text:
|N·mero de publicaci¾n
|Tipo de publicaci¾n
|N·mero de solicitud
|Fecha de publicaci¾n
|16 Abr 1991
|Fecha de presentaci¾n
|3 Nov 1989
|Fecha de prioridad
|3 Nov 1989
|Tambiķn publicado como
|N·mero de publicaci¾n
|Robert G. Kelly, Bernard T. Loughlin, William F. McCutcheon
|Cesionario original
|Norton Company
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (7), Citada por (34), Clasificaciones (12), Eventos legales (5)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesi¾n de USPTO, Espacenet
(a) Field of the Invention
This invention relates, in general, to coated abrasive material and articles manufactured therefrom. More particularly, the invention relates to coated abrasive material comprising combinations of abrasive grain, in particular combinations of sol-gel process alumina abrasive grains with abrasive grains of cofused alumina-zirconia.
(b) Description of the Prior Art
Coated abrasive material typically comprises a relatively flexible backing member onto the front surface of which is coated an adhesive layer, the so-called "maker coat," followed by the application of a layer of abrasive grains onto the maker coat while such is still wet. The maker coat is then partially cured to a hardened layer after which another adhesive layer, the "size coat," is applied. The adhesive layers are then fully cured. The coated abrasive material is subsequently formed into various products, e.g., sandpaper, abrasive disks, endless belts, etc., depending somewhat upon the particular components of the coated abrasive material manufactured and its manner of processing.
The effectiveness of the material used as the abrasive grain in any particular coated abrasive material varies not only with the particular grinding conditions but also with the particular material or workpiece being ground. For example, certain abrasive grains have been found to be more effective for grinding stainless and low carbon steels at high metal removal rates than other abrasive grains. And certain other abrasive grains have been found more effective than others in relatively slow grinding applications. The explanation for the different effectiveness of a given abrasive material under differing grinding applications is often not clearly understood. Nevertheless, such appears, at least, to be related to, and dependent upon, the chemical composition of the abrasive material, and its microstructure, the related physical properties of the abrasive material such as hardness, fracture toughness, impact strength, and the thermal properties. The lack of such understanding naturally makes difficult the prediction of the effectiveness of a given abrasive material or grain for any particular grinding application, in the absence of prior experience. Thus, in determining whether or not an abrasive grain will be effective in any particular application, or the extent of such effectiveness, much depends upon trial and error.
Prior to the early 1960s, the abrasive grains used in coated abrasive material were, in general, either flint, emery, garnet, aluminum oxide, or silicon carbide, the latter two abrasives being man-made in electric furnaces according to well-known techniques. The so-called "fused alumina" provides, in general, a more chunky and tougher abrasive grain than silicon carbide and has been found over the years to be particularly well adapted to sanding operations on high tensile materials such as high carbon steel, alloy steels, tough bronze, and certain hard woods. When intended as a coated abrasive grain for woodworking, the crushing technique on the crude is varied to produce a somewhat sharper grain than that used generally for heavy metal working. Its hardness and sharpness has long made silicon carbide the ideal coated abrasive grain for sanding low-tensile metals, glass, plastics, fibrous woods, leather, enamel, and other relatively soft materials. Nevertheless, the applications for which such abrasive grains are now known to be best suited have been discovered only through much time and effort spent over the years, since these abrasive materials were first manufactured, in evaluating and testing of the abrasive grains in various applications and under various grinding conditions.
In the early 1960s, however, abrasive grains comprising a fused alloy-type alumina-zirconia (or "zirconia-alumina") composition became commercially available. Such abrasive materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,181,939; 3,891,408; and 3,893,826, all of which are assigned to Norton Company, the assignee of this application. The entire disclosures of these patents are incorporated herein by reference. As disclosed in the two later issued patents, the cofused alumina-zirconia abrasives disclosed therein were found quite effective in coated abrasive material for grinding 304 stainless steel and for grinding low carbon steels at high metal removal rates, but such abrasive material is disclosed to be less effective, as compared to fused alumina, at relatively slow grinding conditions. Nevertheless, since first introduced the alumina-zirconia abrasive grains have been discovered through empiricism to be a better across the board abrasive in coated abrasives in any use than fused alumina. Such more general use, however, comes at a premium compared to the cost of coated abrasive material containing only fused alumina abrasive grains.
More recently, there has become available another abrasive grain for use in the manufacture of coated abrasive material. Such novel abrasive material is obtained, in general, by drying and sintering a hydrated alumina gel which may also contain varying amounts of additives such as MgO and ZrO2. The dried material is typically crushed either before or after sintering to obtain irregular blocky shaped polycrystalline abrasive grain or grits in a desired size range. The grits may be later incorporated in abrasive products such as coated abrasive disks or belts.
Exemplary of prior art disclosing such abrasive material is U.S. Pat. No. 4,623,364, which issued on Nov. 18, 1986 to Norton Company, the assignee of the instant application. The entire disclosure of this patent is incorporated herein by reference. Other patents disclosing sol gel process (i.e., non-fused) alumina abrasive material and abrasive products containing such abrasive grains are U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,314,827; 4,543,107; 4,741,743; 4,744,802; and 4,800,685. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,543,107 and 4,741,743 are both assigned to Norton Company, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,314,827 to Leitheiser et al. discloses abrasive grits made by the sol gel method in which the sintered abrasive grits are obtained from a calcium ion-free and alkali metal-ion free, dense aluminum oxide based abrasive material having a substantially microcrystalline structure of randomly oriented crystallites of alpha Al2 O3 and a modifying component with the alumina being a dominant continous phase. The mineral disclosed has a very fine crystal size throughout.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,543,107 discloses a vitrified (ceramic) bonded grinding wheel having sintered sol gel aluminous abrasive grits comprising sub-micron sized alpha alumina crystals. Contrary to prior art sintered gel type alumina or fused alumina, the use of the abrasive disclosed in this patent in vitrified wheels was discovered to be extremely sensitive to the firing temperature of the wheel. As a result, it was found necessary to control the viscosity of the bond and/or temperature of firing to avoid reaction between the bond and the abrasive.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,623,364 discloses a sol gel method for the manufacture of aluminous abrasive grits, and products other than abrasive grits such as coatings, thin films, fibers, rods or small shaped parts, having enhanced properties. In that patent it is disclosed that the conversion of the hydrated alumina to alpha alumina is facilitated by the introduction of seed material into the gel or the gel precursor prior to drying. To make abrasive grits the seeded gel is dried, crushed and fired. The abrasive grits so produced may be used in the manufacture of products such as coated abrasive discs and grinding weeels.
Sol gel abrasive material, and particularly seeded sol gel aluminous abrasives as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,623,364, have demonstrated substantial advantages over other abrasives, even such premium abrasives as alumina-zirconia, in certain coated abrasive applications since their introduction some few years ago. Compared to the aluminum-zirconia abrasive material, however, the sol-gel processed alumina abrasive has been discovered to be more selective in its performance in coated abrasive applications. Thus, it has been found, compared to alumina-zirconia abrasive, to provide superior performance in only certain metal grinding applications, e.g., in high stress areas such as the super alloys and aircraft alloys, e.g., the corrosion-resistant alloys of nickel and chromium such as "Inconel" and other high nickel metals, and in tool steels, etc. Nevertheless, in certain low carbon steel applications, its performance has been discovered to be only equivalent to, or perhaps slightly better than, the alumina-zirconia abrasive material. In general, an improvement in low carbon steel grinding applications using sol gel process alumina abrasive grains in coated abrasive material, compared to the alumina-zirconia grain, has been found only in high pressure, high stress, and high speed grinding applications. Such abrasive grain is considerably more costly than the alumina-zirconia abrasive and for that reason would not ordinarily be used in any such an application where no real benefit in performance is gained. In the grinding of stainless steel, titanium, and in some of the wood working applications, moreover, the sol gel process alumina abrasive has been discovered to be even less effective in coated abrasive material than the alumina-zirconia abrasive material.
Although the alumina-zirconia abrasive grains and those of sol gel process alumina have been found to provide superior performance in coated abrasive material in various broad applications, compared to the earlier used somewhat "inferior" abrasive minerals such as alumininum oxide, silicon carbide, etc., above-mentioned, the use of such in coated abrasive material comes at a premium in cost. Accordingly, there is continuing effort to satisfy the desire for and to provide coated abrasive material in which these superior abrasive grains are used, to take advantage of their superior performance characteristics but at a lower cost.
