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Chapter 7 Questions
Chapter 7 Questions
Brookhaven College
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In order for a protein to be an integral membrane protein it would have to be
amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region
Cell membranes are asymmetrical. What is the most likely explanation?
the two sides of a cell membrane face different environments and carry out different functions
What statement correctly describes the normal tonicity conditions for typical plant and animal cells?
The animal cell is in an isotonic solution, and the plant cell is in a hypotonic solution.
Several epidemic microbial diseases of earlier centuries incurred high death rates because they resulted in severe dehydration due to vomiting and diarrhea. Today they are usually not fatal because we have developed what?
hydrating drinks that include high concentrations of salts and glucose
How would the lack of a functional chloride channel in cystic fibrosis patients affect sodium ion transport and the volume of the airway surface liquid?
Sodium ion transport will decrease; lower osmotic potential will decrease airway surface liquid volume
What factor would tend to increase membrane fluidity?
a greater proportion of unsaturated phopholipids
What is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid at lower temperatures?
The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails, preventing adjacent lipids from packing tightly
What is not embedded in the hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer at all?
peripheral proteins
What statement is correct about diffusion?
It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
The sodium-potassium pump in animal cells require cytoplasmic ATP to pump ions across the plasma membrane. When the proteins of the pump are first synthesized in the rough ER, what side of the ER membrane will the ATP binding site be on?
on the cytoplasmic side of the ER
Some regions of the plasma membrane, called lipid rafts, have a higher concentration of cholesterol molecules. As a result, these lipid rafts
are more rigid than the surrounding membrane
According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, what is a true statement about membrane phopholipids?
They can move laterally along the plane of the membrane
When biological membranes are frozen and then fractured, they tend to break along the middle of the bilayer. The best explanation for this is that
the hydrophobic interactions that hold the membrane together are weakest at this point
An animal cell lacking oligosaccharides on the external surface of its plasma membrane would like be impaired in which function?
cell-cell recognition
What is true of integral membrane proteins?
They are usually transmembrane proteins
Nitrous oxide gas molecules diffusing across a cell's plasma membrane is an example of
diffusion across the lipid bilayer
What would increase the electrochemical potential across a membrane?
a proton pump
If the sodium ion concentration outside the cell increases, and the CFTR channel is open, in what direction will chloride ions and water move across the cell membrane?
both chloride ions and water will move out of the cell
What types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane?
phopholipids and proteins
In the years since the proposal of the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which of the following observations has been added to the model?
the concentration of protein molecules is now known to be much higher
Mammalian blood contains the equivalent of 0.15M NaCl. Seawater contains the equivalent of 0.45M NaCl. What will happen if red blood cells are transferred to seawater?
Water will leave the cells, causing them to shrivel and collapse
What would be the greatest need for osmoregulation?
Cells of a tidepool animal such as an anemone
The movement of potassium into an animal cell requires
an energy source such as ATP
Proton pumps are used in various ways by members of every domain of organisms: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. What does this probably mean?
Proton gradients across a membrane were used by cells that were the common ancestor of all three domains of life
The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membranes of some animals
enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when cell temperature drops
What is one way that the membranes of winter wheat are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold?
by increasing the percentage of unsaturated phopholipids in the membrane
When a membrane is freeze fractured, the bilayer splits down the middle between the two layers of phopholipids. In an electron micrograph of a freeze-fractured membrane, the bumps seen on the fractured surface of the membrane are
integral proteins
The primary function of polysaccharides attached to the glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membranes is
to mediate cell-to-cell recognition
The formulation of a model for a structure or for a process serves which of the following purposes?
It functions as a testable hypothesis
Ions diffuse across membranes through specific ion channels
down their electrochemical gradients
Using live-cell fluorescence microscopy, researchers observed that a red fluorescent spot moved from the plasma membrane into the interior of target cells when red fluorescent dye-labeled HIV was added to the cells. What is the best conclusion from these observations?
The hypothesis that HIV enters the cell via fusion with the target cell plasma membrane is not supported
The cell membranes of Antarctic ice fish might have what adaptation?
a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids
What would likely move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly?
Cystuc fribrosis is a genetic disease in humans in which the CFTR protein, which functions as a chloride ion channel, is missing or nunfunctional in cell membranes. The CFTR protein belongs to what category of membrane proteins?
electrogenic ion pumps
A protein that spans the phospholipid bilayer one or more times is
a transmembrane protein
In a paramecium, cell surface integral membrane proteins are synthesized
by ribosomes bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)
What is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane?
it exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule
What is true of the evolution of cell membranes?
All components of membranes evolve in response to natural selection
The difference between pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis is that
pinocytosis is nonselective in the molecules it brings into the cell, whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis offers more selectivity
embedded in a lipid bilayer
decreasing extracellular pH
Why are lipids and proteins free to move laterally in membranes?
there are only weak hydrophobic interactions in the interior of the membrane
The phosphate transport system in bacteria imports phosphate into the cell even when the concentration of phophate outside the cell is much lower than the cytoplasmic phophate concentration. Phophate import depends on a pH gradient across the membrane-more acidic outside the cell than inside the cell. Phophate transport is an example of
Glucose diffuses slowly through artificial phopholipid bilayers. The cells lining the small intestine, however, rapidly move large quantities of glucose from the glucose-rich food into their glucose-poor cytoplasm. Using this info, which transport mechanism is most probably functioning the intestinal cells?
facilitated diffusion
In most cells, there are electrochemical gradients of many ions across the plasma membrane even though there are usually only one or two electrogenic pumps present in the membrane. The gradients of the other ions are most likely accounted for by
cotransport proteins
An organism with a cell wall would most likely be unable to take in materials through
What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?
small and hydrophobic
Water passes quickly through cell membranes because
it moves through aquaporins in the membrane
Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff and hard. Similar stalks left in a 0.15M salt solution become limp and soft. From this we can deduce that the cells of the celery stalks are
hypertonic to fresh water but not hypotonic to the solution
What membrane activity requires energy from ATP hydrolysis?
Na+ ions moving out of a mammalian cell bathed in physiological saline
When a plant cell, such as one from a peony stem, is submerged in a very hypotonic solution, what is likely to occur?
the cell will become turgid
The sodium-potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump because it
contributes to the membrane potential
What is the voltage across a membrane called?
membrane potential
White blood cells engulf bacteria through what process?
