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Hi Skots,>The first two graphs from your 5/07/08 post at 9:29 are not supported by the data. The RSS data indicates that the trend line in the first graph should move upwards in 2007. The HadCRUT 3 data indicates that Jan 08 temperature anomaly in the second graph should read .56. Consequently, the figure that indicates the temp. difference between 1/07 – 1/08, is also incorrect.The first graph was taken from a link provided by you, so if it's wrong, maybe you shouldn't have linked it in the first place. Re the second graph: As you know, moving averages mean that the figures at the end of graphs are apt to change over the following months, so if the Jan08 temp has been revised upwards in the light of data acquired after the graph has been produced, this would account for the discrepancy. This is more nitpicking and I won't bother responding to further examples of it as I think it does your credibility more harm than mine in the eyes of those who understand the data.>How much colder than Arctic waters are those southern ocean waters that are working their way north to cool off those Arctic waters?Arctic waters are replaced by circulation. No ice in the arctic is older than about 5 years. Logic dictates that the waters replacing those flowing out of the arctic come from further south QED.>Denying the radiative effect of CO2 is futile, Rog.I'm not trying to. Where does co2 get the energy that it radiates Skots? Some from above and some from below. It all comes from the sun in the final analysis though.>I'm assuming that you're talking about cloud albedo here. Do you have any other systems in mind?Vegetation changes albedo too, it lightens in colour when it's hot and dry. Snow and ice is also an important factor. Clouds would seem to be the principle system though, and show an interesting relationship with temperature. Here's a flipped graph of cloud cover1985-2005:And temperature for the period 1982-2008:Not such a bad correlation by tha reck of my eye. It's noticable that it's become relatively more cloudy in the last couple of years according to the graph. An effect of lower solar activity and the concomitant lessened solar wind in the tail phase of cycle 23 allowing more radiation flux in from outside the solar system perhaps? As you pointed out, a global graph such as this tells us little about the regional distribution in key areas at key times of year. Lots more research to be done.>There have certainly been a large number of climate equilibriums in the planet's history, but we, and our infrastructures, are tenuously bound to the Holoscene equilibrium. Wishing on clouds again….>Thanks for posting the Milankovich graphs.I may have been a bit hasty saying that there was no worries about extremes in obliquity and eccentricity at the moment. If you look at the graph again, you'll notice how frequently in the past the onset of ice ages has coincided with downturns in eccentricity. And there has (at the temporal scale of the graph)just been a downturn in eccentricity... No doubt if it gets a lot colder, there will still be those who will tell us it's due to anthropogenic global warming because we've elevated the global temperature to the point where it flips the other way. You can make up any old rubbish really. :-)
Edited by tallbloke on 05/23/2008 02:30:08 MDT.
Skots said:>I understand that the seasonal annual increase of some 8w/m2 TSI, caused by the Earth's eccentric orbit around the sun, causes the southern oceans to warm, and causes them to out-gas CO2. During the next six months, when southern hemisphere surface TSI falls by some 8w/m2, the southern oceans cool, and most of the CO2 stays airborne, while some of the CO2 returns to the cooling oceans. And the process repeats itself, year after year.>If your figures regarding the annual increase of 2ppm of atmospheric CO 2 are correct, and if TSI is driving the trend, I would expect an equally regular annual increase in TSI over this same period. Does the TSI data support that expectation? I was under the impression that TSI stayed relatively constantI think you may have answered your second paragraph with your first here. If most of the outgassed co2 stays airbourne there will be a year on year cumulative effect. Given the Mauna Loa data, 'most' may be a little strong however, and I suspect the carbon cycle is more dynamic than your analysis and big list of questions would suggest. I mentioned oceanic outgassing as a source for co2, but there are others controlled by that marvellously huge and poorly understood elephant-in-the-room the carbon cycle. I doubt if the signal in the Mauna Loa data is due to us turning up our central heating in the northern hemisphere winter though.What do *you* think causes the very regular annual variation in the Mauna Loa data Skots?And what's your prediction for near future temperatures and why? Come on, join in the Gentlemans bet before I tire of being subjected to your inquisition.
Edited by tallbloke on 05/23/2008 03:12:52 MDT.
