text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 7, 2008
|Filing date
|Jun 25, 2007
|Priority date
|Jan 11, 2002
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Harry Bims
|Original Assignee
|Broadcom Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (32), Classifications (21), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 10/663,167, Filed Sep. 15, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,236,470, Issue Date Jun. 26, 2007, which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 10/044,016, filed Jan. 11, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,788,658, Issued Sep. 7, 2004, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
The present invention relates to the field of wireless communications; more particularly, the present invention relates to a single frequency wireless communication system.
More recently, wireless LANs (WLANs) are being installed. Many of the recently implemented WLANs operate according to the protocol set forth in the 802.11 Standard, particularly as more enterprises are adopting the 802.11 Standard. ISO IEC DIS 8802.11.
There are a number of problems associated with the current implementations of 802.11 networks. For example, in order to set up an 802.11 network such as shown in
Moreover, if such communications are employed to enable access to a company's corporate server or sensitive information, additional precautions are often necessary, particularly where access may be by a laptop computer system which may fall into the hands of a hacker that tries to use the computer system to gain access to the information. In such case, the hacker may tries to gain access through any interface that a device has. Thus, solutions to prevent such attacks are needed when using such systems.
A method and apparatus for communicating between devices is described. In one embodiment, the method comprises allowing a mobile station to have a first connection to a network over a first interface and determining that the mobile station is attempting to have a second connection to the network over a second interface other than the first interface.
The present invention will be understood more fully from the detailed description given below and from the accompanying drawings of various embodiments of the invention, which, however, should not be taken to limit the invention to the specific embodiments, but are for explanation and understanding only.
A communication system is described. In one embodiment, the communication system comprises a mobile station having a transmitter to transmit packets wirelessly according to a protocol and multiple repeaters communicably coupled with the mobile station. Each of the repeaters may receive one or more packets of the wirelessly transmitted packets from one or more mobile station and forwards them to a switch. Similarly, the switch sends one or more packets to the one or more mobile stations via the repeaters.
A technique is disclosed herein that tracks when a mobile station is attempting to connect to the network over more than one mobile station interface. In one embodiment, a switch described herein allows a mobile station to have one connection to a network over one of its interfaces (e.g., a 802.11 wireless interface). Thereafter, the switch determines that the mobile station is attempting to have a second connection to the network over another mobile station interface (e.g., a wired interface). In one embodiment, the switch makes the determination by checking a table (e.g., an active stations list) of mobile stations along with a list of the interfaces available for each of the listed mobile stations to determine if media access control (MAC) addresses of both interfaces (e.g., the wireless and the wired interfaces) are listed as belonging to the same mobile station. In one embodiment, the switch enforces a security policy in response to determining that a mobile station is attempting to connect to the network over one interface when already connected over another interface.
In the following description, numerous details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form, rather than in detail, in order to avoid obscuring the present invention.
Some portions of the detailed descriptions which follow are presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like.
It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as "processing" or "computing" or "calculating" or "determining" or "displaying" or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.
The present invention also relates to apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise a general purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMS), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupled to a computer system bus.
The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general purpose systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these systems will appear from the description below. In addition, the present invention is not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages may be used to implement the teachings of the invention as described herein.
A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a machine-readable medium includes read only memory ("ROM"); random access memory ("RAM"); magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; flash memory devices; electrical, optical, acoustical or other form of propagated signals (e.g., carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.); etc.
Exemplary Network Architecture
Similar to
Each of repeaters 302 1-302 3 receives wireless communications from devices (e.g., mobile stations such as, for example, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a cordless phone, a headset, a voice-enabled mobile station, a laptop computer system, a personal digital assistant, a computer-data-enabled mobile station, a speakerphone, video game controller, a DVD controller, a stereo controller, a TV controller, etc.) in the coverage areas of the repeaters. In one embodiment, these wireless communications are performed according to the 802.11 protocol. That is, each of the mobile stations in each of cells 310 1-310 n exchanges packets with repeaters 302 1-302 3 using the 802.11 protocol.
In one embodiment, switch 301 includes 802.11 MAC (medium access control) protocol software and/or hardware that allows switch 301 to communicate with repeaters 302 1-302 3. Different from the prior art, some of the 802.11 MAC functionality typically associated with the access points, as described above in the Background section, are not in repeaters 302 1-302 3 and are, instead, centralized in switch 301. More specifically, the MAC layer is split between repeater 302 1-302 3 and switch 301 to enable transfer of messages over wiring (e.g., CAT5 cabling). As such, repeaters 302 1-302 3 and switch 301 coordinate to perform functionality of the 802.11 MAC layer as described below.
In one embodiment, switch 301 includes one or more Ethernet connectors (e.g., external Ethernet connector) to enable a computer system, such as desktop computer system 303, or other device, to have an Ethernet connection to LAN backbone 102 via switch 301. Similarly, in one embodiment, one or more of repeaters 302 1-302 3 includes an Ethernet connector to enable a device (e.g., computer system, such as desktop computer system 304) to gain access, via a repeater, such as repeater 302 3, to switch 301 and the rest of the communication system. In such a case, the wiring coupling switch 301 to repeaters 302 1-302 3 may combine 802.11 information, including management and control (as opposed to solely data) information, with traditional Ethernet packets on the same wiring (e.g., CATS).
Distributed Receiver Diversity Approach
The network architecture described above allows for overlapping coverage between cells supported by the repeaters. This overlapping coverage allows for receiver diversity.
The packets from the mobile stations in each of the cells are broadcast and may be received by multiple repeaters. By allowing multiple repeaters to receive packets from one of the mobile stations, collisions and dropped packets may be reduced or avoided. For example, if a collision occurs or if a packet is dropped by one of the repeaters, then a particular packet can still be received by other repeaters. In this manner, the use of repeaters described herein provides for higher reliability.
In an embodiment in which mobile stations exchange packets with repeaters using the 802.11 protocol, each packet from a mobile station includes an Ethernet MAC address, which is embedded in the packet. Each packet may be received by one or more repeaters. Each repeater that receives a packet from a mobile station without errors (i.e., cleanly) determines the received signal strength of the packet in a manner well-known in the art. The received signal strength is converted into an indication, such as a received signal strength indicator (RSSI). In one embodiment, the RSSI is specified in a value from 1 to 127. These 128 discrete values can be mapped to dB signal strength values based on the particular implementation being used. In one embodiment, all repeaters send their RSSI for the packet to switch 301. The repeater that is assigned to the mobile station (e.g., has the token for the mobile station) sends the packet along with the RSSI. In one embodiment, the repeater encapsulates the packet into an Ethernet packet with the RSSI in a header and forwards the Ethernet packet to switch 301. In an alternative embodiment, each repeater receiving the packet without error forwards the packet, along with the RSSI to the switch. Thus, all packets received from mobile stations by a repeater without errors are forwarded to switch 301. Switch 301 knows which repeater sent the packet(s) because it is received on its preassigned port.
In one embodiment, the fact that a particular repeater received a packet without errors is communicated to all other repeaters. In one embodiment, this is accomplished by having the repeater send each encapsulated packet and its RSSI as a broadcast packet to switch 301. This broadcast packet is similar to those broadcast packets used in Ethernet and includes a special broadcast address, which is recognized by switch 301. In another embodiment, only the header of the packet, which includes the RSSI and uniquely identifies the packet, is encapsulated and sent as a broadcast packet to the other repeaters. In this case, the data portion of the packet is not forwarded.
In response to receiving the broadcast packet with the specific broadcast address, switch 301 broadcasts the packet on all of the other ports used for communication between switch 301 and the other repeaters.