In receptor-mediated endocytosis, receptor molecules initially project to the outside of the cell. Where do they end up after endocytosis?
on the inside surface of the vesicle
A bacterium engulfed by a white blood cell through phagocytosis will be digested by enzymes contained in
the water level is higher in side A than in side B
side A is hypotonic to side B
a decrease in the concentration of NaCl and a decrease in the water level
A patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water-equal to the volume of blood lost is transferred directly into one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion?
The patient's red blood cells will swell because the blood fluid has become hypotonic compared to the cells
You are working on a new team that is designing a new drug. In order for this drug to work, it must enter the cytoplasm of specific target cells. What would be a factor that determines whether the molecule selectively enters the target cells?
similarity of the drug molecule to other molecules transported by the target cells
In what way do the membranes of a eukaryotic cell vary?
certain proteins are unique to each membrane
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text:
Thursday, September 30, 2010
© Copyright 2015 Albany Herald
SYLVESTER -- Is it too soon to be talking about a benchmark game in Region 1-AAA, the kind of game that might define a season?
"Not for us,'' said Worth County coach Scotty Ward, whose team plays Westover in a critical game tonight in Sylvester. "It's early, but for us it's like a playoff game for us. We're 0-1 and we've got to win. If we win, we control our own destiny. If we lose, we'll have to be looking for other folks to help us out.''
No one wants that.
Worth has been on the biggest elevator ride in Southwest Georgia so far this season. The Rams opened the year with an inspiring double-overtime victory against state-ranked Fitzgerald and then smashed Turner County the next week, vaulting the Rams into the state's Top 10 poll at No. 8 and sending a message to the Region 1-AAA teams that Worth would be a force once region played rolled around.
Then the floor dropped out.
The Rams were beating state-ranked Cook 14-7 with five minutes left when two big plays turned the game around in a 28-14 loss.
Then things turned from bad to worse.
The Rams followed that with a hard-fought, 21-7, loss to Class AAAAA Tift County and then opened Region 1-AAA last week with another tough loss to Americus-Sumter, falling 20-12 on a night when a break here or there could have turned that game around.
Suddenly, Worth is 2-3 and 0-1 in a region where there is little wiggle room.
"This is like the biggest game we have played this season,'' said Tray Frager, who starts on both sides of the line as a tight end on offense, and as a defensive tackle and defensive end on defense. "It's like we are barely on this side of the hill, but if we win, we're right back on top of the hill. But if we lose, we're 0-2 (in region) -- and that's a big hole.''
While the Rams are worried about getting their footing at Worth, they're trying to keep their feet on the ground at Westover, where last week's 13-0 win against Dougherty meant everything to a program that has struggled for years.
After the win, Westover coach Octavia Jones called the game the cornerstone for his program. It also gave Westover a 1-0 start in the region race, and if the Patriots pull off a win tonight, they will be 2-0 in a seven team region where three wins might guarantee a playoff spot.
The Patriots haven't had much success against Worth and enter the game with a 6-18 record against the Rams, who have won 10 of the last 13 meetings. A victory not only means a perfect region start for the Patriots, but will build confidence on a team that not many gave a chance to do much this season. That's what Jones, a first-year coach, is fighting -- a perception that has lingered for years.
"It doesn't matter what anyone says outside of here,'' said Jones, standing on the Westover football field and pointing to his team. "It only matters what we think. And we believe we have a chance to win every time we walk on the field.''
That attitude has already made a difference at Westover, and it won't just grow with a win tonight. It could take on a new life of its own.
The Patriots aren't just gaining confidence, they're healthier now than they have been all season, and they got 6-foot-7, 315-pound offensive lineman Trent Brown back last week. And sophomore running back Dalviness "Deion" Greene looks better every week. In a defensive struggle last week, Greene rushed for 118 yards and he has now gained 422 yards since taking off in the third game of the season.
"(Greene) has been the biggest surprise for us this season,'' said Jones, who loves to run the ball.
Pats QB Justin Taylor and Steve Bowens have also shown flashes of brilliance this season, and receiver Kenneth Townes came up with the biggest play of the game last week when he went 64 yards for a TD after catching a mere five-yard pass.
The other factor is that Westover is coming off a shutout against Dougherty, and Worth has had trouble scoring.
"We have played well defensively,'' Ward said. "We just haven't played well offensively.''
That could change tonight. Martinez Wilcher, a 6-foot-1, 270-pound tackle, returns to the offensive line after missing two weeks with a knee injury and Savon Farley, who was the All-Region special teams First Team selection last year, returns after missing two weeks with a shoulder injury. Farley had more than 150 yards in punt returns alone against Turner and has the ability to turn a close game around.
Frager and linebackers C.J. Hurley, Dontavis Jones and Chris Ford have led the defense and Worth has had big running games from Ellis Anderson and Jhue Rhodes. But the added spark of Farley might be just what the Rams need.
That is, if the three-game losing streak hasn't crippled the team.
And Ward doesn't think it has.
"We had a great week of practice,'' Ward said after his team came off the field Thursday. "We haven't thrown in the towel. The kids are still working hard.''
And they still believe.
Frager likes to point out in his geographic metaphor that it's only a hill and not a mountain to climb, and that's the prevailing attitude at Worth.
"Our goal is to win the region,'' Worth quarterback Will Peacock said. "That was the goal (in August) and that hasn't changed. We want to finish first in the region and put Worth back on the map.''
That's confidence.
Maybe that's why none of the Worth players talk about the three-game losing streak. They all talk about what's ahead.
"If we win (tonight), it will give us our momentum back,'' Hurley said. "It will be just like the momentum we had when we beat Fitzgerald. We'll be moving forward with momentum.''
Does that sound like a team that has lost three in a row?
"They know we've played well,'' Ward said. "We just haven't finished to get the win at the end. Being 2-3 isn't what you want, but no one has given up hope.''
And a win tonight changes everything.
"We're still confident,'' Peacock said. "We know we can play better than the way we've been playing. We need to play the way we played when we beat Fitzgerald. That's the way we're supposed to play.
"(The three-game losing streak) is just a bump in the road.''
