text:
The Clearinghouse on International
Developments in Child, Youth and Family Policies
(Last updated November 2007)
Republic of India, commonly known as India, is a sovereign country
in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical
area, the second most populous country, and the most populous
liberal democracy in the world. The Indian Peninsula forms a rough
triangle framed on the north by the world's highest mountains, the
Himalayas, and on the east, south, and west by oceans. India has a
coastline of over seven thousand kilometres, bounded by the Indian
Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of
Bengal on the east. India borders Pakistan to the west, China,
Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to
the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri
Lanka, Maldives and Indonesia. The majority of this land area is
to the Indus Valley civilization and a region of historic trade
routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with
its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history.
Four major world religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism
originated here, while Islam, Christianity, Judaism and
Zoroastrianism arrived in the first millennium CE and shaped the
region's variegated culture. Gradually annexed by the British East
India Company from the early eighteenth century and colonised by
Great Britain from the mid-nineteenth century, India became a modern
nation-state in 1947 after a struggle for independence marked by
widespread use of nonviolent resistance as a means of social
the world's 4th largest economy in purchasing power and the 12th
largest by exchange rates, India has made rapid economic progress in
the last decade. Although the country's standard of living is
projected to rise sharply in the next half-century, it currently
battles high levels of poverty, illiteracy, persistent malnutrition,
and environmental degradation. A pluralistic, multi-lingual,
multi-ethnic society, India is also home to a diversity of wildlife
in a variety of protected habitats.
is the largest democracy in the world. The Constitution defines
India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. India
has a federal form of government and a bicameral parliament
operating under a parliamentary system. It has three branches of
governance: the Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary.
President of India is the official head of state elected indirectly
by an electoral college for a five-year term. The Prime Minister is,
however, the de facto head of government and exercises most
executive powers. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President,
with the requirement that they enjoy the support of the party or
coalition securing the majority of seats in the lower house of
Parliament. As of April 2007, the President of the country was Dr.
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam and the prime minister was Dr. Manmohan Singh.
legislature of India is the bicameral Parliament, which consists of
the upper house called the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), and the
lower house called the Lok Sabha (House of People). The Rajya Sabha
has up to 250 members serving staggered six year terms. Most are
elected indirectly by the state and territorial legislatures in
proportion to the state's population. The Lok Sabha's 545 members
are directly elected by popular vote to represent individual
constituencies for five year terms.
executive branch consists of the President, Vice-President, and the
Council of Ministers (the Cabinet being its executive committee)
headed by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must
be a member of either house of parliament. In the Indian
parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the
legislature, with the Prime Minister and his Council being directly
responsible to the lower house of the parliament.
India's independent judiciary consists of the Supreme Court, headed
by the Chief Justice of India. The Supreme Court has original
jurisdiction over disputes between states and the Centre, appellate
jurisdiction over the twenty-one High Courts of India, and the power
to declare union and state laws null and void if in conflict with
the basic structure of the Constitution of India.
Local Administration
is a union of 28 states and 7 union territories. The form of state
governments in India is generally modeled after that of the central
government. The states each have a legislature invested with the
governance of state affairs. The union territories of Delhi and
Pondicherry also have their own legislatures.
most of its post-independence history, India adhered to a
quasi-socialist model, with strict government control over private
sector participation, foreign trade, and foreign direct investment.
However, since 1991, India has gradually opened up its markets
through economic reforms and reduced government controls on foreign
trade and investment. Foreign exchange reserves have risen from
US$5.8 billion in March 1991 to US$177 billion in January 2007,
while federal and state budget deficits have reduced. Privatisation
of publicly-owned companies and the opening of certain sectors to
private and foreign participation has continued amid political
a GDP growth rate of 9.2% in 2006, the Indian economy is among the
fastest growing in the world. It has the world's fourth largest GDP
at US$4.042 trillion as measured by purchasing power parity (PPP).
India's per capita income (PPP) of US$3,700 is however ranked 117th
in the world. When measured in terms of USD exchange-rate, India's
GDP is US$785.47 billion, which makes it the twelfth largest economy
in the world. India's diverse economy encompasses traditional
village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of
modern industries, and a multitude of services. Services are the
major source of economic growth, though two-thirds of the workforce
is in agriculture. In 2005, services contributed the largest portion
(60.7%) to the GDP followed by industry (19.3%) and agriculture
(19.9%). Wealth distribution in India, a developing country, is
fairly uneven, with the top 10% of income groups earning 33% of the
has a labour force of 509.3 million, 60% of which were employed in
agriculture, 12% in industry and 28% in services in 2003.
Unemployment was estimated at 7.8% in 2006 down from 9.2% in 2004
(unemployment rates of some neighboring countries in 2006 were:
Malaysia – 3.5%, Thailand – 2.1%, and Bangladesh – 2.5%). Women make
up 22.7 percent of the total labor force. [CIA World Fact book,
Informal or unorganized sector workers dominate the Indian labor
market and represent 90% of India's work force. India's unorganized
sector is one of the largest in the world. While in the rural areas,
agricultural workers form the bulk of the unorganized sector, in
urban towns and cities, contract, sub-contract and migratory
laborers make up most of the unorganized labor force.
Status of Women
than 50% (47.8%) of women 15 years and above were literate; female
youth literacy rate was at 68% in 2003. Female enrollment in primary
education was estimated to be 85% in 2001/02. In 2005, women held
8.3% of seats in the lower house, up from 5% in 1990. 11.6% of seats
in the upper house were held by women in 2005.
World Bank estimated that in 2003, 35% of India's population were
living on less than $1 a day (the threshold for severe poverty
established by the World Bank) and 80% of the population lives under
$2 a day (near poverty). The population with sustainable access to
improved sanitation increased from 12% in 1990 to 30% in 2002.
Population with sustainable access to an improved water source also
increased from 68% in 1990 to 86% in 2002.
major causes for poverty have been: high level of dependence on
primitive methods of agriculture, rural urban divide, 75% of indian
population depends on agriculture whereas the contribution of
agriculture to the GDP is 20%, and while services and industry have
grown at double digit figures, agriculture growth rate has dropped
from 4.8% to 2%.
Efforts to alleviate poverty have been initiated by the Government
of India since the early 1950s. The most important initiative has
been the supply of basic commodities, particularly food at
controlled prices, available throughout the country as poor spend
about 80 percent of their income on food.
Programmes like Food for work and National Rural Employment
Programme have attempted to use the unemployed to generate
productive assets and build rural infrastructure. Other anti poverty
programs include Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme.
August 2005, the Indian Parliament passed the Rural Employment
Guarantee Bill, the largest programme of this type in terms of cost
and coverage, which promises 100 days of minimum wage employment to
every rural household, in 200 of India's 600 districts. The question
of whether economic reforms have reduced poverty or not has fueled
debates without generating any clearcut answers, and has also put
political pressure on further economic reforms, especially those
involving downsizing of labour and reduction of agricultural
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number of federal Ministries are involved in child and family
welfare policies. They include:
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most distinctive characteristic of the civil society initiatives and
the non-government sector in India is that the discourses and
actions belonging to this realm are not directed towards the
installation of democracy or a normatively appropriate form of
government; they are in fact, directed towards making the democratic
system live up to its ideals.
Political participation in India has been transformed in many ways
since the 1960s. New social groups have entered the political arena
and begun to use their political resources to shape the political
process. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, previously excluded
from politics because of their position at the bottom of India's
social hierarchy, have begun to take full advantage of the
opportunities presented by India's democracy. Women and
environmentalists constitute new political categories that transcend
traditional distinctions. The spread of social movements and
voluntary organizations has shown that despite the difficulties of
India's political parties and state institutions, India's democratic
tendency continues to thrive.
Though the term NGO became popular in India only in the 1980s, the
voluntary sector has an older tradition. The earliest forms of
voluntary organizations were started by Gandhi to fill in the gaps
left by the government in the development process. Volunteers
organized handloom weavers in villages to form cooperatives through
which they could market their products directly in the cities.
Similar cooperatives were later set up in areas like marketing of
dairy products and fish. In almost all these cases, the volunteers
helped in other areas of development - running literacy classes for
adults at night, for example.
Beginning in the 1970s, activists began to form broad-based social
movements, which proved powerful advocates for interests that they
perceived as neglected by the state and political parties. Perhaps
the most powerful ones have been: the Farmers' movement, which
organized hundreds of thousands of demonstrators in New Delhi and
pressured the government for higher prices on agricultural
commodities and more investment in rural areas; the Dalit movement,
which brought together members of Scheduled Castes led by the Dalit
Panthers, to rearticulate the identity of former Untouchables; the
Women's movement that mobilized women from an array of diverse
organizations to define and promote women's issues; and, more
recently, an Environmental movement that has attempted to compel the
government to be more responsive to environmental concerns and has
attempted to redefine the concept of "development" to include
respect for indigenous cultures and environmental sustainability.
proliferation of voluntary or nongovernmental organizations in 1980s
also led to their becoming a specialized group. Task-oriented and
driven by people with a common interest, NGOs perform a variety of
service and humanitarian functions, bring citizen concerns to
Governments, advocate and monitor policies and encourage political
participation through provision of information. Some are organized
around specific issues, such as human rights, environment or health.
While most of the NGOs work at the grassroots level with
communities, some provide analysis and expertise, serve as early
warning mechanisms and help monitor and implement international
typical forms of NGOs in India are: Advocacy NGOs; consultancy
organizations, Research Organizations: training / Capacity Building
Organizations; networking Organizations: mother NGOs: which receive
funds as well as disburse funds; grassroots organizations: city
based organizations:National and international organizations: Self
Help Groups: and religious NGOs: A large percentage of NGO Funding
goes to religious based Organisations. e.g. Siddhivinayak Trust in
Mumbai. .
number of NGOs in India was estimated to be over 2 million in 2005.
