text:
Francisco Valdes*
Please click here to access a PDF version of this article.
A Reflection on Margaret Montoya, Máscaras, Trenzas, y Greñas: Un/Masking the Self While Un/Braiding Latina Stories and Legal Discourse, 17 Harv. Women's L. J. 185 (1994), 15 Chicano-Latino L. Rev. 1 (1994)
When Margaret Montoya composed Máscaras, Trenzas, y Greñas: Un/Masking the Self While Un/Braiding Latina Stories and Legal Discourse (hereinafter Máscaras), she was doing what she always does: making and marking history. Published in 1994 concurrently by the Harvard Women's Law Journal[1] and the UCLA Chicano-Latino Law Review,[2] Máscaras was emblematic both of a time and a life. It embodied a breakthrough in legal scholarship, and helped to catalyze a paradigm shift within the U.S. legal academy that is both accomplished and lively today. Though perhaps this was not well understood then, it should be by now.
In 1994, women of color had just begun to penetrate legal academia, and among them Latinas were a true rarity. Like other groups historically excluded from the academy, women of color had begun breaking barriers and working their way through mainstream institutions in the 1970s, and by the 1990s were beginning to reach the unfriendly gates of the legal professorate. Along the way, they had to do, on the fly, many of the things that people still write about to survive and prosper in hostile or indifferent institutions.[3] At that time, the "imperial" academy reigned with near hegemony.[4] Realism had been substantially assimilated and domesticated, while the critical legal scholars had been decimated, scattered, and almost silenced.[5]
Under these personal and structural circumstances, Professor Montoya and her academic generation pioneered overlapping fields of legal studies sharing and blending a critical and outsider perspective. Whether in critical race theory, feminist legal theory, LatCrit theory or queer legal theory, women of color have been at the forefront.[6] They have altered the intellectual landscape forever with the force of their ideas and the persistence of their examples, with an impact that has spanned both substance and method. Substantively, women of color have refused to accept the unstated premises and imperatives of the legal or social status quo, and have begun their work with challenges to oftentimes-hidden foundations. Their counter-normative pioneering has helped reshape fields of law ranging from employment to property to criminal. It has helped to expose and destabilize the grip of patriarchy and other identity-based ideologies of inequality over law and policy, and over culture and society.[7]
Methodologically, women have challenged analytical abstraction and uncritical empiricism, insisting instead that voices from the "bottom" be heard.[8] They have sought to center in knowledge and policy the insights born of experience with subordination. For decades, they have worked diligently and brilliantly to promote a critical kind of contextualized empiricism focusing on "shifting bottoms"[9] in a way that combines social science and experiential knowledge to challenge the limitations and impositions of academic imperialism.
Notably, that generation of pioneers championed the technique of storytelling as legal method.[10] This turn to critical legal narrative became a potent method for conveying substantive insights and knowledge historically kept suppressed or marginal by the norms, incentives, and politics of imperial scholarship. When dismissed by self-anointed gatekeepers of imperial tastes,[11] they persisted in the novel combination of traditional and non-traditional approaches to legal scholarship.[12] While the terms of engagement were seriously in contest, Margaret Montoya captured the sense of that historical moment:
The exploration of personal agency through autobiography and the seizure of discursive space formerly denied to Latinas are regenerative acts which can transform self-understanding and reclaim for all Latinas the right to define ourselves and to reject uni-dimensional interpretations of our personal and collective experience . . . The emphasis of critical scholarship (critical race theory, feminist jurisprudence, critical legal studies) on narrative affirms those of us who are Outsiders working within the objectivist orientation of the legal academy and validates our experimentation with innovative formats and themes in our teaching and in our scholarship.[13]
But this work on substance and method went beyond the advancement of criticality and narrativity from outsider perspectives.
Moved not only by a sense of history but also by a sense of mission, Professor Montoya and her generation strove to reconstruct the very being of the profession to help bridge existing gulfs between law and justice. Pushing always for the linkage of theory to action—of legal knowledge to social change—they have modeled a new kind of academic activism that values service and teaching as much as scholarship in the pursuit of equality, opportunity, and dignity. They not only have launched new lines of inquiry and fields of scholarship but also have refined the very basics of the profession to make academic work holistically relevant to social justice in personal, collective, and sustained terms.
As a result, legal criticality has prospered. From the vantage point of the present, we know that Máscaras has helped to make and mark this history. It is no coincidence that Margaret Montoya of Las Vegas, New Mexico, composed this text when and how she did. It is no coincidence that we celebrate it today.
Combining the granular with the structural, the institutional with the individual, the personal with the political, Máscaras reflects and projects the convergence of three major forces. The first is Margaret Montoya herself—her life, her story, her heritage, her family, her times. The second is the unfolding of "diversity" as a social and political phenomenon across the U.S., both within the academy and throughout society, in the mid-to-late twentieth century. The third is the emergence of critical and outsider studies from within the legal academy of the United States at precisely this moment, which has opened new chapters and possibilities in the academic production of legal scholarship. This text seamlessly, magically interweaves these three themes or forces to become the classic it has become today.
Opening with a choice bold even today, Professor Montoya begins with a revealing and powerful account of growing up Mexican in mid-1950s New Mexico, and the epistemological and political ramifications of that upbringing which were to follow:
I remember being assigned to tutor another second-grader in reading. He wore denim overalls, had his hair shaved for some medical procedure and spoke mostly Spanish. I think of him now, and perhaps thought of him then, as being exposed—exposed by not being able to read, exposed by not having a uniform, exposed by not having hair, exposed by not knowing English. From my perspective as a child, it all seemed connected somehow—Spanish-ness, sickness, poverty and ignorance.
By the age of seven, I was keenly aware that I lived in a society that had little room for those who were poor, brown, or female. I was all three. I moved between dualized worlds: private/public, Catholic/secular, poverty/privilege, Latina/Anglo. I moved between these worlds. My trenzas and school uniform were a cultural disguise. They were also a precursor for the more elaborate mask I would later develop.[14]
Using the metaphor of the mask, the article then takes us through a detailed, deep (and sometimes sadly common or familiar) review of the multiple and varied ways in which identity and power intersect in law and society to privilege some at the expense of others.
Expanding the scope of this framing, Professor Montoya uses trenzas—braids—and greñas—unruly hair—to explore and narrate the process of un/masking set up by the use of the máscaras metaphor. This process of masking and unmasking produces, in different ways at different times, acts of revelation—unmaskings that reveal the unruly roots or circumstances of our othered identities, the exposed greñas resulting from the display of characteristics or features disfavored from a mainstream, privileged, power perspective. Other times, the project of masking amounts to the careful arrangement of the self for presentation to the forces and structures of power and opportunity—the braiding of one's self to present an image or package acceptable to gatekeepers of law and society. Thus, máscaras, trenzas, and greñas reflect the un/masking of the self while un/braiding Latina stories and legal discourse. These three constructs provide the essential discursive toolkit for Professor Montoya's pathbreaking articulation of critical antisubordination perspective in this article.
Reflecting that upbringing and the socio-cultural circumstances of her generation in legal education, the text juxtaposes the worlds of personal origins with that of academic success to expose and learn from the dynamics of approval, inclusion, humiliation, or disregard that humans execute daily to shape destiny. It is an enduring case study in the engagement of the personal and the structural, of the systemized macro-aggression and of the personalized micro-aggression.[15] The stories of class discussions, including the pregnancy and prosecution of Josephine Chavez—apparently the only Latina to be encountered in a legal casebook at that time—are riveting.[16] Whether in criminal law questioning criminality itself or in tax class trying to discuss the coupons of negotiable bonds,[17] the key point again and again is the un/masking of law as power. And in centering narrative, Professor Montoya demonstrates powerfully that "telling stories" is very much a profoundly knowledge-producing method.
As Professor Montoya notes, storytelling is a core practice in law.[18] Clients tell stories to their lawyers, witnesses tell stories to police, lawyers tell stories to jurors, and reporters sell all those stories to the public. Given its pervasiveness, storytelling should come as no big deal when encountered in legal scholarship. Yet, it is; perhaps, because narrative often helps to articulate critical stances toward the status quo with a force that imperial "analysis" often enough cannot.
When the rhetorics and methods of "law" did not permit critical insights to be effectively expressed in conventional or imperial terms, the turn to narrative created new possibilities for sharing insights and producing knowledge. As Máscaras underscores, these are not stories told for their own sake, but to illuminate obscured social realities and catalyze remedial action. Professor Montoya explains it this way, specifically about the Chavez case:
Embedded in Josephine Chavez's unfortunate experience are various lessons about criminal law specifically and about the law and its effects more generally. The opinion's characteristic avoidance of context and obfuscation of important class-and gender-based assumptions is equally important to the ideological socialization and doctrinal development of law students. Maintaining a silence about Chavez's ethnic and socio-economic context lends credence to the prevailing perception that there is only one relevant reality.[19]
As Professor Montoya has shown in this text and a thousand times since, she never has been one to remain silent—even though law school's "training" made her feel that way for a while.