More like this story
- Rams trifecta? ( January 20, 2011 )
- Westover boys hold off Worth ( January 21, 2011 )
- Battering Rams back ( October 1, 2010 )
- Perfect no more: Worth squanders late lead, falls to Cook ( September 10, 2010 )
- Monroe stunned by Worth ( January 4, 2011 )

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
|Shadra's Venom
|Gadrin's Parchment
DescriptionTake his parchment, and read it at the altar of Shadra'Alor, deep within the witherbark realm in the Hinterlands. This will summon Shadra the spider god.
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text:
Fremont-Winema National Forest District Ranger Amanda McAdams updated the Lake County Board of Commissioners on a number of public lands issues and projects in the forest during their Tuesday, June 25, meeting.
McAdams included an overview of Barry Point fire recovery work as part of her presentation. Inmate work crews from Warner Creek Correctional Facility were implemented to remove old fence from the affected area, she said.
"You guys were very encouraging in using them, and we have no regrets," she said.
By the end of this month, McAdams said the hope is to have 17 miles of fence damaged by Barry Point fire suppression efforts repaired.
Several allotments are being rested for the year to allow for vegetation and soil recovery.
Trespass cattle – those that do not belong to permittees and are traversing Forest Service land are a concern by both the Forest Service and permittees, potentially impacting future allotment availability, according to talking points provided by McAdams.
"Our permit holders have expressed concerns for trespass cattle that are (in the fire area)," she said. "We're not taking strong action at this time, but we're (monitoring the issue)."
Commissioner Ken Kestner said that the state's open range law does not apply to federal lands.
Regarding the resting of allotments, Commissioner Brad Winters inquired on alternatives available for permittees. McAdams said alternatives exist, but are not feasible from a transportation perspective.
Kestner inquired on the recovery process thus far, and McAdams noted considerable erosion in the area of the fire. Assessments are not fully completed, but recent rains were deemed helpful to the area's recovery.
Water run-off in the wake of the Barry Point Fire damaged culverts and roads, McAdams said, with several culverts under replacement on Forest Road 4020.
Salvage work on the Barry Point site is currently in the Environmental Assessment process, which is assessing salvage harvest opportunities as well as roadside hazard tree removal in the 43,000-acre burn perimeter located on the Fremont-Winema National Forest.
On a similar note, the public comment period closed for the EA process, with Forest Service officials reviewing and preparing to respond to comments received for a draft decision that is expected mid-July.
Road-related points of discussion included the Forest Service's support for work on Dog Lake Lane and a related Federal Highway Administration package funding request by the county that would support extensive work on the road.
The Forest Service is seeking funding to repair Thomas Creek Road, with several proposals based on varied funding levels, depending on available amounts, for its repair and addressing drainage issues.
Forest Service Motor Vehicle Use Map proposed changes have been received and evaluated, though a new map for 2013 has not been produced due to issues related to printing and workload within the agency, McAdams said.
The accepted changes will be posted online and will be available at the Lakeview Ranger District office.
"My discussion with you guys is a bit premature, but I didn't want you guys to be surprised by a news release or find out in some other manner," McAdams said.


text:
I live in NYC, so seeing a shirtless man scream to the heavens and attempt to attack a skunk with a sword is an almost daily occurrence for me. But now, the entire world can see this type of activity on the big screen. If you thought the cancellation of Grayskull meant we'd never see He-Man on the big screen, you're the stupidest stupid who ever stupided (no offense). Today, THR reports that Mike Finch and Alex Litvak (Predators) have written a Masters of the Universe treatment for Mattel and Columbia Pictures that seems to make both the studio and the toy manufacturer happy. We'll keep you posted as the project develops, but all we can really do now is get lost in a K hole and drift off to these thumping beats. He Man sings – Watch more Funny Videosvia Slack Circus
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe wasn't just an awesome platform to sell toys. It was also a program that delivered good moral values to its young viewers, especially at the end of each episode (not unlike G.I. Joe).
Our scientists scoured the 'nets and assembled a collection of some of these lessons taught to us by He-Man and fellow Eternians… and then we thought about all the celebrities that could stand to learn from them.
Check out these lessons below. You might just learn something, too.


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Validated by Lorita from Davis Street Family Resource Center
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Taking care of my two small children inspires me to push harder. I want to be able to study at home with my children. More
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We now all share one phone, but there are times we are apart and need to communicate. The computer is for my children's studies. More
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8 supporters
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Online classes will open up management positions for me at work, but right now I live paycheck to paycheck & can't afford a computer to take them on. More
Validated by Melissa from Connections for the Homeless
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4 supporters
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I want to advance my computer skills and want my children to get their homework done. A computer will also help me find a job. More
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Some tips to follow while buying Valium
Valium has become one of the most sold drugs in the US markets. Well there are hundreds of other brands out there which are offering their signature anti depressant drugs like Valium. However the problem is that none of these drugs are as safe as Valium. This drug is medically proven to be highest effective and efficient class of benzodiazepine drug. For dealing with all kinds of anxiety and depression problems Valium is effective on all age group of patients irrespective of their gender. However before you order valium online there is few considerations that you all should take into account. Here in this discussion we are going to provide you detailed information on what all precautions you should take before you buy valium online or through medical stores and pharmacies.
There are numerous ways to buy Valium and being a FDA approved drug you all can get it with ease. However make sure that you do not buy this drug without proper prescription. It is both illegal as well as harmful for your health. Buying non prescribed drug means that you are prone to get fake drugs as well. Also if you use Valium without proper medical diagnosis and prescription it is going to definitely affect your health. Like any other drug Valium can also have mild to severe side effects if it is not used under proper medical supervision and advice. Therefore take care to always use Valium after proper medical consultation only. When you buy this drug from the online websites then, be aware of the authenticity of the drug providers. For safety do not accept the delivery of the drugs without proper receipt from the drug supplier. This is a proof for your buy and will be helpful it there is problem with the authenticity of the drug. Valium is not only helpful in stress and anxiety related problems but there are many other medical uses of this drug as well. This drug is also commonly used for dealing with sleeping disorders like insomnia and other problems. Users who have a past history of drug abuse or allergy should not use Valium. For pregnant ladies this drug is a strict no. It can affect the health and development of the baby. Do not use Valium under any circumstances if you are pregnant. These are some buying and using precautions related to this drug that you all should keep in mind for safety.


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Los Alamos County Council on Tuesday will consider passing Amendment No. 1 to a services agreement with Hensel Phelps Construction of New Mexico. The amendment calls for the company to move forward with actual construction with a guaranteed maximum price for the first phase of $14,8111,011, plus Gross Receipts Tax.
