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September 3, 2015 - PRESS RELEASEMaplesoft and Examity today announced a collaboration that would strengthen the integrity and efficiency of online testing and assessment. The partnership brings together Examity's online proctoring capabilities with Maplesoft's online testing and assessment platform, Maple T.A.
August 24, 2015 - PRESS RELEASEAs part of its sponsorship of the SAE Collegiate Design Competitions this year, Maplesoft provided the opportunity for all participating teams in the Formula SAE and SAE Aero Design 2015 competitions to use its tools in their product designs. The annual SAE Collegiate Design Series draws post-secondary students from around the world to competitions that challenge them to turn classroom theory into hands-on experience as they design formula-style racing cars, radio controlled aircrafts, snowmobiles, single-person, or fuel efficient vehicles.
July 8, 2015 - PRESS RELEASEA collaborative project between the University of Waterloo and Maplesoft has won an award from the Canadian Network for Innovation in Education (CNIE). The Excellence and Innovation in the Integration of Technology in Educational Practices/Collaboration Award acknowledges the Secondary School Courseware project, a free online courseware site designed to support high school math students and teachers in calculus and precalculus courses.
MapleSim speeds development of high-fidelity robotic manipulator modelsDesignfax, September 15, 2015Working with a research team from Linkoping University in Sweden, via the industry excellence center LINK-SIC, engineers at ABB's Robotics business unit in Vasteras, Sweden, set out to evaluate the use of MapleSim, the high-performance modeling and simulation platform from Maplesoft. Their goal was to develop high-fidelity manipulator models that included flexible joints, gears, and dynamic friction, and to determine the ease with which the models can be exported and integrated with other software tools for simulation or controller development....more
Maplesoft Looks to Solve Online Proctoring ProblemEngineering.com, September 9, 2015Maplesoft has collaborated with online proctoring company Examity to bring their online proctoring tools and services to Maple T.A. The improved proctoring capabilities are designed to benefit both teachers and students with concerns about credibility during online examinations....more
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Maple helps discover the mathematics-based Gömböc shape April 18, 2013The invention of Gömböc is the culmination of a long process of mathematical research and Maple, the mathematical computation engine from Maplesoft, played an important role in its discovery....more


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Lysippos (/laɪˈsɪpɒs/; Greek: Λύσιππος)[1] was a Greek sculptor of the 4th century BC. Together with Scopas and Praxiteles, he is considered one of the three greatest sculptors of the Classical Greek era, bringing transition into the Hellenistic period. Problems confront the study of Lysippos because of the difficulty of identifying his style amongst the copies which survive. Not only did he have a large workshop and a large number of disciples in his immediate circle,[2] but also there is understood to have been a market for replicas of his work which was supplied also from outside his circle already in his own lifetime and also later in the Hellenistic and Roman periods.[3]
Career and legacy[edit]
Lysippos was successor in contemporary repute to the famous sculptor Polykleitos. Among the works attributed to him are the so-called Horses of Saint Mark, Eros Stringing the Bow (of which various copies exist, the best in the British Museum), Agias (known through the marble copy found and preserved in Delphi), the similar Oil Pourer (Dresden and Munich), the Farnese Hercules (which was originally placed in the Baths of Caracalla, although the surviving marble copy lies in the Naples National Archaeological Museum) and Apoxyomenos (or The Scraper, known from a Roman marble copy in the Vatican Museums). Lysippos was also famous for his bronze sculptures of Zeus and Herakles. The only remaining version of one such statue is a Roman copy of The Weary Herakles (Farnese Hercules), by Glykon. [4]
Born at Sicyon around 390 BC Lysippos was a worker in bronze in his youth. He taught himself the art of sculpture, later becoming head of the school of Argos and Sicyon. According to Pliny, he produced more than 1,500 works, all of them in bronze. Commentators noted his grace and elegance, and the symmetria or coherent balance of his figures, which were leaner than the ideal represented by Polykleitos and with proportionately smaller heads, giving them the impression of greater height. He was famous for his attention to the details of eyelids and toenails.
His pupil, Chares of Lindos, constructed the Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. As this statue does not exist today, debate continues as to whether its sections were cast in bronze or hammered of sheet bronze.
Lysippos and Alexander[edit]
During his lifetime, Lysippos was personal sculptor to Alexander the Great; indeed, he was the only artist whom the conqueror saw fit to represent him. A recently discovered epigram of Macedonian Poseidippus, in the anthology represented in the Milan Papyrus, takes as its inspiration a bronze portrait of Alexander:
- Lysippos, Sicyonian sculptor, daring hand, learned artisan,
- your bronze statue has the look of fire in its eyes,
- that one you made in the form of Alexander. The Persians deserve
- no blame. We forgive cattle for fleeing a lion.
Lysippos has been credited with the stock representation of an inspired, godlike Alexander with tousled hair and lips parted, looking upward.[5] One fine example, an early Imperial Roman copy found at Tivoli, is conserved at the Louvre.
Discovery of possible original statue of Alexander[edit]
On 26 February 2010, Greek authorities arrested two men found in illegal possession of various antiquities, including a bronze statue of Alexander, which is possibly a work of Lysippos. If confirmed, this would make it the first original work of Lysippos ever discovered. The statue is currently being examined at the laboratory of the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, which is expected to confirm or deny its authenticity.[6][7]
See also[edit]
- Lysistratus, another Greek sculptor
- Victorious Youth, a bronze sculpture attributed to Lysippos
- ^ Latinized Lysippus (/laɪˈsɪpəs/) is less used today, even in English.
- ^ His son Euthyktates worked in his style, according to Pliny, and, in the next generation, Tysikrates produced sculpture scarcely to be distinguished from his. (Natural History xxxiv. 61-67).
- ^ The rediscovered Agias, dedicated by Daochos at Delphi, was a contemporary marble copy of a bronze. The original was at Farsala in Thessaly.
- ^ Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History: Ancient Art. Prentice Hall, 2011.
- ^ The Search for Alexander, a 1976 exhibition catalogue, illustrates several examples and traces the development of the type.
- ^ "Αγαλμα του Μεγάλου Αλεξάνδρου βρέθηκε στην κατοχή αρχαιοκαπήλων". In.gr.
- ^ e-go.gr, Pegasus Interactive. "Αγαλμα - έκπληξη στα χέρια των αρχαιοκάπηλων". ethnos.gr.
- A. F. Stewart, "Lysippan Studies" 2. Agias and Oilpourer" American Journal of Archaeology 82.3 (Summer 1978), pp. 301–313.
Further reading[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lysippos.
- Gardner, P. 1905. 'The Apoxymenos of Lysippos', JHS 25:234-59.
- Serwint, N. 1996. 'Lysippos', in The Dictionary of Art vol. 19: 852–54.
- Stewart, A.F. 1983. 'Lysippos and Hellenistic sculpture', AJA 87:262.
- Vermeule, C.C. 1975. 'The weary Herakles of Lysippos', AJA 79:323–32.
External links[edit]

subset: commoncrawl


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Pope Francis emphasizes: the Church is a mother
Catholic World News - September 03, 2014
Pope Francis devoted his September 3 general audience to the maternity of the Church.
"She is a true mother who gives us life in Christ and, in the communion of the Holy Spirit, brings us into a common life with our brothers and sisters," he told the crowds gathered in St. Peter's Square.
The "highest and most beautiful model" of the Church's motherhood, he continued, is the Blessed Virgin Mary. "The birth of Jesus in the womb of Mary, in fact, is a prelude to the birth of every Christian in the womb of the Church … We are not orphans! The Church is mother, Mary is mother."
After giving birth to Christians in baptism, the Church offers her children the "spiritual nourishment" of the Word of God and the sacraments. The Church, Pope Francis added, knows that she must protect her children from Satan and from spiritual dangers: "resist with the advice of the mother Church, resist with the help of mother Church, who as a good mother always accompanies her children in difficult moments."
"Dear friends, this is the Church, this is the Church that we all love, this is the Church that I love: a mother who has at heart the welfare of her own children and who is capable of giving her life for them," the Pope added.
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Vespa launches festive value package
Piaggio Vehicles Pvt. Ltd. - the wholly owned Indian subsidiary of the Italian Piaggio Group on Monday announced the launch of a unique festive value package for its Vespa line of two wheelers.
The unique value package offered comprises a 5 year or 60,000 KM warranty package, 2 year free preventive maintenance and finance with interest rate as low as 1pc .
Speaking on this initiative, Ravi Chopra, chairman and managing director, Piaggio Vehicles India Pvt. Ltd. said: "We have created a premium space in the Indian two wheeler market with the Vespa.
This season, we look forward to add to the festive cheer with our promising offer that makes it easier to own and ride a Vespa."
(Posted on 01-10-2013)


text:
Living with diabetes can be a challenge
for you and your family, but you can learn how to take control of
your disease by managing your blood sugar levels. That's why Novant
Health Franklin Medical Center offers a diabetes self-management
education program.