To some extent, the rise of voluntary organizations has been
sponsored by the Indian state. For instance, the central
government's Seventh Five-Year Plan of fiscal years 1985-1989
recognized the contributions of voluntary organizations in
accelerating development and substantially increased their funding.
obtain funding from three different areas: the Government, the
public at large and foreign development agencies. A 1987 survey of
1,273 voluntary agencies reported that 47 percent received some form
of funding from the central government. Voluntary organizations also
have thrived on foreign donations, which in 1991-92 contributed more
than US$400 million to some 15,000 organizations. More recent
studies estimate that NGOs in India receive half a billion dollars a
year in foreign funding, making these international donations the
largest single source of funding for the non-government sector in
a population growth rate of 1.44%, India adds more people to the
world than any other country and accounts for 21% of the annual
increment in world population. Despite a steadily decreasing
total fertility rate (from 6 in 1947 to 2.73 in 2006), the
population growth rate has not declined at the same pace (from
1.8% in 2000 to 1.38% in 2006). Infant mortality rate has
declined from 129 per 1000 live births in 1970 to 55 per 1000
live births in 2006 and life expectancy at birth has risen from
41 years in 1951 to 65 years in 2006.
India has a relatively young population with a median age of 25
years. In 2006, the 0-14 age group comprised 31% of the
population, the 15-64 age group comprised 64% and the population
and the 65 and above age group comprised 5% of the population.
The sex ratio of the population has declined from 951 females
per 1000 males in 1950 to 933 females per 1000 males in 2000.
The Child Sex Ratio (0-6 years) is considered a better indicator
(than sex ratio of the population) of the status of girl
children in the South Asian environment which is hostile to
females in the early ages. India has shown a disturbing decline
of eighteen percentage points in the Child Sex Ratio between
1991 (945 per 1000 males) and 2001 (927 per 1000 males). Three
main factors that are responsible for this decline are
sex-selective abortion, female infanticide and
neglect/discrimination of girl children in India.
India has a diverse religious and ethnic population. The three
main ethnic groups are the Indo-Aryans (70%), the Dravidians
(25%) and the Mongolians (3%). The religious groups in India
comprise Hindus (81%), Muslims (12%), Christians (2%), Sikhs
(2%) and Buddhists, Jains and Parsis (3%). Eight hundred
distinct languages are spoken in the Indian sub-continent
[Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia, 2005].
Social protection/social security is listed in the Concurrent List
of the Constitution and is the responsibility of both the Centre and
the States. The task of providing meaningful social security
continues to be challenging in view of financial as well as
operational constraints, high incidence of poverty, unemployment,
illiteracy and the large size of the unorganized/informal sector.
formal social security system is comprised of private sector schemes
of the Employees Provident Fund Organization (EPFO); public sector
pension schemes; and voluntary savings schemes. The EPFO, a federal
government agency, administers and supervises a defined contribution
(DC) scheme - the Employees' Provident Fund (EPF), established in
1952, a defined benefits (DB) Employees' Pension Scheme (EPS),
established in 1995, and an Employees Deposit Linked Insurance
Scheme (EDLI), established in 1976. All its schemes are for
organized sector employees, covering establishments employing 20 or
more persons and recognized as a government organization,
educational institution, or enterprise registered under Indian
Factories, Bidi and Cigar Workers, Co-operative Societies and
Provident Funds Acts. This sector comprises a mere 10% of the total
work force. The remaining 90% employed in the unorganized sector do
not have access to any social security benefits.
Unorganized sector employment comprises (a) self-employment in
informal enterprises (small or unregistered)- including employers,
employees, own account operators and unpaid family workers and (b)
wage-based employment undertaken without an employment contract in
both informal and formal sector enterprises.
of the States/Union Territories have pension schemes for the old and
disabled, but due to eligibility criteria of income and age, only
about 9% of the old-age population have the benefit of a pension. In
the last few years, group insurance schemes for landless
agricultural laborers, life insurance scheme for Integrated Rural
Development Program (lRDP) beneficiaries and group insurance for
certain categories of workers belonging to weaker sections of the
society have been introduced. The coverage under permanent social
security measures, however, continues to be small.
Government does not demonstrate a strong commitment to children's
rights and welfare. According to the Government's statistics from
2003, 165 million of the 200 million children between the ages 6-14
(82.5%) attend school. In contrast to the Government's figures,
UNICEF reported that of a primary school-age population of
approximately 203 million, approximately 120 million children
attended school. However, UNICEF reported that 76.2 percent of all
children aged 11 to 13 years were attending school. A significant
gender gap existed in school attendance, particularly at the
secondary level, where boys outnumbered girls 60 to 40 percent,
according to the latest government statistics released in 2001.
law prohibits child abuse; however, there were societal patterns of
abuse of children, and the Government did not release comprehensive
statistics regarding child abuse. In July, 2007 the Delhi High Court
ruled that victims of child abuse should not be examined in an open
courtroom and should be allowed to give testimony in a cordial and
friendly environment. The court also stated that a victim's father
could be present and that the lawyer of the accused could not
directly question the child. Abuse of children in both public and
private educational institutions was a problem. Schoolteachers often
beat children.
Child Marriage Restraint (Amendment) Act prohibits child marriage, a
traditional practice in the northern part of the country, and raised
the age requirement for marriage for girls to 18; however, the
Government has failed to enforce the Act. Each year in April and
May, during the Hindu festival of Askhay Tritiya, thousands of child
marriages are performed in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and
Rajasthan. Although state governments conduct awareness campaigns,
enforcement is weak, and the practice is accepted in certain
Maternity Benefits Act, 1961, entitles every woman working in the
organized sector to a fully paid leave for a period of 12 weeks. Of
this 6 weeks are to be taken before the birth of the child and 6
weeks immediately after the birth of the child. To be entitled to
this, a woman must have worked for 80 days prior to the date of her
expected delivery. In the case of a miscarriage, a woman is entitled
to a total of 6 weeks of paid leave from the day of the miscarriage.
For any illness arising out of pregnancy, delivery, miscarriage or
premature birth, a woman can take leave for one additional month.
history of early childhood education in India dates back to the
1890s, when kindergarten was started in the country. Despite an
early start, early childhood education activities remained
scattered, concentrated in urban settings, restricted to certain
regions in the country, and confined to those who could afford such
services. It was not until the creation of the Central Social
Welfare Board in 1953 that the national government started playing a
role on a broader scale. The board sponsored voluntary agencies that
would set up balwadis (kindergartens) for the children of the less
privileged. The objective of the program was to shift the focus
towards rural areas and the poor and to emphasize the integral
development of the child rather than preschool education alone.
1974, the national government launched the Integrated Child
Development Services (ICDS), India's flagship Early Childhood Care
and Education program and the world's largest attempt to provide a
package of services to the most vulnerable sectors of the
population. The initiative started with 33 modest projects reaching
about 150,000 young children. Today, it has expanded to nearly
700,000 anganwadis (child-care centers) in almost every block in the
country. It is estimated that the program reaches over 23 million
children (under the age of 6) from disadvantaged groups. Of these,
10,2 million (between the ages of 3-6, participate in center-based
pre-school learning activities. However, barely one-fourth of these
children are covered under the supplementary nutrition component of
the program.
program concentrates on urban slums, tribal areas and the more
remote and backward rural regions of the country.
ICDS Package consists of the following basic services:
focal point for the delivery of these services is the anganwadi
(courtyard garden), a term borrowed from the simple child care
centre which could be run in the courtyard of any village home. The
anganwadi worker, the key worker and first paraprofessional in the
child care service, is usually a local woman. She is considered a
community worker earning a small honorarium for the services she
renders to the community. The cost of the ICDS program averages
$10-$22 per child a year.
Early Childhood Coordination Mechanisms in India
National Standing
Committee for Early
Childhood Education
Department of Elementary
Education and Literacy,
Ministry of Human
Members of the Departments of
Health, Women and Child
Development, National
Institute of Public Cooperation
and Child Development,
National Council for
Educational Research and
Training, National Institute
of Educational Planning and
Administration, and
representatives of civil society
To address the coordination
issue in early childhood
education on a
permanent basis
Evaluation studies have found that, despite some unevenness in the
quality of services, the ICDS program has had a positive impact on
the survival, growth, and development of young children. For
example, a study conducted in rural areas of three southern states
(Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka) found that the program
had a significant impact on the psycho-social development of
children, for both boys and girls. The study also showed that
undernourished ICDS beneficiaries attained higher developmental
scores than well-nourished children who were not enrolled in the
program. A national study conducted in 1992 by the National
Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development confirmed the
positive impact of ICDS. Where the program was operating, there were
lower percentages of low-birth-weight babies, lower infant mortality
rates, higher immunization coverage, higher utilization rates for
health services, and better child nutrition. Further, the percentage
of severely malnourished children declined, the positive effects of
preschool were evident, and a larger percentage of mothers were
getting their children medically examined. Over the last three
decades, ICDS has demonstrated its effectiveness. Consequently, the
Government of India has renewed its commitment to making the program
universally available in order to achieve equality of opportunity
for all Indian children.
of the population in India is literate. More men are literate
(65.5%) than women (47.7%). The literacy rate in India is much below
that of other Asian countries including the Philippines (94.6%),
Singapore (93.5%) and Indonesia (83.3%). The disparity between the
literacy levels among men and women is very stark with female
literacy levels in India being among the lowest in Asia.
