text:
October 1, 2007
By Robert B. Bluey
Thirteen years ago, then-Rep. Newt Gingrich stood on the steps
of the U.S. Capitol to unveil the Contract with America, a document
that crystallized conservative principles and led Republicans to a
remarkable triumph on Election Day. Gingrich was at the top of his
game and the country was following closely behind.
Of course, times have changed drastically since then. Gingrich
was driven from elective office and along the way Republicans lost
their way -- and control of Congress to boot.
For a moment last week, however, Gingrich was once again the
great conservative hope. On the very anniversary, Sept. 27, of the
day Republicans unveiled their Contract with America, and at the
very place, the Cobb Galleria, where Gingrich celebrated the GOP's
return to the majority on Election Day in 1994, he made a passionate case for solving America's greatest
problems with common-sense solutions.
Solutions is my best effort to launch a movement that
understands that you have to have real change, that the real change
has to be at every level of government, [and] that science and
technology are going to be great drivers over the next 40 years,"
he told me and Ed Morrissey of Captain's Quarters in an interview last week.
"If you take three things -- science and technology, the principles
that worked historically (such as the free market, entrepreneurship
and the work ethic), and the core values of American civilization,
which have made us the freest, wealthiest and most integrated
society in American history -- and reapply them again and again,
you begin to see specific solutions to the mess we're currently
That mess has driven trust in government to all-time lows not
seen since the darkest days of Watergate, according to a new Gallup
Poll. Will Gingrich lead America out of that mess?
Gingrich said that's a question for another day. Right now the
former House speaker is devoting his energy to finding solutions
rather than pursuing the presidency. Last week's event was the kick
off for Solutions
Day, an event that continued on Saturday with 35 workshops
taking place across the country. Anyone from any party, ideology or
belief was invited to share ideas -- and solutions -- for problems
facing America.
Gingrich's goal isn't to fix all of America's problems in sixth
months. But he does hope American
Solutions, complete with a Solutions Lab, can bring people together to
share common goals toward reasonable solutions.
"I'll give you an example," he said. "Sen. [Hillary] Clinton
issued a 10-page outline of a health plan. Large parts of that I
don't agree with because it's big government, it's high taxes, it's
red tape. But surely out of 10 pages there are six or seven things
you could say, 'You know, that's a pretty good idea. Could we do
that?' And try to find common ways to talk together about the world
you want to create rather than seek out how to fight each other all
the time."
Gingrich cited three areas where an overwhelming percentage of Americans are in
"What's red vs. blue when you're at 85 percent?" Gingrich said.
"The truth is you have a liberal minority that dominates The
New York Times, the academic world and Hollywood. Then you
have this huge, massive 70-, 80-, 90-percent majority. And the
combination of Republican incompetence and Democratic cleverness
makes it look like it is a narrowly divided country, when in fact
the country's not divided, the politicians are. I want to reunify
the country around values that are absolute massive
It would seem logical that in order to achieve his goals,
Gingrich would want to seek the presidency. But when asked
repeatedly if he's going to run, Gingrich played coy. Given the
fact he's having so much fun in his current role, it seems hard to
imagine him doing anything else.
Robert B. Bluey
is director of the Center for Media & Public Policy at The
Heritage Foundation and maintains a blog at RobertBluey.com
First appeared in Townhall.com
Thirteen years ago, then-Rep. Newt Gingrich stood on the steps of the U.S. Capitol to unveil the Contract with America, a document that crystallized conservative principles and led Republicans to a remarkable triumph on Election Day. Gingrich was at the top of his game and the country was following closely behind.
Robert B. Bluey
Vice President, Publishing and Editor in Chief
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International Program Goals
As an extension of Blue Lake Fine Arts Camp's summer camp program, the Blue Lake International Program continues the organization's philosophy of encouraging creativity and motivating young people to achieve in the arts. The Blue Lake International Exchange Program couples this philosophy with the mission of creating international understanding through the arts. Like the contagious feeling of enthusiasm at summer camp, international students soon become anxious to meet their host families, and begin sharing this truly unique experience of international ambassadorship.
Program History
What Does Exchange Mean?
For more information on how you can participate in Blue Lake's cultural exchange, please contact:
Photo courtesy of Maya Williams, winner of the 2014 International Program Photo Contest and member of the 2014 International Youth Symphony Orchestra.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Andrews was charged with one count of felony assault, which carries a possible four-year sentence; aggravated indecent exposure, which carries a possible two-year sentence; and possession of a firearm under the influence of alcohol, which carries a possible 93-day sentence.
An attorney was appointed for Andrews, who remained jailed on a $20,000 cash or surety bond. Andrews was also ordered not to go within a half-mile of his neighbor's home, once he gets out of jail.
Kloote said Andrews was scheduled to have a meeting with his attorney on Tuesday. A preliminary examination date has yet to be scheduled.
Police were called to the mobile home park on State Road about 8 p.m. Sunday, when Andrews' neighbor called 911 and said the man was pointing a shotgun at her.
Ginger Bayne said she had complained to the park manager earlier that day about loud music coming from Andrews' mobile home all day. She said she was videotaping Andrews when he threw a chair at her home, then his whiskey bottle. Then he came out the door with a gun pointed right at her, she said.
Police evacuated the area and took Andrews into custody without incident a short time later.


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On my last trip I'm pretty sure I caught Giardia.I'm working with the doc now to get samples for testing to figure out what I have.I remember exactly how it happened too! I usually treat water before I prepare food. So even if I boil it , it's still treated before hand. Double protection.However, I've been skipping the boiling process and just waiting until the water was close to boiling. For Giardia, you have to wait for the water to boil for five minutes... Well, I forgot to treat it! I realized after I ate the meal. Ug.I think the main issue is that it was the beginning of the season so I wasn't used to my normal routine.Symptoms hit about 1.5 weeks after I got back to civilization. I was planning another trip and would have been in the woods by now :-( It's miserable to do anything. Don't want to walk around. Don't want to do any exercise. Don't want to eat. Don't want to go to the gym.... so be careful out there!
"For Giardia, you have to wait for the water to boil for five minutes"That is a common myth.The kill temperature for Giardia lamblia is about 175*F.The real problem is that too many people are lax about handling raw water and getting raw water on hands, etc.They say that the best lessons are learned the hard way.--B.G.--
If I boil for treatment which is rare, I heat until bubbles form on the bottom of the pot and call it good. Never had a problem. I'm ----><----- this close to stopping treating my water when I *feel* it would be safe to not.
To be fair, I was at a lower altitude, and the water was brownish... like tea color.This was at about 4000 feet. So higher probability of Giardia.Still not fun!
What does the altitude have to do with it, if I may ask? Something to do with the boiling point of water?I have consumed hundreds (thousands?) of gallons of untreated water from throughout Southwest Alaska over the course of 25 years with no issues. I'm hoping I'm just a carrier (20-25% of infected people are asymptomatic). :^)I believe you that's it's not fun. All the folks describing the symptoms don't have much good to relate.
Edited by Philip.AK on 04/17/2014 22:47:11 MDT.
Edited by RogerDodger on 07/01/2015 14:11:31 MDT.
"What does the altitude have to do with it, if I may ask? Something to do with the boiling point of water?"Of course. The boiling point of water is around 212*F at sea level, then it lowers as the elevation gets higher. The boiling point of water is around 175*F at 19,500 feet, or about. If the kill temperature of Giardia is 175*F, then bringing it to a full boil will kill it anywhere up to around 19,500 feet.In California, anywhere below 4000 feet is a good place to find lots of cattle or similar stock. Drinking the water down there is risky, so you probably want to be very thorough with water treatment.The percentage of people who are asymptomatic will vary in most estimates. I've seen as high as 50%. Or it may be that some people just don't recognize some marginal symptoms.I think that I would just rather avoid it altogether.--B.G.--
>"The kill temperature for Giardia lamblia is about 175*F."+1 on Bob's data on pasteurization of water. If you read an NPS publication, someone has seemingly surveyed everything ever written and taken THE most conservative approach, sometimes added more time and then published that. So they are people saying idiotic things like boil for 5 minutes, boil for 10 minutes, vigorously boil for 15 minutes, etc.When I've talked to people who actually do plate counts before and after, who study pasteurization of water in the Third World, and who look at WHICH organisms survive, then you get answers of 90C for any time, 80C for a bit, 70C for XX minutes. So, yes, those bubbles that form before anything boils? You're done. If you can let it sit for an afternoon, 140F does it. Which exacts matches health department food-serving regs ("keep hot food hot and keep cold food cold") - long periods at 140F are protective.There are extremophile organisms that can survive higher temps, but NOT pathological organisms. We're talking about your gut, not a mid-oceanic-ridge volcanic vent in a Nat'l Geo magazine.>"and the water was brownish"What was your "treat water before I prepare food" method? If chlorine or iodine, those have their limitations - cold water, too short a time, resistant organisms, and, maybe in this case, organic compounds in the water that react with the halogen. You should be able to smell that characteristic chlorine/iodine smell AFTER the contact period of 10-30 minutes (depending on water temperature). If not, maybe you didn't add enough, or maybe what you added reacted with sediments, tannins, etc, in the water. Your odor threshold is conveniently about 1 ppm halogens in water - the same level above which you are treating the water.Also consider other pathways - wash your hands, but didn't sanitize them? I know someone who got Giardia not from "drinking" water, but from crossing a stream and getting some in his mouth. Hopefully, you wiped all the marmot poo off your titanium spoon before stirring your grits, so a fecal-oral route doesn't seem obvious, unless a pack animal or another human was around.