Find a primary care physician in your area »
Our diabetes education program has been
awarded recognition from the American Diabetes Association. With a
team of certified diabetes educators, registered dietitians and an RN
who have more than 30 years of experience, we are dedicated to
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Our diabetes education program covers a
variety of useful topics, including:
For more
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919-497-8445 or speak with your primary care doctor about referring
you to the program.


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The success of radiotherapy depends on the accurate delineation of the clinical target volume. The delineation of the lymph node regions has most impact, especially for tumors in the head and neck region. The purpose of this article was the development an atlas for the delineation of the clinical target volume for patients, who should receive radiotherapy for a tumor of the head and neck region. Literature was reviewed for localisations of the adjacent lymph node regions and their lymph drain in dependence of the tumor entity. On this basis the lymph node regions were contoured on transversal CT slices. The probability for involvement was reviewed and a recommendation for the delineation of the CTV was generated.
The major problem in radiation treatment with IMRT technique is the failure to select and delineate the target accurately, especially in patients with head and neck cancer, in which a high risk of subclinical nodal disease exists. CT-based investigation is not sufficient to detect metastases smaller than one centimetre in diameter [1]. Since the lymph node status is the most important prognostic factor in patients with squamous cell cancer in the head and neck region, and due to the limitation of clinical staging, other factors, like histopathologic examinations, may help to predict metastatic lymph node involvement [1-3].
The lymphatic migration of tumor cells is usually stepwise and occurs in a predictable manner [4-6]. Detailed anatomical knowledge of the lymphatic network associated with each area of the body is essential to define all the sides in which the presence of metastatic nodes should be investigated and to delineate on a morphological basis the optimal target volume to be treated by high conformal radiotherapy [5,7]. An optimization of radiation techniques to maximize local tumor control and to minimize side effects in radiotherapy of head and neck tumors requires proper definition and delineation guidelines for the clinical target volume (CTV). Most previous results are consensus guidelines from different physicians [2,8,9].
The purpose of this article was to define the lymphatic CTV for the radiation treatment on a CT based atlas for tumors of the head and neck region to have a principle recipe for the delineation for clinical use. This atlas displays the clinically relevant nodal stations and their correlation with normal lymphatic pathways on a set of CT images.
General anatomy
The main nasal cavity includes the cavities of the interior nose between the vestibule of the nose and the Choana (Figure 1). The oral vestibule is located between the teeth and the lips and the cheek respectively. The alveolar process border the oral cavity lateral and ventral, whereas the velum and palatine border the oral cavity to the cranial side (Table 1). The caudal limit is the floor of the mouth. The pharynx is defined as the region of the combined respiratory and digestive system, which is located dorsal of the oral cavity and nasal cavity, incipient cranial at the skull base up to caudal at the beginning of the esophagus and the trachea. The pharynx is divided into three regions - nasopharynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx. The exact limits between these regions are not definitely defined. The nasopharynx is located at the cranial part of the pharynx and ends caudal at the velum palatinum. The nasopharynx includes the pharyngeal tonsil. The next section of the pharynx is the oropharynx, which ends at the top of the epiglottis. The third part of the pharynx is the hypopharynx, which begins cranial of the larynx and ends at the cranial ending of the cricoid cartilage behind the larynx. The larynx is subdivided into three parts: supraglottis, glottis and subglottis. The supraglottis is the vestibulum of the larynx, beginning at the entrance of the larynx down to the fissure between the plicae vestibulares. The glottis is the intermediate cavity between the rima vestibule and the glottis opening. The most caudal laryngeal region down to the entrance of the trachea is the subglottis (infraglottic cavity).
Lymph drainage
The lymphatic CTV encompasses pathologic lymph nodes with a safety margin and adjacent areas, which are at risk for tumor spread. Lymph nodes should be assessed as pathologic, if their diameter is more than 1 cm, all nodes with spherical rather than ellipsoidal shape, nodes containing inhomogeneities (suggestive of necrotic centers) or a cluster of three or more borderline nodes. In the node positive patients, an important factor to consider is the probability of capsular rupture and extracapsular extension. The lymphatic CTV do not only include lymph nodes (LN) with radiological criteria of involvement but also one or more adjacent lymph node regions [2,10,11]. The lymphatic drainage for each organ uses several pathways including the main collecting way, but also alternative routes [5]. These alternative routes should be included in the target volume definition in dependence of the feasibility for that route.
The anatomic patterns of lymphatic drainage for different body regions to their nodal stations were taken from Richter and Feyerabend Normal lymph node topography [12] and confirmed with other anatomy textbooks [5,13-15]. The elective irradiation of N0 patients can produce results equivalent to those obtained by neck dissection. Hence we used histopathologic analyses to create our suggested guidelines [16]. The main lymphatic routes for different organs, which are relevant in radiotherapy of the head and neck region, are summarized in Table 2. A general description of the anatomic lymph node drain for different lymph node regions can be found in Table 3 and Figure 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. The lymph node regions are classified into lymph node level (Table 4) adapted to Som et al. [17]. Guidelines for lymphatic CTV delineation of the most frequently cases of the different tumor entities were generated and summarized in Table 5,6,7,8.
Table 2. Anatomy - lymph node regions
Figure 2. Lymph regions and drain contoured in transversal CT slices: LN parotidei superficiales (pink) and LN parotidei profundi subdivided into LN preauriculares (yellow) and LN infra-/intraparotidei (light green) [1.8 cm slice thickness].
Figure 3. Lymph regions and drain contoured in transversal CT slices: LN buccales (brown), LN submentales (pink) and LN submandibulares (dark blue) [1.8 cm slice thickness].
Figure 4. Lymph regions and drain contoured in transversal CT slices: LN occipitales (white), LN retroauriculares [ = LN mastoidei] (pink), LN cervicales laterales superficiales (medium blue) and LN dorsales jugulares superiores (cyan) [1.8 cm slice thickness].
Figure 5. Lymph regions and drain contoured in transversal CT slices: LN retropharyngeales (red) [1 cm slice thickness].
Figure 6. Lymph drainage from the endolarynx contoured in transversal CT slices (red arrows) to the LN infrahyoidei (pink), LN prelaryngeales (violet), LN pretracheales (light pink) and LN paratracheales (light green).
Figure 7. Lymph regions and drain contoured in transversal CT slices: LN cervicales anteriores superficiales (yellow) and LN cervicales anteriores profundi subdivided into LN infrahyoidei (pink), LN prelaryngeales (violet), LN pretracheales (light pink) and LN paratracheales (light green) [1 cm slice thickness].
Figure 8. Lymph regions and drain contoured in transversal CT slices: LN cervicales posteriores profundi (yellow) and LN supraclaviculares (white).
Table 3. Anatomy - lymph node drain
Table 5. Suggested guidelines for the treatment of the neck of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx
Table 6. Suggested guidelines for the treatment of the neck of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx, larynx or nasopharynx
Table 7. Suggested guidelines for the treatment of the neck of patients with squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck region
Table 8. Suggested guidelines for the treatment of the neck of patients with carcinomas of the skin
Lymph node level
The main lymph node groups are classified analogically to Som et al. [17] into different levels (Table 4). The level IA contains the submental LN and the level IB the submandibular LN. The LN jugulares ( = LN cervicales laterales profundi) are subdivided in four groups - the LN ventrales jugulares superiores (level IIA), the LN dorsales jugulars superiores (level IIB), LN jugulares mediales (level III) and LN jugulares inferiores (level IV) (Figure 9, 10). We included the retrostyloid space, which range cranial to the scull base, analogically to Som et al. [17] in level IIA. There are only few data available about NM in the retrostyloid space, because a neck dissection do not extend beyond the posterior belly of digastric muscle [7]. Gregoire et al. 2006 [10] recommend to include the retrostyloid space in the CTV for nasopharyngeal cancer or NM in the caudal level II. For N0 patients there are not enough clinical data available to exclude this space from the CTV. The LN level IIB are localised dorsal of the LN level IIA, with the LN level IIA are near to the jugular vein and the LN level IIB are not attached to the jugular vein [17]. The caudal limit of the level IV is set to the clavicle [17]. The level V is divided into the LN cervicales posteriores profundi (level VA) cranial of the musculus omohyoideus and the LN supraclaviculares (level VB) (Figure 8) [18,19]. The definition of "level V" varies much in the literature. For this reason we decided to follow a definition based on anatomic lymph node regions combined with the surgical and histopathological information, which follows mostly the definition of Rotterdam [1,3,4,9,20,21]. The anterior compartment between the both levels III and IV is called level VI and includes the LN cervicales anteriores superficiales and profundi. The main lymph drain flows from level II over level III and IV over the truncus lymphaticus jugularis and/or subclavius to the angulus venosus of the same side of the body (Figure 9, 10) [4]. The truncus can end directly in a vein or on the right side over a ductus lymphaticus dexter or on the left side over the truncus thoracicus. The lymph form level IA flows over level IB to level IIA and the lymph from level VA over level VB to the angulus venosus. Level VI drains to level III and IV. There are still more lymph node regions, which are not respected by the classification by Robbins et al. [19]. The parotidal level contains the LN parotidei superficiales and profundi and drain to level IIA just as well as the level retropharyngeal and level retroauricular, which contains the LN retropharyngeales and LN retroauriculares, respectively. The LN faciales are classified into the level buccales, which drain to the level IB. The level external jugular includes the LN cervicales laterales superficiales and has efflux to the level III.
