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Trig performance
I have a bunch of math-intensive code that runs slowly when the inner loops contain calls to Math.sin & Math.cos (much more slowly than without the trig calls and much more slowly than corresponding C++ code). Is there any way to speed up these calls significantly? I'm running Java version 1.5.0 (build 1.5.0_04-b05) on Windows XP. Thanks, - Conal
Some hardware routines may have very poor implementations of trig functions, but if you provide functions that have a contract and improve on the hardware performance in some way, such as mapping the argument into the range from -pi/4 to +pi/4, then there is no way for a user to write a wrapper around that that gets them the true platform number.
On the other hand, if you provide the raw numbers and they don't like it for whatever reason, they can easily write a wrapper that fixes the restricted domain of the platform functions, or fixes anything else about it.
On the gripping hand, if anyone doesn't care for these raw, native functions, you can always just point them to Math and StrictMath. It isn't as if anyone is proposing doing away with those.
Whats the current status about this matter ?.
Are there any plans to fix it ? or is java doomed to have truly piss poor trig performance forever ?.
If sun wants to exclude java as a *competitive* 3D gaming platform by blatant design decisions, its really silly.
Since this thread was last active, Java has been open sourced. So you can now attempt a fix yourself. It wouldn't even be hard --- define a new FastMath class which is the same as the existing Math class except that HotSpot is modified so that the generated intrinsic code for the trig methods omits the argument reduction step.
It might be a good idea to locate the new class in a package like javax.math rather than java.lang. That way it would be less likely to be used inappropriately by newbies.
What I keep trying to say (and the signal apparently keeps getting lost) is that these "worthless" hardware routines have been in use for upwards of 10 years for display transformations of 2d and 3d data in production software in use all over the world. Clearly they have worth, and clearly they have a lot more worth than simply returning 1 or 0.
Ironically, while I will not argue that the java math definitions are far more accurate and controlled, they are also "pricing themselves" out of the market right now. Routines that take 3-5 times as long to render an image to screen are not going to get used on a system that is (according to the users) "never fast enough". The overheads of JNI calls for fine grained routines like this are prohibitive, and the only option left is to use any one of the other platforms that do allow fast and light access to the hardware routines.
So which has more worth? Routines that have proved they are good enough, and fast enough, for upwards of 10 years in a real world application, or routines that for this application are slow enough to force a developer to avoid them?
This would not be an issue if there was any way for a developer to turn in Java to harness these routines - we don't look forward to arguing about it - we just want to get in and do it, but JNI has too many overheads, licensing prevents alteration of the JVM itself for redistribution, and lookup tables have been tried but in order to improve on the observed accuracy of the hardware trig routines have proved to be no faster and waste a lot of memory, not to mention the setup time.
As a developer, and representing other developers that know far more about it than I do, what is the course of action to get trig as fast as the hardware routines, and as accurate as the hardware routines in java without lots of memory usage and setup time? So far, the only answer that fits is use another platform than Java.
What do you have to do to get faster math?
Get an appropriate JSR through the Java community process. There seem to be two main options for the change:
a) relax the specification on the existing Math methods,
b) Propose a new class, say PlatformMath, that has relaxed specifications.
I doubt that you could get approval for (a). Which leaves the option of creating a third set of math methods, which may not go down well either. Nor is it likely to be approved without some sort of specification, but that could be created during the process. It is worth noting that a number of other JSRs aimed at improving math performance have failed; in at least one case allegedly due to lack of interest.
> Honestly, from my point of view, I'd like to be able
> to say:
> Math instance = Math.getInstance(precision)
> where precision would specify how many digits of
> precision I am interested in. That would solve
> everyone's requirements ;) Would this be hard to
> implement?
I don't think such a method would be helpful in this case.
First, very few people are able to do the sort of numerical error analysis needed to use such a method responsibly. The error in a computation is often not a simple function of the errors in its component computations and the analysis can be extremely tedious.
Second, the cost of sin/cos for large values is dominated by the cost of argument reduction, not evaluating the sin/cos function per se. (In argument reduction, input values over a wide range are mapped to an equivalent value in a chosen range. Roughly this means mapping an input to a single period of sin/cos, but symmetries are used to make the actual target range smaller.) Therefore, the systematic error in fsin/fcos is not well-captured by the number of bits (or digits) of precision at a particular point. To sanction fsin/fcos the precision may need to be set to zero, which would license many undesirable alternatives.
Third, accuracy and performance are not the only figures of merit for a floating-point approximation; other consistency properties such as monotonicity can be paramount but difficult to find or specify. The benefit of using correctly rounded or nearly correctly rounded math functions is that whatever known (and unknown!) consistency properties of the underlying mathematical function a code might be relying on ( |sin(x)| <= 1, etc.) are most likely to be satisfied the more accurate an approximation is.
I just think its funny that we developers just want a really really fast sin/cos (probably for some simple but fast thing we need to do) and we all get stuck in a complicated discussion about this and that.
Can't someone just say Yes or No and Fix it or Not fix it?
It's always this thing where the current responsible developers have a lot of pride and starts of on the defensive side explaing why this and that decision was correct. And it almost always was, but the world doesn't stand still and old decisions gets to be just that, old.
Less talk, more Do It; that's my motto at least. Now, less talk, more coffee (another motto).
Mikael Grev
Developers need first to understand what it is reasonable to request. Given their specification, the existing StrictMath and Math methods are now (Mustang) about as fast as they going to get. If you want faster, you need to request new methods (either in an existing class or a new 'PlatformMath' class which have a different specification that permits a direct implementation by instructions like the x86 fsin instruction.
To date there have been bug reports requesting that the Math.sin (etc) methods conform to the specification --- resolution of this produced the much slower methods in 1.4. Then there have been bug reports requesting that the trig functions be faster, and they have done that too.
Developers now need to contribute to deciding what would be an acceptable specification. Would it be ok it implement sin with a domain of only +- pi/4 if that was what the platform provided? If not what should be the minimum guaranteed domain? What minimum precision to you require (and how will you specify it)?
I think I will butt out of these discussions because I am no longer a stakeholder ;) A while back one of my projects depended heavily on sin/cos performance, but I've since moved to a new project. I can't discuss what level of precision or portability was important for that project because I have no one to ask (I no longer work for this company).
It would be good to hear from real stakeholders with practical requirements, not idiological ones like I had ;)
> But if there is no longer any difference between Math
> and StrictMath's performance, what is the point of
> keeping both around? Shouldn't we deprecate one?
There is a difference between the specification of Math and StrictMath. The interesting StrictMath methods are required to use a particular algorithm, fdlibm, to ensure cross-platform reproducibility. Previously this was the definition for the Math class, but since developers had need for higher-performance mathematical methods when full reproducibility wasn't needed, the Math/StrictMath dichotomy was introduced in JDK 1.3. The fdlibm algorithms are pretty good in terms of speed and accuracy, but they are not new and algorithms that are better in various ways have been developed in there intervening 10+ years since fdlibm was written.
The fdlibm StrictMath routines also meet all of the general quality of implementation criteria required by the corresponding Math method. In other words, it is always legal to implement Math.foo by calling StrictMath.foo and the source code for the Math class reflects this. However, a JDK implementation is free to use a different algorithm for Math methods, as long as the quality if implementation criteria are met. (Sun's virtual machines have long optimized various Math methods as intrinsics so the source in java.lang.Math may not fully represent how that code is executed at runtime.) Whether or not faster (or more accurate) Math algorithms are used is a quality of implementation issue for that JDK. In Tiger and Mustang, we at Sun have optimized more of the Math methods than in previous releases.
Since Math and StrictMath serve different purposes, neither one should be deprecated in favor of the other.
> Although Math.sin is less strict than StrictMath it
> still has a performance guarantee.
The above statement is true if "performance" is replaced by "correctness"
> Unfortunately the
> x86 fsin instruction can't meet even this relaxed
> requirement.
Correct; fsin and fcos cannot directly implement an accurate sin/cos function over the entire range of floating-point values. Intel's manuals discuss how to use fsin/fcos as a core to implement a full sin/cos method. One way is to use fsin/fcos in [-pi/4, pi/4] and do your own argument reduction outside this region; this is implicitly required by the current Math specification. Another way is to do argument reduction with the same approximation to pi as the fsin/fcos instructions use outside of the [-2^63, 2^63] region where these instructions produce useful results.
> The older implementations used fsin
> directly because the JVM implementors were not then
> aware of the defect.
Correct; several years ago we had a sin/cos implementation that used fsin/fcos is a way that violated the specification. We have since fixed that problem.
> I don't think it would now be
> appropriate to further relax the specification for
> Math.sin etc.
> Perhaps a new FastMath class could be considered, but
> what specification should be required (if any). How
> bad would FastMath.sin be allowed to be and what
> domain should it support for its argument?
Yes, if a "fast sin" method with further relaxed requirements were to be introduced, I think it should either be in a FastMath class or a separate function in Math/StrictMath. As you note, one difficulty is enumerating what implementation criteria should be used. Would "return 0" be okay for sin and "return 1" be okay for cos?
Honestly, from my point of view, I'd like to be able to say:
Math instance = Math.getInstance(precision)
where precision would specify how many digits of precision I am interested in. That would solve everyone's requirements ;) Would this be hard to implement?
> Math instance = Math.getInstance(precision)
> where precision would specify how many digits of
> precision I am interested in. That would solve
The trouble is that for some values the x86 achieve almost no precision at all (if measured in the way used by the Java specification). The result of
effectively computes the difference between Math.PI (which is pi rounded to the nearest double value) and the approximation of pi used by the argument reduction mechanism. So we are subtracting two almost identical values and comparing against the result that would be obtained by using infinite precision.
If instead we were to measure the error in terms of the argument supplied, then the precision obtained by fsin looks very much better (although there is still the issue of the +- 2^64 limit on the argument value). So you need to consider not just the precision and how that might be specified but also the range of arguments accepted by each method.
Although Math.sin is less strict than StrictMath it still has a performance guarantee. Unfortunately the x86 fsin instruction can't meet even this relaxed requirement. The older implementations used fsin directly because the JVM implementors were not then aware of the defect. I don't think it would now be appropriate to further relax the specification for Math.sin etc.
Perhaps a new FastMath class could be considered, but what specification should be required (if any). How bad would FastMath.sin be allowed to be and what domain should it support for its argument?
