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Donna Wentworth
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« Reason #85,0027 That Business-Method Patents Suck |
| On Trade Secret Law v. Free Press »
Posted by Alan Wexelblat
I'm unhappy with the kind of reportage we've seen on this situation. For the most part, reporters such as John Borland have positioned it as a "war" between little-guy hackers and big companies - in this case Apple. There's talk of "back doors" and such. All of it is posited in adversarial terms.
This combat coverage misses a deeper point. Ed Felten has a better analysis in his blog, but he stops at the boundaries of this situation. I want to go at least a little farther.
I think there are clear parallels here between what the individual vendors of DRM-encumbered digital media are doing and, for example, the fight over the broadcast flag. As in that case, what we have is one group (vendors, Hollywood) trying to exert or extend control over what another group (consumers, electronics industry) does in the way of new and innovative uses. One side has its model (terms of service) for how things ought to be done and anything outside of that model is treated as a threat to be countered. The reportage I complained about earlier only feeds into this meme.
Posit a different scenario, one that might be headlined "iTunes recognizes new revenue stream." Instead of trying to force everyone to use only their client (which is, as far as I can tell, not a revenue source in and of itself), Apple could welcome any compatible client that helped people buy music from their store. Look, for example, at the Web services interfaces that Amazon has published.
What Amazon has said is, effectively: "We don't know all the possible ways to promote our products; come up with something that works for you and we'll be happy to collect the income." This is the source for interesting hacks, too, like the AmazType page I blogged last week.
I think what we're seeing is, in part, fallout from a campaign the Cartel began last decade to control the language and thought processes around digital expressions and aintellectual property. Sharing became "piracy"; copying became "theft"; copy rights were elevated to a level equal to or even above physical property rights. We're now in a situation in which it's nearly impossible to put forth positive, cooperative, or even innovative approaches. Positions have hardened, millions of dollars have been spent, lives have been upended, laws have been passed. Even the educational system has been recruited to reprogram potential future free thinkers.
But all wars have to come to their ends, including the Copyright Wars. I feel it is incumbent on us to extend our thinking and promote - at least once in a while - the notion that there are peaceful, mutually beneficial ways through these issues. I am continually reminded of Gibson's dictum that "the street finds its own uses for things." No matter what technology or innovation we put out today, tomorrow's children will use it for things we've not thought of, in ways we haven't imagined. I think this has been true for all of human history and nothing the Cartel or Apple or any other large organization does is likely to change it much.
My guess is that PyMusique will go down as another tempest in a teapot and be forgotten in a few months. Longer term, though, we will still have to find ways to make a truce and a cease fire and eventually a peace. I don't have any grand ideas of how to do that, but I have an unshakeable conviction that it has to happen.
Comments (8)
+ TrackBacks (0) | Category: Big Thoughts
1. Donna Wentworth on March 24, 2005 1:24 PM writes...
Hmm. I have more to say on this, but can't linger today.
I will say this -- you write, "Posit a different scenario, one that might be headlined 'iTunes recognizes new revenue stream.' Instead of trying to force everyone to use only their client (which is, as far as I can tell, not a revenue source in and of itself), Apple could welcome any compatible client that helped people buy music from their store."
Apple isn't really selling music. It's selling a "convenient" distribution method and iPods (and Shuffles, etc.). The client is a "revenue stream" because it helps lock customers into that distribution method while locking competitors out. The street may find its own uses, but Apple believes it's got to blockade the street.
2. Dr. wex on March 24, 2005 1:48 PM writes...
You're right, and that's why I would title my science fictional post "new" revenue stream. Apple's money-makers are clearly the hardware gizmos and you make a good point that the client pushes people into the gizmos Apple wants them to use. Letting people play iTunes-purchased music on Linux isn't part of that model. But that doesn't mean Apple can't also make money in this new way. If they would approach this situation with the attitude of "how can we make this mutually profitable" instead of "how fast can we shut this down" then I think we'd all be better off.
3. Donna Wentworth on March 24, 2005 2:06 PM writes...
Gotcha. Spot on. Larry Lessig has a nice post today that touches on that theme: http://lessig.org/blog/archives/002790.shtml
"I met [Yahoo's] senior management last October. They had, imho, precisely the right vision of a future net. Not a platform for delivering whatever, but instead a platform for communities to develop. With the acquisition of Flickr, the step into blogging and now this tool to locate the welcome mats spread across the net, that vision begins to turn real."
In other words, use the Net to sell what happens on the Net. It's not a vending machine, and you'll make (even more) money if you recognize that.
4. Dr. wex on March 24, 2005 4:18 PM writes...
Yeah, I may not always agree with Lessig but I think we need more big thinkers like him around this debate. I agree with the fundamental point too, and I point to Cluetrain (http://www.cluetrain.com/) as one of the first places I read this notion of market as conversation. I'm pleased to have been one of those first "few thousand" signatories.
5. tf on March 24, 2005 7:22 PM writes...
They could also lose all their contracts with the Studios. Wouldn't that be a lovely way of losing hundreds of millions?
6. tf on March 24, 2005 7:24 PM writes...
And they could also lose all their contracts with the Studios. Could just as easily be a way to lose hundreds of millions...
7. TomCS on March 25, 2005 1:50 AM writes...
I agree that the current discussion is frustrating because it seems continually to fail to engage with reality. Can I offer another, relatively simplistic take, again stepping back from the current casus belli.
Essentially, we are dealing with new disruptive technologies in the licensed recorded music delivery business. This is not new: the blank cassette and double slot cassette player/recorder in its own way posed very similar problems a few decades ago, and led to a range of compromise deals in different jurisdictions designed to retain the rights owner interest in avoiding or at worst benefitting from (e.g. through a blank media tax) the additional capacity for personal purchasers to duplicate what they bought on the "new media".
Naturally and not unreasonably the rights owners (a term which I use to include everyone from the librettist to the sleeve note author, or their successors in title) want to retain as much as they can of the previous model.
At present, we have two disruptive technologies. They are fundamentally different, but the rights owners may have difficulty distinguishing them because they multiply the challenge to their business model. The first is the CD/DVD writer, really only available to the average music buyer for 2-3 years. This is however little different in principle (though the quality of the resulting copy is much better) from the cassette (or later the recordable mini-disc), and could in principle be handled the same way.
The second is on-line "intangible" purchasing, and by extension, on-line/internet secondary distribution. This again is new technology, and enabled both by the sudden drop in price of large hard drives, and the rolling out of broadband. The rights owners are trying out a number of "acceptable" options, including the iTMS relatively soft DRM, and the harsher MS version, which open the new delivery channel as a revenue source, in particular against the P2P alternative, but retain as far as possible the licensing restrictions which have always, in theory at least, limited re-use, duplication and resale of recorded music bought for personal use. They are behaving rationally, and do not deserve the vitriol that has been poured over them.
So where do we as consumers go from here? There is a case, given what we know of their use, for accepting a rights fee on large hard drives in consumer PCs and laptops, and on CD/DVD burners and media, on the model of the response in some jurisdictions to the cassette, though I believe the Canadian courts have struck down a Canadian levy on some or all of these: I cannot recall the argumentation.
The on-line technology is more difficult. As a newer - even still emerging - technology, there are still different technical models, driven by or reflecting different business models. It is interesting that the most successful purchase model to date, the Apple iTMS/iTunes combination, is not apparently primarily driven by the aim of generating significant revenues to the operator from the retail sales stage, whereas all the competitors would seem to need to be able to do so, and most of them see it as an extension of their other e-sales activities.
Apple have made no secret that at least initially they see iTMS as a way to drive sales of iPods, (and under the halo effect Apple computers) which may be why they have not given the development of a Unix/Linux port a high priority. That may not continue to be the case: there must be a saturation point for iPods in the not too distant future, or at least a flattening of the curve, which may make Apple decide to treat iTMS as a separate profit centre, which might in due course produce the logic of options for other OS, and for other players. Or not: if iTMS/iTunes becomes the VHS of online music sales and handling, they may decide they do not need to. But essentially this is a technology in evolution issue: the street will decide.
So I see the legal side of all this as relatively unimportant, compared with the technical. The rights owners will continue to protect their licensing model as best they can, and unless we consumers can think up a more internet-specific solution which offers the industry a reasonable revenue stream from on-line sales, there is little case for protesting. The consumer interest is in encouraging the greatest practical flexibility that can be achieved, and the concensus seems to be that Apple, unless it becomes much more restrictive, is offering a reasonable licensing model for the broadband, CD burner era. Again, has anyone got a realistically better version? Does your concept of selling what happens on the Net help here, Donna?
Where is PyMusique in all this? I agree that it is marginal, and probably short-term. Apple might be well advised to offer a rapid Linux port which does support their DRM, thus removing the ostensibly legitimate aim of Jon and his chums: if they are in a hurry, much of the work has probably been done for them. If the developers continue to refine a multi-OS PyMusique, then this is clearly an attempt to evade a legitimate DRM system, and legal remedies may become relevant. Under this analysis, Donna, Apple are not blockading the street, they just havn't set their road crew onto the *nix sub-division yet, and may not until they have sold off the other lots. So a little patience may also be part of the solution.
8. daisyraven on March 25, 2005 8:03 AM writes...