They tell people to boil for 5 minutes because you need a rolling boil to purify but many don't truly understand what a rolling boil is.
Curious as to why you suspect giardia instead of crypto? Treatment doesn't work well on crypto, like it does with giardia, so maybe it wasn't your suspect meal at all, but treated water you drank using only AM drops instead of a filter? Just speculating...As far as altitude, I thought it had more to do with more downstream contamination, than altitude boiling temps...
"I wonder how well the katadyn hiker pro pump filter will do to clear up the brown tea color. I know katadyn does not remove giardia, just thinking about color filtration."The Katadyn filter does 0.3 microns, so that should take out all of the Giardia cysts.Chlorine bleach may or may not be effective depending on the pH of the water. Chlorine dioxide should be more effective, since it uses a different kill method.--B.G.--
"Hopefully, you wiped all the marmot poo off your titanium spoon before stirring your grits"Now you've gone and done it. That alarming mental image will haunt me all summer.--B.G.--
>"They tell people to boil for 5 minutes because you need a rolling boil to purify but many don't truly understand what a rolling boil is."Er, no.Just no.You don't.Boiling is well over the temperature needed to pasteurize drinking water.If you can't gauge temperature, boiling is a convenient, obvious end point. But bringing the water close to boiling is more than enough.I don't care what the pamphlet the ranger gave you says. But if you've know of a peer-review journal article with data about infectious organisms living through X degrees but dying at X+5 degrees that differs from the above, I'd love to hear about it.
You might want to actually wait until get your tests back before jumping to conclusions. There are a lot of things that can cause those symptoms.
I have heard many times that you need a rolling boil to purify water, which I know is not true, but that is the common belief. The reason they tell you to boil water for 5 minutes is because, as many people believe, bubbles are not sufficient to purify water and you need a vigorous rolling boil. The 5 minute suggestion is meant so a newbie hiker will reliably get to a roiling boil, if they didn't understand what a rolling boil is. Obviously based on this thread you don't need a rolling boil.
Edited by justin_baker on 04/18/2014 01:58:07 MDT.
I can't figure out where this mythical "5 minute rolling boil" comes from. Even the CDC says only 1 minute, and even over 6,500 feet they only go to 3 minutes for recommendations. Both obviously extreme, but hey, it's the CDC, they have to be over-cautious, it's their job.5 minutes though?! There wouldn't be any water left to drink after it all boiled away. Maybe I should take some classes, or attend some meetings, so I can learn all this mis-information being handed out.
Maybe it comes from vendors of gas cylinders ;)As for the OP, my sympathies. Whatever the reason, the symptoms are no fun. There are times I wish some of our fine young men in Scouting had more people who've been through a round to talk to. Then maybe they wouldn't do boneheaded stuff like crap next to the stream they're camping by and later wade out into the middle in bare feet and take a drink of the raw water. But boys are invincible at that age...
Dave T. is correct. You don't need to boil it. I usually figure anything in the US of A can be treated with a boil. This will not remove other things, though. Chemicals, minerals, toxins can still be present. This will usually result in an almost immediate illness...usually within 24 hours or less.You CANNOT get sick from yourself. Anything you have is already in you. Anything you do not have is not present in fecal matter, soiled clothing, or anything else you touch or ingest. It cannot happen. Illness is always an external event. (Well, 'cept cancer...)I suspect that you simply did not wait long enough for the chemical treatment to work. It will take 15min to up to 6 hours depending on the temp. I have had it, it is absolutly no fun. Good luck at the doctors. Even the cure is no fun. But, that said, I have only had it once in 40+ years of outdoor camping. I am quite sure I simply did not wait long enough.Chemical treatments and filters are statistical. Even a .03 filter is never guaranteed to keep you safe. It may remove 99.99999% of the bugs, but not 100%. Even if you did things correct, you can still be infected. Most people just assume they are safe, not true. It only takes one... Cells never divide evenly. A cell that is 5 microns may produce two daughter cells: One at 4.99micron, most of the contents, one that only contains a little celluular material and half the nucleous at .01 micron. This is why they are never rated as absolutely, 100%'ly, guaranteed to work...only to four or five "9's".I never treat and boil. This is a waste of treatment. If I am going to boil water for breakfast, there is no reason to treat it.
>> What does the altitude have to do with it, if I may ask? In the lower 48 at least, the higher you go, the less chance there is something pooped upstream.
I've had giardiasis from drinking directly from a stream when I was in the Boy Scouts ~30yrs ago. The water looked and tasted fine(ha); 'course it turned out that it flowed right through a bunch of cow pastures shortly before. A lot of our wilderness areas in the South are surrounded by, and often drain from, agricultural land. The only safe assumption here is that it's all contaminated.Pasteurization of water doesn't actually need 175F, it's more like 150, but it has to stay there for several minutes, while higher temps kill giardia faster. From the perspective of someone heating water on a stove or fire, you might as well bring it to a boil, unless you happen to carry a thermometer to verify the actual temp it's reached. I suppose you could stick it in there while it simmers for 6 or 7 minutes at 150F or so just to "prove" that's good enough. Having had giardiasis, playing it safe really doesn't seem like that much trouble to me, though.
" Cells never divide evenly. A cell that is 5 microns may produce two daughter cells: One at 4.99micron, most of the contents, one that only contains a little celluular material and half the nucleous at .01 micron. "And this is not even to mention that the "holes" in the filter are statistically distributed as well. Probably those have an even greater dispersion of sizes. Rated 1 micron, for example, only means % of particles 1u in size that get through is X, where X is some small number believed to be safe enough.It has been a while since I had an orgy of reading the literature, more than a decade, so I'm rusty. My understanding is that the dormant giardia cysts can survive a lot of mistreatment and are much harder to kill. I know/ they can stick around in the gut for a while, but I don't remember if they can wake up on that time scale and in those conditions, or if the "danger" is just that they will get crapped out somewhere where they will spread the distribution.
Sometimes our hiking is grounded from events resulting from our actions or beyond our control (grounded due to a kwappy dental suturing job myself). It's happened, ... nothing can be done except recovery, working on other stuff. A good excuse to get some household stuff done or do some reading.
Edited by hknewman on 04/18/2014 08:34:26 MDT.
Unfortunately, there's just no way to know where you caught your illness, whatever the specific pathogen might be. It could have been contaminated food from a restaurant a few days ago.I've consumed plenty of carefully-selected untreated and unfiltered water from wilderness streams without getting sick, yet my worst cases of intestinal illness were likely from salad bars and restaurants with freshly-made sandwiches.
"There are extremophile organisms that can survive higher temps, but NOT pathological organisms. We're talking about your gut, not a mid-oceanic-ridge volcanic vent in a Nat'l Geo magazine."And here's a shout out for thermus aquaticus, one such bacterium that was found in steam vents in Yellowstone - without whose heat resistant DNA polymerase the human genome project, modern genetic testing, and the whole current wave of the molecular biology revolution would not have been possible. There should be a gold-plated steam bath somewhere cared for in perpetuity so their ancestors can live out their lives in luxury and splendor. :-)
Finish a course of flagyl and be done. No big deal (at least for me).Just don't make the same mistake again.
"And this is not even to mention that the "holes" in the filter are statistically distributed as well. Probably those have an even greater dispersion of sizes. Rated 1 micron, for example, only means % of particles 1u in size that get through is X, where X is some small number believed to be safe enough."It depends on the filter.From the Sawyer web page -"Each Sawyer filter is certified for ABSOLUTE microns; that means there is no pore size larger than 0.1 or 0.02 micron in size. This makes it impossible for harmful bacteria, protozoa, or cysts like E. coli, Giardia, Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella typhi (which cause Cholera and Typhoid) to pass through the Sawyer PointONE™ biological filter. At 7 log (99.99999%) the filter attains the highest level of filtration available today."If viruses are an issue, we offer the Point ZeroTWO Purifier (0.02 micron absolute pores). This is the first and thus far only portable purification device to physically remove viruses. And it does it at a >5.5 log (99.9997%) rate, exceeding EPA and NSF recommendations."
"You CANNOT get sick from yourself. Anything you have is already in you. Anything you do not have is not present in fecal matter, soiled clothing, or anything else you touch or ingest. It cannot happen. Illness is always an external event. (Well, 'cept cancer...)"I've heard the opposite, i.e. that the flora and fauna in your lower digestive tract are kept separate from your upper digestive tract (e.g. stomach) by a valve system that makes sure the former don't get into the latter. When it does you can get sick.Thus it is very important to wash your hands before food preparation, even if you are just cooking for yourself.Can someone verify this?
... Thus it is very important to wash your hands before food preparation, even if you are just cooking for yourself.Can someone verify this? ... Bacteria are ubiquitous (all sorts of species and strains all over us, on us, or in us), so it just makes good sense to wash hands. Fecal matter is not sterile but once out, all sorts of additional microbes can start growing on it very quickly (exponential growth - where one cell becomes two of the same cells is called binary fission). Also remember we are talking about a microscopic scale. The human immune system plays a role too, I guess.