But if there is no longer any difference between Math and StrictMath's performance, what is the point of keeping both around? Shouldn't we deprecate one?
There is still a difference between Math and StrictMath. StrictMath will always produce exactly the same result on any machine --- bit identical. The results of Math may differ from the exact result by typically +-1ulp (see the specification for the actual value).
StrictMath: bit identical (but not necessarily exact) results produced by a specified algorithm. Usually slow.
Math: Differ from exact result by no more than a specified tolerance. Still requires use of up to ~1000 bits of PI to reduce trig arguments. Intel x86 only uses 66 bits of PI.
PlatformMath: PI == 3. Very fast but may not provide the answer you expect.
jddarcy wrote:
> The underlying challenge is that the specification for the trig methods requires us to get more or less the right answer :)
I love Java's commitment to basing sin & cos on math rather than on popular hardware. Are there compelling reasons not to provide [i]additional[/i] static methods that agree with fsin/fcos in speed and value? They could be called "fsin" & "fcos" (or whatever), leaving "sin" & "cos" for functions that agree, within an ulp, with the classic mathematical functions.
I would be against adding new APIs because from a consistency point of view it is confusing. One question though: why does the non-strict Math library have to return the correct value? I believe prior to Java 1.4 it used to return the CPU result, why was this changed?
StrictMath should definately remain accurate and portable, regardless of the CPU, but Math maybe is another story.
cowwoc wrote
> I would be against adding new APIs because from a consistency point of view it is confusing.
I'm for the principle of consistency, and I don't get how it applies here. Would you please explain?
Changing the [i]meaning[/i] of a function or changing its interface, or having sin more stringently accurate than cos would be "consistency" break as I use the word. Adding a new function with a different meaning keeps consistency in the meaning I understand and value.
Your recommendation about StrictMath vs Math seems a fine alternative to me personally. I'm guessing, though, that there are stronger objections to that solution than to a backward-compatible extension as I was suggesting. I'd like to hear what those objections are, but more than that, I'd really like to get fast access to fsin & fcos.
Cheers, - Conal
As far as I know, the Math vs StrictMath solution is the ideal approach because Java 1.3's Math provided fast fcos/fsin like you requested. If anything, Java 1.4 broke backwards compatibility and we'd simply be undoing that change. I believe the intent in Java 1.4 was to fix StrictMath (which wasn't returning accurate results) but in the process they mistakenly "broke" Math. This wasn't undone because no backwards compatibility was really broken (performance was worse, but method output was even more accurate than before) and a performance regression tends to get low priority in BugParade.
Anyway, I think it's about time we fix this performance regression. Unless I've missed something?
alanstange wrote:
[i]Give the mustang builds a try. Many of the Math.* routines have been "intrinsified" for extra performance.
Please try it and post the numbers comparing the 3 systmes (1.5, C++ and 1.6)[/i]
Thanks much for this tip. I'm happy to say that the speedup for the Mustang server JVM is quite considerable. In one example with trig in the inner loop, the speed went up from 360K to 970 pixels/second. While I'm still far from the C++ speed, it's a big help. There's a bit more detail [url=http://conal.net/Pajama/timings]here[/url].
However, getting the speedup required using the [i]server[/i] JVM, and my application is defintely for running on clients in web pages. So I don't know if the server JVM improvements are of any help.
Hi again,
> However, getting the speedup required using the
> [i]server[/i] JVM, and my application is defintely
> for running on clients in web pages. So I don't know
> if the server JVM improvements are of any help.
Not really since setting the server-hotspot as default requires the user to 1.) install jdk and 2.) change some settings in the applet control panel :(
The only thing I know is that for Dolphin (java-7.0 somewhere 2007) a new compiler is planned which will merge the client and server-jvm bringing the best tigether (and making footprint larger, as always ;) ).
lg Clemens
Concerning trig, could someone give a clearer description of what Mustang has done to be faster and yet maintain backwards compatibility?
For requirements, really what's wrong with simply saying "implement a pass-thru to the hardware routines"? If these are to be exposed through a third library that is all that is required. Mark them with warnings about platform dependency, inaccuracy and as many general surgeon health warnings as you want, but get implement them with as little surrounding code as possible. The idea is to give a fast and light way to access the hardware routines, any kind of range checking, argument reduction or anything else will just slow things down.
Java is the only popular platform which does not allow direct access to these routines in some form (not including JNI which also makes the whole operation too slow). Make the default math and strict math have the checks, regulations and limits, and just implement the fastmath library as a straight through call to the hardware routines. Specs and requirements for the calls will coincide with whatever the hardware routines can do.
And I do wish that comments like Sin always returns 0, Cos always returns 1 would be left out. These are the worst kind of propaganda, I know many and have worked for several companies for whom the accuracy of the hardware routines is just fine. They are not random, they are accurate to at least 5-6 decimal places in the worst cases I have seen (usually much better), and in the cases they are used the changes are too small to be seen by the human eye (for 2d and 3d display transformations for example). It's worth remembering that any representation of a rational fraction in a finite mantissa is an approximation.
Please just make them call the hardware routines, skip any checking, and work exactly as the hardware ones do.
> For requirements, really what's wrong with simply
> saying "implement a pass-thru to the hardware
> routines"?
Because some hardware has a very limited implementation of trig functions. These instructions are only a partial implementation of a sensible trig method. The original x86 floating point processors only had a FPTAN instruction which required an argument in the range +-pi/4. The more useful FSIN, FCOS instructons were first implemented by the 80386 coprocessor. This would only be of historical interest if it wasn't for various game console processors, mobile phones, etc which may also have relatively limited hardware floating point instructions.
> And I do wish that comments like Sin always returns
> 0, Cos always returns 1 would be left out. These are
> the worst kind of propaganda, I know many and have
> worked for several companies for whom the accuracy of
> the hardware routines is just fine.
While this may be true of the most popular general purpose processors, Java also gets used on more restricted hardware. Methods without a specification are every bit as worthless as sin returning 0 for all arguments. What most people are probably arguing for is something that allows the current Intel fsin/fcos instructions used without actually mentioning Intel in the specification. Why isn't there a big call for float versions of sin/cos? Largely I suspect because that makes no difference on x86.
Why not just use fsin/fcos (or whatever fast hardware versions is available) on the platforms where it's good enough and revert to Math.XXX when there's a very bad implementation?
Then the math guys says - Hey what exactly do you mean by "good enough", followed by a sentence that shows off their math skills in good geek manner - and the original poster gets a face that looks like "Oh, my God, can't he figure that out as he goes along or do he need all the specs up front or what?".
Seriously, it's easily done, heck a new baked CS guy can do it in short time in a whay that would satisfy 99% of the developers wanting this and the other 1% can happily use Math.XXX.
Sorry for the delay in responding...
I've asked one of our floating point guru's for guidance
on the trig questions... I know that many trig
optimizations went into Tiger.
As far as the other thread is concerned the
bounds check elimination should be happenning...
I'm expecting one of the other JVM engineers to
clarifiy if hoisting out the bounds checking is
(or will be) in a 5.0 update release or only
in Mustang.
In any case you are definately getting bounds
check elimination in your Mustang test above.
I understand that requiring the server compiler
is more heavyweight for desktop applications.
However yours seems to be an intensive app that
really wants the server compiler (advanced
optimizations). We have found, for example,
that after the JVM is warmed up that big desktop
apps like Looking Glass benefit from the server
Perhaps downloading the JDK would be easier
if you launched the app with Java Web Start?
Alternatively you may need to have documentation
(a wizard?) to help users set command line
arguments for Java Plug In.
> I've asked one of our floating point guru's for
> guidance
> on the trig questions... I know that many trig
> optimizations went into Tiger.
The underlying challenge is that the specification for the trig methods requires us to get more or less the right answer :-) As a consequence, especially for large arguments, we have to do more work than some other environments choose to do. Gosling blogged about this subject earlier this year:
More background can be found in the evaluation of bug 5005861 "native libraries for java.lang.Math should be non-strict."
For many releases we have used the x87 hardware fsin/fcos instructions where appropriate; over time we have been reducing the overhead to access this functionality via the math library.
Why can't we use the CPU result for those CPUs which return a correct value and the current implementations safe result for those CPUs known to return bad values? Right now it seems that we're applying the slower algorithm to them all.
> Why can't we use the CPU result for those CPUs which
> return a correct value and the current
> implementations safe result for those CPUs known to
> return bad values? Right now it seems that we're
> applying the slower algorithm to them all.
On what CPUs do you think the slow algorithm is being used unnecessarily?
According to http://blogs.sun.com/roller/page/jag?entry=transcendental_meditation the K5 and Itanium processors return correct values (and if I understand correctly, all newer Pentium CPUs as well).
As I understand it the newer pentium CPU have not been 'fixed'. So in the x86 arena only the K5 returns the value required by Java.
> As I understand it the newer pentium CPU have not
> been 'fixed'. So in the 86 arena only the 5 returns
> the value required by Java.
Even on the K5 a "naked" fin/cos is not sufficient for a compliant Java sin/cos implementation because that instruction only returns a usable result in the range [-2^63, 2^63] and the full range of double is [-2^1023, 2^1023]. The sin/cos function if perfectly well-defined mathematically on arbitrarily large finite values.
For the x87 fin/cos instructions generally, they can be used directly for accurate sin/cos in the range [-pi/4, pi/4] because in that region argument reduction is not needed. The unacceptable error in these instructions is introduced by suboptimal argument reduction. The [-pi/4, pi/4] range includes about half of all floating-point values so in some sense it is a large region. In this range, Java should perform very nearly the same as other environments. Some sin/cos microbenchmarks sample much more frequently from values larger in magnitude where a more expensive argument reduction process is needed to get an accurate answer. If that sampling doesn't match your application, the reported performance of Java sin/cos will be skewed.
Give the mustang builds a try. Many of the Math.* routines have been "intrinsified" for extra performance.
Please try it and post the numbers comparing the 3 systmes (1.5, C++ and 1.6)
There's not a lot you can do in the 1.5 world. The issue is that the Java FP operations are defined to behave in a certain way. C/C++ programs can violate IEEE754 FP semantics in small ways which Java can't.
I ran similar trig tests myself. Aside from the obvious performance difference of trig functions under C++ and Java I noticed another really silly problem with Java: HotSpot does not extract constants from inner loops.
For example, if I had a loop:
int myArray[][]; /* pre-initialized */
int sum = 0;
for (int i=0; i<100000; ++i)
sum += myArray[0][ i ];
The above would always execute slower than:
int myArray[][]; /* pre-initialized */
int sum = 0;
int const1 = myArray[0];
for (int i=0; i<100000; ++i)
sum += const1[ i ];
Similarly, if you replace the array with a simple constant, declaration, the code would always execute faster if the constant was declared outside the loop then inside which seems silly to me. I'd expect HotSpot to be smart enough to identify constants inside loop and isolate them so they are only evaluated once. This caused major performance differences last time I checked.
Message was edited by: cowwoc (Array index i was misinterpreted as italics)