In one embodiment, upon receiving a packet without error from a particular mobile station, the repeater sets a timer within which it is to receive packets received by other repeaters that are duplicates to the packet it has already received. When the timer expires, the repeater examines the RSSI of the packet it received (without error) with the RSSI values of duplicate packets received by other repeaters. Based on that information, the repeater determines if it is to send an acknowledgement packet for the subsequent transmission from the mobile station. Thus, if the time expires without receiving a duplicate packet, the repeater sends the acknowledgement. If the timer expires and the repeater receives a duplicate packet, thereafter, it is treated as a new packet. To avoid this, the timer time out value is set to handle the worst case time delay that a repeater may face in receiving duplicate packets.
In one embodiment the communication protocol used between the mobile stations and the repeater is a modified version of the 802.11 protocol in which acknowledgement packets are disabled and thus, not sent. By doing so, a repeater that is assigned to a particular mobile station in response to receiving a packet at a larger received signal strength than any other repeater may not be delayed in handling the packet, and thereby avoids missing a portion of a packet from the mobile station.
Note that switch 301 forwards each packet received from repeaters (note duplicates) to the remainder of the communication system (e.g., LAN backbone, other mobile stations, the Internet, etc.). In one embodiment, this occurs after de-duplication of packets so that only one copy of each packet is forwarded.
Once the broadcast packets have been received, in one embodiment, all the repeaters know what packets were received cleanly by the others and at what RSSI the packets were received by the other repeaters. Thereafter, each repeater selects the packet with the highest RSSI and determines the repeater that received it. In other words, each repeater performs a comparison on the received signal strength of the packets it received that were also received by one or more other repeaters. For each of the packets that a repeater receives at a power level higher than any of the other repeaters that received that packet, that repeater sends an acknowledgement back to the mobile station acknowledging that the packet was received without errors. This prevents all the repeaters that receive the packet cleanly from sending multiple acknowledgements to the mobile station.
In one embodiment, if two repeaters have the same receive signal strength for a packet, the repeater with the lower port number (the port number by which switch 301 is coupled to the repeater) is the repeater that is selected to send the acknowledgement to the mobile station. In this manner, only one repeater is selected to send the acknowledgement to the mobile station and, thus, the receiver diversity is handled in the network architecture in a distributed fashion. In one embodiment, to enable the repeaters to determine which is to send the acknowledgement in the case of a packet received with the same received signal strength by multiple repeaters, each packet includes identification information, such as its switch port number, to enable the determination of which has the lowest port number. Note, in an alternative embodiment, the repeater with the highest port number may be the one to send the acknowledgement or other pre-assigned priority information may be used by the repeaters in such situations. In an alternative embodiment, instead of using the port number to determine which repeater is to send the acknowledgement when two repeaters have the same received signal strength, the repeater MAC address may be used. For example, the repeater with the lowest MAC address may send the acknowledgement packet, or alternatively, the repeater with the highest MAC address may send the acknowledgement packet. Using the repeater MAC address for the determination is preferred in cases where a layer 2 network is communicatively coupled between the repeaters and the switch such that a single port is used by multiple repeaters.
Referring to
Thereafter, processing logic encapsulates 802.11 packet and RSSI in an Ethernet packet (processing block 403) and sends the Ethernet packet to the switch (processing block 404). In one embodiment, a baseband processor (e.g., baseband processor 1001 in
Later in time, processing logic receives one or more packets from the switch that are duplicates of the 802.11 packet. These duplicate packets are transmitted by other repeaters and encapsulated by those repeaters, along with their RSSIs (processing block 405). Processing logic in the repeater compares RSSIs for the duplicate packets (processing block 406). In one embodiment, a baseband processor (e.g., baseband processor 1001 in
Referring to
Token-Based Receiver Diversity Approach,
Note that the above receiver diversity procedure is particularly useful when gigabit or faster Ethernet communication exists between switch 301 and repeaters 302 1-302 3. However, if such is not the case, another technique for receiver diversity may be utilized. For example, a token-based receiver diversity procedure may be used. In this case, switch 301 has a token for every mobile station on the 802.11 network and it gives the token to one of the repeaters. In other words, switch 301 pre-assigns the token before a packet is even transmitted by a mobile station. The repeater stores the token in a table that lists all mobile stations for which it has a token. The repeater with the token sends the acknowledgement packet to the mobile stations listed in the table when those mobile stations send packets that are received by the repeater. Therefore, a comparison of received signal strengths for duplicate packets is not necessary. Note that in one embodiment with this token based mechanism, if the repeater with the token does not receive a packet cleanly, but another repeater does, that packet will be forwarded to the switch and not acknowledged to the mobile client. However, switch 301 moves the token before a subsequent packet is sent by the mobile station. Therefore, this will only occur for one packet.
In one embodiment, switch 301 includes a database with a listing of mobile stations and repeater numbers corresponding to the repeater that has been designated to acknowledge packets received from the mobile station and, thus, has the token. The table may also include additional information describing the repeater itself.
Since switch 301 receives the received signal strength from each repeater that received a packet without error, switch 301 can determine the closest repeater to a particular mobile station. If the repeater determined to be closest to the particular mobile station is different than the one previously identified as closest (e.g., based on RSSI of packets received from the mobile station), then switch 301 moves the token to a new repeater, i.e. the one that is closer to the mobile station. The token may be moved on a packet-by-packet basis or every predetermined number of the packets (e.g., 10 packets, 100 packets, etc.).
Switch 301 may employ a timer to indicate the time during which duplicate RSSI values for the same packet may be received in much the same manner the timer is used by the repeaters in the distributed approach described above.
Referring to
In one embodiment, the switch assigns a token by sending an Add Token command to the repeater, which causes the repeater to add a new mobile station to its table of mobile stations that the repeater supports. This command includes the MAC address of the mobile station.
Subsequently, processing logic periodically tests whether the repeater assigned the token for a particular mobile station is still the closest repeater to that mobile station (processing block 454). If so, then the processing is complete. If not, then processing logic moves the token to the closest repeater (processing block 455) and updates the table (e.g., the active station list) to reflect the new repeater that is closest to the mobile station (processing block 456). Processing logic also updates the switch port to reflect the new repeater for use when sending packets to the mobile station from the switch.
In one embodiment, the switch moves the token by sending a Delete Token command to the repeater that currently has it, causing the repeater to delete the token (and assorted MAC Address) from its list of supported mobile stations, and by sending an Add Token command to the repeater that is currently closest to the mobile station.
Referring to
Subsequently, when processing logic receives a packet from mobile station (processing block 472), processing logic compares the MAC address of the 802.11 packet from the mobile station with the address in the table (processing block 473). Then, processing logic tests whether the MAC address of a packet equals an address in the table (processing block 474). If so, processing logic provides an acknowledgment (ACK) packet to the mobile station (processing block 475). If not, processing logic ignores the packet.
Note that since all repeaters communicate the fact that they received a packet from a mobile station along with the received signal strength to switch 301, switch 301 is able to determine the coverage area of the transmission of the mobile station. In one embodiment, each packet received by switch 301 from the repeaters terminates in a network processor in switch 301 (e.g., network processor 1206 of
Downstream Communication Scheduling
For communications in the reverse direction (e.g., in the downstream direction), in one embodiment, the repeater transmissions are scheduled to reduce collisions. This scheduling is useful because repeaters can be close enough to interfere with one another. Because of this, switch 301 schedules the transmissions to prevent the collisions when the repeaters are actually transmitting.
For example, if a packet is destined for a particular IP address, then switch 301 performs an address translation to translate, for example, the IP address into an Ethernet MAC address. Switch 301 uses the Ethernet MAC address to search in a location tracking database to determine which repeater is closest to the mobile station having the Ethernet MAC address. Once the repeater is identified by switch 301, then switch 301 knows the switch port on which the packet should be sent so that it is sent to the repeater listed in the location tracking database (for forwarding by the repeater to the mobile station).