It bears emphasis that, in the 1980s and 1990s, a critical outsider stance was riskier than it is today. Those were days when most barriers remained intact, including those based on color and sex. Professor Montoya herself was the first Latina admitted to Harvard Law School. That was 1972. As Professor Montoya observes in Máscaras, "in 1989, only 6.2% of Mexican-Americans over age 35 had completed four years of college, as compared with 20.6% of the non-Hispanic population."[20] Half a decade later, when Máscaras was published, 1.9% of U.S. law professors were women of color.[21] Illustrating the demographics and dynamics of the moment, 15.2% of assistant professors in 1994–95 were women of color.[22] Nearly a decade later, in 2002–03, the numbers were 4.3% and 13.6%, respectively.[23] Pause a moment to reflect on the demographics and discourses of all those rooms and conferences for all those years. For two decades, the odds have been that Professor Montoya found herself a "society of one" in most professional contexts.[24] In any given workplace situation, she was making and marking history.
Pioneering is a rough and lonely business, attractive only retrospectively, if at all. This is how Professor Montoya phrased it:
Mine is the first generation of Latinas to be represented in colleges and universities in anything approaching significant numbers. We are now represented in virtually every college and university. But, for the most part, we find ourselves isolated. Rarely has another Latina gone before us. Rarely is there another Latina whom we can watch to try and figure out all the little questions about subtextual meaning, about how dress or speech or makeup are interpreted in this particular environment.[25]
Professor Montoya and her generation had little choice but to become critical and outsider pioneers. That they have done so with much courage, creativity, and love is a testament to their resilience, character, and vision. That they never shirked danger is a gift to us all.
The stories preserved in Máscaras thereby also serve as stark reminders of the legal academy and culture constructed by this nation; an academy and culture designed specifically to filter out folks like Professor Montoya. For example:
In 1922 the Yale Board of Admissions was deeply concerned about the "Jewish problem." In that same year, a Yale psychologist warned the state bar association that "this invasion of foreign stock" was undermining the "finer professional spirit and feeling which characterizes the professional training of the typical American lawyer." Dean Swan of the Yale Law School suggested to the state bar in 1923 that students with foreign parents should be required to remain longer in college than native-born Americans before being admitted to law school. At a Yale faculty meeting in the same year, Swan argued against using grades as a basis for limiting enrollment to the law school, because such a development would admit students of "foreign" rather than "old American" parentage, and Yale would become a school with an "inferior student body ethically and socially."[26]
This exemplar shows the tightly interlinked operation of racism, nativism, and related supremacies in the design, construction, and consolidation of legal education and culture in the United States. This is the carefully drawn baseline of structural exclusion based on neocolonial identity politics that critical outsider scholars and activists have been struggling to overcome and reform—a baseline grudgingly modified at the margins in recent decades, but never unhinged ideologically from its exclusionary designs and effects.
Once again bringing together the personal/biographical with the intellectual/social, Professor Montoya concludes Máscaras with an illustrative note on the legal politics of language, identity and power. This section of the article tellingly is titled, "Pursuing Mestizaje (Transculturation) in the Legal Academy," and begins with legal history and personal circumstance already entwined:
The Euro-American conquest of the Southwest and Puerto Rico resulted in informal and formal prohibitions against the use of Spanish for public purposes. So by inscribing myself in legal scholarship as mestiza, I seek to occupy common ground with Latinas/os in this hemisphere and others, wherever situated, who are challenging "Western bourgeois ideology and hegemonic racialism with the metaphor of transculturation" . . . incorporating Spanish words, sayings, literature and wisdom can have positive ramifications for those in the academy and in the profession, and for those to whom we render legal services.[27]
In the end, then, this is the legacy of legalized injustice that forms Margaret Montoya's antisubordination agenda; this is the wreckage of history that her work and life now help to make and mark anew.
Two decades on, Professor Montoya and others of her generation are nearing retirement from the academy as new generations enter its ranks.[28] The legacy of academic activism that critical outsider pioneering has accumulated in the twenty years since Máscaras was published is thus our collective inheritance literally—the unfinished mission of our inter-generational work as law professors committed to antisubordination change in multidimensional terms that span race, sex, class, orientation, disability, and other constructs of privilege and oppression. Pushing this "rebellious" agenda along is the challenge awaiting the new (and coming) generations of critical outsider scholars, lawyers, organizers, and activists.[29] What comes next is the history that remains for us to write and produce, but we have strong and vibrant foundations from which to proceed. And for their living, breathtaking achievement, social justice legal studies in the U.S. and beyond will be always indebted to Margaret Montoya and her compañeras de color, who have unmasked law and pioneered critical outsider studies with grace and grit during the tumultuous decades since the late 1980s and 1990s.
Bravo! Kudos! Mil gracias por todo!
Cite as: Francisco Valdes, Unmasking Law: Women of Color Pioneering Critical Outsider Scholarship, Harv. J. L. & Gender (Feb. 2013) (reflection on Margaret Montoya, Máscaras, Trenzas, y Greñas: Un/Masking the Self While Un/Braiding Latina Stories and Legal Discourse, 17 Harv. Women's L. J. 185 (1994), 15 Chicano-Latino L. Rev. 1 (1994)), www.harvardjlg.com/2013/03/unmasking-law-women-of-color-pioneering-critical-outsider-scholarship.
* Professor of Law, University of Miami. Many thanks to the organizers and editors of this symposium for the opportunity to express and record these thoughts, and many thanks to Professor Montoya and her compañeras de color for making law and life a little bit better. All errors are mine.
[1] Margaret E. Montoya, Máscaras, Trenzas, y Greñas: Un/Masking the Self While Un/Braiding Latina Stories and Legal Discourse, 17 Harv. Women's L.J. 185 (1994) [hereinafter, Montoya, Máscaras].
[2] Margaret E. Montoya, Máscaras, Trenzas, y Greñas: Un/Masking the Self While Un/Braiding Latina Stories and Legal Discourse, 15 Chicano-Latino L. Rev. 1 (1994).
[3] See, e.g., Presumed Incompetent: The Intersections of Race and Class for Women in Academia (Gabriella Gutiérrez y Muhs, Yolanda Flores Niemann, Angela P. Harris and Carmen Gonzalez eds., 2012).
[4] See generally Richard Delgado, The Imperial Scholar: Reflections on a Review of Civil Rights Literature, 132 U. Pa. L. Rev. 561 (1984); Richard Delgado, The Imperial Scholar Revisited: How to Marginalize Outsider Writing, Ten Years Later, 140 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1349 (1992) (discussing the "imperial tradition in legal education and scholarship).
[5] See, e.g., Michael Fischl, The Question That Killed Critical Legal Studies, 17 Law & Soc. Inquiry 779 (1992) (discussing the demise of CLS and the climate in legal education and scholarship during those times).
[6] E.g., Adrien K. Wing, Critical Race Feminism: A Reader (1997) (presenting a pioneering collection of texts by women of color).
[7] See, e.g., Symposium, The Third Annual Conference on Women of Color and the Law, 43 Stan. L. Rev. 1183 (1990–1991) (presenting a collection of essays reflecting the vibrancy of that moment).
[8] See, e.g., Mari I. Matsuda, Looking to the Bottom: Critical Legal Studies and Reparations, 22 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 323 (1987) (presenting this approach to policy analysis as a form of critical antisubordination methodology).
[9] See, e.g., Athena D. Mutua, Shifting Bottoms and Rotating Centers: Reflections on LatCrit III and the Black/White Paradigm, 53 U. Miami L. Rev. 1177 (1999) (discussing and tweaking this methodology).
[10] See, e.g., Symposium, Legal Storytelling, 87 Mich. L. Rev. 2073 (1989).
[11] In response to the innovations of critical outsider scholars, including the embrace of legal narrative, some white scholars raised numerous objections—some startling, all wrong—in defense of traditional, imperial "standards" of "real" scholarship. E.g., Daniel A. Farber & Suzanna Sherry, Is the Radical Critique of Merit Anti-Semitic?, 83 Calif. L. Rev. 853 (1995) (illustrating traditionalist attacks).
[12] E.g., Margaret E. Montoya, Celebrating Racialized Narratives, in Crossroads, Directions, and a New Critical Race Theory 243 (Francisco Valdes et al. eds., 2002). (rejecting traditionalist attacks).
[13] Montoya, Máscaras, supra note 1, at 214–15.
[14] Montoya, Máscaras, supra note 1, at 190.
[15] During those groundbreaking years, critical outsider scholars examined the interplay of great social forces with the "small" acts of social discipline that jointly produce the webs of subordination based on race, sex, class, and other constructs reinforced and normalized in law. See, e.g., Peggy C. Davis, Law as Microaggression, 98 Yale L. J. 1559 (1989) (discussing the social dynamics of "microaggression"); Paulette M. Caldwell, A Hair Piece: Perspectives on the Intersection of Race and Gender, 1991 Duke L.J. 365 (1991) (discussing the role of hair in everyday constructions of privilege and subordination).
[16] Montoya, Máscaras, supra note 1, at 201–05.
[17] Id. at 207.
[18] Id. at 214.
[19] Id. at 206.
[20] Id. at 190 n.18.
[21] Id. See also Am. Ass'n of Law Sch., Statistical Report on Law School Faculty and Candidates for Law Faculty Positions, 42 (2002-03) [hereinafter "AALS"].
[22] AALS, supra note 21.
[23] Id. at 46.
[24] Rachel Moran, The Implications of Being a Society of One, 20 U.S.F. L. Rev. 503 (1985-1986) (discussing tokenism in legal academia).
[25] Montoya, Máscaras, supra note 1, at 190–91.
[26] Robert Stevens, Law School: Legal Education in America from the 1850s to the 1980s 101 (1983). For a thorough historical account that covers class-based, race-based, sex-based, immigration-status based, and religion-based ideologies invoked to structure the design and details of legal institutions, see Jerold S. Auerbach, Unequal Justice: Lawyers and and Social Change in Modern America (1976).
[27] Montoya, Máscaras, supra note 1, at 216.
[28] In fact, Professor Montoya herself is formally retiring from law school teaching this very year, but remains busy with many projects and her teaching and administrative role at the medical and law schools of the University of New Mexico, where she has spent her entire teaching career.
[29] See generally Gerald P. Lopez, Rebellious Lawyering: One Chicano's Vision of Progressive Law Practice (1992).