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Tackling the refugee crisis, Iran nuclear deal, and helping rape victims push candidates towards the coveted prize.
War & Conflict, Human Rights, Norway
Joining the West, Reykjavik imposed sanctions on Russia over Ukraine, but now its fishermen are paying the price.
Politics, Business & Economy, Iceland
The illicit kidney trade in South Asia has exploded as brokers use social media to find donors.
Health, Business & Economy, India
Twice the size of Paris, the open-air Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm offers a unique approach to reforming criminals.
Prisoners, Philippines, Crime
People & Power investigates India's Hindu fundamentalists and their influence on the country's government.
India, Politics, Human Rights
We speak to former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, and ask a former KGB general about Russia's air strikes in Syria.
War & Conflict, Middle East, Israel
Al Jazeera World looks at the neutral nation's entrenched gun culture and the debate about the right to carry weapons.
Gun violence, Europe, Switzerland
The names of Newton, Galileo and Copernicus are well known, but how have the great Islamic thinkers of the middle ages contributed to the science of today?


text:
Specializing in small plates, wine pairings and tasting menus, David's Opus Ten is an intimate 18-seat restaurant behind the curtain inside David's Monument Square. More »
We have a brand new small plates menu to share with you! Step behind the curtain someday soon and see what the excitement is all abou. Join us for cocktails and share some small plates with friends.


text:
Welcome to Nine Oaks
What is the Nine Oaks Housing Trust?
Established in 1969 as a sheltered housing complex we are situated in the heart of the Lake District in beautiful Windermere. The Charitable Trust was formed in 2008 and provides accommodation for older people who want to remain independent, yet feel the need of some companionship. Working in partnership with a Care Provider, support packages will be individually arranged for residents, if required.
Company No: 959426
Registered Charity No: 260089


text: In many ways, the two Pirates of the Caribbean films are the exception among the top nine films here: they're where the producer, Jerry Bruckheimer, is the name above the titles rather than directors Gore Verbinski or Rob Marshall, and they're films more closely associated with the studio system than the rest. The magic ingredient is Johnny Depp's Captain Jack Sparrow, a character that the entire world adored first time around and the main reason that everyone forked over for the sequel. Heck, even after the relatively disappointing Dead Man's Chest, most of them forked out again to see him in At World's End - and even after that, they forked out for On Stranger Tides to see him again. Sometimes one brilliant character is enough; see also The Dark Knight's Joker or Avengers' Tony Stark (arguably another exception to the no-A-listers rule).


text:
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Dr. Bruce J. Levine's Ratings
Dr Levine is awesome!! And the staff is the best. They are always so helpful and nice. Would definitely recommend him !
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Overall great experience, very helpful in giving a second opinion for fractured heel.
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I was diagnosed with plantar fasciiatis. My 1st dr. just wanted to shoot me up w/ cortisone. I was in so much pain. Dr. Levine was recommended to me & am I ever glad! The 2nd visit I told him I couldn't wait a year for this to go away & I wanted to be aggressive w/ treatment. He gave me a foot brace and sent me for PT. I saw a difference in about 3 PT sessions. I saw Dr. Levine for 3 months and am now virtually pain free. He showed me stretches and more to help. He's the absolute best. I've taken my Mom to him as well as my son. My son has flat feet and the pediatrician told me he would outgrow it. Dr. Levine said his is severe enough to present complications later in life so I was happy I took him and will be treating it. You will be happy you called him if you are having foot problems! No worries here!!
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I have had problems with my foot - another dr told me there was nothing they could do. Dr. Levine was recommended by a Physical Therapist. His entire staff is awesome - they are all so friendly, they take time to listen, and bend over backwards to assist.
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text:
The lockdown at an Orange County elementary school is lifted after police activity was reported in the area, according to school officials.
Orange County Public Schools said Thornebrook Elementary in Ocoee was locked down as the search for burglary suspects continued.
Deputies said the suspects are believed to have burglarized a home and then ran into a nearby wooded area.
No other information was immediately available.
Check back for more details on this developing story.


text:
FREDERICKSBURG: Regular | Large
MANASSAS: Regular | Large
ESPAÑOL: Fredericksburg | Manassas
Items which do not cause safety hazards or inconvenience
to other passengers are permitted. For oversized bags,
please check with the conductor on your train to find the
best possible storage space available.
VRE disclaims all liability for carry-on baggage, including
special items, even if VRE personnel have handled or assisted
in loading or unloading the baggage.
Visit the Bicycle Policy page
for more information.
Food and Beverages
Food and non-alcoholic beverages may be consumed on-board trains. Please
dispose of wrappers and containers in proper receptacles.
No Smoking
Smoking is not permitted onboard Virginia Railway Express trains. Smoking
is also limited to 100 feet on the north end of the platform. This includes, but not limited to, pipes, cigars, cigarettes, and e-cigarettes.
Pets and Guide Animals
Only small pets are allowed, and only if carried in closed containers.
Trained guide and service animals assisting persons with disabilities are
permitted at all times.
Quiet Cars
The car immediately behind the locomotive on the south end of all VRE
trains is the Quiet Car. When in this car customers are asked to refrain
from using cell phones, keep pager, phone and PDA sounds off, and speak
only in whispers. For more information on Quiet Cars, click here to visit
our Quiet Car page.