Once the repeater (and the port number) has been identified, switch 301 checks whether an interference problem would be created if the packet is sent by switch 301 to the mobile station at that time. An interference problem would be created if there are other transmissions that would be occurring when the packet is forwarded onto its destination mobile station. If no interference problem would exist, switch 301 sends the packet through the identified port to the repeater most recently determined to be closest to the mobile station. However, if an interference problem would be created by sending the packet immediately, then switch 301 delays sending the packet through the identified port to the repeater most recently determined to be closest to the mobile station.
In one embodiment, to determine if an interference problem would exist if a packet is sent immediately upon determining the switch port number on which the packet is to be sent, switch 301 maintains and uses two databases. One of the databases indicates which of the repeaters interfere with each other during their transmissions. This database is examined for every downstream packet that is to be sent and switch 301 schedules the transmission of downstream packets so that the repeaters that interfere with each other when they transmit at the same time do not transmit at the same time. The other database is a listing of mobile stations and the corresponding set of repeaters that last received the transmissions. If two mobile stations have overlapping sets, then it is possible for their acknowledgement packets to interfere when they simultaneously receive non-interfering data packets from different repeaters. Because the mobile stations send acknowledge packets upon receiving downstream packets, there is a possibility that the mobile stations will interfere with each other when sending their acknowledgement packets. Switch 301 takes this information into account during scheduling and schedules downstream packets to the mobile stations to reduce the occurrence of mobile stations interfering with other when sending acknowledgment packets. The information in these two databases may be collected by sending out test packets to the WLAN to determine which repeaters and mobile devices cause the interference described above.
Upstream Communication Scheduling
The same databases used for downstream traffic scheduling may be used for upstream traffic scheduling to enable the switch to schedule upstream communications. As with downstream traffic, by using the two databases, the switch is able to determine when parallel communication may take place based on the overlap described above. This scheduling may be used to implement quality of service (QoS) where a period of time when traffic is scheduled is used (bypassing the CSMA algorithm).
Location —Tracking by Received Signal Strength (RSSI)
Referring to
In one embodiment, the location tracking table may include a listing of mobile stations and their individually assigned repeaters. The location tracking table may also be referred to herein as the active station list. This table may also include, or include instead of the assigned repeater, an indication of the switch port by which the switch is to communicate with the repeater assigned to each mobile station.
Mobility Supported by Routing
In one embodiment, switch 301 determines that a particular mobile station is closer to a different repeater (by monitoring the received signal strength of duplicate packets). As described above, switch 301 maintains a table (e.g., database, active station list, etc.) of all mobile stations in the 802.11 network and includes an indication of the repeater closest to each mobile station. Switch 301 performs port-based routing and may use the table in the same manner an IP routing table is used. Switch 301 has an Ethernet port for each repeater. When switch 301 determines that a mobile station is closer to a repeater that is different than the one listed in the database (based on the received signal strength of duplicate packets among multiple repeaters), then switch 301 updates the database. Thereafter, if a packet is received by switch 301 for that mobile station, switch 301 merely sends it out on the Ethernet port assigned to the repeater that was most recently determined to be the closest to that mobile station.
Multi-Switch System
Protocol Architecture
In one embodiment, the repeater MAC sublayer is responsible for performing portions of the 802.11 protocol including handling CSMA/CA, DIFS/EIFS interframe spacing (IFS) timing, SIFS timing and control, generating acknowledgement (of ACK) frames (during transmit only) on data packets received, such as 802.11 data frames and generating CTS (clear-to-send) frames in response to RTS (request-to-send) frames. The repeater MAC sublayer may also respond to the resetting of internal network allocation vectors (NAVs) which are embedded into certain frames (e.g., RTS and CTS frames). Each of the above repeater MAC functions may be implemented in a manner that is well-known is the art.
In addition to the MAC sublayer, each of repeaters 802 1-802 N includes an 802.11 physical layer or other wireless physical layer.
The switch MAC sublayer is responsible for handling multiple frame types during reception from the repeaters. In one embodiment, the MAC frame types the switch is capable of handling include an association request, reassociation request, probe request, ATIM, disassociation, authentication, deauthentication, PS-Poll, CTS (updates NAV in repeaters), ACK (in response to data frames), data and Null frames.
The switch MAC frame types that are accommodated during transmission include an association response, a reassociation response, probe response, ATIM (announcement traffic indication message), disassociation, deauthentication, PS-Poll, data frames, Null frames, RTS (updates NAV in repeater), and beacon frames. It should be noted that the MAC frame types that the switch accommodates during receive and transmit are well known in the arts and part of the 802.11 standard. Each of the above switch MAC functions may be implemented in a manner that is well-known is the art.
Location tracking unit 903 is responsible for tracking one or more mobile stations communicating with one or more repeaters using one of the aforementioned mechanisms shown in
Fragmentation unit 904 is responsible for fragmenting packets to improve performance in the presence of RF interference detected using one of the aforementioned processes. The use of fragmentation can increase the reliability of frame transmissions. By sending smaller frames, collisions are much less likely to occur. The fragment size value may be typically set between 256 and 2,048 bytes. However, this value may be user controllable via, for example, a user interface of session management unit 901.
DCF unit 905 is responsible for handling DCF functionality according to 802.11 specifications. DCF unit 905 typically operates based on the CSMA/CA (carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance) protocol. In a conventional approach, typical 802.11 stations contend for access and attempt to send frames when there is no other station transmitting. If another station is sending a frame, the stations wait until the channel is free. According to one embodiment, when DCF unit 905 detects if interference exists between multiple mobile stations, DCF unit 905 may signal session management unit 901 to queue up the frames and reschedule to processing of these frames to avoid interference. As a result, mobile stations do not need to worry about interference and wait for a free channel, which leads to a wider bandwidth of the network.
As described above, switch 900 may receive multiple identical packets from multiple repeaters because the corresponding mobile station may send the same packet to multiple repeaters within a coverage area. The switch may broadcast the packet to the rest of the repeaters. In order to avoid broadcasting the same packet multiple times, switch 900 may invoke packet de-duplication unit 906 to de-duplicate the duplicated packets and only one of multiple instances of the same packet gets broadcasted.
SNMP unit 907 performs typical network management operations well known in the art. SNMP is a protocol governing network management and the monitoring of network devices and their functions. It is not necessarily limited to TCP/IP networks.
Baseband processor 1001 is a digital chip that performs the reduced MAC functions as described above. The repeater also includes a port 1007 for coupling to a switch, such as switch 301. Baseband processor 1001 handles communication with switch 301 using port 1007. In one embodiment, port 1007 also transfers information (through the port) at 100 Mb/s bits per second. Port 1007 may also provide power to baseband processor 1001.
A desktop port 1006 may be included to allow desktop or other systems to plug into the repeater. Also, in one embodiment, LEDs 1005, such as an activity LED, power LED, and/or link LED, may be included in the repeater as well.
HyperTransport controller 1203 is coupled to switching processor 1202 and provides a gigabit Ethernet interface to the rest of the switch architecture. In one embodiment, the HyperTransport controller 1203 includes a diagnostic port 1204 and another Ethernet port 1205 for use, for example, in coupling to a corporate LAN.
In one embodiment, HyperTransport controller 1203 comprises a Gallileo HyperTransport controller from Marvell of Sunnyvale, Calif.
A network processor 1206 is coupled to HyperTransport controller 1203 and performs the majority of the functions of the switch, including the receiver diversity functions and location-tracking functions described herein, with the exception of the rebroadcast of the broadcast packets received by the switch, which is handled by switching processor 1202. In one embodiment, network processor 1206 is coupled to a boot memory 1209, a DRAM 1207 and one or more LEDs 1208. In one embodiment, network processor 1206 comprises a PMC-Sierra RM9000X2 sold by PMC-Sierra of Santa Clara, Calif., boot memory 1209 comprises an MB boot flash AMD AM29LV640D boot flash memory and DRAM 1207 comprises 64 MB synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) from Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif.