First phase work will include mobilization, site clearing and earthwork, utilities, some structural work related to Buildings B & C and procurement of long-lead time for market sensitive materials, such as steel millwork for the buildings. If approved the work would begin before the end of July.
In other business, the council will hear a presentation for Community Development Director Rick Bohn and Housing Programs Manager Steven Brugger on a Draft Housing Rehabilitation Program Proposal and consider a contract for an electronic security system using Radio Frequency Identification, which is intended to enable self-check out by library patrons. The proposed security system would also help keep the collections in order.
Year-end budget revisions for this fiscal year will be considered, along with a contract with Los Alamos Commerce and Development Corporation for $160,000 to operate the Los Alamos Meeting and Visitors Bureau. The corporation has run the bureau for more than 10 years.
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Flying from Skopje
Skopje "Alexander the Great" Airport (SKP) is located 17 kilometers from the city center. Take flights from Skopje with airberlin and enjoy a relaxing and refreshing journey to your next destination.
Skopje "Alexander the Great" Airport Information
Skopje's airport is a modern facility that serves both domestic and international flights. Inside the terminal you will find a number of facilities and services to make your time at the airport more comfortable. Enjoy free Wi-Fi access throughout the building. Business travelers can take advantage of conference rooms and lounges for meetings. The terminal has two duty-free stores, as well as a number of other shops, bars, and restaurants. There is also a bank and several ATMs for financial transactions.
Getting to the Airport in Skopje
Travelers needing to reach the airport in Skopje have the option of taking a bus or a taxi. A bus to Skopje "Alexander the Great" Airport leaves the city station every few hours. You can hire a taxi to Skopje "Alexander the Great" Airport for convenience and quicker transportation, although this option will be slightly more expensive.
Arriving in Berlin
Uniquely molded by history and the stalwart resolve of its citizens, Berlin is a city of startling variety and beauty. Germany's capital is home to nearly 200 museums and over 400 art galleries, as well as boutiques, restaurants and nightclubs.
First Time in Berlin
There are a number of iconic attractions within the city that you shouldn't miss when you first travel to Berlin. Among them is the Reichstag, home to the German Parliament since the turn of the century and capped by Norman Foster's awe-inspiring glass dome.
Your Berlin
History buffs should purchase tickets to Berlin's Schloss Charlottenburg, the most luxurious of nine surviving royal dwellings dating back to the reign of King Friedrich I. Gastronomes will love Die Hackeschen Höfe, a bustling collection of over 100 stores, restaurants and cafes.
Making the Most of Your Berlin Holiday
For the best weather during your holiday, plan for your flights to Berlin to arrive during its mild summer season between May and September. Cheap hotels in Berlin are generally easy to find near the Kurfürstendamm and around the city center. Remember to log on to airberlin.com for a great selection of flight deals to Berlin. Find attractive fares year-round to Berlin on airberlin.com


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University of Tennessee - Knoxville
Biology 102
Exam 2 with Answers
Exam 2 with Answers
Biology 102
University of Tennessee - Knoxville
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Biology: Concepts and Connections
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Biology: Concepts and Connections, Books a la Carte Edition (6th Edition)
BIOLOGY 102 - HUMANKIND IN THE BIOTIC WORLD DR. ELIZABETH CANTWELL - EXAM 3, FORM A ? SPRING 2010 Instructions: In all cases, choose the option that BEST answers the question or completes the statement. Chapter 15 ? Tracing Evolutionary History 1. How is the merging of continents to form Pangaea believed to have altered Earth's environments at the end of the Paleozoic era? A. It reduced competition among terrestrial organisms by producing new geographic barriers. B. It eliminated all eukaryotes, allowing evolution to start anew. C. It reduced the number of coastal and shallow-sea environments, leading to the extinction of many marine species. ANSWER: C 2. The first step during the origination of life on Earth was probably formation of? A. Oxygen gas C. Carbon dioxide gas B. Simple organic molecules D. Protobionts ANSWER: B 3. The Cambrian explosion resulted in the evolution of more than 17,000 species of trilobites. The number of trilobite fossils found in modern times suggest that trilobites were very abundant, perhaps the rulers of the seas. Today, no living descendants of this group exist. What happened? A. In order to disappear from the planet entirely, trilobites must have undergone the process of adaptive radiation. B. It is unlikely that trilobites could have survived the increase in atmospheric oxygen once the process of photosynthesis had evolved. C. Since trilobites evolved before the first mass extinction, it is possible that one or more extinctions wiped out the entire group. ANSWER: C 4. Which of the following properly summarizes the findings and hypotheses of Pasteur, Oparin and Haldane? A. Life today does not arise from nonliving matter, but in the conditions of early Earth, it could have occurred. B. Cells come from cells in any atmosphere. C. Complex organisms can generate spontaneously from nonliving matter if the conditions encourage it. ANSWER: A 5. A bee species obtains nectar from trumpet flowers. When disease wipes out many competing plant species, the trumpet flower radiates, and five new species of flower arise. What is likely to occur with the bees? A. Since speciation will certainly to result in the extinction of the original trumpet flower species, the bees will also go extinct. B. The bees may also radiate in response to the availability of new food sources. C. Nothing is likely to occur with the bees. ANSWER: B 6. Scientists have discovered that Arctic Cod and Antarctic Icefish both produce ?antifreeze proteins? that help them survive in their cold environments. The most recent common ancestor of these fishes did not produce these proteins. The genes involved and the antifreeze proteins themselves are significantly different in the two species. Which of the following statements is likely true? A. The genes that encode these antifreeze proteins were once homologous, but were mutated in one population and are now analogous because they are different. B. Horizontal gene transfer allowed these populations to share genetic information. The proteins are homologous. C. These populations inhabit similar environments. They developed similar survival adaptations by convergent evolution. The proteins are analogous. D. These populations inhabit similar environments. They developed similar survival adaptations by convergent evolution. The proteins are homologous. ANSWER: C 7. Which of the following adjectives best describes the first life on Earth, based upon the current accepted hypothesis? A. Photosynthetic C. Simple B. Aerobic D. Eukaryotic ANSWER: C 8. The Lycopodium plant evolved before the breakup of Pangaea. Sequoia trees evolved after Pangaea split into separate land masses. Which plant would you expect to have the widest distribution across the modern continents? A. Lycopodium C. Both should be equally distributed B. Sequoia trees D. Both should be extinct ANSWER: A 9. Continental drift has played a role in which of the following? A. Habitat change C. Promoting speciation B. Extinctions D. All of the above ANSWER: D 10. Refer to the figure representing a cladistic analysis of plants. Which of the groups shown posess the shared ancestral character, chloroplasts? A. 5 only B. 1 only C. 1 and 2 D. 2 ? 