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subset: commoncrawl


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Barb Britten and Jen Rohrbach show snook and redfish caught while fishing with. Capt. Bubby Hail.
- Filed Under
Spotlight: Sixth Annual Bricks and Sticks Fishing Tournament
Register today for the annual Bricks and Sticks Fishing Tournament hosted at the beautiful Tarpon Point Marina on Friday and Saturday. $10,000 in cash prizes are on the line. Great food, beverages and music both nights. Visit www.BIA.net/fishing for information.$250 per angler. Friday 5:30-6:30 check-in, 6-8:30 p.m. captain's meeting. Saturday 7:30 a.m. shotgun start. Tarpon Point Marina, 5971 Silver King Blvd., Cape Coral. 936-5525.
? Fifth Aannual Barbecue Public Safety Rib Cookoff Stay Alive. Just Drive! has been actively and aggressively educating the public, with special emphasis on our youth, regarding the dangers of unsafe and distracted driving since 2006. The April 28 cook-off fundraiser will benefit SAJD. Lots of booths and fun activities for the kids: bounce house, pet the animals, see the shells, firetrucks and police cars. Visit www.sajd.org to make a tax-deductible donation. Call for sponsor categories and information. 11 a.m.-5 p.m. Shell Factory, 2787 N. Tamiami Trail, North Fort Myers, 941-952-7285.
? Gators in the Garden is the theme for the annual Art in the Garden outdoor sculpture installation, which is a project of the Lee County Art Educators and Edison-Ford. This year, 25 schools are participating from throughout Lee County and entering their giant gators to roam through the Edison Truck Garden area near the museum. Teachers are awarded funds to assemble their recycled and weatherproof materials and then the art is up to the students to complete. Opening reception for Gators in the Garden will be held from 2-4 p.m. Mark your calendars for the reception for students, teachers, families and school officials to see the student sculptures, as well as refreshments, live baby gators, and a few other surprises. On display today-May 25. Support provided by the George M. Cox Trust and cookies from Costco. 9 a.m.-5:30 p.m. Edison & Ford Winter Estates, 2350 McGregor Blvd., Fort Myers, 334-7419.
? Guided Mound Key Estero Bay Kayak Tour Join our Florida master baturalist on this historic paddle and explore the ceremonial center of the Calusa Indians. Hike the trail as you rise more than 30 feet above the waters of Estero Bay. Paddle with dolphin, manatee, osprey, cormorants, great blue heron, as you trace the path of our early settlers from the Calusa to the Koreshans. Reservations required. All equipment included. collegeoflifefoundation.org. 9 a.m. Estero Bay, 8600 Estero Blvd., Bonita Springs. Call for scheduling and pricing 992-2184.
? History of Fort Myers Public Art Every public artwork piece in downtown Fort Myers tells a tale about our city's history. Even if you're not into art, this tour will reveal little-known facts about Fort Myers you simply can't experience any other way. The tour is offered Sunday at 2:30 p.m. and is led by art novelist, columnist and enthusiast Tom Hall. Special promotional price of $10 per person. True Tours Historical Public Art Tour. Call 945-0405 to register and get meeting location. truetours.net
? Paddleboard Eco Tour Paddleboard with the dolphins and manatees with expert guides at Southwest Florida Standup. 9-11:30 a.m. daily. Visit swflstandup.com or call 218-5549. $60. Estero Bay, 8600 Estero Blvd., Bonita Springs. swflstandup.com
? Ultimate Water Games Paddle Sport Exhibition features two stand-up paddleboard obstacle races and an outrigger canoe race. Registration information can be found at www.ultimatewatergames.com. Collegiate SUP teams and outrigger canoe teams must register in advance. Paddlers wishing to compete in the public SUP race may register in advance or at The Pink Shell the day of the race. 9 a.m.-5 p.m. Outrigger: $60 per person or $360 team; Collegiate SUP: $240 per team (six-member teams); Public SUP: $40 per person. The Pink Shell Resort & Marina, 275 Estero Blvd., Fort Myers Beach. 251-454-1028.
? Wild Creeks and Rivers Kayak 10 a.m. Sundays, three hours on the water with a Florida master naturalist as your guide. Visit our Caloosahatchee and Orange rivers and the wild creeks of the Caloosahatchee Creeks Preserve. Learn about the estuary this area is part of and the importance of the mangrove forest. We will also visit a bird rookery island. $50 includes all equipment. Call 694-5513. Caloosahatchee Creeks Preserve, 17100 McDowell Dive., North Fort Myers. GAEAGuides.com
? Free Tom Allen Memorial Butterfly House Tour every Monday, Friday and Saturday at 10:30 a.m. Reservations are not required. Courtesy of the Friends of Wildlife. Donations accepted. Call 549-4606, email email@example.com or visit capeparks.com for information. Rotary Park, 5505 Rose Garden Road, Cape Coral
? Beachcombing Join a master naturalist for a walk discovering beach treasures every Tuesday and Wednesday. 9:30-10:30 a.m. Learn about seashells, sea creatures and tidal movement. Call for reservations at 597-6196 and if you need assistance to enable your participation. Delnor-Wiggins Pass State Park, 11135 Gulf Shore Drive, Naples. Park Entry fee is $6 per vehicle with more than one person, $4 per vehicle with one person, $2 each for walkers, bicyclers. floridastateparks.org/delnorwiggins/default.cfm
? Estuary Kayak Tour in Estero Bay Guided Kayak Nature Tours with GAEA Guides, 10 a.m.-1 p.m. Tuesdays. See herons, egrets, pelicans, osprey, dolphins, manatees and more. Learn about the estuary, and the many creatures that live in the mangrove forest and some history of our natives, the Calusa. $40 includes a Florida master naturalist as your guide and all equipment. Reservations required. 694-5513 . Estero Bay, 8600 Estero Blvd., Bonita Springs. GAEAGuides.com
? Lovers Key Estuary Tour with Photo Focus Join a park naturalist for a photogenic tour of the estuaries of Lovers Key. Bring your camera to learn where the best places are to snap that perfect photo and learn about the plants and animals that make this ecosystem home. Reservations required, call 463-4588. 10-11 a.m. Lovers Key State Park, 8700 Estero Blvd., Fort Myers Beach
? Cocohatchee River/ Wiggins Pass Estuary Kayak Tour 10 a.m.-1 p.m. This is a beautiful estuary area, with mangroves and many birds, dolphins, manatees and other critters. $40 includes all equipment and a Florida master naturalist guide. Reservations required. 694-5513. Cocohatchee River Park, 13531 Vanderbilt Drive, North Naples. GAEAGuides.com
? Behind-the-Scenes Tours Every Thursday a behind-the-scenes tour takes you inside and up close in the Edison and Ford homes led by curator staff and includes the homes, gardens, lab and museum. Free to Edison and Ford members, nonmembers $40. Space is limited; call and make reservations. 11 a.m. Edison & Ford Winter Estates, 2350 McGregor Blvd., Fort Myers, 334-7419. edisonfordwinterestates.org
? Caloosa Dive Club Meet on the first, second and third Thursday of the month at 7:15 p.m. The Caloosa Dive Club welcomes all scuba divers, new and experienced. Social hour, with snacks; the meeting starts promptly at 8 p.m. When we aren't diving, we have social functions, and the second Thursday is usually a dinner. For information call or email Dawn Steedman at 573-9417 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Cape Coral Yacht Club, 5819 Driftwood Parkway, Cape Coral. diveclub.org
? Plant Clinic Join Mike Malloy, plant and butterfly expert, who will answer your questions about plant health, landscaping and more in this master gardeners clinic. Free to public. 9 a.m.-3 p.m. Thursday. Naples Botanical Gardens, 4820 Bayshore Drive, Naples, 643-7275
? River District Farmers Market This lively green market offers a variety of local produce, seafood, baked goods, honey, nuts, cheese, flowers, plants and more. Held year- round Thursdays from 7 a.m.-1 p.m. under the Caloosahatchee Bridge in the Centennial Park parking lot, 2000 W. First St., downtown Fort Myers, 321-7100.
? Ding Darling and Doc Ford's Tarpon Tournament To celebrate the history of the first documented tarpon caught on a rod and reel in "Ding" Darling's Tarpon Bay in 1885, Doc Ford's and "Ding" Darling Wildlife Society-Friends of the Refuge have partnered to host this inaugural tournament, which promises to be one of the best in this area. Registration is $400 per team of four, 100 percent of which goes to awards. Registration information is available at www.dingdarlingtarpontourney.com, or email email@example.com. 7 a.m.-4 p.m. Doc Ford's, 708 Fisherman's Wharf, Fort Myers Beach. 292-0566.
? Pet Coral Yappy Hour Poolside, bring a chair and your dog. All dogs must be spayed/neutered and proof of vaccines. This is an off-leash dog park environment, social dogs only. Refreshments served. 6:30-8 p.m. Pet Coral Resort and Veterinary, 924 Del Prado Blvd., Cape Coral, 673-8453. petcoral.com
? Annual Stand Up Paddle Luau Races Noodles Italian Cafe and Sushi Bar at Mission Plaza in Naples, is proud to host the Collier County Special Olympics' fourth annual Stand-Up Paddle Luau Races on Saturday, May 4, at the Bayfront Marina in downtown Naples. The event, nationally recognized by the Special Olympics organization, will have a large number of local businesses contributing via sponsorship packages and silent raffle donations, with all proceeds going to benefit the Special Olympics Collier County. 8 a.m.-1 p.m. $25. Bayfront Marketplace and Marina, U.S. 41 and Goodlette Road in downtown Naples. 250-1030.
? Cape Coral Farmers' Market More than 70 quality vendors featuring a wide array of fresh, local and healthy produce including certified organic selections. Handmade jewelry and wood crafts. Live music. SNAP/EBT accepted. Held every Saturday, 8 a.m.-1 p.m. Cape Coral Farmers' Market, Southeast 47th Terrace and Southeast 10th Place, Cape Coral, 549-6900. capecoralfarmersmarket.com
? GreenMarket Farmer's Market Find local produce, seafood, honey, cheeses, baked goods, plants and gardening supplies, and more. Live music, free Wi-Fi, and free classes (yoga, gardening) in a natural setting that the whole family can enjoy. 9 a.m.-1 p.m. Saturdays. Alliance for the Arts, 10091 McGregor Blvd., Fort Myers, 939-2787.
? Nature Walk with Bird Patrol Guide Arrive at 8 a.m. for brief intro and sign in. Wear comfortable shoes and dress for outdoors. Bring water, hat, sunscreen, binoculars, and camera. Lakes Regional Park, 7330 Gladiolus Drive, south Fort Myers. 533-7580. birdpatrol.org


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Owners of a Samsung Galaxy S4 or Galaxy S4 mini smartphone on the network of Canadian wireless carrier Bell will soon be able to enjoy the benefits of Android 4.3 Jelly Bean on their devices.
No official announcement on the matter has been made as of now, but a leaked internal document that made it online via MobileSyrup unveils the wireless carrier's plans on the update.
To be more precise, said doc reveals that the carrier will start delivering Android 4.3 for the two devices on November 23, which is this Saturday.
As part of the update, users will receive support for Galaxy Gear, improved camera capabilities, support for Samsung KNOX, and other features as well.
The leaked info has also unveiled that Galaxy S4 will run under software version I337MVLUEMK6 after the update, and that Galaxy S4 mini will be bumped up to firmware version I257MVLUAMK5.