>"flora and fauna in your lower digestive tract are kept separate from your upper digestive tract (e.g. stomach) by a valve system that makes sure the former don't get into the latter. When it does you can get sick.Thus it is very important to wash your hands before food preparation, even if you are just cooking for yourself.Can someone verify this?"Yes. Your own e. coli are fine in your lower GI tract. You'd be "irregular" without them. But ingest a fair number of them and you'll be quite sick for a while.A long-term, large-scale field experiment has been done: Rafting trips - living out of a boat on the Colorado River for 16 days with no plumbing or outhouses - used to have a fair number of sick rafters. In concert with requiring rafters to pack our all their poo (yes, the rangers check), private and guided trips went to a system of hand washing. Between the "groover" (the ammo-can you poop into) and camp, there is a wash station. You can't leave the groover without passing it. Also, there is great social pressure to use it (because others don't want to get sick) after pooping, before preparing food AND before eating (so you'd often wash hands three times in an evening. There is a 5-gallon bucket of bleached river water with a foot pump to a faucet. The faucet is over a waste-water bucket (so gray water can get dumped later). And there is alcohol-based hand sanitizer to use after soap and water. The groover and the wash station are the FIRST thing set up and the LAST thing packed up, so as to maximize usage. Since trips went to this system, sick rafters have been much rarer. But it is a combination of regulations, fines, education, hardware, procedures, peer pressure, and awareness of the consequences (helicopter rescue of a dehydrated rafter, for instance).
>"Pasteurization of water doesn't actually need 175F, it's more like 150, but it has to stay there for several minutes"That's what I've heard from specialists in third-world water treatment. Or 140F for an hour or two. A college friend devised a little capsule of high-temp oil with a string and a washer than would invert at 140F. So if the solar tank got hot enough during the day to invert the little gadget, it was good to go. If not, you'd give it another sunny day. 17 cents of parts and no batteries required. He was playing with a tube-in-tube heat exchanger in another design, because once to temperature, the solar-heated water could be used to pre-heat more water. He was only getting 18% efficiency on the HX because, I theorized, of laminar flow (thermosiphons are slow). "Dale, what's a granular material readily available for free in the third world?" After he packed the HX with coarse sand the efficiency went to 55%.There's another approach that's probably more broadly useful and cheaper. A PEET bottle, with no label, left in full sun for a day renders it safe to drink. A "table" of corrugated roofing, sloped towards the sun makes a convenient holder of such bottles. Just keep track of which ones have seen a day of sun. For a base-camp setting or a zero day on the river, it could save a lot of fuel and/or pumping effort. Cut&past from wikipedia:Exposure to sunlight has been shown to deactivate diarrhea-causing organisms in polluted drinking water. Three effects of solar radiation are believed to contribute to the inactivation of pathogenic organisms:UV-A interferes directly with the metabolism and destroys cell structures of bacteria.UV-A (wavelength 320–400 nm) reacts with oxygen dissolved in the water and produces highly reactive forms of oxygen (oxygen free radicals and hydrogen peroxides) that are believed to also damage pathogens.Cumulative solar energy (including the infrared radiation component) heats the water. If the water temperatures rises above 50 °C (122 °F), the disinfection process is three times faster.At a water temperature of about 30 °C (86 °F), a threshold solar irradiance of at least 500 W/m2 (all spectral light) is required for about 5 hours for SODIS to be efficient. This dose contains energy of 555 Wh/m2 in the range of UV-A and violet light, 350–450 nm, corresponding to about 6 hours of mid-latitude (European) midday summer sunshine.At water temperatures higher than 45 °C (113 °F), synergistic effects of UV radiation and temperature further enhance the disinfection efficiency.
Pretty soon we will hear if Kevin is a regular guy again.--B.G.--
http://www.backpackinglight.com/cgi-bin/backpackinglight/forums/thread_display.html?forum_thread_id=63223&startat=80Read through these articles and comments. DK is a microbiologist. I studied a year and a half as part of nurse training. (Hey, most nurses are FEMALE.) Generally, you do not reinfect yourself with anything from your own body. Maybe a few parasites. The e. coli in your body is not the same strain as the one that makes you sick.
"Generally, you do not reinfect yourself with anything from your own body."The women who have dealt with UTI/cystitis from improper wiping might disagree.Or is that just another urban myth?
Edited by greg23 on 04/18/2014 14:30:37 MDT.
Edited by RogerDodger on 07/01/2015 14:10:54 MDT.
Getting any microorganism in a normally sterile site (blood, bladder, spinal fluid, etc.) is indeed very bad. But the GI tract is not normally sterile; we have a varied population of normal flora, and ingest bacteria when eating or kissing, just to give a couple of examples (and E. coli can be found in the mouth's normal flora, BTW, so swallowing one's own saliva may send E. coli through the upper GI tract and cause no problems). The lower GI tract is populated from the top down. Most organisms don't cause problems on their way through the tract, other than pathogenic (disease-causing) bacteria. RodgerDodger, where was the malfunctioning "valve" in your friend? I'm guessing that somehow the "backwash" contaminated sterile areas of the body, if it reached "vital organs", perhaps through the bloodstream eventually? It sounds quite serious.As I mentioned in the thread James cited, what medical microbiology teaches (at least when I went to school, and I'm not aware of any significant changes in thinking in this area since then) is that the mechanism of GI disease in normal healthy individuals takes place one of a couple of general ways. One may ingest pathogenic bacteria (E. coli O157:H7 serotype, Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae, for example) that either invade the intestinal mucosa or produce enterotoxins that make us sick. The other way is to ingest food that has been overgrown with bacteria that produce toxins (staph or Clostridium, for example). For more detail see: http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal_disorders/gastroenteritis/overview_of_gastroenteritis.htmlAll the references I've been able to find refer to the intestines as the target of these aforementioned disease process, as a result of *pathogenic* bacteria, not normal flora, and not in the upper GI tract (stomach, esophagus, mouth). It may be that ingesting a large amount of normal "garden variety" fecal flora may cause illness in a healthy individual, but I have seen nothing documenting that, what exactly the mechanism of such illness might be, or what quantity it would take to produce some sort of verifiable symptom. That's a study I won't be volunteering for, I can tell you!!! Disclaimer: I don't consider myself primarily a microbiologist (though I did work briefly as one in a private reference lab) - rather I was a state-certified clinical lab scientist (mostly in hematology and immunohematology) in a hospital with a great microbiology department which saw pretty much everything under the sun, what with a large portion of the clientele being disadvantaged, homeless and/or immigrant: malaria, other exotic parasitic and bacterial diseases, you name it, we saw it.
Edited by RogerDodger on 07/01/2015 14:10:12 MDT.
I was guessing bile duct; that sounds like a terrible ordeal for your friend. I'm glad to hear that things turned out well in the end - whew!
I think it also needs pointing out that IF the water is very dirty the boiling times suggested might not be enough.If the Virus or bacteria is coated in debris it can act as pretty effective insulator.For me personally i'll always err on the side of caution after being extremely ill from drinking contaminated water.Years ago it took a lot of time effort and energy to clean water, now with current technologies and filters it's as easy as filling a bottle.I've never been in a car crash on a public road where the impact was severe enough that a seat belt prevented injury.Still i wear a seatbelt every time i sit in a car.Unfortunately we do not know when and where we will require a seat belt, just like we cannot know just by looking at it if water is safe to drink.We can play the odds using some common sense, but still you can't remove every risk in life.
"...we cannot know just by looking at it if water is safe to drink."But we *can* make reasonable assumptions by looking at surrounding conditions.Turbid water at lower elevations, esp. near livestock areas? Foolish not to treat.Clear, fast-flowing water at elevation in a wilderness area, and collected very near the source? Drinking without treatment is very low risk.David Thomas's points about UV purification up-thread imply water within the first few inches of the surface of an alpine lake should also be safe.I always carry an effective method of treatment, but if conditions suggest the water is very unlikely to be contaminated, I prefer not to treat.
Clear or fast flowing water makes absolutely no difference.Sure drinking out of a muddy puddle would logically tell us is riskier, but you can and people do get ill from drinking extremely clear, fast flowing water.Hopefully someone can back me up or call me out here, but i'm sure i read a report that stated well oxygenated water is better for certain water based bacteria/virus?True or not we are talking microscopic here, you really have absolutely no idea just by looking at the water if it's good or bad.Don't get me wrong, we all make our own risk assessments in our lives on a ongoing basis, it's up to each of us to weigh up what we perceive to be the risk, form a strategy and act upon it.My point is us humans tend to only accept the full force of our decisions if something goes wrong.I'm a prime example, i was extremely cautious to the point of being anal about where i took my water from, i made fun of my mate who was treating and boiling his water, to me then it was a macho thing "look at me i laugh in the face of microscopic bacteria/virus" I fell extremely hard from my high horse, having been through that i will do what ever is in my power to prevent it again, even IF it's a 1 in a billion chance.With modern filtering your reducing the chances for no real gain in hassle and very little financial cost, so to me why wouldn't i filter all my water?