Elementary Education is recognized as a fundamental right of all
citizens in India. The Supreme Court of India in its judgment in
(1993) held that all citizens have a fundamental right to education
up to the age of 14 years. The Government of India then introduced
the 83rd Constitutional Amendment Bill in Parliament in 1997 to make
education a fundamental right of all children up to the age of 6-14
years. In accordance with the constitutional commitment, provision
of universal elementary education has been a salient feature of
National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986 and the Program of Action (POA)
1992. The most prominent and ambitious project is the Sarva Shiksha
Abhiyan (SSA) (Education for All Program) launched in 2001. The SSA
aims to achieve Universalisation of Elementary Education (UEE) to
all children in the 6-14 age group through a time bound integrated
approach (in partnership with states) by 2010.
government of India is currently in the process of formulating the
Right to Education Bill – 2005.
system is divided into preprimary, primary, middle, secondary (or
high school), and higher levels. Preprimary is usually composed of
Lower Kindergarten and Upper Kindergarten, where primary reading and
writing skills are developed. Primary school includes children of
ages 6 to 11, organized into classes 1 through 5. Middle school
pupils aged 11 through 14 are organized into classes 6 through 8,
and high school students ages 14 through 17 are enrolled in classes
9 through 12. Higher Education in India provides an opportunity to
specialize in a field and includes technical schools (such as the
Indian Institutes of Technology), colleges, and universities.
During the eighth five-year plan, the target of "universalizing"
elementary education was divided into three broad parameters:
Universal Access, Universal Retention and Universal Achievement i.e.
making education accessible to children, making sure that they
continue education and finally, achieving goals. As a result of
education programs, by the end of 2000, 94% of India's rural
population had primary schools within one km and 84% had upper
primary schools within 3 km. Special efforts have made to enroll
children belonging to Scheduled Castes, Schedule Tribes and girls.
Education is free and compulsory for all children between the ages
of 6 to 14. The enrollment in primary and upper-primary schools has
gone up considerably since the first five-year plan. So has the
number of primary and upper-primary schools. In 1950-51, only 3.1
million students had enrolled for primary education. In 1997-98,
this figure was 39.5 million. In 2002/2003, an estimated 82% of
children in the age group of 6-14 were enrolled. In 2000 an
estimated 95% of the rural population had a primary school within 1
km (0.62 miles) and about 85% population had a an upper primary
school within 3km (1.9 miles).
Government expenditure on Education increased from 3.7% of the GDP
in 1990 to 4.1% of the GDP between 2000 -2002. However public
expenditure on education (as % of total government expenditure)
increased only slightly during this period from 12.2% to 12.7%.
Between 2000/2002, 38.4% of government expenditure on education was
spent on pre-primary and primary education (a decline from 38.9%
spent in 1990); 40.1% was spent on secondary education (a large
increase from 27% spent in 1990) and 20.3% was spent on tertiary
education (an increase from 14.9% spent in 1990). Nearly 97% of the
Central Government expenditure on elementary education goes towards
the payment of teachers' salaries.
1979-80, the Government of India, Department of Education launched a
program of Non-Formal Education (NFE) for children of 6-14 years age
group, who cannot join regular schools. These children include
school drop-outs, working children, children from areas without easy
access to schools etc. The initial focus of the scheme was on ten
educationally backward states. Later, it was extended to urban
slums, hilly, tribal and desert areas in other states as well. The
program is now functional in 25 states/UTs. Hundred percent
assistance is given to voluntary organizations for running NFE
National Health Policy 2002 (NHP-2002) was formulated with the main
objective of achieving an acceptable standard of good health amongst
the general population of the country. The approach it adopted was -
increase access to the decentralized public health system by
establishing new infrastructure in deficient areas, and by upgrading
infrastructure in existing institutions. Overriding importance was
to be given to ensuring a more equitable access to health services
across the social and geographical expanse of the country. Emphasis
was also given to increasing the aggregate public health investment
through a substantially increased contribution by the Central
Government. This initiative was expected to strengthen the capacity
of the public health administration at the State level to render
effective service delivery. The contribution of the private sector
in providing health services was also to be much enhanced,
particularly for the population group which can afford to pay for
services. It stated that primacy would be given to preventive and
first-line curative initiatives at the primary health level through
increased sectoral share of allocation. Emphasis would also be laid
on rational use of drugs within the allopathic system. It also
ensured increased access to tried and tested systems of traditional
investment in health (as a percentage of GDP) increased from 5.1% in
1998 to 6.1% in 2002. Of this, public expenditure on health was 1.3%
of GDP and private expenditure on health was 4.8%. The NHP-2002
planned to increase health sector expenditure to 6 percent of GDP,
with 2 percent of GDP being contributed as public health investment,
by the year 2010. Under the constitutional structure, public health
is the responsibility of the States. In this framework, it is
expected that the principal contribution for the funding of public
health services will be from the resources of the States, with some
supplementary input from Central resources. So far the contribution
of Central resources to the overall public health funding has been
limited to about 15 percent. The NHP-2002 plans to increase the
central government's contribution to 25 percent and the state
government's allocation to 8% by 2010.
early 1990s, the emphasis in health infrastructure has been towards
consolidation and operationalization, rather than on major expansion
of the infrastructure. The existing public health infrastructure is
far from satisfactory. Health care constraints include deficiency of
skilled personnel, lack of basic facilities and simple equipment,
etc. Also, staff shortages continue to plague the services at all
levels. A substantial part of the physical infrastructure has still
to be completed.
than one-quarter of the population now live in urban areas, with
about 40-50% of those in the metropolitan and large cities living in
urban slums, with primary health care provided by health posts. Very
often these health posts are outside slum areas, making access
difficult. They also lack basic drugs, equipment and technical
Health education and promotion has been an integral component of all
national health and family welfare programs. National health
programs are supported with health education and promotion
strategies and activities specifically designed to suit program
needs. Such national programs include those for leprosy eradication,
tuberculosis control, malaria eradication, and HIV/AIDS control, as
well as the national iodine deficiency disorder program and the
environmental health and sanitation program. NGOs and other
professional organizations have joined with government agencies all
around the country to improve health education.
health of children in India continues to be a matter of grave
concern, especially in a scenario of growing privatization of health
care services and increasing inaccessibility for the poor. While the
constitution lays down the responsibilities of the state with
respect to health care, there is no law addressing the issue of
public health. Children's health care needs continue to be in great
part dealt under the Reproductive and Child Health Program of the
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, with a focus on reproductive
health, safe motherhood and child survival. The other health needs
of children are addressed by the country's primary health care
system; with very little attempt to address these needs specifically
or separately. Even the National Health Policy of 2000 does not
mention children as a separate category.
Despite improvements in the health care system in the last 30 years,
lives continue to be lost to early childhood illnesses, poor or
inadequate new born care and childbirth-related causes. 63 infants
per every 1000 born alive die before the age of one in India. For
those who do survive, the prevalence of early childhood illnesses
poses a serious threat to their growth and development. More than
two million children are known to die each year from preventable
infections including measles and tetanus. In addition is the problem
of malnutrition, which severely affects a child's ability to learn
and grow. One in every three of the world's malnourished children
lives in India and about 50 percent of all childhood deaths in India
are attributable to malnutrition.
to their lower social status, girls are far more at risk of
malnutrition than boys their age. Although one of the major causes
for malnutrition is inadequate food intake, it is influenced by
other factors too such as the availability of health services and
access to them, the availability of care for the child and the
quality of care which are all extremely poor particularly in
far-flung rural areas of the country. [UNICEF, 2002]
has had a sharp increase in the estimated number of HIV infections,
from a few thousand in the early 1990s to around 2.5 million
children and adults living with HIV/AIDS in 2007. Earlier
estimates of 5.7 million people living with HIV/AIDS in India was
revised by the government and the UN in 2007 to less than half of
previous estimates. As a result, instead of having the largest
number of HIV/AIDS cases in the world, India is now in third place,
behind South Africa, with 5.5 million, and Nigeria, with 2.9 million
(NY Times, 2007) . With a population of over one billion, the HIV
epidemics in India will have a major impact on the overall spread of
HIV in Asia and the Pacific and indeed worldwide.
first case of HIV infection in India was diagnosed among commercial
sex workers in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, in 1986. Soon after, a number of
screening centers were established throughout the country. Initially
the focus was on screening foreigners, especially foreign students.
Gradually, the focus moved on to screening blood banks. By early
1987, efforts were made up to set up a national network of HIV
screening centers in major urban areas.
National AIDS Control Program was launched in 1987 with the program
activities covering surveillance, screening blood and blood products
and health education. In 1992 the National AIDS Control Organization
(NACO) was established. NACO carries out India's National AIDS
Program, which includes the formulation of policy, prevention and
control programs.
spread of HIV within the country is as diverse as the societal
patterns between its different regions, states and metropolitan
areas. In fact, India's epidemic is made up of a number of
epidemics, and in some places they occur within the same state. The
epidemics vary from states with mainly heterosexual transmission of
HIV, to some states where injecting drug use is the main route of
HIV transmission. Both tracking the epidemic and implementing
effective programs poses a serious challenge to the authorities and
communities in India.
would be easy to underestimate the challenge of HIV/AIDS in India.