5 E. 1 ? 5 ANSWER: E 11-12. Match the period/era with the description below. A. Cenozoic C. Precambrian B. Paleozoic D. Mesozoic 11. This era saw the origination of plants, insects and reptiles, as well as the radiation of plants, fish, amphibians and reptiles. ANSWER: B 12. This era saw a massive radiation of mammals, birds, insects and angiosperms, as well as the origination of primates and humans. ANSWER: A 13. In which of the following statements was parsimony applied? A. My daughter?s favorite blanket is missing. It probably involves some elaborate plot involving our dog, the cats and a bottle of mustard. B. Crabs and lobsters both have claws. Their most recent common ancestor has claws. This is clearly a result of convergent evolution. C. Police arrive at a crime scene. A man is dead and his wife is covered in his blood. They suspect she may have been the killer. ANSWER: C 14. Which of the following statements regarding emergence is FALSE? A. Emergence describes the way complex systems and patterns arise out of multiple relatively simple interactions. B. Examples of emergence are not easy to find in Biology, but are common in Chemistry. C. Origins investigators believe that, given the chemical makeup of early Earth, the emergence of life was inevitable. ANSWER: B 15. Over a span of several thousand years, a number of species show adaptations to climate change: drier, warmer conditions select for succulent vegetation and deep taproots in plants, burrowing in mammals and amphibians, and other similar adaptive changes. What will happen if the climate shifts and becomes progressively wetter and cooler? A. Ongoing processes of adaptation will continue because the course of a trend cannot change with the environment. B. The current trend toward hardiness in dry conditions is consistent with evolution's overall goal of making organisms better-prepared to deal with stress, so it will continue. C. Current adaptive trends will continue but organisms will now also have to mutate, adding on adaptations to deal with cool, wet conditions. D. Different adaptive trends will be favored in the new climatic environment. ANSWER: D 16. Which of the following statements regarding the atmospheres of Earth is FALSE? A. The first atmosphere of Earth was 100% nitrogen, and encouraged the process of planetary cooling. B. Our understanding of the second atmosphere is based upon modern volcanic venting. C. The complexity of life currently on Earth would be impossible without atmospheric oxygen. ANSWER: A 17. Which of the following statements regarding systems of arrangement is FALSE? A. While the three domains of life diverged fairly early in evolutionary history, some have suggested that genetic material has been transferred from domain to domain. B. Since they are both prokaryotes, it makes sense that Archaea are more closely related to Bacteria than they are to Eukaryotes. C. Although the Domain system is currently favored, it is constantly being reevaluated as new hypotheses are presented. ANSWER: B 18. Which of the following environments is thought to have promoted the formation of macromolecules from smaller organic monomers on a lifeless Earth? A. Quiet saltwater bodies B. Freshwater swamps and marshes C. Deep-sea hydrothermal vents D. The vacuum of outer space E. Hot sand, clay, or rock along the seashore ANSWER: E 19. Which of the following is an example of an exaptation? A. Clownfishes have evolved the ability to bleach themselves of color at night so that they can hide within an anemone?s tentacles. B. Many insects are capable of powered flight. In these species, wings originally evolved to provide insulation, but then became adapted for flight. C. Lions are color blind. As a result of natural selection, zebras evolved black and white stripes, which allowed them to blend into their grassy habitat. . ANSWER: B 20. Which of the following events would change the classification of a protobiont, which is not alive, to a prokaryote, which is? A. The ability to carry out photosynthesis B. The formation of a lipid membrane C. The formation of genes made of DNA D. The ability to replicate genes and reproduce ANSWER: D 21. The duplication of homeotic genes is believed to have led to __________ over the course of evolutionary history. A. Extinction D. Analogy B. Increased complexity E. Gradual refinement C. Exaptation ANSWER: B 22. You want to determine the evolutionary relatedness of specific species of bee, bacteria, fish, fern and chimpanzee. Which of the following sets of shared derived characters would be most appropriate for comparison? A. Life cycle characteristics C. Presence or absence of chloroplasts B. Molecular sequences D. Morphological traits ANSWER: B 23. Based on what we discussed, which of the following best describes the likely role of oxygen gas in the early stages of life's origin on Earth? A. Since oxygen disrupts organic molecules, its absence promoted the formation and stability of complex organic molecules on the early Earth. B. Oxygen promoted the formation of complex organic molecules through physical processes. C. Abundant atmospheric oxygen created an ozone layer, which blocked out ultraviolet light and thereby protected the earliest life forms. ANSWER: A 24. A chimpanzee is born with hands that are backwards (palms up, thumbs face inward instead of outward). Without doing any genetic analysis, what could you reasonably hypothesize? A. Mutation changed the meaning of a developmental gene. B. Mutation changed the expression of a developmental gene. C. Mutation changed either the meaning or expression of a developmental gene. ANSWER: C 25. Refer to the figure. According to this cladogram, which statement regarding the phylogeny of whales is FALSE? A. Humpback is more closely related to Blue than to Gray B. Bryde?s is more closely related to Sei than to Pygmy Bryde?s C. Bryde?s is more closely related to Pygmy Bryde?s than to Fin D. The Minke ancestor diverged early in the evolution of the whale lineage ANSWER: A 26. Which of the following statements regarding protobionts is FALSE? A. A protobiont is a collection of abiotically produced organic molecules within a lipid membrane. B. The internal environment of a successful protobiont would have been similar to its external environment. C. Those early protobionts that were more successful in their environments would have been favored by natural selection. ANSWER: B 27. Which of the following options lists major originations in the history of life on Earth in the proper order, from earliest to most recent? 