In one embodiment, network processor 1206 includes a PCI interface to a processor 1210. Processor 1210 may host certain applications, such as, for example, firewall applications. Processor 1210 may perform these functions with the use of hard disk 1211, DRAM 1213 and console port 1211. DRAM 1213 may store the active stations list and the access control list described herein. Console port 1211 may provide access to a monitor or keyboard or other peripheral device. In one embodiment, processor 1210 comprises a Pentium Processor manufactured by Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif.
In one embodiment, network processor 1206 executes software instructions, which performs the 802.11 MAC layer. Network processor 1206 may also execute a wireless LAN configuration module to configure the wireless LAN network, a priority traffic administration (e.g., traffic shaping) module, a management software (e.g., Cisco IOS), a security protocol (e.g., 802.1x) module, and a VPN/firewall module. Processor 1210 executes a location tracking module to perform the location tracking. Processor 1210 may also execute one or more of the following software modules: clustering/HA, RADIUS/DHCP (remote authentication dial-In user service/dynamic host configuration protocol), session mobility, third party applications, XML (extensible markup language) Web services, user administration software, and network management software.
Reconfiguration of the Communication System
A technique described herein allows for the performance of an automatic site survey to reconfigure the wireless communication network. As part of the process, the repeaters in essence cause their own reconfiguration by providing information to the switch that the switch uses to determine whether reconfiguration is necessary. In one embodiment, as a result of performing the reconfiguration process, one or more repeaters may change their state from activated, deactivated, or hot standby to another state and/or change their transmitter power level and/or receiver sensitivity. When in the activated state, a repeater is able to receive packets from sending devices (e.g., mobile devices in the network) and transmit packets to those devices. When in the deactivated state, a repeater is not able to receive packets from nor transmit packets to other devices (e.g., mobile devices in the network). When in the hot standby state, a repeater is able to receive packets from sending devices but not transmit packets to those devices. It is possible that a repeater may not change its state as part of the reconfiguration process, but may change its transmit power level and/or its receiver sensitivity.
Reconfiguration may also occur by having one or more repeaters change their channel numbers. The reconfiguration of the network includes turning on and off repeaters and adjusting transmitter power levels and receiver sensitivity. The reconfiguration occurs periodically. Reconfiguration may occur after a predetermined period of time (e.g., an hour) or a predetermined amount of activity. The reconfiguration may occur in response to an event. For example, if the activity of a repeater receives a predetermined number of packets within a predetermined period of time or the rate of packet reception increases by a predetermined amount, then the reconfiguration may be performed. As another example, the event may comprise a mobile station entering a particular location (e.g., a conference room) where a repeater is located and not on (thereby causing the system to be reconfigured to have the repeater activated). In one embodiment, when the event occurs, an alarm in the switch is triggered, causing the switch to run the reconfiguration process.
In response to sending the packet(s), the switch receives the packet(s) (processing block 1252) and determines the amount of wireless communication activity each repeater is experiencing (processing block 1253).
More specifically, the repeater receives a packet and embedded in the packet header is the Ethernet MAC address of the mobile station. When the repeater forwards that packet to the switch, it attaches the received signal strength and SNR values. In response to the packet, the switch is able to open up the packet and determine that the packet is from another unique 1P address and, thus, another unique user. Based on this, the switch determines the density of unique users on a particular repeater. In other words, the switch determines the number of unique users (mobile stations) sending packets that are being received by an individual repeater. The switch may use a database to maintain this information. This database may be the location tracking database described above.
Based on the location and density of the repeaters as tracked by the switch, using the information sent from the repeater(s), the switch determines which repeaters to activate, deactivate, or move to the hot standby state (processing block 1254). The switch also determines the transmitter power levels for the repeaters that are activated (processing block 1255). The transmitter power levels are the power levels used by the repeaters when transmitting packets wirelessly to other devices in the network. The switch may also adjust the receive sensitivity of one or more of the repeaters (processing block 1256). The switch may also adjust the channel numbers of one or more repeaters. In one embodiment, the switch causes these changes to be made by sending control commands to the repeater over, for example, a wired connection (e.g., the Ethernet connection).
Thus, if the switch determines that a particular repeater is to be activated (the repeater can receive and transmit), deactivated (the repeater cannot receive nor transmit), or placed in hot standby mode (the repeater can receive but cannot transmit), that changes to the repeater's transmitters power level and/or the repeater's receiver sensitivity, or that changes to the repeater's channel number are necessary, then the switch sends a command to the repeater specifying the desired action.
In one embodiment, if the number of unique users being received cleanly by a repeater in a hot standby state is above a threshold, then the switch activates the repeater.
This reconfiguration process has a number of advantages over the prior art. For example, as part of the reconfiguration process in the prior art, an access point may have to be moved. This is because there are typically no additional access points in the area that are not already being used because of their expense. In contrast, because repeaters are generally cheaper devices, many more of them may be distributed throughout the network, even though they are not going to be used all the time. Thus, when there is a need for additional capacity, one of the repeaters that is not currently activated can be activated.
In one embodiment, the reconfiguration of the wireless communication system may include changing the transmit power levels of the mobile stations. As with the reconfiguration described above, the purpose of this reconfiguration of the mobile station is to improve network capacity. The improvement to network capacity may be due to a reduced interference to repeaters and other mobile stations in adjacent coverage cells that a mobile station causes because its transmit power level is changed.
The reconfiguration of the mobile stations may occur in response to the switch examining the interference in a particular area and comparing this interference with a predetermined amount of interference (e.g., a threshold). The predetermined amount of interference may be based on an allowable amount of interference for the wireless communication system or an allowable amount of variance from the allowable amount of interference.
The switch (or other control entity) determines the amount to change the transmit power level. In order to determine the amount of change to a particular transmit power level, the switch initially determines what the current transmit power level is. In one embodiment, the switch sends a query as a control message to the mobile station to obtain the transmit power level of the mobile station. Alternatively, the switch maintains a list (e.g., a database) of the transmit power levels of the mobile stations and accesses the list to obtain the transmit power level for a particular mobile station. The switch may obtain this information from the mobile stations. In addition, the switch might also send a command to the mobile station to modify its power level on a percentage basis. This would not require the knowledge of a specific power level. For example, in one embodiment, the mobile stations send a control message to the switch at boot-up indicating their transmit power levels.
Once the current transmit power level has been obtained, the switch determines the amount to change the transmit power level. This may be based on the received signal strength (e.g., RSSI) of the packets received by the repeater currently assigned to the mobile station. For example, if the received signal strength is very high, yet the mobile station is causing interference (e.g., its packets are being received by one or more other repeaters), the switch may cause the mobile station to reduce its transmit power level to a predetermined level or by a predetermined amount (e.g., a percentage of its current transmit power level) because the effect of such a reduction would not prevent its packets from being received by its assigned repeater.
The change in the transmit power level may be performed in a number of ways. For example, in one embodiment, the switch controls the transmit power level of the mobile station(s). In such a case, the switch may send a command message to the mobile station, via a repeater, to cause the mobile station to adjust its transmit power level. The command could indicate that the mobile station should increase or decrease its transmit power level. Alternatively, such a command could come from a repeater or a control entity in the communication system other than the switch.
An Exemplary MAC Software Architecture
In one embodiment, the MAC sublayer on the repeater is engaged in performing real time functions related to the time synchronization (BEACON, PROBE request/response processing), receiving and transmitting 802.11 frames, including acknowledgment of the received frames.
The MAC sublayer on the switch is centralized and controls multiple repeaters. In one embodiment, the MAC sublayer on the switch includes centralized management of the mobile stations and handles mobile stations in power save mode.
In one embodiment, the switch runs multiple instances of the MAC sublayer on the switch. In this manner, the switch may support multiple, separate logical groupings of repeaters on the switch. Each grouping may be based on channel frequency such that each group is associated with a particular frequency. The frequency need not be unique to all the frequencies of all the groupings (e.g., some groups use the same frequency and other groups do not use that frequency). The groupings may be created based on channel numbers.