Figure 9. Schematic scheme of main direction of lymph node flow in the head and neck region.
Figure 10. Coronar DRR with different lymph node regions, bones and veins. The black circle symbolises the angulus venosus.
General selection and delineation of the lymphatic CTV
The spread of head and neck tumors into cervical LN is rather consistent and follows predictable pathways, with increasing risk at each level, if the adjoining proximal level is involved [2]. The incidence of occult metastases in LN ranges between 20% and 50% and NM in cN+ (metastatic involvement of LN via clinical assessment) patients ranges between 35% and 80% for all tumors of the oral cavity, pharyngeal and laryngeal tumors, except glottic tumors (0-15% occult metastases). This indicates the necessity to include the adjacent lymph node regions in the CTV.
Most parts of the head and neck region has rich lymph node vessels. But some sites, as the true vocal cord, the paranasal sinuses and the mediales ear, have only few or no lymphatic vessels at all [7]. Typically the lymph drain remains on one body side. Only some structures, like the soft palate, the base of tongue and the larynx have crossing lymph drain [7]. The retropharyngeal lymph vessel, which involving for example the lymph from the posterior pharyngeal wall and the nasopharynx, often cross the side.
The lymph drainage from the endolarynx takes different ways (Figure 6, Table 2). The supraglottic endolarynx drains through the membrana thyrohyoidea directly to the LN ventrales jugulares superiores (level IIA) or to the LN infrahyoidei and continuing to the LN jugulares mediales (level III). The lymph from the subglottic endolarynx flows through the ligamentum cricothyroideum to the LN prelaryngeales, LN pretracheales and LN paratracheales and further to the more caudal located LN lower jugulars (level IV). The glottis region of the endolarynx has only few lymph vessels, which are connected mostly to the upper endolarynx, but also to the lower endolarynx [6,12-14].
The distribution of pathologic confirmed NM depends on three major points - the clinical evaluation of the lymph node sides, the primary tumor side and tumor size [7].
• Patients with cN+ have a much higher incidence of NM than patients with cN0 (no metastatic involvement of LN via clinical assessment) [22]. Gregoire et al. [7] summarised the results from the Head and Neck Service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center between 1965 and 1989 with 33% metastatic diseases in prophylactic neck dissections and 82% in therapeutic neck dissections. In patients, who underwent therapeutic neck dissection, the pattern of metastatic nodes was similar to the one observed in cN0 patients with one extra level of NM [7].
• Tumors of different anatomic locations in the head and neck region drain in different percentage to different lymph node level. In cN+ patients Gregoire et al. 2000 described an incidence of metastatic disease in LN is highest in patients with nasopharyngeal cancer (80%) and lowest in patients with tumors of the oral cavity (36%). Patients with a laryngeal cancer have a much higher incidence of NM (54%) in contrast to cancer of the oral cavity, hypopharynx or oropharynx (17-25%), if they have a T3-T4 stage tumor. And more cranial and anterior localised tumors mainly drain into the level I to III in contrast to more caudally located tumors, which mainly drain into level II to V. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal tumors drain not only to the level IIA but also to the level IIB (Table 5, 6). Tumors of the oral cavity, hypopharyngeal and laryngeal tumors are mainly associated to the level IIA and less to the level IIB [7].
• The incidence of metastatic lymph node involvement increases with the primary tumor size [7,22,23].
• More factors, which influence the lymph node invasion, are the tumor differentiation, kertinization status, lymphatic vessel invasion in the tumor specimen, and whether other lymph node levels are involved [2]. Remmert et al. [22] found for example 16.7% NM for G1 tumors, 36.5% for G2 and 58.9% for G3.
• If the tumor crosses the midline bilateral treatment of the LN is necessary [24].
The CTV of the lymph node regions should encompass all regions, who have a probability to contain NM of 10% or more [2,7]. If the NM infiltrates adjacent structures, the inclusion of this structure and the associated lymph drain in the CTV must individually be assessed [10].
Summarizing the highest incidence for over all NM can be found in patients with cN+, a laryngeal cancer stage T3/4 and/or nasopharyngeal cancer (cN+). Patients with tumors of the oral cavity (even cN+ or T3/4) have the lowest incidence for NM [7].
Clinical and pathologic neck node distributions support the concept, that not all lymph node level has to be treated for squamous cell tumors of the head and neck region [7]. All concepts base on retrospective data with possible bias because of mostly selected patients. Some surgery techniques for the neck dissection do not perform lymph node dissection in all level, e.g. level IIb is often not examined, and will result in an underestimation of the involvement of these lymph node levels [7]. Another point is that the incidence of NM in retropharyngeal and paratracheal LN can only be estimated clinically. Medial retropharyngeal LN has been reported to be very rarely involved by radiologic analysis in contrast to the lateral retropharyngeal LN [25,26]. Therefore it seems to be adequate only to define the lateral retropharyngeal LN as target [27]. To exclude all these problems would require large multicenter randomized trials.
Both sides of the neck exhibit a similar pattern of node distribution, but with a lower incidence in the contralateral neck. There are only few data on the pattern of contralateral NM.
This must be assessed by recalculation of relative involvement probabilities to the subregions. The results are still more based on clinical judgment rather than from scientific evidence. Recalculated from the analysis of Gregoire et al. 2000 [7] more than 90% of all NM are found on the ipsilateral side for tumors in the oral cavity or hypopharynx. Tumors of the oropharynx or larynx spread to the contralateral side in 11-14% of the patients. Only for tumors in the nasopharynx over 40% of the contralateral LN show metastases. The relative number of contralateral metastases must be correlated with the absolute number of pathologic LN per bilateral level to find the incidence per neck side. If the tumor invades the midline, the lymph drain to both sides of the neck and therefore both sides should be included in the CTV. Some anatomic regions have crossing lymph node drainage, like the soft palate, the tongue, the larynx and the nasopharynx [12]. But even for those tumors contralateral involvement occurs at a much lower frequency than on the ipsilateral side [7], but should also be included in the CTV (Table 4, 5, 6). As well is the incidence of retropharyngeal LN higher in cN+ patients, in whom involvement of other neck node levels was also documented [7].
Infiltration of level V is very rare, except level IV is involved or more than a single lymph node in level I-III has metastatic disease (Table 4, 5, 6) [7,20]. Chone et al. [28] detected NM of level VA in pN0 patients with a prevalence of 2.3% and in pN+ patients with 16.7%. The prevalence was highest for tumors of the pharynx (23.1%) in contrast to tumors of the oral cavity with 3.6%. No NM were found for other tumor sides and there are no isolated metastases in level VA [28].
Timon at al. [3] found in patients with advanced cancer of the larynx, hypopharynx or cervical esophagus NM in 20% and 43% of the patients, respectively. 10% of the patients had positive paratracheal NM alone in a histopathological negative cervical neck dissection. In subglottic cancer the incidence of paratracheal NM can be up to 50% [7]. Therefore the LN paratracheal should be included in the CTV for patients with advanced laryngeal or hypopharyngeal tumors or extension of the tumor to the cervical esophagus.
Metastases are labelled as 'skip metastases', if the lymph node involvement bypass a lymph node level and involve the next but one level. Skip metastases are very rare [20]. Remmert et al. [22] analysed 405 patients with head and neck carcinoma and found no skip metastases. A series of the Head and Neck Service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center found skip metastases in 2.5% of the cN0 patients [7,23]. Only an analysis of tumors of the oral tongue by Byers et al. [29] reached a rate of 12% skip metastases in the level IIb, III and IV.
Squamous cell cancer of the oral cavity
The oral cavity itself has primary lymph drainage to the LN submandibulares and submentales (Table 1). Tumors of the tongue drain also directly to level IIA and III [6,30]. The lymph from the hard palate and upper gingiva flows additionally to the LN retropharyngeales. Squamous cells tumors of the oral cavity have the lowest absolute incidence of NM of all head and neck regions, but the overall incidence of NM for N+ patients is still high with more than 30% [7,22,24,31]. In level IIA, II and III the relative incidence of NM is higher than 10%, independent of the tumor location [6,7]. These levels should be included in the lymphatic CTV (Table 5). The general probability for contralateral NM is low with < 10% [6]. But the lymph drainage of the tongue has direct significant cross-over with a higher risk of contralateral NM [6,7,32]. And the hard palate and upper gingiva have additional lymph drain to the LN retropharyngeales of both sides [7]. Yen et al. [33] found for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa a high incidence of NM in the ipsilateral level I to III. Patients with this tumor entity showed only 2% contralateral NM, why it is reasonable only to treat the ipsilateral side [16,33].