The combining of abrasive grains of two different abrasive minerals in coated abrasive material has long been done, for various reasons, e.g., to obtain a cheaper abrasive product for a particular application, to provide different or improved performance characteristics, improvement in cutting performance in a specific application, etc. In other cases, abrasive grains have been combined in coated abrasive manufacture to provide an improved manufacturing process or to reduce the overall cost of the coated abrasive material being manufactured. The combining of different abrasive grains in a coated abrasive product has been done by various manufacturing procedures, depending somewhat upon the specific performance or other results desired. In some cases, a mixture of abrasive grains of different chemical composition are provided in a single grain layer. At other times, the different abrasive grains are provided in separate grain layers, i.e., two maker coats and two grain coats are provided in the coated abrasive material. Other coated abrasive material may have one maker and two abrasive grain layers, with the relatively finer graded abrasive grains on the bottom and the coarser grains on top. Exemplary of prior art disclosing such coated abrasive material are U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,007,560; 3,606,764; 3,891,408; 3,893,826, 4,314,827; 4;409,791; 4,741;743; 4,744,802; and 4,800,685. Generally, however, where there is a combining of abrasive grains of different composition to lower the cost of the coated abrasive material there is a trade-off of some lesser performance. This is particularly so in the case where the layer of abrasive grains contacting the workpiece, i.e., the top layer in a dual layer of abrasive grains, is a combination of abrasive grains of different chemical composition.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,007,560, which isssued to Norton Company, discloses abrasive agglomerates for use in coated abrasive material which comprises a matrix of cellular glass and abrasive grit particles encapsulated in the cell walls. The abrasive grits can be co-fused alumina-zirconia, silicon carbide or alumina abrasive grits, or a mixture thereof. Generally, however, the finish obtained with such agglomerates is not as good as that obtained from coated abrasive material conventionally UP electrostatically coated with only either abrasive grain alone.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,606,764 discloses coated abrasive material comprising particles of sintered hard metal carbides, e.g., tungsten carbide, and particles of harder material such as alumina, zirconiaalumina, natural corundum, silicon carbide or emery bonded to a support member. Such coated abrasive material is preferably in the form of a disk or endless belt and is used particularly for abrading metal substrates, especially steel.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,891,408; and 3,893,826, both of which are assigned to Norton Company, assignee of the present application, each discloses coated abrasive material in which a double coat of abrasive grains are applied. Thus, there is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,891,408 coated abrasive material having a first layer of high purity alumina abrasive grains in first maker coat and a top layer of alumina-zirconia abrasive grains in a second maker coat. Such an abrasive product was discovered to outperform a double coated abrasive product containing only conventional high purity alumina abrasive grains in each of the layers, when evaluated on A-6 steel and 304 stainless steel. No blends of the alumina-zirconia abrasive grains with other abrasive grains in coated abrasive material, however, are disclosed in this patent.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,893,826, the patentees therein disclose that one reason for the mixing of one abrasive grain with other abrasive grains of different shape and/or composition is to intensify the forces on that abrasive grain. Thus, to intensify the forces on certain alumina-zirconia abrasive grains having a lesser zirconia content, the patentees disclose a double coated product such as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,891,408. Again, the double coated abrasive product containing a layer of fused alumina abrasive grains and a layer of alumina-zirconia grains was found to outperform coated abrasive material containing only fused alumina abrasive grains, in evaluations on 1018 high carbon steel and 304 stainless steel. No blends of alumina-zirconia abrasive grain with other abrasive grains in a single layer, however, are disclosed.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,314,827, earlier disclosed and which issued on Feb. 9, 1982, discloses, in Examples 44-46, blends of sol gel process alumina and fused alumina abrasive granules in varying proportions, used in nonwoven abrasive products, and evaluated on 1018 cold rolled steel. The test results show that the nonwoven abrasive products containing all or substantial amounts of the non-fused abrasive granules removed much more stock during the first 2-minute runs, and removed a greater amount of stock for the entire 8 runs, than did the abrasive products containing 50% or more fused alumina. Fused alumina, according to the patentees, outperforms alumina-zirconia in the same test. No blends of sol gel process alumina grains and alumina-zirconia grains are disclosed in, or even suggested, it is believed by, this patent.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,409,791 discloses coated abrasive material which comprises a dispersion of abrasive particles in a binding agent coated onto a flexible backing member. Suitable abrasives are flint, garnet, alumina or its mixtures with zirconia, silicon carbide, diamond, etc. The performance of such slurry coated abrasive mixtures is known to be somewhat less desirable than that obtainable from conventional UP coated abrasive grains due in part at least to the fact that abrasive grains of finer grit size are used.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,741,743, assigned to Norton Company, and which issued on May 3, 1988, discloses blends of sol gel process alumina abrasive grains and cofused alumina-zirconia abrasive grains used in the manufacture of grinding wheels. As disclosed in that patent, grinding wheels from such blends have performed better at intermediate grinding rates than wheels of either such abrasive material alone. Not only has this abrasive grain mixture found somewhat limited application in bonded abrasive wheels, the performance of abrasive grains in bonded abrasive applications have historically served as no predictor of what manner of performance may be achieved when such abrasive grains are used in coated abrasive material.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,744,802, which issued on May 17, 1988, directed to a seeded sol gel process alumina that may be used in the manufacture of coated abrasive material, discloses that such abrasive grains are preferably blended with less expensive conventional abrasive grain such as fused alumininum oxide, silicon carbide, garnet, and fused alumina-zirconia. Nevertheless, even though the patentee discloses numerous examples, the patent does not, it is believed, disclose a single example of an abrasive grain blend, let alone one comprising the sol gel alumina disclosed and another abrasive.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,800,685, which issued on Jan. 31, 1989, discloses blends of sol gel alumina abrasive grain with conventional fused alumina abrasive grains and with silicon carbide grains. Such combinations, according to the patentee, have been found to provide superior performance in grinding wheels in the grinding of cast iron, a very specific application, compared to wheels containing either abrasive grain alone. There is no suggestion by this patent, however, that such an abrasive blend would be found suitable for use in coated abrasive material, or that such a blend could provide improved performance in coated abrasive material in any application. Neither does this patent disclose a blend of sol gel alumina abrasive grains and grains of alumina-zirconia. As a matter of fact, it appears from the disclosure that the abrasive blends disclosed in this patent are intended as a more economical replacement for grinding wheels comprising alumina-zirconia grains alone used in this application.
Norton Company, the assignee of the instant application, has for sometime marketed coated abrasive products in which the abrasive layer comprises a blend of fused alumina grains and cofused alumina-zirconia grains. In general such abrasive products do not provide as good a cut performance as coated abrasive products of 100% alumina-zirconia grains. Nevertheless, such an abrasive blend does result in coated abrasive material providing an upgrade in performance, compared to a product having only fused alumina grains. Somewhat more recently there has appeared in the marketplace a coated abrasive material in the form of conventional fibre discs that have a blend of sol gel alumina abrasive grain and fused alumina oxide grain in the abrasive layer. These coated abrasive discs have been found, in some cases at least, e.g., in the grinding of flat welds, to outperform coated abrasive material having only alumina-zirconia abrasive grains therein. The abrasive grain blends in these discs appear to be at least 50% by weight sol gel alumina abrasive grains. Such sol gel alumina blend coated abrasive products appear to be disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,734,104; and 4,737,163. As disclosed in these patents a superior abrasive grain, e.g. one of zirconia-alumina or sol gel process alumina, is used to replace the coarse fraction, or at least a portion thereof, in a full grade of inferior grain such as fused alumina. The abrasive grain may be applied in two layers, if desired, as more particularly disclosed in the last mentioned patent, the coarse grain being applied in the second, or top layer.
In European Patent application No. 0 318 168, which was published on May 31, 1989, there is disclosed abrasive grains of sol gel process alumina having the shape of platelets. These abrasive grain platelets can be, according to the disclosure, blended with abrasive grains of other material, at least 15% by weight, and preferably 50 to 100% by weight, of the grains in the abrasive product being the platelet shape grains.
An object of the present invention is to provide coated abrasive material having a novel combination of abrasive grains of sol gel process alumina and of alumina-zirconia.
A further object is to provide coated abrasive material having a blend of sol gel process alumina abrasive grains and grains of alumina-zirconia in a single layer.
A still further object is to provide coated abrasive material having a blend of abrasive grains of sol process alumina and alumina-zirconia which provides a superior performance in certain grinding applications compared to that performance found in coated abrasive material of either abrasive mineral alone.
An even further object of the invention is to provide coated abrasive material having a blend of sol gel process alumina abrasive grains with abrasive grains of alumina-zirconia which incorporates the best features of each separate abrasive grain.
Although all the various combinations of abrasive grains known heretofore and of which we are aware, and in particular those disclosed in the prior art patents above disclosed, may have been found to provide superior performance in certain applications or other desired characteristics, none of such, it is believed, could be said to predict the inventions that have been discovered and that are disclosed in this application. One reason for this is because the sol gel process alumina and alumina-zirconia abrasive materials, and the abrasive grains obtained from each have very different microstructures and material properties which cause the abrasive grains to fracture or breakdown differently. Moreover, in any particular application, the stress in the grains and the type of fracture resulting is influenced by the applied pressure on and the particle size distribution (grading) of the abrasive grains in any particular coated abrasive product. Thus, it is not believed possible to predict future performance in any blend of such abrasive grains, based upon past performance in any particular application. In particular, it could not be predicted, it is believed, that certain blends of non-fused sol gel process aluminous abrasive grain and fused alunina-zirconia abrasive grains in coated abrasive material would provide superior performance in certain applications as disclosed later herein more fully than coated abrasive material of either abrasive grain alone.
Quite advantageously, coated abrasive material comprising a blend of sol gel process (non-fused) alumina abrasive grains and abrasive grains of fused alumina-zirconia abrasive grains can be provided in accordance with the invention which performs substantially as well as or better than a straight sol gel abrasive material in all applications tested to date except in the grinding of Inconel steel.
A further advantage is that coated abrasive material can be provided according to the invention that dramatically outperforms coated abrasive material having only alumina-zirconia abrasive grains except on stainless steel in which application it nevertheless performs substantially equal to such coated abrasive material.
There results the further advantage that coated abrasive material is provided by the invention which, although not suitable for optimum performance for all applications, nevertheless has the economic advantage of reducing the variety of coated abrasive material needed to cover a substantial range of applications and operating conditions. Thus, the need for manufacture of a wide variety of coated abrasive material is somewhat reduced, resulting in less inventory that must be kept on hand by not only the manufacturer but also the user, further resulting in a reduction of costs overall.