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Call US - 214 - 2547 - 142
My name is ZiBo. I have feline immunodeficiency virus. My mommy Joan Dee takes very good care of me. You cannot get FIV from me. Other cats can only get FIV from deep bites.
People need to be educated about feline …
Mar, 06, 2014
Mar, 04, 2014
Zibo Man Productions
Copyright 2014


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Description of the Cisco Small Business Managed Switch SRW2024P Switch - 24 ports - Managed
The Cisco Small Business Managed Switch will provide users with up to 24 ports of expansion on their existing network. The SRW2024P comes equipped with a web-based configuration that is secured using SSL.
- Auto MDI-MDI-X supports cable detection on all 10/100/1000 copper ports
- Provides flow control mechanism to ensure zero packet loss - uses back pressure for half-duplex operations
and IEEE802.3x for full duplex operation
- Provides Store and Forward switching mechanisms
- Provides non-blocking switching performance
- Provides Multi-casting, Broadcasting and Flooding Control
- Support for strict priority and weighted round-robin (WRR) CoS policies
- Supports 802.1q tagged based VLAN for support of up to 64 VLANs
- Supports up to 8 trunking groups
- Load sharing among trunk ports based on MAC address
- Port Mirroring to monitor the traffic of Mirrored ports
- ACL to limit the interface and IP domain to manage the switch
- Web based configurations makes installation and setup easy
- Cat5 Ethernet Network Cable
- TCI/IP protocol installed on each computer within the network
- Network Adapter installed in each computer
- Network Operating System (e.g. Windows, Linux, MacOS X)
Free Free UPS Ground shipping on orders of $500+. Within Continental U.S. (under $500 orders only $9.95)
A portion of each purchase will be donated to The Penrickton Center for Blind Children. For more information, visit penrickton.com
Have Telecom Items For Sale? Top Dollar Offered - Lightning Fast Bids Provided email@example.com


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Organized crime is diversifying beyond drugs and human trafficking into a new business: deforestation.
According to the United Nations, illegal logging in tropical forests is worth big bucks: $30-$100 billion a year. Criminal syndicates net about $11 billion of this, according to the World Bank — close to the $13 billion they bring in from producing drugs.
The Washington Post reports that illegal deforestation accounts for nearly a third of world logging and takes place "in tropical areas such as the Amazon Basin, Central Africa, and Southeast Asia."
The deleterious effects of deforestation are well known. "The most dramatic impact is a loss of habitat for millions of species," according to National Geographic. "Seventy percent of Earth's land animals and plants live in forests, and many cannot survive the deforestation that destroys their homes." It removes trees that form part of the forest canopy, which blocks the sun during the day and holds heat in at night. "This disruption leads to more extreme temperatures swings that can be harmful to" the plants and animals that survive the logging itself.
National Geographic also points out that deforestation "drives climate change. Forest soils are moist, but without protection from sun-blocking tree cover they quickly dry out. Trees also help perpetuate the water cycle by returning water vapor back into the atmosphere. Without trees to fill these roles, many former forest lands can quickly become barren deserts."
It is the connection with water that led a town in Mexico beset by criminal loggers to fight back. When a criminal syndicate started cutting down the local forests, the residents of Cheran found that the police and government were no help. "The bad men come and we are unprotected," a town leader told The Washington Post. "Without trees there is no water, the soil erodes and no one can live from the land. So we decided to protect ourselves."
The town banished the police and the mayor and established a city council. It organized a militia that stops every person who seeks to enter the area at "barricades made of logs." And it has scared off the illicit loggers.
But the criminals did not leave without a fight. They murdered many residents, but the town stood firm.
Unfortunately, these heroic measures cannot be expected in every forested area of the globe, and in the meantime, the criminals' logging is fueling global warming. "Fewer forests means larger amounts of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere—and increased speed and severity of global warming," National Geographic explains. There is no end in sight, as demand for wood is on the increase. "China is set to double its wood consumption by 2020," reports The Washington Post. "Global demand for timber products is growing massively."
The U.N.'s report, called "Green Carbon, Black Trade," makes a number of recommendations for combating illegal deforestation, including "a full-fledged Law Enforcement Assistance to Forests (LEAF)" program that would undertake "coordinated international and improved national law enforcement and investigative efforts to reduce illegal logging, the international trade in illegally felled timber and forest-related corruption including tax fraud and laundering."
It will indeed take coordinated international efforts to protect the world's resources from organized crime. The people of Cheran cannot fight this battle alone.
Related Stories:
Campaigns to Stop Deforestation
Deforestation: Fast-Tracking Our Own Extinction
Read more: cheran, climate change, deforestation, global warming, logging, mexico
unbelievable.... thanks
Thank you for sharing
this is an awful sequel to the imperialistic attitudes that created reservations, detainment camps
and condoned genocide
thanks,for shedding light on a very dark situation
Thank you.
Thank you Piper, for Sharing this!
Thank you for telling us.
It is very sad that greed, ignorance, and just plain evil do so much damage to the Earth and to animals and people too. It is wonderful when forces for good stand up against destruction. God bless those brave people!! Lets all continue to speak out for what is right.
Salute to the villagers' efforts! Hope everything will be fine for them.
Many kudos to that town.
Whoa ! Brave people, in the steps of Zapata ! I send them light and courage, if I could I'd give them a hand and guard the forest with them !
Disclaimer: The views expressed above are solely those of the author and may
not reflect those of
Care2, Inc., its employees or advertisers.
Charlene, the far right HAS resorted to killing people -- blowing up federal buildings with day care…
Animals are a credit to this Bitch any day! Thanks for sharing!
Those who bother to watch the show don't need a road map ... they already know what they're looking for,…
Problem on this page? Briefly let us know what isn't working for you and we'll try to make it right!


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oliver hudson
EXCLUSIVE: The Nerds Get Revenge on 'Rules of Engagement' With Guest Star Booger (We Mean Curtis Armstrong)
Booger (sorry, Curtis) is stopping by tonight's 'Rules of Engagement' (Thurs., Oct. 27, 8:30PM ET on CBS) playing himself -- yes, an actor named Curtis Armstrong who's often recognized as a hygienically-challenged nerd named Booger from ... oh, you get the idea.
So how does Booger come to meet the group? Turns out he shared a cab with Adam, who's a big 'Revenge of the Nerds' fan. And you know who was in 'Revenge of the Nerds'? Instant connection.
Enjoy this Booger-tastic exclusive sneak peek ...
Oliver Hudson Talks About Fame and Family on 'The Talk' (VIDEO)
Hudson would have been about 7 or 8 when the 1984 film, was being shot (though he said he thought he was about 11). He said he remembers getting a startling surprise when he found a woman who he thought was his mother. "I grab her leg to tell her something, and she turns around, and it's her stand-in," he said.
That moment, he said, was seared into his memory, and it was "like a horror film" when the woman turned around. Could have been worse. She could have been filming 'Death Becomes Her.'
'Rules of Engagement' -- Sex With the Surrogate (VIDEO)
Pam (guest star Jaime Pressly) is the couple's first choice as their potential surrogate. But that's before she runs into Russell (David Spade, playing the traditional "David Spade as a horny jerk" character). Russell tries to seduce Pam as soon as she leaves the Binghams' apartment. Not good.
Adam Poses for a Photo on 'Rules of Engagement' (VIDEO)
His friend Timmy (Adhir Kalyan) attempts to help him: "Now, I'm seeing nothing that's not entirely 'hetero,' so -- hold it," he says, snapping a photo. "And ... how the hell does that happen?" Yet another failure. Well, if at first you don't succeed, then try, try again.
Watch the video after the jump.
Robbery on 'Rules of Engagement' (VIDEO)
Well, they were robbed. But what if the burglars are still there? Lead character Jeff Bingham (Patrick Warburton) has the solution to the problem, and enlists Adam (Oliver Hudson) in his ruse. The idea: Just shout out manly things to frighten away the crooks. "Honey, I'm home from the kung fu studio!" "Yeah, and I'm home from gun practice!" "Good," Jeff concludes, after they're done shouting, "... now they think we're a super-violent gay couple." Sometimes, improvisation isn't always the best idea.
Watch the video after the jump.
Adam Has Second Thoughts on 'Rules of Engagement' (VIDEO)
Somehow, that trash can is looking way better than the mail chute. Of course, he'd be in a deeper world of hurt if he didn't mail them, so ... yeah, either way he's screwed.
Watch the video after the jump.
Jaime Pressly to Guest on 'Rules of Engagement'
The actress will play a potential surrogate mother for long-time marrieds Jeff (Patrick Warburton) and Audrey (Megyn Price). The series, which looks at different stages of relationships between men and women, also stars David Spade, Oliver Hudson and Bianca Kajlich.
Actually, Rules of Engagement is a funny show
I didn't want to like Rules of Engagement. I like The New Adventures of Old Christine, and I thought that if I watched and liked Rules of Engagement (which has pushed Old Christine to the back burner at CBS for now) it would be like endorsing that show over Old Christine. It would almost be like cheating on Julia Louis-Dreyfus, and I did that once before years ago and she has never forgiven me.
But this past Monday I found myself wanting to watch a comedy at 9:30, so I turned it on. You know what? It's actually a good show.
Rules of Engagement: Pilot
(S01E01) Take 'Til Death. Add Dennis Finch. Stir.
That's Rules of Engagement in a nutshell. And the result of the mix isn't particularly funny.
So...how long will Rules of Engagement last?
CBS is really promoting Rules of Engagement, the new comedy starring David Spade and Patrick Warburton. It seems like they're running an ad for the show on every other TV show that they have. But will this show be a success, or be just another midseason sitcom that gets pulled quickly?
I haven't seen the show yet, but the cast is funny. Both Spade and Warburton are funny no matter what they're in (I have no opinion of Oliver Hudson - not even sure if I've ever seen him in anything before). Warburton was funny in Seinfeld and The Tick, and Spade...well, a lot of people hate him, but I think he's a riot. Sure, he does one thing (horny, slightly sleazy guy with quirks), but he does it really well. Just Shoot Me wouldn't have been the same without his character, and I actually think that he's the reason 8 Simple Rules lasted so long after John Ritter passed away. The dynamic of the show changed and was actually improved somehow after Spade (and James Garner) were brought on board.
So will Rules of Engagement be a surprise hit, or will be just fade away into oblivion? (I guess there's a third option, the Yes, Dear option, where a show no one seems to watch or talk about somehow stays around for 25 years).
CBS shuffles Monday night comedy schedule
Rules stars David Spade, Oliver Hudson (Dawson's Creek) and Patrick Warburton ("Puddy" from Seinfeld). It's about two couples and a single guy who "navigate the jungles of dating, engagement and marriage." Moving it into the 9:30 pm slot during sweeps is a vote of confidence on CBS' part.
The move displaces The New Adventures of Old Christine, which be on a brief hiatus in February (they're pulling it for sweeps!). Old Christine will slide into the 8:30 pm slot after March 5th, when The Class finale airs. And it looks like the series finale of King of Queens will air May 21- but that's not definite.
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If you are a fan of NASCAR or just follow your favorite driver, then check out our list of the best NASCAR apps for the iPad.
There's no better way to start the racing season than with this one!
220 Software had finally integrated its wildly popular RaceFan app to the iPad!
Seeing red ain't so bad!
You think baseball's the only sport with trivia apps? Well then, this app should prove to you otherwise!
And here's another one for trivia!
Can't watch? Then at least hear!
Here's one good thing for mobile!
Managing something isn't just for football!