I think clear and fast flowing is correlated with few parasites. If you did a survey of many water sources, those that were clear and fast flowing would be more likely to be on some mountain, near the source, less likely to be contaminated. Higher on a mountain there are fewer animals.Those water sources that are slower and dirtier looking, are more likely to be downstream of animals pooping or whatever.The parasites in water aren't visible and the fast flow of a stream does not kill parasites.When I'm on some mountain and the water looks clean and it's fast flowing, I often don't treat it, and have never got sick that I know of. But the Squeeze is so convenient I've been treating more often. Maybe I've just been lucky in the past.Some article on BPL talked about this.
When (or if) backcountry water is safe to drink without treatment has been endlessly debated on these forums.The key requirement for what I suggested was very low risk water isn't "clear" or "fast-flowing" but "at elevation in a [designated] wilderness area," (e.g. not the Appalachian Trail, or on rangeland); and "collected very near the source," (e.g., I know it's coming out of the ground without crossing human or game trails before the point of collection). Does that describe the water that made you ill?"Clear" *does* mean the water has no algal or bacterial biofilms. "Fast-flowing" (if close to an underground source) *does* mean the water is likely to be as cold as it was coming out of the ground. It's been a long time since I had a food handler's card, but IIRC, cold temps inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria.The risk of waterborne viruses in the American backcountry is virtually zero. And (again, IIRC) the organisms of most concern in backcountry water aren't bacteria, but giardia and cryptosporidium. The CDC says both parasites are spread by fecal matter--water under conditions where I would likely drink it untreated is *visibly* very, very unlikely to be contaminated by human or animal feces.This isn't about being macho, or laughing in the face of danger, it's about rational risk assessment. It's also about cultivating a philosophical attitude that wild nature, while certainly indifferent to me, is not an actively hostile force I need always protect myself from. For me, an antidote to a "pack your fears" approach to wilderness is worth the (very slight) risk of drinking raw water under particular conditions. Others may make a different choice, of course.I assume your "1 in a billion chance" remark was meant hyperbolically, since the best filters still won't get the last one out of every billion organisms in a contaminated source. And you'd have to drink "1 in a billion chance" raw water every waking second of your life to have even odds of catching anything.
"I think it also needs pointing out that IF the water is very dirty the boiling times suggested might not be enough."If the Virus or bacteria is coated in debris it can act as pretty effective insulator."Water is an excellent conductor of heat. If the debris is permeable to water (like slime) it's going to be as hot as the water. As long as your water doesn't have massive floaters, you'll be fine.What sort of hypothetical "insulator" are you imagining?
"David Thomas's points about UV purification up-thread imply water within the first few inches of the surface of an alpine lake should also be safe."Has been my SOP for years when taking water from high altitude lakes in the Sierra. No problems so far. That said, there are high altitude lakes where horse packers have let their horses crap on the lake shore, and there I treat just to be sure. I don't know if horse manure is as pathogenic as cow manure, but I prefer prudence over being a guinea pig. "I always carry an effective method of treatment, but if conditions suggest the water is very unlikely to be contaminated, I prefer not to treat."+1 at the risk of reigniting The Great Rockwell Flame War. ;0)
"you really have absolutely no idea just by looking at the water if it's good or bad."True enough, but people can and do successfully assess the potablity of water by evaluating the surroundings.
Some good points.While i agree a good filters isn't an absolute guarantee i don't think anyone could argue it doesn't dramatically reduce the risk.Elevation may reduce the risk, if water rat has been running past the area your collecting water though, if a dead bird is a few meters upstream, dead fox, rabbit, they could even be frozen and defrosting upstream as you're drinking.I've even seen campers swimming in mountain top lakes and streams, i've found evidence of people urinating into high streams and defecating.I do agree that if given a choice i would prefer to drink untreated water from a fast flowing stream, rather than a muddy puddle, i personally believe from my personal experiences that the risks are higher than you believe they are.As i say though unless we as humans experience something first hand we tend to discount logic and others experience, so i do understand.A girl i used to work with contracted HIV by having unprotected sex, she she's she did it once and didn't push the point about using protection as she felt the experience would be better.I'm not comparing getting a nasty stomach bug to contracting a deadly, life changing disease, just pointing out that nature doesn't care about what people want or have done before.Sorry if i come off a bit preachy, that's not my intention, as i say we're all adults and we all carry out own risk assessments continuously.It's just having been extremely ill from suspected water (yes it was taken from a high source, was clean and fast flowing) and with modern filters being so cheap and easy to use i just think even IF it only slightly reduces the risk it's crazy not to use one.I respect your philosophy though and have no chance or intention of trying to change your mind, i have my fingers crossed i can get some folks to think twice and research the risks and solutions.
There are a number of studies that indicate that many instances of gastrointestinal illness were as likely (if not more likely) to be caused by poor hygiene as by 'bad' water. It is always amazing to me to see the amount of folks folks who are completely anal about their water treatment routing but don't wash their hands before preparing or eating a meal, or wash their cookware afterwards!
Jim, I'd be interested in reading those studies if you can list them, and where they might be found.
Well, as far as scientiffically designed studies, I have only seen a few, but they do not count. They were done in hospital's on disease communication/vectors. Most diseases are studied that way. It is nearly impossible to tell if water is safe to drink or not. Yes, you can evaluate the surrounding area. You can MINIMIZE your risk. Filters only minimize the risk. Chemicals, too. UV, and solar, also. Boiling is perhaps the safest. You are subjected to constant exposure to a lot of different bacteria all day long. As DK said, I would be interested in any scientific studies and papers, also.Washing cookwear? Well, I don't really do that either.I rinse it out with wild water, then I dry it out with my dirty bandana. I don't try to get it scubbed bright and clean. It is boiled every 10-14 hours, thats as clean or more so than at home. Bacteria and spores take time to form. Drying it out means most die because water was removed. It will take 24 hours for anything grow on it to the point of making me sick, even if I didn't rinse and dry it and made sure to leave it in a warm, dark place. I have eaten twigs and bugs in my water after boiling. I wouldn't say this is something to worry about. At least I haven't been sick from this yet. But this is not a scintific study by any means.
If you eat out of your pot you don't have to worry about it. Wash it off when done. When youu next use it and heat water in it, it will be disinfect it.Of course there's your spoon - wash it off so there's no organic matter, then the next time you stir up your hot food in boiling water it will disinfect it.
One of the very best studies is "Medical risks of wilderness hiking"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12681456METHODS:In a prospective surveillance study, 334 persons who hiked the Appalachian Trail for at least 7 days (mean [+/- SD] length of hike, 140 +/- 60 days) in 1997 were interviewed...CONCLUSION:Diarrhea is the most common illness limiting long-distance hikers. Hikers should purify water routinely, avoiding using untreated surface water. The risk of gastrointestinal illness can also be reduced by maintaining personal hygiene practices and cleaning cookware.
"The risk of gastrointestinal illness can also be reduced by maintaining personal hygiene practices and cleaning cookware."That Is the common belief, but has it really been tested? As mentioned above, What can grow in a pot overnight that doesn't get resolved with the next boil?"And from what "d k" has said, anal-to-mouth self-infection hasn't been substantiated.Personal hygiene and cleanliness in the kitchen seems like common sense, but the question of it's effectiveness is still in question.
Edited by greg23 on 04/21/2014 09:56:37 MDT.
I always assumed this meant inoculating your food with the bugs from dirt you picked up on the trail.
My food is in my pack, in bags, until it get dumped into boiling water.You got ham hock swinging from your pack?;-)Oh, you mean dirty hands handling the food....Well maybe washing away tetnus Is a good idea.Muscular spasms (specifically opisthotonos) in a patient suffering from tetanus. Painting by Sir Charles Bell, 1809.
Edited by greg23 on 04/21/2014 10:36:46 MDT.
Did you read the same article I did, Greg? It had that picture too..."Clostridium tetani is the causative agent of tetanus. ... Carrier rates in humans vary from 0 to 25%, and the organism is thought to be a transient member of the flora whose presence depends upon ingestion. The disease stems not from invasive infection but from a potent neurotoxin (tetanus toxin or tetanospasmin) produced when spores germinate and vegetative cells grow after gaining access to wounds. The organism multiplies locally and symptoms appear remote from the infection site."So in other words, you should wash your hands to keep tetanus out of your wounds (more important than keeping it out of your food! though if you keep it off your food it's less likely that you will be carrying it inside you to a later date when you will have additional chances of getting it in your wounds). My thinking (this is opinion, haven't seen this spelled out anywhere) is that handwashing on trips is probably more important in terms of washing away any disease-causing organisms you've picked up externally, and perhaps to keep any of your own internal flora from getting into foods like cheese that you carry for a number of days that can foster bacterial toxin production. Also to keep your internal flora away from your companions in case you are incubating a disease-causing strain of bacteria, or even a cold (adenoviruses and others are shed in feces too).
And getting a tetanus shot (or a booster) is probably a pretty good idea, too...
"And getting a tetanus shot (or a booster) is probably a pretty good idea, too..."+1 big time! All the washing in the world isn't going to prevent tetanus being carried into a puncture wound, which is the way a lot of tetanus infections used to be incurred, stepping on a nail, thorn, etc.
+1 on the vaccine! I should have said that...