The manufacture of coated abrasive material according to the invention can be accomplished, for the most part, by conventional techniques well known to those skilled in the art. The backing member can be of any material now conventionally used in the manufacture of coated abrasives. This includes paper, film, woven and stitch bonded cloth, such as rayon, cotton drills and jeans, nylon and polyesters, cloth combinations, e.g., nylon fill and polyester warp yarns, vulcanized fiber, dimensionally stable polyester film and the like, sized or otherwise pretreated with various materials according to usual techniques, depending somewhat upon the end use intended for the coated abrasive material. The sizing and filling materials for the backing member, if used, can be starch, glue, filled or otherwise as desired, or of a resinous material such as phenol-aldehyde.
The initial bonding layer or maker coat can be any of the conventional resinous materials such as , e.g., phenol-aldehyde, epoxy resin, and the like. Following application of the abrasive grain layer, a sand size coat may be applied, if desired. This coat may be of the same, or of a different, composition as the maker coat, as typically provided. For example, where the sand size coat is of a heat-hardened resinous material, the maker adhesive coat can be of either glue or resinous material, as desired. An example of a conventional resinous maker adhesive comprises an aqueous solution containing 48% phenol-formaldehyde resin solids and 52% calcium carbonate filler.
Following coating of the maker coat on the backing member, the abrasive grains are then applied to the wet maker coat according to usual techniques, upward electrostatic propulsion or projection being preferred in most cases. Nevertheless, in some cases the grain may be applied by gravity coating as conventionally done. The maker coat, if a phenol-formaldehyde resinous composition, may then be conventionally partially cured, for instance, for 90 minutes at a temperature increasing from about 175░ to about 235░ F., depending on the formulation. This is then followed by application of the size coat or adhesive, an example of which is a conventional, more dilute, aqueous solution containing 48% phenol-formaldehyde resin and 52% calcium carbonate filler. The coated abrasive material is then further conventionally heated to dry the size coat and to partially cure that layer by heating from about 165░ to about 235░ F. over a period of about 135 minutes. The coated abrasive sheet material is then taken down from the oven racks and rolled up into rolls of conventional size, after which it is further cured typically at a temperature of about 225░-235░ F. for 6-8 hours, to cure the resin in the maker and size coats to the desired hardness. Subsequently, depending on the backing member, the coated abrasive material may be conditioned under controlled humidity, e.g., 50% relative humidity, 70░ F., overnight. The coated abrasive material is then ready for further processing into various abrasive products, e.g., abrasive discs, belts, etc. according to conventional techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
Conventional radiation curable (E-beam or UV) resins and compositions thereof used in the manufacture of coated abrasive material may also be used on any or all of the cloth finishing or adhesive layers, if desired.
Coating of the adhesive coats onto the backing member, in general, is accomplished according to conventional coating techniques, e.g. roll coating, gravure coating, etc., well known to those skilled in the art of coated abrasive manufacture.
The drying and curing of the maker and size coats can be accomplished in conventional festooned drying ovens or other means well known to those skilled in the art of manufacture of coated abrasive material. The temperature and residence time in such ovens, as earlier disclosed, will depend upon the particular compositions involved and such conditions can be provided according to well known techniques as required.
The abrasive in the coated abrasive material according to the invention, in the preferred aspect, comprises a blend of abrasive grains of sol gel process alumina with abrasive grains of alumina-zirconia. Test results indicate that improved or substantially equivalent performance of coated abrasive material of this invention results when the abrasive blend used is in the ratio (by volume) of from at least about 15, preferably from about 25 to 75, percent by volume of sol gel process alumina. Critically, however, for optimum performance the abrasive blend of sol gel process alumina grains and alumina-zirconia grains should be a mixture having about 50% (by volume) of each of the abrasive grains. Nevertheless, in some grinding applications, two layers of abrasive grain, rather than a single layer can be provided. Such dual abrasive grain layers can be provided according to conventional manufacturing techniques known heretofore. The dual grain layers can be provided in a split coat, if desired, according to usual manner, i.e., two grain layers and one layer of maker coat, or in other cases with dual maker coats and grain layers. In such coated abrasive material, the first abrasive grain layer can be of any abrasive material used heretofore, e.g., aluminum-oxide, silicon carbide, garnet, etc. The top layer of abrasive grains, i.e., the layer contacting the workpiece, will always be the blend of alumina-zirconia and sol gel alumina grains according to the invention, in the volume ratio above set forth. The maker coat composition, in the case where two maker coats are used, can be the same in both maker layer or different, as desired.
The preferred sol gel alumina abrasive grains are of a seeded sol gel aluminous abrasive such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,623,364, above-disclosed. Such abrasive material, as disclosed in that patent, comprise submicron sized alpha alumina crystals and have a hardness greater than 16 GPa, and a density greater than 90% of theoretical. Nevertheless, other sol gel process alumina abrasive material disclosed in any of the before-mentioned patents may also be found satisfactory in certain applications.
The alumina-zirconia abrasive material suitable for use in this invention is disclosed, in general, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,181,939, earlier above disclosed. Abrasives having a near alumina-zirconia eutectic composition, about 35 to about 50%, preferably from about 38 to about 43, percent by weight zirconia, according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,891,408 are preferred. The preferred abrasive material will have a primary numerical average crystal size of less than about 50 microns and a colony size of eutectic of less than about 65 microns. The zirconium oxide in the abrasive material composition is preferably at least about 25%, more preferably about 45% in the tetragonal crystal form. Nevertheless, other such cofused abrasive material may also be found suitable for certain applications.
The abrasive grains can be of any grit size typically used in the manufacture of coated abrasive material, e.g., from 16 to 400. Nevertheless, as usual, for certain grinding applications certain grit sizes will be found more effective in performance than others. The shape of the abrasive grains is preferably that of the weaker shaped grains, well known to those in the coated abrasive art. Such shape is obtained by conventional crushing means.
The following examples are illustrative of certain specific embodiments of this invention; however, these examples are only for purposes of better illustrating the invention disclosed herein and are not to be construed as necessary limitations upon the invention unless indicated as being critical.
In this example, coated abrasive fibre discs comprising various abrasive grain blends, as indicated below in Table 1, of sol gel (S.G.) process alumina abrasive grains with abrasive grains of alumina-zirconia (A.Z.) were evaluated in various grinding applications. The sol gel process alumina, in this case "seeded sol gel," abrasive grains were obtained in accordance with the disclosure in U.S. Pat. No. 4,623,364, above earlier mentioned, and assigned to Norton Company, the assignee of the instant application. The entire disclosure of that patent is hereby incorporated by reference. The abrasive material was roll crushed according to usual technique, and then screened in conven-tional fashion to provide 50 grit abrasive grains. The abrasive material was of the following standard composition:
______________________________________Component Weight Percent______________________________________Al2 O3 99.58SiO2 0.12Fe2 O3 0.03TiO2 0.20CaO 0.04MgO 0.02Na2 O 0.01______________________________________
Other properties: density 3.89(water Pyc), 3.88(helium Pyc); hardness 20.7 (GPa); and avg. crystallite size 0.17 microns.
The alumina-zirconia abrasive material was obtained in accordance with the disclosure in U.S. Pat. No. 3,891,408, above earlier disclosed. The abrasive grains used in this example were obtainby combining a number of sample lots and had the following approxmate composition, with a eutectic colony size of less than about 65 microns, and a primary numerical average crystal size of less than about 50 microns:
______________________________________Component Weight Percent______________________________________Na2 O 0.01SiO2 0.29ZrO2 39.15TiO2 0.31Fe2 O3 0.05CaO 0.10MgO 0.01Hf 0.7Al2 O3 59.1______________________________________
Large chunks of the abrasive material manufactured were impact crushed according to usual technique. Afterwards, these chunks were then conventionally roll crushed and screened to obtain 50 grit abrasive grains.
The abrasive grains of each of the abrasive compositions when screened met the standards set forth for 50 grit abrasive grain, based upon standard sands, in the ANSI (American National Standards Institute, Inc.) Publication B74.18-1984, i.e., deviation overgrade +2+10, fines +11-17.
The sol gel process alumina abrasive grains and those of alumina-zirconia were then blended together according to usual techniques in a conventional grain blender to obtain grain blends of the desired volume percents indicated in Table 1 below.
The coated abrasive discs (7" dia., 7/8" central opening) were individually manufactured using conventional procedures, conventional 0.030" vulcanized fibre backings and conventional calcium carbonate-filled resol phenolic resin make (48% resin, 52% filler) and size (48% resin, 52% filler) coats. The maker coat resin, following application of the abrasive grains while still wet, was partially cured for 5 hours at 225░ F. followed by a final dry and cure, following size coat application, for 10 hours at 225░ F. The coating was done using conventional roll coating techniques in a one pass operation with curing in a forced air oven. The resin coating weights (wet basis) were as follows: maker coat, 15#/Rm; and size coat, 23#/Rm. A ream ("Rm") is equivalent to 330 square feet of coating area. The abrasive grains were coated according to usual techniques, using electrostatic upward projection. The coating weights of abrasive grain for the various discs tested are set forth in Table 1 below:
TABLE 1______________________________________Fiber Discs Abrasive Grain Blend WeightsDisc Type Abrasive AbrasiveNo. Or Blend Weight (lbs/Rm)______________________________________1. 100% A.Z. 442. 75% A.Z.-25% S.G.1 443. 50% A.Z.-50% S.G. 444. 25% A.Z.-75% S.G. 445. 100% S.G. 44______________________________________ 1. Percents of each abrasive grain material in the blends of this invention are by volume. The density of the S.G. grain is 3.95 gms/cc while the density of the A.Z. grain is 4.60 gms/cc. Thus, the volume of a 10# sample of the S.G. grain would be equal to (10#*1.16) or 11.6# of the aluminazirconia grain.