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Welcome to Smogon! Check out the Smogon Info Hub for everything you need to know about starting out in the community. Don't forget to introduce yourself in the Introduction Thread, too!
Welcome to Smogon Forums! Please take a minute to read the rules.
#littlecup, the Little Cup IRC channel!
Discussion in 'Little Cup' started by Seven Deadly Sins, Aug 19, 2009.


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Daily Bucket
In this handout image supplied by the office of the Palestinian... ニュース写真オフィス,パレスチナ文化,マハムード アッバス,ヨルダン川西岸,ラマッラー,中東,全身,同等,外交,対立,政治,横長,画像や映像Photographer PPOCollection: Getty Images News 2012 PPORAMALLAH, WEST BANK - NOVEMBER 20: In this handout image supplied by the office of the Palestinian president, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas (C) meets with Mohammad Barakeh (2L), head of the Israeli Democratic Front for Peace and Equality, on November 20, 2012 in Ramallah, West Bank. Abbas is preparing to make an appeal to the United Nations on November 29 to grant nonmember status to the Palestinian Authority even as leader of Hamas Khaled Meshal holds truce talks in Cairo with leaders from Egypt, Qatar and Turkey. (Photo by Thaer Ghanaim/PPO via Getty Images)


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by Zolton in New Illustration on Tuesday 23 December 2008
Pasadena, California artist, Jason Redwood, creates luminous, thickly textured artwork and illustrations that practically leap off the page with their bright colours and three dimensional layering.
Share your favourite cultural finds with the Lost At E Minor community and become famous in the process. Well, kinda.
by Rachel Oakley
by Inigo del Castillo
© 2015 Lost at E Minor | Image Attribution | Privacy Policy


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WordPress WTH?
on September 3, 2013 at 3:26 pm
Posted In: Uncategorized
Uhm….I have no idea what the hell just happened. I updated WordPress, and everything kinda went to hell o_o Gimme a little bit to try and fix it.
Was just coming here to let you know :D
Had to use Firefox (Private) to get the front page (have the archives bookmarked)
Yay!! You got things back to normal :D
This… looks different.
©2004-2015 Maq #041 Powered by WordPress with ComicPress


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Pisces Fish Hand Embroidery Transfer Pattern or Applique
Could be for Pisces or to use as a mandala. Great for applique!
Posted in Animals, Applique Patterns, Embroidery Transfers, Symbols | Tagged applique, astrology, fish, japanese, mandala, pisces, quilting | Leave a response
Zodiac Signs Embroidery Transfer Patterns
Unfortunately, I don't have all of them, just these 7. So, if your sign is here, you're in luck! Aquarius Pisces Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Saggitarius
Posted in Symbols | Tagged aquarius, aries, astrology, cancer, emb, free patterns, gemini, pisces, saggitarius, taurus, transfers, zodiac | Leave a response


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Steals of the Week: Mother's Day gift ideas
This Steals of the Week installment has a distinct Mother's Day 2012 flavor. Each of the following items is available on PennySaverUSA.com and would make a killer Mother's Day gift to the right mom.
The Active Mom
If your mom is the type who loves going on bike rides and getting her heart rate going then this Steals of the Week item is perfect. It's a Ladies Giant Sedona Bike in excellent condition for sale in Annapolis, MD for only $200. That price is definitely a bargain.
The Decorator
There is always space for gorgeous Geo. Z. Lufton Lighthouses in any home, especially one with a mom who loves decorating. Even more enticing is that these pieces of art from a seller in Saint Petersburg, Fla. will set you back just $35 (or $45 for limited edition models), leaving plenty of room to take your mom out to dinner.
The Homemaker
Seeing those same dishes day after day, month after month, year after year, grows tiresome for anyone. Your mom deserves to switch things up with some Steals of the Week quality vintage dishes from Noritake. The entire 75-piece set is in outstanding condition according to the Riverside, CA seller and is available for just $450 (or best offer).
The Stylish Mom
Vintage is in. Let's repeat – VINTAGE IS IN. But it has to look good and be of high quality. This Steals of the Week item gets a check-mark in both categories. Made by Ann Daniels, it's a 14-karat gold watch with 24 of 26 diamonds still in place. While the San Bernadino, CA seller admits the watch doesn't work, that just gives you leverage to negotiate down from the $600 price tag.
The Playful Mom
Sometimes gag gifts can be the most memorable. Well, the following Steals of the Week item is probably among the biggest gag gifts you could ever purchase. This giant vintage stuffed bear is 54-inches tall and in super condition. It's being offered for $100 in San Jose, CA.
Who needs the mall for Mother's Day gift ideas, when you have PennySaverUSA.com's Steals of the Week?


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- Filed Under
Today I was reminded how glad I am I moved to Rochester. I was walking to the bank and stopped to vote at School 23. In the process, the checks I needed to deposit fell out of my purse, and I did not notice their absence until I arrived at the bank.
I spent hours retracing my steps. I did not find them.
Tonight, a teacher, or perhaps an administrator, from the school came to my door with the checks that had been turned in to the school office.
Thank you to the honest and kind person that found the checks, and this great person from School 23. You are shining examples of the wonderful people I have come to know and love here in the Flower City.


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Elder Law
Last Will and Testament, Revocable Trust, Irrevocable Trust, transfer of real estate, care for a dependent disabled adult, nursing home consideration, Guardianships, Powers of Attorney and protection in your own home are all important planning considerations.
The law firm of Normand & Associates has been assisting individuals and families with their planning decisions since 1980.
Protect Yourself
While the attorneys would be pleased to speak to an individual over the telephone to discuss general matters at no charge, frequently it is helpful for the individual or family to meet with an attorney for an extended consultation and a top to bottom review of their present needs, status and goals.
At the conclusion of the consultation, the clients themselves determine if they desire further legal services or if their existing documents are satisfactory.


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To link to this article, copy this persistent link:
(Nov 02, 2007) The Sri Lankan government has issued a special provision under the existing Emergency Regulations on Arms Trading. According to Basil Rajapaksa, a new Member of Parliament, the provision will eventually be enacted as law. The purpose is to prohibit any Sri Lankan from taking part in arms deals, whether within the country or abroad, with the goal of making it impossible for citizens or companies to act as middlemen in the arms trade. (New Regulation to Block Arms Deals, SOUTH ASIAN MEDIA NET, Oct. 10, 2007, available at http://www.southasianmedia.net/index_story.cfm?id=433392&category=Frontend&Coun
|Constance Johnson More by this author
|Arms control and nonproliferation More on this topic
|Sri Lanka More about this jurisdiction
Search Legal News
Find legal news by topic, country, keyword, date, or author.
Global Legal Monitor RSS
Get the Global Legal Monitor delivered to your inbox. Sign up for RSS service.
The Global Legal Monitor is an online publication from the Law Library of Congress covering legal news and developments worldwide. It is updated frequently and draws on information from the Global Legal Information Network, official national legal publications, and reliable press sources. You can find previous news by searching the GLM.
Last updated: 11/02/2007