1. Animals 2. Photosynthesis 3. Land plants 4. Prokaryotes 5. Humans 6. Eukaryotes A. 2, 4, 6, 1, 3, 5 D. 4, 2, 6, 3, 1, 5 B. 2, 4, 6, 1, 5, 3 E. 6, 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 C. 4, 2, 6, 1, 3, 5 ANSWER: C 28. The ancestors of whales were tetrapod animals that lived and moved on land. As their food supply became scarce, they went to the water to find food, using their limbs and tails to move in the water. As the lineage progressed, the whale forelimbs developed into flippers and the hindlimbs grew shorter, as the tail became larger and more muscular. Eventually, species similar to the whales, dolphins and porpoises we know today swam in the water. This is an example of? A. Gradual refinement B. Gradual adaptation ANSWER: A Chapter 16 ? The Origin and Evolution of Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists 29. What is it that the two competing hypotheses regarding eukaryotic and nuclear origin cannot agree upon? A. The origin of the endomembrane system B. The origin of the nucleus and nuclear envelope C. The source of ancestral eukaryotic DNA D. A and B E. A ? C ANSWER: B 30. This structure allows a prokaryote to move in a fluid or semi-fluid environment by producing a corkscrew-like motion. A. Flagella C. Capsule B. Pili D. Cell wall ANSWER: A 31. Heliobacteria use photosynthesis to convert light energy to chemical energy. They require organic sources of carbon such as carbohydrates and fatty acids to survive. A. Photoautotroph C. Photoheterotroph B. Chemoautotroph D. Chemoheterotroph ANSWER: C 32. Nitrosomonas europaea is a bacterial species that can degrade a variety of benzene-based environmental pollutants. N. europaea is found in soil, sewage, freshwater and on building surfaces. It is rod-shaped, Gram-negative and heterotrophic. To which of the major groups does it likely belong? A. Proteobacteria D. Chlamydia B. Spirochetes E. Gram-positive bacteria C. Cyanobacteria ANSWER: A 33. Which internal adaptation might enhance a prokaryote?s ability to perform metabolic processes? A. Respiratory membrane C. Plasmid B. Thylakoid membrane D. All of the above ANSWER: D 34. An endospore, this bacterial pathogen is very difficult to kill. It produces a toxin that destroys tissues and immune cells in humans. A. Bacillus anthracis C. Yersinia pestis B. Borellia burgdorferi D. E. coli ANSWER: A 35. In secondary endosymbiosis, ______________ and they develop interdependence. A. An autotrophic prokaryote lives inside a heterotrophic eukaryote B. A heterotrophic prokaryote lives inside a heterotrophic eukaryote C. A prokaryote lives inside a eukaryote D. An autotrophic eukaryote lives inside a heterotrophic eukaryote E. An autotrophic eukaryote lives inside a heterotrophic prokaryote ANSWER: D 36. Which option properly states the role of prokaryotes in eukaryotic life? A. Some prokaryotes are parasites that are deadly to eukaryotes. Therefore, eukaryotes would benefit if all prokaryotes just disappeared. B. Some prokaryotes are pathogenic to eukaryotes. However, they also play vitally important positive roles as decomposers and even as beneficial partners in the human body. The sudden disappearance of all prokaryotes would almost certainly doom most, if not all, eukaryotes to extinction. C. Prokaryotes are so small that they have relatively little influence on eukaryotes. Other than a few diseases going away, humans would not notice if prokaryotes disappeared from Earth. ANSWER: B 37. You culture the dried soup from a 4,000-year-old cooking pot found in an Egyptian tomb and obtain a distinctive species of bacteria. You immerse a test tube of these bacteria in boiling water for several hours, but the colony grows back. To which major group do they most likely belong? A. Proteobacteria D. Chlamydia B. Spirochetes E. Gram-positive bacteria C. Cyanobacteria ANSWER: E 38. Which of the following statements regarding protistan diversity is TRUE? A. Some protist lineages that obtained plastids early include species that lost them later in their evolution. B. All protists have obtained plastids at some point in their evolution. C. There are five major groups of protists, only one of which obtained mitochondria by endosymbiosis. ANSWER: A 39. You discover a bacterial colony and find under microscopy that it has a thylakoid membrane. To what major bacterial group must it belong? A. Proteobacteria D. Chlamydia B. Spirochetes E. Gram-positive bacteria C. Cyanobacteria ANSWER: C 40. Which of the following statements regarding bioremediation is FALSE? A. The downside of bioremediation is that it requires the use of dangerous pathogenic bacteria. B. Bioremediation may take advantage of the existing beneficial functions of prokaryotes on Earth and, in some cases, we may genetically engineer the functions required. C. Deinococcus radiodurans has the ability to clean some substances from radioactive waste without getting damaged. ANSWER: A 41. The methanogens that live in the human colon might also be characterized as? A. Thermophiles C. Acidophiles B. Moderate habitat archaea D. Halophiles ANSWER: B 42. Some protists have chloroplasts with three-layer membranes that allow them to produce food molecules. They likely obtained their chloroplasts by? A. Membrane infolding B. Primary endosymbiosis C. Secondary endosymbiosis ANSWER: C 43. Which of the following explains the diversity that is found among prokaryotes? A. Time on Earth C. Both B. Generation time ANSWER: C 44. Which of the following bacterial groups is least likely to include species useful in bioremediation? A. Proteobacteria D. Chlamydia B. Spirochetes E. Gram-positive bacteria C. Cyanobacteria ANSWER: D 45. As shown in the figure below by items (2) and (3), it is believed that bacteria contributed some genetic material to eukaryotes early in their evolution. Based on this representation, the material contributed in (2) is found in all eukaryotic cells, and (3) is found in only some eukaryotic cells. Based on what we have discussed, what do (2) and (3) represent? A. (2) formation of the nucleus; (3) formation of chloroplasts B. (2) formation of mitochondria; (3) formation of chloroplasts C. (2) formation of the nucleus; (3) formation of mitochondria D. (2) formation of mitochondria; (3) formation of the nucleus E. (2) formation of chloroplasts; (3) formation of mitochondria ANSWER: B Beth Microsoft Word - Exam 2a Key