India has a large population and population density, low literacy
levels and consequently low levels of awareness, and HIV/AIDS is one
of the most challenging public health problems ever faced by the
Obtaining data on the number of children orphaned by AIDS is
difficult. It is believed that the proportion of children in India
orphaned by AIDS is far lower than in sub-Saharan Africa but because
of India's huge population the actual number of children already
orphaned by AIDS is very high. In 2001 the number of orphaned
children was already estimated at 1.2 million. Although children are
not yet being orphaned by HIV/AIDS on a large scale in most cities,
studies have shown that the problem of orphans in some urban slum
areas of India is already severe.
children have always been a marginalized and vulnerable group in
Indian society. Prejudices against girls are reflected by indicators
such as female infanticide, child marriage of girls and the poor
male-female ratio in the country. In a concerted effort to correct
this trend, programs such as the Girl Development Program (GDP) and
the National Program for the education of girls at Elementary Level
(NPEGEL) have been initiated.
Constitution prohibits forced or bonded labor, including by
children; however, such practices remain widespread. The Bonded
Labor System (Abolition) Act prohibits all bonded labor by adults
and children. Offenders may be sentenced up to 3 years in prison,
but prosecutions are rare. Enforcement of this statute, which was
the responsibility of state and local governments, varies from state
to state and generally is not effective due to inadequate resources
and to societal acceptance of bonded or forced labor. NGOs estimated
that there were 20 to 65 million bonded laborers in the country,
including a large number of children. According to a Government
report, more than 85 percent of bonded laborers belonged to the
scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.
Female bondage, forced prostitution, and trafficking in women and
children for the purpose of prostitution are widespread problems.
According to press reports, prison officials use prisoners as
domestic servants and sell female prisoners to brothels. Devadasis,
defined as prepubescent girls given to a Hindu deity or temple as
"servants of God," are taken from their families and required to
provide sexual services to priests and high caste Hindus. Reportedly
many of the girls eventually are sold to urban brothels.
is no overall minimum age for child labor. However, work by children
under 14 years of age is barred completely in "hazardous
industries," which includes passenger goods and mail transport by
railway. In occupations and processes in which child labor is
permitted, work by children is permissible only for 6 hours between
8 a.m. and 7 p.m., with 1 day's rest weekly. In addition to
industries that utilize forced or indentured child labor, there was
evidence that child labor is used in the following industries:
Hand-knotted carpets; gemstone polishing; leather goods; and
sporting goods.
Government assists working children through the National Child Labor
Project, which is established in more than 3,700 schools. Government
efforts to eliminate child labor affect only a small fraction of
children in the workplace. A Supreme Court decision increased
penalties for employers of children in hazardous industries to $430
(Rs 20,000) per child employed, and established a welfare fund for
formerly employed children. The Government is required to find
employment for an adult member of the child's family or pay $108 (Rs
5,000) to the family. According to the South Asian Coalition on
Child Servitude, the authorities were pursuing some 6,000 cases
against employers.
Estimates of the number of child laborers vary widely. The 2001
census recorded 12.66 million working children between the ages of
five and 14, with 90 percent of the child workers from rural areas.
NGOs claim there were up to 115 million working children. The
proportion of working children to the child population between the
ages of five and 14, declined from 5.4 percent to 5 percent between
1991 and 2001. The government's national sample survey from 2004
estimated the number of working children in the age group of 5 to 14
at 16.4 million. The ILO estimated the number of child workers at 44
million. Most, if not all, of the 87 million children not in school
do housework, work on family farms, work alongside their parents as
paid agricultural laborers, or work as domestic servants. In April
2006, UNICEF reported that an estimated 14 percent of children
between the ages of five and 14 were engaged in labor. According to
the 2001 census figures, released in August 2005, out of 226 million
children aged 5-14, 65.3 million (29 percent) had not attended any
educational institutes. The census documented that children worked
in the informal sector, often in private homes, with the highest
rate (15 percent) in Uttar Pradesh. Unofficial sources claimed that
between 25 and 30 million children worked, mainly in the domestic
and agricultural sectors.
working conditions of domestic servants and children in the
workplace often amount to bonded labor. Children sent from their
homes to work because their parents cannot afford to feed them, or
in order to pay off a debt incurred by a parent or relative, have no
choice. There are no universally accepted figures for the number of
bonded child laborers. However, in the carpet industry alone, human
rights organizations estimate that there are as many as 300,000
children working, many of them under conditions that amount to
bonded labor. Officials claim that they are unable to stop this
practice because the children are working with their parents'
consent. In addition, there is a reasonable basis to believe that
products are produced using forced or indentured child labor in the
following industries: brassware; hand-knotted wool carpets;
explosive fireworks; footwear; hand-blown glass bangles; hand-made
locks; hand-dipped matches; hand-broken quarried stones; hand-spun
silk thread and hand-loomed silk cloth; hand-made bricks; and beedis
(hand-rolled cigarettes). A number of these industries expose
children to particularly hazardous work conditions. In 2000, the
Government issued a notification prohibiting government employees
from hiring children as domestic help.
enforcement of child labor laws is the responsibility of the state
governments; however, enforcement is inadequate, especially in the
informal sector in which most children are employed. In 2006, the
government passed a tighter ban on child labor which banned the
hiring of children under 14 to work in private homes as maids or in
restaurants and hotels as low-paid waiters. However, the continuing
prevalence of child labor is attributed to social acceptance of the
practice, the failure of the state and federal governments to
enforce compulsory education and child labor legislation, and
economic hardships faced by families.
Constitution and the Immoral Trafficking Prevention Act (ITPA),
supplemented by the Indian Penal Code, prohibit trafficking in human
beings, and the law contains severe penalties for violations;
however, trafficking in persons is a significant problem. The ITPA
toughened penalties for trafficking in children, particularly by
focusing on traffickers, pimps, landlords, and brothel operators,
while protecting underage girls as victims. Conviction for an
offense committed against a child (under 16 years) results in
imprisonment for 7 years to life. In the case of minors (16 to 18
years), the punishment is from 7 to 14 years. Other penalties under
the Act range from minimum terms of imprisonment of 1 year for
brothel keeping, to minimum terms of 7 years to life imprisonment
for detaining a person, with or without consent, for prostitution.
Although the police are charged with enforcing the country's laws on
prostitution and trafficking in women and children, NGOs, observers,
and women in prostitution say that police actions are often a part
of the problem. NGOs allege that corruption at the enforcement level
helps perpetuate trafficking.
is a significant source, transit point, and destination for numerous
trafficked persons, primarily for the purposes of prostitution and
forced labor. There were an estimated 500,000 child prostitutes
nationwide in 2004. More than 2.3 million girls and women are
believed to be working in the sex industry within the country, and
experts believe that more than 200,000 persons are trafficked into,
within, or through the country annually. Women's rights
organizations and NGOs estimate that more than 12,000 and perhaps as
many as 50,000 women and children are trafficked into the country
annually from neighboring states for commercial sexual exploitation.
According to an International Labor Organization (ILO) estimate, 15%
of the country's estimated 2.3 million prostitutes are children,
while the U.N. reports that an estimated 40% are below 18 years of
age. Tribals make up a large proportion of the women forced into
sexual exploitation.
is a destination country for Nepali and Bangladeshi women and girls
trafficked for the purpose of labor and prostitution. Internal
trafficking of women and children is widespread. To a lesser extent,
the country is an origin for women and children trafficked to other
countries in Asia, the Middle East, and the West. India also serves
as a transit point for Bangladeshi girls and women trafficked for
sexual exploitation to Pakistan, and for boys trafficked to the Gulf
States to work as camel jockeys. NGOs report that sexual
exploitation of children for sex tourism has increased sharply in
the states of Goa and Kerala.
Trafficking of children for commercial sexual exploitation from
Nepal and from Bangladesh is estimated at 6,000 to 10,000 annually
from each country. Girls as young as 7 years of age are trafficked
from economically depressed neighborhoods in Nepal, Bangladesh, and
rural areas of the country to the major prostitution centers of
Mumbai, Calcutta, and New Delhi. NGOs estimate that there are
approximately 100,000 to 200,000 women and girls working in brothels
in Mumbai and 40,000 to 100,000 in Calcutta. In West Bengal, the
organized traffic in illegal Bangladeshi immigrants is a principal
source of bonded labor. Calcutta is a convenient transit point for
traffickers who send Bangladeshis to New Delhi, Mumbai, Uttar
Pradesh, and the Middle East.
Within the country, women from economically depressed areas often
move into the cities seeking greater economic opportunities, and
once there are often forced by traffickers into prostitution. In
some cases, family members sell young girls into prostitution.
Extreme poverty, combined with the low social status of women, often
results in parents handing over their children to strangers for what
they believe is employment or marriage. In some instances, parents
receive payments or the promise that their children would send wages
back home.
indigenous tribal women are forced into sexual exploitation.
According to the Indian Center for Indigenous and Tribal Peoples,
more than 40,000 tribal women, mainly from Orissa and Bihar, are
forced into economic and sexual exploitation; many come from tribes
driven off their land by national park schemes. A Haryana-based NGO
revealed widespread trafficking of teenaged girls and young boys
from poverty-stricken Assam to wealthier Haryana and Punjab for
sexual slavery under the pretext of entering into arranged marriages
or for forced labor.
National Council of Women (NCW) reported that organized crime plays
a significant role in the country's sex trafficking trade and that
trafficked women and children are frequently subjected to extortion,
beatings, and rape. Although a few women are abducted forcibly or
drugged, most are trafficked through false offers of marriage,
employment, or shelter. Poverty, illiteracy, and lack of employment
opportunities contribute to the trafficking problem as well as
police corruption and collusion. NGOs allege that issues such as
ignorance, a lack of political resolve, and corruption at the
enforcement level perpetuate the problem.
