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Having regard to the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development of 14th December 1960;
Having regard to the OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises (the "Declaration"), in which the Governments of adhering countries ("adhering countries") jointly recommend to multinational enterprises operating in or from their territories the observance of Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (the "Guidelines");
Recognising that, since operations of multinational enterprises extend throughout the world, international co-operation on issues relating to the Declaration should extend to all countries;
Having regard to the Terms of Reference of the Investment Committee, in particular with respect to its responsibilities for the Declaration [C(84)171(Final), renewed in C/M(95)21];
Considering the Report on the First Review of the 1976 Declaration [C(79)102(Final)], the Report on the Second Review of the Declaration [C/MIN(84)5(Final)], the Report on the 1991 Review of the Declaration [DAFFE/IME(91)23], and the Report on the 2000 Review of the Guidelines;
Having regard to the Second Revised Decision of the Council of June 1984 [C(84)90], amended June 1991 [C/MIN(91)7/ANN1] and repealed on 27 June 2000 [C(2000)96/FINAL];
Considering it desirable to enhance procedures by which consultations may take place on matters covered by these Guidelines and to promote the effectiveness of the Guidelines;
On the proposal of the Investment Committee:
1. Adhering countries shall set up National Contact Points to further the effectiveness of the Guidelines by undertaking promotional activities, handling enquiries and contributing to the resolution of issues that arise relating to the implementation of the Guidelines in specific instances, taking account of the attached procedural guidance. The business community, worker organisations, other non-governmental organisations and other interested parties shall be informed of the availability of such facilities.
2. National Contact Points in different countries shall co-operate if such need arises, on any matter related to the Guidelines relevant to their activities. As a general procedure, discussions at the national level should be initiated before contacts with other National Contact Points are undertaken.
3. National Contact Points shall meet regularly to share experiences and report to the Investment Committee.
4. Adhering countries shall make available human and financial resources to their National Contact Points so that they can effectively fulfil their responsibilities, taking into account internal budget priorities and practices.
1. The Investment Committee ("the Committee") shall periodically or at the request of an adhering country hold exchanges of views on matters covered by the Guidelines and the experience gained in their application.
2. The Committee shall periodically invite the Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the OECD (BIAC), and the Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD (TUAC) (the "advisory bodies"), OECD Watch, as well as other international partners to express their views on matters covered by the Guidelines. In addition, exchanges of views with them on these matters may be held at their request.
3. The Committee shall engage with non-adhering countries on matters covered by the Guidelines in order to promote responsible business conduct worldwide in accordance with the Guidelines and to create a level playing field. It shall also strive to co-operate with non-adhering countries that have a special interest in the Guidelines and in promoting their principles and standards.
4. The Committee shall be responsible for clarification of the Guidelines. Parties involved in a specific instance that gave rise to a request for clarification will be given the opportunity to express their views either orally or in writing. The Committee shall not reach conclusions on the conduct of individual enterprises.
5. The Committee shall hold exchanges of views on the activities of National Contact Points with a view to enhancing the effectiveness of the Guidelines and fostering functional equivalence of National Contact Points.
6. In fulfilling its responsibilities for the effective functioning of the Guidelines, the Committee shall take due account of the attached procedural guidance.
7. The Committee shall periodically report to the Council on matters covered by the Guidelines. In its reports, the Committee shall take account of reports by National Contact Points and the views expressed by the advisory bodies, OECD Watch, other international partners and non-adhering countries as appropriate.
8. The Committee shall, in co-operation with National Contact Points, pursue a proactive agenda that promotes the effective observance by enterprises of the principles and standards contained in the Guidelines. It shall, in particular, seek opportunities to collaborate with the advisory bodies, OECD Watch, other international partners and other stakeholders in order to encourage the positive contributions that multinational enterprises can make, in the context of the Guidelines, to economic, environmental and social progress with a view to achieving sustainable development, and to help them identify and respond to risks of adverse impacts associated with particular products, regions, sectors or industries.
This Decision shall be periodically reviewed. The Committee shall make proposals for this purpose.
The role of National Contact Points (NCPs) is to further the effectiveness of the Guidelines. NCPs will operate in accordance with core criteria of visibility, accessibility, transparency and accountability to further the objective of functional equivalence.
A. Institutional Arrangements
Consistent with the objective of functional equivalence and furthering the effectiveness of the Guidelines, adhering countries have flexibility in organising their NCPs, seeking the active support of social partners, including the business community, worker organisations, other non-governmental organisations, and other interested parties.
Accordingly, the National Contact Points:
1. Will be composed and organised such that they provide an effective basis for dealing with the broad range of issues covered by the Guidelines and enable the NCP to operate in an impartial manner while maintaining an adequate level of accountability to the adhering government.
2. Can use different forms of organisation to meet this objective. An NCP can consist of senior representatives from one or more Ministries, may be a senior government official or a government office headed by a senior official, be an interagency group, or one that contains independent experts. Representatives of the business community, worker organisations and other non-governmental organisations may also be included.
3. Will develop and maintain relations with representatives of the business community, worker organisations and other interested parties that are able to contribute to the effective functioning of the Guidelines.
B. Information and Promotion
The National Contact Point will:
1. Make the Guidelines known and available by appropriate means, including through on-line information, and in national languages. Prospective investors (inward and outward) should be informed about the Guidelines, as appropriate.
2. Raise awareness of the Guidelines and their implementation procedures, including through co-operation, as appropriate, with the business community, worker organisations, other non-governmental organisations, and the interested public.
3. Respond to enquiries about the Guidelines from:
a) Other National Contact Points;
b) The business community, worker organisations, other non-governmental organisations and the public; and
c) Governments of non-adhering countries.
C. Implementation in Specific Instances
The National Contact Point will contribute to the resolution of issues that arise relating to implementation of the Guidelines in specific instances in a manner that is impartial, predictable, equitable and compatible with the principles and standards of the Guidelines. The NCP will offer a forum for discussion and assist the business community, worker organisations, other non-governmental organisations, and other interested parties concerned to deal with the issues raised in an efficient and timely manner and in accordance with applicable law. In providing this assistance, the NCP will:
1. Make an initial assessment of whether the issues raised merit further examination and respond to the parties involved.
2. Where the issues raised merit further examination, offer good offices to help the parties involved to resolve the issues. For this purpose, the NCP will consult with these parties and where relevant:
a) Seek advice from relevant authorities, and/or representatives of the business community, worker organisations, other non-governmental organisations, and relevant experts;
b) Consult the NCP in the other country or countries concerned;
c) Seek the guidance of the Committee if it has doubt about the interpretation of the Guidelines in particular circumstances;
d) Offer, and with the agreement of the parties involved, facilitate access to consensual and non-adversarial means, such as conciliation or mediation, to assist the parties in dealing with the issues.
3. At the conclusion of the procedures and after consultation with the parties involved, make the results of the procedures publicly available, taking into account the need to protect sensitive business and other stakeholder information, by issuing:
a) A statement when the NCP decides that the issues raised do not merit further consideration. The statement should at a minimum describe the issues raised and the reasons for the NCP's decision.
b) A report when the parties have reached agreement on the issues raised. The report should at a minimum describe the issues raised, the procedures the NCP initiated in assisting the parties and when agreement was reached. Information on the content of the agreement will only be included insofar as the parties involved agree thereto.
c) A statement when no agreement is reached or when a party is unwilling to participate in the procedures. This statement should at a minimum describe the issues raised, the reasons why the NCP decided that the issues raised merit further examination and the procedures the NCP initiated in assisting the parties. The NCP will make recommendations on the implementation of the Guidelines as appropriate, which should be included in the statement. Where appropriate, the statement could also include the reasons that agreement could not be reached.
The NCP will notify the results of its specific instance procedures to the Committee in a timely manner.
4. In order to facilitate resolution of the issues raised, take appropriate steps to protect sensitive business and other information and the interests of other stakeholders involved in the specific instance. While the procedures under paragraph 2 are underway, confidentiality of the proceedings will be maintained. At the conclusion of the procedures, if the parties involved have not agreed on a resolution of the issues raised, they are free to communicate about and discuss these issues. However, information and views provided during the proceedings by another party involved will remain confidential, unless that other party agrees to their disclosure or this would be contrary to the provisions of national law.
5. If issues arise in non-adhering countries, take steps to develop an understanding of the issues involved, and follow these procedures where relevant and practicable.
D. Reporting
1. Each NCP will report annually to the Committee.
2. Reports should contain information on the nature and results of the activities of the NCP, including implementation activities in specific instances.
1. The Committee will consider requests from NCPs for assistance in carrying out their activities, including in the event of doubt about the interpretation of the Guidelines in particular circumstances.
2. The Committee will, with a view to enhancing the effectiveness of the Guidelines and to fostering the functional equivalence of NCPs:
a) Consider the reports of NCPs.
b) Consider a substantiated submission by an adhering country, an advisory body or OECD Watch on whether an NCP is fulfilling its responsibilities with regard to its handling of specific instances.
c) Consider issuing a clarification where an adhering country, an advisory body or OECD Watch makes a substantiated submission on whether an NCP has correctly interpreted the Guidelines in specific instances.
d) Make recommendations, as necessary, to improve the functioning of NCPs and the effective implementation of the Guidelines.
e) Co-operate with international partners.
f) Engage with interested non-adhering countries on matters covered by the Guidelines and their implementation.