Robbins et al. [18] has suggested that for N0 patients no elective lymph node dissection of level IIB is necessary [24]. Analogically the level IIB may not be included in the CTV for patients with N0. Byers et al. [29] found a high incidence of NM in level IV in patients with tumors of the (ventral) tongue, which should therefore be included in the CTV, even for N0 patients [24]. Shah et al. [23] described a prevalence of NM in level IV of 3% in patients underwent elective node dissection and 17% in patients with therapeutic neck dissection, wherefore this level should be included in the CTV for all N+ patients of the oral cavity. Oral cavity carcinoma in cN0 patients nearly never metastasizes to level V, which therefore may not be included in the CTV [24]. The incidence for NM in the parotidal LN in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma is very rare (2.5%) with about 75% intraglandular NM [34].
Squamous cell cancer of the oropharynx
The overall incidence of NM is over 60% for squamous cell tumors of the oropharynx [6,7,30]. The primary drainage of the tongue base is to level II and III of both sides [6]. An analysis of tumors of the oral tongue by Byers et al. [29] reached a rate of 12% skip metastases in the level IV, for which reason this level should be included in the lymphatic CTV (Table 5). The lymphatic drainage of the tonsil is mainly to level IIA, without crossing the sides [6,12,30]. Certainly histopathologic evaluation showed level I (and also level V) involvement only in association with involvement of other levels (N+ disease) [20]. Tumors of the soft palate and dorsal pharyngeal wall show NM on both sides via crossing lymph vessels [6,7,12]. For these tumors the retropharyngeal LN should be included in the CTV [7,35].
Squamous cell cancer of the hypopharynx
The lymphatic drain of the piriform sinus is to the LN paratracheales and directly to the level III [6,12,30]. The pharyngeal wall has additional efflux to the LN retropharyngeal and the ipsilateral LN prelaryngeales, pretracheales and infrahyoidei. The overall incidence for NM in patients with tumors of the hypopharynx is very high with over 70% [7,22]. The number of reported detected contralateral NM is low (<10%), but should not be neglected because of the anatomic cross-lymphatic drainage of the hypopharyngeal region [6]. The LN cervicales anteriores profundi (Figure 6, 7), included in level VI, drain lymph not only from the hypopharynx, larynx and thyroid gland, but also from the cervical trachea and upper esophagus [7]. The incidence of pathologic LN in this region is reported rarely. Therefore in the case of tumor infiltration of the cervical trachea or the upper esophagus respectively the level VI should be included in the CTV (Table 6). All hypopharyngeal tumors has a high probability of ipsilateral paratracheal NM, for which reason this region should be included in the CTV [3,7,36]. As for patients with tumors of the oral cavity the level IIb must not be included in the CTV for patients with N0 as suggested by Robbins et al. [18]. Histopathologic evaluation showed level I involvement for tumors of the pharyngeal wall in association with involvement of other levels (N+ disease) [20]. The prevalence of level V NM is only in N+ patients high enough to encompass this region in the CTV [20]. For all tumors of the pharyngeal wall the retropharyngeal LN should be included in the CTV [7].
Squamous cell cancer of the larynx
The lymphatic drainage of the larynx is different for the supraglottic and subglottic region (Figure 6). The supraglottic endolarynx drains to level IIA, LN infrahyoidei and level II, whereas the subglottic endolarynx drains to level VI (especially LN prelaryngeales, pretracheales, paratracheales) and level IV (Table 6). The glottic region has few lymph vessels, which drain to both regions [6,12-14,21,30]. The reported overall incidence for NM varies between 26% and 55% [7,22]. Especially the supraglottic larynx has a rich lymphatic drainage, resulting in a high incidence of occult cervical metastases [37]. The number of occult NM is about 20% [4,21]. Even the glottic region has few lymph vessels; the number of NM for advanced tumors adds up to 32% [21]. The number of NM in level II, III and IV is very high for all laryngeal cancers [4,6,22,38]. Especially supraglottic tumors are at risk for crossed lymphatic drainage. The mechanism by which this occurs is still debatable [6]. As for patients with tumors of the larynx the level IIb must not be included in the CTV for patients with N0 as suggested by Robbins et al. [18]. Laryngeal tumors has a high probability of paratracheal NM, especially tumors with subglottic extension, for which reason this region should be included in the CTV [3,7,36]. Even for N+ patients the involvement of level I is very rare and can be omitted [7,38].
Squamous cell cancer of the nasopharynx
The lymphatic vessels drain mainly to the LN retropharyngeales, level IIA and VA. Inconsistent channels can drain to the LN parotidales [6,30]. Squamous cell tumors of the nasopharynx show a very high rate of NM in 80% of the patients [7]. Even for N0 patients the incidence of NM in the bilateral level IIA, IIB, III, IV, VA and VB is high and should be included in the lymphatic CTV (Table 6) [6,7,39]. The lymph vessels in the retropharyngeal region are often crossing the sides. Accordingly the number of contralateral NM (30%) is very high in patients with nasopharyngeal cancer [6,7,35] and should be included in the lymphatic CTV.
Other tumors of the head and neck region
The distribution of cervical NM from primary parotidal carcinoma is rarely reported. Hence there is no consensus as to which extent the cervical level should be irradiated. Chrisholm et al. [40] found in the ipsilateral level I to V more than 20% NM each. Therefore all these level should be encompassed in the CTV (Table 7).
Squamous cell carcinomas in other location in the head and neck regions are rarely reported and all present analyses bases on small patient groups. Our suggested guidelines contribute mostly on anatomic lymph drain and medical experience. Because of the high overall incidence (<30%) of ipsilateral NM in squamous cell cancer of the maxilla, treatment of the ipsilateral neck should be considered even in cases with a negative clinical examination [41,42] (Table 7). Patients with auricular squamous cell carcinoma present NM in 10%-30% of the cases [43-45]. Clark et al. [44] found, that the parotid gland was the commonest side of node metastases, followed by LN retroauriculares and level II, III and V (Table 7). For the treatment of thyroid carcinoma the level II, II and IV show a high incidence of NM [46].
Tumors of the skin
The curative treatment of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma with N0 status mostly includes no treatment of the lymph node regions because of insufficient evidence [47]. For patients with clinical or histological affected lymph nodes the CTV should encompass the lymph node regions listed in Table 8, but at least the affected lymph node region with one additional region. For melanomas the affected lymph node region and two additional regions should be encompassed in the lymphatic CTV. The lymph from the medial eyelid drains to the LN submandibulares and LN faciales, whereas the lymph from the lateral eyelid drains to the LN parotidei profundi and superficiales (Table 8, Figure 11) [12]. The lymph of the upper lip flows to the LN submandibulares and the lymph of the lower lip flows also to the LN submentales with possible crossing of the sides. The anterior parts of the ear drain to the preauriculares, the lower parts to the LN cervicales laterales superficiales and the posterior parts to the retroauriculares LN. The lymph vessels of the forehead and temple run to the LN parotidei superficiales and the lymph vessels of the parietal part of the scalp to the LN retroauriculares. The occipital scalp is drained by the LN occipitales. The dorsal and lateral neck regions have outflow to the LN cervicales posteriors profundi as well as to LN cervicales laterales superficiales. The lymph of the ventral parts of the neck flows to LN cervicales anteriores superficiales and forwards to the LN pre- and paratracheales. The skin of the supraclavicular region drains to LN jugulares.
Figure 11. Lymph drain from the skin outlines as a schema on a capital view (for the systematic listing see Table 2): LN preauriculares (yellow, cranial), LN infra-/intraparotidei (light green), LN parotidei superficiales (pink, cranial), LN facials (brown), LN submentales (pink, ventral), LN submandibulares (dark blue), LN retroauriculares (rose), LN cervicales laterales superficiales (cyan cranio-dorsal), LN occipitals (grey), LN cervicales posteriores profundi (yellow, dorsal), LN ventrales jugulares superiores (orange), LN jugulares mediales (dark green), LN jugulares inferiores (cyan, caudo-ventral), LN cervicales anteriores superficiales (yellow, ventral).
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
HV carried out the literature review, performed the statistical analysis and the typing. CFH participated in the design and coordination of the analysis and the writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
These guidelines do not intend to give any recommendation for the optimal treatment strategy. Physician will have to weigh available data on patterns of lymph node infiltration for various locations, grad and extent of the primary, organ infiltration, probability of treatment morbidity, extent of NM etc. The review did not analyse the post-operative situation.
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Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999, 37:175-180. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Som PM, Curtin HD, Mancuso AA: An imaging-based classification for the cervical nodes designed as an adjunct to recent clinically based nodal classifications.
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Remmert S, Rottmann M, Reichenbach M, Sommer K, Friedrich HJ: Lymph node metastasis in head-neck tumors.
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Poon I, Fischbein N, Lee N, Akazawa P, Xia P, Quivey J, Phillips T: A population-based atlas and clinical target volume for the head-and-neck lymph nodes.
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Bussels B, Hermans R, Reijnders A, Dirix P, Nuyts S, Van den Bogaert W: Retropharyngeal nodes in squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx: incidence, localization, and implications for target volume.
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Feng FY, Kim HM, Lyden TH, Haxer MJ, Feng M, Worden FP, Chepeha DB, Eisbruch A: Intensity-modulated radiotherapy of head and neck cancer aiming to reduce dysphagia: early dose-effect relationships for the swallowing structures.