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text:
2013-02-25 / General
Driver Escapes Friday Afternoon Crash On U.S. 231 Without Injury
A local water delivery driver escaped this single-vehicle crash uninjured Friday afternoon on U.S. 231 North. Emergency personnel from the Owen County Sheriff's Department (OCSD) and Owen County EMS responded to the scene just before 2:00 p.m.
The full version of this story is only available to online subscribers.
© 2009-2015 Spencer Evening World, Inc.
No commercial reproduction without written consent.
Electronic reproduction of any kind forbidden without written consent.


text:
SAN FRANCISCO (MarketWatch) — Maybe it's time for Matthew Weiner, the creator of the award-winning TV series "Mad Men," to take out his own ad in the New York Times, just as his protagonist, the adman Don Draper, did last season, to the distress of his uninformed partners.
Instead of an open letter against cigarette advertising, it could say something like, "Really? Lengthy contract talks with AMC delay 'Mad Men' series until 2012. Talks drag, ironically, over costs and requests for more advertising time." Perhaps Weiner could also tell us exactly how much revenue AMC might miss out on in 2011 by delaying the hit show set in Madison Avenue's golden age.
The ongoing dispute between the creator and cable channel AMC — in the opinion of this mildly obsessed fan — is petty, disrespectful and ill-timed.
Before "Mad Men," AMC needs to remember, it was irrelevant, mainly airing reruns of old movies.
Oh, how quickly they forget.
Since the debut of "Mad Men" July 2007, AMC has been transformed from the American Movie Classics channel into a hip cable network with a few cool original shows. But it all started with the success of its original gamble on "Mad Men," a show about the inner workings of New York's advertising industry during the tumultuous 1960s, the creative process, and the triumphs and pitfalls of its roster of complex characters.
Building a classic
AMC now is the cornerstone of Cablevision Systems Corp.'s CVC, -0.51% proposed spinoff of Rainbow Media Holdings. Cablevision's other channels have also notched viewership gains in the half-decade since 2006, the last pre–"Mad Men" year, but AMC, buoyed by original content including another hit show, "Breaking Bad," has the most viewers.
Cablevision is on track to spin out its cable-networks business, under the Rainbow Media umbrella, to shareholders by mid-2011. Like last year's spinoff of its Madison Square Garden assets, it is an attempt to address the concerns of the company's controlling shareholders, the Dolan family, and to boost its value. Once the deal closes, Cablevision will be a pure-play cable systems company.
Scene from AMC's 'The Killing'
AMC's new murder-mystery "The Killing" follows the police investigation into the murder of a young woman in Seattle. Courtesy of AMC.
Rainbow Media is slated to be renamed AMC Networks Inc. in a nod to its most popular channel. The company plans to house its Women's Entertainment Network, WE tv; IFC; and the Sundance Channel under the AMC Networks name.
For Cablevision, it's the fictional Madison Avenue creative genius Don Draper and his agency colleagues — and their clients and rivals, spouses and conquests — who have generated the buzz, name recognition and cultural-icon status that laid the groundwork for a spinoff of a growing and profitable unit.
Annual revenue for Rainbow Media jumped 10.7% in 2010 to $1.08 billion, growing faster than Cablevision's cable-television and telecommunications units, which were up 5.2% and 5.6%, respectively. (One exception was the company's Optimum Lightpath commercial voice and data-services business, whose revenue rose 11.1%.)
In 2006, Rainbow's revenue of $886 million was up 7.3% from the previous year's, while operating income was declining.
"AMC's results have been bolstered by the outsized success of this original programming," said Craig Moffett, a Bernstein Rearch analyst, in a note last month. He has estimated that the spinoff's assets will be valued at $3.9 billion.


text: Globe's U.S. Election Dispatch: Konrad Yakabuski discusses the projection of Obama's image Add to ... The Globe and Mail Published Thursday, May 03, 2012 8:54PM EDT Last updated Wednesday, Jun. 13, 2012 2:23PM EDT Washington correspondent Konrad Yakabuski and Globe reporter Affan Chowdhry discuss the selling of the Barack Obama image as commander-in-chief; and revelations about young Barack and his girlfriends. Watch More Video: How the markets fluctuate during the U.S. presidential cycle Obama wins Florida by a razor-thin margin Florida finishes counting every last vote Time for Republican party to re-brand Barack Obama message becomes most shared Twitter post ever Donald Trump tweets: Obama victory a disgusting injustice Romney supporters call America 'entitlement nation' When Ohio went to Obama, the race was won Barack Obama says there's more work to do Headlines from around the world mark Obama's win Highlights from Barack Obama's acceptance speech Obama win good for China: scholar World reacts to Obama win Obama wins re-election Romney concedes election to Obama U.S. presidential race down to the wire New Jersey voters cast ballots in Winnebago Mitt Romney casts his ballot Gabby Giffords votes in Tucson Voters line up in Sandy-ravaged Staten Island Comments AA More Related to this Story Biography Obama was sexually warm, but emotionally cool, early girlfriend says Follow us on Twitter: @globeandmail


text:
The 10 Essentials for Making Cities Resilient
A ten-point checklist and the building block for disaster risk reduction, developed in
line with the five priorities of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the
Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters.
Click each Essential below to learn more.
Ten-point Checklist - Essentials for Making Cities Resilient
- Essential 1: Put in place organization and coordination to understand and reduce disaster risk, based on participation of citizen groups and civil society. Build local alliances. Ensure that all departments understand their role to disaster risk reduction and preparedness.
- Essential 2: Assign a budget for disaster risk reduction and provide incentives for homeowners, low-income families, communities, businesses and public sector to invest in reducing the risks they face.
- Essential 3: Maintain up-to-date data on hazards and vulnerabilities, prepare risk assessments and use these as the basis for urban development plans and decisions. Ensure that this information and the plans for your city's resilience are readily available to the public and fully discussed with them.
- Essential 4: Invest in and maintain critical infrastructure that reduces risk, such as flood drainage, adjusted where needed to cope with climate change.
- Essential 5: Assess the safety of all schools and health facilities and upgrade these as necessary.
- Essential 6: Apply and enforce realistic, risk compliant building regulations and land use planning principles. Identify safe land for low-income citizens and develop upgrading of informal settlements, wherever feasible.
- Essential 7: Ensure education programmes and training on disaster risk reduction are in place in schools and local communities.
- Essential 8: Protect ecosystems and natural buffers to mitigate floods, storm surges and other hazards to which your city may be vulnerable. Adapt to climate change by building on good risk reduction practices.
- Essential 9: Install early warning systems and emergency management capacities in your city and hold regular public preparedness drills.
- Essential 10: After any disaster, ensure that the needs of the survivors are placed at the centre of reconstruction with support for them and their community organizations to design and help implement responses, including rebuilding homes and livelihoods.
Overview of Local Government Self-Assessment Tool (LGSAT) [ENG - PDF 1.3MB]
Guidelines of Local Government Self-Assessment Tool (LGSAT) [ENG - PDF 1200KB] - [POR - DOC 1MB] - [SPA - PDF 4MB] - [SWE - PDF 257KB]
Offline Reporting form (LGSAT) [ENG - DOC 391KB] - [AR - DOCX 99KB] - [FRA - DOC 406KB] - [POR - DOC 498KB] - [RUS - DOC 440KB] - [SPA - DOC 298KB] - [SWE - DOC 115KB]
10 Essentials Summary [ENG - PDF 0.3MB] - [NOR - PDF 2.2MB]


text:
Daily Bucket
Rolled concertina wire is left by Indian policemen after curfew was... NachrichtenfotoAkkordeon,Ausgangssperre,Gewalt,Hinrichtung,Horizontal,Indien,Jammu und Kaschmir,Konflikt,Parlamentsgebäude,Politische Sezession,Polizei,Regierung,Sommer,Srinagar,VermischtesPhotographer Yawar NazirCollection: Getty Images News 2013 Yawar NazirSRINAGAR, KASHMIR - FEBRUARY 17: Rolled concertina wire is left by Indian policemen after curfew was lifted from Kashmir during a strike call given by separatists against the execution of alleged Indian parliament attacker Mohammad Afzal Guru on February 17, 2013 in Srinagar, the summer capital of Indian Administered Kashmir, India. Normal life remains affected in Indian-administered Kashmir for the ninth consecutive day as a complete shutdown was observed on the call of separatist leader Syed Ali Shah Geelani. Afzal Guru was hanged on February 9 for his alleged role in the 2001 Indian parliament attack which left 14 dead. Clashes between Kashmiri youth and Indian police were also reported in several parts of the disputed Himalayan region, which was put under a strict curfew for a week by Indian authorities worried about massive public protests following Guru's hanging last Saturday. (Photo by Yawar Nazir/Getty Images)


text:
Apple hopes to expand Philippines sales
updated 12:50 pm EST, Fri February 25, 2005
Apple Philippines
Apple expects a higher market share this year as a result of its entry into the local with more affordable consumer products, reports Macworld UK. With the recent unveiling of its latest Flash-based iPod Shuffle portable music player and a slimmer Mac Mini computer, Apple has opened itself to the entry-level consumer market. "The Mac Mini opens up lower price points for people who would like to try the Mac platform, and that's long been one of my chief complaints about Apple - the high price," said International Data Corporation (IDC) analyst Roger Kay. According to Apple Philippines' country manager Gerard Chua, the company's regional office is optimistic that the Mac Mini and the iPod Shuffle will be received warmly by Filipino consumers.


text:
Chard, Tomato and Cheese Casserole
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 2 bunches Swiss chard, washed, center ribs cut away, coarsely chopped (about 8 cups) or three 10-ounce packages frozen chopped, thawed, squeezed dry
- 3 red bell peppers, chopped
- 1 large onion, chopped
- 2 cups packed grated Monterey Jack cheese (about 8 ounces)
- 1/2 cup grated Parmesan cheese
- 2 large tomatoes, thinly sliced
Grease 13x9x2-inch glass baking dish. Heat 1 tablespoon oil in heavy large Dutch oven over high heat. Add chard and saut� until wilted, about 3 minutes. Transfer chard to colander and drain well, pressing on chard with back of spoon to release liquid.
Heat remaining 1 tablespoon oil in heavy large saucepan over medium heat. Add bell peppers and onion and saut� until tender, about 8 minutes. Mix in chard and toss to combine. Mix in half of each cheese. Season to taste with salt and pepper. Spoon into prepared dish. Overlap tomato slices atop vegetable mixture, covering completely. Season tomatoes with salt and pepper. Sprinkle remaining cheeses over. Cover with foil. (Can be prepared 2 hours ahead. Let stand at room temperature.)
Preheat oven to 350�F. Bake casserole until heated through, about 40 minutes. Uncover; bake until top begins to brown, about 10 minutes more.
Epicurious.com © Condé Nast Digital, Inc. All rights reserved.