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act formulated in
2000 lays down guidelines for the adjudication and disposition of
matters relating to persons under the age of 18 in conflict with the
law. As per the guidelines, the federal Ministry of Social Justice
and Empowerment provides 50% assistance to state governments for the
establishment and maintenance of infrastructure that provide a
minimum standard of juvenile services and ensure that juveniles
offenders never have to be lodged in prisons.
Protection and Care of Street children and abused and neglected
children is also elaborated under the Juvenile Justice Act, 2000.
There are two federally run programs for street children - an
integrated program for street children and a 24-hour child helpline.
Integrated Program for Street Children (IPSC) attempts to protect
children without homes and family ties such as, street children,
children of sex workers, children of pavement dwellers, who are
especially vulnerable to abuse and exploitation by providing them
shelter, nutrition, health care, education, and recreational
facilities. Some of the initiatives undertaken under IPSC include:
non-formal education and school-enrollment; reintegration of
children with their families; and placement of destitute children in
foster homes; vocational training; and occupational placement of
children. Shelters for street and abused and neglected children
counsel children, to prevent them from engaging in drug abuse and
getting infected with HIV/AIDS.
Research and Reported by Manita C. Rao
Demographic Profile of India (2000), Population Resource Center,
Available on the World Wide Web at
Chakrabarthi, Dhar P.G. (2001), Gender Inequality and Social Policy
in India, International Sociological Association Annual Conference
Research Committee 19 on Poverty, Social Welfare and Social Policy.
Retrieved from the World Wide Web, September 2004 at:
World Fact Book (2007); Country Profile: India, Central Intelligence
Agency, USA. Available on the World Wide Web at
Karunarathne, Wasana and Goswami, Ranadev, Reforming Formal Social
Security Systems in India and Sri Lanka, International Social
Security Review, Vol. 55, 4/2002. International Social Security
Association, 2002.
at Risk: Declining Child Sex Ratio in India, Swedish South Asian
Studies Network, Available on the World Wide Web at
Matthew, George, Some Basic Facts About India (1991). Available on
the World Wide Web at
Traditional Treatment Methods in India. Available on the web at
Anupama, Health Care Scenario in India, Health Care Marketing – A
Study of Tellicheery Co-operative Hospital, Chapter 2 (2001).
Available on the World Wide Web at
Sunil, And What About India Languishing (2004). Available on the
World Wide Web at
Indian Child (2001). Available on the World Wide Web at
Trends in Sex Ratio in India and Selected Countries: 1950 – 2000.
Census Bureau of India, Government of India.
Swaminathan, Mina (1991); Training for Childcare Workers in India;
Consultative Group on Early Childhood Care and Development; Action
for Childcare and Education Services; Retrieved from the World Wide
Web at
Department of State (2007); India: Country Report on Human Rights;
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor; US Department of State;
Washington D.C. ; Retrieved from the World Wide Web at
Country Health Profile – India (1998), Regional Office for
South-East Asia, World Health Organization, Retrieved from the World
Wide Web at
India; Human Development Report (2003); United Nations Development
Program; Retrieved from the World Wide Web at
and AIDS in India (2005); AVERT.org; Retrieved from the World Wide
Web at
Ministry of Human Resource Development (2000), Education for All –
The Year 2000 Assessment Report- India; Department of Education,
Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India
UNICEF (2002); India: Early Years; UNICEF; Retrieved from the World
Wide Web at


text:
Whether you're a recent college graduate or an experienced professional- landing a job in today's economy is hard. But fortunately there are tricks to getting the interview- and tricks to getting the job.
"I'm a believer in hiring for attitude and training for skills," says Bruce Zanca, SVP, Chief Marketing and Human Resources Officer.
To get hired or even get the interview it's important to use your referral network.
"When you're looking for something you should tell everyone that you know, everyone in your professional and personal network that you're looking for a job. And you should ask them after you've talked to them, to introduce you to other people."
By doing this you're opening up doorways of communication and opportunities.
Another important factor to be aware of is your cover letter.
"In the cover letter what you want to be able to do is to have the essence of who you are as a candidate and what you bring." "I want to see things in the kind of lead in the cover letter, not what you're looking for but what you can bring to the job."
Include things like work ethic, your proven track record, and personality attributes that would work well with their open position.
After you have your cover letter written for the appropriate job, then you can work on your resume.
"I think too many people make the mistake in a resume of just putting the chronological experience of the position they've had but it doesn't give the target audience an impression of who they are and what they can bring to it."
Explain what you did at your last position and include numbers and statistics to back it up. Also include projects you completed.
When your networking skills, resume and cover letter land you the interview, make sure you're prepared.
"It amazes me how many people come to an interview and don't know anything about the company. I'm always impressed if someone comes and says, oh I looked on your LinkedIn profile and I saw your background and oh, I see that you've worked with so and so for a long time."
And have questions and a brand statement about yourself ready for the end of the interview.
"If you don't get asked the question that you want, you can answer their question and then bridge to your communication objective about telling who you are."
For more information about getting a job and preparing for an interview, check out Bankrate.com. I'm Theresa Heintz.
Looking to save money? Jean Chatzky shares an easy way to save without squeezing your budget.
Money is the top reason why couples break up. Follow these tips to merge your finances the right way.
The power of financial literacy: Learn how to make the most of your money.
Research shows the way you pay bills can be directly related to your happiness.
Do you have enough in savings to pay for an unexpected emergency?
Bankrate.com's Greg McBride helps a man and his family get on track to save for his retirement.
Are you reluctant to negotiate a medical bill? Here are some tips to help you slash those costs.
You may be tempted to tap your retirement funds for an emergency, but there are good reasons to avoid it.
What is the biggest fear when it comes to retirement? Jean Chatzky hits Times Square to find out the answer.
Bankrate wants to hear from you and encourages thoughtful and constructive comments. We ask that you stay focused on the story topic, respect other people's opinions, and avoid profanity, offensive statements, illegal contents and advertisement posts. Comments are not reviewed before they are posted. Bankrate reserves the right (but is not obligated) to edit or delete your comments. Please avoid posting private or confidential information, and also keep in mind that anything you post may be disclosed, published, transmitted or reused. We do not permit the inclusion of hyperlinks in comments and may remove any comment that includes a hyperlink.
By submitting a post, you agree to be bound by Bankrate's terms of use. Please refer to Bankrate's privacy policy for more information regarding Bankrate's privacy practices.
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Congressional testimony on Volkswagen's diesel emissions issue includes how it will fix cars, the timing of the repairs and what owners can expect afterward.
... Read more

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Harrington Hits out at Tighter Tour Rules; Golf
Byline: GRAHAM OTWAY
PADRAIG Harrington is on a collision course with the European Tour over proposals to tighten up its membership rules for next year.
The Irish triple Major winner is angry at plans that could force him to play more tournaments in Europe in 2010.
He even hinted he would legally test the new regulations under the European Union's freedom of trade and eZSmployment laws.
Harrington spoke out after the tour's all-powerful players' committee met in St Andrews last week to debate the qualifications for next year's Race to Dubai.
Committeemen were furious that US tour stars such as Anthony Kim, Camilo Villegas and Geoff Ogilvy could qualify for this year's record 7.5million-dollar bonus pool in the desert without having played a tournament in Europe.
When the committee meets again in Portugal in two weeks' time they will consider nominating six bigmoney "core" events in Europe in 2010 and insist that players appear in at least four of them to qualify for the Race to Dubai.
But Harrington, who plays most of his golf on the US Tour, has vowed to fight the changes. …


text:
Student Societies
The Osler Student Societies are a program of the John P. McGovern Academy of Oslerian Medicine. Although other health sciences universities have student societies, as far as we've been able to determine, this is the only one in which the focus is specifically promoting the ideals embodied by Sir William Osler.
The development of the Societies was a special project and passion of Dr. Mark Holden, an Osler Scholar. The Societies enrolled their first full class of entering freshman in August 2006. Faculty mentors are nominated by students based on their excellence at teaching and modeling Oslerian ideals. Each Student Society also has three or four student mentors. These include the Osler Student Scholars and select upperclassmen who are invited to continue to participate and to act as mentors to the first and second year students.
The Student Societies typically schedule 5-6 activities a year, but the faculty mentors are available for consultation with the students in their groups throughout the year. One of the first tasks for the Osler Student Societies was choosing names. They were told to pick an influential and inspiring historic figure in medicine. They came up with the following:
- Werner Forssmann
- Asclepios
- Elizabeth Blackwell
- Ashbel Smith
- René Laënnec
- Andreas Vesalius
- Truman Blocker, Jr.
- Albert Schweitzer
Student participation in societies is voluntary, and all undergraduate students in the UTMB School of Medicine are invited to participate. It is the hope that the availability of strong mentors will attract student participation and provide the opportunity for students to experience professional and personal growth through their encounters with their Society mentors.
The vision of the Osler Student Societies is to provide developing physicians insight into "A Way of Life", described by Sir William Osler, not through formal lecture, but through the guidance of mentors in contact with students within and outside their academic setting.The goals of the Student Societies are:
- To enhance Faculty-Student interaction,
- To enhance mentoring and advising of students by faculty,
- To promote professionalism and humanism,
- To promote community service, and
- To promote the development of mentoring skills and comradarie among students
Announcing UTMB�s Sixth Annual Bioethics Bowl and Post-Bowl Dinner and Discourse
Tuesday, August 26, 2014
UTMB�s Sixth Annual Bioethics Bowl will be held on Tuesday, August 26th, starting at 5 p.m. at Open Gates, 2nd floor, 2416 Sealy Avenue. The format of competition is similar to that which began with the National Undergraduate Bioethics Conferences and then was taken up with great success by the Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University.