3. The Committee may seek and consider advice from experts on any matters covered by the Guidelines. For this purpose, the Committee will decide on suitable procedures.
4. The Committee will discharge its responsibilities in an efficient and timely manner.
5. In discharging its responsibilities, the Committee will be assisted by the OECD Secretariat, which, under the overall guidance of the Investment Committee, and subject to the Organisation's Programme of Work and Budget, will:
a) serve as a central point of information for NCPs that have questions on the promotion and implementation of the Guidelines.
b) collect and make publicly available relevant information on recent trends and emerging practices with regard to the promotional activities of NCPs and the implementation of the Guidelines in specific instances. The Secretariat will develop unified reporting formats to support the establishment and maintenance of an up-to-date database on specific instances and conduct regular analysis of these specific instances.
c) facilitate peer learning activities, including voluntary peer evaluations, as well as capacity building and training, in particular for NCPs of new adhering countries, on the implementation procedures of the Guidelines such as promotion and the facilitation of conciliation and mediation.
d) facilitate co-operation between NCPs where appropriate.
e) promote the Guidelines in relevant international forums and meetings and provide support to NCPs and the Committee in their efforts to raise awareness of the Guidelines among non-adhering countries.
1. The Council Decision represents the commitment of adhering countries to further the implementation of the recommendations contained in the text of the Guidelines. Procedural guidance for both NCPs and the Investment Committee is attached to the Council Decision.
2. The Council Decision sets out key adhering country responsibilities for the Guidelines with respect to NCPs, summarised as follows:
3. The Council Decision also establishes the Committee's responsibilities for the Guidelines, including:
4. The Investment Committee is the OECD body responsible for overseeing the functioning of the Guidelines. This responsibility applies not only to the Guidelines, but to all elements of the Declaration (National Treatment Instrument, and the instruments on International Investment Incentives and Disincentives, and Conflicting Requirements). The Committee seeks to ensure that each element in the Declaration is respected and understood, and that they all complement and operate in harmony with each other.
5. Reflecting the increasing relevance of responsible business conduct to countries outside the OECD, the Decision provides for engagement and co-operation with non-adhering countries on matters covered by the Guidelines. This provision allows the Committee to arrange special meetings with interested non-adhering countries to promote understanding of the standards and principles contained in the Guidelines and of their implementation procedures. Subject to relevant OECD procedures, the Committee may also associate them with special activities or projects on responsible business conduct, including by inviting them to its meetings and to the Corporate Responsibility Roundtables.
6. In its pursuit of a proactive agenda, the Committee will co-operate with NCPs and seek opportunities to collaborate with the advisory bodies, OECD Watch, and other international partners. Further guidance for NCPs in this respect is provided in paragraph 18.
7. National Contact Points have an important role in enhancing the profile and effectiveness of the Guidelines. While it is enterprises that are responsible for observing the Guidelines in their day-to-day behaviour, governments can contribute to improving the effectiveness of the implementation procedures. To this end, they have agreed that better guidance for the conduct and activities of NCPs is warranted, including through regular meetings and Committee oversight.
8. Many of the functions in the Procedural Guidance of the Decision are not new, but reflect experience and recommendations developed over the years. By making them explicit the expected functioning of the implementation mechanisms of the Guidelines is made more transparent. All functions are now outlined in four parts of the Procedural Guidance pertaining to NCPs: institutional arrangements, information and promotion, implementation in specific instances, and reporting.
9. These four parts are preceded by an introductory paragraph that sets out the basic purpose of NCPs, together with core criteria to promote the concept of "functional equivalence". Since governments are accorded flexibility in the way they organise NCPs, NCPs should function in a visible, accessible, transparent, and accountable manner. These criteria will guide NCPs in carrying out their activities and will also assist the Committee in discussing the conduct of NCPs.
Core Criteria for Functional Equivalence in the Activities of NCPs
Visibility. In conformity with the Decision, adhering governments agree to nominate NCPs, and also to inform the business community, worker organisations and other interested parties, including NGOs, about the availability of facilities associated with NCPs in the implementation of the Guidelines. Governments are expected to publish information about their NCPs and to take an active role in promoting the Guidelines, which could include hosting seminars and meetings on the instrument. These events could be arranged in co-operation with business, labour, NGOs, and other interested parties, though not necessarily with all groups on each occasion.
Accessibility. Easy access to NCPs is important to their effective functioning. This includes facilitating access by business, labour, NGOs, and other members of the public. Electronic communications can also assist in this regard. NCPs would respond to all legitimate requests for information, and also undertake to deal with specific issues raised by parties concerned in an efficient and timely manner.
Transparency. Transparency is an important criterion with respect to its contribution to the accountability of the NCP and in gaining the confidence of the general public. Thus, as a general principle, the activities of the NCP will be transparent. Nonetheless when the NCP offers its "good offices" in implementing the Guidelines in specific instances, it will be in the interests of their effectiveness to take appropriate steps to establish confidentiality of the proceedings. Outcomes will be transparent unless preserving confidentiality is in the best interests of effective implementation of the Guidelines.
Accountability. A more active role with respect to enhancing the profile of the Guidelines – and their potential to aid in the management of difficult issues between enterprises and the societies in which they operate – will also put the activities of NCPs in the public eye. Nationally, parliaments could have a role to play. Annual reports and regular meetings of NCPs will provide an opportunity to share experiences and encourage "best practices" with respect to NCPs. The Committee will also hold exchanges of views, where experiences would be exchanged and the effectiveness of the activities of NCPs could be assessed.
Institutional Arrangements
10. NCP leadership should be such that it retains the confidence of social partners and other stakeholders, and fosters the public profile of the Guidelines.
11. Regardless of the structure Governments have chosen for their NCP, they can also establish multi-stakeholder advisory or oversight bodies to assist NCPs in their tasks.
12. NCPs, whatever their composition, are expected to develop and maintain relations with representatives of the business community, worker organisations, other non-governmental organisations, and other interested parties.
Information and Promotion
13. The NCP functions associated with information and promotion are fundamentally important to enhancing the profile of the Guidelines.
14. NCPs are required to make the Guidelines better known and available online and by other appropriate means, including in national languages. English and French language versions will be available from the OECD, and website links to the Guidelines website are encouraged. As appropriate, NCPs will also provide prospective investors, both inward and outward, with information about the Guidelines.
15. NCPs should provide information on the procedures that parties should follow when raising or responding to a specific instance. It should include advice on the information that is necessary to raise a specific instance, the requirements for parties participating in specific instances, including confidentiality, and the processes and indicative timeframes that will be followed by the NCP.
16. In their efforts to raise awareness of the Guidelines, NCPs will co-operate with a wide variety of organisations and individuals, including, as appropriate, the business community, worker organisations, other non-governmental organisations, and other interested parties. Such organisations have a strong stake in the promotion of the Guidelines and their institutional networks provide opportunities for promotion that, if used for this purpose, will greatly enhance the efforts of NCPs in this regard.
17. Another basic activity expected of NCPs is responding to legitimate enquiries. Three groups have been singled out for attention in this regard: i) other NCPs (reflecting a provision in the Decision); ii) the business community, worker organisations, other non-governmental organisations and the public; and iii) governments of non-adhering countries.
Proactive Agenda
18. In accordance with the Investment Committee's proactive agenda, NCPs should maintain regular contact, including meetings, with social partners and other stakeholders in order to:
a) consider new developments and emerging practices concerning responsible business conduct;
b) support the positive contributions enterprises can make to economic, social and environmental progress;
c) participate where appropriate in collaborative initiatives to identify and respond to risks of adverse impacts associated with particular products, regions, sectors or industries.
Peer Learning
19. In addition to contributing to the Committee's work to enhance the effectiveness of the Guidelines, NCPs will engage in joint peer learning activities. In particular, they are encouraged to engage in horizontal, thematic peer reviews and voluntary NCP peer evaluations. Such peer learning can be carried out through meetings at the OECD or through direct co-operation between NCPs.
Implementation in Specific Instances
20. When issues arise relating to implementation of the Guidelines in specific instances, the NCP is expected to help resolve them. This section of the Procedural Guidance provides guidance to NCPs on how to handle specific instances.
21. The effectiveness of the specific instances procedure depends on good faith behaviour of all parties involved in the procedures. Good faith behaviour in this context means responding in a timely fashion, maintaining confidentiality where appropriate, refraining from misrepresenting the process and from threatening or taking reprisals against parties involved in the procedure, and genuinely engaging in the procedures with a view to finding a solution to the issues raised in accordance with the Guidelines.
Guiding Principles for Specific Instances
22. Consistent with the core criteria for functional equivalence in their activities NCPs should deal with specific instances in a manner that is:
Impartial. NCPs should ensure impartiality in the resolution of specific instances.