By being able to run multiple instances of the MAC sublayer of the switch, the architecture offers flexibility when configuring the wireless communication system and individual embodiments that allows at least one of the following benefits. First, tuning of the size of the RF coverage per logical grouping of repeaters. Second, the roaming of the stations is easy to control. Third, the management of mobile stations in power save mode is centralized. That is, the frames for the mobile stations in power save mode are buffered in the MAC sublayer on the switch and can be exchanged between other instances of the MAC sublayer on the same switch (between MAC instances) when the mobile station in power save mode is roaming.
Referring to
Routing unit 1305 routes data frames to MAC Data SAP (service access point) unit 1301 and management inbound frames to management_SAP unit 1309. De-fragmentation unit 1304 performs de-fragmentation of inbound frames. Management SAP unit 1309 includes an interface to MIB (management information base) unit 1308 and MLME (MAC sub-layer management entity) service unit 1307. MLME services unit 1307 handles the incoming associate and re-associate frames, as well as disassociate requests, and processes authentication and de-authenticate requests and generates authentication and de-authenticate response frames.
MIB management unit 1308 performs get and set functions to get and set parameters of the repeater and performs reset functions to reset all the parameters of a repeater and return the parameters to default values. The above processes may be performed using a tunneling protocol between a switch and the respective repeater.
With respect to block tunneling protocol layer 1306, both MPDUs and MMPDUs frames between the switch and the repeater are transferred by the tunneling protocol. In one embodiment, the 802.11 frames are encapsulated into Ethernet frames. In one embodiment, the tunneling protocol header is placed after the Ethernet header. This protocol transfers both data and management frames as well as special defined tunneling protocol control messages.
On the repeater, transmit unit 1311 transfers frames from MAC to PHY transmitter, generates FCS (frame check sequence), inserts timestamps in the beacons and probe responses, performs DCF timing (SIFS, DIFS, EIFS), handles ACK, RTS, CTS, and performs a back-off procedure.
Receive unit 1312 transfers frames from PHY to MAC, receives the MPDUs from the PHY, calculating and checking the FCS value (frames with valid FCS, length and protocol version are sent for receive filtering). Receive unit 1312 also filters valid received frames by destination address, and BSSID (basic service set identification) for group destination addresses, as well as handles ACK, CTS and RTS. Other functions include detection of duplicated unicast frames, updating the NAV (network allocation vector) using Duration/ID value from 802.11 frames, maintenance of the channel state based on both physical and virtual carrier sense, time slot reference generation, and providing Busy, Idle & Slot signals to transmission.
Synchronization unit 1313 processes the MLME start request in which it starts a new BSS (basic service set) and set all parameters for a beacon frame. Synchronization unit 1313 generates beacon frames periodically and handles Probe request and response frames.
Repeater management unit 1314 relays all MIB set/get requests, start requests, reset requests, request/confirm characteristic commands to a proper block on the repeater.
With respect to block tunneling protocol 1 layer 1310, frames for both MPDUs and MMPDUs between the switch and repeater are transferred by the tunneling protocol. The frames are encapsulated into the Ethernet frames and the tunneling protocol header is placed after the Ethernet header. This protocol transfers both data and management frames as well as special defined tunneling protocol control messages.
An Exemplary Switch Software Architecture
The switch contains the switching and management planes.
After this procedure, the router takes the station MAC address from the ARP response and routes all IP packets for this mobile station as described above. Since the switch MAC sublayer has the configuration information about MAC and IP addresses, the ARP response could come from the switch.
Management Procedures
There are a number of management procedures supported by the distributed MAC architecture. In one embodiment, these include starting up the switch, resetting the MAC, starting a new BSS, synchronization, authentication, and de-authentication, association, disassociation and re-association.
With respect to starting up the switch, the switch is started by the switch management entity (SwME). To configure and start the switch and the repeaters, the SwME issues commands to the switch MAC sublayer on the switch. The commands intended for the repeaters are transferred using the tunneling protocol. Layers of the tunneling protocol are running on the switch and the repeaters.
With respect to MAC reset, the switch and repeaters cooperate to perform a reset of the MAC. Since the MAC is distributed between the switch and repeaters, the reset process is modified to support this architecture. In one embodiment, the switch management entity sends a reset request to each of the repeaters as part of a tunneling protocol process and receives a reset response indicating if the reset was successful. The reset process may set the MAC to initial conditions, clearing all internal variables to the default values. MIB (management information base) attributes may be reset to their implementation-dependent default values.
With respect to the start process, the switch management entity requests that the MAC entity start a new BSS. The switch management entity generates the request to start an infrastructure BSS (basic service set) with the MAC entity acting as an access point and sends it to all MAC entities where the switch is acting as a multiple access point. Each repeater responds with an indication as to whether the start process was successful.
With respect to synchronization, the synchronization process determines the characteristics of the available BSSs and allows for synchronizing the timing of a mobile station with a specified BSS (switch MAC entity). In one embodiment, the synchronization process begins with an instance of the switch MAC sublayer generating a beacon frame, which is encapsulated and sent to the repeaters periodically. The repeater updates the timestamp of the beacon frame before sending the beacon frame in the air. Based on the beacon frame, the mobile station synchronizes its timers.
The switch management entity also causes authentication to establish a relationship between a station MAC sublayer and the instances of the switch MAC sublayers. In one embodiment, a mobile station is authenticated if its MAC address is in the access list on the switch. Similarly, de-authentication is supported to invalidate an authentication relationship with a switch MAC entity. In one embodiment, de-authentication is initiated by the mobile station. In this case, the instance of the switch MAC sublayer on the switch associated with the repeater assigned to the mobile station updates the station state as maintained by the switch. The result of de-authentication is that the state of the mobile station is listed in the switch as unauthenticated and unassociated.
Data frames for a mobile station are forwarded from the repeater that has the token for the mobile station. In one embodiment, if a repeater without the token receives the data frames, it forwards only a short frame with the RSSI (in the tunneling protocol header) to the switch. The switch keeps track of the RSSI for the mobile station. If the repeater without the token has better reception and if the repeater with the token has "high" error rate, the switch may re-assign the token. The RSSI and token are part of the tunneling protocol header. The token assignment occurs within the association process.
Repeater 1, which does not have the token for the mobile station, forwards a short frame with the RSSI in the tunneling protocol header.
The switch takes the RSSIs for the two identical frames and determines which one is stronger. Based on which is stronger, the switch either allows the repeater that has the token and station MAC for the mobile station to keep them (e.g., repeater 2) or reassigns them to the repeater with the higher RSSI (e.g., repeater 1). In either case, the switch sends an association response encapsulated in an Ethernet packet with the token and association ID to the repeater, which de-encapsulates it and forwards it to the mobile station, via the mobile station MAC.
The following exemplary procedure describes how a mobile station becomes re-associated with another switch MAC entity (logical access point).
In one embodiment, the association request from the mobile station is encapsulated and sent by the repeater to the switch. The association request with the BSSID of the first MAC sublayer instance is sent from the second MAC sublayer instance through the SwME to the first MAC sublayer instance. As a result, the first MAC sublayer instance generates a response representing that mobile station has been already associated with the first MAC sublayer instance. Using this process, the station does not have to go again through authentication procedure and it can be automatically associated with the second MAC sublayer instance. When the second MAC sublayer instance receives the response, the station becomes associated with the second MAC sublayer. Thus, when the station roamed, the handover procedure is performed in the switch. Therefore, the switch acts as a complete distribution system with multiple logical access points.
As described above, when a station roams between two MAC sublayer instances (logical access points) inside one distribution system, there is only one repeater controlled by one MAC sublayer instance. In one embodiment, a mobile station can roam from one repeater to another repeater controlled by the same MAC sublayer instance (logical access point) without a need to associate again, and only the token re-assignment procedure described herein has to be performed. In one embodiment, the station is not aware of the token re-assignment procedure.