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Chone CT, Crespo AN, Rezende AS, Carvalho DS, Altemani A: Neck lymph node metastases to the posterior triangle apex: evaluation of clinical and histopathological risk factors.
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Montes DM, Carlson ER, Fernandes R, Ghali GE, Lubek J, Ord R, Bell B, Dierks E, Schmidt BL: Oral maxillary squamous carcinoma: An indication for neck dissection in the clinically negative neck.
González-García R, Naval-Gías L, Sastre-Pérez J, Rodríguez-Campo FJ, Muñoz-Guerra MF, Usandizaga JL, Díaz-González FJ: Contralateral lymph neck node metastasis of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: a retrospective analytic study of 203 patients.
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Yen TC, Chang JT, Ng SH, Chang YC, Chan SC, Wang HM, See LC, Chen TM, Kang CJ, Wu YF, Lin KJ, Liao CT: Staging of untreated squamous cell carcinoma of buccal mucosa with 18F-FDG PET: comparison with head and neck CT/MRI and histopathology.
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Susquehanna Bank recently added a series of online educational videos to our website, including a couple on the importance of managing credit. We were looking for someone to "test-drive" the videos, and figured a college student might be a good choice. So we turned to our fall intern, Brielle. Let's find out what she learned.
A guest blogger submission by Brielle, a college senior:
I used to ask myself, "Why is good credit important?" After checking out some of the information from Susquehanna Bank's website, I'm getting the picture. Unfortunately, there are many people who do not.
I recently visited several peers at a local university and learned the group was raised with a very limited knowledge of credit. For example, one student paid the minimum on a credit card bill for almost a year because he was unaware of the consequences; he has now spent over twice the initial amount because of interest fees. In addition, he has lowered his credit score.
Fortunately, knowledge of building good credit is increasing. Susquehanna Bank recently released an interactive way to learn about credit-building skills. Videos such as "Building Good Credit" and "Understanding Your Credit Score" are now available on Susquehanna's Website. These videos discuss important information, such as:
- Why paying your credit card bill on time contributes to a higher credit score
- How good credit lowers costs for car insurance, minimizes hassles when applying for an apartment, and opens doors of opportunity to receive better loans
- Where you can receive free credit reports and how to read them
These educational videos can be used as a resource to get started learning the basics of credit. There are many more videos on various financial topics also available on the bank's website.
Although many people understand it is important to have good credit, how to achieve this standing may be an even more important concept to grasp. Building credit and being able to understand a credit report are important skills to have in order to make the most of your future financial opportunities.
Our thanks to Brielle for reviewing two of our new online videos and for her work in our Communications Department this semester!
Do you have tips that have helped you effectively manage credit? If so, let us know and we'll share them with other readers.


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Dr. Agnes Berecz has presented at the 2009 association of Art Historians Conference, Manchester, England and the 2008 College Art Association Conference, Dallas Texas. Published an Art Journal, winter 2008 and Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin.
Dr. Praveen K. Chaudhry and Marta Vanduzer-Snow editors, The United States and India : a history through archives: the formative years. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, 2008
Brenda Cowan introduced the FIT Exhibition Design program at the 2007 EDPA annual conference on Marco Island
Stephan Kanlian awarded the 2007-08 State University of New York Chancellor's Award for Excellence in Teaching
Dr. Katherine Janszky Michaelsen "The Three Cultures: Reconciliation of Science, Humanities/Art and Religion," Oxford Round Table lead by Richard Dawkins, Harris Manchester College, Oxford, 2009. Guest Lecturer Istanbul Technical University, 2007 and 2008.
Denyse Montegut presented Characterization and Identification of Faux Suede Materials at the 36th annual conference of The American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works held at Stanford University (2007)
Sheri Pasquarella Recent Publications include "Art, Egalitarianism, Capitalism: The First Public Debate on the American Art Market 1827-1833," 2010, "Zhang Huan Stopped by Chuck Close's New York Studio," 2009.
Lucille Roussin presentations to the Appraisers Society of America, Archaeological Institute of America, the College Art Association. Published in The International Lawyer, Yearbook of Cultural Property Law and Cardozo Public Law, Policy and Ethics Journal.
Martha Schwendener critical art reviews for The New Yorker, The New York Times, and Artforum, Critic-in-residence, Art Omi.
Andrew Weinstein "The Holocaust, Art, and Taboo - Transatlantic Exchanges on Ethics and Aesthetics of Representation," University of Hamburg Conference 2008.
Melanie Reim 2006 Fulbright Scholar, 2011 SUNY Chancellor's Award for Faculty Service, 2012 President's Award for Student Centeredness
2008 Pamela Ellsworth and Melanie Reim collaborative project with support from the Teaching Institute, "Hong Kong Factory Reportage."


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Weather Blog
Why I like summer... and Flash Flood Awareness
LaShaun shares why he likes summer... and we cover our first topic for severe weather awareness week.
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What about when a black hails a taxicab and the driver passes him up and picks up a white passenger down the street? Is that racism? Many people assume that it is but it might not be any different from a physician using race and sex as an estimator for some other characteristic. Ten years ago, a black D.C. commissioner warned cabbies, most of whom are black, against picking up dangerous-looking passengers. She described dangerous-looking as a "young black guy ... with shirttail hanging down longer than his coat, baggy pants, unlaced tennis shoes." She also warned cabbies to stay away from low-income black neighborhoods. Cabbies themselves have developed other profiling criteria.
There is no sense of justice or decency that a law-abiding black person should suffer the indignity being passed up. At the same time, a taxicab driver has a right to earn a living without being robbed, assaulted and possibly murdered. One of the methods to avoid victimization is to refuse to pick up certain passengers in certain neighborhoods or passengers thought to be destined for certain neighborhoods. Again, a black person is justifiably angered when refused service but that anger should be directed toward the criminals who prey on cabbies.
Not every choice based on race represents racism and if you think so, you risk misidentifying and confusing human behavior. The Rev. Jesse Jackson once said, "There is nothing more painful for me at this stage in my life than to walk down the street and hear footsteps and start thinking about robbery -- then look around and see somebody white and feel relieved."
"Dilbert" creator Scott Adams: Trump is landing "linguistic kill shots" that will sweep him to the presidency | Allahpundit
Revealed: Russian incursion into Syria that caught U.S. intelligence off-guard was, er, planned months ago | Allahpundit


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Nagios/Icinga meets Nabaztag
Since i have my Nabaztag-Bunny i ever wanted to use it for my Icinga notifications. I've found a perl script on the internet. But that one just sent out a message and not used LED flashing or ear movements also provided by the Nabaztag-API.
So I've wrote my own notification script in PHP. You can download it here: notify-by-nabaztag.php
You can watch a video demonstrating it in action here in the following embedded Windows Media Player or at YouTube
The script is quite simple. It's need two arguments. The first one is the message for the TTL (text-to-speech) and the second one is the "notification type". The notification type is either the service or host state (OK, WARNING, CRITICAL, UNKNOWN, UP, DOWN, UNREACHABLE).
Depending on the notification type the bunny is flashing in a different color and moves it's ears to another position:
|flashing green, ears going up
|flashing yellow, both ears are moved to the front with an angle of 45┬░
|flashing red, ears going down
|flashing blue, one ear to the front, one to the back, each with an angle of 45┬░
You can configure the voice which should be used inside the script. I propose to use a US/UK one because the states are in English too. I think the script should be self-explaining. If not, just leave an comment.
When you already have Nagios/Icinga up and running you should also know how to add an new notification command. Otherwise here are the basic steps (assuming you are running Icinga within /usr/local/icinga):
1. We need php-cli installed so we can run the script on the CLI. Depending on your distro run on of the following commands
aptitude install php-cli
yum install php-cli
2. Download the script to your libexec-Directory:
wget http://www.sperrgebiet.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/notify-by-nabaztag.txt -O /usr/local/icinga/libexec/notify-by-nabaztag.php
3. Add a host and service notification command. If you want a more detailed output just add it to the right position. You'll find all available Macros at http://nagios.sourceforge.net/docs/3_0/macrolist.html
vim /usr/local/icinga/etc/objects/commands.cfg
# 'notify-service-by-nabaztag' command
define command{
command_name notify-service-by-nabaztag
command_line /usr/bin/php $USER1$/notify-by-nabaztag.php "Monitoring Notification: $NOTIFICATIONTYPE$ on $HOSTNAME$ (Hostalias is $HOSTALIAS$) with Service: $SERVICEDESC$. Current servicestate is $SERVICESTATE$" $SERVICESTATE$
# 'notify-host-by-nabaztag' command
define command{
command_name notify-host-by-nabaztag
command_line /usr/bin/php $USER1$/notify-by-nabaztag.php "Monitoring Notification: $NOTIFICATIONTYPE$ on $HOSTNAME$ (Hostalias is $HOSTALIAS$). Hoststate is $HOSTSTATE$" $HOSTSTATE$
4. I've created a new time period, because I don't want that my bunny is talking to me during the night
vim /usr/local/icinga/etc/objects/timeperiods.cfg
# 'nabazhours'
define timeperiod{
timeperiod_name nabazhours
alias Where my nabaztag is active
monday 06:00-23:00
tuesday 06:00-23:00
wednesday 06:00-23:00
thursday 06:00-23:00
friday 06:00-23:00
saturday 08:00-23:00
sunday 08:00-23:00
5. After that a new contact is created which use the above added notification commands and the right time period
vim /usr/local/icinga/etc/objects/contacts.cfg
define contact{
contact_name nabaztag
use generic-contact
alias My Bunny
service_notification_commands notify-service-by-nabaztag
host_notification_commands notify-host-by-nabaztag
service_notification_period nabazhours
host_notification_period nabazhours
6. We should have enough time to run a config-check
/usr/local/icinga/bin/icinga -v /usr/local/icinga/etc/icinga.cfg
7. When no errors or warnings appear reload Nagios/Icinga and wait till problem occur
/etc/init.d/icinga reload
Hope everything works as expected and you'll find this script useful. Have fun with Nagios/Icinga and your Bunny. JYou might also be interested in
5 Comments
Karo - February 24, 2010 at 10:19 pm
Hans, that is very very cute and I had to tweet this! Now I just have to convince my colleague to want one too:-) Take care! Karo
Scott Evans - February 25, 2010 at 11:50 am
Such a great use of this product! Oh and using Icinga make you super cool !!!