Predictable. NCPs should ensure predictability by providing clear and publicly available information on their role in the resolution of specific instances, including the provision of good offices, the stages of the specific instance process including indicative timeframes, and the potential role they can play in monitoring the implementation of agreements reached between the parties.
Equitable. NCPs should ensure that the parties can engage in the process on fair and equitable terms, for example by providing reasonable access to sources of information relevant to the procedure.
Compatible with the Guidelines. NCPs should operate in accordance with the principles and standards contained in the Guidelines.
Coordination between NCPs in Specific Instances
23. Generally, issues will be dealt with by the NCP of the country in which the issues have arisen. Among adhering countries, such issues will first be discussed on the national level and, where appropriate, pursued at the bilateral level. The NCP of the host country should consult with the NCP of the home country in its efforts to assist the parties in resolving the issues. The NCP of the home country should strive to provide appropriate assistance in a timely manner when requested by the NCP of the host country.
24. When issues arise from an enterprise's activity that takes place in several adhering countries or from the activity of a group of enterprises organised as consortium, joint venture or other similar form, based in different adhering countries, the NCPs involved should consult with a view to agreeing on which NCP will take the lead in assisting the parties. The NCPs can seek assistance from the Chair of the Investment Committee in arriving at such agreement. The lead NCP should consult with the other NCPs, which should provide appropriate assistance when requested by the lead NCP. If the parties fail to reach an agreement, the lead NCP should make a final decision in consultation with the other NCPs.
Initial Assessment
25. In making an initial assessment of whether the issue raised merits further examination, the NCP will need to determine whether the issue is bona fide and relevant to the implementation of the Guidelines. In this context, the NCP will take into account:
26. When assessing the significance for the specific instance procedure of other domestic or international proceedings addressing similar issues in parallel, NCPs should not decide that issues do not merit further consideration solely because parallel proceedings have been conducted, are under way or are available to the parties concerned. NCPs should evaluate whether an offer of good offices could make a positive contribution to the resolution of the issues raised and would not create serious prejudice for either of the parties involved in these other proceedings or cause a contempt of court situation. In making such an evaluation, NCPs could take into account practice among other NCPs and, where appropriate, consult with the institutions in which the parallel proceeding is being or could be conducted. Parties should also assist NCPs in their consideration of these matters by providing relevant information on the parallel proceedings.
27. Following its initial assessment, the NCP will respond to the parties concerned. If the NCP decides that the issue does not merit further consideration, it will inform the parties of the reasons for its decision.
28. Where the issues raised merit further consideration, the NCP would discuss the issue further with parties involved and offer "good offices" in an effort to contribute informally to the resolution of issues. Where relevant, NCPs will follow the procedures set out in paragraph C-2a) through C-2d). This could include seeking the advice of relevant authorities, as well as representatives of the business community, labour organisations, other non-governmental organisations, and experts. Consultations with NCPs in other countries, or seeking guidance on issues related to the interpretation of the Guidelines may also help to resolve the issue.
29. As part of making available good offices, and where relevant to the issues at hand, NCPs will offer, or facilitate access to, consensual and non-adversarial procedures, such as conciliation or mediation, to assist in dealing with the issues at hand. In common with accepted practices on conciliation and mediation procedures, these procedures would be used only upon agreement of the parties concerned and their commitment to participate in good faith during the procedure.
30. When offering their good offices, NCPs may take steps to protect the identity of the parties involved where there are strong reasons to believe that the disclosure of this information would be detrimental to one or more of the parties. This could include circumstances where there may be a need to withhold the identity of a party or parties from the enterprise involved.
31. NCPs are expected to always make the results of a specific instance publicly available in accordance with paragraphs C-3 and C-4 of the Procedural Guidance.
32. When the NCP, after having carried out its initial assessment, decides that the issues raised in the specific instance do not merit further consideration, it will make a statement publicly available after consultations with the parties involved and taking into account the need to preserve the confidentiality of sensitive business and other information. If the NCP believes that, based on the results of its initial assessment, it would be unfair to publicly identify a party in a statement on its decision, it may draft the statement so as to protect the identity of the party.
33. The NCP may also make publicly available its decision that the issues raised merit further examination and its offer of good offices to the parties involved.
34. If the parties involved reach agreement on the issues raised, the parties should address in their agreement how and to what extent the content of the agreement is to be made publicly available. The NCP, in consultation with the parties, will make publicly available a report with the results of the proceedings. The parties may also agree to seek the assistance of the NCP in following-up on the implementation of the agreement and the NCP may do so on terms agreed between the parties and the NCP.
35. If the parties involved fail to reach agreement on the issues raised or if the NCP finds that one or more of the parties to the specific instance is unwilling to engage or to participate in good faith, the NCP will issue a statement, and make recommendations as appropriate, on the implementation of the Guidelines. This procedure makes it clear that an NCP will issue a statement, even when it feels that a specific recommendation is not called for. The statement should identify the parties concerned, the issues involved, the date on which the issues were raised with the NCP, any recommendations by the NCP, and any observations the NCP deems appropriate to include on the reasons why the proceedings did not produce an agreement.
36. The NCP should provide an opportunity for the parties to comment on a draft statement. However, the statement is that of the NCP and it is within the NCP's discretion to decide whether to change the draft statement in response to comments from the parties. If the NCP makes recommendations to the parties, it may be appropriate under specific circumstances for the NCP to follow-up with the parties on their response to these recommendations. If the NCP deems it appropriate to follow-up on its recommendations, the timeframe for doing so should be addressed in the statement of the NCP.
37. Statements and reports on the results of the proceedings made publicly available by the NCPs could be relevant to the administration of government programmes and policies. In order to foster policy coherence, NCPs are encouraged to inform these government agencies of their statements and reports when they are known by the NCP to be relevant to a specific agency's policies and programmes. This provision does not change the voluntary nature of the Guidelines.
38. Transparency is recognised as a general principle for the conduct of NCPs in their dealings with the public (see paragraph 9 in "Core Criteria" section, above). However, paragraph C-4 of the Procedural Guidance recognises that there are specific circumstances where confidentiality is important. The NCP will take appropriate steps to protect sensitive business information. Equally, other information, such as the identity of individuals involved in the procedures, should be kept confidential in the interests of the effective implementation of the Guidelines. It is understood that proceedings include the facts and arguments brought forward by the parties. Nonetheless, it remains important to strike a balance between transparency and confidentiality in order to build confidence in the Guidelines procedures and to promote their effective implementation. Thus, while paragraph C-4 broadly outlines that the proceedings associated with implementation will normally be confidential, the results will normally be transparent.
39. As noted in paragraph 2 of the "Concepts and Principles" chapter, enterprises are encouraged to observe the Guidelines wherever they operate, taking into account the particular circumstances of each host country.
40. The specific instance procedure comprises three different stages:
1. Initial assessment and decision whether to offer good offices to assist the parties: NCPs should seek to conclude an initial assessment within three months, although additional time might be needed in order to collect information necessary for an informed decision.
2. Assistance to the parties in their efforts to resolve the issues raised: If an NCP decides to offer its good offices, it should strive to facilitate the resolution of the issues in a timely manner. Recognising that progress through good offices, including mediation and conciliation, ultimately depends upon the parties involved, the NCP should, after consultation with the parties, establish a reasonable timeframe for the discussion between the parties to resolve the issues raised. If they fail to reach an agreement within this timeframe, the NCP should consult with the parties on the value of continuing its assistance to the parties; if the NCP comes to the conclusion that the continuation of the procedure is not likely to be productive, it should conclude the process and proceed to prepare a statement.
3. Conclusion of the procedures: The NCP should issue its statement or report within three months after the conclusion of the procedure.
41. As a general principle, NCPs should strive to conclude the procedure within 12 months from receipt of the specific instance. It is recognised that this timeframe may need to be extended if circumstances warrant it, such as when the issues arise in a non-adhering country.
42. Reporting would be an important responsibility of NCPs that would also help to build up a knowledge base and core competencies in furthering the effectiveness of the Guidelines. In this light, NCPs will report to the Investment Committee in order to include in the Annual Report on the OECD Guidelines information on all specific instances that have been initiated by parties, including those that are in the process of an initial assessment, those for which offers of good offices have been extended and discussions are in progress, and those in which the NCP has decided not to extend an offer of good offices after an initial assessment. In reporting on implementation activities in specific instances, NCPs will comply with transparency and confidentiality considerations as set out in paragraph C-4.
43. The Procedural Guidance to the Council Decision provides additional guidance to the Committee in carrying out its responsibilities, including:
44. The non-binding nature of the Guidelines precludes the Committee from acting as a judicial or quasi-judicial body. Nor should the findings and statements made by the NCP (other than interpretations of the Guidelines) be questioned by a referral to the Committee. The provision that the Committee shall not reach conclusions on the conduct of individual enterprises has been maintained in the Decision itself.
45. The Committee will consider requests from NCPs for assistance, including in the event of doubt about the interpretation of the Guidelines in particular circumstances. This paragraph reflects paragraph C-2c) of the Procedural Guidance to the Council Decision pertaining to NCPs, where NCPs are invited to seek the guidance of the Committee if they have doubt about the interpretation of the Guidelines in these circumstances.