The cured discs, after conditioning at 50% R.H., 70░ F., were then conventionally 0░-90░ flexed to controllably crack the hard resin bond (maker and size coats), using a rubber roll flexer, and then were curl corrected, according to conventional techniques, after which they were used in tests conventionally performed in evaluating fiber discs for low (112 DsIII) and high (112 Dsh, 112 Dss) pressure dulling. In general, such tests involve mounting the abrasive disc on a medium hard rubber back-up pad which is, in turn, mounted to a horizontally disposed motor driven spindle assembly mounted on a carriage which is free to move in a horizontal direction on frictionless bearings inwardly toward and from a hydraulicly driven specimen holder. The specimen holder is adapted to accept either a 1"ū1"ū93/4"-1/8" angle or a 3"ū3/16"ū15" long flat plate and moves horizontally in a direction 90░ to the spindle, reciprocating back and forth at a predetermined rate of speed over a predetermined distance. The testing apparatus is mounted on a substantial steel table support providing stability during operation. The grinding force is applied by hanging a dead weight on a pully system attached to the moveable carriage on which the spindle (disc) is mounted. The disc is provided at an angle of 10░ from parallel to the specimen holder.
TABLE 2______________________________________Relative Results of Cut Performance of Blends ofSol Gel Process Alumina Abrasive Grains WithFused Alumina-Zirconia Abrasive GrainsAbrasive Blend 112DsH 112Dss 112DsIIIComposition 1020 Steel 304 SS 3" Plate______________________________________100% A.Z.(control) 100% 100% 100%75% A.Z.-25% S.G. 124 98 13950% A.Z.-50% S.G. 192 102 15925% A.Z.-75% S.G. 156 98 155100% S.G. 167 98 166______________________________________
Test 112 DsH--is a high pressure (10 lbs. force-50 grit grain, 12 lbs. force--36 grit, maintained against the workpiece by the back-up pad) dulling test wherein the fibre disc is applied to grind the 1/8" thick edge of a 1"ū1"ū93/4"-1018 or 1020 carbon steel construction angle (1/8"). The angle-shaped work piece is first weighed and then is mounted on the specimen holder which reciprocates back and forth over a distance of 93/4 inches, at a rate of 81/2 strokes/min. and a linear speed of 7 ft./min. The abrasive disc is driven at 3450 rpm. The grinding cycle is two minutes after which the angle specimen is removed and the loss of weight recorded. This cycle is then repeated with new angle specimens inserted as required until a minimum grinding rate of 10 grams/min. is reached. This ends the test. The data is recorded in grams (gms.) removed per two minute interval, number of intervals to test end, and total cut (gms.) removed by the disc being evaluated. The test results are usually shown as the per cent of a control disc and are so recorded above.
Test 112 Dss--This test is identical to Test 112 DsH except that the specimen is a 304 stainless steel angle, substituted for the carbon steel angle, the grinding interval is one minute, and the test end is 10 intervals. The grinding force, moreover, is 7 lbs. for 50 grit and 10 lbs. for 36 grit discs.
Test 112 DsIII--This test is similar to Test 112 DsH except that it is a low pressure test--10 lbs. force--the specimen is a 3"ū3/16"ū15" long cold drawn carbon steel plate and such is adapted in the mount so that the fiber disc grinds the 3" face of the plate. The grinding interval is one minute, and the test is ended when the cut rate is less than 3 gms./min.
The data in Table 2 above shows, quite surprisingly it is believed, that for 1020 carbon steel (high pressure test) an abrasive grain blend of 50% by volume aluminia-zirconia abrasive grains and 50% by volume sol gel process alumina abrasive grains cut 192% that of the control disc which contained only alumina-zirconia abrasive grains therein. Based upon the control disc, the amount of cut appears to increase with an ever increasing amount of the sol gel grain in the abrasive blend, up to the 50% level, after which it drops off. At the 50/50 level, however, the amount of total cut is dramatically greater than the cut with a disc containing only either of the abrasive grains alone. Moreover, even when the abrasive blend contains only 75% sol gel grain, the cut performance is still about the same as when the disc is of 100% sol gel abrasive grains.
In the case of the low pressure test (112 DsIII), the cut results are seen to be about the same whether the abrasive grain blend is 50/50 or the abrasive grains in the disc are 100% sol gel abrasive. Nevertheless, when the abrasive blend is only about 25% by volume sol gel abrasive, the total cut is significantly greater than when the fibre discs are of only the alumina-zirconia abrasive grains.
The cut performance on stainless steel (112 Dss-high pressure test), however, is seen to be about the same whether an abrasive blend is used, or the fibre disc contains only zirconia-alumina grains. In general, however, a lesser performance with coated abrasive material containing only sol gel alumina grains is found in grinding stainless steel, compared to alumina-zirconia grains.
Thus, based upon the above results, coated abrasive material can be manufactured for certain applications where sol gel alumina grains has shown, in the past, most optimum performance using instead an abrasive blend of such abrasive with abrasive grains of alumina-zirconia and achieve at least equivalent performance and, in some cases, even better performance is achieved. This being the case, the overall cost of manufacture of a coated abrasive product containing this superior sol gel abrasive can be considerably reduced, in some cases, without any real trade-off in performance. Moreover, in coated abrasive applications where the alumina-zirconia abrasive has, in the past, been found most effective, using an abrasive blend of such grain with sol gel process alumina grain will provide even better performance. Since, at present, coated abrasive material containing sol gel abrasive grain alone are more expensive than those containing alumina-zirconia grains alone, blending of the two abrasive grains in coated abrasive manufacture will result in coated abrasive material more cost/performance effective than those containing sol gel abrasive or alumina-zirconia alone.
Fibre discs were manufactured as in Example 1 except that the grit size of the abrasive grains used was 36. The grading met the standards earlier mentioned for 36 grit, i.e., deviation overgrade +2+10, fines +14-14. The results of the tests performed, as earlier described, are shown in Table 3 below.
TABLE 3______________________________________Relative Results of Cut Performance of Blends ofSol Gel Process Alumina Abrasive Grains WithFused Alumina-Zirconia And Fused AluminaAbrasive Blend 112DsH 112Dss 112DsIIIComposition 1020 Steel 304 SS 3" Plate______________________________________100% A.Z.(control) 100% 100% 100%50% A.Z.-50% S.G. 125 94 220100% S.G. 116 94 417______________________________________
This data, like that in Example 1, shows that a 50/50 blend (by volume) of sol gel process alumina and alumina-zirconia abrasive grains provides improved performance in total cut on 1020 steel, when compared to coated abrasive discs containing only either of the blended grains alone.
The performance on cutting stainless steel where a 50/50 blend was used is seen to be substantially equivalent to that where either of the blended abrasive grains is used alone. Quite surprisingly, however, the low pressure test using 36 grit abrasive grains did not confirm the results in Example 1. The test data in this example indicates there to be improved performance, as before, using a 50/50 blend, compared to alumina-zirconia grains alone. Nevertheless, it showed also that such a blend performed significantly less well than fibre discs having only sol gel abrasive grains thereon. Even so, however, such a coated abrasive material provides, due to its superior performance, an economical substitute where alumina-zirconia abrasive material has been used heretofore, in some applications.
In this example the coated abrasive material evaluated is a so-called "split coat" in that the abrasive material has two layers of abrasive grain, the weight of the abrasive grain desired in the coated abrasive material being split into two layers, 40% in the first or bottom layer, 60% in the top layer. Nevertheless, the coated abrasive material has only one maker coat.
The abrasive grains of sol gel process alumina were of the typical composition and characteristics as set forth earlier in Example 1. The composition of the alumina-zirconia grains was approximately 42-43% zirconium oxide with a correspondingly lesser amount of the aluminum oxide, compared to the composition of Example 1, with the remaining ingredients remaining essentially the same amounts. The zirconium oxide in this grain composition is greater than about 55% in the tetragonal form. Abrasive grains blends in both 36 and 50 grit size were evaluated in the tests described below with the performance results set forth in Table 3, against coated abrasive material of like manufacture for the particular grit size involved except that the coated abrasive material used contained only grains of sol gel process alumina, of the same composition as the abrasive grains used in the blend. The abrasive grains in each case were graded to meet the standards earlier disclosed. Blending of the abrasive grains was obtained by mixing of the grains in a conventional grain blender.
The coated abrasive material in each case was manufactured by coating onto a conventional woven polyester backing member according to usual techniques a conventional calcium carbonate-filled resol phenolic maker composition having about 75% solids comprising about 43.6% phenol-formaldehyde resin, about 54.5% calcium carbonate, about 1.6% water, and about 0.25% silane, to provide an add-on weight of about 19 lbs. (28 lbs.-36 grit) per sandpaper maker's ream ("Rm" as before described in Example 1). Afterwards, a first layer of conventional high purity brown aluminum oxide (36 grit-23.8 lbs./Rm, 50 grit-16.2 lbs./Rm) was applied by gravity coat according to usual technique to respective maker coated backings, while the maker coat was still wet. This was followed by application of the 50/50 blend (by volume) of sol gel process alumina abrasive grains and alumina-zirconia grains according to conventional upper propulsion electrostatic technique in the following approximate amounts--(36 grit-35.7 lbs./Rm; 50 grit-24.4 lbs./Rm). In the control abrasive material, only sol gel alumina abrasive grains were applied in the upper layer (36 grit-35.7 lbs./Rm; 50 grit-24.4 lbs./Rm).