text:
Blizzard executives weren�t available to comment to RedHerring.com about the lawsuit.
The high-profile backlash to China�s booming online game market reflects the growing size of the industry. World of Warcraft alone has 1.5 million paying players.
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text:
- Northern New York Newspapers
- Watertown
- Ogdensburg
- Massena-Potsdam
- Lowville
- Carthage
- Malone
- NNY Business
- NNY Living
- NNY Ads
NASHVILLE, Tenn. Donald Brown ran for two touchdowns, Andrew Luck added another and the Indianapolis Colts rallied yet again, this time beating the Tennessee Titans 30-27 on Thursday night after trailing 14-0 in the first quarter.
Adam Vinatieri kicked three field goals, including a 50-yarder, and Coby Fleener had a career-high eight catches for 107 yards to help the Colts (7-3) bounce back quite nicely from a 38-8 home loss to St. Louis. They have yet to lose back-to-back games under coach Chuck Pagano and are 8-0 coming off a loss.
The Titans (4-6) lost their second straight and fifth in six games.
Chris Johnson ran for two touchdowns and 70 yards in the first quarter, but had only 16 yards after that. The Titans pulled to 30-27 on Ryan Fitzpatricks scoring pass to Delanie Walker with 1:54 left, but couldnt recover the onside kick for a second straight game.
Thousands of readers like you have made Northern New York Newspapers the number one ranked website* for local news and sports coverage in the north country.
You can continue on to this article in a few seconds, or you can visit one of our websites:


text:
Find out why and how to cite your sources on March 28
Tuesday, March 26, 2013 - 461 hits
The staff of Penn State Altoona's Eiche Library will offer a presentation titled "Why and How to Cite Your Sources" on Thursday, March 28, 2013 from 12:15 - 1:00 p.m. in room 202 of the Learning Resources Center. Students are invited to attend and to ask questions concerning why and how to cite sources in papers and presentations.
Media contact:
Marissa Carney, Media Relations Coordinator, University Relations 814-949-5105
Web Contact:
Jonathan O'Harrow, Webmaster, University Relations 814-949-5105
This content comes from a hidden element on this page.
The inline option preserves bound JavaScript events and changes, and it puts the content back where it came from when it is closed.
Click me, it will be preserved!
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text:
It`s sad, but I`m sure he`d like to come back home to South MS. We love ya`, Brett! :D
Go Pack go. and don`t forget:
OMG MAH TEAM LOST! IT'S THE END OF THE WORLD EVEN THOUGH THEY STILL HAVE A CHANCE NEXT SEASON!!! *commits suicide*
:/ Get a life, uberfans that do stuff like that.
Uberfans: STFU n00b futbal PWNz yer n00b @$$
Yeah, I need one too. That`s why I`m allowed to say it. (And I`m posting this A)Because I need a life, and B)Just to be a maverick. XD)


text:
My question is why the two feel different. I hadn't experimented on Linux for a while, but booted up the other day, and mouse is definitely finer and more accurate vs Windows raw input.
Both running at 1000hz polling rate (usbhid.mousepoll=1 Opensuse 11.4, polling rate confirmed). Shouldn't the two be 1-to-1?


text:
However history judges the 535 men and women in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate the past two years, one thing is certain: The 111th Congress made more law affecting more Americans since the "Great Society" legislation of the 1960s.
For the first time since President Theodore Roosevelt began the quest for a national health-care system more than 100 years ago, the Democrat-led Houseand Senate took the biggest step toward achieving that goal by giving 32 million Americans access to insurance. Congress rewrote the rules for Wall Street in the most comprehensive way since the Great Depression. It spent more than $1.67 trillion to revive an economyon the verge of a depression, including tax cutsfor most Americans, jobs for more than 3 million, construction of roads and bridges and investment in alternative energy; ended an almost two-decade ban against openly gay men and women serving in the military, and today ratified a nuclear arms reduction treaty with Russia.


text:
Alma Tropicália
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The group combines traditional Brazilian rhythms with the outrageous sounds of psychedelic pop—equal parts samba, bossa nova, forró, and rock 'n' roll. Part of the Millennium Stage Happy Hour Series. With drink specials from 5:30 to 8 p.m., patrons can purchase a cold libation from the bar while mingling, dancing, and enjoying a wide range of music.


text:
November 14, 2014 6:32 am
Download audio
There are times that political differences have consequences outside of politics. Such is the case of the Susan G Komen Global Race for the Cure and the good that it does in saving lives from breast cancer, even YOUNG lives! Click here to see how that has come true for stage four breast cancer patient Bridget Spence who learned when she was 24, not only was she stage four but it was spreading rapidly. The Komen Global Race for the Cure is Saturday June 4th. Click here to register right now.
Seven are dead and people are still being found and rescued after historic rainfall.


text: Feng Li, Getty Images [ Two Public Interest Law Firms Threaten Lawsuit Over Utica School District News Letter Mistake By WIBX May 13, 2011 Utica, NY (WIBX) - Utica School District officials have repeated a mistake they made last year on their news letter about a voter's eligibility to participate in Tuesday's school budget vote. Read More|Comment Category: Utica-Rome News Tags: two public interest law firms threaten law suit over utica school district voter eligibility mistake, utica school district Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


text:
AAOS Now December 2012
Volume 6, Number 12Cover Story
- As Medicare Costs Rise, Reimbursements Drop
- Documenting Medical Necessity for TJR
- Obama Wins Second Term
- MoM, Healthcare Decision Are Top Issues of 2012
- Best Treatment for Lateral Epicondylitis Remains a Matter of Debate
- Surgery versus Sling for AC Joint Dislocations
- The Impact of Concussion Legislation
- Rotation Is Key to Treating Both-Bone Pediatric Forearm Fractures
- Operation Walk USA 2012: Strength Is in Numbers
- Face Off: ACL Return to Play
- Second Look- Clinical News and Views
- Dec. 15 MOC Deadline Reminder
- MOC MythsBUSTED!
- Orthopaedic Trivia Quiz
- Hip Fractures Require Different Approaches
- Does Medical Liability Reform Decrease Healthcare Costs?
- AAOS Hosts NIAMS Awareness Day
- Resident Opportunity in Health Policy
- Second Look- Advocacy
- In-office Ancillary Services Exception Under Fire
- Do You Need Disability Insurance?
- Unlock the Hidden Profits in Your Orthopaedic Practice
- Big Tax Law Changes Could Be Coming Soon
- Six Steps to a Successful Group Practice Interview
- 2013 Orthopaedic-Related CPT Code Updates
- Medical Liability and Orthopaedic Residents
- Managing Relations with Industry
- Stemming the Effects of Bone Loss
- Making Clinical Practice Guidelines ROCK
- The AJRR: Becoming a National U.S. Joint Registry
- Physician Burnout and Patient Safety
- ORS to Host Clinical Research Forum
- Taking the Measure of Your Dues
- AAOS Board Takes Professional Compliance Actions
- AEEF Seeks New Projects for Funding
- Treasurers ReportDecember 2012
- New Leadership Fellows Announced
- Orthopaedic Surgeon Takes to the Skies for Good Cause
- Decide to Drive Goes on the Road
- From Crayon Drawings to Blueprint Designs
- Society News
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Search AAOS Now
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October 2015
Volume 9, Number 10
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text:
Louis Smith apprehensive of Rio 2016 commitment
Three-time Olympic medallist Louis Smith has said he will not go to Rio 2016 "just to please everyone else".
The 24-year-old gymnast has not competed since winning silver on the pommel horse at London 2012.
"I don't want to take the fun out of what I've done and what I've achieved," he told BBC Radio Cambridgeshire.
"To go to the Olympic Games to please the public as opposed to what I want - I would not be in it for the right reasons," he added.
Louis Smith's achievements
- One silver, two bronze Olympic medals
- One silver, two bronze world medals
- One gold, four silver European medals
- One gold, one bronze Commonwealth medal
- Strictly Come Dancing winner
Peterborough's Smith has focused on opportunities away from gymnastics since London 2012, most notably appearing in the BBC's Strictly Come Dancing, which he won, releasing a book and designing a clothing range.
He shot to prominence when he became the first British man to win an Olympic gymnastics medal in 100 years when he won pommel horse bronze at Beijing 2008.
And after following that up with team bronze and his silver medal in London, the prospect of a third Games appearance remains a long way off.
"If I want to go to the Olympics and I get the bug and I want to compete then I'll do that," he said.
"But I don't want to feel like I'm doing it just to please everyone else."
Smith's absence has opened the way for emerging talent, such as Max Whitlock, who has followed up pommel bronze in London with three medals at this year's European Championships, including gold on the floor
And Smith's Huntingdon Gym team-mate Dan Keatings has enjoyed a resurgence, winning European gold on the pommel.
"I was able to watch the European Championships and commentate on it and it's nice to see different gymnasts winning medals," said Smith.