46. When discussing NCP activities, the Committee may make recommendations, as necessary, to improve their functioning, including with respect to the effective implementation of the Guidelines.
47. A substantiated submission by an adhering country, an advisory body or OECD Watch that an NCP was not fulfilling its procedural responsibilities in the implementation of the Guidelines in specific instances will also be considered by the Committee. This complements provisions in the section of the Procedural Guidance pertaining to NCPs reporting on their activities.
48. Clarifications of the meaning of the Guidelines at the multilateral level would remain a key responsibility of the Committee to ensure that the meaning of the Guidelines would not vary from country to country. A substantiated submission by an adhering country, an advisory body or OECD Watch with respect to whether an NCP interpretation of the Guidelines is consistent with Committee interpretations will also be considered.
49. In order to engage with non-adhering countries on matters covered by the Guidelines, the Committee may invite interested non-adhering countries to its meetings, annual Roundtables on Corporate Responsibility, and meetings relating to specific projects on responsible business conduct.
50. Finally, the Committee may wish to call on experts to address and report on broader issues (for example, child labour or human rights) or individual issues, or to improve the effectiveness of procedures. For this purpose, the Committee could call on OECD in-house expertise, international organisations, the advisory bodies, non-governmental organisations, academics and others. It is understood that this will not become a panel to settle individual issues.
Note by the Secretariat: These commentaries have been prepared by the Investment Committee in enlarged session[1] to provide information on and explanation of the text of the Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and of the Council Decision on the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. They are not part of the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises or of the Council Decision on the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises.
[1] Including the eight non-Member adherents to the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises.


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Jonn HerschendAmerican (Branson, Missouri, 1967)
Stories from the Evacuation
Jonn Herschend investigates emotional truth, confusion, and absurdity in everyday life through video, film, installation, and performance. His work questions the ways we interpret the validity of information, often through corporate communications tools like PowerPoint and informational videos. He has addressed the institutional messaging of arts organizations in several works, filming reenactments of museum visitors' mundane experiences and installing fictional "disorientation" videos at exhibition entrances. His work often employs the literary device of the unreliable narrator, a technique that turns his self-described "site-specific fictions" into personal and confused dramas that reveal multiple interpretations of a given situation. With deadpan humor, his films and videos speak to the poetics of failure and the ambiguity inherent to life.
Stories from the Evacuation (2013), shot on location at SFMOMA in spring 2013, uses the building's closure for expansion as the point of departure for a behind-the-scenes look at the museum's temporary art and administrative relocation. The artist interviews several key staff involved with this undertaking. Exploring narratives of risk and personal transition, the film investigates the disjuncture between public- and private-facing identities. The camera moves through spaces typically inaccessible to visitors and in a state of transition: the offices, the basement woodshop and library, and the fifth-floor galleries, used as a temporary storage space for paintings and sculptures being packed. Herschend's narrative begins with the tremendous collaborative effort involved in this transition and becomes increasingly focused on one interview subject's personal backstory. "With all stories, there is a front of the house and a back of the house," the artist says. "There are stories we present to the world, and there is the complicated and sometimes messy reality of how these things happen."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Larry Chenault
BENEFITING: AAA Academy for Children, Inc.
AAA Academy For Children (AAAA) is poised to become a highly regarded resource for at risk low-income children and working parents in the State of New Jersey. The Company has the potential to provide lucrative educational returns to its NJ children due to its unique niche, branding possibilities and educational model. For AAAA to proceed, the first step is to raise capital, which will be used for further development of the business, business infrastructure, and internal systems. The second step is for AAAA to implement its Business Plan, and the third step is to launch it's new programs and commence the academic enrichment phase. Providing that all of these steps are achieved in a timely and orderly fashion, AAAA should be able to achieve success for many years to come.
To accomplish AAAA's goals, this non-profit is seeking $112,000,000 in funding. The funds will be used for purchasing & renovating 3 buildings at $25,300,000 and to provide G&A at $30,700,000 in phase one. The remaining amount would be used to purchase the to be determined 3 remaining buildings in phase two.
Also we have information on Doug, Jimmy, the company CG and the products that would fully collateralize any financial structure (debt or equity) for a project that was $100M or more. If so, the total debt or equity needed would be $400M ($100M for the project and $300M for the collateral). The collateral delivers to the lender (investor), interest payments and a self-liquidation of principal feature, each guaranteed by contract. See info on company & patented products below.
To accomplish our goals we need $112M for the project and $336M for the collateral tool.
Thanks & regards,
Larry Chenault
Executive Director
AAA Academy For Children
230 Diamond Spring Road
Denville, NJ 07834
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Connecticut employers may recall discussions about a minimum wage increase to $10.10. However, we have not yet reached that point, though--that will be the number in 2017.
Switching to Biometrics May Increase Data Exposure
Passwords and PINs require ever more complexity and become difficult to recall. As a result, many people take actions that could give rise to a data security concern: they write them down on a paper near their computer. Thus, there has been a call from many to switch to biometric data, e.g., fingerprints. Apple iPhones, for example, have the capacity to let one log in without entering a PIN, by using a fingerprint, and then that fingerprint can also authenticate apps. [There is a caveat that the PIN must be entered the first time after the phone is restarted.]
L+M Medical Office Building Employees Not Permitted to Join L+M Hospital Union
On October 6, 2014, the NLRB Region 1 Director issued a decision in a matter involving employees of Lawrence & Memorial Hospital and Lawrence & Memorial Medical Group in New London, Connecticut. See 01-RC-134298. AFT Connecticut had been seeking to add a group of LPNs and a group of Medical Assistants employed at the nearby L+M Medical Office Building to exiting bargaining units at the hospital. The Regional Director found that there were sufficient distinctions, including separate human resources departments, different scheduling requirements, separate supervision and little overlap to warrant these groups joining the hospital units. This is notwithstanding the fact that certain functions, such as payroll administration, were shared or that both entities have a common owner.
Due Process Requires Proper Service
Among the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure is Rule 12(b)(5) which permits a defendant to file a motion to dismiss a case for insufficient service of process. Most states have a similar rule for their own courts.
Legal Liability for Cyber Bullying : Tennessee Case Seeks $1.1 Million in Damages
A case filed in the U.S. District Court in Tennessee illustrates the growing liability risks associated with cyber bullying. The parents of a middle school boy have filed a complaint against the Williamson County Board of Education and thirty-one of their son's classmates.
Federal Judge Makes Short Work of Post-Expungement Defamation Claim
Recently, the New York Times ran an op-ed about the case of Linda Martin against newspapers that had originally published articles about her arrest. Ultimately, her arrest was expunged under Connecticut law, but the articles have remained in posterity. She then filed a putative class action alleging that, by failing to delete the account of her arrest, which under law is deemed to have not actually ever occurred due to expungement, continued publication means that true articles are now false and defamatory.
Revenge Porn: When Private Moments go Public
By Bruce Raymond, Esq.
The Implications and Backlash Surrounding the DMCA Cell Phone Unlock Ban
In October 2012, the Librarian of Congress, James H. Billington, decided to remove the unlocking of cell phones exemption from the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). The act went into effect on January 26, 2013, and it made clear that consumers would not be able to unlock their cell phones on a different network without carrier permission, regardless of whether or not the user contract had expired.
Court Finds Crime Insurance Covers Data Losses
A data breach resulting in the theft and use of customer credit card numbers results in significant expenses and penalties for the victim company. Many companies still do not have specific cyber liability coverage and thus can be on the hook for all expenses related to such a breach. The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals recently held that such losses resulting from the cyber theft of customer data were recoverable under a commercial crime policy. Retail Ventures, Inc. v. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co., 691 F. 3d 821 (6th Cir. 2012).
Trade Secret Misappropriation: When An Insider Takes Your Trade Secrets With Them
While companies are often focused on outsider risks such as breach of their systems through a stolen laptop or hacking, often the biggest risk is from insiders themselves. Such problems of access management with existing employees, independent contractors and other persons are as much a threat to proprietary information as threats from outside sources.


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A Message from Panthera's Media Director, Steve Winter
For those of you who attended this week's Tigers Forever presentation at National Geographic Live, and for all of our fans, we wanted to share this message from Panthera's Media Director, Steve Winter, on how you can help ensure a future for the endangered tiger.
On behalf of myself, Panthera's CEO and one of the world's biggest champions for tigers, Dr. Alan Rabinowitz, and my co-author, Sharon Guynup, I wanted to express our sincerest gratitude to those that attended this week's Tigers Forever presentation at National Geographic. Your enthusiasm, questions and desire to help preserve the most iconic big cat gracing our planet – the wild tiger – is not only invigorating, but also serves as a sign of hope for this endangered species.
Whether sitting atop an elephant or observing from the safety of a jeep, my goal in photographing wild tigers is to capture the grace and beauty of this spectacular species, and to tell the tiger's story. Armed only with a camera, I seek to illustrate the threats facing the fewer than 3,200 wild tigers that remain and the conservation heroes working on the ground to ensure a future for the tiger, including those working through Panthera's Tigers Forever program.