The maker coat was then in each case dried and partially cured by conventionally heating the respective coated materials according to usual technique over a period of about 90 minutes at a temperature increasing from about 175░ to about 235░ degrees F. Next, a conventional Cryolite-filled resol phenolic size coat composition was applied to the respective abrasive grain layers, this composition comprising about 75% solids and being in the case of the 50 grit grain about 39.1% phenol-formaldehyde resin, 48.4% Cryolite, 10.2% water, 2.0% dye for color, and 0.25% organosilane, in an amount of of from about 28 to 36 lbs. per sandpaper maker's ream, based upon the visual expertise of the operator. The size coat composition in the case of the 36 grit abrasive material comprised, on a solids basis, approximately, 40.5% phenolformaldehyde, 50.1% Cryolite filler, 7% water, 2.0% dye for color, and 0.25% organosilane adhesion promoter. The coated abrasive material in each case was then subjected to a temperature of from about 165░ to 235░ degrees F. over a period of 135 minutes according to conventional techniques to dry and partially cure the size coat. Afterwards, the coated abrasive material was taken down in rolls and further cured by heating such in conventional manner for 12 hours at 235░ F.
Thus, coated abrasive material according to the invention was provided in which the first abrasive layer of conventional alumina grain was approximately 50% of the total grain weight and the second or top abrasive grain layer was a blend consisting of 50% by volume sol gel process alumina grain and 50% by volume conventional alumina-zirconia grain. As a result, the abrasive mineral in the coated abrasive material contains only about 30% by volume of the more expensive sol gel abrasive grain.
The abrasive material above-manufactured was then converted into abrasive belts according to usual techniques. The abrasive belts were then evaluated in the tests indicated below in Table 4. The results are set forth in the table.
TABLE 4__________________________________________________________________________Relative Results of Cut Perfomance of Abrasive BeltsOf Coated Abrasive Material Having Dual Abrasive LayersTop Layer Being A Blend Of Abrasive Grains ofSol Gel Process Alumina and Alumina-Zirconia HIGH FORCE BELT PLUNGE TESTS CONVENTIONAL SETCO SETCO 122 Ds BELT TESTS 200 PSI 200 PSI 80 PSI 102 Dss 1" SQ 1" SQ 1" SQ 102 Ds 304BELT 4142 304 1018 4140 STNLESSTYPE STEEL STN STEEL STEEL STEEL STEEL__________________________________________________________________________50 GRIT ABRASIVE GRAINSCONTROL 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%150/50 BLEND 81 112 121 95 130236 GRIT ABRASIVE GRAINSCONTROL 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%50/50 BLEND 108 134 74 112 175__________________________________________________________________________ 1 Control beltsol gel alumina abrasive grain. 2 50/50 sol gel alumina and aluminazirconia.
SETCO/KLK--The equipment for this test consists of a SETCO Floor Lathe Belt Grinding Machine complete with a 24" diameter urethane covered 90 Durometer Shore A backup wheel driven by a 50 HP electric drive. Wheel speed is 906 rpm resulting in a belt speed of 5700 SFPM. Belt size is 3"ū132".
Special fixturing is mounted directly in front of the backup wheel to support and apply the test bars to the coated abrasive belt. A 1"ū`"ū36" metal test bar is assembled to the fixture in such a fashion that the 1" sq. face of the bar is plunged into the face of the coated abrasive belt when air pressure is applied to the 4" bore air pressure cylinder. Automatic timers apply the pressure for 3 sec., withdraw the test bar for a 30 sec. cooling period and reapply the pressure. The test is normally run for 30 cycles or until a minimum cut rate of 10 grams per min. is reached. For this evaluation, a 200 lb. force was applied to the test bars. The test bars, as indicated in Table 4 were 4141 steel and 304 stainless steel.
The equipment is instrumented to read and record the amount of metal removed and the amount of HP consumed during the grind cycle.
In the tests performed, a coated abrasive belt of the 100% sol gel abrasive grain was tested using the before described procedure and used as the CONTROL. The test was then repeated using the 50/50 blend belts. The results are reported in the table in "percent of control."
122Ds PLUNGE GRIND TEST--This test is designed to evalulate the grinding performance of coated abrasive belts in a plunge grind configuration under medium pressure ranges. The test procedure is basically the same as that described above.
The equipment used consists of a SETCO Floor Lathe Belt Grinding Machine modified to utilize a 21/2"ū60" long endless abrasive belt. A 7" diameter solid urethane covered 90 Durometer Shore A backup wheel is driven by a variable speed 25 HP electric drive at a belt speed of 5000 SFPM.
A special fixture is mounted directly in front of the backup wheel to support and apply a 1" sq. face of the test bar into the coated abrasive belt in a plunge grind configuration known to those in the coated abrasive art. The force is generated by a set of mechanical weights which are applied and removed automatically to obtain a 3 sec. grind and a 30 sec. cool cycle. The amount of metal removed during each grind cycle and total number of cycles run and amount of metal removed are recorded. The test is ended when cut per cycle rate of 10 grms./min. is reached.
For this evaluation, an 80 lb. weight was applied. The test bars were of 1018 steel. Results are reported in "percent of control."
Test procedure 102D is a dulling/life performance evaluation on coated abrasive belts in a conventional grinding configuration.
The equipment consists of a carriage assembly mounted on frictionless bearings aligned so it can move freely in horizontal direction when the force of the attached mechanical weights is applied. Mounted to this carriage is a motor driven vertically mounted spindle supporting a 7" diameter serrated with 3/8" lands and grooves, urethane covered 55 Durometer Shore A backup wheel and takeup unit configured to accept a 21/2"ū60" coated abrasive belt mounted horizontally, parallel to the floor.
In this configuration, a 1/2"ū3"ū93/4" long metal test bar is abraded along the 1/2" face in a conventional back and forth grinding method for a controlled period of time. The test bar is allowed to cool, the amount of metal removed during the grinding cycle is recorded and the cycle is repeated.
The metal test bar is mounted to an oscillating fixture which supports the test bar so that the 1/2" face is presented to the abrasive belt. The fixture oscillates at a rate of 7 ft. per minute. The belt speed is 5000 SFPM.
In this test procedure, the grind time is 2 min. and the test metals 4140 steel and 304 stainless steel. The amount of force applied to the belt is 15# for 36 grit and 12# for 50 grit belts. The metal test bar is assembled to the oscillating fixture, the control belt is mounted to the horizontal carriage, and the test started. The mechanical weights bring the horizontal carriage forward so the coated abrasive belt comes in contact with the 1/2" face of the test bar while the test bar is moved horizontally back and forth for the 2 min. period when a timer automatically withdraws the belt from the test bar. The bar is removed and weight loss recorded. The cycle is repeated until a cut per cycle rate of 10 gms./min. is achieved (or, in the case of stainless steel, 10-2 min. cylcles have been completed).
The sample belt is then tested using the same procedure and the cut results are recorded as "percent of control."
As shown by the performance data in the above table, the split coat coated abrasive material having the abrasive blend of 50/50 by volume sol gel aluminia abrasive grain and grains of alumina-zirconia performed substantially better in some cases than a 100% sol gel grain belt. For example, in the tests on the 1018 steel, in the case of the 50 grit grains, there is substantial improvement in cut, compared to an all sol gel grain belt. And, the results show dramatic improvement, particularly in 36 grit, on stainless steel.
Thus, as shown by the various above examples in this appliccation, the blending of sol gel process alumina abrasive grain with alumina-zirconia abrasive grain results in coated abrasive material that is clearly superior to either of the abrasive grains coated separately, in certain applications. Moreover, in certain other applications, the blended abrasive grain results in coated abrasive material which incorporates the best features of each separate mineral.
As a result of these tests, it appears that coated abrasive material can be provided having a blend of sol gel process alumina abrasive grains and alumina-zirconia abrasive grains suitable for use in a number of applications where optimum performance has in the past been found only with coated abrasive material having only sol gel alumina grains. This discovery is accompanied by a considerable reduction in abrasive grain costs in coated abrasive material over similar such material of straight sol gel alumina abrasive grain.