Network Monitoring Software - March 22, 2010 at 2:14 pm
[...] sperrgebiet's world: Nagios/Icinga meets Nabaztag [...]
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text:
Operation "Clean Sweep" was held Saturday, July 20 in Sedalia. Shown are the many participants in the event. Approximately 60 volunteers gathered to help in the thirrd neighborhood cleanup event. The area covered was the north-central portion of Sedalia.
Support came from volunteers throughout Sedalia and groups from Whiteman Air Force Base and the Pettis County Democrat Club. Organizations who assisted by donating services and items included McDonald's Restaurant, The Salvation Army, Waterloo Industries, Starbucks, PROP and the Sedalia Parks Department. Councilmen participating were Mayor Horn, Mayor Pro-Tem Bob Cross, First Ward Councilman Steve Galliher and Fourth Ward Councilman Tolbert Rowe.
At the end of the clean-up event, a large picnic was held at Hubbard Park. It was arranged for debris not picked up on Saturday due to the large volume to be picked up on Monday, July 22. Photo courtesy Gary Edwards.


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Did Penny Sabotage Mary Beth on 'Food Network Star'? (VIDEO)
Albright said having Davidi as a sous-chef would be "highly distracting," and she was right. The judges were all distracted by Davidi's snail pace, as was Albright. "At this point, Penny is costing me more time than she is saving me," said Albright. The judges asked Alton Brown to talk to Davidi. "Do you normally work at this kind of leisurely pace?" he said. Davidi reacted with mock surprise, and said she was being methodical, not leisurely. "You know, it seemed leisurely, which in Kitchen Stadium, often results in losing," said Brown.
He was right. Albright did wind up leaving 'Food Network Star,' no thanks to Davidi. Fans of the show, do you think Davidi deliberately sabotaged Albright? Let us know in the comments.
'The Big Bang Theory' - 'The Spaghetti Catalyst' Recap
The episode felt somewhat low-key, particularly after three weeks of no 'BBT.' Obviously, after the break-up in the last episode (which can be subtitled 'Wil Wheaton Is Evil'), there is nowhere to go between Leonard and Penny but up.
Maxim-um Penny as 'Big Bang Theory' Star Does Photo Shoot
These photos, which aren't too shocking or revealing, just very sexy and suggestive -- the full set is here -- do fall into the category of cheesecake. Perfect for an actress/waitress working at The Cheesecake Factory, right?
'Big Bang' Bazinga! Could Sheldon Be Gay?
Lorre told Michael Ausiello in Entertainment Weekly that Sheldon's focus is not on the physical; it's on physics. And when Ausiello asked 'Big Bang Theory' star Jim Parsons what he thought, Parsons said that the object of Sheldon's affection would be the Nobel Prize, not another human being. Hearing the word that Dr. Sheldon Cooper has been awarded the Nobel Prize in theoretical physics would be Sheldon's turn on. "That's the warm embrace that he longs for," said Jim.
Is it a Big Bang surprise for Sheldon?
For the record, in the 18-49 rating, Big Bang had a 5.7; Men had a 5.1. In total viewers, the Chuck Lorre comedy hour of Men and Bang drew approximately 15 million watchers. Now, if you're curious about the upcoming episode, read on. However, if you don't want to be spoiled or listen to some speculation, stop here.
Who's the bad guy on Lost - Ben Linus or Charles Widmore?
On one hand, Ben has done so many evil things that it's hard to see him as a good guy, and killing John Locke last week was probably the ultimate proof that Ben-haters have to name him as the bad guy. But he has also helped the islanders at several points (though we still haven't found out if he's doing that for his own reasons), and is it possible that he killed Locke himself because Locke has to die but can't kill himself for some reason? It's going to be interesting to see Ben wake up from his nap on that bed and see Locke alive again (or will he be surprised)?
Smallville: Mercy
Deal or No Deal? No Deal!
OK, yeah, I sat through the new NBC game show hosted by Howie Mandel. Supposedly it's the #1 game show around the world right now, but I just don't get it. I mean, it's a simple enough game, and it's possible to win a boatload of cash, but it really gets tedious after about, oh, 20 minutes.
There are 26 models on stage, each holding a suitcase. Each suitcase has an amount of money in it, ranging from a penny to $1,000,000. The contestant picks a suitcase, which is brought down to them and sits next to them while they play the game. The contestant keeps picking suitcases to see the amounts inside, and during the game a mysterious banker calls Howie and makes the contestant an offer for her suitcase. This continues on and on and on until you want to hurt someone.
Not only did the first contestant take too many illogical chances, but the whole bit with the banker is ridiculous. Great models though.
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text: Trap Category page Create Classic editor Talk0 This page needs content. You can help by adding a sentence or a photo. Add to this page!orSearch for "Trap" "The trap seems to be nothing more than a solid, if rails-free bridge over a dark cavern. DC 10... Slip And Slide And Burn (3.5e Equipment) "Summary::The Rolling Pin Trap gives you a choice of being run over, or drowning, with no place... Rolling Pin Tunnel (3.5e Equipment) "Summary::The players aren't afraid of a simple pit trap, at least not until this one. The trap... Dork In A Bottle (3.5e Equipment) Pages in category "Trap" The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total. D Dork In A Bottle (3.5e Equipment)R Rolling Pin Tunnel (3.5e Equipment)S Slip And Slide And Burn (3.5e Equipment) Retrieved from "http://dungeons.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Trap"


text:
Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Columbia Rehabilitation is located at the address 852 Commerce Ave in Longview, Washington 98632.
Columbia Rehabilitation has an annual sales volume of 100M+. .For more information contact Doug Raney, Manager or go to www.peacehealth.org
For maps and directions to Columbia Rehabilitation view the map to the right. For reviews of Columbia Rehabilitation see below.
Be the first YellowBot user to add photos or videos of Columbia Rehabilitation
Women's Health & Continence Therapy, Total Joint Replacement Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine & Athletic Training, Speech Therapy, Pilates, Physical Therapy, Physical Therapists, Pediatric Therapy, Physical Capacity Evaluation & Work Hardening, Orthopedic & Spine Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Neurologic & Stroke Rehabilitation, Hand Therapy, Cardiac/Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Aquatic Therapy
Peacehealth St John Medical Center Rehabilitation is located on 852 Commerce Ave in Longview. Peacehealth St John Medical Center Rehabilitation offers a number of products and services, which include Pilates, Occupational Therapy, Occupational Health, Occupational Therapy, Physical Therapy, Hand Therapy, Physical Therapy, Work Injuries, Auto Accidents, Speech Therapy, Industrial Rehabilitation,...
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Jonas BrothersItem #: HL.00306947
Our Price:
Unrated ( Be the first to review this item )
by Hal Leonard
As performed by Jonas Brothers.
PVG Personality. Arrangements for piano and voice with guitar chords. With Softcover. 9x12 inches. 96 pages. Published by Hal Leonard. (HL.00306947)
Free Shipping on this item in orders above $199
In Stock
Found in: Pop Songbooks
Our matching folio to the 2007 sophomore release from this New Jersey trio of teen siblings features all 14 songs from the album: Australia · Games · Goodnight and Goodbye · Hello Beautiful · Hold On · Hollywood · Inseparable · Just Friends · Kids of the Future · S.O.S. · Still in Love with You · That's Just the Way We Roll · When You Look Me in the Eyes · Year 3000.
Songs Include:


text:
The Garretts are everything the Reeds are not: loud, numerous, messy, affectionate. And every day from her balcony perch, 17-year-old Samantha Reed wishes she was one of them...until one summer evening, Jase Garrett climbs her terrace and changes everything. As the two fall fiercely in love, Jase's family makes Samantha one of their own. Then in an instant, the bottom drops out of her world and she is suddenly faced with an impossible decision. Which perfect family will save her? Or is it time she saved herself?