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| U.S. Department of Justice
Antitrust Division
Victim Witness
General Information for Victims and Witnesses
What Happens in an Antitrust Case?
If you are a victim of or a witness to a crime, the Victim-Witness Assistance Program is designed to provide you with services while you are involved in the criminal justice system.
As a victim of a crime, you may be experiencing feelings of confusion, frustration, fear, and anger. Our staff can help you deal with these feelings. We also will explain your rights as a victim or witness, and help you better understand how the criminal justice system works.
One of the responsibilities of citizenship for those who have knowledge about the commission of a crime is to serve as witnesses at the criminal trial or one of the other hearings held in connection with the criminal prosecution. The federal criminal justice system cannot function without the participation of witnesses. The complete cooperation and truthful testimony of all witnesses are essential to the proper determination of guilt or innocence in a criminal case.
The Department of Justice is concerned that victims of and witnesses to crimes are treated fairly throughout their contact with the criminal justice system.
The Antitrust Division of the United States Department of Justice has taken several steps to make the participation by victims of and witnesses to crimes more effective and meaningful. One of these steps is the preparation of this handbook. We hope that it will provide answers to many of your questions and give you sufficient general information to understand your rights and responsibilities.
Thank you for your cooperation and for your service as a witness. We appreciate the sacrifice of time that it requires.
The Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice is prosecuting the case in which you are involved. The Division is responsible for prosecuting all criminal and civil federal antitrust litigation on behalf of the Department of Justice, as well as other federal offenses that occur in conjunction with an antitrust offense. The Division consists of numerous litigating sections located in Washington, D.C. and three regional field offices in Chicago, New York, and San Francisco. The name, address, and office telephone number of the Antitrust Division attorney prosecuting this case, as well as the Victim-Witness Coordinator for the appropriate section or field office, is listed at the end of this handbook.
You are either a victim of a crime or are being asked to serve as a witness for the United States in a particular case. This handbook is designed to help you understand the federal criminal justice system.
The people of the United States are depending on you and every other citizen who knows something about a crime. Only with your help can we have a fair and effective system to bring criminals to justice.
Under the law, victims of federal offenses such as antitrust violations are entitled to certain rights. Stated briefly, these are
How these rights are provided in any particular case will depend on the facts of the case, the need of the Government effectively to investigate and prosecute the offense, and the legal rights of the defendants. While the Antitrust Division attorney prosecuting this case will do his or her best to see that you receive the rights to which you are entitled, Division attorneys represent the United States and not the victims of antitrust violations. As a crime victim you can seek the advice of your own attorney concerning any of the rights described above.
The Department of Justice has also established an administrative complaint process for victims who believe that they have been denied any of the rights described above by a Department employee. A complaint form can be obtained from an Antitrust Division Victim-Witness Coordinator or attorney who is prosecuting the case, or can be downloaded at www.justice.gov/atr/victim/vrcomplaint.html, and the completed and signed form should be sent to the Antitrust Division point of contact identified on the form. Complaints will be acknowledged and investigated and, if appropriate, corrective action will be taken against the employee. The decision of the Department of Justice with respect to the action taken in response to an administrative complaint is final and may not be appealed to the courts. However, this process is not intended to help you obtain the rights to which you may be entitled in the case at hand. If you believe that you are not receiving the rights described above or elsewhere in this handbook, please let the Victim-Witness Coordinator or attorney prosecuting the case know as soon as possible. Every effort will be made to provide you with your rights as a victim or to explain why certain rights cannot be provided.
More information concerning victims' rights, including information about upcoming public court proceedings in matters being prosecuted by the Antitrust Division, can be found at: www.justice.gov/atr/victim/index.html.
If you have questions about the case in which you are involved, you should feel free to call the Antitrust Division Victim-Witness Coordinator or attorney who is prosecuting the case and ask questions. Although much of the information gathered during the course of a criminal investigation is confidential and may not be discussed except in court, we will do our best to answer your questions. You may also request that the prosecutor contact you during the case regarding various stages of the proceeding.
If you are not a federal government employee, you will receive a witness fee for each day that you are required to attend court in connection with the case, including time spent waiting to testify. Out-of-town witnesses receive reimbursement for certain travel expenses in addition to their daily witness fee. You will receive information regarding fees and expenses prior to the time you are requested to appear.
At the conclusion of your testimony, you will complete a witness voucher to make a claim for your fees. Generally, a check for all fees will be provided to you approximately four to six weeks after your testimony.
If you are a federal government employee, the Antitrust Division will work with the Department's Special Authorization Unit to handle travel and to secure a "Certificate of Attendance" that will enable you to receive your regular salary, notwithstanding your absence from your job. You will not collect a witness fee in addition to that salary.
If anyone threatens you or you feel that you are being harassed because of your contribution to the case being tried, you should immediately notify the Antitrust Division or the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The telephone number for the local office of the FBI is listed in your telephone directory under United States Government. IT IS A FEDERAL OFFENSE TO THREATEN, INTIMIDATE, HARASS, OR MISLEAD A WITNESS IN A CRIMINAL OR CIVIL PROCEEDING. Victims and witnesses have the right to be free of harassment or intimidation by the defendant or others.
Since antitrust defendants are routinely released on bond or on their own recognizance pending trial, you should not be surprised if you happen to see the defendant on release prior to trial. Nevertheless, if you have any concerns about a defendant's release, please discuss them with the Division attorney prosecuting the case.
Of course, if you are threatened or harassed while you are attending court proceedings, you should report that fact immediately to the prosecutor.
Often we are asked by witnesses about their rights if a defense attorney or a defense investigator contacts them. Witnesses do not belong to either side of a criminal case. Thus, even though you may first be approached by the prosecution or by the defense, it is proper for the other side to try to talk to you. While it is the Antitrust Division that is asking for your cooperation in this case, you may be contacted by the defense lawyer or an investigator for the defendant for an interview. While you may discuss the case with them if you wish to do so, you also have the right not to talk to them. The choice is entirely yours. You may simply say "I'm sorry, but the answer is no." (This also applies to our requests for an interview.) If you do agree to an interview, here are some suggestions on how to deal with it.
First and foremost, you should always tell "the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth."
If you give a statement, you do not have to sign it, but any statement that you make during an interview, even if not signed, may be used to try to challenge or discredit your testimony in court if your testimony differs from that statement. This applies even to oral statements that no one has written down.
If you decide to sign a statement, make sure you read it over very carefully before you sign it and correct any mistakes.
Ask to have a copy of any statement that you make. Whether you sign the statement or not, you may tell the lawyer or investigator that you will refuse to give a statement unless you receive a copy of it.
When you have an interview with the defendant's lawyer or investigator, please let the Division attorney handling the case know about the interview. If you elect to have an interview with the defendant's lawyer or investigator, you may want to have present an additional person chosen by you to witness the interview.
You may discuss the case with anyone you wish. The choice is yours, but it is not always a good idea. Be sure you know to whom you are talking when you discuss the case. If a defendant approaches you and you find this upsetting, please tell the Antitrust Division attorney immediately. While you may discuss the case with the media if you wish, we encourage you not to do so since you are a potential witness in a criminal case and the rights of the government and the defendant to a fair trial could be jeopardized by pre-trial publicity.
In the interest of ensuring a fair trial, after you have testified in court, you should not discuss with other witnesses what was said during your testimony until after the case is over. Thus, please do not ask other witnesses about their testimony or volunteer information about your own.
The prosecutor may discuss various aspects of the case with you to prepare you for testifying if that is necessary, but (s)he may be prevented from answering some of your questions about the case because the law prevents the prosecutor from disclosing what has occurred before the grand jury.
It is difficult to schedule trials and other court hearings at a time convenient for everyone involved. Any court hearing requires the presence of witnesses, the defendant and the defendant's lawyer, an Antitrust Division prosecutor, and the judge. Crime victims also have the right to be present at public court proceedings.
Therefore, WHEN THE COURT SETS A TIME AND PLACE FOR A HEARING IN A CASE THAT YOU ARE INVOLVED IN AS A WITNESS, YOU MUST BE THERE PROMPTLY, unless an emergency prevents it. If you have been sent a subpoena -- a formal order to appear -- you should know that there are serious penalties for those who do not obey that order.
If you know in advance anything that might keep you from making a court appearance, let the Division prosecutor know immediately so that an attempt may be made to adjust the schedule. (However, scheduling is ultimately at the discretion of the judge.) This applies to travel and vacation plans in the future, as well as immediate emergencies before trial or a court hearing. In any case, you should immediately call either number listed at the end of this handbook.
Despite the best efforts of everyone concerned, court hearings do not always take place on schedule -- the hearing or trial is sometimes postponed or continued to a new date. When possible, the Division prosecutor will discuss with you any proposed scheduling change. We also will notify you of any postponements in advance of your appearance at court.
As a victim or witness, you may have questions about transportation, the location of the courthouse, food service, or simply may need information concerning where to go and what time to appear. That information will be provided by the Victim-Witness Coordinator prior to your appearance. Of course, you may also call the attorney or Victim-Witness Coordinator with questions at any time.
People who learn about criminal prosecutions from watching television shows about lawyers tend to have a misconception about criminal prosecutions and how the criminal justice system works. The most misleading thing about the TV shows is that they most often show the defendant pleading not guilty and the case being tried by a jury. In reality, many criminal cases are concluded without a trial. The defendant may plead guilty. Guilty pleas and plea agreements are discussed below.
The defendant may choose to plead guilty. By pleading guilty the defendant waives the right to a trial. The guilty plea results in a conviction.
The Antitrust Division may enter into an agreement that the defendant will plead guilty and the Government will take a certain position with respect to the sentence imposed or some other action. This process of obtaining a defendant's agreement to plead guilty is recognized by the courts as a proper way of disposing of criminal cases. In fact, the United States Supreme Court has encouraged such plea agreements.