Whoa! As an Apple/Mac user from 1984 forward I feel for Apple. That said, it was their decision to run on the UNIX base which has allowed this to happen. Yes I love OSX, but in basing it on UNIX, Apple has invited a whole new user dynamic to the table. I have just started learning Python, and it has shown that it can be useful. Apple must realize that there exists people well versed in the UNIX language, and its progeny, who know as much as they do. Hacks and manipulation of the code cannot be fully eliminated. Anyone who has been getting something for free will rebel against having to pay for it. Steve Jobs created legal music downloads, but even "Himself" could not have believed it would be easy.
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text:
Cortland State vs. Western New England
February 28, 2009
|Mike Tota
|(4, 2)
|Chris Deluca
|(2, 3)
|Jay Distefano
|(4, 1)
|Joey Morgan
|(2, 1)
|Zack Mulvaney
|(0, 2)
|Jake Smith
|(1, 0)
|Eric Parah
|(1, 0)
|Brian Krol
|(1, 0)
|Greg Wright
|(0, 1)
|Matt Hipenbecker
|7 (0.500)
|Current Record
|Cortland State
|go to Cortland State page
|Tim Santye
|(3, 0)
|Brody Savoie
|(3, 0)
|Jared Pabis
|(1, 0)
|Patrick White
|(0, 1)
|Mike Welsch
|(0, 1)
|Ben Barlow
|15 (0.500)
|Current Record
|Western New England
|go to Western New England page
|The Game Story:
|CROSS RIVER, N.Y. - The nationally third-ranked Cortland men's lacrosse team opened its season with a 15-7 win versus 18th-ranked Western New England College Saturday afternoon at John Jay High School in Cross River, N.Y.
Freshman Mike Tota (Webster/Webster Schroeder) collected four goals and two assists in his first collegiate game and sophomore Jay DiStefano (Huntington/Harborfields) scored a career-best four goals and added an assist for the Red Dragons (1-0). Sophomore Chris DeLuca (Sayville) contributed two goals and three assists and won 12-of-14 faceoffs and senior Joey Morgan (Putnam Valley) registered two goals and one assist. Senior goalie Matt Hipenbecker (Mountain Lakes, NJ) made seven saves.
Brody Savoie and Tim Santye led Western New England with three goals each and Jared Pabis added a goal. Ben Barlow stopped 15 shots.
Tota and DiStefano gave the Red Dragons an early 2-0 lead with goals just 20 and 25 seconds into the game, respectively. After Savoie netted his first of the game at the 10 minute, 27 second mark of the first quarter, DiStefano answered six seconds later with his second of the game and Cortland added two late goals to lead 5-1 after the opening quarter.
The Golden Bears closed the gap to 5-4 with a three-goal run to open the second quarter. Savoie netted an unassisted goal at 10:33 and Santye scored back-to-back goals at 8:54 and 7:03. The Red Dragons, however, ended the first half with goals from DeLuca and Morgan to take a 7-4 lead at the intermission and took control of the game with a 5-0 advantage in the third quarter for a 12-4 lead. The teams split six goals in the fourth quarter for the final of 15-7.
The Red Dragons outshot Western New England, 39-26, had a 37-30 advantage in ground balls and won 15-of-25 faceoffs in the game.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Winter's finally over (we swear!) so, across the country, it's time get in gear and get your deck, yard or patio in shape for summer. "These spaces really take a hit over the winter," says Sandy Koepke, the interior and garden designer who knows a little something about the outdoors (she's based in SoCal, after all). "That's what spring's all about—renewal."
Take inventory… literally and figuratively. Now's the time to look at your yard or deck with fresh eyes; "this is an opportunity to shake things up a little bit," she says. "If you put your furniture away, drag it out and rearrange it." Ask yourself "What worked last summer, and what still works?" If pieces were starting to give out—and winter hasn't done them any favors—consider an upgrade. Give everything (furniture, grill, fire pit, hammock stands, umbrellas, lanterns) a once-over for rust, which may look industrial and vintage-y, but is the enemy of outdoor stuff.
Add on. "There are so many things you can do that aren't costly," she says. Start with colorful pillows, battery candles, good-looking planters, or a birdbath—"they're all small things but, cumulatively, they add a lot of charm." Figure out what you need to make entertaining easier. Do you need more guest seating or just a place to sit and read? Snap up cute, stackable chairs or a lounger or hammock. Drag out your cushions and dust or wash them. If they're faded or moldy, trade them in for sun-proof fabrics; Koepke favors solution-dyed acrylics. A cute table next to your grill holds plates and cooking utensils. Think easy-clean enamel, or top a wooden table with a large (washable) tray.
Create coziness. "You have no walls (usually) or ceiling, so use some fencing, trellis, pots in tall holders, or strings of lights to give the illusion of a room-like enclosure," Koepke says, "so you feel a little protected, and it's more intimate." Also, the new crop of "cool, good-looking outdoor rugs" can anchor a seating or dining area.
Brighten up. "You don't want to floodlight the area," Koepke says. "Layer and assemble your lighting like you would in a room." Mix strings of lights in trees, ground lighting, and chandeliers (make sure all are listed as safe for outdoor use) she says. Add an outdoor fireplace for cozy ambience, and, of course, roasting marshmallows.
Reset your table. For an easy-chic way to switch up your alfresco style, combine casual linens with outdoor-friendly centerpieces. "I've collected stacks of napkins and old Bakelite napkin rings to mix and match," Koepke says. "I like a long tablecloth that's funked up with fresh potted plants." Pick weatherproof or unbreakable materials like terracotta, galvanized metal, enamel or wire. Says Koepke: "I have a wire holder for French milk bottles that I put on the table with a Gerbera daisy in each bottle."
Want to get your design inspiration going? Check out our "Outdoor Style" sales, starting Sunday, Mar. 16th, at 9 p.m.: from essentials and luxuries for alfresco dining, to the backyard, to lounging by the pool, there are a range of styles for a plethora of types.
– Maria Ricapito


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|Zhao, Shu-Hong - ISU, AMES,IOWA/PRCHINA
|Qu, Long - ISU, AMES, IOWA
|Nettleton, Dan - ISU, AMES, IOWA
|Peng, Jiqing - ISU, AMES, IOWA
|Wang, Yangfang - ISU, AMES, IOWA
|Lunney, Joan
|Geisert, Rod - OKLAHOMA SU, STILLWATER
|Tuggle, Christopher - ISU, AMES, IOWA
Submitted to: Meeting Abstract
Publication Type: Abstract Only
Publication Acceptance Date: November 1, 2005
Publication Date: January 14, 2006
Citation: Zhao, S., Qu, L., Nettleton, D., Peng, J., Wang, Y., Lunney, J.K., Geisert, R., Tuggle, C.K. 2006. Identification Of Differentially Expressed Genes In Endometrium RNAs Collected From Early Pregnant And Cycling Yorkshire And Meishan Gilts Using The Affymetrix Porcine Genechip tm. Plant & Animal Genomes XIV Conference [Abstract]. Plant & Animal Genomes XIV Conference, January 14-16, 2006, San Diego, CA. p. 568. Available: http://www.intl-pag.org/14/abstracts/PAG14_P568.html Technical Abstract: Functional genomics provides a powerful way for discovering the molecular mechanisms involved in gene expression changes during pre-implantation development of porcine embryos, a stage with high embryonic mortality. RNA from endometrial samples from various stages and pregnancy statuses were profiled in quadruplicate by using the Affymetrix porcine GeneChip': Yorkshire gilts (d12 pregnant (12YP) and cycling (12YC); d15 pregnant (15YP) and cycling (15YC); d18 pregnant (18YP); and Meishan pregnant gilts at d12 (12MP) and d18 (18MP). An ANOVA method was used to identify differentially expressed genes in the following comparisons: pregnant versus cycling, across developmental stages, and between breeds. All genes discussed were found to be significant under the criteria of P < 0.0045 and 5% false discovery rate. There were 485 and 449 genes differentially expressed between 12YP and 15YP and between 12YP and 18YP, respectively. There were 1,499 genes that showed differential expression between 12YC and 15YC, and 88 of these also showed differential expression between 12YP and 15YP. A total of 1,249 genes showed differential expression between 12MP and 18MP. Among these, 268 and 254 genes were also differentially expressed between 12YP and 18YP and between 12YC and 15YC, respectively. We also found 1,375 and 320 genes, respectively, between 12YP and 12MP and between 18YP and 18MP, which showed significant differential expression between breeds. The above genes may be interesting for further investigation of the mechanisms controlling implantation and breed phenotype differences in porcine reproduction. Further bioinformatic and confirmation work is underway to interpret the current data.


text:
Powered By ZergNet
This is a ramen noodle type coleslaw. A very refreshing side-dish!
Break ramen noodles into small pieces.
Set seasoning packet aside.
In a large bowl, stir together broken ramen noodles, coleslaw mix, almonds, green onions, sunflower seeds and
set aside.
In a screw-top jar, combine salad oil, sugar, white vinegar, and seasoning packet from noodles.
Cover and shake to dissolve sugar.
Pour over cabbage mixture; toss to coat.
Serve immediately or cover and chill in the refrigerator for up to 4 hours.
Source:Mary Kay
I would make this for our pool parties at the West Covina house. My son-in-law Tra just loves it!
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View 750 Friday, November 16, 2012
Survival in a world of makers and takers. I am working on an essay. Suggestions welcomed. It will not be necessary to remind me of Atlas Shrugged. I am not that absentminded.