In doing so, I hope to create images that move people emotionally, bring international attention to the plight of the tiger, and ultimately, help protect my wild subjects. Many of you have expressed interest in doing just that!
I wanted to share a few ways you can help to save wild tigers:
- Support Panthera's Tigers Forever program by making a donation. This initiative serves as the most promising hope for the future of the tiger.
- Ask your friends and family to join Panthera's email list and spread the word about our tiger conservation work.
- Follow me, Panthera and National Geographic's Big Cats Initiative on Facebook to raise awareness about the King of Cats.
- Tune in to Big Cat Week on Nat Geo WILD starting Friday, November 29, for visually stunning and powerful stories from around the world. Also check out Nat Geo's Cat Watch blog for news to share with your family and friends.
Be sure to get your copy of the new Panthera-National Geographic book, Tigers Forever: Saving the World's Most Endangered Big Cat.
Thank you for suporting photographers like myself and the National Geographic Society. Most of all, thank you for caring about the future survival of my favorite big cat, for our generation and those to come.
Steve Winter
National Geographic Photographer and Media Director for Panthera.org


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Graduate Diploma in Law
We offer a one-year, full time GDL and a two-year, part time GDL. Scroll down for information on how to apply for your place.
Why study the GDL and what does it lead to?
If you have a degree or equivalent in a non-law subject and would like to qualify as a solicitor or barrister, you can take the GDL to satisfy the academic stage of legal training in one year (or two years part time) instead of the two or three years normally required for a law degree. After the GDL you can progress to the professional stage of training, either:
- the Bar Professional Training Course (BPTC) for intending barristers; or
- the Legal Practice Course (LPC) for intending solicitors.
The BPTC and LPC are one year courses when studied full time and allow you to progress to pupillage in chambers or a training contract with a firm of solicitors.
Following completion of your LPC or BPTC you also have the opportunity to convert your qualification to an LLM in Legal Practice.
Why Cardiff Law School for your GDL?
Flexible learning:
The GDL is a very intensive course but our model lets you combine your studies with other commitments. Bar the first two weeks of the course, you only need to attend the Law School on Thursday and Fridays (full time) or Fridays only (part time). The remainder of your time will be used for independent study, including listening to lectures, reading and preparing for tutorials.
We know students value face-to-face teaching, so all our tutorials will be in the Law School and you will have lots of learning and pastoral support from your tutors. Most lectures will be delivered electronically so you can listen when most convenient for you, but you will also have ample opportunity to see and speak to your tutors - this is not a distance learning course.
Our teaching style:
You will be taught with other GDL students and there will be more tutorial time than usual in recognition of the intensive nature of the course.
We also recognise that you are adults with proven study skills and able to take responsibility for your own learning. All of our tutors have practised as professional lawyers and our ethos is one of friendly professionalism and mutual respect.
Reputation and enhanced employability:
You will be part of one of the leading Law schools in the UK. Cardiff offers:
- an enviable reputation for world-class research;
- the Law School's range of pioneering pro-bono projects in which student volunteers work on real cases under supervision from professionals. You can gain hands-on experience of the law in practice and possibly make a difference to people's lives;
- a careers programme and talks from legal employers & other speakers to help you plan the next step of your career;
- activities such as mooting to enhance your skills and your CV;
- a lively Student Law Society; and
- excellent links with practice and the legal profession.
A springboard to the professional courses:
- You can stay at Cardiff for your whole legal education.
- Cardiff is a highly regarded provider of both the BPTC and LPC courses and the only Russell Group University to offer both courses.
- If you join our BPTC you will have the chance to experience time in chambers and marshalling (shadowing a judge).
- If you join our LPC you will have the chance to join our LPC work placement scheme to give you a taste of practice and get your networking off to a good start.
Cardiff the Capital City
You probably already know what a great place this is!
What will you study on the GDL?
Enrolment will be in early September 2014. All GDL students are required to study and pass a short test on the basics of the English and Welsh legal system (EWLS) within a few weeks of starting any GDL course. To help you prepare for this, you will be asked to do some preparatory reading and study before you enrol. For the first two weeks of the course you will need to attend the Law School on a full time basis for intensive support and practice sessions on EWLS.
After that initial period you will only need to attend on two days per week on the full time course or one day per week on the part time course. You will be studying the foundation topics of Land Law, Contract, Tort, Equity and Trusts, Public Law, Crime and European Union Law. You will also be working independently on an extended essay set in a different area of law. The modules are all assessed by examination, except for the Extended Essay, and the Contract module, which is assessed by examination and coursework.
What are we looking for?
An Honours degree (normally Class 2:2 or above) in a non-Law subject. If you have a non-standard qualification such as a non-UK degree, you will need a certificate of academic standing. Contact us for more information.
Fees for 2015/2016
Full time course:
- UK/EU students: £6,400 plus a £250 deposit;
- Overseas students: £14,000 plus a £250 deposit.
Part time course:
- UK/EU students: £3,250 per year plus one £250 deposit;
- International students: £7,125 per year plus one £250 deposit.
How to apply
(closing date of 31 July 2015)
To apply for the full time course, go to the Central Applications Board.
Applications for the part time course have to be made directly to the University.
Are you interested in enrolling on the Graduate Diploma in Law (GDL)?
We are holding an open evening for the GDL, starting at 5.30pm on Monday 2 November in the Law Building.
Please contact firstname.lastname@example.com for more information.


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24 February, 2009 | By Kieran Long
Kieran Long, editor of the Architects' Journal, runs through the magazine's weird and wonderful correspondence
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The Very Best in Samsung Freeform 4 Accessories
The Samsung Freeform 4 is the latest Freeform to hit the market and its packing a lot ofimprovements. The FreeForm 4 comes from a long line of messaging centric devices and the latest rendition is no different. This bar styled phone comes with a more than capable QWERTY keyboard, a 2.4 inch screen, expandable micro SDHC memory, Bluetooth 2.1 and a 2 mega pixel camera. But with all these features, you'll need to keep your phone safe. Luckily for you, the Freeform 4 is easy to keep safe, charged and ready with all of our Samsung Freeform 4 accessories.
Lets start with power. Without power your new trusty smart phone is pretty much worthless. But keeping your Freeform 4 charged is easy with all our Samsung Freeform 4 chargers. When you need power, you best bet is a good old fashion Samsung Freeform 4 USB Travel Adapter, like this. This perfect little charger is a small USB based AC charging adapter that comes with a standard Samsung FreeForm 4 micro USB sync and charge cable. This simple one meter cable can easily connect your Freeform 4 to your PC for syncing purposes or charging purposes. You can also use this cable for a connection to any USB based charging adapter. But what about those long or even short road trips where a top off of your battery is needed. This Samsung FreeForm 4 Naztech N4000 Car mount can handle the charge you need while giving your Freeform 4 a place to rest. This perfect car mount comes with a built in car charger that sports an additional USB output. This means, your Freeform 4 and an additional handset can be charged simultaneously. The universal styled mount can cradle your Freeform 4 with or without a case and get it the power it needs time and again.
Next up and in some cases, most importantly protection! We carry many different Samsung Freeform 4 cases, covers and pouches to ensure your Freeform 4 is protected, close by and ready when you are. Take this Samsung Freeform 4 Horizontal Pouch type case option. This perfect horizontal pouch is made of a high quality durable nylon material that opens and closes horizontally on a magnetic button. Around back a fixed belt clip will stay attached to anything you decide to clip it to. A bit more protection can be found in one of the many Samsung Freeform 4 cases. A good old fashioned Samsung Freeform 4 protector case comes in many colors and design options. With one of these fine protective case options you can ensure your Samsung Freeform 4 is protected and ready at the helm.
With all the best Samsung Freeform 4 accessories, you can ensure your new smart phone is protected, charged, fully synced and ready when you are!freeform 4 carchargers, freeform 4 car mount, US Cellular Freeform 4 accessories, freeform 4 pouches, freeform 4 chargers


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As you can guess from the state of neglect in which you find this blog, I haven't around here much. It's not a sign I have turned my back on my faith, or stopped writing, in fact the opposite is true. I have been focussing my energies on my speculative ficton writing (with a pleasing amount of success), and have also been writing Christian resources and articles that due to copyright I can't always share here.
So, it looks like this will be the last Christian Carnival I will be hosting for a long time, but I thank God for the fact that at number 430 it is still going strong (stronger than ever), and it is somehow deeply reassuring to know that whatever I might be doing, I will always be able to come back and find a Christian Carnival to read. Speaking of which, enoguh from me, here is a Christian Carnival to read!
Amber at So Love That brings us a "Mother Daughter Challenge" - This is an idea of a Bible reading and prayer challenge that a mom and daughter can do together!