Teams will be formed by Osler Student Societies and teams will be composed of primarily second year students who will have just finished their POM2-Ethics course. Third and fourth year students, however, may also participate. Team size can vary from 2 or more students. Students interested in forming a team for their particular Osler Student Society should contact Dr. Cheryl Vaiani who will assign an Institute of Medical Humanities scholar to the team to act as consultant as the team practices their responses prior to the contest.
Depending on the number of teams competing, a pre-bowl competition will take place on Monday, 25 August at 5pm in the Primary Care Pavilion Room 2.268 to determine the finalists. Each team will be given a list of approximately 10 medical ethics cases to review in advance. At the time of the competition they will be told which case to discuss and what questions to answer. Teams will then be judged according to the quality and incisiveness of their reasoning about the case. Examples of the types of questions to be answered relative to the cases will be given in the POM2-Ethics Course that students will be taking in July and August. Bioethics Bowl is not a debate�opposing teams need not take opposing positions on a case to score points.
If your particular Student Society is not supporting a team you are welcome to work with another Society who does have a team. The goal is to have at least 3 teams participate in the Bowl. No team entries will be accepted after Friday, August 15th.
Winners will receive a prize such as gift certificates to local restaurants, and certificates of accomplishment suitable for citation in a Dean�s letter. The Osler Student Society sponsoring the winning team will receive a plaque.
Immediately following the Bioethics Bowl a dinner will be offered at Open Gates. And a guest speaker (to be announced) will provide opening remarks for a discussion on a current medical ethics problem.
All participants and guests attending the Bioethics Bowl are welcome to the dinner. Please RSVP for the dinner to Beverly Claussen in the Institute for the Medical Humanities by Thursday, August 21st.
For more information contact Dr. Cheryl Vaiani 409-747-1230 or by email at email@example.com.
Halloween Carnival
Friday, October 30, 2015
The Osler Student Societies and Student Government Association team up every year with student organizations across the campus to host the Annual Halloween Carnival intended for children less than 10 years of age and their families. This year is the 8th annual carnival and it will be held on Friday, October 30, from 5 to 7 pm. in the Moody Medical Library Plaza, between the library and the Galveston National Laboratory.
The Halloween carnival for children was created in 2008 in the aftermath of Hurricane Ike. UTMB students and faculty wanted to provide a safe environment for children from the local community to trick-or-treat. Since then, the carnival has become an annual event. Activities at the carnival usually include pumpkin carving and costume contests, face painting, balloon animals, fun games and prizes, a haunted bus, a dunking booth and of course, lots of candy.
Admission is free and open to the public. However, participants are asked to bring a canned food item for the benefit of the St. Vincent's Food Pantry.
» View pictures from 2013 carnival.
» View pictures from 2011 carnival.
Pictures from the 2009 OSS Halloween Carnival.
Willie O's Dinner and Toast to the Class of 2019
Friday, October 9, 2015
All School of Medicine classes are invited to this formal dinner (professional attire and white coats) to honor the Class of 2019 and 3rd & 4th year student mentors. Spouses are also welcome. Seating will be by society tables and a representative(s) from each society will give a brief presentation on their respective namesake and introduce their 3rd & 4th year student mentors. The invited guest speaker is Dr. J. Marc Shabot, Raymond L. Gregory Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine.
FAC WAC Competition
Wednesday, November 4, 2015
FAC WAC is an annual fundraising event sponsored by the R. Laennec Osler Student Society.It is an academic competition between two teams of faculty vs. faculty. Students ask the teams questions about anatomy, science, pop culture, and anything else! All proceeds benefit St. Vincent's Clinic.
This year's event will be held on Wednesday, November 4 at 12 noon in the Clinical Sciences Auditorium. Admission is $5/person which includes a pizza lunch, as well as a chance at great door prizes from generous local businesses. Tickets are sold in Joe's Café and John Sealy cafeteria the week before and at the door.
» View pictures from FAC WAC 2013
Last year's event raised approximately $500.00!!


text:
Congratulations to the first seven graduates from our Tesco driver training pilot project: http://t.co/yyQXoohFHe http://t.co/gXMDWEnZuK
- Created: 22 September 2015
Two Free Career Panel Discussions for your Institute!
Our Talented Future is an education consultancy (est. 2010) supporting FE and HE Institutions deliver a high level of employment expertise to students, before and after they have completed their studies. Our main aim is to tackle youth unemployment in the UK, by offering unique professional student experiences and linking our various student cohorts to a wide range of business and creative mentors, employers and recruiters. Our educational partners include Havering College of Further and Higher Education and City of Westminster College. We have run a wide range of employment initiatives for over 25 different course pathways.
- Created: 01 September 2015
September is statistically the busiest time of year in the job market, with thousands of companies looking for new recruits. If you've just left school or college, chances are you've never seen an apprenticeship application form before, so here are three ways your application can stand out amongst the rest.
- Created: 25 August 2015
East Londoners who are keen to access higher level technical and professional training, to better equip them compete in the Capital's global job market, are at the heart of plans announced today by Barking & Dagenham College and Havering College of Further & Higher Education (HCFHE).
- Created: 14 August 2015
Social Media Apprentice is Finalist in Business Awards
Jessica Ravenhill, 19 from Bishops Stortford in Essex is a Finalist in the Apprentice of the Year Category for the Havering Business Awards.
Jessica, a Social Media Apprentice at Havering College of Further & Higher Education in Hornchurch, tells her story on why an apprenticeship is a good career choice.
- Created: 21 August 2015
Students and staff at Havering College of Further and Higher Education are celebrating after they excelled in this year's record number of GCSE exam entries.


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Mike Gibbins, pastor of Memorial United Methodist Church, Jill Wade, Jack Morrison and Bob Wade spoke at the March 29 meeting of the Hardin County AM Rotary Club on the Hope for Haiti — Living Waters service project. Also pictured, far right, is club president Cindy Gibson.
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text:
quick question:
Are you 21
or over?
or over?
Stow all your greenmarket goods in this big, heavy-weight cotton tote bag. Or use its stylish strength for taking extra work home from the office. (And by "extra work," we mean the tasting table leftovers.)
Dimensions: 12 x 14.5 x 6.
Brown ink on natural cotton.


text:
Sneezing and congestion are familiar problems for those suffering from allergies. A flair in allergies can be related to multiple environmental factors. One of these factors which many people fail to treat includes the presence of dust mites. Even people that do not normally suffer from allergies can develop them due to prolonged exposure to these microscopic organisms. In addition to allergies, dust mites can lead to asthma and other bronchial complications.
Where They Hide
Dust mites are little pests that flourish in the dark and warm, moist places in our homes. They find bedding material to be of particular comfort due to the ample food supply in this location. Dust mites find that human and animal skin cells are the tastiest treats. Bedding, mattress, pillows, comforters and toppers attracts dust mites more because of how efficiently they trap moisture. Unfortunately, this is where they wreak the most havoc on our systems. They also find carpet, pet beds and dirty laundry to be quite comfortable.
The Root of the Problem
Killing dust mites can be particularly challenging due to their size and numbers. They are also unaffected by most poisons and insecticides and to honest you really don't want to be spraying poison on your bed. However, there are some safe and simple measures that can effectively provide some relief.
It is not the mites themselves that cause the irritation. It is their dead body parts and feces who are the culprits. As a result, killing the dust mites does not eliminate the problem completely. You must reduce their total population over time. Regularly performing just a few of the following cleaning routines can assist in waging an effective battle.
The Arsenal
Hanging bedding in direct sunlight will kill dust mites. However, exposing your sheets to the environment on a regular basis also raises the risk of gathering other allergens. If you do not already wash your bed sheets using hot water, then begin this regiment. At 130 degrees Fahrenheit, dust mites will not survive. If you prefer to wash then in cold or warm water then you will want to use a product that will get rid of the allergens.
Problems with dust mites living in carpeting can call for some different strategies. Steam-cleaning carpets has proven to be an effective measure. Some studies have shown a reduction in dust mite populations by as much as 87% when this type of cleaning was performed. Just make sure they have a good extraction system or you will end up with a mildew problem as well as dust mites.
Some elements of the bed and furniture cannot be laundered.Items such as mattresses, upholstered chairs and couches are best cleaned using hot vapor-cleaning techniques. Vapor steam provides a deeply penetrating clean which can help to reduce the mite population. Be very careful and make sure that each piece dries completely.
Consider taking a more preventative approach. Wool bedding contains lanolin, a natural deterrent to dust mites. Allergen-proof covers are the most effective defense against dust mites. By covering your mattress, pillows and box springs you are cutting off the food source and this will kill the existing dust mites and also keep anymore from getting into your bedding.
If you find that you are having particular problems with children and dust mites, then consider the stuffed animals as a possible source of the allergen. Washing stuffed animals on a regular basis is always a good idea. You may also place the toy in a closed plastic bag which you then place in the freezer. After freezing, toss them in the dryer for a few minutes to thoroughly shake out the stuffed animal.
While you will never be able to kill all of the dust mites in your home you can do a lot to reduce your exposure.
Wishing you the best of health
The Allergy Store


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How does this relate generally to stratospheric cooling over recent decades and the apparent positive feedback whereby ozone loss causes further cooling which leads to further ozone loss… Here's a good overview news feature Ozone And Climate Change from the Earth Observatory at NASA.