The foregoing detailed description has been given for clearness of understanding only and no unnecessary limitations are to be understood therefrom. The invention is not limited to the exact details shown and described for obvious modifications and variations will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as described in the following claims.
|Patente citada
|Fecha de presentaci¾n
|Fecha de publicaci¾n
|8 Ago 1973
|24 Jun 1975
|Norton Co
|Zirconia-alumina abrasive grain and grinding tools
|13 Ago 1973
|8 Jul 1975
|Norton Co
|Coated abrasive material comprising alumina-zirconia abrasive compositions
|8 Ago 1984
|24 Sep 1985
|Norton Company
|Vitrified bonded grinding wheels containing sintered gel aluminous abrasive grits
|19 Oct 1984
|18 Nov 1986
|Norton Company
|Abrasive material and method for preparing the same
|7 Ago 1985
|24 Mar 1987
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Coated abrasive product having radiation curable binder
|19 Ago 1985
|3 May 1988
|Norton Company
|Grinding wheel with combination of fused and sintered abrasive grits
|5 Abr 1988
|6 Jun 1989
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Method of preparing coated abrasive having radiation curable binder
|Patente citante
|Fecha de presentaci¾n
|Fecha de publicaci¾n
|9 Oct 1991
|28 Sep 1993
|Japan Abrasive Co., Ltd.
|Lapping abrasive of alumina-zirconia system and method for producing the same
|8 Abr 1993
|1 Feb 1994
|Cincinnati Milacron Inc.
|High density sol-gel alumina-based abrasive vitreous bonded grinding wheel
|21 Ago 1992
|17 May 1994
|Saint Gobain/Norton Industrial Ceramics Corp.
|Process for the preparation of ceramic flakes, fibers, and grains from ceramic sols
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|11 Jul 1995
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|Ceramic abrasive grains, method of producing the same and abrasive products made of the same
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|21 Ago 2001
|3M Innovative Properties Company
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|19 Ene 2010
|Dynamic Abrasives Llc
|Composition comprising spinel crystals, glass, and calcium iron silicate
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|Methods of making ceramic particles
|15 Ene 2007
|23 Ago 2011
|3M Innovative Properties Company
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|3 Feb 2015
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|Dressable bonded abrasive article
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|Flexible tubing material and method of forming the material
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|Flexible tubing material and method of forming the material
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|Methods of making ceramics
|5 Feb 2003
|5 Ago 2004
|3M Innovative Properties Company
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|5 Feb 2003
|5 Ago 2004
|3M Innovative Properties Company
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|5 Feb 2003
|5 Ago 2004
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Methods of making A12O3-SiO2 ceramics
|5 Feb 2003
|5 Ago 2004
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Methods of making ceramic particles
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|Ahmet Celikkaya
|Methods of making Al2O3-SiO2 ceramics
|18 Sep 2003
|24 Mar 2005
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Methods of making ceramics comprising Al2O3, REO, ZrO2 and/or HfO2 and Nb2O5 and/or Ta2O5
|18 Sep 2003
|24 Mar 2005
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Ceramics comprising AI2O3, Y2O3, ZrO2 and/or HfO2, and Nb2O5 and/or Ta2O5 and methods of making the sme
|18 Sep 2003
|24 Mar 2005
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Ceramics comprising AI2O3, REO, ZrO2 and/or HfO2, and Nb2O5 and/or Ta2O5 and methods of making the same
|18 Dic 2003
|23 Jun 2005
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Method of making abrasive particles
|18 Dic 2003
|23 Jun 2005
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Method of making abrasive particles
|18 Dic 2003
|23 Jun 2005
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Method of making abrasive particles
|18 Dic 2003
|23 Jun 2005
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Transparent fused crystalline ceramic, and method of making the same
|18 Dic 2003
|23 Jun 2005
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Method of making abrasive particles
|18 Dic 2003
|23 Jun 2005
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Alumina-yttria particles and methods of making the same
|25 Sep 2006
|12 Abr 2007
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Ceramics comprising Al2O3, REO, ZrO2 and/or HfO2, and Nb2O5 and/or Ta2O5 and methods of making the same
|22 Sep 2011
|3 Abr 2013
|Alpha-alumina-based abrasive containing sheet-shaped structures, and preparation method thereof
|22 Sep 2011
|14 May 2014
|Alpha-alumina-based abrasive containing sheet-shaped structures, and preparation method thereof
|5 Oct 2011
|14 Ene 2015
|A method for production of photovoltaic wafers and abrasive slurry
|Clasificaci¾n de EE.UU.
|51/295, 51/309
|Clasificaci¾n internacional
|Clasificaci¾n cooperativa
|Clasificaci¾n europea
|17 Sep 1990
Owner name: NORTON COMPANY, A CORP. OF MA, MASSACHUSETTS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:KELLY, ROBERT G.;LOUGHLIN, BERNARD T.;MC CUTCHEON, WILLIAM F.;REEL/FRAME:005432/0981
Effective date: 19900904
|29 Sep 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|15 Oct 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|25 Sep 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|30 Oct 2002
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed


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It differs from its parent Bitcoin in that can be efficiently mined with consumer-grade hardware. Litecoin provides faster confirmations and uses memory-hard, scrypt-based mining to target the CPUs and GPUs most people already have. The Litecoin network is scheduled to produce four times as many currency units as Bitcoin. The purpose of Litecoin is to function as silver to Bitcoin's gold, in the sense of being a relatively less valuable coin that is easier to obtain and transact with.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Archive for 2011
South Wales East AM Lindsay Whittle's blog: August 24
In his regular blog for Caerphilly Observer South Wales East AM Lindsay Whittle gives his take on recent news.
Archaeologists discover Roman port in Wales
Second known port of Roman Britain unearthed during archaeological dig near fortress of Caerleon
Ynysddu youth worker honoured for 27 years of service
A youth worker from Ynysddu has been honoured for dedicating 27 years to the youth club he founded.
Aneurin Bevan health board to digitise health records
Welsh health board plans two year project to transfer paper records to central electronic system
Huge demand for Welsh medium education in Caerphilly County Borough
The demand for Welsh medium education is soaring, according to Caerphilly County Borough Council.
Figures recently produced for Caerphilly County Borough Council, show that 700 additional children of primary school age will need to be educated through the medium of Welsh by 2016 and by around 1,000 pupils at secondary level by 2020.
Welsh Assembly date for Bedwas-based Peter's pasty campaign
A campaign by Bedwas-based Peter's Food Service to get the corned beef pasty recognised as the national dish of Wales will hand in a 2,000 name petition to the Welsh Assembly.
Blackwood sees increase in number of visitors
Blackwood has seen a 6% increase in visitors to the town centre compared to this time last year.
Caerphilly's Community Safety Wardens get on their bikes
Caerphilly County Borough Council's team of ten community safety wardens have been given bikes to help them get around better.
Caerphilly Business Forum blog: We should be optimistic about the future
A glance at the news has been pretty depressing lately.
In the last couple of weeks we've gone from riots and children looting to the desperate scramble for university places before the fees go up … it can only have left some people wondering what's going on in the minds of young people in Britain.
Residents urged to decorate their bikes ready for the Tour of Britain 2011
Residents are being encouraged to give their old bicycles a fanciful makeover to help welcome the Tour of Britain to Caerphilly County Borough next month.
Wales' Rugby World Cup squad announced
Sam Warburton will lead Wales at the 2011 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand after Warren Gatland named the Cardiff Blues flanker as captain for rugby's showpiece tournament.
Barnardo's Cymru awarded £1.5million Caerphilly Council contracts
Barnardo's Cymru has secured three contracts worth £1.5 million from Caerphilly Borough Council to help vulnerable people.
The main contract awarded is for child and family support services where a child is in need or at risk of being placed on the Child Protection Register and placed in care.


text:
BlackBerry's Thorsten Heins said a few days ago that he was sorry that BlackBerry fans in the United States would have to wait until next month in order to purchase the company's Z10 smartphone.
According to him, it's the carriers that decide when the new BlackBerry 10 devices are being launched and that it's not BlackBerry's fault.
Heins told Associated Press that the company's BlackBerry Z10 handset would be available in the US in March from multiple carriers, including Verizon, T-Mobile, Sprint and AT&T.
He also confirmed that the second device powered by BlackBerry 10, the Q10, would arrive in the United States eight to ten weeks after the Z10's release in the country.
This means that the BlackBerry Q10 is expected to be launched in the US sometime in mid-May or early June, if nothing goes wrong.
On the other hand, Europeans will get the Q10 in April, so US customers will have to wait at least one more month to be able to purchase one.


text:
- Infowars - http://www.infowars.com -
Confrontation Looms in 2013 Between Israel, Iran
Posted By kurtnimmoadmin On December 19, 2012 @ 3:54 pm In Old Infowars Posts Style,World at War | Comments Disabled
Scott Bobb
December 19, 2012
As 2012 drew to a close, Israeli political analysts predicted that tensions between Israel and Iran over its reported nuclear weapons program are likely to rise.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, in yearend remarks, reiterated the risks he sees if Iran enriches enough uranium to build a nuclear bomb.
"I have to tell you my assessment has not changed. Iran is two-and-a-half months closer to crossing this line and there is no doubt that this will be a major challenge that will have to be addressed next year," said Netanyahu.
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Hometown City/Country: Wilmington, NC
Undergraduate Degree/Institution: BA/University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Graduate Degree/Institution: MS/Appalachian State University
Graduate program: Doctor of Public Health, Community Health
Year of Entry: Spring 2009
Research Advisor: Dr. Deborah Slawson
Research Interests: Childhood Obesity Prevention (BMI, Built Envi- ronment, Policy, Foodways)
Slawson,D., Johns-Wommack,R., Quinn,M., Southerland,J., Richards,K. & Smith,S. (2010, October 14) "Quantifying "Coordination" in Coordinated School Health Programs Himmelman's Strate gies for Working Togthether as a Theoretical Model: The Tennessee Experience". Oral Presen tation given at the 84th Annual American School Health Association Conference, Kansas City, MO


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Scout Leader
Training Record Update
Effective July 1, 2010, the BSA Online Learning
Center added a new feature: "Training Validation". Available through the
MyScouting login, Training Validation allows the user to look up the
ScoutNet Training Records for ANY registered leader. You can look up
yours or another Scout Leader's records in one of two ways: all
training courses available in the system, or just Youth
Protection Training taken in the past 2 years.
Training Validation is a new menu item located
under E-Learning on the left hand side menu. Clicking on Training
Validation opens a new Training Search window. A link for "Advanced
Search" allows for the input of a Scouter's name. A help button on the
upper right side of the web page (the question mark) can also provide
Before completing the Training Records Update
Form, you should login into
and confirm whether or not your official training record is up to date.