Something I certainly could use, Kevin brings us a guest post from Jason, who shares 10 Ways to Save Money on Gasoline this Summer at the One Money Design blog. -"Do what you can to avoid traffic jams to save money on gasoline this summer and also follow these 9 additional tips…"
In May Gray, Rebecca LuElla Miller of A Christian Worldview of Fiction shares a devotional - Thoughts about God's self-existence precipitated by a Southern California weather phenomenon known as May Gray.
" {God} is, in fact, I AM, the self-existent One. He is — whether we are or not, whether we believe He is or not, whether we see Him or not. Simply put, He is in no way dependent upon us. He is complete in Himself, content, self-contained, in need of nothing. We can not add to Him or take away any of His value. His love is not diminished no matter how much He gives it away. Neither is His mercy or goodness or righteousness or any other quality that is His."
Neil Schultz of Church Leaders Campfire shares his post, Tintin ministry failure and pain, saying "This is a blog post I wrote on the idea that we are not failures when we go through pain and yes… make mistakes".
In another wonderful devotional entitled Rise Up, O Men of God, Barry Wallace of who am i? shares a classic hymn:
"Rise up, O men of God!
Have done with lesser things.
Give heart and mind and soul and strength
To serve the King of kings."
Michael of Prayers for Special Help turns the Biblical spotlight on healing in Healing in the Bible – What does the Bible say about healing? Should we turn to God when faced with ailing health? Let's turn to the scriptures and examine this subject closer.
Ridge Burns of Ridge's Blog reflects on the significance of Flags
At InFaith's Mission Blog, Debbie Woodard shares a lovely devotional,Walking with God
"As I walked during the daytime, I was filled with joy when I heard the birds singing and fluttering in the trees; I was filled with serenity when I saw the painted skies at sunset, and I experienced an immense joy when I saw the stars in the night sky silhouetting the tree branches all around me."
Writing on a subject that I am passionate about, Sarah of This is what Sed Said talks about Christians and the Environment, asking how we, as Christians, should respond to environmental issues.Great stuff, and I couldn't agree more!
Sue of Abstractions asks, "What does it mean to each of us to 'love our neighour as ourselves'?" in Love is…
And just to prove I haven't been completely idle, I have shared my latest article. I respond to the idea that Crucifixion needs not be a historical fact to be spiritually important.
Thanks so much for dropping by! Remember you can find out more about the Carnival here, and submit articles to future carnivals here.


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Posted: Saturday, September 21, 2013 8:28 AM
San Francisco 49ers vs Indianapolis Colts Tickets SF CA Candlestick ParkSee San Francisco 49ers vs Indianapolis Colts in San Francisco CA at Candlestick Park with tickets from the MyCityRocks Ticket Exchange.
September 22, 2013.
Please use this link to view available tickets: San Francisco 49ers vs Indianapolis Colts Tickets SF CA Candlestick Park.
Discount code BPDC on checkout takes $5.00 off any order of $150.00 or more.
The MyCityRocks Ticket Exchange often has exceptionally good deals for people looking for premium seats and suites, and tickets for sold-out events. Cheap and discount tickets are sometimes available. The prices for tickets listed in the Ticket Exchange are specified by each individual seller, and not by MyCityRocks, and may be more or less than the original face value of the ticket.
More San Francisco 49ers dates:
San Francisco 49ers Tickets
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• Post ID: 13346034 sf
Play it safe. Avoid Scammers.
Most of the time, transactions outside of your local area involving money orders, cashier checks, wire transfers or shipping (especially overseas shipping) are scams or frauds.
Report all scam attempts to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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1995: Microsoft CEO Bill Gates throws his company wholeheartedly into supporting, enhancing and profiting from the internet. He calls the growing phenomenon "the internet tidal wave." Playing catch-up with other big tech companies, Gates wrote that the internet is "crucial to every part of our business" and "the most important single development to come along […]
All posts tagged 'web browsers'
May 26, 1995: Gates, Microsoft Jump on 'Internet Tidal Wave'
- May 26, 2010 |
- 12:00 am |
- Categories: 20th century, Communication, Computers and IT
April 22, 1993: Mosaic Browser Lights Up Web With Color, Creativity
- April 22, 2010 |
- 12:00 am |
- Categories: 20th century, Communication, Culture
1993: NCSA Mosaic 1.0, the first web browser to achieve popularity among the general public, is released. With it, the web as we know it begins to flourish. The web in the early 1990s was mostly text. People were posting images, photos, and audio or video clips on web pages. But these pieces of "multimedia" […]
Sept. 28, 1998: Internet Explorer Leaves Netscape in Its Wake
- September 28, 2009 |
- 12:00 am |
- Categories: 20th century, Business and Industry, Computers and IT
A report from the International Data Corporation shows that Microsoft's Internet Explorer has passed Netscape Navigator in browser share for the first time.
June 5, 2002: Browser, Philosophy Born of Turmoil, Defeat
- June 5, 2009 |
- 12:00 am |
- Categories: 21st century, Communication, Computers and IT
2002: Mozilla 1.0 is released. The first major milestone for the open source browser doesn't do much to impress users or shake loose Microsoft's crown. However, it proves to the world that free software can succeed not just in the server room, but also on the desktop. The first browser wars effectively ended in 1998 […]


text: Craig Ling Grayling London, Victoria This generation is worse than the last goes the argument, interested in nothing but computer games and the internet. And the implication is that the fault lies squarely with students, rather than with their political leaders. But what's the reality? Are young people really turned off by politics? Evidence from the US suggests not. Instead it indicates that young people have simply chosen to opt out of traditional media, shunning TV news in favour of online engagement, just in the same way as previous generations turned their back on radio in favour of TV. Consumers behaviours may have changed, but that is certainly no reason to write people off entirely – in fact maybe it's an opportunity. Because the reality is that contrary to what one might expect, consumers of social media are actually more politically active that the rest of the population, not less so. People on Facebook are 2.5 times more likely to come out and support their chosen candidate at a rally or public event; 43% more likely to vote; and crucially 57% more likely to persuade a friend of work colleague to vote. Add into the equation that 63% of Facebook users in the UK are under the age of 34 and it is clear that that there is a largely untapped audience of potentially politically active young people out there who could decide the fate of many a marginal seat. So are young people really turned off by politics? Or have some politicians just been using antiquated leaflets and outdated mediums to try and reach them? And which Party will be the first to recognise an opportunity when they see one? Craig joined Grayling Public Affairs from national disability charity Scope where he was Head of Campaigns. Prior to this he was Trade and Industry Policy Adviser to the Liberal Democrats.


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Jump to navigation
The Hampshire College logo, four rectangles that form an H in the open space between them, represents the four colleges (Amherst, Mt. Holyoke, Smith, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst) that created Hampshire, a proving ground for educational innovation and reform.
The logo must appear on every piece of internal and external communications.
The logo should, where feasible, employ the four "founders" colors, which closely approximate the colors of the founding schools, and the Hampshire wordmark should appear in black or white. In applications where the use of the official colors is not feasible, the logotype should be reproduced in a single color with the icon screens.
Logo with wordmark »
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Should I try for a vaginal birth after having a c-section?
I'm pregnant with my second child, and I have the option of trying for a vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC). I'm having a really hard time with the decision, and I haven't been able to talk to anyone who's been through this. Can anyone share their experience?