Comment by dave — 10 Mar 2005 @ 6:47 PM
What of the connection with solar storms? Isn't this what some researchers are now saying was responsible for the sudden drop in ozone? This phenomenon also has some people calling for more study on the connection between climate change and activity taking place outside of the Earth's atmosphere. Has there been much research in this area? I don't know if I am confusing the issue here between ozone and climate change.
[Response:The 'solar storms' story was about the ozone loss last winter (i.e. 2003/2004) where the coincidence of a severe solar storm and the normal spring time depletion gave rise to a particularly severe loss. However, you can see from the graphic (blue line) that the vortex last year was nowhere near as cold as it has been this winter. Solar storms of this severity are rare, and so don't come in to the picture very much on a climatic basis. – gavin]
Comment by Nigel Allan — 11 Mar 2005 @ 7:03 PM
Now that we're on ozone depletion, I read a few years ago that NOx over mid-latitudes in N. America, due to agriculture (chem fertilizers) & car-driving, was causing a thinning of the ozone layer. Is that right?
Comment by Lynn Vincentnathan — 12 Mar 2005 @ 1:55 PM
Are developing economies (i.e. China/India et.al.) still producing the very CFC's that were phased out in developed countries when the Montreal Protocol was implemented? I am just wondering where after all the bad stuff is coming from, and whether the Montreal Protocol is working as planned or not. Thanks, for a great topic. Peace.
Comment by Dusty Bradshaw — 13 Mar 2005 @ 12:39 AM
I read about this in January, when many papers cited Markus Rex from PIK on that problem: the science behind this scare story seems correct, but the real data are stubborn: Rex predicted a severe loss for January (maybe February), and the data showed none: look here http://www.temis.nl/protocols/o3field/data/forecast/today_np.gif
for daily data (the forecast is based on prior measurements).
Now the time of depletion slips to spring… and I am still waiting to read that back in January/February there was no major problem! I doubt that even a temporary (as it might happen) depletion will impose a greater risk for UVB damage on population than spending a single session in the sun-tan studio. So please, let's continue to look at the measurements, and cry "wolf" only when danger is there!
Comment by Francis MASSEN — 13 Mar 2005 @ 6:45 AM
It's important not to be short term sighted on global warming and depletion of the ozone layer.
With global warming just beginning, heat waves are rare now; but the frequency and severity of heat waves will increase with time.
With ozone layer depletion just beginning, large holes in the ozone layer are rare now; but the frequency and severity of ozone layer depletion will increase with time.
Big questions
How fast will the global climate warm, and how fast will the ozone layer be depleted?
Comment by Pat Neuman, Hydrologist — 13 Mar 2005 @ 9:36 PM
This post is a great post. I have seen media stories about the recent northern hemisphere ozone deletion and this post has answered alot of my questions.
Dusty Bradshaw poses a good question. It made me curious, and I have a background in environmental regulation so I took a few minutes to do some research.
The United Nations Environmental Program has some great information on this. The Ozone Secretariat in the UNEP deals with the Montreal Protocol. According to the Secretariat CFC production has dropped considerably. This information is at:
There is a ton of facts on this site. You can look up which countries have ratified the Montreal Protocol:
The Frequently Asked Questions has some great publications that address scientific questions, environmental effects and the impact of the Montreal Protocol:
Comment by Joseph O'Sullivan — 14 Mar 2005 @ 11:27 AM
In Earth's past, what was the ozone layer like during the globally high temperature episodes (55 mya, 100 mya, 220 mya)? Major extictions took place during these episodes. The extinctions near the late Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) 55 mya were mainly marine species. It seems likely that depletion of the ozone layer near the PETM led to a loss of plankton and resulting collapse of marine ecosystems. Evidence exists of ultra violet radiation in late Permian extictions 230-250 mya. I haven't read anything on what may have contributed to the extinctions during the Cenomanian Turonian (94-100 mya). It seems likely that ozone depletion contributed to the major extinctions that took place during these warm global periods.
Major extictions also occurred at the end of the Cretaceous 65 mya, believed to be related to an asteroid crash into the sea off the Yucatan Peninsula. Is it possible that the ozone layer was depleted from water vapor that entered the stratosphere from the big splash?
[Response: The problem with hypotheising ozone changes in the past is that ozone leaves no unique geochemical trace, and thus you have to rely on models completely to fill in the gaps. However, ozone reponses to climate changes are quite sensitive to the initial base state (how much stratospheric water vapour was there? how much methane? volcanic aerosols? etc.) since it forms as a delicate balance between UV-related production and chemical loss (which is highly non-linear). I would be very hesitant in attributing mass extinctions to ozone losses. In the PETM case, we did some calculations showing around 20% max depletion for various CH4 release scenarios. I'm sure someone will do a better calculation at some point, but this first cut doesn't seem high enough to justify your claim. Global warming of around 4 to 5 degrees is a more likely cause. – gavin]
Comment by Pat Neuman, Hydrologist — 15 Mar 2005 @ 5:51 AM
I wrote:
>> It seems likely that depletion of the ozone layer near the PETM led to a loss of plankton and resulting collapse of marine ecosystems.
gavin replied:
> I would be very hesitant in attributing mass extinctions to ozone losses.
My comment:
It seems unlikely to me that a 4 to 5 degree warming of the atmosphere would have caused the PETM marine extinctions. I think the food supply (plankton) for marine ecosystems was cut off near the PETM. What happened to the PETM marine vegetation and why?
How important is the ozone layer in protecting vegetation on water, and land? Vegetation is at the bottom of the food chain. If vegetation dies, …
Comment by Pat Neuman, Hydrologist — 15 Mar 2005 @ 10:36 PM
This may be of interest:
Ozone values over the UK are currently quite low. This afternoon I measured 230 DU over BAS, in agreement with the forecast. Values are normally around 350 DU at this time of year. Values are probably at their lowest today, but will remain significantly below average over the weekend.
Which i got from Jonathon Shanklin in Cambridge.
Comment by William — 18 Mar 2005 @ 4:23 PM
Answer to #10:
Ozone values are ***VERY*** variable: even if there is a mean sinusoidal pattern over Europes latitudes ( see http://www.meteo.be/english/pages/OzonEN.html or http://meteo.lcd.lu/dobson05.html ) the variations from that mean trend are exceptional great: as such a local measurement of low values is never a hint to a lowering trend (and the opposite is true also…) .
Btw, I am still waiting for ( Gavins ?) Arctic ozone loss happening… read my comment #5 and again watch: http://www.temis.nl/protocols/o3field/data/forecast/today_np.gif
for a very healthy O3 layer ….
Comment by Francis MASSEN — 22 Mar 2005 @ 6:08 PM
Data from the Swedish Odin satellite indicate that no arctic ozone hole will appear this winter, despite fears to that effect.
See for the full article:
Comment by Ferdinand Engelbeen — 22 Mar 2005 @ 6:18 PM
Comment on #5 and #11:
The Arctic ozone layer is very variable mainly for dynamical reasons. This makes it difficult to separate chemical ozone loss from natural changes induced by transport. Sophisticated approaches are needed to reliably quantify anthropogenic chemical loss of ozone from observations. A number of approaches have been developed over the past couple of decades and these are well documented in the literature. But it is also well known that just looking at fields of total ozone does not tell us much about chemical loss (total ozone is a measure of the "thickness" of the ozone layer). The link given in the comment of Francis Massen points to a total ozone map. The comment suggests that by looking at this map everyone can convince himself that no chemical ozone loss took place so far. But total ozone maps are not able to support any statement about chemical ozone loss in the Arctic. Due to transport processes total ozone over the Arctic and northern mid-latitudes increases each winter. Depending on the meteorological conditions during the winter, chemical loss chews away part of this increase. The transport processes are also very variable from winter to winter and the amount of ozone pumped into the Arctic is also correlated with temperature (this is not a causal relationship – the correlation exists, because variability in temperatures and in ozone transport are both driven by the same atmospheric processes). From just looking at total ozone, how can we seperate natural variability in transport from anthropogenic chemical loss ? Just one example how problematic the interpretation of total ozone maps is. Look at:
Looks like a pronounced ozone hole over the UK. But the main reason for this situation was a natural transport phenomenon. Anthropogenic chemical loss also contributed to it, but was not the main cause for the unusually thin ozone layer above the UK in this situation. There is no way to tell this from just looking at the total ozone map.
We have developed an approach to quantify chemical loss of ozone and to seperate it from the natural variability induced by transport. The approach has been well documented in many articles in the peer-reviewed literature. During a recent meeting in Zuerich, where many of the European scientists that study Arctic ozone have been present, we have discussed the current situation in the Arctic. The common conclusion from a number of independent approaches (including ours) was that up to date more than 50% of the ozone at 19-20 km altitude have been chemically destroyed this winter. This is about as bad as it has ever been for Arctic ozone around this time of the year. So far the degree of Arctic ozone loss in winter 2004/2005 is very similar to the previous record loss in the Arctic, that occurred during winter 1999/2000. Unfortunately the concern we had in January/February turned out to be justified.
A stratospheric warming took place about two weeks ago and conditions for Polar Stratospheric Clouds were no longer present since about ten days. But the warming does not have an immediate effect on ozone loss and our observations show that ozone loss still continues these days. This is consistent with our understanding of the ozone loss process and model calculations. Very recently the final breakdown of the polar vortex started. But again this does not prevent further ozone loss, because stable remnants of the polar vortex often survive the breakdown for weeks and ozone loss can continue in these remnants. A very comparable situation led to the record loss in winter 1999/2000. Although the vortex broke down around mid-March of that winter, ozone loss continued in a stable remnant and by early April about 70% of the ozone at 20 km was destroyed in this fragment of the vortex.