Barnes and Noble is closing FictionWise. Those who bought eBooks from Fictionwise have one a short time to convert them to B&N Nook format; the FW books are under Digital Rights Management, and once B&N stops maintaining the FIctionWise servers, they will be inaccessible.
If you have bought FictionWise books the following applies:
You will be able to read the transferred eBooks that you purchased at Fictionwise (including eReader.com and eBookwise.com) by downloading NOOK's free mobile app to your iOS or Android smartphone or tablet, or you can read your transferred eBooks with your PC/Mac web browser, as well as on the award-winning NOOK® devices. If you would like to transfer your Fictionwise eBooks in your Fictionwise Bookshelf to a NOOK Library, simply opt-in by following the steps below.
Step 1:
Click through to the link below to go to the opt-in page, where you'll be instructed to confirm that you would like your Fictionwise eBooks in your Fictionwise Bookshelf transferred to a NOOK Library. Please opt-in by December 21, 2012.
Step 2:
Once you opt-in, you will receive an email from Barnes & Noble.com with an access code and instructions for redeeming this code. This access code represents the Fictionwise eBooks in your Fictionwise Bookshelf that are being transferred to a NOOK Library for you. You will also see a link to a code redemption page.
Click through to the redemption page and simply enter your code as prompted. This will move your existing eBooks into a NOOK Library. Please redeem this code by January 31, 2013.
Note the deadline.
Authors of FictionWise books presumably will get their rights back. It should not be difficult to convert them to some other format. Note that Barnes and Noble and Amazon use different formats, but you sell books in both formats – but you can't have a sale at B&N and undercut the price you charge at Amazon.
The publishing revolution continues to shake, rattle, and roll, and we can only dimly see outlines of some future developments. At the moment, about 80% of author revenue from eBooks comes through Amazon, 15% from B&N, and the rest is lost in the noise. That doesn't preclude the rise of other eBook publishers. At one time Baen dominated the eBook market, but that was long ago when the market was much smaller than it is now.
Things change like dreams, but so far it has been good for authors.
The Benghazi story will not go away. It is clear that the obscure video had little to do with it – this was a well planned attack involving well equipped forces, not something assembled to support a protest – yet high public officials insisted for days after that it was not a planned attack nor was it sponsored by a terrorist organization.
We can speculate as to why it was thought a good idea to pretend to believe this story, and it is possible to come up with theories that make the whole mess fit in with Napoleon's dictum: never ascribe to malice that which is adequately explained by incompetence. But in that case the incompetence must reach the highest level; and there must have been disagreement at some lower levels, and that disagreement must have been suppressed. Again we need not assume malice, merely obedience, on the part of the subordinates. Now that the story is out, one would think that at some point those ordered to act stupidly would welcome the discovery that they were merely obedient…


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By: Bleacher
AMV Music-Linkin Park, Part of Me
Views: 497 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: Insaneelf
Short video of Bleach for the DS even for Bleach fans is it worth it?
Views: 302 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: darkzeke
Orange Range - ~Asterisk~. This is the same song featured in the Bleach games but is more commonly know for being the opening theme song to the first series of Bleach. This video is subbed so enjoy.
Views: 2,806 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: ZealousD
New Trailer for the Sequel/Upgrade to Blade of Fate.
Views: 691 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: MrHellFire
Short video showing how Ishida's corner combo is done. The Super A must be backwards.
Views: 3,154 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: dav120
Bleach on DS commercial
Views: 4,912 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: Draneiwarior
Views: 540 | Posted: 03/24/2011
By: Neocoolzero
Bleach third ending has 13 different versions,one for each squad.Here's the eleventh one. Subbed by Lunar,if I'm not mistaken...
Views: 616 | Posted: 12/01/2010
By: Neocoolzero
Bleach third ending has 13 different versions,one for each squad.Here's the second one. Subbed by Lunar,if I'm not mistaken...
Views: 350 | Posted: 08/05/2010
By: Chris249
Video taking the soundtrack from the Ghost Rider trailer and applying it to Bleach. It will be used in my Blog along with videos from Bleach Wii that I will be recording and uploading.
Views: 1,058 | Posted: 12/08/2009
Week of
Oct. 11
PS4, Xbox One, PC, Xbox 360, PS3, 3DS
Release Date: 10/13/2015
The monsters of R.L. Stine's popular book series are back to haunt in game form.
PS4, Xbox One, PC
Release Date: 10/13/2015
PC, Xbox One, PS4
Release Date: 10/13/2015


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Captain America: The First Avenger
Chris Evans Actor , Hayley Atwell Actor , Sebastian Stan Actor , Tommy Lee Jones Actor , Hugo Weaving Actor , Dominic Cooper Actor
MPAA Rating:
Contains:Sci-Fi Violence
Choose a format:
Format Details
Edtitorial Reviews
Cast & Production Credits
Captain America: The First Avenger
Theatrical Release Date: 2011 05 06 (USA) / 2011 07 22 (USA - 3D) / 2011 07 22 (USA)
Studio: Paramount
MPAA Rating: PG13 Contains:[Sci-Fi Violence]
Summary: Meek U.S. Army soldier Steve Rogers (Chris Evans) takes part in an experimental military program that infuses him with super-human powers, and uses his newfound strength to battle the villainous Red Skull (Hugo Weaving) in this comic-book adventure from director Joe Johnston (The Wolfman, The Rocketeer). Tommy Lee Jones, Neal McDonough, and Stanley Tucci co-star in a film written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeeley (who previously collaborated on The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe). ~ Jason Buchanan, Rovi
Category: Action
Awards: Best Art Direction in a Fantasy Film – Art Directors Guild
Disc 1:
Marvel one-shot: A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor's Hammer hd
The Assembly Begins hd
6 featurettes hd
Deleted scenes hd
Commentary by director Joe Johnston, director of photography Shelly Johnson and editor Jeffrey Ford
Captain America: The First Avenger
Release Date: 10/25/2011
Audio: DHMA, DD5.1 Dolby Digital 5.1
Runtime: 123 Minutes
Sides: 3
Number of Discs: 3
Language(s) English,French,Spanish,Portuguese
Subtitles: English,French,Spanish,Portuguese
Region: USA & territories, Canada
Disc #1 -- Captain America: The First Avenger
1. Chapter 1
2. Chapter 2
3. Chapter 3
4. Chapter 4
5. Chapter 5
6. Chapter 6
7. Chapter 7
8. Chapter 8
9. Chapter 9
10. Chapter 10
11. Chapter 11
12. Chapter 12
13. Chapter 13
14. Chapter 14
15. Chapter 15
16. Chapter 16
17. Chapter 17
Jason Buchanan
The run-up to Marvel Entertainment's The Avengers hits an enormously satisfying stride in Captain America, a whiz-bang, retro-futuristic adventure that mercifully eschews the brooding Dark Knight trend to offer an exhilarating thrill ride that perfectly captures the enduring optimism of the 1940s. Eye-catching set and vehicle designs, crackerjack pacing, and a talented, highly watchable cast all help director Joe Johnston create an impressive alternate reality in which Nazis with laser guns seem perfectly logical.
Steve Rogers (Chris Evans) was a 98-pound weakling with the heart of a lion and the spirit of a hero. All he ever wanted was to serve his country by fighting injustice overseas, but as World War II rages and his best friend, Bucky (Sebastian Stan), prepares for deployment, scrawny Steve can't even pass a standard Army physical. Steve gets the opportunity of a lifetime, though, when Dr. Abraham Erskine (Stanley Tucci) gets a glimpse of his true bravery and invites him to take part in a top-secret test to create the perfect soldier. Immediately transformed into a stalwart super-human by a serum that enhances his inherent goodness, Steve earns the nickname Captain America and becomes a piece of government propaganda before answering a higher calling -- teaming with military contact Peggy Carter (Hayley Atwell) and brilliant engineer Howard Stark (Dominic Cooper) to rescue a group of American solders trapped behind enemy lines. During the clandestine mission, Captain America discovers evidence that rogue Nazi Johann Schmidt (Hugo Weaving) is secretly using an ancient artifact to power a revolutionary weapon capable of bringing the world to its knees, saves Bucky from certain death, and finally gains the respect of gruff Army Colonel Chester Phillips (Tommy Lee Jones). Later, Captain America uses the intelligence gathered during that daring rescue to plan a mission that will defeat Schmidt and permanently disable Hydra -- the undisclosed arm of the Nazi regime dedicated to harnessing mystical powers and using them for evil. Meanwhile, Schmidt reveals himself as the Red Skull, a frightening villain whose powers are only exceeded by those of Captain America. With the soldiers he rescued and his best friend Bucky by his side, the fearless super-soldier invades Hydra headquarters and wages the ultimate fight or freedom.
In The Rocketeer, Joe Johnston established himself as a filmmaker capable of creating an atmosphere that was simultaneously antiquated yet tantalizingly futuristic. By ramping up the sci-fi elements considerably and creating a hyper-stylized portrait of the 1940s, he perfects that unique tone in Captain America. Though rooted in our familiar reality and set during a crucial point in world history, Johnston's take on the classic comic seems to exist somewhat out of time. But it's precisely those constant technological contrasts and contradictions (Hydra has surveillance cameras in its headquarters, yet the countdown clocks on their self-destruction devices are flip-number analog) and occasionally sketchy special effects that in the long run will likely make Captain America feel less dated than its moodier contemporaries, even if it doesn't appear to represent a major leap in special-effects technology. Meanwhile, Jeffrey Ford and Robert Dalva's quick-cut editing reveals Captain America as a contemporary action film even as cinematographer Shelly Johnson's fluid camerawork harks back to the era before filmmakers began relying on jittery handheld camerawork to create a sense of urgency. Comparisons to the Star Wars and Indiana Jones sagas are inevitable given both the serial-style nature of Captain America as well as some of the content (namely a motorcycle chase that echoes the speeder bike pursuit from Return of the Jedi, and a climactic scene that recalls the face-melting finale of Raiders of the Lost Ark); however, in borrowing from the best, director Johnston and company turn out an adventure that also stands shoulder to shoulder beside them.