text:
Items where Author is "Palaniswami, Rani"
Group by: Item Type | No Grouping
Number of items: 6.
Palaniswami, Rani (1999) Aluminium induced physiological and biochemical changes in freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio Var.Communis. PhD thesis, Bharathiar University.
Palaniswami, Rani and Rajapandian, M E (1998) Microalgal species as feed for conditioning adult oyster Crassostrea madrasensis (Preston). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 39 (1 & 2). pp. 159-162.
Palaniswami, Rani (1993) Seasonal gonadal changes, spawning and condition index of oyster Crassostrea madrasensis (Preston) in the Korampallam creek, Tuticorin. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 40 (4). pp. 242-246.
Palaniswami, Rani and Sathakathullah, S M (1992) Holding and spawning of the edible oyster Crassostrea madrasensis during off season. Marine Fisheries Information Service, Technical and Extension Series, 118 . p. 13.
Rao, K Satyanarayana and Rajapandian, M E and Muthiah, P and Palaniswami, Rani and Ramadoss, K and Gopinathan, C P (1992) Indian edible oyster. Manual. CMFRI; Kochi, Kochi.
Palaniswami, Rani and Ahamed Ali, S (1991) Impact of particle size of ingredients in compounded diets on pellet stability and performance in Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards. Journal of Aquaculture in Tropics, 6 . pp. 119-127.


text:
Are there any good options for something like this? I'd love to hook up my non-core peripherals so that I could turn them off when I leave.
Could I use an appliance module (if I took into account the load)?
Has anyone run a kill-a-watt on various z-wave modules to monitor their power output?
Z-wave surge protector / power strip
Started by tefleming, Apr 20 2009 10:13 PM
1 reply to this topic
Posted 20 April 2009 - 10:13 PM
Posted 20 April 2009 - 10:54 PM
Appliance modules are rated: Resistive: 15 amps (1800 watts) maximum, 120 VAC - Motor: 1/2 H.P. maximum, 120 VAC - if your loads don't exceed that then what your looking to do will work I have a couple of places where I have power strips with multiple modules on them to control individual devices but if you want to control a power strip with a module that would work also.
Haven't dropped an appliance module on a kill-a-watt yet.
Haven't dropped an appliance module on a kill-a-watt yet.
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Acute respiratory infection is a serious infection that prevents normal breathing function. It usually begins as a viral infection in the nose, trachea (windpipe), or lungs. If the infection is not treated, it can spread to the entire respiratory system.
Acute respiratory infection prevents the body from getting oxygen and can result in death. If you suspect that you or someone else may be suffering from this condition, contact a medical professional immediately.
Also, acute respiratory infections are infectious, which means they can spread from one person to another.
The disease is quite widespread. It is particularly dangerous for children, older adults, and people with immune system disorders. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), acute respiratory infections kill an estimated 2.6 million children annually every year worldwide. (WHO)
What Are The Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection?
The early symptoms of acute respiratory infection usually appear in the nose and upper lungs. Other symptoms include:
- congestion, either in the nasal sinuses or lungs
- runny nose
- cough
- sore throat
- body aches
- fatigue
If the disease advances, there may be high fever and chills. Other serious symptoms are:
- difficulty breathing
- dizziness
- low blood oxygen level
- loss of consciousness
What Causes Acute Respiratory Infection?
Although some causes of the condition are unknown, a few have been identified:
Adenoviruses are a class of microorganisms that can cause acute respiratory infection. Adenoviruses consist of more than 50 different types of viruses known to cause the common cold, bronchitis, and pneumonia.
Pneumococcus is a type of bacterium that causes meningitis. However, it can also trigger certain respiratory illnesses like pneumonia.
Rhinoviruses are the source of the common cold, which in most cases is uncomplicated. However, in the very young, elderly, and people with a weak immune system, a cold can advance to acute respiratory infection.
How Is Acute Respiratory Infection Diagnosed?
In a respiratory exam, the doctor focuses on the patient's breathing. Breath sounds in the lungs are checked for fluid and inflammation. The doctor may peer into the nose and check the throat. If caught early, over-the-counter medications can help alleviate symptoms while the virus runs its course. However, if the infection is advanced, an X-ray or CT scan (computer tomography) may be needed to check the condition of the lungs.
Lung function tests have shown to be useful as diagnostic tools and for prognosis purposes. Pulse oximetry, also known as pulse ox, may be used to check how much oxygen gets into the lungs. A physician may also need a sputum (material coughed up from the lungs) sample to check for the type of virus causing the disease.
Who Is at Risk for Acute Respiratory Infection?
While it is almost impossible to avoid viruses and bacteria, certain risk factors increase the likelihood of developing acute respiratory infection. The immune systems of children and the elderly are more prone to be affected by viruses. Children are especially at risk because of their constant contact with other kids who could be virus carriers. Children often do not wash their hands regularly, rub their eyes, and put their fingers in their mouths, resulting in the spread of viruses.
People with heart disease or other lung problems are more likely to contract an acute respiratory infection. Anyone whose immune system might be weakened by another disease is at risk. Smokers also are at high risk and have more trouble recovering from it.
How Is Acute Respiratory Infection Treated?
With many viruses, there are no known cures. Your doctor may prescribe medications to manage your symptoms while monitoring your condition. If the viral infection results in a "secondary infection," caused by bacteria, tests will help your doctor determine what type of antibiotic should be used.
What Are Potential Complications of Acute Respiratory Infection?
Complications of acute respiratory infection are extremely serious and can result in permanent damage and even death. They include:
- respiratory arrest
- respiratory failure
- congestive heart failure
Preventing Acute Respiratory Infection
Most causes of an acute respiratory infection are not treatable. Therefore, prevention is the best method to ward off harmful respiratory infections. Practice good hygiene by doing the following:
- Wash your hands frequently, especially after you've been in a public place.
- Always sneeze into the arm of your shirt or in a tissue. Although this may not ease your own symptoms, it will prevent you from spreading infectious diseases.
- Avoid touching your face, especially your eyes and mouth, to prevent introducing germs into your system.
You should avoid smoking and make sure you include plenty of vitamins in your diet, such as vitamin C, which helps boost your immune system.


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Sonic Ceiling Fan Collection by Hunter
The Hunter Sonic ceiling fan has a sleek design with smooth curves which will complement any modern home décor. Sonic ceiling fans are energy star compliant and feature a CFL downlight. The airflow of Sonic ceiling fans is 5687 CFM. Sonic fans are available in two finishes and include a remote control.
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DePaul Hosts Marquette On Senior Day
April 11, 2014
CHICAGO -- For the final time this season, the DePaul men's tennis team will hit the hard courts at home in Chicago. The squad's last home regular season contest comes Saturday against Marquette.
Match time is scheduled for 3 p.m.
The meeting between the Blue Demons (8-12, 2-1) and Golden Eagles (12-8, 1-0) also marks the final home match for senior Filip Dzanko, who will be honored Saturday afternoon.
A native of Split, Croatia, Dzanko has compiled an 83-40 career singles record, going 16-7 as a freshman (2010-11), 28-10 as a sophomore (2011-12), 17-13 his junior year (2012-13); he is 22-10 thus far in 2013-14, his senior campaign.
Dzanko has won his last two matches and is 12-6 this year in dual matches. He has played in the No. 1 singles position in every dual match this year. In addition, he is 23-12 in doubles matches this season, teamming with David Vieyra, Jan-Willem Feilzer and Sten Leusink.
The Blue Demons enter the Marquette match fresh off a 1-1 road trip in Atlanta, Ga., a week ago. They topped Georgia State, 4-1, on April 4 before dropping a 4-3 match on April 5 to No. 74 Charleston.
DePaul wraps up the regular season on April 18 at Carthage (Wis.) before heading to the BIG EAST Championships in Flushing, N.Y., on April 24-27.


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Next month the country music universe will unite for the 2015 CMT Music Awards and earlier today (May 13) the list of nominees went public.
As one of country music's biggest stars, Miranda Lambert could very easily let her fame go to her head, but thankfully she's managed to stay grounded.
Commemorating a half century of southern fried goodness, the Academy of Country Music Awards took over Dallas Stadium in Arlington, Texas on Sunday night (April 19).
They're always up for a good time, and Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert thoroughly enjoyed the scene at the Staples Center in Los Angeles tonight (February 8).
The "Voice" coach and his "Only Prettier" hitmaker wife attended the 57th Annual Grammy Awards and both looked stunning in their awards show finery as they smiled for the cameras.
It was especially hot in Nashville last night (December 15) as the 2014 American Country Countdown Awards took over the Music City Center.
Miranda Lambert got all gussied up and flew solo for the evening, given that her handsome hubby was busy with his coaching duties over at "The Voice" in Los Angeles.
She's had a banner year with a hit album and sold-out tour so Miranda Lambert t has plenty of smile about going into the New Year. The "Only Prettier" songstress is on the cover of Marie Claire's January 2015 edition and it's safe to say she looks hotter than ever.
Still basking in the glory of the CMT Awards last month, some of country's top names showed up at the 2014 CMT Artists of the Year program at the Nashville Symphony Hall on Tuesday night (December 2).
"Cop Car" crooner Keith Urban was all smiles as he escorted his lovely wife Nicole Kidman past the arrivals area, briefly stopping to chat with press.
Proving she has staying power in the country world, Miranda Lambert took home a couple of big wins at tonight's (November 5) 48th Annual CMA Awards.
The blonde beauty took to the stage inside Nashville's Bridgestone Arena to accept the trophy for Single of the Year honoring her tune "Automatic."