But it is important to put the measured ozone losses at individual layers into some perspective: 19-20 km altitude is where the maximum ozone concentration is normally reached over the Arctic. So the maximum loss occurrs in the heart of the ozone layer. But still, above and below this altitutde region chemical loss of ozone was so far always much more limited. E.g. in 1999/2000 about 30% of the total column ozone was destroyed by anthropogenic chemical loss, which is considerably less than the maximum loss at 19-20 km altitude. Also, the overall number of ozone molecules destroyed in a vertical column of air was pretty much the same as the number of molecules transported into this column by the average poleward and downward transport of air in the stratosphere. Hence, the chemical loss has been balanced by transport, such that in spring 1999/2000 the ozone layer above the Arctic has still been as thin as it always is in fall, in contrast to the normal seasonal increase of the thickness of the ozone layer during winter. So UV-levels in spring have been higher than in "normal" winters. But they have not been higher than during summer or even in fall. So it is important not to overstate the problem. On the other hand the depletion of the ozone layer in spring certainly can have a significant effect on ecosystems, although so far the ozone layer has not been thinner in spring than later during the year. Plants and animals have adapted to the normal seasonal cycle of total ozone and UV and are not used to high UV-exposure during the part of their lifecycle that takes place in spring (e.g. germination, growths of buds, algea blooms in the Arctic ocean, … ). To my knowledge (which is quite limited in this aera) the effect of increased UV-levels during spring on the various ecosystems is subject to ongoing reserach.
Comment by Markus Rex — 24 Mar 2005 @ 6:48 AM
Comment on #2:
The paper by Randall et al. (which is the basis for the comment by Nigel Allan) shows a 60% depletion of ozone *at around 40 km altitude*. This is well above most of the ozone layer. Ozone depletion up there does not have any noticable effect on the thickness of the ozone layer. The bulk of the ozone is at lower levels and is not affected by the processes decribed by Randall et al.. The effect is scientifically very interesting, but it is not related to any signifiant thinning of the ozone layer. Any connection with the ozone hole that has been made in the media is nonsense. Unfortunately this story led to considerable confusion in the public. 2003/2004 was a relatively warm winter in the Arctic stratosphere and significant loss of ozone did not occurr. The effect of solar activity in fall 2003 was strong, but it was limited to levels well above the actual ozone layer.
Comment by Markus Rex — 24 Mar 2005 @ 7:03 AM
Comment on 13:
I fully agree with Markus Rex that total ozone measurements can not give any clues on chemical destruction in isolated layers, and that we may have been lucky that O3 transport cancelled out the chemical thinning that happened during the last months. But what remains is that UVB levels at ground are a function of the total ozone column, and as that column remains very high, there is no need to panic on an hypothetical but inexistant UVB increase. What are the chances that the helpful O3 transport into the Artic would stop for an extended period? I would really be interested in seing actual arctic ground UVB measurements made during the last and next months…maybe Markus knows of a link to these data?
PS: do not forget that UVB measurements are rarely more accurate than 3 to 5% !
Comment by Francis MASSEN — 24 Mar 2005 @ 5:17 PM
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Making a Composition Book Art Journal.... Can you believe that this….. …..was once this: It took a lot of work but now the journal below is FULL of memories, notes, lists, drawings, etc.
It is a simple process and you will get so much enjoyment out of it. It would be a fulfilling activity for older children as well. My 2-year-old has already started her art journal (with my help obviously)….it is a little simpler than this….but the same concept: a book to draw, create, embellish, make lists, and create! Here is how you can make your own: The cover is the easy part. Then I poke holes in either side of the journal and thread ribbon through. Sometimes I'll use gesso (gesso is pictured further along in the post) to paint over some letters to decorate the cover as well…..
…I love the messy, haphazard image that is left behind. The next step is to thicken the pages. Place wax paper underneath 2 pages of the journal to protect the other pages. Paint matte medium on the bottom page to glue the top page to it. Once the pages dry, I use gesso…. DIY Glow in the Dark Bubbles. Tutorials for Recycling T-Shirts. So way way back, in June, I wrote this Studio Organization post, about starting the process of organizing my studio by cleaning out the closet full of junk.
Well, it's September and...let's just say the closet is a work in progress. Some of the things that are taking up space in the closet are shirts that I never wear anymore. Tissue Flowers Tutorial, No.2 - gingerandgeorge. A couple of months ago, Jenny - the very lovely editor of PaperCraft Inspirations - asked me to work up a feature on different ways to use tissue paper.
You can see the results in the September issue (on sale right about now), and alongside ruffles, twists, layers, buttons and twirly skirts, there's a miniature version of an old tissue-paper favourite. I made these flowers for Halloween a couple of years ago, and although the large scale can look fantastic on card projects, it doesn't leave room for very much else. By scaling it down, you create a much more versatile embellishment and your tissue supplies will stretch a little further, too.
This is especially useful if you're using patterned tissue (e.g. Decopatch), which is more expensive. Tissue paper (plain or patterned) Scissors Ruler Pencil. Creative little daisy: Have you priced vintage blue canning jars lately? Wanna make your own really cheap? I bought these probably five years ago at an antique/consignment store.
I think I paid about 12 dollars for a set of four. Now you can expect to pay at least that for just one. Last night I was cruising around the internet and happened upon a link to a tutorial using mod podge and food coloring to make your own. Cool! In the original tutorial, she experimented with a few different methods and colors to get the look she was after. How to Make Leaf Skeletons.
I wanted to share with you a project from one of my readers who shares with us how to make leaf skeletons.
I LOVE this! I have several leafs in various forms displayed in my home and knew I needed to make some of her leaf skeletons to add to my decor. I love how a pattern of leaves can enhance the beauty in your home. So I asked Heather if she would mind sharing her project with you. DIY Sharpie Tie Die.
I love this Sharpie tie die DIY from The Art Girl Jackie blog!
She did it with her adorable daughter and I think it's a fun inspiration for this Spring and upcoming music festival season. Use this technique to spruce up your ratty t-shirts or maybe a pair of of cut off shorts. Martha Stewart Crafts. Do-it-Yourself DIY String Wedding Lanterns Yarn Chandeliers. Jessica of Wednesday Inc shows us how to make those gorgeous twine chandeliers from the inspiration shoot she shared with us this morning.
Using balloons, glue and twine, you can also make these lanterns for your wedding – and then bring it home and use it as your very own mid century lampshade. What you will need are: balloons, glue, yarn, tray for glue, corn starch 1/2 cup of Corn starch, 1/4 cup of Warm water, clear fast drying spray paint, hanging lamp cord or fishing line (depending on your desired final product), and a lighting kit if you're looking for a fully functional lantern. Elsie marley & Blog Archive & the quick little bunny tutorial. I really wanted to make the sock bunny that Heidi (from My Paper Crane) created, but I didn't have any of those fantastic red and brown monkey socks.
What I do have is baby socks: tons of cute, mismatched, totally useless, never stay on baby socks. Now that my littlest is very much not an infant and too soon will be a toddler it seems kind of silly to keep all those teeny tiny socks. So I made a bunny out of them. And a tutorial too. This is indeed a quick little bunny. Tricks + Treats: Graphic Soaps by Sarah Rhodes. Hi, It's Sarah from Team Rhodes Weddings!
I am going to share a simple soap DIY with you this morning. Enjoy! Shopping list: Make Your Own Canvas Portrait! I love the look of family photos printed on canvas, but I never knew I could make them at home!
After transferring photos to fabric, I was super excited to try some pieces using stretched canvas. I hope this inspires some of you to make something special for your home... Here's how I transferred my photo to canvas: 1. Supplies needed- stretched canvas (I chose an 8x10 size), gel medium (I used this kind from Liquidex), paint brush and the image you want to transfer (laser copy) and a spray bottle filled with water. Remember, your image will print reversed. 2. How to make an easy and stylish paint chip mobile for your nursery. Supplies: Wooden knitting ring Assorted paint chip samples in colors of your choosing Spray adhesive (optional) Circle punch Sewing machine Tape Punch out piles of circles from your paint chips samples.
I had about 20 circles in each of the 5 colors. Paint chips are one-sided so you'll have to either glue two together or sew them together when you're making your strings of circles. Sewing them together when you're making your strings of colors proved to make more sense to me. Line them up in piles next to your machine the way you'd like them to hang from the mobile.
DIY projects. Our Favorite Craft Supplies: Glue These are the types of glue that I use most often for Oh Happy Day projects. I'm a super fan of the Quick Dry Tacky Glue. I use it any time I am doing paper projects (It's seriously the best!) Click through for details… DIY Bracelets - Honestly WTF. Simply Vintagegirl Blog & Blog Archive & Tutorial: How to Make Lovely Fabric Flowers. 29 May 2010 These elegant fabric flowers are very simple to make . . . and only take a few basic supplies. The finished product is delightfully lovely, and at times can look like a real flower! Every flower will turn out differently and that is part of the beauty! If you haven't used those tea lights in a while, now's the time! I hope you enjoy making these as much as we do . . . below are instructions with pictures on how to make your own.
Paper Flowers - Anyone Can Do That. Japanese Kusudama, this tutorial is featured on Craftuts Anyone can do that, I assure you. The proof: I can, just take a quick look at my result below. And, believe me, I am neither meticulous nor particularly patient. You could even say I'm the opposite.


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