When it comes to a hero's saga, everything else will buckle if the main character's story arc doesn't ring true. With screenwriters Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely in charge of script duties and the capable Chris Evans behind the shield, though, fans can rest assured that this take on Captain America is built on a solid foundation. Not only do the writers manage to pace the story so that it still feels brisk even while crossing the two-hour mark, but Evans' physical transformation from famished bully-bait to hulking hero is just as convincing as it would have been on the pages of a comic book, and the way he co-opts the costumed character originally created to sell war bonds comes off as entirely natural. Likewise, the romantic spark between the Captain and Peggy (looking every bit like the iconic pinup models of the era) is apparent even before the fuse of the main plot is lit, and the rest of the script is filled with memorable one-liners delivered with zeal by Jones and Cooper, in particular, who truly make the most of their supporting roles. And though he only gets a fraction of the screen time of his other co-stars, Tucci, too, is a major standout as the deeply humanistic Dr. Erskine -- who seeks to atone for creating a real-life monster.
Whether you're a devoted fan of the character or just an average moviegoer seeking to beat the heat with a solid action-adventure, Captain America is that rare blockbuster that offers a little something for everyone (though some of the action may be slightly too intense for preadolescent viewers) while also building impressive momentum for Marvel's forthcoming all-star comic-book adventure that has rabid comic fans everywhere champing at the bit. ~ Jason Buchanan, Rovi
Cast and Crew:
Joe Johnston
Joe Johnston Executive Producer
Stan Lee Executive Producer
Alan Silvestri Composer (Music Score)
Louis D'Esposito Executive Producer
Nigel Gostelow Executive Producer
Kevin Feige Producer
Alan Fine Executive Producer
Christopher Markus Screenwriter
Stephen McFeely Screenwriter
David Maisel Executive Producer
Chris Evans Actor
Hayley Atwell Actor
Sebastian Stan Actor
Tommy Lee Jones Actor
Hugo Weaving Actor
Dominic Cooper Actor
Richard Armitage Actor
Stanley Tucci Actor
Samuel L. Jackson Actor
Toby Jones Actor
Neal McDonough Actor
Derek Luke Actor
Kenneth Choi Actor
JJ Feild Actor
Bruno Ricci Actor
Lex Shrapnel Actor
Michael Brandon Actor
Martin T. Sherman Actor
Natalie Dormer Actor
Oscar Pearce Actor
William Hope Actor
Nicholas Pinnock Actor
Marek Oravec Actor
David Bradley Actor
Leander Deeny Actor
Sam Hoare Actor
Simon Kunz Actor
Kieran O'Connor Actor
Jenna-Louise Coleman Actor
Sophie Colouhoun Actor
Doug Cockle Actor
Ben Batt Actor
Mollie Fitzgerald Actor
Damon J. Driver Actor
David McKail Actor
Amanda Walker Actor
Richard Freeman Actor
Katherine Press Actor
Sergio Covino Actor
Marcello Walton Actor
Vincent Montuel Actor
Fabrizio Santino Actor
Maxwell Newman Actor
Anatole Taubman Actor
Jan Pohl Actor
Erich Redman Actor
Rosanna Hoult Actor
Naomi Slights Actor
Kirsty Mather Actor
Megan Sanderson Actor
Darren Simpson Actor
Fernanda Toker Actor
Laura Haddock Actor
James Payton Actor
Ronan Raftery Actor
Nick Hendrix Actor
Luke Allen-Gale Actor
Jack Gordon Actor
Ben Uttley Actor
Kevin Millington Actor
Patrick Monckeberg Actor
Peter Stark Actor
Amanda Righetti Actor
Country: USA


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CANDIDATE PROFILE: Pete Hoekstra (R) U.S. Senate
SOUTHFIELD, Mich. (WXYZ) - Republican Pete Hoekstra is challenging Incumbent Democrat Debbie Stabenow in the race for U.S. Senate.
"The real priority is all about economic growth," said Hoekstra during a sit down interview. "I would embrace energy independence. America now has this great new technology that has given us access to great new finds of oil and natural gas. That is 500 billion dollars of money that right now we send over seas and can keep here in America."
The former U.S. Representative says one thing he would have done differently from his opponent, is voted for the Keystone Pipeline to encourage job creation.
They also disagree on how health care should be addressed in the United States. Hoekstra says he would repeal the Affordable Care Act.
To hear more from Pete Hoekstra, click on the video profile above.


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SSM St. Louis Names New CEO
July 28, 2011 2:26 PM
CBS St. Louis (con't)
Affordable Care Act Updates: CBSStL.com/ACA
Health News & Information: CBSStL.com/Health
ST. LOUIS (KMOX) – A changing of the guard at SSM Health Care St. Louis…
Chris Howard is set to become president/CEO on September 4th, the firm announced Thursday.
Current president Jim Sanger retires at the end of the year.
The 47-year-old Howard comes to St. Louis from SSM Health Care of Oklahoma, where he was a regional president.
SSM St. Louis employs more than 11,000 and has 2,500 physicians on staff.
Copyright KMOX Radio


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Random_Meanings voted on Kissing Men (BoyxBoy | Mature) - Chapter Thirty-Nine
So i've changed so much to the point that all that was here is gone and i'm not putting anything up here now.
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BMW i8 review
The BMW i8 is a game-changer for the supercar sector. It has the style and the performance, but running costs set new benchmarks
The BMW i8 really shook up not only the sports car world when it arrived in 2014, but also the car world in general. It's one of the most crucial cars of the last decade and marks an achievement of true innovation in terms of design, performance and efficiency by BMW. In years to come we could even look back on this car as the one that saved the supercar thanks to this enticing blend.
• Best hybrid cars on the market
Sitting alongside the BMW i3 in the brand's eco-friendly 'i' range, the i8 has head-turning looks and an advanced hybrid powertrain. The car is instantly recognisable as an i8 with looks unlike anything else on the road. Whichever wheel and colour combination you opt for, it turns heads wherever it goes thanks to narrow LED headlights, elegant curves, sweeping flying buttresses and gullwing doors. It certainly won't blend in like many of the more mainstream models from the BMW stable.
The i8 is powered by a 1.5-litre 3-cylinder petrol engine – also found in the MINI Cooper – that sits behind the back seats. It's combined with a 129bhp electric motor linked to lithium-ion batteries.
You might think power from a dinky MINI won't be enough to trouble the likes of the Audi R8 and Porsche 911, but the i8's performance figures are impressive. The hybrid powertrain boasts 357bhp and 570Nm of torque and, as a result, the i8 will blast from 0-62mph in just 4.4 seconds and onto a top speed of 155mph.
• Best supercars on the market
However, despite these supercar-rivalling performance figures, the i8 shouldn't cost any more to run than a supermini. Thanks to the plug-in electric powertrain, BMW claims the i8 will return a remarkable 134.5mpg and CO2 emissions of just 49g/km – something previously unheard of for a supercar.
Of course, these figures are only achievable in the real world if you charge the BMW's batteries once a day and if the majority of your journeys can be completed within the 22-mile electric range. Even so, you can still expect more than 40mpg if you use the car as you would a conventionally powered one – something impressive in itself when you consider the performance on offer.
Then it comes down to the small matter of the BMW i8's price. As you would expect, it's not a cheap car thanks to its groundbreaking tech and gorgeous looks. The i8 can be yours for just under £105,000 - but you'll have to be patient because there's a lengthy waiting list for the car.
Even if the i8's technical prowess and stunning, futuristic looks don't impress you, you can't deny the importance of this car as it represents a huge milestone in terms of the way high performance vehicles are engineered.
BMW i8 vs BMW M1: video
Engines, performance and drive
A three-cylinder-engined sportscar doesn't sound like the most thrilling prospect in the world, but thanks to the assistance of an electric motor, the i8 feels every bit as quick as an Audi R8. Officially, 0-62mph takes 4.4 seconds, but because you have the instant torque of the electric motor, it actually feels a lot faster in the real world. It doesn't matter what gear you're in, the i8 responds instantly to every prod of the throttle.
Keep it in Comfort or Eco Pro mode and the i8 will try and run on electric power alone, which it can do for about 22 miles and at speeds of up to 45mph. Using just the electric motor, you'll find acceleration comparable to a hot hatch. The eco-friendly eDrive setting gives you pure electric running for the same range, but raises the maximum speed to 75mph.
Slot the gearlever to the left into Sport mode you get the petrol engine running all the time, the full output from the electric motor and firmer settings for the dampers and more aggressive power steering.
Flooring the throttle in this mode gives you a smooth and muscular surge of acceleration, accompanied by a sci-fi whine from the electric motor and a deep, throaty growl from the three-cylinder engine – clever tuning means that it sounds a little like a Porsche flat-six, particularly in Sport mode when the electronically enhanced soundtrack is turned up to 11.