Please use this form to request an update to your Connecticut Yankee Council Training
Record, to reflect completion of the following course(s). If you do not
remember the exact date that you completed a course, please use an approximate
date. Once you complete this form, clicking on "submit" will generate an
e-mail to the Council Training Coordinator, who will update your
records, generally within 10 days.
Questions? Contact the Webmaster
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Webelos Den Leader
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Is Scouting
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Cub Scout Den Leader & Asst
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Introduction to Outdoor Leadership Skills
Venturing Leader Specific
Sea Scout Leader Specialized
Commissioner Basic
Additional Training
Basic Adult Leader Outdoor Orientation (BALOO)
Webelos Leader
Outdoor Training (WLOT)
Troop Committee Challenge
Chartered Organization
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text:
Leesburg police say they have found a woman who had been missing for more than a month.
Police arrived around 2:07 p.m. at the Walmart at 2501 Citrus Boulevard after someone reported finding a woman lying in the bushes at the edge of the parking lot.
Police and emergency medical responders who also arrived found a woman walking in the area of the parking lot.
The woman was positively identified as 74-year-old Traute Rankin, who was reported missing from her Leesburg home on May 2, police said.
Police said Rankin was dirty and slightly confused, but she appeared to be in good health. She was transported to Leesburg Regional Medical Center by Lake EMS for a medical evaluation.
Police are talking to Rankin to find out where she had been over the past month. They do not belive foul play was involved in her disappearance and think she left on her own.
When Rankin was reported missing, family members said she often times walked to the Walmart from her home.
Her son-in-law told Local 6 the family is elated that Rankin is safe, but they still have the same questions as the police concerning her whereabouts.
Stay with Local 6 for the latest on this story.


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Fine blonde pornstar Flower Tucci gets licked and screws
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Follow Cedric Gracia in one of the training runs in Leogang shot from his helmet with the Drift HD. Un cut video.
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Rangers Passing Out Tickets For Smoking Pot In National Forests
September 27, 2013 7:01 PM
ASPEN, Colo. (CBS4) – Marijuana may be legal in Colorado but campers who smoke up on federal lands are getting hit with tickets.
Rangers in the White River National Forest have been giving citations to campers caught smoking pot.
The Aspen Daily News reports rangers are not actively searching for smokers but will enforce federal law if the violations are flagrant.


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Home > Learning Difficulties > Special Education Community
Maggaly February 7, 2009
My daughter has applied to a few colleges. The schools are either only for LD students (Landmark College in Putney, VT. ) or colleges that have strong support and tutoring services (Mitchell College in New London, CT.) We have visited both colleges, but I'm looking for any information I can get from parents whose children either went to one of these colleges or anyone who has any first hand information about either of these colleges and their programs.
Thank you for any information you can share with me.
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Clos Les Lunelles Cotes de Castillon 2005
Bordeaux Red Blends from Cotes de Castillon, Bordeaux, France
Winemaker's Notes
The wine's violet color is so superbly deep and dense that it is almost opaque, an eloquent sign of the maturity that is typical of the 2005 vintage. A ripe fruitiness of blackberries and black cherry jam is balanced by the mentholated and lively, fresh notes of a mature harvest. In the mouth, vibrant tannins give the wine a sound and tight structure, and the mid-palate shows great texture which is made for aging. A mouth-watering finish is long and generous, prolonging the wine's flavor. Tannins and acidity contribute significantly to its impressive structure. This is a superb wine which requires time: about five to eight years will bring out a more complex range of aromas. It will be ideal with the flavorful game meats generally found in the winter season.
Critical Acclaim
The Wine Advocate - "This is the greatest Cotes de Castillon I have ever tasted. The 2005 Clos les Lunelles is a blend of 80% Merlot and 20% Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc. Inky/purple to the rim, the stunningly flamboyant perfume offers up scents of black fruits, spring flowers, and crushed rocks. The wine hits the palate with unbelievable concentration, full-bodied power, beautifully integrated acidity, tannin, wood, and alcohol, a layered, multidimensional mouthfeel, and a finish that lasts for nearly 45 seconds. This superb achievement is a tour de force in winemaking. Drink it over the next 15+ years."
Wine Spectator - "Shows wonderful aromas of crushed blackberry and blueberry, with hints of mint. Full-bodied, with soft, round tannins and a long, delicious aftertaste. Generous and beautiful. Best after 2012."
International Wine Cellar - "Bright, full ruby-red. Very ripe, wild aromas of black raspberry, truffle, game and beefsteak tomato. Lush, fat, sweet and impressively rich, with explosive dark fruit, mocha, leather and meat flavors. In a distinctly full-blown style, but with considerable soil character. Today the tannins are virtually invisible and the finish shows terrific aromatic persistence, but I would not be at all surprised if this packed 2005 shuts down in the bottle."
- View All
Clos Les Lunelles Winery
In 2001, Chateau Lapeyronie, now known as Clos Les Lunelles, came out of relative obscurity with the help of Gérard Perse's "magic wand" (according to Robert Parker's expression). This small (8.5 hectare) Cotes de Castillon estate proved its incredible potential by earning a 93-100 mark from the famous American wine critic for Perse's first vintage. Beginning in 1999 with the purchase of Château Clos L'Eglise and Chateau Sainte Colombe, which borders on Clos Les Lunelles, Gérard Perse's hugely successful involvement in the long underestimated Cotes de Castillon appellation is clearly another feather in his cap. View all Clos Les Lunelles Wines
About Cotes de Castillon(coat duh cass-TEE-yawn) St-Émilion and south of Fronsac. The region is Merlot-based like its surrounding neighbors and produces great value wines. Wines of Castillon may not have the depth and elegance of a Pomerol, but they are delicious & affordable, allowing consumers to enjoy the right-bank of Bordeaux and a friendly price. These wines also have the additional benefit of being approachable when young, though some producers are creating wines that will age well and improve with a few years in the bottle.
About France - Other regionsWhen it comes to wine, France is a classic. Classic blends, grapes and styles began in the country and they still remain. Think about it - people ask for a Burgundian style Pinot Noir, they refer to wines as Bordeaux or Rhone blends - Champagne even had to pass a law to stop international wineries from putting their region on the label of all sparkling wine.
The top regions of France are: Bordeaux, Burgundy, Champagne, Languedoc-Roussillon, Loire, Rhone. And these regions are so diverse! It makes sense that wine regions throughout the world try to emulate their style. Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah are no longer French varieties, but international varieties. They may not be the leader of cutting edge technology or value-priced wines, but there is no doubt that they are still producing wines of great quality and diversity.
Customer ReviewsSign In to Add Your Review0 }div>
Alcohol By Volume GuideMost wine ranges from 10-16% alcohol by volume. Some varietals tend to have higher (for example Zinfandel and Cabernet Sauvignon) or lower alcohol levels (Pinot Noir and many white varietals), but there is always some variation from producer to producer. Some wine falls outside of this range, for instance Port weighs in closer to 20%, while Muscat and Riesling are usually a bit below 10%.
Wine Style Guide
Light & Fruity
- Red wines that are more fruit-forward and lighter in tannin and body.
Smooth & Supple
- Medium bodied reds that go down easy, with smooth tannins and supple fruit.
Earthy & Spicy
- Wines where earthy and/or spicy dominate the flavors – typically medium to full body.
Big & Bold
- Full bodied wines that have concentrated fruit and are higher in alcohol and/or tannins. Some need age.


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By Christopher Koker; Political Analyst & Commentator
The Sierra Leone Parliament is on the verge of dissolution. Chief Electoral Commissioner and Chairperson of NEC: - Dr. Christian Thorpe is soon to blow the political whistle for canvassing or electioneering and campaigning to commence in the open and thus in earnest and not at all in jest as could be seen at present.
Notwithstanding the incontrovertible fact that the two main political parties, namely, the ruling APC party and the main opposition – SLPP, are very busy doing their respective under-the-table politicking with absolute impunity, when they are fully aware that they should not be seen to be engaged in that at present, and the PPRC seemingly a lame duck, in that the institution, which is a creature of the constitution, cannot be seen to contain the present excess of the two main political parties as they make their so-called meet-the-people tours nationwide, the ruling APC party is apparently hell-bent to penetrate the Southern region which is without a doubt, an SLPP stronghold No.1, with a view to seriously splitting the votes, come the Saturday, November 17, 2012 elections.
There are 25 constituencies in the Sierra Leone Parliament reserved for the four districts in the Southern region, and 96 wards for 96 ward councilors in the two city councils and four district councils in the southern region.
Bo District with 11 parliamentary seats, 29 wards and 15 chiefdoms is without a doubt predominantly an SLPP deep-rooted stronghold. In the 2007 elections, the main opposition – SLPP, won 8 of the 11 parliamentary seats, the PMDC secured 3 parliamentary seats while the ruling APC Party was not at all able to secure a single parliamentary seat.
It is not even likely that the ruling APC party will be able to secure a single parliamentary seat in Bo District; but there are indications that president Dr. Ernest Bai Koroma, owing to his shrewd and suave manner of playing the game of politics, shall be able to poll at very least, 30% of the Bo District votes in the November 17, 2012 election.
Moyamba District is also predominantly an SLPP stronghold. The district has got 6 seats in the parliament, 24 wards for 24 24ward councilors and 14 chiefdoms. In the 2007 elections, to show that Moyamba District is an SLPP stronghold, the main opposition won 4 of the 6 parliamentary seats, the PMDC secured 1 seat and the ruling APC party also was able to secure 1 seat in the parliament for their respective political parties.