I had tetanus once. It's no joke. Went to the doctor with a sore throat and back spasms. Diagnosed with strep throat, and about to be discharged when a violent back spasm hit. The doctor said, "Hold on a minute, let's do one more test..." then stuck a tongue depressor in the back of my throat. I chomped down so hard it made the doctor jump! Apparently, a symptom of tetanus is that your gag reflex is replaced by a chomp reflex.Treatment was pretty easy, IV antitoxin, oral antifungal, and a big-ass bottle of Valium.The doctor asked if I had been exposed to rusty metal, or had any puncture wounds. I said, "I'm a bicycle mechanic, so yeah. Every damned day!"
No mention of confirmed diagnosis.
In addition to the study Buck noted upthread here are a few more:http://rendezvous.nols.edu/files/Curriculum/research_projects/Risk%20Management%20Reports/Medical%20Incidents%20and%20Evacuations%20on%20Wilderness%20Expeditions.pdfhttp://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712%2800%2990102-4/abstractIt is also good to note the Cryptosporidium can lso cause simimilar gastro distress and crytpto can survive outside of water for much longer periods of time than does Giardia, including on your hands after being around infected water.
Hey guys. So just a follow up here.After about 1.5 weeks I was better. NO official diagnosis. For various reasons the logistics around getting an official diagnosis were somewhat complicated.I went on Metronidazole and within 72 hours I was fine. Well, much much better.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetronidazoleSymptoms were severe lethargy, bloating, LOTS of burping (like non stop), green stool, and loss of appetite. I didn't really eat for a good 2-3 days. Normally about half the volume of food per day.One trick I learned to make me feel better was just to rock back and forth from a horizontal to vertical position. That helped with gas and bloating. Definitely NOT fun. Screwed up my plans as well as I was going to go back to the woods.My doctor felt pretty confident that the burping and green stool were giardia so he just gave me meds without the test. I didn't ask him but apparently they are somewhat pricey and since he felt confident I figured I would save the money.
Thanks for the follow up Kevin. Glad you are better. I'd imagine many cases of suspected giardia are treated with meds and no lab test to confirm.
>"The doctor asked if I had been exposed to rusty metal, or had any puncture wounds."Rusty nails are kind of a red herring. It's not that the tetanus bacterium Clostridium tetani is a iron-oxidizing species (there are iron-oxidizing bacteria, but no human pathogens that I know of). But rusty metal has been in moist conditions, often in the ground, and can be sharp and strong enough to cause a deep (anaerobic) puncture wound. And rusty metal has a lot of small pores and therefore more potential for delivering bacteria deep into your tissues. So, yes, many people have gotten tetanus from a "rusty" nail, but any fomite (an inanimate object that transmits an infection) could serve that purpose if it had been exposed to soil containing the bacteria (soil with livestock manure is even higher risk).
Quite a lot of information in this thread, some of it good, some of it bad; hopefully I can help to shed a bit of light. To preface, I'm a molecular microbiologist, with particular focus on infectious and emerging disease - in simple terms, I perform the type of research those CDC reports are based on. Some quick notes I typed up, hopefully someone finds this of use or interest.There are two basic categories, and several subcategories, of contaminants you should be concerned with when it comes to drinking water:1) Biologicals 1.1) Viral - Viral contamination is extremely prevalent in nature. Thankfully, most of these viruses are known as bacteriophage, and infect only prokaryotic (bacterial) cells. These cannot infect eukaryotic organisms (for reasons I can specific if anyone is interested), and as such, pose little threat to human life. Little does not mean none however. As humans, we are inhabited by thousands to millions of different bacterial species, many of which, while symbiotic in nature, are only a handful of genes away from virulence. The perhaps best known example of this is one of the most common soil bacterias, present in almost all human gut micro biomes, Bacillus subtilis. With the addition of a few very well known and studied genes, it quickly goes from a harmless organism, to something called B. anthracis, which many of you will recognize as the infamous bioterrorism agent. While unlikely the necessary genes could be transferred via bacteriophage (called horizontal transfer) for this kind of change to occur, it isn't impossible. Some caution should be taken against viral contamination to prevent mutation of human flora and microbiome mutations resulting in increased virulence.Depending on the nature of the viral strain, boiling can be insufficient to destroy. DNA damage (due to UV light or other method), chemical reagents (bleach), biological reagents (proteolysis), and in some cases autoclaving (pressurized super heated water) are the only options for sterility. As viruses are smaller than the filter pore size of 0.2uM, these devises are ineffective against viral particles. Your best defense against these in the field would be a UV pen or chemical agent.1.2) Bacterial / Protozoa - It is a commonly held standard that a pore size of 0.2uM is sufficient to filter out biological contamination from liquid samples. When preparing chemical solutions in a research lab, a filtration device with this pore size will be used to sterilize material sufficient to achieve reaction grade biologicals. While there do exist both bacterial cells (known as ultramicrobacteria) as well as bacterial spores smaller than 0.2uM, though not Protozoa to the best of my knowledge. These are generally uncommon however, and to the best of my knowledge, none of yet to be identified with mammalian pathogenicity.Heat is often enough to kill most biological samples, though boiling (as defined for this purpose to be at 100C though does change with pressure) can be insufficient in some cases. One of the most important bacterial species in science, Thermus aquaticus, part of a group of organisms known as thermophiles, thrive in high temperatures, often in excess of 80C. Other species of this group have been observed to tolerate up to 122C for extended periods. As someone previously mentioned, it is not only the temperature, but the duration of time as well that determines survivability for organisms. Any good molecular gastronomy cookbook (Modernist Cuisine being my favorite) will have kill curves showing time plotted against temperature to determine the correct conditions to adequately decontaminate (not sterilize) material. Chemical agents will have a similar effect as heat, with most being easily effected, but some having limited efficacy. Bleach is the most common compound used in laboratory settings, though some species can survive for prolonged periods in high concentrations of chlorine. Those are again rare, but highly pathogenetic when encountered. Typically speaking, 30 minutes at 121C is considered sterile for liquid samples. For common drinking water contaminants, contaminants should be killed fairly quickly at 100C; exact times and temperature are of course entirely dependent on what you're trying to kill though. Keep in mind however, bacteria that posses the ability to infect a mammalian host, which an internal body temperature somewhere around 36C, are optimized to grow at that temperature (which is why they choice the human as a host), and are unlikely to be able to survive a wide enough range of temperatures to including 100C for any amount of time.1.3) Protein based - These are the deadliest of all, and least common. Formally known as "prions," these are mis-folded proteins, that upon contact with normal state proteins, auto-induce their transition to disease state. Prions are virtually impossible to remove by filtration, due to their small size, unaffected by heat, due to their hyper-stable state, and often cannot be dissolved by chemical means. There are reports of one of the more famous prions, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (otherwise known as Mad Cow), infecting a farm with farmers reacting by killing the cows, burning the property, and abandoning it for decades, only to come back and find the prion still exists. There is no cure, no test for contamination, and no real way to remove them via field or even lab setting. Current protocols call for several treatments of gaseous solvent to be passed over the contaminant, along with a number of other measures, and even then, many have proven ineffective.2) Non-biologicals I won't go into great detail here, but this category includes everything from toxins produced by biological threats (such as the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum), to nerve agents, poisons, etc. These can typically be filtered out by activated charcoal, or other distillation methods.Now, all this said, the best thing to do is just practice common sense. How likely are you to encounter a prion from a clear moving spring along the cost of Maine? How safe is that water just outside the cattle farm to drink? What are the contaminants most common in that area, and where are they typically found? I personally rely on three purification techniques, in this order: a 0.1uM filter (Sawyer Squeeze, not mini), UV SteriPen, and chlorine dioxide (Aquamira). Between the three of them, they can neutralize almost any pathogenic biological contaminant, and certainly all of the more common ones. If a water supply looks clean and unpolluted, I simply use the filter. If I'm unsure, or want extra protection, I treat with UV for a bit, or chlorine dioxide if the volume is larger. Be safe, use common sense, and you should go home happy and healthy.
Thanks for the informed info!"a 0.1uM filter (Sawyer Squeeze, not mini)" - Why the Squeeze over the Mini? Has there been any work done in looking at the overall geographic distribution of viruses harmful to man? Wondering if there are regional or seasonal differences that would make it more or less likely to run into viral contamination of water.
I prefer the standard size as the Mini has less filtering surface area. This reduced area causes the filter to become more easily clogged, causing increased pressure and strain on the pores, which could cause damage, and as a result, allow for microorganisms to pass through. The number of cells required for pathogenicity by certain species of bacteria can be amazingly small, and as such, even a minor defect in a filtering apparatus can have drastic impacts. In short, it's a type of insurance policy.I'm not sure about the distribution, as that would be more of a Public Health matter, though I'm sure it has been mapped out before.
I find the NOLS information very interesting because they are engaging in outdoor activities like us and seem to keep some good records. Thanks for the link, Jim. I'd like to note that NOLS has shown that water treatment, hygiene and clean cookware has yielded outstanding results for gastrointestinal health.The conclusions of the oft-cited Welch paper are NOT accepted by the CDC, FDA, EPA, Mayo clinic or any other major public health organization of which I'm aware. I've outlined some of the reasons his paper has been refuted by mainstream science.Backpacker Giardia: Debunking a Skeptical PaperThe CDC has one of the best overviews of giardiasis, including prevention.The EPAs Giardia: Drinking Water Health Advisory is a good source of information for both underlying data and studies as well as conclusions. It has information on the prevalence of giardia cysts in backcountry water, the effectiveness of chlorine and other forms of disinfection, immunity, and many other oft-discussed topics. Well worth a read-through for those interested in the topic!
