Ventura Jets semiprofessional team.
The Jets play in the seven-team West Coast Pro League. They begin their 16-game schedule on April 19 with a home game at Oxnard High.
A majority of the Jets are former area high school stars like Bolden.
Although the word professional suggests some monetary benefits, the players are not being paid yet.
"They are doing it for the love of the game," Jets head coach Patrick Davis said. "I hope to compensate them once the economy improves again and we get more sponsors, but right now they are playing for free."
After spending two years playing at Ventura College, Bolden, 26, accepted a full-ride scholarship to Missouri Western State.
"It was peaceful," Bolden said of St. Joseph, Mo. "It was a place where I could clear my mind and learn a lot about myself. It really mellowed me because I went there stubborn and wanting everything."
Bolden realized the extent of his good fortune in comparison to some of his teammates.
"They didn't have anything and that really hit me," Bolden said. "I took everything for granted and helped them out. I gave them some of my clothes and some of my shoes."
After earning his degree in criminal justice, Bolden was invited to play in the Philippines.
His mother, Luz, is Filipino and Bolden has relatives in the country.
"The first day I was there I wanted to come home," he said. "It was hot and sticky and there were mosquitos everywhere."
Bolden stayed in the Philippines for five months, and played in a few tournaments with the Ginebra Kings.
Bolden's teammates weren't too fond of an American trying to take their job.
"They were trying to hurt me and beat me up on the court and no one talked to me for two months," Bolden said. "I just tried to play the hardest I could and then go home and put ice packs all over my body."
But his teammates eventually came around once Bolden earned the Most Valuable Player honors at a tournament.
"They were high-fiving me and embracing me. I thought they hated me, but they said it was about pride," Bolden said. "I slowly learned their culture and came to appreciate it more."
Although he's been home for nearly a year, Bolden still can't get the visions of the extreme poverty he witnessed out of his mind.
"There were children dancing in the street for money," he said. "It made me appreciate every day in my life. I open my eyes thanking God for the clothes on my back and my parents and friends. It was a blessing to go there."
Bolden loves working with kids, and serves as a counselor at elementary schools in Ventura.
He is also an assistant coach for the Camarillo High girls' basketball team.
After his own experiences, Bolden encourages his students and players to pursue their highest aspirations.
"I always tell them you have to think positive," Bolden said. "Everyone said I was too short and too slow to make it in basketball. I tell them I can help you through it, but you have to want to be helped."
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