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Majolica Majorca Jeweling Eyes Palettes Spring 2011 Caramelisee BR631 Sugar Cookie PK330 Review, Photos, Swatches
Majolica Majorca is one of very favorite Japanese brands. I recently purchased two of their new Jeweling Eyes Palettes in two limited edition shades they released with their Spring 2011 Collection.
I don't need another MJ palette in all honesty (Click, see what I mean!) but since I haven't yet tried the Jeweling Eye Palettes I decided that these colors would be a good place to start.
Let's have a peek!


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Cricket: I'm not yet as good as I want to be – De Villiers
- Ant Sims
South Africa became the first team to not concede a single point at this year's Rugby World Cup with a 64-0 victory over the USA on Wednesday. But instead of breathing a sigh of relief, South Africa will have to take some deep breaths as a mammoth clash against Wales or Australia now looms. By ANTOINETTE MULLER.
The Springboks bounced back from their embarrassing defeat against Japan last weekend with a physically dominant win over Samoa. Rolling mauls might not be everyone's cup of tea and certainly isn't going to work against every team, but it has brought the Boks some solace, for now. By ANTOINETTE MULLER.
There seems to be a major shift in the schools that produce Springboks, from a greater number of rural Afrikaans and 'ordinary' state schools, to elite cosmopolitan ones. While the team is slowly becoming more multi-racial, it is becoming elitist in another way. Much like the rest of South African society. By WESSEL VAN RENSBURG.
If you're a Springbok fan, you'll most likely have awoken to the realisation that the loss to Japan was not the cruel dreamland manifestation of one too many klippies and coke. It's easy to despair when the biggest upset in World Cup and Springbok history has just occurred, but before you go reaching for those Prozac pills take a minute to consider the many positives from the game. By STYLI CHARALAMBOUS.
Sunette Viljoen, the South African javelin thrower who recently won a bronze medal at the International Association of Athletics Federations World Athletics Championship, has spoken out about how the South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee treats the athletes who are part of their Operation Excellence programme. One can only hope that she will be the first of many. By ANTOINETTE MULLER.
Given that the US's National Football League has a lower concussion rate than rugby, the new movie 'Concussion', starring Will Smith and based on the findings of the remarkable Bennet Omalu, should serve as a wake-up call for the sport, especially at schoolboy level where the danger is far too often ignored. By ANTOINETTE MULLER.


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Salomon Agile 7 Set Hydration Backpack
Our Price $110.00
Available Colors
Boss Blue
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Product Details
Style: AGILE 7 SET
Make staying hydrated while you run easy with the Salomon Agile 7 Set Hydration Backpack. This pack has a 2 liter reservoir, giving you enough liquid to stay hydrated on a long run. The Bite Valve makes it easy to get a drink, but doesn't drip when not in use. The Agile 7 also has a main compartment for holding other essentials like gels, phone, and keys. The shoulder harness is padded for comfort, and the hipbelt is designed to help support the weight of the pack without getting in your way.
- Material: 70D nylon ripstop fabric
- Volume: 5 liters
- Hydration Capacity: 2 liters
- Dimensions: 17" x 8" x 5"
- Empty Weight: 10 oz
- 2 liter hydration reservoir included (phthalate and bisphenol-a free)
- Bite Valve ensures free flowing hydration when needed without leakage
- Additional bottle holder pocket angled at 45° for easy access
- Roomy main compartment for holding essentials
- 2 side mesh pockets for extra storage
- Padded light shoulder straps for comfortable carry
- Motion hip belt helps support and stabilize the pack
- Airvent EVA back panel breathes to keep you cool
- Designed to eliminate pressure points in sternum area for more comfort
- Reflective details for added visibility
- Attached whistle grabs attention when needed
Questions and Answers
ASK A QUESTION Got questions about this product? Ask them here. Got questions about anything else? Please see our FAQ.
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text: Ozarks Medical Center We are neighbors, caring for neighbors. At Ozarks Medical Center, we deliver top-quality, compassionate medical care with less interruption to life and family, when it matters most. Ozarks Medical Center is a 114-bed, not-for- profit medical referral center serving an 8-county area in south central Missouri and north central Arkansas. With 1,200 employees, we serve a population base of 160,000. We are neighbors caring for neighbors, providing a continuum of care and a breadth of services second to none in the region. Interventional cardiac care, open-heart surgery, oncology and neurosurgery are just a few of the high-tech services we offer so that patients can stay close to home while receiving the care they need. At Ozarks Medical Center, we're changing the way medical care is delivered to our area by providing the rare combination of advanced medicine and compassionate care you can only get at home Ozarks Medical Center is accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health care Organizations, an independent, not-for-profit organization that develops standards of quality in collaboration with health professionals.


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We've explored the concept of the precautionary principle before on Risk Sense, but in the latest Risk Bites video Andrew Maynard, director of the U-M Risk Science Center, takes a step back to explain what the precautionary principle is, and the role it plays in innovation.
Ask some people, and they'll tell you the precautionary principle is a way of avoiding actions that may lead to bad things happening. To others it's a cynical and ignorant ploy to prevent good things happening. So who's right – or are they all wrong?
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, precaution is:
"something that is done to prevent possible harm or trouble from happening in the future".
So every time we ask ourselves what the consequences of our actions might be, and what we can do to reduce the likelihood of consequences we don't like, we are exercising precaution.
It seems sensible. But what elevates this seemingly smart idea into a principle?
Turning to Merriam-Webster again, the definition of principle that fits best here is:
"a moral rule or belief that helps you know what is right and wrong and that influences your actions"
In other words, from definitions alone, the precautionary principle is a guide to taking actions now that help prevent future events that are considered societally undesireable or unacceptable.
It's the ethical equivalent of saying "look before you leap"
But for this to be useful in policy and business decisions, it needs a little more work. In the year 2000 the european commission published a 29 page document on the interpretation and implementation of the precautionary principle. It's a sophisticated and comprehensive document, but a little too long for risk bites. Fortunately, a 2005 UNESCO report synthesizes many of the main points in a slightly shorter working definition.
Summarizing the UNESCO definition of the precautionary principle, we have:
When human activities may lead to morally unacceptable harm that is scientifically plausible but uncertain, actions shall be taken to avoid or diminish that harm. The judgement of plausibility should be grounded in scientific analysis. Actions are interventions that are taken before harm occurs that seek to avoid or diminish harm. Actions should be chosen that are proportional to the seriousness of the potential harm, with consideration of their positive and negative consequences, and with an assessment of the moral implications of both action and inaction.
In other words, the precautionary principle is about using scientific understanding to take action to avoid harm that might otherwise occur; thinking about the pros and cons of this action in a broader context; and making sure that the effort behind the action is reasonable given the potential harm it is intended to address.
So the precautionary principle is not about stopping innovation, or even putting the breaks on technological progess. Instead, it's a "go slow and ask smart questions" principle, to be applied where there are indications of potentially serious consequences if we don't get things right.
Is this good or is it bad? Well, that's probably for you to decide – but it's also probably worth making sure you know what the precautionary principle actually is before you do.


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YA-YA was founded in 1999 and has since become one of the leading brands in the exploding L.A. design scene. YA-YA is based in Los Angeles' fashion district; the company and product take it's inspiration from the surrounding bustling urban environment. YA-YA employs a talented group of designers, craftsmen and production experts. Essentially a young company, YA-YA is a collection of artistic youth that is dedicated to the production of quality apparel. To meet the highest quality standards, each YA-YA product is crafted by a carefully selected manufacturer. YA-YA distributes only to select boutiques and department stores, in more than ten countries. YA-YA's design focuses on elegant fabrics, flattering cuts and is grounded in wearability. Our textures range from silks and cashmere to canvas and corduroys; they always embody luxury and quality. The cuts reflect a custom fit with extended lengths and draped or tailored fits. Most importantly, YA-YA is dedicated to the practical art of fashion and emphasizes flattering the female form.
Yael Aflalo was born in Los Angeles in 1977. After attending the University of California at Berkeley, Yael spent a year at the Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising in Los Angeles. At the age of 20, Aflalo began designing apparel, piece by piece. Yael's found her foundation in reconstruction and used unique pieces of reworked vintage Levis for her first medium. Soon, the buyer of Fred Segal, Jon Eshaya, took notice and urged Aflalo to create an entire collection. Yael launched YA-YA as a sportswear collection in the Fall of 2002. With an interest in human behavior and psychology, Yael designs clothing as an expression of emotion. Wardrobe as a costume for unrest, happiness, dysfunction and lust.