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I've been trying to piece together advice from the various forum posts on clothing for winter camping along the AT (mostly in VA). I'm specifically looking for a flexible, but warm, top layering system. Last winter, I used the following in dead of winter here (20's F during day, and high single digits at night) and was OK, if a little cold (mostly at camp in the evening, and mostly my hands):Hiking:Base: Under Armour Cold GearMid (if needed): Columbia soft shellShell: REI ShuksanStopped (add to Columbia mid layer):Heavy synthetic crew of some sort (I can't remember brand)No name fleece layerThis year, I want to get rid of heavy mid layers. So gear will be:Base: Icebreaker Mondo Zip (200 g/m2)Mid: ??Shell: REI Shuksan ( I know I could go lighter here, that's for another winter :) )I'm generally pretty good dealing with cold, and as mentioned elsewhere on this forum, while hiking, I can generally get away with just base layer and shell down to pretty low temps. But need more warmth when stopped (and to go any lower on temps generally). I think it makes sense to go with a puffy here in terms of warmth/weight, and I really like the look of and the reviews on MontBell insulating gear. Any advice on which to get (I'm generally leaning towards down)? I care about weight, but moreso about flexibility in layering warmth. I'm mostly going to be using this in VA, but when I take trips to the mountains further North East or out west, I'd like to be able to layer whatever I get (maybe add a R1/R2 fleece, or another puffy?) to meet those conditions as well. The Down Inner and Ex Light look like good candidates, but I wonder if I need more warmth (if mainly used at camp) from something like the Alpine Light? Also, I see the synthetic thermawrap mentioned a lot as well here, but that seems as more of a secondary midlayer?As for quick glove advice, I have smart wool glove liners, and MH Jalapeno gloves. I like layering and less bulkiness, but definitely need more warmth than last year (mitts on top?)Any thoughts on the above would be really helpful! I can clarify as needed. Thanks
Just suggestions, working outward from your Icebreaker top:A lightweight down vest (like a Patagonia Nano weight)A hooded wind jacket, like a Patagonia Houdini.A Primaloft-insulation top (Thermawrap or maybe an EB/First Ascent Igniter, especially for the price).Keep the Shuksan eVent jacket.This might give you a lot of versatility, from a cold start (wool top, vest and wind jacket), to hiking (wool top and wind jacket) to stops (throw on synthetic top) to camp (just the vest + shuksan or primaloft + shuksan, etc).For gloves, I'd add a light shell layer for wind over the smartwools, but at those temps I'd bring an additional warmer glove for camp.
I have both the thermawrap and the alpine light. I plan on using the thermawrap more for breaks on day hikes and use the alpine light for night time and stuff on overnighters during the winter. I think the alpine light would be more useful in your situation unless you wanted both for versatility.Gloves, i guess you could get a pair of fleece gloves to go under your shells and over your liners.
The Montbell jackets are awesome, however in my experience the Down Inner isn't warm enough for me at single digits in camp. Just not enough puffiness. For winter I use an old Sierra Designs down jacket that weighs 25 ounces and is plenty warm. For those sorts of temps (20s over single digits), while hiking I wear a wool long sleeve base layer and a Marmot Driclime jacket, light windbloc n2s gloves, and a light fleece beanie. In camp I put on a microfleece top -- something like a 100 weight base layer -- then the down jacket, then a rain shell if needed. Heavier mitts, w/b overmitts, and a heavier fleece balaclava for my hands and head.
Thanks for the advice. So, one concern with the Alpine Light in terms of flexibility is how warm/heavy (relatively so) it is. I can see the Down Inner being used 3+ seasons around camp (and a no brainer to toss in any pack), whereas the Alpine Light seems too warm to use (or just too large to carry for the warmth needed) above say, 40 degrees. I guess a question I have is what can I layer that will equate the down inner parka's warmth with the Alpine Light Parka's warmth? Perhaps a R1 hoody, a thermawrap, or a warmer vest to go under the down inner parka? I will almost always have the Icebreaker Mondo Zip on below, and the eVent shell on top.Thanks
That may work but the fact is unless you have the alpine light you're not going to have the same loft with anything else. For winter camping it is a great feature to have a hood as well, an extra ounce or so for a good deal of comfort. If you've never owned any of mont-bell's clothing before I can assure you you will be very pleased with the quality and feel.
I've come to the conclusion (maybe the wrong one :)) that for those kind of temps you really need a dedicated "winter" down parka. I have MB Ex Light (very similar iclo to the UL inner) and it's a great jacket, but even w/ a decent mid layer (R1) and a shell- it's not enoughThe Alpine Light on the other hand (combined w/ a mid layer and shell) should be. While the Alpine Light is "too much" for most 3 season endeavors, it should be fine for shoulder seasons and winter. If it was really cold, I'd throw in the Ex Light to layer under the Alpine Light- hopefully I won't be out much in those temps :)
I'll add for hands- I use a smartwool glove liner w/ OR Endeavor overmitts and throw in OR PL400 mitts to boot.
thanks for the advice...I think you guys are right - I'm trying to stretch my layers a bit too far in this case (hard to get enough iclo in general, let alone while not looking like the Michelin man)That being said, before ruling out the Down Inner Parka for good, has anyone successfully done that layering (and if so, what garments underneath)?So, say I get the Alpine Light Down Parka, you're probably right that that's all I need in shoulder seasons and the winters as described above (lower temps would require another layer, but like you said, not sure I want to be experiencing that :) ) What recommendations for staying warm on cool-cold summer nights in the mountains (30-50's maybe)? Do you use a puffy (if so, which one) under your wind shirt, or just the R1?
Edited by jeffthink on 12/05/2010 20:25:36 MST.
Jeff I use the Ex Light for almost all three season stuff- my base layers are either Merino 1 or Cap LS shirts- ex light over that at camp (cool stops), I'd add my Houdini over that if cooler yet (or breezy)- that's done me just fine to about freezing (that's w/ a beanie/gloves and R1 bottoms as well)I think Will used a combo of a ex light w/ a WM Flash over for some pretty cold stuff- still two jackets and the Alpine Light would be warmer than the Flash
Mike, thanks so much for the great info. So, with the Ex Light, you don't even bring the R1 during 3 season? That'd be nice to just have base, light compactable puffy, and windshirt. I guess then you add the R1 to go lower in shoulder seasons, and once it hits a certain point, you bring your winter parka?In terms of 3 season, I do think I might go for the down inner instead of the Ex Light for the hand warmer pockets (despite increased weight), and a bit more durability because of thicker outer fabric. Thoughts on those two things?