Edited by Colter on 05/11/2014 23:38:38 MDT.
I assume you don't mind if I post a link to your site elsewhere
That would be fine Jerry.
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There are several low-cost and no-cost ways consumers can improve their home's energy efficiency, and Reliant Energy's Bill Clayton is trying to get the word out.
"Turn on either a ceiling fan or a box fan, raise your temperature a couple degrees on your thermostat.ξ A fan costs about a penny and a half per hour to operate, so they're much, much cheaper to operate than an air conditioning unit."ξ Ed: "What are the recommending settings for a thermostat?"ξ "We don't really have a recommended setting.ξ If you were to go to the Department of energy, they would say 78 degrees.ξ But we tell customers is that for every degree that you will lower your thermostat below 78 degrees, you will increase your cooling costs — especially in the summer — anywhere from about five to seven percent."
Clayton says it's not a good idea to turn your air conditioning off during the day.
"We do tell customers not to turn it off and here's the reasons why: there's two issues.ξ One is the humidity buildup.ξ The other one is if you turn it off you'll have so much sunk heat in the house that your unit will just run continuously.ξ So, one of the tips that we provide customers is that if you're going to leave your house for more than four hours, go ahead and raise your thermostat four degrees."ξ
As for shutting off vents and doors to unused rooms...
"It's not like a water hose, where you can just shut off part of it and you redirect the volume of water somewhere else.ξ It's best never to shut off supply vents in empty rooms, and here's the reason why: what air actually backflows into the system, and it disrupts the dynamic airflow of your entire system.ξ It actually causes less airflow.ξ So it's best to keep the door open to those rooms to let just natural air flow go throughout the house."
Clayton says newer air conditioning systems are more efficient than older units.
"What's out there now is everything from a 14 SEER, which, SEER stands for Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio, so the higher the SEER rating, the more efficient the air conditioning unit is.ξ Fourteen is sort of the mid-point, but they go all the way up to about 18 and even 19.ξ If your air conditioning units are anywhere older than ten to 15 years old, put together a contingency plan.ξ Start getting some bids from contractors.ξ And energy — you know, usage with the newer air conditioning units — dramatically better than they were, say ten years ago or even six years ago."
Reliant recommends homeowners have their air conditioning systems checked by a professional to ensure peak performance.ξ
Ed Mayberry, KUHF Houston Public Radio News.


text: http://forum.xda-developers.com – Just made another mod for our Xperia phones! :cool: This time i had an elegant approach to this theme. Hope you like it. What does it do? It changes the systemUI and framework which has custom new system icons. Compability It has been tested in Pureness Rom only but I believe it works on any 4.0.4 rom. Instalation Flash zip through CWM Credits ThilinaC and itiskonrad Screenshots Download -> Click here to go to the original post <- (HowTos)


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Kentucky Derby party starts early on infield
Web Producer: Ina Ronquillo
LOUISVILLE, Ky. (AP) - Despite damp grounds, the Kentucky Derby party started early on the infield at Churchill Downs. Bourbon and bets were flowing by 10 a.m., and at least one bachelorette party wound into form.
Tressa Ballard of New Albany, Ind., has lived near Louisville her entire life, but didn't make it to the Kentucky Derby until a friend from Kansas wanted to go in the last couple of years.
As her friend, Melissa Marr, placed bets, Ballard watched the crowd swirl around putting up tents, buying drinks and settling in for a long day in the muggy heat that marked the morning.
Ballard said she had a reason for wanting to attend the Kentucky Derby: "It's the only time of year I'm allowed to drink bourbon for breakfast."
(Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)
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|Welcome to the Association of Cities of Vietnam
The Association of Cities of Vietnam (ACVN) is a voluntary social organization of Vietnamese cities. The Association was founded in 1992 as an organization of provincial cities by the five cities of Viet Tri, Nam Dinh, Vinh, Hue and Da Nang. On 17th of July 2000, it was then officially named Association of Cities of Vietnam (ACVN) with the decision of the Prime Minister: No 45/2000/QD-BTCCBCP. Operating both as a Non Governmental Organization (NGO) and as a Social Professional Organization, the Association is the only organization of local governments in Vietnam and with a total number of 96 members (including cities from rank IV to rank special cities and I).
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The VS-24xl is a high-performance switcher for composite and balanced stereo audio signals.
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The Henderson kids seek revenge on Santa Claus after being jipped on presents. WARNING! This may be slightly distubring to some children.
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Ayesha Jhulka (born 28 July 1975 in Srinagar, Kashmir, India) is a Bollywood actress. She is the daughter of Wing Commander Jhulka, an Indian Air Force Officer. During her career, she has worked with major stars like Mithun Chakraborty, Govinda, Jackie Shroff, Nana Patekar, Aamir Khan, Salman Khan, Ajay Devgan, Suniel Shetty, Akshay Kumar, Shahrukh Khan etc.
Jhulka made her debut in 1991 with Kurbaan opposite Salman Khan, which turned out to be hit. She got two popular hits in 1992, Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikander with Aamir Khan and Khiladi with Akshay Kumar. She was a new happening star in Bollywood. 1993 was also good for her, as her films Dalaal and Rang were hits. Though Dalaal was a hit at the box office, Ayesha was having problems with its maker because of a certain scene in which they used her body double. Jhulka filed complaints with the Cine Artistes Association and the Film Producers Association. Out of the three controversial scenes, two were subsequently deleted. But it made her hugely upset as she always played the girl next door kind of roles.
Source: Wikipedia


text:
Honey Honey
By AM Northwest Staff
"Honey Honey" performed the song, "Little Toy Gun" live on our show. They are the third band to be signed by Kiefer Sutherland's label.
Their C.D. "Loose Boots" was released today. They are also playing tonight with Lifehouse at the Roseland, although that show is sold out.
Please watch the video to hear the song!
Most Popular


text: The American Film Institute's Directors: Martin Scorsese profiles the great director and offers insight into Scorsese's working methods, philosophies, and intentions. The documentary examines his total career, including his apprenticeship with Roger Corman, the great controversy over Last Temptation of Christ, his award-winning gangster picks, and Bringing Out the Dead, which received mixed reviews. Directed by Robert J. Emery, the one-hour program features interviews with Scorsese, Jodie Foster, Willem Dafoe, Barbara De Fina, Griffin Dunne, Ray Liotta, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, Paul Newman, and Joe Pesci. Films excerpted include Mean Streets, Taxi Driver, After Hours, Casino, and others. ~ Betsy Boyd, Rovi


text:
Check out all the Circuit Playground Episodes! Our new kid's show and subscribe!
Have an amazing project to share? Join the SHOW-AND-TELL every Wednesday night at 7:30pm ET on Google+ Hangouts.
Join us every Wednesday night at 8pm ET for Ask an Engineer!
Learn resistor values with Mho's Resistance or get the best electronics calculator for engineers "Circuit Playground" – Adafruit's Apps!
1 Comment
What a strange and unexpected surprise to see my face staring back at me from the Adafruit blog. I should point out the build details are on this blog post: http://netninja.com/2014/05/04/building-light-up-r2d2-mouse-ears/
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The clean geometry of this rectangular shape makes a strong statement in contemporary or traditional settings. The simple handcrafted style recalls the beautiful Craftsman hardware of the early 20th century.
Rectangular Screen Door Hardware - 2" x 6"
Rectangular Gate Hardware
Rectangular Keyed Gate Hardware
Rectangular Thumblatch Gate Hardware
Square Doorbell Button
Diamond Doorbell Button
Rectangular Doorbell Button
Rectangular Doorbell Button
Square Handrail Bracket
Rectangular Cremone Bolt Set - 2 1/2" x 11"
Rectangular Cremone Bolt Set - 3" x 11"


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I don't believe that linux will alow you to mount a fat32 drive as /home, as there's no way to set up file permissions on fat32 like linux does on its native filesystems. You can, however, create a link to the drive in YOUR home directory so you don't have to wander to /mnt all the time...1. How do I set read/write permission to a hardrive?
I mounted my shared drive between my windows xp and linux as /home, but when I attempt to boot using a user it says I don't have read/write permission, how can I change that? BTW i use RH7.2.
/dev/hda1 /windows/C ntfs ro,noauto,user,umask=022 0 2
/dev/hdb1 /mnt/Shared vfat auto,user 0 0
as su: ln -sv /mnt/Shared /home/<yer-user>/
This will create a symbolic link (sort of like a windows 'shortcut') to the shared drive in your home directory.
You're running NTFS on your Windows C...DO NOT try to enable write access to it! You *will* kill it. You'd have to recompile your kernel with ntfs write enabled, but DO NOT DO IT!
RedHat 7.2 doesn't have any NTFS support by default, see http://www.getlinuxonline.com/omp/di...at/ompntfs.htm for more info.
If you need to share files between OS's, setup another partition with fat32 or fat16 so that you can safely read & write to it, like you've done with your "shared" drive:
Here's what my windrives look like under Mandrake 8.1:
/dev/hda1 /mnt/winc ntfs iocharset=iso8859-1,umask=0 0 0
/dev/hda5 /mnt/wind vfat iocharset=iso8859-1,umask=0,codepage=850 0 0
You should have gotten a util called ksnapshot installed with KDE. It might be labeled in the menu as "Screen Capture"...use that instead of installing Gimp.2. How do go about using using desktop capture in KDE. I dont have gimp installed, so is there any other way?