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HR22: Respectful Workplace
- Policy #: HR22
- Responsible Authority: Director, Labour Relations
- Approval Authority: President's Council
- Executive Sponsor: Vice President, Human Resources
- Approval Date: 1995/10/10
- Last Reviewed: 2014/11/10
- Mandatory Revision Date: 2015/11/10
- Downloadable Version: Respectful Workplace
To foster a respectful workplace through the prevention and prompt resolution of workplace harassment and/or discrimination.
Refer to policy HR18 – Employee Code of Conduct for guiding principles regarding the conduct expected of its College employees in the performance of their duties.
This policy applies both on and off campus, to all employees, contractors and volunteers in the pursuit of College duties or while engaged in College-related activities.
|One or a series of action(s) or behaviour(s) related to one or more of the prohibited grounds, as defined by the Ontario Human Rights Code ("the Code"), that results in unfavourable or adverse treatment which negatively affects or could negatively affect the employment status of an employee or the status of a student.
|One or a series of vexatious comment(s) or conduct related to one or more of the prohibited grounds that is known or ought reasonably to be known to be unwelcomed/unwanted, offensive, intimidating, derogatory or hostile. It may include, but is not limited to, gestures, remarks, jokes, taunting, innuendo, display of offensive materials, offensive graffiti, threats, verbal or physical assault, imposition of academic penalties, hazing, stalking, shunning or exclusion.
|Workplace Harassment
|Engaging in a course of vexatious comment or conduct against a worker in a workplace that is known or ought reasonably to be known to be unwelcome. Workplace harassment may also relate to a prohibited ground as set out in the Code, but it does not have to.Examples of workplace harassment include, but are not limited to:
Workplace harassment does not include:
|Any place where business or work-related activities are conducted. It includes, but is not limited to, the physical work premises, work-related social functions, work assignments outside of Algonquin College's work premises, work-related travel and work-related conferences or training sessions.
Sexual or Gender Harassment
|Any unwelcome conduct, comment, gesture of a gender-related or sexual nature, whether on a one-time basis or a series of incidents, that might reasonably be expected to cause offence or humiliation or that might reasonably be perceived as placing a condition of a sexual nature on employment, on an opportunity for training or promotion, or on the receipt of services or a contract.
|Negative Environment
|Refers to one or a series of comments or conduct that creates a negative environment (i.e. an offensive or intimidating climate for individuals or groups and related to the prohibited grounds). The comment or conduct must be of a significant nature or degree and have the effect of "poisoning" the work environment. A complainant does not have to be a direct target to be adversely affected by a negative environment.
|Reprisals or Retaliation
|Adverse action taken against an individual for invoking this policy or for participating or cooperating in an investigation under this policy or for associating with someone who has invoked this policy or participated in the policy's procedures.
|Vexatious or Bad Faith Complaint
|A complaint in which a complainant makes allegations knowing them to be false or submits a complaint for a purely malicious or vindictive purpose.
|Program Chair, Course Chair, Academic Manager, Manager, Director, Executive Director, Dean, Associate Vice President, Vice President and President.
1. Algonquin College is committed to fostering a climate in which all individuals are treated with respect and dignity and in which the human rights of its employees, contractors and volunteers are respected. Harassment and discrimination as defined above will not be tolerated by the College in its educational, employment or business dealings. To that end:
1.1 Discriminatory harassment, sexual harassment and discrimination, including that which is prohibited by the Code and the Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act, will not be tolerated.
1.2 Instances of harassment committed by or against an employee while the employee is engaged in College-related duties or activities is unacceptable and will not be tolerated.
1.3 Every individual has the right to file a complaint of harassment or discrimination, participate or cooperate in an investigation, provide information relevant to the complaint or act in any role under this policy without fear of retaliation or reprisal. The rights of both complainants and respondents will be safeguarded to the extent possible with respect to the hearing of complaints.
1.4 The College recognizes its responsibility to deal quickly, fairly and effectively with complaints of harassment and discrimination should they arise.
1.5 The College will take all reasonable steps to ensure awareness of this policy, and will be proactive in undertaking an education/prevention campaign in relation to its provisions.
1.6 Any person who believes he/she has been subject to discriminatory or sexual harassment or discrimination continues to have the right to make application to the Ontario Human Rights Tribunal. In addition, every person retains his/her right to pursue other applicable legal avenues, such as through a collective agreement or the justice system, even when steps are being undertaken by the College. The College procedures will continue at the same time a person is exercising his/her rights outside of this policy.
2. Responsibilities
2.1 Duties of College Community Members
a. Promptly report incidents of apparent harassment and/or discrimination of which they have knowledge to the immediate supervisor and/or to the Director of Labour Relations.
b. Cooperate, when requested, in the investigation and/or resolution of complaints under this policy.
c. Understand and comply with this policy and all related procedures.
d. Participate in applicable education and training programs.
2.2 Duties of Management
a. Act on observations or upon receiving reports alleging discrimination and/or harassment.
b. Promote a working environment that is free of discrimination and harassment.
c. Review all reported incidents of harassment and/or discrimination in a prompt, objective and sensitive manner.
d. Ensure that all those for whom this policy applies are aware of its existence and the issues it addresses.
3. Prevention and Education
3.1 The College will provide reasonable educational training opportunities that permit College staff to develop the skills and knowledge to handle and prevent problems of harassment and discrimination.
3.2 Managers and others in positions of authority within the College will be made aware of their responsibilities under this policy and under the Code and the Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act in creating and maintaining an environment free from harassment and discrimination. They will receive appropriate training on their responsibilities and the complaints resolution procedures under this policy.
|Complaint Resolution Process
|1.1 General
|1.1.1 Any employee who believes that he or she has been the subject of discriminatory/sexual harassment and/or discrimination and any employee who believes that they have been subjected to workplace harassment may lodge a complaint.
|1.1.2 In general, the Complaints Resolution Process must be initiated no later than six (6) months from the date of the incident, barring exceptional circumstances and at the discretion of the College.
|1.1.3 A complainant may, at his or her discretion, decide to withdraw a complaint at any point in the complaints process. In the event of a withdrawal, the College may, at its discretion, continue to investigate the complaint.
|1.1.4 The College reserves the right to address complaints of workplace harassment concurrently through the Workplace Violence Prevention (HS 03), at its sole discretion and as required and appropriate under the circumstances.
|1.1.5 In some circumstances, the College may be obligated to proceed with an investigation in the absence of a formal written complaint if it becomes aware of allegations or facts which constitute a serious violation of the College's Respect in the Workplace Policy. In these cases, the College will proceed with either informal resolution or an investigation, with the intent of stopping the alleged behaviour and/or preventing further incidents. In such cases, a particular individual will not be compelled to proceed with a complaint.
|1.2 Complaint Resolution Process
|1.2.1 The College strongly recommends that, initially, provided the complainant is willing and able to do so, that they approach the respondent on an informal basis to identify the conduct of concern and explain to the respondent that it is unwelcome.The complainant should carefully record details of all incidents including the date and time of the incident, the nature of the incident, and the names of any individuals who may have been witnesses to the incident.
|1.2.2 Step One – Informal (optional)The complainant and the respondent may meet to discuss the nature of the concern and suggest/discuss ways in which it might be resolved. The parties may consult with any member of management or Labour Relations.
|1.2.3 Step Two – Mediation (optional)Either party may make a request to their manager or to Labour Relations, that an external mediator be engaged to assist with the resolution of the complaint.The mediator will meet with relevant parties to gather information and suggest/discuss ways in which the complaint might be resolved. All discussions throughout mediation are privileged and confidential in the event a formal complaint is pursued.
Manager/Labour Relations
|1.2.4 Step Three – Formal Complaint
Manager/Labour Relations
|Remedies and Sanctions
|The College shall have complete discretion to impose remedies and sanctions as appropriate, including disciplinary action up to and including dismissal for just cause, where:
Manager/Labour Relations
|Information relating to a complaint will be kept confidential to the extent possible in order to respect the interests of the parties involved. However, during the course of the investigation, information will be disclosed to the extent necessary to properly conduct the investigation and as may be required by this policy and the law. In so doing, the College will ensure compliance with the Ontario Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (FIPPA). Access by third parties to the report, or to any records collected or created during the course of the investigation will be in accordance with FIPPA, and the College will protect personal information contained in such records in the manner and to the extent required by FIPPA.
|Employees are expected to fulfill their responsibility to other members of the College Community by assisting and cooperating with the investigation of complaints, including sharing information with administrators.
|All records relating to a complaint must be stored in a secure manner. Unwarranted breaches of confidentiality will result in disciplinary action. Gossiping about an incident will not be tolerated.
|Student and Harassment/Discrimination
|Students can make a complaint against a College employee, contractor or volunteer under this policy. In these instances the present policy may be used in conjunction with Policy SA 03 Student Complaints, as deemed appropriate under the circumstances.
|The College will address incidences of harassment/discrimination where students are named as respondents under Policy SA 07 Student Conduct or Policy SA 03 Student Complaints.
|Review of Policy
|The College will review this Policy annually as required by legislation.
SA 03 Student Complaints
SA 07 Student Conduct
HS 03 Workplace Violence Prevention
HR 18 Employee Code of Conduct
HR 21 Staff-Student Personal Relationships
The Ontario Human Rights Commission