I use a LS cap 1 base down to about freezing while hiking. The only addition that I generally will make is a windshirt if it raining/windy/really cold. When stopped I have a ex light and I can add the windshirt on top for some extra warmth along with gloves/liners and headgear. This setup is also my normal winter snowshoeing gear but I will add two caveats: I rarely stop and sit around and second because I go solo I am somewhat of a fair weather snowshoer and won't venture into the sierras if the weather is heading south.I wouldn't hestitate to take this setup anywhere on the AT from VA south.
exactly- R1 isn't added until shoulder seasons/winter- then typically lose the ex light and replace w/ a warmer down parkaif you go for the UL inner (which I think is a fine choice- it's still VERY light!) I'd go w/ the parka version- having a hood, even in 3 season use can be very handy- if the ex light had that option I would have opted it for ithand warmer pockets are nice too :)
I might be a little tolerant for discomfort in the cold but I just use a Montbell Ex. Light down jacket in conjunction with a wind shirt. If I need more insulation I just wrap up in my quilt. Your sleeping bag or quilt probably the warmest thing you're carrying, might as well use it for more than just sleeping in.
Matthew, That's interesting - what kind of conditions have you comfortably experienced with the exlight + wind shell + your quilt around camp? And what about moving around trying to get things done with the quilt wrapped around you - any issues?
Jeff,Sorry I forgot to mention I do use a Cap 3 base layer top too! But using the quilt to compensate for the cold has worked for me down to single digits out here in the CO Rockies and the teens in Washington's Olympics. Wrapping up in a quilt does get in the way with tasks like cooking but for just about anything else it certainly makes more sense to me to use the quilt than carry another jacket that I would only wear while in camp. If your looking for a more 'freedom of movement', Jacks R Better's quilts are designed for multi use.Obviously, this is just my $0.02. I prefer to spend most of my day walking, especially during the colder months, and minimize the time I have to allow my body to cool down.By the way, what part of VA will you be frequenting? Southern VA (Mt Rogers area) should be a lot colder than say Shenandoah. Spent several years stationed in VA Beach. I have a lot of love for VA and her mountains!
just look at it this way .. they're both 3 season jacketsUL inner ... spring, summer, fallML alpine light down ... colder spring/fall, winterboth together ... colder winter
Thanks for all the advice. I actually ordered both jackets (no place around here to try them on in store), and am going to do some testing in the cold tonight. Might be dangerous move since I could end up loving both...First impressions are "my god, how are these this light?!" - I can't even imagine the Ex-light. It's like wrapping myself in a cloud. Really like the ultra inner's style, but alpine down definitely feels warmer. We'll see.Re: Matthew - I live in Charlottesville, which is a great spot to frequent many of VA's (and WV/NC's) mountains. Most day hikes are in Shenendoah, and most multi-day trips are in George Washington National Forest. Plan on doing more time in Mount Rogers area this winter.Re: Eric - great point!
please post up your impressions when you get a chance :)also let me know how fitment is- if they differ between jackets
So, I honestly am being careful to not wear these 2 jackets too much, because I'm planning on sending one back and don't want anything to happen to it. But my impressions are:Down Inner Parka:Feel: Unbelievably light, like putting on a cloud...seems like magic that it can keep me so warm with such little materialFit: It's fitted (which I like, as opposed to some other down sweaters) but I can easily fit other layers underneath. I'm 5'10"/150 and the length + arms are perfect and the chest fits fine (though another 10-15 pounds on me would make it perfect). Easily fits layers underneath and shell on top.Look: Actually, this was surprising a point of contention. The royal blue is pretty shiny (and reading some reviews of other colors says the same), to the point of looking over the top - fine for camping, but not as good for around town/out to dinner. Not sure how this compares to the Ex-light. Also, my wife says that the vertical lines on the fitted style, in combo with the logo being at the bottom of the jacket, make it look sort of like a girl's jacket (not sure I agree, but there you go). Neither of these things is a dealbreaker, because I'm generally after function more than style, but I do want to feel good about wearing the jacket around town.Function: It has only gotten down to around 25 here the last few nights, and this jacket works fine at those temps, particularly when I put up the hood. This was a test of sitting on my porch with just a base layer + this jacket (no hat or gloves even) for an hour. I wish I could test it at lower tempatures. I certainly deal with the cold pretty well, and I really want to know how low I can go with this. Packs up into a softbell - I can definitely see throwing it in my pack during any season or condition as a result.Alpine Light Down:Feel: Definitely light, but after holding the down inner, can really feel the 7 oz difference in weight. Again, feels really good wearing, but feels like you're wearing a coat, not a cloud. That being said, it also feels warmer because of the extra weight/down. Fit: More fitting than other down jackets like Patagonia down sweater, but not as fitting as the Down Inner. Size/fit are about the same as above. Fits fine over layers, and under my shell (though I look a bit puffy in the latter case).Look: I got the black, and it looks pretty good. Not nearly as shiny as the blue down inner (though I wonder if the other alpine light colors are). I also like the more traditional baffle design, and logo on the chest. The jacket is certainly puffy, but not Michelin Man level. I do wonder if I'll wear this around town as much as I would the Down Inner style as a result.Function: Totally comfortable down to 25 sitting outside - again, felt a bit warmer than the down inner, but hard to tell since I was comfortable in both. As with above, I wish I could test lower temperatures, and layer combinations. Packs down pretty small, but only to about twice size of down inner - still light/relatively packable, but I begin to question ease of throwing it in my pack at any time.Overall:I like both jackets, but I'm concerned about the closet test on the Down Inner because of its shininess to wear around town or out to dinner, and the Alpine Light Down because of its puffiness for non-really cold days, and for general usage. I really wish I knew how low I could push the Down Inner, esp. with layers (base + fleece + down inner + shell) because I seem more inclined to want to pack up / wear it all year round. The Alpine Light Down seems like something I'd wear primarily camping in dead of winter, and other than that, I wouldn't need that sort of warmth.Decision:Still no decision - I think that if there was a black down inner parka (or similar non-super hero color/sheen), I'd keep that and see how low I could push the temps with my layering system (my hands are what I always have issues with, not my core). In that case, I'd buy something heavier to augment it, like the Alpine Light Down, as needed. The one pro of keeping the Alpine Light Down now is that I'm pretty confident in not hitting a bottom in terms of coldness with it + layers (at least in places that I would want to visit... -20 or higher). I'm thinking I can push the down inner + layers to 0, but I don't really know for sure. Will keep thinking about it for next few days before sending one back. Hope this helps someone else. Let me know if you have any thoughts or questions!
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