If a mobile station moves from one repeater belonging to one logical access point (one MAC sublayer instance) to a second repeater belonging to a second logical access point (second MAC sublayer instance), the station has to be re-associated and the token re-assignment procedure has to be performed. The handover procedure is performed in the switch. Again, the station is not aware of any token assignment procedures.
Note that mobile stations are associated with switch MAC sublayers instances not with a repeater. If a station is controlled by a repeater, the repeater has a token for that station. All repeaters controlled by a particular MAC sublayer instance are associated with a station if the station is associated with that MAC sublayer instance, and only one repeater has a token for that station.
A user can configure the switch to have any number of MAC instances. In one embodiment, this is configured using a parameter. Also configurable is which repeater belongs to MAC instance. For example, if the switch has 64 ports, it can be configured to act as 8 access points (8 upper MAC instances running concurrently), with 8 repeaters per access point (one upper MAC sublayer controlling 8 repeaters).
In response to the indication, the switch management entity causes a new AID (association id) to be assigned to the mobile station, a token for the mobile station to be assigned to a new repeater, and the previous token assignment to be deleted. In one embodiment, the association identifier (AID) is a number (value between 0 and 2007) assigned to a mobile station by the switch or an access point during the association procedure. It is an 802.11 standard defined parameter. After the station is associated, the station inserts the AID in every message. More specifically, the switch management entity updates the entry for the mobile station in the access list, including setting the new access point address to the address of the instance of the switch MAC sublayer associated with the repeater. The switch management entity also assigns a token and an association ID.
The switch management entity sends a delete token command to the instance of the switch MAC layer associated with the repeater previously assigned to the mobile station, which the instance of the switch MAC layer forwards to the repeater (repeater 3 in this case).
The instance of the switch MAC sublayer (upper MAC 2 in this case) associated with the repeater that forwarded the re-associate request (repeater 4 in this case) sends a re-associate response frame to the repeater with the token, association ID, and an indication that the re-association was successful. The repeater de-encapsulates the packet, stores the mobile station MAC token, and forwards the de-encapsulated re-associate response frame to the mobile station MAC with the association ID and the successful indication.
A mobile station may request disassociation with a specified peer MAC entity that is acting as a logical access point. The mobile station may request this due to inactivity or because a switch is unable to handle all currently associated mobile stations, etc.
In one embodiment, this process can be initiated by the switch management entity. This can happen if the switch decides to disassociate the mobile station because of inactivity or because a switch is unable to handle all currently associated mobile stations.
Tracking Multiple Interface Connections
A technique is disclosed herein that tracks when a mobile (or fixed) station is attempting to connect to the network over more than a predetermined number (e.g., one) of station interfaces. That is, the technique determines whether a user is trying to connect over more than a predetermined number of interfaces (e.g., 1, 2, 3, etc.) and if a connection is attempted that would cause the station to be connected to the network through a number of interfaces larger than the allowed limit, then action(s) may be taken against the station (e.g., disable one or more connections, deny a connection, etc.). Note that for purpose of the following discussion, the station will be described as a mobile station. However, in an alternative embodiment, the station is fixed.
In one embodiment, the technique includes a switch allowing a mobile station to have one connection to a network over a first of its interfaces. Thereafter, the switch determines that the mobile station is attempting to have a second connection to the network over a second interface other than the first interface. In one embodiment, the first interface is a wireless interface for communicating to a repeater using, for example, an 802.11 communication channel, and the second interface is a wired interface, such as, for example, a wired Ethernet cable. In one embodiment, the switch makes the determination by checking memory associated with the mobile station to see if the two interfaces belong to the same mobile station. This may be accomplished by having the switch access a memory, local or remote, storing a table, or list, of mobile stations along with a list of the interfaces available for each of the listed mobile stations. In one embodiment, the list of mobile stations is a table (e.g., an access control list) and the switch searches the locations in the table to determine if media access control (MAC) addresses of the first and second interfaces are listed as belonging to the mobile station. In one embodiment, the access control list includes an entry for each mobile station with multiple columns (or rows) for MAC addresses, one for each interface that the mobile station has with a MAC address.
In one embodiment, the switch enforces a security policy in response to determining that a mobile station is attempting to connect to the network over one interface when already connected over another interface. In such situations, there are two possible security policies. First, the security policy may permit connection to the network through multiple interfaces. Second, the security policy may not permit connection to the network through multiple interfaces of the same mobile station. In one embodiment, in response to such a case, the switch may deny the new connection that is being attempted, may deny the previous connection that already exists (in favor of the new connection), or may deny both connections. For more than two interfaces in the station, a more complex admission control algorithm may be used.
In one embodiment, in order to deny the new connection, the switch disables the MAC address associated with the interface attempting to connect to the network, and in order to deny the previously existing connection, the switch may remove the MAC address associated with the interface that is already connected to the network from a list of active stations (e.g., the active stations list).
In one embodiment, the switch uses an access control list and the active stations list. The access control list is where the security policy is enforced, while the active stations list is the list of all mobile stations currently active in the system. Each mobile station that may potentially have a connection to the network is listed in the access control list. For each interface of a mobile station that has a connection to the network, there is a MAC address in the active stations list. When a mobile station attempts to connect to the network through one of its interfaces, the MAC address of the interface is sent. In response to receiving the MAC address, the controller of the switch searches the access control list for the MAC address. If the MAC address is not in the access control list, the controller of the switch denies access. If the controller finds the MAC address in the access control list, the controller finds the security policy in the entry in the access control list associated with the MAC address to determine what security policy, if any, is supposed to be enforced. This means that the access control list records which interfaces are active.
To deny a connection for an interface already connected to the network, the switch removes the MAC address for the interface from the active stations list. This action causes process is performed by the switch. Referring to
An alternative embodiment of the switch of
Thus, the technique described herein reconciles multiple interfaces that correspond to the same mobile station when the mobile station has access to a network resource through one of its interfaces and attempts to gain access to the network resource through another one of its interfaces. The techniques described herein also include the enforcement of a security policy with respect to such a mobile station.
Whereas many alterations and modifications of the present invention will no doubt become apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art after having read the foregoing description, it is to be understood that any particular embodiment shown and described by way of illustration is in no way intended to be considered limiting. Therefore, references to details of various embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the claims which in themselves recite only those features regarded as essential to the invention.
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Owner name: BROADCOM CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:AIRFLOW NETWORKS INC.;REEL/FRAME:019527/0724
Effective date: 20041025
|Mar 10, 2009
Owner name: AIRFLOW NETWORKS, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BIMS, HARRY;REEL/FRAME:022369/0550
Effective date: 20040205


text:
Diabetes insipidus is a condition that results from insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH), a hormone that helps the kidneys and body conserve the correct amount of water.
Diabetes insipidus is a condition that results from insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH), a hormone that helps the body conserve the correct amount of water. Diabetes insipidus is not related to the more common type of diabetes called diabetes mellitus. Normally, ADH controls the kidneys' output of urine. ADH is secreted by the hypothalamus (a small gland located at the base of the brain), stored in the pituitary gland and then released into the bloodstream. ADH is secreted to decrease the amount of urine output so that dehydration does not occur. Diabetes insipidus, however, results in excessive production of very diluted urine and excessive thirst. The disease is categorized into groups based on cause. The groups are described below:
Central diabetes insipidus. This condition is caused by insufficient production or secretion of pituitary ADH; it can be a result of damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland caused by head injuries, genetic disorders, and other diseases.
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. This condition is the result of a lack of kidney response to normal levels of ADH: it can be caused by drugs or chronic disorders, such as kidney failure, sickle cell disease, or polycystic kidney disease.
Dipsogenic diabetes insipidus. This conditions is caused by a problem with the thirst feedback mechanism in the hypothalamus. This defect results in abnormal increases in fluid intake and thirst that suppresses ADH production.