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LOCATION: Chandler Park Recreation Center, 6500 W. 21st St, Tulsa, OK
CLASS TIMES: Tuesday and Thursday 6:00pm to 7:30pm.
COST: $30/student OR $45/family (two or more)
FOUR FREE CLASSES: Work out and experience class with no obligation. (T-shirt, shorts or work out pants, tennis shoes)
You can visit our Facebook page at SSMATKD.


text:
Join OkCupid
Find better matches with our advanced
Find better matches with our advanced
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34 • Lake Saint Louis, MO • Woman
I'm looking for
- Men
- Ages 30–36
- Near me
- Who are single
- For new friends, long-term dating
My details
- Last online
- May 19
- Orientation
- Straight
- Ethnicity
- White
- Height
- 5′ 8″ (1.73m)
- Body Type
- Curvy
- Diet
- Mostly anything
- Smokes
- Sometimes
- Drinks
- Rarely
- Drugs
- Never
- Sign
- Capricorn
- Education
- Graduated from high school
- Status
- Single
- Offspring
- Has kids
- Speaks
- English
My self-summary
Write a little about yourself. Just a paragraph will do.
I'm a very independent, outgoing, smart, humorous, honest, laid back type of chick with an awesome personality. I'm not materialistic or high maintenance. I like anything from camping, floating, four wheeling, boxing, mma fights to shopping and pedicures. I'm not much into the bar/club scene any more, occassionally going to a hole in the wall for a drink is fine, but I'm more into looking forward to laid back time. Movies on the couch, game night, or just watching a good tv show. I love tattoos, I have a few and plan on more.. however they do not define who I am, they're simply art that I choose to display. I also love photography, being creative, doing crazy projects and coming up with more things to dabble in is always fun. I like to try new things and test myself. I love all kinds of music, I can pretty much listen to everything. I like to watch all types of movies and shows. Sometimes I tend to be blunt and even a smartass at times but I'm real down to earth and sweet at heart, and never say anything in a way to hurt anyone or belittle anyone. Just fun at heart and playful. I come from a large italian family, and because my family is so close to eachother its important to be family oriented. I have 3 children. . A daughter and twin boys. They're a little older now so they tend to do their own things these days, but I'm still a full time mommy just have plenty of me time. I am looking to meet new people, friends, possibly date, get to know eachother and go from there and see what happens. I'm very easy to talk to and can get along with anyone as well as being an open book, so if you have anything you would like to know, just message me.
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The first things people usually notice about me
I'm an empty essay… fill me out!
Appearance wise my eyes.. otherwise my outgoing personality
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Really depends on what things this question as referring to..
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My children
My family
I spend a lot of time thinking about
Global warming, lunch, or your next vacation… it's all fair game.
Hmm... gonna leave this one alone.
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Netflix and takeout, or getting your party on — how do you let loose?
I have no typical Friday night. .... just depends
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Board Members
Eugene Hamaker
Cynthia Sink
Jeffrey Albaugh
David Bosserd
Ron Quinn
Board meetings are held the 3rd Monday of every month at 7:00 pm unless published otherwise
Click here for Planning
Commission information
Click here for
Zoning Board of Appeals
Click here for
Fire Board
Click here for
Fire Department
Marshall Township Offices
13551 Myron
Avery Dr.
Marshall, MI 49068
(269) 781-7976
(269) 781-4403
Email Us
Office Hours
Mon. - Thur.
8:00 am - 3:30 pm
Sue George
Zoning Administrator, Deputy Treasurer, construction and building permits
Karen Yang
Deputy Clerk
Robin Kulikowski
Daniel Slone
Deputy Assessor
Assessor Hours
8 am- 3 pm
Click here to visit the Marshall Township Hotchkiss Cemetery
Wellhead Protection Program
Click the image to read about the cooperative effort between governmental units to protect our water supply.
Home | History | Farming | Residential | Links | Forms
Summary of Township Board minutes now available!
Marshall Township Board Meeting, September 15, 2014, Call to Order at 7:00pm
Present: Hamaker, Bosserd, Albaugh, Sink. Excused: Quinn. Approval of Agenda, D. Bosserd, J. Albaugh, 2nd. Motion Carried. Motion to approve: Minutes of Aug. 18, 2014, Bills of $225,374.33, Freedom of Information Records Viewing Policy, Michigan Construction codes updates, Oaklawn Hospital Employee Health program use, ZA to contact attorney regarding Backroads Saloon, by C. Sink, D. Bosserd, 2nd. Roll Call: Yes- Hamaker, Albaugh, Sink, Bosserd. No- none. Excused: Quinn. Motion Carried. Motion to adjourn at 7:30pm by C. Sink, J. Albaugh 2nd. E. Hamaker, Supervisor. C. Sink, Clerk..
Welcome To Our Website!
General Information
Formed in 1832, Marshall Township is a general law township located at the crossroads of Interstates I-94 and I-69 in Calhoun County, Michigan. The combination of low property taxes, several attractive residential developments and being within favorable commuting distance of Battle Creek, Kalamazoo, Lansing and Ann Arbor has made the Township a very desirable place to live.
The Township also has some of the best farmland in Calhoun County. In addition, Marshall Township has one of the largest pieces of vacant land zoned light industrial with railroad between Detroit and Chicago. The land totals approximately 774 acres in all. Overall, the Township is a thirty-six square mile area surrounding the city of Marshall on the north, west and south.
The 2012 Census has placed the Township's population 3,113 people. State Equalized Value of the township for 2013 is $122,146,315 with a Township millage rate of 0.8061 mills. The Township only has one mile of unpaved road.
Marshall Township is a zoned community, with the first zoning ordinance enacted in 1955. The Township is governed by a five member board elected every four years in the general election. The make up of the Board is one Supervisor, Treasurer, Clerk and two Trustees. The duties of each appear in State Statute; all meetings of the Township Board, or any other Board or Commission appointed by the Board are open to the public in compliance with the Open Meetings Act. The Township is a member of Michigan Township Association.
Today, Marshall Township stands at not only literally the crossroads of two major interstates which are a part of the NAFTA trade route, but at the crossroads of planning for its future development as an entity unto itself with great quality of life for its residents while maintaining the lowest possible tax structure.


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Flying from Venice
With two main airports, flights from Venice can be made easily. Passengers can comfortably fly with airberlin out of Venice Marco Polo Airport (VCE), located eight kilometers north of the city, in the town of Tessera.
Venice Marco Polo Airport Information
Named after the Venetian traveler and author, Venice Marco Polo Airport opened its modern building in 2002. Consisting of a lone multi-level terminal, the facility's three floors are separated into arrival, departure, and check-in desk areas, and are able to handle more than six million travelers every year.
The airport features lost property offices, money exchanges, banks, guest lounges, and a first-aid clinic. Parking is readily available on a short-term or long-term basis, and several nearby hotels can booked from within the airport. Travelers can satisfy their material desires by finding spectacular Italian designs and cuisine in a range of airport boutiques and restaurants.
Getting to the Airport in Venice
You can take a bus to Venice Marco Polo Airport with the ATVO fly bus line. The trip takes about 20-25 minutes and leaves twice an hour. Alternatively, take a taxi to Venice Marco Polo Airport in 20 minutes, or take a leisurely trip by water cab, which will take an hour and a half.
Arriving in Dusseldorf
The cosmopolitan city of Dusseldorf is home to one of Germany's most vibrant art scenes and is considered the country's forerunner in fashion. Travel to Dusseldorf with airberlin and explore one of the 100 galleries that highlight the magic behind this popular western German city.
First time in Dusseldorf
Tickets to Düsseldorf will enable you to visit attractions at your own pace, with sites throughout the city easily accessed by foot or bicycle. Five lines of U-Bahn and S-Bahn railways intersect the city, taking passengers to any corner of the urban area quickly and efficiently.
Your Dusseldorf
Socialize along the Rhine embankment promenade; a strip of eateries and cafes along the river provide the perfect place to meet natives and tourists alike. Flights to Düsseldorf will allow you to visit the 18th century Palace and Park Benrath, any gardener's dream.
Getting the Most of Your Dusseldorf Holiday
Flight deals to Düsseldorf can be found year-round. Cool weather will enable visitors to easily find cheap hotels in Düsseldorf, outside of the busier and warmer summer months. Expect affordable fares and convenient features like Quick Check-In with airberlin.


text:
DC Metro Rails
by Palta Software
Download this app if: you need train times and alerts for Washington, D.C.
Developer Notes
Get real time train arrivals and rail alerts for the Washington DC Metro. Find the nearest station entrance and get there with the map and compass. Favorite your most used stations or make a shortcut to them on your home screen. Use the stations live folder. Data from WMATA.
All aboard — If you're a heavy train user in the D.C. metro area, this app could be a pretty essential one to have around.


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20 U.S. Code § 4701 - Findings
prev | next
The Congress makes the following findings:
(1) Senator Barry Goldwater of the State of Arizona has served his country for 56 years as a soldier and statesman, including service in the United States Senate for a period of 30 years.
(2) Senator Goldwater has a distinguished record as a Senator, including service as Chairman of the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate and as Chairman of the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate.