Adding to the sensation of speed is the six-speed automatic gearbox, which delivers seamless changes to create the illusion of an uninterrupted wave of acceleration.
Guide the i8 through a series of bends and it feels light on its feet, with barely any body roll and a crisp response from the fingertip-light steering. Unlike some rivals that feel as if they are pummelling the road into submission, the BMW is more delicate and measured, requiring only small inputs from the driver.
Once you're actually in the corner, you'll find the i8 isn't quite as engaging or as adjustable as a 911 or Audi R8, but it's seriously capable nonetheless.
Thanks to the standard adaptive dampers ride comfort is pretty good, while the BMW's aerodynamic styling – it boasts a drag coefficient of just 0.26 – means there's very little wind noise. However, despite its skinny tyres, the i8 generates quite a bit of road roar – although it's no worse than a Porsche 911.
MPG, CO2 and running costs
The i8's official figures of 135mpg and 49g/km are a little unachievable in the real world, but you'll definitely improve on what you'd get from a 911 or an R8. During our time with the car we returned nearly 40mpg, a figure that included plenty of hard driving. However, as with all plug-in models, the running costs will depend very much on how you use the car. If you use the car for a short daily commute and have access to a charging point, then you could save thousands at the pumps. And the savings don't end there.
Company car buyers will also benefit, with the i8 currently sitting in a 5% BIK band, meaning company car tax could be as low as £998 per year. For 2015/16 and 2016/17, the i8 will shift up to a 9% band and then an 11% band but that still significantly undercuts traditional sports car rivals.
And as you'd expect from BMW there's a great value servicing pack, with a one of payment of £1,000 covering all routine maintenance for five years. Even better, our experts expect the i8 to retain around 55 percent of its new value after three years.
Interior, design and technology
The BMW i8 looks absolutely stunning whichever colour and wheel combination you go for. The narrow LED headlights (optionally available with laser technology, which delivers an even more penetrating and bright beam pattern than the standard car), elegant curves, spaceship-style rear lights and distinctive flying buttresses all make for a low-slung car with more presence than almost anything else on the road.
As a result, you'll need to get used to being the centre of attention, because the i8 us a car that attracts a constant stream of camera phone wielding car fans. The BMW is available in a variety of colours, including silver, white, blue and black, with the latter the most understated.
That's because it does without the contrasting panels (such as in the bonnet) that come on the other. You can also choose between neat silver or blue trim detailing for areas such as the familiar double kidney front grille.
Open one of the i8's jaw-dropping dihedral gullwing doors and you'll discover an interior that's every bit as stylish as the exterior. It's not quite as futuristic as the smaller i3's, but the wraparound dashboard is slickly designed and dominated by a pair of 8.8-inch HD screens - the unit in front of the driver displays the speedo, rev-counter and energy use dials, while the centrally-mounted display is for the sat-nav and infotainment functions.
Better still, quality is top notch, with excellent fit and finish and top-notch plastics. As with the smaller i3, recycled and sustainable materials are used throughout. It's very well equipped, too.
Sat-nav, a DAB radio, Bluetooth and heated seats all feature, while the high-backed seats are finished in leather. Buyers can also upgrade the materials and leather by opting for either the £1,150 Carpo or £2,150 Halo interior 'world' finishes.
Practicality, comfort and boot space
The BMW i8 is supposedly a 2+2 but you only get a pair of seriously upright, legroom-limited seats in the back – no one will thank you for squeezing them in there for a long journey. Even sall children will find the conditions cramped. In fact, it's best to think of them as extra storage space.
It has to be said that the scissor-opening doors aren't the most practical way of getting in and out, either, but the drama that they add to proceedings is definitely a price worth paying. And while the long doors look heavy, the combination of lightweight construction and powerful gas struts mean that you never have to break a sweat when getting in and out.
There is a boot in the under the glass hatch at the rear, but it's cramped - you can fit a couple of weekend bags in, but don't expect to be carting around large suitcases.
As a plug-in hybrid, the i8 does without the range anxiety of traditional electric cars. With a 32-litre fuel tank onboard it can theoretically cover just over 300 miles on a full charge and with a full tank. Plug into a domestic power socket and you'll get an 80 percent charge in around three hours, while fitting a BMW home charging station will reduce the charge time to two hours, while BMW's £315 15-amp iWallbox reduces the charge time to two hours.
Even so, BMW understands its buyers don't want any compromises and so option of borrowing a traditional BMW for longer journeys or family holidays. The scheme involves owners being handed an annual allocation of points that can be redeemed against other cars in the brand's line-up.
Reliability and Safety
With such a lot of new technology on board it's tempting to be cautious about the i8's reliability. To help put your mind at ease, though, the basic layout of this three-cylinder engine has already been seen in the latest MINI line-up, plus BMW's 2 Series Active Tourer MPV.
Electric motors are, on the whole, very reliable because of their relative lack of moving parts, while the regeneration from the motor puts less strain on the brake pads over time. However, for extra peace of mind BMW covers the battery pack with a comprehensive eight year and 100,000 miles warranty – the rest of the car is covered by the firm's standard three-year guarantee.
With the carbon fibre body we're expecting safety to be excellent, especially considering the front, side and curtain airbags fitted as standard. The battery is also well protected by a crash structure and BMW is saying that repair costs are normal for the class, despite the hi-tech construction.


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rAPPidReview apps are mobile, fun and effective study tools to help you do your best in the big test. You can track your scores for each topic, compare them with your friends or compete in an online scoreboard.
Designed to cover the content of the Common Core or state tests for each grade, rAPPidReview apps make easy, accessible preparation for standardized tests. Our apps focus on asking questions about what you have learnt and allowing you to practice your skills. Our questions are not the same as trial questions. We have a different style to keep you entertained and to help you rAPPidly improve your grade!
The game-style quizzes, focused feedback, performance-tracking and topic comparison help you find out what you know, learn what you don't know and re-test weaker areas – all in a fun and entertaining way.
The best way to improve is to test yourself and learn from your mistakes. And the best way to remember something is to repeat it often. rAPPidReview apps have been designed to help you do both of these key test prep techniques.
If you're not a student, you can still enjoy our apps as fun quizzes to brush up on your skills! We won't stop you competing against students in the online scoreboard, but you might be surprised by how good they are!
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On the horizon
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|Grade 3 MathGrade 3 ELA LiteracyGrade 4 Math
Grade 4 ELA Literacy
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|The rest….
rAPPidReview – It's fast. It's mobile. It's fun!*
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The Compensation Process and What to Expect
So, your land (or an interest in your land) has been expropriated. You've received your section 25 offer of compensation, your appraisal report, and the authority has taken possession of the land. What's next? Frank Sperduti, Senior Partner at BLG LLP, sheds some light on next steps. "In many cases, in particular those where the primary areas of disagreement between the expropriating authority and the owner are market value and injurious affection, the first line of attack in having fair compensation determined is a meeting with the Board of Negotiation" he explains. The Board of Negotiation is made up mostly of qualified real estate appraisers, who specialize in market value and injurious affection. The Board of Negotiation process is triggered by a "Notice of Negotiation" which may be served on the expropriating authority by the owner or vice versa.
"I have found some considerable success in resolving claims early by triggering a Board of Negotiation Meeting," says Sperduti. These meetings work best where both the owner and the expropriating authority have independent appraisal reports prepared by qualified appraisers. The process is quick and informal. There is no "evidence" called at such meetings, and the parties are encouraged to speak openly in a "without prejudice" forum. Where a resolution is reached, it is because both parties have agreed on something. The Board of Negotiation cannot make a binding "Order", just a recommendation to the parties about settlement. However, both expropriating authorities and experienced lawyers acting for owners will take the Board of Negotiation's recommendations seriously and in many cases – after only a day long meeting – difficult disagreements are resolved.
Where compensation cannot be agreed upon even with the help of the Board of Negotiation, parties must seek the assistance of the arbitration process stipulated in the Expropriations Act. In Ontario, the "Environmental and Land Tribunals of Ontario" (an administrative agency that includes the Ontario Municipal Board), arbitrates expropriation claims. The process is commenced by delivery of a Notice of Arbitration by the owner to the authority or vice versa. This is followed by a Statement of Claim, setting out the owner's demands for compensation. The format of such a Statement of Claim looks much like a lawsuit filed in Superior Court. The expropriating authority will file a "Reply" pleading, and the claim is off and running.
Expropriation compensation claims often involve a "battle of the experts". Claims can range in complexity from simple claims for market value compensation in a residential full taking context to loss of development opportunity, business loss, disturbance damages and injurious affection in commercial or industrial areas. The time it takes to resolve these claims varies to a large extent on the complexity of the issues, but most claims are resolved in less than a year (particularly if the parties avail themselves of the mediation process available in Ontario). Reimbursement for costs, since they are in addition to the claims for compensation, usually follow the resolution of the substantive issue so that, when completed, the owner is fairly compensation for the ordeal.
As with pre-expropriation compensation matters, asserting and maintaining successful compensation claims requires planning, experience, and judgment. Expropriating authorities and owners alike should seek the advice of experience professionals in order to ensure a speedy – and fair – resolution of these claims.