Posted: 10/05/2004 by a BabyCenter Member
Mom Answers
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131 - 140 of 366 answers
I had a c/s with my first child. I was on pitocin but after 27 hours, I couldn't progress past 3.5 cm. Last week, I had a successful VBAC. I pushed for 2 hours. I progressed from 4 cm to 10 cm in half an hour. It was an accomplishment for me. (I was not on pitocin). Whatever you choose, best of luck to you.posted 05/12/2008 by KaileeAndErinsMom
Hello ladies, I am having a hard time deciding which option to choose for my second baby and knew someone on this site would be able to help. With my first born just about 10 months ago, I delivered vaginally...My son came out with a broken tailbone which then lead to his jaundice for a few days. Also I had an episiotomy and broke my tailbone during delivery. My tailbone took a good 12 weeks to really heal to where I could sit comfortably. I am now pregnant with number 2 due in just 8 weeks. A part of me is considering a C-section because of the trauma both the baby and I experienced the first time around. I really wanted to get feedback from those of you who have had C-sections to see how your recovery time was, the pros and cons of a c-section, etc. Also, taking into consideration, I have a 10 month old and with the new baby, they will be about a year apart...which means I will need plenty of energy and (not so much pain) to be able to care for 2 small infants. If anyone has had a C-section and a vaginal birth and can also share what worked best for them, I would so appreciate it. If you can email me at email@example.com I would be forever grateful. Thanks a bunch, Heatherposted 07/17/2006 by Heather.Watkins
I had a c-section with my first child because my doctor was going out of town for a wedding and I wasn't even dialated a full centimeter when she wanted me to be induced. This was my first child and I always thought that doctors knew what was best for their patients. I ended up having to have a c-section because she said I wasn't progressing like I should have. She had asked me if I wanted to wait to see if I would progress or not. I wanted to but they still wheeled me into the OR. My daughter was born with fluid on her lungs and had to spend 4 days in the NICU. They had ivs and all kinds of machines hooked up to her. It was very painful to see. I got really sick after the surgery. I was not happy at all. I am pregnant again (11weeks5days) and I have a new doctor. Hopefully I will be able to attempt a VBAC but if not then it is for the best. I hope you get to have the best delivery you can Laura! I will pray for you and your baby.posted 12/15/2005 by a BabyCenter Member
I am 10 days overdue with baby #3. My first daughter was breech and delivered by C sect. I was disappointed as I wanted a vaginal delivery but I did what was best for the both of us. I found the experience to be very painful and frustrating as I was confined to my bed for 24hrs with drips, drains and painkillers. My second daughter was VBAC and after a 2 day labour, no epidural and no stitches I got off the bed, had a shower and breastfed my baby. I could laugh without pain, bath my baby, walk properly and had no panillers. My third pregnancy is also a trial labour but as I have had a C sect I am not able to be induced by drip or gel as this would be too much too quick on my scar I am however having my waters broken in 2 days in which I will have 3 hours to go into "good" labour and if not by then I will have another C section which I will again do for the safety of us both.posted 10/21/2005 by a BabyCenter Member
Kerri, I think that you should not be worried about voicing your opinions to your doctor or family. You should make your concerns very clear to your doctors, they are there for you and for the baby. I am sure that they will know you just want whats best for yourself and for your baby. I will pray for a safe delivery for you and the baby. God Bless you both!posted 08/08/2005 by tammymom25
Hi everybody, a few facts for you all: With each c section there is a higher risk of excessive bleeding and hysterectomy. with each c section your risk for comlications in your future pregnancies rises. the main concern with a VBAC is that there is a less than 1% chance of severe damage to the baby due to uterine rupture. problems with leakage of urine(which by the way is a result of pregnancy in most cases) can be controlled with Kegel exercises. So please research thoroughly, if you are an eligible candidate for VBAc, it is the safest way to go. trust you r instinct and research.best of luckposted 04/12/2005 by a BabyCenter Member
Hi Laura, We are in the same boat. I totally know how you feel. I had the a doula the first time, and I was talking to her tonight, and she was telling me the I should try a vbac, the doctors won't let me labour that long again. I have appointment to meet my ob, and we are going to talk about the best way to go. I made a list of pro and cons to help me decided on which why is the best why for me to try. My doula said with the "fears that iam having i should try a vbac." i wish you good luck.posted 01/10/2005 by a BabyCenter Member
Laura, You are not alone. I am currently struggling with the same dilemna. I would prefer to have a vbac, but I'm keeping my options open. I agree with those who say that in the end what's most important is a healthy baby and mother. The reason I am leaning toward a vbac is that, if all goes well, the recovery is easier. After all, this is my second child and, while I will have help after the delivery, I will have two children (and myself)to take care of. My plan is to take in as much information as possible and see how the pregnancy is progressing. After all, factors come up in the end that can ruin the best laid plans. Best of luck to you.posted 01/05/2005 by a BabyCenter Member
My first child was vaginal,great 7 hours and he was out. My secound was 3 months early emergancy c-section i healed fine now on my third what is the best way?posted 12/02/2004 by williamsmommy2005
I also have had two c-sections another on the way! Large babies with large heads. One thing to please keep in mind is your hospital ready for emergencies? Our hospital here does not have a large staff and some of the emergency team must be called in from their homes in the middle of the night. So, for me the risks of an emergency never out way the chance of a healthy baby! Yes, there are many benefits of VBAC, but there are many risks, you need to talk to your doctor and spouse, to see if the risks seem to risky for you! All the Best!posted 10/23/2004 by a BabyCenter Member
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World Trade Center photographer's last picture before North Tower collapsed on top of him
// January 13th, 2015 // No Comments » // People in Unusual Circumstances
54-year-old William G. Biggart first heard about the World Trade Center terrorist attacks from a passing taxi driver. News that a plane had just crashed into the World Trade Center prompted Biggart to rush to his apartment near Union Square and grab three of his cameras – two film and one digital. He then walked two miles to the center not knowing the next couple of hours would be the last moments of his life.


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The Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) is a NASA mission responding to the 2010 National Research Council New Worlds, New Horizons (NWNH) Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey top priority recommendation in the large space mission category. WFIRST includes science objectives in exoplanet exploration, dark energy research and galactic and extragalactic surveys .
WFIRST was originally configured with a telescope mirror size of 1.3 to 1.5 meters. That changed in 2012 when NASA acquired two telescopes with 2.4 meter primary mirrors from the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), the same size as the Hubble Space Telescope mirror. In 2013, one of the telescopes was the baselined for WFIRST, generating excitement in the US Astronomical community for Hubble-quality imaging over an area of sky 100 times larger than Hubble. This version of the mission is called WFIRST-AFTA for "Astrophysics Focused Telescope Assets".
NASA has formed 2 different science definition teams (SDTs) to study WFIRST since the 2010 NWNH recommendation. The first one studied versions of the mission with a 1.3 meter off-axis telescope (DRM1) and a less expensive 1.1 meter off-axis telescope (DRM2). The current SDT is studying the WFIRST-AFTA version with the 2.4 meter telescope.
The NWNH report noted that, "WFIRST will settle fundamental questions about the nature of dark energy, the discovery of which was one of the greatest achievements of U.S. telescopes in recent years. It will employ three distinct techniques - measurements of weak gravitational lensing, supernova distances, and baryon acoustic oscillations - to determine the effect of dark energy on the evolution of the Universe. An equally important outcome will be to open up a new frontier of exoplanet studies by monitoring a large sample of stars in the central bulge of the Milky Way for changes in brightness due to microlensing by intervening solar systems. This census, combined with that made by the Kepler mission, will determine how common Earth-like planets are over a wide range of orbital parameters. It will also, in guest observer mode, survey our galaxy and other nearby galaxies to answer key questions about their formation and structure, and the data it obtains will provide fundamental constraints on how galaxies grow ... WFIRST-AFTA addresses fundamental and pressing scientific questions and will contribute to a broad range of astrophysics. It complements the committee's proposed ground-based program in two key science areas: dark energy science and the study of exoplanets."
|Science Areas
|NWNH Key Science Questions
|Frontiers of Knowledge
|Cosmic Order: Exoplanets
|Understanding our Origins
|Cosmic Order: Stars + Galaxies
WFIRST-AFTA using a 2.4-meter telescope is significantly more capable than the smaller versions of WFIRST studied in previous SDTs. Gains of 50-100% or more are expected for each of the core WFIRST-AFTA science programs: dark energy, microlensing, and guest observer observations. Furthermore, the 2.4-m telescope enables new science at the limit of, and beyond, what was achievable with earlier WFIRST designs. With this new telescope, single WFIRST-AFTA images will uncover millions of galaxies. Included in this trove of new data will be hundreds of the analogs of what are today's most precious and rare Hubble discoveries. For example where Hubble has found only a few galaxies within 500 million years of the Big Bang, we now know (from Hubble) that a NRO enabled WFIRST-AFTA will find hundreds of these rare objects. In addition, WFIRST-AFTA now has a coronagraph instrument for direct imaging of ice and gas giant exoplanets. This supplements the microlensing program to give major new capabilities for the study of exoplanets.


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I'm home now from the Telluride Film Festival, and we're heading into our massive Toronto coverage, but I wanted to give a quick wrap up of Telluride and those films heading from Telluride up north to the biggest market fest in North America. Telluride is a both a nice predictor of how those films playing both fests are likely to play at Toronto, and a restive break for the filmmakers and publicists before they have to hit the ground running at TIFF. The two fests are polar opposites: Telluride is a relaxing fest where the focus is all on the art of the film, Toronto is much more about the art of making money off those films. From a film journalist's perspective, Telluride is also where you have a chance to meet and chat with filmmakers in an environment that's not, as more than one filmmaker put it to me over Labor Day weekend, the big "dog and pony show" that is Toronto.
Labor Day, the last day of Telluride, is almost all TBAs, which makes it a nice weathervane for which films really played well at the fest. Those films that sold out screenings, that passholders weren't able to get into, will get TBA slots on Monday so everyone gets a shot at seeing them. Good thing too, because, as I've previously discussed, this year there seemed to be an awful lot of passholders who weren't able to get into films they wanted to see, and the poor folks who were just trying to buy tix had it even worse.
I mentioned the other day that the big buzz at Telluride was about Jason Reitman's film Juno, which sneak previewed at Telluride before heading to Toronto. The biggest indicator of Juno being a hit, aside from it being the film everyone was talking about in line, on the gondola, and in the coffee shop, was that it had not one, but two TBA slots on Monday. Sunday's TBA saw over 200 passholders turned away, so it's a good thing they added two more. The first Juno TBA Monday sold out again, and while I wasn't at the Galaxy for the final screening, I'd bet it was pretty packed as well. Good news also for Tamara Jenkins, whose film The Savages, starring Telluride fave Laura Linney (a tributee a couple years ago) and Phillip Seymour Hoffman, sold out the 600-seater The Palm, with (so I hear) well over 200 passholders turned away. Both films will screen at Toronto, so check them out.