©2012 Huntley Fitzpatrick (P)2013 Tantor
"Very Sweet"
What a great book! Samantha and Jase were absolutely adorable, good, hardworking, very mature 17 year olds. The Garrett brood were so cute and hilarious particularly little George. This story will teach you the importance of family, friendship, love, and doing the right thing. Being truthful even if it means to lose what you love and that some people are willing to stick by you no matter what. I would have given this 5 stars but I felt the end was somewhat abrupt. I hope there is a sequel to see how things turn out for Samantha and Jase, the Senator, the Garrett's and all the rest of the clan.
Such a great story for any age. Loved these characters. Didn't want the book to end. Loved George and all the chaos next door.
"Very enjoyable!"
I really enjoyed this! I prefer for my books to not stereotype Republicans, so I took off a star. The narrator did a great job!
"Good but odd part."
In chapter 7 or 8 or something, the chapter begins and ends with the exact same paragraphs, but other than that, it was okay.
Not a professional reviewer, just a woman who loves to read and talking about books.
"Really Adored the Garrett's..."
Loved the Garrett's
None. I'm just starting to get contemporary more, so I have no comparisons yet.
Only thing that I disliked about the performance was how "breathy" the narrator was. Other than that, it wasn't bad. It did help me get through the book, especially some of the slower parts of the book.
A wonderfully chaotic, happy mess!
Very much worth giving it a try!
"I've had better"
The book itself wasn't bad, it just wasn't that good. I didn't enjoy the narration very much. I don't really know who this would appeal to more.
Most interesting...hmmm. Probably for me the outsiders view of people with large families. I come from a family of five kids, so not quite as big as the family in this story, but I remember being surprised in school when I told people how many siblings I had and them commenting that it was a lot. But we never really got comments from others like this family did, although I have close friends who have had that experience with their six kids. The least interesting to me... I guess maybe her relationship with her shallow little best friend. And I cringed every time they said her name. Nan, Nano, Nanny...ugh, sorry but it was annoying the way they used it.
I don't know who specifically, but someone a little younger sounding and someone with a little more inflection in their voice. I thought she was a tiny bit monotone.
A lot of the parts with Nan.
Report Inappropriate Content
If you find this review inappropriate and think it should be removed from our site, let us know. This report will be reviewed by Audible and we will take appropriate action.


text:
By: Denise Tiran, RGN, RM,ADM, MTD, PGCEA
Category: Books
This is the most detailed and research-based book available on aromatherapy aimed specifically at those caring for pregnant and childbearing women, especially midwives and aromatherapists. Building on the success of the last edition, this book contains new and expanded information on physiology related to obstetrics, the principles of safe use of essential oils for pregnant and childbearing women, and infant massage. Thoroughly revised and updated to include the latest information on aromatherapy, essential oils, and massage for pregnancy, childbirth, and the post-natal period.


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How do solar pumps
What happens when it's cloudy?
How reliable are solar pumps?
Who can benefit from solar pumping?
How much total dynamic head can
a Lorentz pump do?
How much water can a Lorentz pump?
Do Lorentz pumps use batteries?
Are Lorentz pumps suitable for liquids other than water?
What kind of weather conditions can a Lorentz pump stand?
How much does a Lorentz pump cost?
What kind of maintenance does a Lorentz need?
How long will a Lorentz pump last?
Do Lorentz pumps come with a warranty?
Where do I go to buy parts for my Lorentz pumps?
My Lorentz isn't pumping as much as I expected. How can I get more water out of it?
Can I have my Lorentz pump turn off automatically?
What is the difference between a fixed and a tracking array?
What effect does adding a tracker to my array have?
Am I eligible to receive a government rebate when I buy a Lorentz pump?
Where should I install my solar
Does my solar array need to be on a pole?
What is total dynamic head? Why is it
What is insolation?
What is voltage?
What is current?
What is power?
What is a kilowatt-hour?
What is the difference between connecting panels in series and parallel?
A solar pump is essentially an electric pump attached to a standalone power supply. There are generally four parts:
When clouds pass in front of the sun, the intensity of light falling on the solar panels decreases. The solar panel will not be able to produce as much power as during full sun. This is the reason for the pump control - it senses the drop in power caused by a cloud, and reduces the current the motor draws to keep the maximum amount of power flowing.
Controllers are essential for most solar pumping systems because they maximise the power from the modules going to the motor. Acting like a gearbox in a car, they vary the current to the motor in the same way a gearbox varies the revs to the wheels. The pump will continue to work at a lower speed but water will still be pumped.
Under all but the heaviest of clouds, your pump will continue to function. As a general rule, if there is enough sunlight to cast a shadow then there will be enough power for the pump to run only with a reduced flow rate. Pumps with helical rotor wet ends are particularly good at operating under cloud or low sunlight conditions.
Solar pumps are being recognised as achieving "gold standard reliability" for moving water. The design of a solar pump minimises moving parts. By minimising moving parts wear is localised to just a few components and breakdowns become very infrequent. This means that a solar pump, once set up correctly, can run for many years with minimal intervention. This is not to say that they require zero maintenance: it pays to periodically check your solar pump components for wear and replace them before a breakdown occurs.
Solar pumps can benefit anyone who regularly needs to move significant amounts of water, without having access to metropolitan or town scheme water. This may include homeowners on rural or semi-rural properties, farmers who need to water livestock and irrigate crops, small communities that may wish to raise their water supply to improve pressure and nowadays mining and industrial applications are becoming more frequent. Solar pumps see service in all of these scenarios and more.Who is Lorentz?
LORENTZ is a global leader in solar-operated pump systems and considered one of the leading manufacturers in the field. The German engineered range of pumps is regarded as having superior quality, durability and efficiency. Our local service partners maintain a close link to the customer and guarantee professional support, installation and maintenance.
There really is no limit except for the cost. The different Lorentz models have different capabilities. In general, there is a compromise between the head that is required to be overcome and the amount of water that can be pumped during a period of time. The Lorentz pump portfolio spans a nominal power range from 0.15 kW to 21 kW, covering lifts of up to 350 m and flow rates of up to 130m3/h.
In practice, you are not limited by the amount of TDH you need to overcome. To pump higher heads, multiple pumps can be daisy-chained together.
The amount of water that a Lorentz will pump depends on the pump model and the total dynamic head (TDH) that needs to be overcome. To find out exactly how much water can be pumped in your application, contact your local Lorentz dealer.
The use of batteries with solar pumping systems is avoided. Batteries are inefficient, expensive and can significantly increase the cost of a solar pump system. Batteries prefer constant temperatures to get the best life out of them. In the remote locations solar pumping systems are used expensive enclosures are required to keep temperatures constant. Often it makes more sense to invest the money spent on batteries and enclosures on additional tank capacity that can be drawn upon through the evening.
Some Lorentz systems utilisetracking systems. Trackers are powered by a small 12 volt battery which are trickle-charged by the solar panels. Tracking system batteries tend to enjoy long life, as they are rarely discharged more than a few percent from maximum capacity.
We do not recommend using a Lorentz to pump liquids other than water. Corrosive liquids will degrade and eventually destroy your pump. Highly viscous liquids such as oil can foul the pumping mechanism and significantly reduce performance.
You may use a Lorentz to pump to move brackish or dirty water, however you may reduce the pump's life by doing so. If you must pump water containing particulates, we recommend performing more frequent maintenance. If you have any concerns regards water quality contact your nearest Lorentz dealer to assess your application.
Lorentz pumping systems are designed to operate out in the open, under intense sun or heavy rain, or in high winds for years on end. All materials used in the construction are suitable for many years of operation in the Australian environment.
Should you be in a cyclone zone or extreme weather area consult your Lorentz dealer for information specific to your requirement.
There are many different pump packages available to suit your water pumping needs.System costs start from $2000. The benefit in installing a solar water pump is that the upfront costs are once-off, with very little ongoing costs. This compares favourably with diesel or petrol-powered pumps in the long term - they have low up-front cost but incur very significant ongoing costs. Solar panels have halved in cost in the last 12-18 months and it is anticipated that panel costs and solar pumping equipment will continue to decrease as the uptake of these items continue to increase. When was the last time you heard fossil fuels will become cheaper? How can you afford not to have a solar pump?
Maintenance schedules vary depending on the duty and water qualities involved. Submersible pumps will benefit from being removed from the bore and checked on an annual basisOnly the mechanical parts of a solar pump require maintenance. The solar panels and electronic components are maintenance-free: you can expect your solar panels to deliver power reliably for over 25 years without any form of maintenance being required.
Most solar pumps work for around 2,500 hours per year. Maintenance cost depends on the size and type of system -you should allow $ 200.00 to $ 500.00 per annum over the life of the system for replacement of system components as they wear.
Different parts of your pump will have different life spans. The solar panels are designed to last for over 25 years before needing replacement. Electronic components will last at least 10 years. Mechanical parts will require regular replacement of bearings and bushings around every 5 years to maintain optimum operation.
Lorentz pumps are sold with a 24month warranty on parts.
Lorentz replacement parts are available from dealers located across Australia.Solco carries acomplete stock of Lorentz components and spare parts. We have distribution centres in Perth, Melbourne and Brisbane.