text: http://forums.fedoraforum.org – I'm running FC11, attempting to record from vinyl. At first I heard no sound so I installed gst-mixer and unmuted "aux" and now I can hear the record playing thru the speakers attached to the sound card. When I attempt to record the sound using audacity I get silence. If I play a song using rhythmbox I can record that with audacity with no problem. So recording works, just not from AUX. I've tried all the settings I can see in gst-mixer and the Pulse Audio Manager but so far nothing helps. Any hints? (HowTos)


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We are pleased to welcome you to our office. Located in Fayetteville, Ga. and serving Fayetteville and Peachtree City in Fayette County, the Atlanta International Airport, the Tri-city areas, and South Fulton County, the Fayette Eye Clinic is the oldest continuous ophthalmology practice in the southern Atlanta metropolitan crescent.
The practice has served the people of these areas with the mission of compassionate, ethical eye care. We look forward to the opportunity to serve your family's eye care needs.
We believe in total eye care, and for your convenience we are staffed with an ophthalmologist, optometrist, optician and optical boutique with the latest in fashion eyewear and contacts. We have the latest, state-of-the-art Ophthalmic equipment, including automatic refractors, which assist in the prescribing of glasses, Humphrey Visual Field analyzers and the latest Zeiss Cirrhus OCT machine, which helps evaluate and monitor age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema. This machine offers precise detection of early glaucoma. Topcon digital photographs of the back of the eye can be shown and visualized by the patient when necessary at the time of visit.
Board Certified, compassionate eye surgery is offered by the practice, including No Stitch routine intra-ocular lens implant cataract surgery, special multifocal intraocular lens implant surgery, Lasik and Refractive surgery, Laser, and Corneal transplant surgery.
The Fayette Eye Clinic is a full service one-stop Eye Care facility. We offer complete eye exams and have a full service fashion eyewear boutique. We offer:
- Routine Eye Examinations
- The Fitting of Contact Lenses and Astigmatic Contact Lenses
- Treatment for Eye Infections
- Eye Injuries
- The Diagnosis, Treatment and Management of Glaucoma and Diabetic Eye Disease
- Board Certified Cataract/Implant, Multifocal Implant Surgery, Lasik and Refractive Surgery, Laser, Corneal Transplant Surgery


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Vero Beach mayor dispels talk of sheriff taking over police department
VERO BEACH — The city may look to police department employees to pay a greater share into their pension fund and seek some reductions in its number of civilian employees, but Mayor Pilar Turner Tuesday dismissed rumors of its duties being taken over by the Indian River County Sheriff's Office.
"That is not true," said Turner at the beginning of the second day of weeklong city budget hearings.
The majority of council members also are opposed to an administration proposal to reduce the ranks of nine police officers, although council members did want to consider reducing the department's number of mid-management employees.
The police department's budget was the focus of Tuesday morning's hearings. The process will conclude Friday when the council sets a tentative tax rate for the next budget year.
Vice Mayor Craig Fletcher said he would support a higher property tax rate rather than making reductions in the police department. Fletcher, along with councilmen Dick Winger and Jay Kramer have also spoken in opposition to the proposed rank reductions in the police department.
"I'm dead against that," said Fletcher.
Winger said the city needs a long-range view of how it will operate in the future without the electric utility, which provides more than $7 million annually to help pay for other city services.
The net impact of the sale on the city's finances is not known yet, City Manager Jim O'Connor said.
Florida Power & Light Co. has proposed paying the city $100 million in cash for the utility plus other considerations, although much of the cash could be used to pay off debt and settle other contractual obligations. Exactly how much will be needed to pay off these obligations has yet to be determined.
This story will be updated.
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Resolution on Foreign Language Study in the CSU
Resolution for Parity Across the Campuses for Language Course Hours
Resolution on the Diversity of Language Offerings
Statement on Class Size | Job Announcements
Useful Resources | ADA Resources
Future Meetings | Conferences of Interest
CSU Bakersfield ~ Teresa Fernandez-Ulloa & Anthony Nuño, http://www.csub.edu/ModLang/
CSU Channel Islands ~ Stephen Clark (chair) & Antonio Jiménez Jiménez, http://www.csuci.edu/academics/spanish.htm, http://spanish.csuci.edu/
CSU Chico ~ Patricia Black (chair) & Antonio Arreguin Bermudez, http://www.csuchico.edu/flng/
CSU Dominguez Hills ~ Ivonne Heinze-Balcazar (chair) & Miguel Dominguez, http://www.csudh.edu/cla/french.asp, http://www.csudh.edu/cla/jap.asp, and http://www.csudh.edu/cla/spanish.asp
CSU East Bay ~ Monique Manopoulos (chair) & Marcelo Paz, http://isis.csuhayward.edu/dbsw/modernlanguages/Home_Page.php
CSU Fresno ~ Kristi Eastin & Rosemarie Kuhn, http://www.csufresno.edu/mcll
CSU Fullerton ~ Reyes Fidalgo (chair) & Sandra Pérez-Linggi, http://hss.fullerton.edu/mll/
Humboldt State University ~ Rosamel Benavides & Joseph Diémé, http://www.humboldt.edu/%7Ewlc/
CSU Long Beach ~ Markus Muller (chair) & Kiyomi Chinen, http://www.csulb.edu/depts/rgrll/
CSU Los Angeles ~ Maria Costa (chair) & Gretchen Angelo
Maritime Academy ~ Robert Manheimer, http://www.csum.edu/gms/
CSU Monterey Bay ~ Yoshiko Saito-Abbott (chair) and Donaldo Urioste, http://csumb.edu/academic/descriptions/wlc.html
CSU Northridge ~ Brian Castronovo (chair) & Adrian Perez-Boluda, http://www.csun.edu/~fl51594/
Cal Poly Pomona ~ Isabel Bustamante-Lopez (chair) & Amalia Llombart, http://www.class.csupomona.edu/efl/
CSU Sacramento ~ Bernice Bass de Martínez (chair) http://www.csus.edu/fl/
CSU San Bernardino ~ Rafael Correa (chair) & Elizabeth Martin, http://flan.csusb.edu/
San Diego State University ~ Anne Donadey (European Studies) & Alda Blanco (Spanish), http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/%7eeuro/es.html (European Studies), http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/dept/linguist/index.html (Linguists) and http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/dept/spanish/index.htm (Spanish). Also: LARC, http://larc.sdsu.edu/ (Director Mary Ann Lyman-Hager) + past president, Edith Benkov
San Francisco State University ~ Chris Concolino & Mohammed Salama, http://www.sfsu.edu/~foreign/
San Jose State ~ Damian Bacich (chair) & Jean-Luc Desalvo, http://www2.sjsu.edu/foreignlanguage/foreign_lang.html
Cal Poly San Luis Obispo ~ John Thompson (interim chair) & Fernando Fabio Sanchez, http://cla.calpoly.edu/mll/
CSU San Marcos ~ Michael Hughes (chair) & Marion Geiger, http://www.csusm.edu/languages/
Sonoma State University ~ Christine Renaudin (chair) & ____, http://www.sonoma.edu/modlang (note: Suzanne Toczyski, Sonoma, is FLC Secretary-Treasurer, non-voting).
CSU Stanislaus ~ Jason Winfree (chair) & Manuel Murrieta Saldívar, http://www.csustan.edu/Admin_Services/Catalog/Degrees-n-Majors/Arts-Letters-n-Sciences/Departments/Modern-Languages/index.html
Article I: Name
The name of this organization shall be "The Foreign Language Council of the California State University."
Article II: Purpose
The purpose of this organization is to encourage the advancement and effective teaching of Foreign Languages in the CSU and the State of California.
Article III: Nature of Organization
The Foreign Language Council is an independent professional organization of professors of foreign languages in the CSU. To insure participation in foreign languages matters in California and the nation, the Council is affiliated with the California Language Teachers Association (CLTA) and the Association of Departments of Foreign Languages (ADFL).
Article IV: Voting Membership
1. Voting membership on the Foreign Language Council shall be made up of no more than two (2) full-time faculty members from each campus, one of whom shall be a Department Chair or Coordinator of his/her designated replacement. The second representative shall be nominated and elected by faculty members who teach foreign languages. If a representative cannot attend a meeting, the campus may send an alternate.
Article V: Officers of the Foreign Language Council
1. The officers of the Foreign Language Council shall be:President
Article VI: Recall of Officers
1. If an officer does not carry out his/her duties, and by such neglect places the work of the Council in jeopardy, he/she shall be notified by the Executive Committee about the initiation of the recall process.
Article VII: Operation of the Council
1. The Executive Committee of the Council shall be composed of the five elected officers, plus the (non-voting) immediate past president. The Executive Committee shall set the agenda for meetings, manage the budget and conduct the affairs of the organization.
Article VIII Fiscal Affairs
1. Changes in the amount of the annual dues shall be proposed by the Executive Committee and voted on by the Council at the fall or spring meeting. The annual dues for the Council shall be by campus. Dues shall be collected by the Secretary/Treasurer.
Article IX: Amendments to the Constitution
1. Amendments to this Constitution may be proposed at any meeting or by written petition to the Executive Committee by at least 25% of the membership.
Article X: Representation from the Chancellor's Office and the Academic Senate of the CSU
The Foreign Language Council may invite to Council meetings, the Chancellor of the CSU and the Chairman of the Academic Senate of the CSU, or their designated representatives, to serve as ex-officio, non-voting members.
This Constitution was ratified by the voting membership of the Foreign Language Council at its April 24, 1987 meeting in Los Angeles, California
It was amended on October 23, 1998.