The government usually benefits in several ways by entering into an agreement for a guilty plea to certain charges rather than going to trial. One benefit is the guarantee of a conviction. Criminal cases always involve risks and uncertainties. Even a case that appears to be very strong may not result in a conviction if there is a trial. In many cases there is a possibility that certain evidence may not be admitted. The Antitrust Division will consider this in deciding to agree to a plea to certain charges. Another benefit of plea agreements is the prompt and certain imposition of sentence, which is a major goal of the criminal justice system. A third benefit is that they help to obtain pleas and convictions of other defendants. The Antitrust Division will often require, as a condition of a plea, cooperation of the defendant in further investigations or prosecutions of others. Since there is no trial and no witnesses are called to testify, the witnesses also avoid any possible inconvenience and emotional stress that they might experience when they have to testify. When it is reasonable to do so, the Antitrust Division prosecutor will notify victims of, and consider victims' views about, prospective plea agreements.
Often, crime causes financial loss for the victim. If you have ever been the victim of a violent crime, you may have had cash or valuable property stolen (and not recovered), or you may have experienced damaged property, medical expenses, or a loss of income because you could not work. As the victim of an antitrust violation you may have been defrauded of money belonging to you or suffered business losses as the result of anticompetitive conduct.
There are three possible ways that crime victims can try to recover their losses. Unfortunately these three ways, discussed below, are not always effective. We do not wish to discourage anyone, but we do not wish to give a false impression either.
Although rarely available for victims of antitrust violations, state agencies administer crime victims' compensation programs that provide financial assistance to victims and survivors of victims of criminal violence. Payments are made for medical expenses, loss of wages attributable to a physical injury, and certain other expenses. Each state establishes its own instructions for applying for crime victims' compensation, procedures to be used in processing applications, approval authority, and dollar limits for awards to victims.
Restitution means that an offender repays the losses that he or she has caused the victim. In an antitrust case, this usually involves a direct monetary payment from the defendant to the victim for the damages resulting from the violation.
From the point of view of effective law enforcement, the time to seek restitution is when the defendant is found guilty or pleads guilty. If that is the final result of the case the law requires the trial judge to consider restitution as part of the offender's sentence. The decision, however, is the judge's. The judge might determine that the defendant does not have enough money to repay the debt to the victim. In antitrust cases, judges often conclude that it would be too complicated to determine the amount of damage caused by the violation during a sentencing hearing.
You should discuss restitution with the prosecutor. In many cases, the U.S. probation officer (an officer of the court) is required to prepare a presentence investigation report that includes a section assessing the financial, social, psychological and medical impact of the crime on any individual against whom the offense was committed. This section is called the "Victim Impact Statement," and it includes a provision on restitution. If you were a victim, you should cooperate fully with the Antitrust Division and the United States Probation Office by providing information regarding the impact that the crime had on you. Without this information the judge cannot make an informed decision on your need for restitution.
A victim may try to recover his or her losses by a civil lawsuit against the defendant. Such a private lawsuit is completely separate from the criminal case. In fact, the jury in a civil case may find that the defendant owes the victim money even though a different jury in the criminal case found the defendant not guilty, because the burden of proof is higher in a criminal case.
If you wish to sue a defendant for civil damages you must consult your own attorney; the Antitrust Division cannot provide legal advice concerning the desirability of a civil case. However, the antitrust laws do provide that a plaintiff who brings a successful civil damage action is entitled to three times the antitrust damages actually suffered, plus court costs and a reimbursement of attorneys' fees.
Any offense punishable by death or imprisonment exceeding one year is called a felony. Felonies are the most serious federal crimes. Antitrust violations are felonies, as are most other violations that may be charged by the Antitrust Division such as mail and wire fraud.
This part of the handbook is intended to explain the way a felony antitrust case moves through the court system. Each step is explained in the sections below. WITNESSES ARE NOT NEEDED AT EVERY STEP IN THE PROCESS. After the grand jury hearings are completed, most witnesses are asked to come to court only for trial. Victims who are not also witnesses are not required to attend any of the proceedings discussed below, but they have the right to be present at any of the public proceedings. The Division prosecutor will make reasonable efforts to notify victims of upcoming public court proceedings.
Not every step is taken in every case. In fact, many cases end before they reach trial. Even so, you may wish to know all the steps that the case in which you are involved might go through.
A grand jury is a group of twenty-three citizens from the same judicial district who meet to examine the evidence against people who may be charged with a crime. The work is done in complete secrecy. Only a prosecutor and a stenographer meet with them -- plus those witnesses that are subpoenaed to give evidence before a grand jury.
Although a grand jury is not a trial, it is a serious matter. Witnesses are put under oath. Their testimony is recorded and may later be used during the trial. It is important to review carefully what you remember about the crime before you testify before the grand jury. You must tell the truth as you recall it. Before testifying before the grand jury, you will probably meet with an Antitrust Division attorney. This will help you get ready for your grand jury appearance.
After hearing the evidence presented by the Antitrust Division attorneys, the grand jury decides whether the case should be prosecuted. Grand jury charges against a defendant are called "indictments."
If you are called to testify before the grand jury, a Division attorney should be able to give you an approximate time when your testimony will be heard. Unfortunately, it is usually impossible to schedule testimony to the minute. Your appearance may involve some waiting to be called before the grand jury itself, so we recommend that you bring some reading material along with you.
All witnesses who testify before the grand jury, except federal employees, are entitled to the same witness fee and expenses that are available for testifying in court at trial.
If a grand jury issues an indictment, the defendant will be ordered to appear in court to answer the charge. This is called an arraignment. In an antitrust case, the arraignment is usually the first time that the defendant appears in court. The defendant's rights are explained and the charges in the indictment are read to the defendant. The defendant is asked to plead guilty or not guilty. Usually the defendant is released after the arraignment on the promise to return to court for trial or other hearings. Often at this hearing the date is set for the case to be tried. Witnesses are not needed at this hearing.
Before the trial, the court may hear "motions" made by the defendant or the United States. These may include motions to suppress evidence, to compel discovery, or to resolve other legal questions. In most cases, witnesses are not needed at the motions hearing. If a witness is needed at this hearing (s)he will receive a notice from the Antitrust Division.
At some time before the trial date, an Antitrust Division attorney will usually contact each witness to schedule one or more witness conferences. The purpose of a witness conference is to review the evidence the witness will be testifying about. Witnesses are entitled to a witness fee for attending this conference.
In antitrust cases, a witness normally will be notified of the trial date by a letter and a subpoena -- a formal written order from the court to appear.
You should be aware that because a subpoena is an order of the court, you may face serious penalties for failing to appear as directed on that subpoena. Check your subpoena for the exact time at which you should appear. If for any reason you are unable to appear as the subpoena directs, you should immediately notify the Antitrust Division attorney who is working on the case.
Usually antitrust trials go on as scheduled; however, this is not always the case. Sometimes the defendant may plead guilty at the last minute and the trial is therefore cancelled. At other times, the defendant asks for and is granted a continuance. Sometimes the trial has to be postponed a day or more because earlier cases being heard by the judge have taken longer than expected. When possible, the prosecutor handling the case or the Victim-Witness Coordinator will discuss with you any proposed scheduling change. The Antitrust Division will do everything it can to notify you of any postponement in advance of your appearance at court.
Although all of the witnesses for trial usually come to the courthouse early in the day, most must wait for some period of time to be called to the courtroom to give their testimony. For this reason it is a good idea to bring some reading material or handwork to occupy your waiting time. If you are waiting in a courtroom you should be aware that it may be against the rules to read in court.
An antitrust trial follows the same pattern as the trial of any other criminal case. The prosecution and the defense have an opportunity to make an opening statement, then the prosecutor will present the case for the United States. Each witness that is called for the United States may be cross-examined by the defendant or the defendant's counsel. When the prosecution has rested its case the defense then has an opportunity to present its side of the case. The United States may then cross-examine the defendant's witnesses. When both sides have finished presenting evidence the prosecution and the defense have an opportunity to argue the merits of the case to the court or, in a case which is being heard by a jury, to the jury, in what is called a "closing argument." The court or the jury will then make its findings and deliver a verdict of guilty or not guilty of the offense charged.
After you have testified in court you should not tell other witnesses what you said until after the case is over. Thus, you should not ask other witnesses about their testimony and you should not volunteer information about your own.
In a criminal case, if the defendant is convicted the judge will set a date for sentencing. The time between conviction and sentencing is most often used in the preparation of a pre-sentence investigation report. This report is prepared by the United States Probation Office. At the time of sentencing the judge will consider both favorable and unfavorable facts about the defendant before determining the appropriate sentence to impose.
The function of imposing sentence is exclusively that of the judge. In some antitrust cases, (s)he has a wide range of alternatives to consider and may place the defendant on probation (in which the defendant is released in the community under supervision of the court for a period of years), or place the defendant in jail or other confinement for a specific period of time, or impose a fine, or formulate a sentence involving a combination of these sanctions.
The court will also consider requiring the defendant to make restitution to victims who have suffered financial damage as a result of the crime. If you are a victim you should cooperate fully with the Antitrust Division and the United States Probation Office on preparing a Victim Impact Statement regarding the impact of the crime and the need for restitution. A Victim Impact Statement is a written description of your physical, psychological, emotional, and financial injuries that occurred as a direct result of the crime. A Victim Impact Statement is read by the judge who will be sentencing the defendant.
Victims and witnesses can attend the sentencing proceedings. Victims have the right to be reasonably heard at sentencing. The judge may provide victims the opportunity to address the court or may request a written statement. The Antitrust Division prosecutor will tell you if such opportunities exist for you and will talk to you about such a presentation.
We hope that this handbook has answered many of your questions about how the federal criminal justice system operates, your rights if you are a crime victim, and what is expected of you in your role as a potential witness. As explained in this handbook, victims of federal offenses have the right to be kept informed about the progress of prosecutions and to participate at certain stages of the proceedings, consistent with the need successfully to prosecute offenders and defendants' legal rights. Witnesses have important responsibilities in the prosecutorial process and their full cooperation is essential if the system is to operate effectively. Your contribution, in time and energy, is very much appreciated by everyone in the Antitrust Division.
If you have any other questions or problems related to the case, please contact the Victim-Witness Coordinator or the Antitrust Division attorney assigned to the case. Their names, addresses and telephone numbers are listed below.