(3) Senator Goldwater has long maintained a special interest in the education of America's youth, particularly in the fields of science and mathematics.
Source(Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title XIV, § 1402,Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 4008.)
Short Title
Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title XIV, § 1401,Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 4007, provided that: "This title [enacting this chapter] may be cited as the 'Barry Goldwater Scholarship and Excellence in Education Act'."
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


text:
Expect detours for Eugene Marathon course Sunday
EUGENE, Ore. - The Eugene Marathon will bring thousands of runners and spectators to the streets of Eugene on Sunday.
And whether you are running, watching or even avoiding the race, the 26.2 mile run means road closures and traffic delays. | Map & More Info
The route starts at E. 15th Avenue & Agate Street in Eugene at 6 a.m.
The marathon race course has three distinct sections: the Eugene street section, the Springfield street section, and the River Bank trail section.
The Eugene section will wind its way through the east University area, then head south on Hilyard Street to the south end of East Amazon.
After looping through the neighborhood, it returns northbound on West Amazon and back to Hilyard Street. It will then enter the Amazon Parkway at E. 30th Avenue. From there it heads north through the Amazon Parkway and past South Eugene High School to E. 19th Avenue.
Runners will then turn eastbound back to the University area, where the course will cross the Knickerbocker footbridge and split from the half marathoners as the full marathon participants turn east (right) down the canal path toward Springfield.
Once participants enter downtown Springfield, they will travel east to East 10th Street, then north to Centennial Boulevard. Marathoners will then head west on Centennial and cross over I-5 into Eugene.
After returning from Springfield on Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, the full-marathoners will head west on Leo Harris Parkway then enter Alton Baker Park, south of Autzen Stadium.
From there the course will follow the River Bank Trail system westbound, crossing over the Owosso Bridge near Marist High School.
It will then return along the south side of the Willamette River back to River Front Parkway.
The last half mile of the course will cross south back over Franklin Boulevard on Agate Street to E. 15th Avenue. From there, participants will enter through the plaza entrance and cross the finish line on historic Hayward Field.
Traffic Details and Advisories
Police anticipate all of the race participants will complete the early portion of the Eugene section around 8:45 a.m. and the Springfield section at approximately 10 a.m.
Motorists can expect some delays and road closures along the Eugene street portion of the course between 5:30 a.m. and 1 p.m. and along the Springfield portion between approximately 6:45 a.m. to 10 a.m.
Franklin Boulevard will be closed to motor vehicle traffic between Villard Street and Alder Street for the duration of the event. Motorists will be detoured around this area.
All LTD buses, including EmX, will also be required to use the detour during the race and will resume regular routes around 10 a.m.
Eugene Police, Springfield Police, and volunteer course marshals will provide traffic direction and assistance to motorists along the route.
Once the race begins, motorists will not be allowed to proceed on the course, but assistance to cross over the course will be provided when gaps between the runners permits.
MORE INFO: Eugene Marathon Race Map & Guide | Eugene Marathon Website


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California Cap-and-Trade
Carbon Pollution Funds Poised to Deliver on Advancing Clean Energy in California
Governor Brown's administration made public yesterday details of the first expenditure plan for revenues generated from the sale of carbon pollution allowances under California's cap-and-trade program. The plan proposes to spend $850 million to expand clean energy.[read more]
California Cap And Trade Expanding In 2014 After Successful 2013
California's cap and trade market will be expanding in 2014 after a very successful first year of operations that quelled fears of a possible European Union-style carbon allowance glut while powering a clean energy economic boom.[read more]
Third California Cap And Trade Auction Sells Out, At Record Price
California's third carbon allowance auction was held last week, and businesses snapped up all available 2013 permits, setting a record price level in the process.[read more]
In Need of a Nudge? Carbon Tax and Making Polluters Pay
Nudges are the best kinds of policy interventions: minimum intrusion, maximum freedom of choice, maximum relative impact. But one area in which this idea comes up short is global warming. That solution would be making polluters pay.[read more]
Will California Be the Next Big Shale Oil Play?
California Flag via Shutterstock
I've spent the last couple of weeks contemplating California's Monterey shale, which has been widely discussed recently as the country's next Bakken-style oil play, or even bigger. The Bakken shale has turned North Dakota into the second-biggest oil-producing state in the US, at the same time that development of the Eagle Ford shale has been shoring up Texas's claim to the number one spot.[read more]
Can We Link Emissions Trading Programs To Advance Climate Policy?
Despite some modest steps forward, the UN Climate Change Conference in Doha was a reminder of the slow-paced nature of international negotiations. Progress is being made at the domestic level, however, and in many cases, the policy of choice is emissions trading.The European Union and Australia have announced plans to link their trading systems, and California and Quebec are working toward linking theirs.[read more]
While International Climate Negotiations Continue, the World's Ninth Largest Economy Takes an Important Step Forward
Windmills in California via Shutterstock
A little more than two weeks ago, while some 195 nations prepared to meet in Doha, Qatar, for the Eighteenth Conference of the Parties (COP-18) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in an ongoing effort to hammer out a durable scheme of effective international cooperation, the ninth largest economy in the...[read more]
Is California's Cap-and-Trade Program the Solution to Reducing U.S. Carbon Emissions?
Golden Gate Bridge via Shutterstock
Cap-and-trade is strongly advocated as an ultimate solution to reducing U.S. carbon emissions. California led the country by passing the Global Warming Solution Act (AB32), which creates an instate carbon cap-and-trade program. AB32 enforcement begins next year by capping Power and Industrial sectors' carbon emissions. To sustain operations each facility must reduce carbon emissions or purchase carbon allowances at auction.[read more]
Cap-and-Trade a Reality in California
The concept of a cap-and-trade CO2 throttling system is not new, or without widespread support. However it has been slow to catch on with the Federal government, and slightly faster with state governments. The system is widely used in Europe, as are many global warming driven initiatives.There is no price for the right to pollute...[read more]
Can Cap-and-Trade Actually Reduce World Carbon Emissions?
The U.S. successfully developed one of the first cap-and-trade programs. Based in part on this success a similar process was incorporated into the Kyoto Protocol. How successful can the Kyoto Protocol cap-and-trade program actually reduce future world carbon emissions?[read more]
U.S. could have Cap & Trade by 2016 – if California succeeds.
Think the U.S. could use tens of billions of dollars of brand new revenue to address its budget and debt challenges? And do you think newly re-elected President Obama might take a run at a bonafide climate strategy as part of his legacy by 2016? If California's Cap-and-Trade system succeeds, the response to both of those questions might actually be 'yes'.[read more]
|More coming soon...
"Jay,Here is a calculation that gives some insight regarding using batteries for storing energy at night and using it during the day.http://www.theenergycollective.com/willem-post/2264202/reducing-us-primary-energy-wind-and-solar-energy-and-energy-efficiencyChevy-Volt and TESLA: The Chevy-Volt has a 16.5 kWh battery, but it uses a maximum of about 10.8 kWh (about 65% 0f its capacity), because the ..."
"Is solar driving a coal phase-out? Of course not. Solar+batteries is way too expensive, and even if the cost comes down enough, only in the desert southwest can any fossil fuel power plants be displaced (in the north electricity demand peaks in the winter; the northwest and southeast get a lot of cloudy days). Once the power plants are built, solar and wind must compete with not ..."
"Han, sometimes a little perspective is in order.Brazil in 2013 generated .55 metric tons of fossil-fuel CO2e for each of the country's 200 million inhabitants, for a total of 110 megatons.Americans each generated over seven times as much fossil fuel CO2e emissions as their South American ..."
"Jay, as indicated in your energy storage cost chart, thermal energy storage (TES) is by far the cheapest type of energy storage, so it's clearly worth a mention.There are only two energy sources which can use TES: Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) and high temperature nuclear.Solar Reserve's Crescent ..."
Scott Edward Anderson is a consultant, blogger, and media commentator who blogs at The Green Skeptic. More »
Christine Hertzog is a consultant, author, and a professional explainer focused on Smart Grid. More »
Elias Hinckley is a strategic advisor on energy finance and energy policy to investors, energy companies and governments More »
Gary Hunt Gary is an Executive-in-Residence at Deloitte Investments with extensive experience in the energy & utility industries. More »
Jesse Jenkins is a graduate student and researcher at MIT with expertise in energy technology, policy, and innovation. More »
Kelly Klima is a Research Scientist at the Department of Engineering and Public Policy of Carnegie Mellon University. More »
Jim Pierobon helps trade associations/NGOs, government agencies and companies communicate about cleaner energy solutions. More »
Geoffrey Styles is Managing Director of GSW Strategy Group, LLC and an award-winning blogger. More »
The Energy Collective
- Rod Adams
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- Charles Barton
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- Steven Cohen
- Dick DeBlasio
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- Simon Donner
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- James Greenberger
- Lou Grinzo
- Jesse Grossman
- Tyler Hamilton
- Christine Hertzog
- David Hone
- Gary Hunt
- Jesse Jenkins
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- Rebecca Lutzy
- Jesse Parent
- Jim Pierobon
- Vicky Portwain
- Willem Post
- Tom Raftery
- Joseph Romm
- Robert Stavins
- Robert Stowe
- Geoffrey Styles
- Alex Trembath
- Gernot Wagner
- Dan Yurman