October 3, 2008
WHEREAS all freshmen must have completed at least two years of high school foreign language study or its equivalent to enter the CSU; and
WHEREAS transfer students may not have met the minimum freshman requirements and are therefore disadvantaged; and
WHEREAS two years of high school foreign language study is generally considered to be the equivalent of one year of college work; and
WHEREAS the notion of "value added" by the Bachelors degree assumes that students build on previously acquired skills; and
WHEREAS the Access to Excellence statement of the CSU includes as an indicator of excellence "an increase from entry to graduation in the extent to which CSU students gain and improve global understanding and foreign language skills so they can compete in the global economy and participate in a global society;"
Therefore, be it
RESOLVED that the Foreign Language Council urge the Chancellor's Office to require that all students earning a Bachelors degree from the CSU have coursework in a foreign language that exceeds the freshman entrance requirement so that they may truly have a "value added" experience;
And be it further resolved that this resolution be distributed to the Provosts in all twenty-three universities in the CSU system.
October 3, 2008
WHEREAS we, The California State University Foreign Language Council, believe that contact hours correlate with language acquisition and the amount of material one can cover in a semester, and
WHEREAS articulation agreements between California Community Colleges and the CSU system (Lower Division Transfer Pattern (LDTP)) require that transfer language classes meet minimum requirements of 4 semester units per course, and
WHEREAS the CSU Academic Senate has passed a resolution to assist with articulation between CSU campuses that utilizes LDTP course descriptors for CSU to CSU transfers and these protocols call for second-year Spanish courses to be a minimum of 4 units each, (www.calstate.edu/AcadAff/ldtp/docs/SPAN_130_Intermediate_Spanish_I.pdf)
WHEREAS we believe intra-CSU transfer students should not have to repeat a lower division language course taken at another CSU before advancing to upper division courses at a different campus, and
WHEREAS we believe that study abroad in universities and colleges is an extremely valuable experience for our students and generally assumes a certain number of units of coursework in the target language, and
WHEREAS most commercially published textbooks assume 4 or 5 hours a week of contact time for a full year to complete a course,
Therefore, be it
RESOLVED that The California State University Foreign Language Council recommend that first-year language courses meet a minimum of four hours per week. This recommendation will not necessarily apply to heritage speaker classes and conversation classes.
April 16, 2004
WHEREAS, the California State University is dedicated to the serving the needs of the community and its diverse populations, and
WHEREAS, the population of California, with its ties to communities and countries throughout the world, is in a key position to foster cultural understanding and political and economic connections, and
WHEREAS, linguistic diversity is a key element in understanding the many cultures in California and the world, and
WHEREAS, the diversity of language offerings is threatened in many of our schools and universities, and an October 2003 report by the National Association of State Boards of Education warns that foreign language programs risk becoming a "lost curriculum," and
WHEREAS, the current situation in the world exemplifies the danger that arises when cultures are unable to communicate with and understand each other, and
WHEREAS, it is not always easy to predict which languages will be economically or geopolitically important to our nation in the future, and
WHEREAS, developing proficiency in the language and culture of a country requires many years of study,
Therefore, be it
RESOLVED that The California State University Foreign Language Council declare the diversity of language offerings in university departments to be a crucial aspect of the mission of the California State University, and be it further
RESOLVED that the Council enjoin its member departments to maintain diversity of language offerings with financial and programmatic support, and be it further
RESOLVED that the Council vehemently oppose any attempt to eliminate programs on the basis of temporary budgetary problems, misconceptions about the nature of linguistic and cultural study in our departments, or unwillingness to support the necessary diversity of our programs, and be it further
RESOLVED that a copy of this resolution be sent to Charles Reed, Chancellor of the California State University, as well as the Academic Vice Presidents and Deans of the appropriate colleges at all twenty-three California State University campuses.
April 16, 2004
The current budget crisis in the state of California has been used on some campuses as a justification for raising course enrollment limits in various disciplines. The CSU Foreign Language Council, mindful of the Supplemental Budget Language that directs campuses to spare instruction wherever possible, strongly opposes any outside pressure on departments to raise enrollments.
Modern language pedagogy stresses the communicative approach, wherein students spend the vast majority of classtime conversing on topics relevant to their interests and skill levels. The linguistic elements and cultural input that form the basis of this communication are thus practiced and internalized under the supervision and with the guidance and corrections of the instructor.
Students in communicative language classes often work in pairs or groups, which makes the instructor's interaction with individual students even more crucial. The instructor's responsibilities in this mode of instruction include correct modeling of the linguistic elements being practiced as well as individual and group correction. Furthermore, instructors must work with students to develop critical thinking skills necessary to interpret cultural values and institutions. An excessive number of students in the class seriously diminishes each student's learning experience.
The longstanding benchmark enrollments for our courses reflect sound pedagogical practices that produce the desired learning outcomes. These benchmarks cannot be set aside without proper consultation, and must be modified only with the input of the faculty who best know their own discipline and the pedagogical expectations to which they are held.
Although we acknowledge the difficult budgetary situation, the need for cost-cutting cannot be allowed to undermine the quality of instruction. Increasing course enrollments in language courses is not merely an additional burden for the teacher; far more importantly, it prevents the students from experiencing sufficient meaningful practice in the language and results in a dangerous shift in the nature of the learning experience.
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE is seeking applicants for an anticipated part-time faculty opening in Classics in the Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures (MCLL) Department for Academic Year 2015-2016. Minimum qualifications are: 1) M.A. degree in Classics or academic equivalent; 2) Recent experience and recognized teaching effectiveness; 3) Good knowledge of English vocabulary, grammar and syntax; and 4) Demonstrated ability and commitment to working with a diverse student population. Applicants should forward a current resume and a letter which designates specific courses or areas they are interested in teaching and, whenever possible, times available for teaching assignments. The resume should include educational background, prior teaching experience, evidence of scholarship, and/or related professional experience. Applicants also need to forward three letters of recommendation (on official letterhead and not more than three years old), transcripts, and a sample of academic writing/research demonstrating competence in both the subject language/culture and English. Inquiries and applications should be emailed firstname.lastname@example.com or mailed to Leslie Yamashita, Part Time Search and Screen Coordinator, Department of MCLL, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, California 91330-8247. The deadline for submitting materials is May 15, 2015 at 5:00p.m. For more complete information, please see the Announcement of Anticipated Part-Time Faculty Openings at the following link: http://www.csun.edu/humanities/modern-classical-languages-literatures and click on the Job Opportunities link.
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE is currently hiring part-time faculty for the 2015-2016 school year in a wide range of languages and specializations, including Arabic, Armenian, Chinese, Classics, Foreign Literature in Translaton, French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Persian, and Spanish. Please visit http://www.csun.edu/humanities/modern-classical-languages-literatures/job-opportunities for more details.