Gestational diabetes insipidus. This occurs only in pregnant women when an enzyme made by the placenta destroys ADH in the mother.
The following are the most common symptoms of diabetes insipidus. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:
Excessive thirst
Excessive urine production
The symptoms of diabetes insipidus may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your doctor for a diagnosis.
In addition to a complete medical history and medical examination, diagnostic procedures for diabetes insipidus may include:
Urine tests
Blood tests
A formal water deprivation test (to observe if dehydration occurs) and help differentiate which DI one has.
Treatment for diabetes insipidus depends on what is causing the disease. Treatment may include modified antidiuretic hormone drugs or drugs to stimulate the production of ADH in central Di and gestational DI. In nephrogenic DI, other specific medicines are used. All treatments include specific fluid intake. There is no known treatment for dipsogenic DI.
Treatment Programs
The following related clinical trials and research studies are currently seeking participants at Massachusetts General Hospital. Search for clinical trials and studies in another area of interest.
Massachusetts General Hospital develops model diabetes program to help close the gap in care.
Our physicians discuss the education, management and prevention of diabetes, a condition affecting nearly 24 million adults and children in the United States.
Departments and Centers at Mass General have a reputation for excellence in patient care. View a list of all departments.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A few weeks ago we spoke about lens whacking, this process involves leaving a gap between your lens and camera body, allowing small traces of light to seep onto your sensor. This causes parts of your image to be over-exposed and 'blown out'. Using the sun as your light source the results can be unpredictable and almost impossible to replicate exactly the same. Filmmakers enjoy the spontaneity of this process.
Another way to get interesting looks is by using 'dangles'. Dangles are translucent objects that are placed in front of your lens that cause the light to refract in different ways. The objects will be out of focus and the light will bend objects in your scene as well as play with the shape, size and colour of the lighting.
The sky is the limit when it comes to using these objects. So it's really up to you to see how creative you can get. Here are a few ideas that may get you started on the right track.
- – Jewelry (both expensive and inexpensive)
- – Glasses and lens from old reading glasses
- – Ornaments, Beads, Drinking Glasses
If you're shooting with a tripod then you'll have an extra hand free to place these objects in various spots. However, if you're going handheld you may want to try 'rigging' these objects to your lens. Either way, have fun experimenting as you will certainly get different results every time.
If you're still not sold on experimenting, you can always do a google search for light leaks. Sites such as www.lightleaks.me have a nice selection of footage that will give you similar results.


text:
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Pen Attention - highlights your pen cursor for giving presentations
04/18/2008 - 00:26
Update 1/03/2010:Download the latest version from here
Update 5/10/08:An updated version of this program is available that fixes the bugs described in this post.
I've been using my Tablet PC to deliver lectures for years, and I love having the ability to record lectures, mark-up PowerPoint, and write by hand using OneNote. However, it's always bothered me that the pen cursor is a tiny little dot. An example is shown below from OneNote:
In that image, the cursor is right below the number "2" but it's REALLY hard for my class to see on a projector since it's a teensie weensy dot. The problem is that I like to use the pen to "point" at things as I give the lecture, but it doesn't help if the class can't see it. To remedy this, I've been using the eraser mode of the pen while in hover mode to "point" at things I want to talk about. It works, but is a little klunky.
After lots of searching around for ways to change the pen cursor to no avail, I finally (after 5 years!) got the idea to make my own program to highlight the cursor. A few afternoons of hacking later, and the result is PenAttention v1.0. This program draws a circle highlight, pencil, or pointer at the location of the pen, when the pen is detected on the screen:
The class can easily see the location of the pen. One drawback of this mode is that it's a little more distracting to write, but doesn't seem too bad so far and I think I'll get used to it. Using the pencil or pointer mode is a bit less distracting:
The program itself installs into the system tray. Tapping on the icon or clicking on it with the pen brings up a context menu that lets you pick which type of pointer you want for the pen:
The program is free and requires .NET 2.0 or higher and Windows XP Tablet or Windows Vista with a tablet pen. So far I've only tested it on machines with Wacom pens. I've tested this on about four personal machines and it seems to work, but please send me feedback if you have problems or if there are improvements that you would like to see.
To download the installer for this program click the link below:
IMPORTANT: If the program installs but the highlight doesn't follow your pen, try installing this Microsoft redistributable update for C++:
If you are interested in the C++ and C# source code, see below:
UPDATE 4/21/08: I updated the program to version 1.01. It fixes a bug in Vista when in Internet Explorer where the cursor isn't visible unless UAC or Protected Mode is disabled, and fixes a bug that prevented the cursor from being displayed in XP Tablet.
Known Bugs:
Thanks - I thought I was the
Thanks - I thought I was the only one who could not see the pen!
I just downloaded
I just downloaded cursorattention and love it.
I notice that when I am using the cursorattention that the highlighted area does not stay on top of other windows. Is there a setting to keep it on top of all windows or is this a bug?
If you installed the 64 bit
If you installed the 64 bit version but are using a 32 bit app, or vice versa, then the highlight won't show up... otherwise it should stay on top of the window.
Thank you so much for making
Thank you so much for making Pen Attention! I was having the same problem with the pen dot being too small and your application solved the difficulty perfectly! :)
Thank you so much, You have
Thank you so much,
You have liberated my OneNote capabilities!!!
You program is great. I
You program is great. I really appreciate the time you took to do this. It makes my writing much easier. However, I've a question, I'm a lefty. Is there any way to change the cursor to have the pencil point in the opposite direction, as if a lefty was holding it? I've look to see if you've used OS cursors, but I can't tell. ~Paige
Oh, it's only set up for
Oh, it's only set up for right-handed cursors :( The program is hard-coded so the cursor goes off to the right. It would be possible to make it go to the left by changing some of the program logic around though.
Hey, thanks for this
Hey, thanks for this amazingly useful and intuitive program! I use it with OneNote for handwriting and drawing.
I have a suggestion, I don't think I saw it in the previous comments: I'd love a quicker way to turn the highlight on and off. Could you set up a hotkey to toggle the highlight? It's very helpful when I'm drawing or writing, but once I start doing something else, I'd like to turn the highlight off again.
If it is possible (and convenient to for you to program =D ) I'd love to set the highlight to only be on when onenote was in draw mode.
I know next to nothing about programming but my intuition tells me that PenAttention may not know when it Onenote is in draw mode, or it may be difficult to program even if possible. So, if a hotkey was at least possible, I could set up a gesture to toggle the highlight without having to go to the PenAttention menu.
Thanks again for this application, any reply would be appreciated =)
Thanks! I've been thinking
Thanks! I've been thinking of a hotkey but normally the tablet is in slate mode and no keyboard is available? I could easily make the button press toggle the highlight... or maybe some pen gesture? Would that be useful?
Yeah, I'm not sure how to detect if OneNote is in draw mode (at least not in an easy way!)
Haha, this is great. I've
Haha, this is great. I've been frustrated with my pen tablet for awhile now because the cursor is so small, I could never see where I was. I'm currently taking a Java programming course and the book we're using is accompanied by online videonotes. I watched a few of them and the guy in the presentation was using a tablet and there was this highlight around the tiny dot and I thought "how the hell did he do that??" I spent a few hours in onenote trying to figure out where the setting was for that feature but then gave up and googled for it. Funny enough, it turns out that this feature was designed by the very guy in those videonotes! Too funny. I love this feature though, it's great to see where my pen mark is now. Thanks!
Haha, that's funny to be
Haha, that's funny to be known as the guy in the videonotes :-)
Thank you very much for this
Thank you very much for this small app.
Thank you for this! Using
Thank you for this! Using onenote + wacom tablet to take notes on a eee pc 1101ha in class and spent more time looking for the bloody dot than actually taking notes
ops scratch that. in windows
ops scratch that. in windows 7 it uses 50% cpu when the pen is moving :s
50% Ouch! Are you using the
50% Ouch! Are you using the most recent version? I don't see that much load on my OQO and it probably has similar CPU power.