In most instances, more water can be pumped by increasing the solar power installed - adding more solar panels. Whether your pump can be upgraded depends on the model and the way it is configured. Often, adding an incompatible component to your pump can degrade performance instead of enhancing it. Locating the bottleneck in your pumping system is a job for experienced personnel - we strongly recommend that you contact your local dealer to discuss your needs before attempting to reconfigure your pump.
Yes. All Lorentz pump systems are supplied with a lowlevel switch to sense when your bore or water supply runs dry, protecting the pump. Additionally, you may wish to include a tank-full mechanism that senses when the delivery tank is full, again turning off the pump. These mechanisms automatically allow the pump to restart when the water level leaves a full or tank or returns to an empty water source.
A tracking solar array changes its angle in an east-west direction throughout the course of the day so that it faces directly at the sun at all times.
The amount of power produced by a solar module is affected by the angle that the light hits the surface. When light hits the solar cell surface at a low angle, it is more 'spread out', so that less light falls on the array's surface area. A tracker ensures that light always falls on the array at the best angle possible.
A fixed array does not adjust its angle dynamically. A fixed array may, however, be angled in a north-south direction towards the sun's winter or summer path through the sky and adjusted manually (2 or 4 times a year) to catch the sun better at these times.
Tracked arrays require fewer solar panels to output the same amount of energy over the course of the day compared to a fixed array. This reduces solar panel costs, however there are initial and ongoing costs associated with fitting and maintaining the tracking hardware.
Tracking arrays produce more power and thus more water as compared to fixed array of the same size. In bright sunlight a tracking array can provide up to 40% more power over the course of the day. The difference is most notable in the morning and afternoon: the water pump will start pumping earlier and finish pumping later, and pump greater volumes during the early and late hours.
Trackers are less effective in cloudy weather: the cloud diffuses the incoming sunlight, which hits the array from many angles at once instead of from a single bright spot in the sky.
Am I eligible to receive a government rebate when I buy a Lorentz solar pump system?
The federal government encourages the use of renewable energy systems in areas off the main power grid and may provide a rebate for your Lorentz pump system. The rules surrounding the rebate program are detailed and will not apply to all solar pump installations. We urge you to visit ORER and read the rebate guidelines to determine whether you qualify.
The sun powers your pump via the solar array. If your array falls under shade at any time the power it can produce will be markedly reduced. Shade on even a small part of the array will reduce power disproportionally and may cause the pump to stop working. For this reason, your array should be sited in an area that is guaranteed to receive sun for as much of the day as possible, all year round. Take note of the location of trees that may grow tall enough to shade the array in the future and locate the array accordingly.
Try to find a location for the array near the pump motor, but note that the array does notneedto be sited near the motor. The array can be located hundreds of metres away from the pump , but electrical wiring will need to be sized carefully so that power is not lost in transit - volt loss. The further your array is from the pump motor the higher gauge wire you will require, and the cost you incur will rise accordingly.
Your solar array is mostly mounted on a single pole due to ease and speed of installation, to have above the height of most stock, and to raise it above growing vegetation. If the array tracks the sun, the pole is also required to provide a range of movement. Your solar array should always be fenced to keep stock away.
A thin film of dust on your solar array will not significantly affect its operation. Rain, especially on dry ground, kicks dust into the air in thick globules that will affect your solar array's performance if allowed to accumulate. The pole raises the array above this airborne dirt, representing a maintenance-free way of keeping your array clean.
Whether you adjust your array seasonally depends on your water needs. Most arrays will be tilted in a north-south direction to provide the best flow for summer (this will be 10° from horizontal from low latitude up to about 33° latitude and will vary at higher latitudes), because that is when most people need water the most. This tilt angle does not provide the best flows in winter, however, and some applications require a more consistent year-round flow. There are a few different ways to manage seasonal sun-angle variation:
Note: we have used "summer", "equinox" and "winter" angles here - the exact angle depends on your location.
Total dynamic head (TDH) is a measure of how much force your pump needs to exert to move water. TDH is a combination of hydraulic head and friction loss.
Hydraulic head is the force required to lift water against gravity. Water in any section of pipe is weighed down by all the water above it. The further your water inlet is below your outlet, the more hydraulic head (measured in metres, kilopascals or pounds per square inch) needs to be overcome.
Friction loss refers to the fact that as water moves through a pipe, it has to slide along the walls of the pipe. Although water is slippery, there is still some friction to be overcome. The smaller the pipe diameter, the faster the water is moving. Therefore, more friction loss is experienced and the pump requires more power to operate effectively. The situation is complicated by turbulence in the water at high flow rates, and the presence of any elbows in your pipe system, where water must change direction quickly.
Insolation is a measure of the intensity of sunlight, and this light intensity is converted directly into electric current by solar cells. The figure commonly quoted is that 1000 watts of light power fall on every square metre of ground. This is not the case for most locations at most times. Latitude, time of the year, time of the day, shade and cloud all have an effect on insolation levels in your location.
When you specify a TDH and flow level required for a solar pump, we use the Bureau of Meteorology's average insolation figures for your area to figure out how much solar power to include to meet your needs.
Voltage is a measure of how much energy an electric current has.
Electricity is essentially a flow of electrons. You can think of it as a flow of water. When electrons have high energy they are said to have high voltage. High voltage electrons are able to travel more easily through a conductor such as a wire or the windings in a motor, producing larger currents and more power.
Current is a measure of the rate of flow of electricity.
Electricity is essentially a flow of electrons. You can think of it as a flow of water. Current is a measure of how many electrons are travelling through a wire at any one time. Thinking of water, a low current is like a creek, where high current is like a river. Higher currents correspond to higher power in electrical devices.
Power is a measure of the rate of energy conversion.
Electricity is essentially a flow of electrons. Every electron has energy, called the voltage. The amount of electrons flowing is called the current. The energy (voltage) in each electron added up for all the electrons in an electric current tells us how much energy the current has as a whole. Power is a measure of how much of this energy moves through a device every second.
A motor, for example, converts the energy in an electric current into rotary movement. The amount of energy it converts every second is the motor's power consumption.
A kilowatt-hour is a unit of energy.
Power, or energy converted per second, is measured in watts. A kilowatt is 1000 watts, which is roughly the power consumption rate of devices like electric water heaters, fridges, microwaves and kettles. A kilowatt-hour refers to a 1000 watt device operating continuously for 1 hour.
A 500 watt solar pump will produce a kilowatt-hour of electrical energy every 2 hours or around 2.5 kilowatt-hours every day.
Energy is often measured in kilowatt-hours because it leads to convenient numbers. For example, we might just as easily measure energy in watt-seconds, but now the solar pump above is producing 9,000,000 watt-seconds of energy per day. Most people find it easier to think in smaller numbers.
If you are on scheme power your power bill will quote the average number of 'units' you use every day. These units are actually kilowatt-hours.
There are two ways of connecting solar panels together: series and parallel.
When you connect solar panels in series, the positive cable from one panel is connected to the negative cable of another. The voltage of the two panels combined is the sum of the voltage from each panel, whereas the current is not affected.
When you connect solar panels in parallel, the positive cable from one panel is connected to the positive cable of another, and the negative cable is attached to the negative (you will need a couple of double-adapters, as the cable ends are keyed to only connect positive to negative). The two panels together can deliver the sum of the currents of each, though the voltage remains unaffected.
Thus, to increase the voltage of a solar array, you connect panels in series. To increase the current, you connect panels in parallel. Doing either increases the power delivered by the array, since power=voltage x current.
The voltage that a solar array is allowed to deliver is limited by safety concerns. As voltage increases, electricity becomes more dangerous. Thus, cables are often connected in series up to a maximum safe voltage, then to increase power, sets of panels already connected in series are connected in parallel to increase the current the array is able to deliver. Such arrangements are often referred to as 'strings'.
Care must be taking to match panels when they are being connected together. When panels with different current ratings are connected in series, the set will only be able to deliver the current of the lowest-rated panel, which not only wastes power, but may overload the limiting panel. If panels or sets of panels with different voltages are connected in parallel, a current will flow between them, potentially damaging one or the other.


text:
BROADVIEW HEIGHTS -- Police say they have now charged a Brooklyn Heights man in an April 23 accident on I-77 near state Route 82 where two people were killed.
Police charged Antony O'Neal Ford, 22, with aggravated vehiular homicide, aggravated vehicular assault, reckless operation of a vehicle and and two counts of driving with a suspended license.
He was in court Wednesday and bond was set at $25,000, which Ford posted.
Broadview Heights police said their reconstruction of what happened, physical evidence and witness statements determined that Ford would be charged.
The multiple-car accident resulted in the deaths of David Starr, 33, of Barberton, and Gail Bradley, 57, of Medina. Other drivers were also injured.
Police say Ford and Starr were both driving southbound on I-77 and Ford admitted to police that he was "swerving in and out of traffic due to admitted impatience," according to the newly released police report.
Ford struck Starr's vehicle first, setting off a chain of events where vehicles in both the southbound and northbound lanes were affected.
Ford made an initial court appearance on April 30. The judge set bond at $25,000.