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, FRESNO is currently seeking a Spanish, Mexican Literature Assistant Professor (Modern and Classical Languages Vacancy # 12359, http://www.fresnostate.edu/artshum/ ). California State University, Fresno is an engaged University. We focus on broadening students' intellectual horizons, fostering lifelong learning skills, developing the leaders of tomorrow, promoting community involvement, and instilling an appreciation of world cultures. We nurture cultural competence by celebrating the rich diversity of the campus community and welcoming the participation of all. Members of the University community are expected to work effectively with faculty, staff and students from diverse ethnic, cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds. For information on the University's commitment and dedication to creating a university known for its integrity, civility, equity, respect and ethical behavior, please visit: http://www.fresnostate.edu/academics/diversity Available for Academic Year: 2015/2016. Fresno State has been recognized as a Hispanic-Serving Institution (HSI); an Asian American/Native American/Pacific Islander-Serving Institution (AANAPISI); and has been designated to the Community Engagement Classification by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Faculty members gain a clear path to tenure through the University's Probationary Plan Process. Salary placement depends upon academic preparation and professional experience. Position Summary: The Department of Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures seeks applicants for a tenure-track, academic year position as an Assistant Professor of Spanish, Mexican Literature specialist. The successful candidate will be expected to teach upper-division and graduate courses in Mexican literature and culture, with emphasis on the 20th and 21st centuries. All courses will be taught in Spanish. Courses may also include Advanced Conversation, Advanced Composition, Advanced Grammar, survey literature courses, Spanish-American literature, and literary theory, and the course load is four courses per semester. The candidate will also be expected to develop and enhance appropriate curricular offerings, supervise and assist student research, and maintain a productive research agenda, including peer-reviewed publications, presentations, and other professional activities. Other faculty responsibilities include: serving on department, college, and university committees, engaging in community service and outreach, advising students, and interacting with faculty and students in related fields. Outcomes assessment and service learning are important components of the university curriculum. The successful candidate will be expected to work cooperatively with faculty and staff in the program, department, and college. California State University, Fresno is a Hispanic-serving institution. Overview: The Department of Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures offers bachelor's degrees in French and Spanish and a master's degree in Spanish. In addition, the Department offers credential programs in French and Spanish and also several minors: Classical Studies, French, German, and Spanish. We reach a wider population of University students through our General Education course offerings. The goal of the Department of Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures is to encourage multiculturalism and multilingualism in the Central Valley. This includes preparing students for communication in some of the important heritage languages of the San Joaqu�n Valley: Spanish, French, and Portuguese. The Master of Arts degree program in Spanish offers to its many students the opportunity to study with faculty who are active researchers with ambitious publishing and academic agendas. Taken as a whole, the Department of Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures is a collegial, dynamic, and academically rich environment that makes substantial contributions to the University and California's Central Valley. Required Education: An earned doctorate (Ph.D.) in Spanish or a closely-related discipline (such as Comparative Literature, Hispanic Studies, Trans-Atlantic Studies, etc.) from an accredited institution (or equivalent) is required; however, candidates nearing completion of the doctorate (ABD) may be considered. For continued employment in the tenure-track position the doctorate must be completed by 7/30/2016. Required Experience: 1) Native or near-native ability in Spanish; 2) Demonstrated record of success in teaching excellence at the collegiate level; 3) Evidence of scholarly research on late 20th and 21st century Mexican literature, such as conference presentations, dissertation topic, and/or publications, and; 4) Ability to demonstrate a commitment to working effectively with faculty, staff, and students from diverse ethnic, cultural, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Preferred Qualifications: 1) Ability to teach graduate seminars in 21st Century Mexican literature; 2) ability to teach graduate seminars in literary theory, and; 3) evidence of publications on late 20th Century and 21st Century literature in scholarly journals. Application Procedures: Review of applications will begin November 10, 2014, and will continue until the position is filled. To apply, applicants must complete an online application at http://jobs.fresnostate.edu and attach the following: 1) a cover letter specifically addressing required experience and preferred qualifications; 2) a current curriculum vitae, and; 3) list of a minimum of three professional references. Finalists will be required to submit: 1) three current letters of recommendation, dated within the last twelve months; 2) official transcripts; 3) sample course syllabi; 4) copies of representative course evaluations. Additionally, candidates invited for campus interviews will be asked to provide a 15-20 page representative scholarly writing sample. Please note that materials will not be returned. For inquiries, contact: Dr. Yolanda A. Doub, Search Committee Chair, Department of Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures, California State University, 5245 N. Backer Ave. M/S PB96, Fresno, CA 93740-8030. Email: email@example.com. Other Requirements: A link to the Annual Safety and Security/Fire Safety Report is provided in compliance with the 1998 Jeanne Clery Disclosure Act, and California Education Code section 67380. The report includes three calendar years of select campus crime statistics and it includes security policies and procedures for the campus. Applicants, students, and employees can obtain a copy of this report from the web site: http://www.fresnostate.edu/police/clery/index.shtml or by contacting the Campus Police Department. The person holding this position may be considered a "mandated reporter" under the California Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Act and is required to comply with the requirements set forth in CSU Executive Order 1083 as a condition of employment. You can obtain a copy of this Executive order by accessing the following web site: http://www.calstate.edu/eo/EO-1083.html Background Check: Necessary background investigations will be completed depending on the requirements of the position. Those could include, but are not limited to, processing of fingerprints through the Department of Justice and FBI, and degree and license verification. A conditional offer may be made based on the results of these verifications. Equal Employment Opportunity: California State University, Fresno is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer. We consider qualified applicants for employment without regard to race, religion, color, national origin, ancestry, age, sex, gender, gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation, genetic information, medical condition, disability, marital status, or protected veteran status.
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY NORTHRIDE IS CURRENTLY SEEKING TO HIRE AN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF SPANISH, TENURE-TRACK. Department: Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures. Effective Date of Appointment: August 19, 2015 (Subject to Budgetary Approval). Salary: Dependent upon qualification. Qualifications: Required: 1) PhD in Spanish, with concentration in Latin American Literature with a sub-specialization in Peninsular literature; 2) experience in teaching or the ability to teach classes in Spanish language, peninsular literature, composition and civilization at both the lower and upper-division levels as well as literary theory and feminist literary studies; 3) experience in proficiency-based instruction and appropriate assessment procedures; 4) willingness to explore the development of interdisciplinary programs and create appropriate new courses; 5) proven excellence in undergraduate teaching; 6) ability or potential to pursue relevant research; 7) native or near native language abilities in Spanish and English; 8) willingness to establish strong ties with local high schools and colleges; 9) awareness of the latest developments in technology-supported instruction and experience in integrating its use into the learning process; 10) demonstrate ability to effectively teach and mentor a diverse student population. Desirable: 1) preference given to those who have demonstrated experience in working with Heritage speakers of Spanish; 2) experience in teaching or the ability to teach classes in the cultures of the Spanish- speaking- world; 3) experience in teaching or ability to teach Spanish for the professions (business, law, science, etc.); experience in teaching or ability to teach classes in FLIT (Foreign Languages in Translation). At time of appointment, the successful candidate, if not a U.S. citizen, must have authorization from the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services to work in the United States. Responsibilities: The successful candidate will be expected to contribute to and participate in the life and development of the department. The standard teaching load is 12 units per semester, although reassigned time may be available for research and/or curriculum and pedagogical development. All faculty members are expected to engage in scholarship and community service and to remain current in their field. In addition, they are expected to serve on departmental, college, and/or university committees and to participate in other service, as needed. The University seeks individuals who will contribute to both their chosen disciplines and the University's significant commitment to teacher preparation and general education. Application Deadline: Screening of applications will begin November 17, 2014. Priority will be given to applicants who meet the screening deadline. However, the position will remain open until filled. Applicants should submit a letter of application, curriculum vitae, and three current letters of recommendation to the address below. In later phases of the search process, applicants may be requested to provide verification of terminal degrees, licenses and certificates. Inquiries and applications should be addressed to: Attention: Spanish Search Committee Department of Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures California State University 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, California 91330-8247 For more information about the University, check our website: http://www.csun.edu/.
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY NORTHRIDE IS CURRENTLY SEEKING TO HIRE AN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF CHINESE & JAPANESE, TENURE-TRACK. Department: Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures. Effective Date of Appointment: August 19, 2015 (Subject to Budgetary Approval). Salary: Dependent upon qualification. Qualifications: 1) PhD in Japanese or Chinese (or related discipline) at time of appointment; 2) native or near-native proficiency in Japanese, Chinese, and English; 3) proven excellence in proficiency-oriented language teaching in Japanese and Chinese; 4) proven excellence in undergraduate teaching; 5) ability to teach courses in English on Asian literature and culture (Asian business culture especially); and 6) willingness to develop new courses in Chinese language and culture to further program goals. Applicants must demonstrate ability to effectively work with a diverse student population. Desirable qualifications: 1) interest in pursuing ties with local high schools and colleges; 2) awareness of the latest developments in technology-supported instruction and experience in integrating its use into the learning process At time of appointment, the successful candidate, if not a U.S. citizen, must have authorization from the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services to work in the United States. Responsibilities: The successful candidate will be expected to contribute to and participate in the life and development of the department. The standard teaching load is 12 units per semester, although reassigned time may be available for research and/or curriculum and pedagogical development. All faculty members are expected to engage in scholarship and community service and to remain current in their field. In addition, the are expected to serve on departmental, college, and/or university committees and to participate in other service, as needed. The University seeks individuals who will contribute to both their chosen disciplines and the University's significant commitment to teacher preparation and general education. Application Deadline: Screening of applications will begin November 17, 2014. Priority will be given to applicants who meet the screening deadline. However, the position will remain open until filled. Applicants should submit a letter of application, curriculum vitae, and three current letters of recommendation to the address below. In later phases of the search process, applicants may be requested to provide verification of terminal degrees, licenses and certificates. Inquiries and applications should be addressed to: Drake Langford, Japanese Section Head Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures Department, California State University 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, California 91330-8247. For more information about the University, check our website: http://www.csun.edu/.
ADA 508 Compliance ~ GENERAL INFORMATION
Understanding access limitations
20% of the American population has a disability (the elderly included), that is approximately 55 million individuals. http://www.webaim.org/info/resources/
Popular Resource
ADA Section 508 - Basic timeline and overview
The major categories of disability types are:
Common WWW Access Hazards
Access Mindful Hardware and Software
General Types of Assistive Technology (Computer Input and Output Devices) that may be used by an individual accessing the web
1. Text to Speech (Output) Microsoft
Accessibility verification tools and support
[Added subsequent to the information above, courtesy of CLTA:]
"A World Awaits You: A Journal of Success in International Exchange for People with Disabilities" features Accessing Foreign Languages as its November 2007 Issue November 6, 2007- While U.S. high school students with disabilities increasingly enroll in foreign language courses, they still lag behind their non-disabled peers. In the seventh online issue of A World Awaits You (AWAY), published by Mobility International USA and the National Clearinghouse on Disability and Exchange, foreign language educators, English language instructors, disability providers and students with disabilities share their strategies of success in the foreign language classroom. This web-based, cross-disability journal describes successful experiences, lessons learned, and frequently asked questions such as: What teaching strategies or classroom accommodations benefit students with learning, cognitive, hearing or vision disabilities? How can I use adaptive technology in learning a foreign language at home and abroad? What do I need to know about sign interpreting in a foreign language class? Why is it beneficial to learn a foreign language overseas and how do I manage once there? Are there opportunities for me to teach my native language overseas?
To read this AWAY issue, go to: http://www.miusa.org/ncde/away For more information on how people with disabilities can participate in all types of international exchange programs, contact: National Clearinghouse on Disability and Exchange Tel/TTY: (541) 343-1284 Fax: (541) 343-6812 Email: email@example.com Web: <http://www.miusa.org/ncde> The National Clearinghouse on Disability and Exchange is sponsored by the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the U.S. Department of State and administered by Mobility International USA.
CSU-FLC Fall Meeting dates are determined on a year-by-year basis.
Page last updated September 17, 2014.