I caught up with Jason Reitman in front of the Courthouse on Monday morning, as he headed to do a "Conversation" with The Savages director Tamara Jenkins. I'll have interviews with both Reitman and Juno screenwriter Diablo Cody up later today (well, as soon as I can get them transcribed), but I wanted to write up a bit about the Conversation for you first. The Conversations are one of the best parts of Telluride: they stick two filmmakers side-by-side in the small Telluride Courthouse and, just as the name implies, they have an informal conversation about film, their respective movies, or whatever else happens to come up, and then they chat with whoever shows up as well. The environment is small and intimate and relaxed and it's just completely unlike anything you'd find at any other fest.
Jenkins mentioned with a grimace that after the Conversation, she had to head over to the big Labor Day picnic (a huge party for all passholders, where they serve up steak, chicken, potato salad, pasta salad, lemonade and ice cream sundaes in the Telluride park, a lovely little spot with a view of a gorgeous waterfall, surrounded by towering mountains) to participate in a panel called (ahem) "Is There a Good Woman Behind Every Film?". Jenkins noted that participating on panels about women in film always makes her feel like she's on a "special olympics" panel, that the attitude about women filmmakers seems to either be, "Oh, look, isn't that cute? She made a movie!" or "You GO, girl!" (I'll have more on the panel in a later post as well.)
The conversation turned to Jenkins' and Reitman's respective styles as directors and their experiences making their films. Jenkins discussed how some actors really get into a character "zone" during filming (Linney and Hoffman, who she worked with on The Savages, both have reps as very "serious" actors, and that she found that she had to be aware of not interrupting that space too much when she would give notes to her cast, saying, "You have to be very careful of how you go in there and give directions when they're in that space." Jenkins, who comes from a background acting in experimental theater (Reitman's comment: "Wow, just exposing yourself as an actor like that, it takes a lot of balls to do that!"), talked about how actors are like athletes, in that every scene, every take, is not just about that one scene, but is the culmination of everything they've ever done before. She compared it to elite diving -- when an elite diver gets up to make a dive, that dive doesn't stand alone, it's the result of all the years of practice that came before that one dive -- and so she tries to respect that and listen to her cast, and respect that they know what they're doing.
Reitman talked about his dad, director Ivan Reitman, who told him when he was filming his first feature, Thank You for Smoking, "Don't worry about anything but being honest and it will all be okay ... and don't eat shrimp on set, because you never know. So don't take that chance." Then he talked about how part of the challenge as a director is that you have some actors who always view their first couple takes as warm-ups or "throwaways," while some come in ready from the first take, and by the time it gets to the fourth of fifth take they don't know what to do anymore. Balancing the working styles of different actors, both directors agreed, can be a real challenge.
Conversation moved on to screenwriting and directing, and Reitman shared how his wife knows how different he is when he's writing (and therefore feeling insecure) and when he's directing (and therefore feeling in control). "When I'm writing, I'll be like, 'what do I want for dinner? I don't know, honey, whatever you want, we can go whereever you want, that's fine,' but when I'm directing I become very 'take charge' and then it's, 'Yes, she'll have the pasta, and I'll have that,' I'm always giving orders when I'm in that mode," Reitman laughed. Reitman also talked about the differences between the two crafts: "It's a terrible thing to say at a festival like this, but writing is a more creative profession than directing." Jenkins noted that "when you're writing, you're directing on the page," which led to a spirited discussion about screenwriting, and how beginning screenwriters tend to make the mistake of trying to get overly involved in camera directing.
Jenkins, who is married to screenwriter Jim Taylor (who, with writing partner Alexander Payne, won an Oscar for Sideways and was nominated for one for Election) talked a bit about Taylor and Payne's scripts and how tight and perfect they are (Reitman: "I think if I read their scripts, I'd just want to curl up into a fetal position and never write again"). An aspiring screenwriter in the crowd asked Reitman and Jenkins how much they fine-tune their scripts, especially the dialogue, before they send them out; Jenkins replied that she tortures herself making it just right and that her dialogue has to feel "really tight," and they both advised keeping paragraphs small and really fine-tuning before you put your baby out into the world. Reitman said the biggest problem he sees with scripts, even good ones, are that they only hit at about 80% and lack that other 20% that would make them really great. He told about how screenwriter Michael Arndt (Little Miss Sunshine) spent years as a script reader, sloughing through other people's scripts, and that helped him gain an appreciation for what makes a screenplay really work.
Reitman asked Jenkins whether she's ever re-written a script around an actor, and she said that with The Savages she did a lot of rewriting to balance the characters of John and Wendy Savage more, and that she also did rewriting once she cast Phillip Seymour Hoffman. Reitman related how in Thank You for Smoking, he rewrote the scene where Nick Naylor goes on the talk show three times. It was originally written to be Larry King, and then when he couldn't do it Reitman rewrote it with Chris Matthews in mind, and then finally when they got Dennis Miller, he rewrote a third time.
Another question from the audience was about how involved they both were in securing financing for their films and getting them actually made. Answer: A lot. Jenkins related how she developed the script for The Savages for Focus, but ultimately they couldn't reach agreement on casting (Focus wanted Renee Zellweger for the role of Wendy Savage). This led to a whole interesting thing about how there are these lists of "points" for working actors that are used to determine casting -- numbers around how much a given actor will draw overseas are apparently particularly important, and then there are numbers around putting this actor with that actor in a film, and whether that makes the final number go up or down in given markets. Jenkins said she'd never want to know her "number," that it would stress her out too much; Reitman half-jokingly said that he'd want to know his all the time. "I'd be calling every day asking, 'what's my number?'" he said.
Both directors were very involved in getting their films made. Reitman worked for years to get Thank You for Smoking made, before lucking out and drawing the interest of the guy who'd just sold Paypal to eBay. The sale had made him a lot of money, and he was looking to finance a movie and Reitman's script fell into his lap. Now Reitman has a relationship with Fox Searchlight, and also produces through his prodco, Hard C. Jenkins was also very involved in getting The Savages made, but even with a great script and Laura Linney and Phillip Seymour Hoffman attached, it wasn't an easy pitch: "See, it's about this brother and sister, and their father is dying! Yeah, oh, and there's dementia! That's sexy, right? And it's mostly set in a nursing home, too! Uh, there's a sexy nurse working there ...". I've seen The Savages, and reviewed it at Sundance, and I can see her point. I loved the film, but you've gotta market it based on Linney and Hoffman and the brother-sister relationship, not so much the unsexy nursing home angle.
Following the Conversation, I took in the "Women in Filmmaking" panel while eating some lunch with indieWIRE's Eugene Hernandez (who is both really brilliant about film and very nice to boot), then polished off the fest with three back-to-back screenings. First up was People on Sunday, a marvelous restoration of a 1929 silent film shot in Berlin. The semi-documentary was a collaborative effort: directed by Robert Siodmak and Edgar G. Ulmar off a script written by Billy Wilder and Kurt and Robert Siodmak, and shot and lit by Eugene Shufftam and Fred Zinnemann -- can you say "wow!"? The film influenced both the Italian Neorealists and the Nouvelle Vague, and while I've heard about it, I'd never seen it before. The film, recently restored by the Netherlands Film Museum, was accompanied by a live score performed by the amazing Mont Alto Orchestra. This was a rare treat, and I was so glad I caught it at Telluride.
After scoring a triple-shot espresso to keep going, I headed down to the La Pierre for a screening of Blind Mountain, written and directed by Li Yang. The film received standing ovations at Cannes, and buzz had been strong around Telluride, so I added it to my schedule at the last minute. I was glad I did -- the film, about a naive young college graduate lured by the promise of a job into the remote Chinese countryside, where she finds she has been illiegally sold into a marriage from which she cannot escape, is deeply moving and engaging. I wrapped up the fest with another film that was getting more positive buzz as the fest progressed, Sean Penn's Into the Wild, the story of Christoper McCandless, who, after graduating Emory College with honors, disappeared into a life as a roaming "leathertramp" (a tramp who travels on foot, as opposed to "rubbertramps," who have vehicles) and utlimately headed off to explore the remote Alaskan wilderness. Buzz on that film was more mixed earlier, then got stronger. Not sure how much of that had to do with Penn's presence in Telluride and his participation in a couple panels there -- did hearing Penn speak so eloquently about his film encourage people to view it differently? It will be interesting to see how it plays at Toronto, and how the reviews coming out of that fest look.
I'll have reviews up of both these films as soon as I can bang them out, as well as a reviews of Persepolis, Rails & Ties, Secret Sunshine, One Thousand Years of Good Prayers, and Cannes winner 4 Months, 3 Weeks, 2 Days. Also yet to come are interviews with Jason Reitman and Diablo Cody on Juno, Allison Eastwood and Marcia Gay Harden on Rails & Ties, and Telluride fest director Tom Luddy on what makes Telluride great. Along with the Telluride wrap-up, we'll be bringing you heaps of coverage from Toronto, so stay tuned!
CATEGORIES Movie Marketing, Telluride, Independent, Movies, Toronto Film Festival, Cinematical