Yes, v1.01. Its not quite
Yes, v1.01. Its not quite 50%, ranges from 25-35% whenever i move the curson at all. Lags a lot as well. The netbook I'm using has a 1.33ghz atom z520 CPU. Use it at school to take notes with onenote (using a wacom tablet), which works well, but hard to see that dot.
Ahh, switch to version 1.2!
Ahh, switch to version 1.2! It is much more efficient than 1.01...
Not sure how well it will work on the Atom but it should be better than 1.01.
Thanks dude. Fantastic
Thanks dude. Fantastic little app
Thanks for publishing this,
Thanks for publishing this, it is a great utility.
Pen Attention on Windows XP
Pen Attention on Windows XP Pro?
Pen Attention is just what I need! GREAT IDEA
Unfortunately I'm running XP professional (not Tablet PC) with a USB desktop tablet. I tried installing Pen Attention but it produces a fatal error at startup.
I can't see my cursor! very frustrating.
Give this one a
Give this one a try:
This looks like just what I
This looks like just what I need but I just can't get the app installed correctly. I installed/uninstalled/reinstalled both versions and the C++ patch but the app crashes as it tries to start up.
Hmm this is very cool stuff
Hmm this is very cool stuff indeed. I intend to buy a tablet PC when I come for an exchange program to the US. Also giving presentations 1 on 1 will have an even bigger impact with a tablet PC and the software!
Thanks for the share :)
Hypo (NL)
For those who are
For those who are interested, I will share my experiences (mainly) in Dutch at our site www.hypotheekindex.nl
Any other Dutch persons, don't hesitate contacting me for info & experiences. I know the tablet PC in Europe is still not common practive.
I also see my e-mailaddress is not in my comment, use hypo and then the (@) and then the blog address from above. Also for insiders with more information around the Mac Tablet, please let me know ;-)
Hypo, I send you an e-mail
Hypo, I send you an e-mail with some helpful links for the exchange and where to look at while buying a tablet pc. Good luck and enjoy your stay in the US.
This stuff is ace. i was
This stuff is ace.
thank you so much.
by the way, it does seem to be a tad "out of sync" with what actually goes on, and does a bit of flickering in general... is that an issue for everyone?
but great product!
Thanks! I've got an update
Thanks! I've got an update that I hope to post soon (maybe in the next week) that should fix the flickering problem. The out of sync part happens if the CPU is working hard (your apps get CPU priority over moving the highlight window around).
I installed Pen Attention
I installed Pen Attention and absolutely love it. I have been a big Tablet PC user for many years now and a huge fan of OneNote. Thank you for the time and effort you put into this project.
Could not get the program to
Could not get the program to work on my Lenovo X61 with Vista Ultimate. Tried installing the C++ "fix" but that did not help either. It appeared to install correctly; it appeared in the system tray. But... it does not affect the pen cursor "dot."
Hmm, it's tough to say what
Hmm, it's tough to say what it might be - I'm running it on a Lenovo X61T as well, but with Vista Business. A couple ideas:
1) Check if anti-spyware or anti-virus software is preventing the program from running.
2) Try this older version that is not quite as efficient (about 5% CPU overhead when you're moving the mouse or pen around) but has fewer moving parts, so perhaps it will work:
In Onenote, go to the tools
In Onenote, go to the tools menu, then pen mode, then use pen as pointer. This allows you to write on the screen and make circles, etc., then it erases what you have just written as soon as you click out of it.
It's kind of a different solution, but someone may find it useful.
This is terrific! One of my
This is terrific! One of my students who has poor eyesight complained, and I was delighted to find this.
I'm using it on a Lenovo X60 ThinkPad Tablet. It works very well.
I tried Pen Attention on my
I tried Pen Attention on my Gateway M285, which features a Finepoint digitizer and pen, and everything seems to be working just fine. A very helpful little program. Thanks!
Thanks for the feedback!
Thanks for the feedback!
Excellent. I don'g give
Excellent. I don'g give presentations that much but I like the hilighting just the same.
Does your program permit
Does your program permit hiding the cursor? If not, can you recommend a program?
Sorry, it won't let you hide
Sorry, it won't let you hide the cursor. I'm not sure how to do that offhand but if I can think of a good way I will make a post! You can change the default Windows mouse pointer in the control panel so it is something invisible if you want to hide the regular mouse icon, but I'm not sure how to do that with the dot that is drawn when the pen is detected.
I tried to change the
I tried to change the pointer style from the control panel mouse options, but it only affected the pointer used in other stuff, not in pen mode or with Pen Attention. I don't need this, but it would be fun to try different pointers to see what works best.
ps If this really catches on, and you start a company based on it, you can call your headquarters the Penitentiary.
Good idea for a company name
Good idea for a company name :)
If you right-click on the system tray icon you can change it to a pencil or a mouse pointer. But that's a great idea to make an option to change it to whatever is selected in the control panel!
This is the Steven who left
This is the Steven who left a comment at the GBM post. Do you think you could make a bright green "laser pointer" style dot? I'll try to stay in touch to see. I hope you can. Thanks for your efforts.
Sure, I plan to add a
Sure, I plan to add a settings menu where you could change the radius, opacity, and color of the highlight (so a green laser pointer could be small radius, low opacity, and green).
Id like to thank and commend
Id like to thank and commend you for your work on Pen Attention and Cursor Attention.
Ever consider adding an option to have a rectangular highlighted field which would be helpful in highlighting words or groups of words.. An adjustable/scalable highlighted rectangle would work really well i think an oval/oblong shape would work as well..
Either way i appreciate the work you've done and find it very helpful


text:
Critical Introduction - Old Silent Assumptions
Treating "Dysfunctions"Apart from their belief in "natural" sex, the various past therapeutic interventions did not necessarily have very much in common. Indeed, over the centuries they often pursued opposite strategies.
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[Course 5] [1. "Natural" Sexuality] ["Dysfunctions"] [Masturbation] [Disguised Values] [Therapy] [Treating "Deviance"] [Homosexuality]


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The Pierce Prize is normally awarded annually for outstanding achievement, over the past five years, in observational astronomical research based on measurements of radiation from an astronomical object. It is given to an astronomer who has not attained 36 years of age in the year designated for the award (for the 2016 prize, for example, the recipient must have been born in 1981 or later). The recipient shall be a resident of North America (including Hawaii and Puerto Rico) or a member of a North American institution stationed abroad.
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Our Vision: Winning in the Specialty Metals Business by Creating Excellence Through our People.
Our Mission: Exceeding the Expectations of Specialty Metals Customers Worldwide, to the Mutual Benefit of our People, Customers, and Suppliers.
Rolled Alloys was founded on the introduction of wrought RA330 alloy as a replacement for cast HT alloy in the commercial heat treat industry. Over the past 60 years, the company has enjoyed continuous growth through the expansion of alloys offered, markets served, customer base, geographic growth and acquisitions. All U.S. locations export products around the world; our products are also available through Rolled Alloys divisions in Canada, Singapore and China. NeoNickel is the exclusive representative of Rolled Alloys in Europe.
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Indian children interact with members of People for the Ethical... Fotografia de notíciasBombaim,Comunicação,Criança,Cão,Horizontal,Pessoas,Pessoas para o Tratamento Ético dos Animais,Prontidão,Questão ambiental,Vestuário,ÍndiaPhotographer INDRANIL MUKHERJEECollection: AFP 2013 AFPIndian children interact with members of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) India dressed as giant condoms and holding signs reading 'Sterilise Dogs – They Can't Use Condoms!'during an awareness campaign in Mumbai on February 19, 2013. PETA volunteers handed out leaflets encouraging people to get their dog and cat companions sterilised and raise awareness about animal birth control. AFP PHOTO/Indranil MUKHERJEE (Photo credit should read INDRANIL MUKHERJEE/AFP/Getty Images)


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