Owing to the seemingly substantial or large support President Koroma is gathering in Moyamba district, as a result of his politeness, culture and developmental drive, it is becoming evident that the ruling APC party shall be able to secure one parliamentary seat in the November 17, 2012 elections to add to the parliamentary seat secured in the 2007 elections to bring the add to the two seats in the parliament in this year's elections. Hence the ruling APC party is at present 35% strong in Moyamba District which is widely known to be an SLPP stronghold.
Pujehun District too is an SLPP stronghold. The district has 5 constituencies in the parliament; 22 wards for 22 ward councilors and 12 chiefdoms.
In the 2007 elections, the SLPP accidentally lost 3 parliamentary seats to the PMDC. In effect, the SLPP was only able to secure two seats in the parliament, while the ruling APC party was not able secure a single parliamentary seat.
With the presence of Honourable Moijue Kaikai, as the Resident Minister – Southern Region, it is highly like that the ruling APC party shall/can secure at least 1 of out the 5 parliamentary seats in Pujehun District in the November 17 elections this year. The ruling APC party is at present 25% strong in Pujehun District.
Bonthe district too, is predominantly an SLPP stronghold. But because the party deliberately neglected and abandoned the district, the PMDC won all the 3 parliamentary seats in Bonthe district in the 2007 elections. Thus, the ruling APC party as well as the SLPP were not able to secure/win a single parliamentary seat.
It is not going to be easy for the ruling APC party to secure or win a single parliamentary seat in Bonthe district in the November 17, elections this year; but the APC party presidential candidate and flag bearer, President, Dr. Ernest Bai Koroma can poll at least 30% of the votes in the November 17 elections this year, simply owing to President Koroma's style of politics of politeness and concern for the community's interest.
Bonthe District has got 3 constituencies in the parliament; 21 wards for ward councilors and 11 chiefdoms.
Opinion polls at present are showing that the ruling APC party presidential candidate, President Dr. Ernest Bai Koroma could secure at least 35% of the Southern Region votes in the November elections this year.
Thus, the political battle between the two main political parties in the southern region rages on and on and on.


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If Warren Buffett Thinks People Like Him Should Pay More in Taxes then What Is Stopping Him?
Greg Mankiw points out that super investor Buffett, calling yet again for higher taxes on high-income earners (this time in the Sunday New York Times), is a master of tax avoidance:
1. His company Berkshire Hathaway never pays a dividend but instead retains all earnings. So the return on this investment is entirely in the form of capital gains. By not paying dividends, he saves his investors (including himself) from having to immediately pay income tax on this income.
2. Mr Buffett is a long-term investor, so he rarely sells and realizes a capital gain. His unrealized capital gains are untaxed.
3. He is giving away much of his wealth to charity. He gets a deduction at the full market value of the stock he donates, most of which is unrealized (and therefore untaxed) capital gains.
4. When he dies, his heirs will get a stepped-up basis. The income tax will never collect any revenue from the substantial unrealized capital gains he has been accumulating. [Greg Mankiw's Blog, November 26]


text: Getty Images [ Kobe Not Sure He'll Be Ready for 2013 Opening Games By Associated Press August 16, 2013 LOS ANGELES (AP) — Kobe Bryant isn't sure he'll be ready to play when the Los Angeles Lakers open the season on Oct. 29, although he remains ahead of schedule in rehabbing his surgically repaired Achilles' tendon. Read More|Comment Category: NBA Tags: injury, kobe bryant, lakers Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


text:
Forsan denies Hawley playoff berth
Bearcats can't keep up with Forsan
HAWLEY — That elusive third trip to the high school football playoffs will have to wait at least another year for the Hawley Bearcats.
Coach Brad Schoonmaker's team did put together a nice turnaround season, going from 2-8 last year to 7-3.But Friday's 32-19 loss to Forsan here at Forrest Field knocked the Bearcats from the Class 2A Division II playoffs.
"They always thought they could win," Schoonmaker said after addressing his disappointed squad following Friday's game."These guys understood what they needed to do.They never gave up."
But with a playoff berth within reach Friday, the Bearcat offense lost three turnovers, and the Bearcat defense couldn't stop Forsan junior speedster Brendan Roman in the second half when he dashed for 119 yards to deny the Hawley comeback efforts.
The visitors never trailed after grabbing a 7-6 lead early in the second period.
"It was a tough battle," Schoonmaker said."Forsan is a tough team.They have speed.They bent, but they didn't break."
Roman finished with 151 yards, and he scored his team's first touchdown on a 35-yard pass from quarterback To'a Maumau after 3:26 of play in the second quarter for that early 7-6 lead.The two-play drive came after a short punt of only 18 yards at the end of the Bearcats' third possession.
Roman played a decisive role in the third period when the Buffaloes built a two-touchdown lead with two long scoring drives.
Forsan took the third quarter kickoff and drove 70 yards to increase its lead to 19-12.Roman had runs of 13, 25 and 20 yards on the drive.
Then coach Jason Phillips' team followed with a 76-yard drive to produce the two-touchdown margin (25-12) it needed to qualify for the 2011 playoffs on the District 2-2A point system.Roman had a key 32-yard scamper on the 76-yard march.
Hawley responded with a 75-yard scoring drive of its own on the following series to narrow its deficit to six at 25-19.Bryce DeVore took scoring honors with a 44-yard run at 0:28 on a misdirection play that was a productive call for the Bearcats this season.
"The tackle trap worked pretty good," Schoonmaker said."It's been a good play all year for us (DeVore averaged 7.9 yards per carry Friday).We've gone back to it.We try to get them going one direction then run away from them."
But after scoring in each of the first three quarters, Hawley was denied the end zone in the final period.
Forsan was able to regain its two-touchdown cushion on Maumau's second quarterback sneak for a touchdown in the second half with 7:13 to play.The 49-yard scoring drive came after Hawley's second lost fumble of the game.
The Bearcats took the early 6-0 lead by scoring on their second possession.Houston Schoonmaker ended a 67-yard drive with a six-yard TD run.They drove to the Forsan 30 on the opening drive, but then turned the ball over on downs at the 39 after tackles behind the line of scrimmage by Forsan's Copeland Riddell and Roman.
In the second period, after Roman's 35-yard TD catch, the Buffaloes increased their lead to 13-6 on Mathew Mims' 84-yard interception return for six points at 2:59.Hawley got back to within one at 13-12 when DeVore scored on an 11-yard run 1:01 before intermission.
DeVore led the Bearcats with 119 yards, and Levi Irby added 114.
Forsan enters the Class 2A Division II playoffs as the district's third place team behind Idalou and Coahoma, two teams with perfect district records who met in Idalou Friday for the title.
Forsan 32
hawley 19
Forsan 0 13 12 7 — 32
Hawley 6 6 7 0 — 19
First quarter
HAW — Houston Schoonmaker 6 run (kick blocked), 1:05
second quarter
FOR — Brendan Roman 35 pass from To'a Maumau (Bryson Phillips kick), 8:34
FOR — Mathew Mims 84 interception return (kick blocked), 2;59
HAW — Bryce De Vore 11 run (run failed), 1:01
third quarter
FOR — Dalton Doss 2 run (kick failed), 9:44
FOR — Maumau 1 run (pass failed), 2:43
HAW — DeVore 44 run (Schoonmaker kick), 0:28
fourth quarter
FOR — Maumau 1 run (Trevor Williams kick), 7:13
For Haw
First downs 11 15
Rushes-Yards 38-183 51-291
Passing 79 90
Comp-Att-Int 4-12-0 8-11-1
Punts 4-24.5 4-28.3
Fumbles-Lost 3-1 5-2
Penalties-Yards 2-15 7-55
Individual statistics
RUSHING: Forsan — To'a Maumau 18-27, Brendan Roman 17-151, Dalton Doss 3-5. Hawley — Logan Thompson 3- (-11), Keagan Fernandez 10-27, Bryce DeVore 15-119, Levi Irby 18-114, Houston Schoonmaker 2-12, Dylan Sanchez 3-30.
PASSING: Forsan — Maumau 4-12-0, 79 yards 1 td. Hawley — Thompson 8-11-1, 90
RECEIVING: Forsan — Roman 1-35, Patrick Robles 1-24, Doss 1-3, Kade Fannin 1-17. Hawley — Ryan Ortega 3-42, Irby 3-41, Fernandez 1-6, DeVore 1-1.
Team records: Forsan 6-4, 3-3; Hawley 7-3, 3-3.
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Product DescriptionThis stylish, form-fitted leather case holds your 3.5" Magellan GPS receiver snugly and securely. Provides excellent protection against scratches and other damage.


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TOS Phasers
View Single Post
February 8 2013, 04:13 PM
Re: TOS Phasers
I'd rather approach the phasers-as-batteries issue from the other end: a method exists for charging the phasers in the first place. Having this be as universal as possible would eliminate the traditional problem of castaways and soldiers overall - ammunition would no longer be a scarce commodity, more vital than water or food because of its utter irreplaceability, but could be obtained from any old household socket (or wireless system) normally used for keeping the kitchen appliances and PADDs charged.
If phasers get their charge from universal household sockets/powerfields, it would be easy to postulate that power can also flow in the other direction, between any arbitrarily chosen applications and storage media.
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North Face
Voracious Dual Short 7" (Men's) (out-of-stock)
Out of Stock Product Number: 40218
Lightweight, stretch-woven short with a full interior compressive-short liner for support and comfort is perfect for spring running.
* This product does not qualify for shipping to all countries.
Gender: Men's
Material: 86%polyester, 14% elastane woven
Fit: 7" inseam
Season: S14
Vendor ProductId: A1HN
Review ProductId: 40218