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Contact a Konecranes sales representative today to learn more about how our engineers can work with you to meet the unique requirements of your operations.


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FEMA discusses plans for 2009 hurricane season in Austin
Polk County Enterprise - April 2009
WASHINGTON — The U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Administrator Nancy Ward Wednesday highlighted plans FEMA has implemented to prepare for the 2009 Hurricane Season during her address at the 31st Annual National Hurricane Conference. This year's annual conference, which is being held this week in Austin, is expected to draw more than a thousand federal, state and local offi cials, emergency managers, voluntary agency representatives, engineers, planners, media, meteorologists and other response, recovery and hazard mitigation professionals.In her speech, Acting Administrator Ward discussed reforms and improvements in the areas of preparedness and training, logistical management, communications, disaster operations, recovery, and mitigation. She highlighted the fact that FEMA now has 236 pre-scripted mission assignments with 29 different departments and agencies to expedite disaster response. She added that the agency continues to provide regional evacuation planning support to hurricane prone states. Ward stressed how critical federal, state, territorial, tribal, and local relationships are to successful disaster response. "If we do not plan together, train together and develop policies and procedures together, from the start, we as an emergency management community will never be as effective as we should be," Ward said. "FEMA Administrator Nominee, Craig Fugate, like DHS Secretary Napolitano, recognizes just how critical this is and knows that we need to continue to improve and expand our lines of communication and engagement." Another key focus for Mrs. Ward was the importance of public information this hurricane season. She highlighted FEMA's use of new tools and technologies, and the incorporation of social media into outreach efforts through use of YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook. "There are so many ways the public gets their information today," said Nancy. "We need to continue to seek out communications tools outside the traditional forms of media." Acting Administrator Ward concluded by telling conference attendees that she is "excited about where we are heading, excited about what we can accomplish, and excited about the opportunity that now presents itself for all of us to come together and do what's right for those that we are entrusted to serve every day." FEMA leads and supports the nation in a risk-based, comprehensive emergency management system of preparedness, protection, response, recovery, and mitigation, to reduce the loss of life and property and protect the nation from all hazards including natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and other man-made disasters.
Polk County Publishing Company
Copyright 2009
Contact Us: firstname.lastname@example.com
Call us at - (936) 327-4357
Webmaster: Gregg Faith


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Chasing Saturdays
January 21st, 2013 · 3 Comments
3 responses so far ↓
One more shit crap show on E! following the Kardashian bullshit. Go back home bitches!! We do not need you singing here.
I mean who the f^ck watches this shit?
Kardashians are the most retarded people on planet earth. Seriously I think Honey BOO BOO (or whatever) got more class (lol) than those shameless bitches flaunting their money, big asses, and personal life in front of other people.
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Cinque Terre Small Group Day Trip from Florence
Numbers are limited to eight on this small-group tour, ensuring personalized attention from a guide.
- Day trip (destination A to B)
- Small-group tour by minibus
- Soak up the atmosphere on a walking tour
- Travel by boat and see the sights from the water
Your second stop is at the village of Vernazza, arguably the most beautiful of the five villages with a large open harbor, castle and church. Enjoy some free time to walk around and have a relaxing lunch (own expense) at one of the open-air restaurants that lines the waterfront, or take a stroll through the back streets for impressive views along the coast.
After your visit to Vernazza, meet your tour escort at a prearranged time for your shared boat ride to Riomaggiore. While on the boat, ogle the dramatic coastline from the water, framed against the hills. Riomaggiore is the most southern village of the Cinque Terre and its houses are built along the cliff face. Follow your tour escort for a walk around the village and then travel to pretty Manarola.
Manarola is one of the oldest villages of the Cinque Terre. Explore the narrow alleys and pretty pastel squares that epitomize the beauty of the area, and perhaps sample some renowned local wine at a cozy wine bar (own expense). After visiting Manarola, leave the Cinque Terre and make your way back Florence where you'll arrive in the early evening.
Please note: if you take this tour between October 13 and March 31, the boat ride from Riomaggiore does not take place. This is replaced with a coastal train ride.
The Via dell'Amore (Lover's Walk) is currently inaccessible due to a landslide that occurred at the end of September, 2012.
The Coastal footpath is temporarily closed.
Recent Photos of this Tour
Schedule details
Select a month to view a calendar of availability and departure details.
- 8am
- 8:30am
- 9am
Pricing information
Click the link below to check pricing & availability on your preferred travel date. Our pricing is constantly updated to ensure you always receive the lowest price possible.
8:30am Departure
Code: EN0830
Tour will departs at 8:30am
USD $171.97Pricing details
9:00am Departure
Code: EN0900
Tour departs at 9am
USD $171.97Pricing details
8am Departure
Code: EN0800
Tour will departs at 8am
USD $177.70Pricing details
Pricing information
Cinque Terre Small Group Day Trip from Florence
- Transport by air-conditioned minivan (maximum 8 passengers)
- Driver/Tour escort
- Entrance fee to the coastal footpath along the Cinque Terre
- Boat or train ride
- Aperitif of wine and bruschetta
- Gratuities (optional)
- Hotel pickup and drop-off
- Food and drink, unless specified
- Confirmation will be received within 48 hours of booking, subject to availability
- Minimum numbers apply. There is a possibility of cancellation after confirmation if there are not enough passengers to meet requirements. In the event of this occurring, you will be offered an alternative or full refund
- Adult pricing applies to all travelers
- Due to uneven surfaces, this tour is not recommended for those with walking disabilities or using a wheelchair
- Comfortable shoes are recommended
Traveler Reviews
Reviewed by: Andrea M, October 2015
Fantastic day with great people.we would highly recommend this more personalised tour.
Reviewed by: cobra60, Australia, October 2015
If you have time in Florence then this tour should be on your bucket list. Fortunately for us we had an amazing sunny day and this made the day so enjoyable with the sun hitting the deep blue ocean just made us want to stay longer. If you do consider going to Cinque Terre look at staying over night as it is a 21/2 hour drive each way from Florence so to get the full experience stay overnight. Our tour guide Paulo was very helpful and knowledgable. Mark and Anne Sydney Australia


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ASC304 - Culture and Control: Boundaries and Identities
Unit details
|2016 unit information
|Enrolment modes:
|Trimester 2: Burwood (Melbourne), Waurn Ponds (Geelong), Cloud (online)
|Credit point(s):
|EFTSL value:
|Unit chair:
|G Zajdow
|Incompatible with:
|Contact hours:
Campus: 1 x 1 hour Class per week, 1 x 1 hour Seminar per week.
Cloud (online): Learning experiences are via CloudDeakin.
This unit deals with the sociological issues related to deviance and social control in two ways. One approach involves examining theories of social control and the construction of marginal identities as these relate to conceptions of culture and the social world. The concepts will also be examined as powerful assumptions in changing professional practice. The second approach includes in-depth case studies which illustrate the various theoretical issues. These case studies include such topics as prisons and punishment, homelessness, women and medical science, madness, and drug and alcohol use and abuse.
Campus: Seminar participation and exercises 25%; One written assignment 1000 words 25%; Essay 50%
Cloud (online): Cloud (online) participation 25%; One written assignment 1000 words 25%; One essay 2000 words 50%
Unit Fee Information
All Commonwealth Supported Place (CSP), fee paying undergraduate and pre-2016 commencing students
Unit fee information available soon
2016 commencing International and full fee paying postgraduate domestic students
Your units are priced based on the course you are enrolled in. Please refer to the current year's course entry to estimate the unit cost.
You can calculate the cost of each unit by using the following calculation:
Course fee x unit EFTSL value = unit price


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STAIND frontman Aaron Lewis stopped the band's show mid-song at yesterday's (Saturday, May 31) Rockfest in Kansas City to berate concertgoers who were allegedly "molesting" a teenage girl while she was crowd surfing at the gig. Lewis stopped in the middle of a performance of the track "Something To Remind You".
Read moreHERE


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Hi all,
Just joined this forum recently and haven't made many posts but I've already learned a ton of stuff from reading around. My question has to do with keeping game meat in the freezer. I was given some bear meat a little while ago and it's been sitting in my freezer. I got it from someone around the 3rd week of september and it had been in his freezer only for a couple of days, its wrapped in butchers paper. Will anything bad happen to the meat (other than freezer burn I suppose....like any other meat)
also...anyone have a good way to prepare it? I've heard sausage and chilli and stuff like that, but I've never eaten it before and would like to taste the flavour of the meat as opposed to masking it in real strong tastes...unless thats the only way to do it.
sorry if this is in the wrong forum area...not sure where to put it.


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Military Social Liaison The Object Of Paula Broadwell's Harrassing Emails
Jill Kelley looks out the window of her home as Gen. David H.... NachrichtenfotoBestof,David Petraeus,Fenster,Florida - USA,Golfküstenstaaten,Horizontal,Jill Kelley - Salonlöwin,Menschen,Oberkörperaufnahme,Politik,Regierung,Sehen,Tampa,Themengebiet,Topix,USA,VermischtesPhotographer Tim BoylesCollection: Getty Images News 2012 Getty ImagesTAMPA, FL - NOVEMBER 13: (EDITORS NOTE: Retransmission with alternate crop.) Jill Kelley looks out the window of her home as Gen. David H. Petraeus is seen on the television in the background on November 13, 2012 in Tampa, Florida. Kelley, who is reported to be involved with the military community at MacDill Air Force Base, reported receiving harassing emails to the FBI, which resulted in an investigation that revealed the sender to be Paula Broadwell, who was found to be having an affair with Gen. David H. Petraeus. (Photo by Tim Boyles/Getty Images)


text: Anna May Roberts | IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information Official Broadway League sites: - sites - broadway.org broadwayleague.com broadwayfanclub.com kidsnightonbroadway.com stagespecs.org tonyawards.com Quick Search For: In This Category: All Show People/Org. Theatre Season Anna May Roberts Performer Female Productions ProductionsDate of ProductionsHip! Hip! Hooray! [1915][Musical, Revue, Original] Performer: Anna May Roberts [The Innocent Ingenue]Sep 30, 1915 - Jun 03, 1916 Find out where Anna May Roberts and are credited together © 2001-2015, The Broadway League, All Rights Reserved. (Copyright and Disclaimer)