Rick quoted:============================================================The acidified water upwelling along the coast today was last exposed to the atmosphere about 50 years ago, when carbon-dioxide levels were much lower than they are now. That means the water that will rise from the depths over the coming decades will have absorbed more carbon dioxide, and will be even more acidic."We've got 50 years' worth of water that's already left the station and is on our way to us," study co-author Hales said. "Each one of those years is going to be a little bit more corrosive."===========================================================Is this an example of concern trolling Rick?It makes you wonder how anything managed to survive in the Cambrian era when Atmospheric co2 levels were twenty some times higher than they are now. Most of the early ancestors of the plants and animals we know today existed during the Cambrian. Which brings me full circle to the very first graph I posted on this thread:So, to sum up: In the larger perspective, global temperature is near the lower limit of the range the planetary equalibritive systems keep it within. Co2 is near a 500 million year low.Zooming in to the last million years:There has been a fairly regular succession of ice ages coinciding with the cycle of varying eccentricity of the earths orbit round the sun, we are due or maybe slightly overdue the next big cooldown. Could start tomorrow, probably won't be more than 5,000 years away if the past cycles are anything to go by. Or we may be in the last cycle before a big increase in temps back towards the 22C the planet seems to sit at most of the time according to the first graph."Place bets now!"Zooming in again to the last 15,000 years:From the higher temperature of the Holocene optimum when mankind had it easy, there has been a gradual decline punctuated by warm periods such as the mediaeval optimum when there was so much surplus food and labour in Europe that there was a period of cathedral building, followed by the 'little ice age' with it's nadir in the early 1700's when ice fairs were held on the Rhein and Thames, to the modern warm period with it's global warming panic.===================================================Gap here for someone else to post graph and explaination of 20th century global warming.====================================================Zooming in again we get to the latest years temperature graphs:"I'm gonna soak up the sunWhile it's still freeI'm gonna soak up the sunBefore it goes out on me"-Cheryl Crow-It's a beautiful day, I'm off for a walk.
Edited by tallbloke on 06/24/2008 07:13:22 MDT.
Rick quoted:========================================================We have examined this hypothesis to look for evidence to corroborate it. Nonehas been found and so our conclusions are to doubt it. From the absence of corroborativeevidence, we estimate that less than 23%, at the 95% confidence level, of the 11 year cyclechange in the globally averaged cloud cover observed in solar cycle 22 is due to the change inthe rate of ionization from the solar modulation of cosmic rays."==========================================================The Cosmic Ray-Climate Connection ReferenceKirkby, J. 2008. Cosmic rays and climate. Surveys in Geophysics 28: 333-375.What was doneThe author reviews what we know about possible relationships between variations in climate and the flux of cosmic rays incident upon the earth, which is modulated by the solar wind, the planet's geomagnetic field and the galactic environment.What was learnedKirkby reports that "diverse reconstructions of past climate change have revealed clear associations with cosmic ray variations recorded in cosmogenic isotope archives, providing persuasive evidence for solar or cosmic ray forcing of the climate." Despite the increasing evidence of its importance, however, he says that "solar-climate variability is likely to remain controversial until a physical mechanism is established." In this regard he discusses two different classes of microphysical mechanisms that have been proposed to connect cosmic rays with clouds, which interact significantly with fluxes of both solar and thermal radiation and, therefore, climate: "firstly, an influence of cosmic rays on the production of cloud condensation nuclei and, secondly, an influence of cosmic rays on the global electrical circuit in the atmosphere and, in turn, on ice nucleation and other cloud microphysical processes." Kirkby reports, in this regard, that "considerable progress on understanding ion-aerosol-cloud processes has been made in recent years, and the results are suggestive of a physically-plausible link between cosmic rays, clouds and climate."What it meansAlthough the evidence for a cosmic ray-climate connection grows greater by the day, concrete proof remains elusive; but "with new experiments planned or underway, such as the CLOUD facility at CERN," in the words of Kirkby, "there are good prospects that we will have some firm answers to this question within the next few years." This effort is extremely important, for as Kirkby rightly notes, "the question of whether, and to what extent, the climate is influenced by solar and cosmic ray variability remains central to our understanding of the anthropogenic contribution to present climate change."
Good morning, Rog,>"I think you may have answered your second paragraph with your first here. If most of the outgassed co2 stays airbourne there will be a year on year cumulative effect. Given the Mauna Loa data, 'most' may be a little strong however, and I suspect the carbon cycle is more dynamic than your analysis and big list of questions would suggest."I apologize for the big list of unanswered questions. I assumed that since you articulated the southern ocean seasonal out gassing as a source for atmospheric CO2, you'd have answers at the ready. I was looking to get up to speed. I agree with you that warming ocean waters, given their carbon exchange equilibrium with terrestrial and atmosphere, out gas CO2. However, the disequilibrium caused by increasing atmospheric levels of the easily identifiable carbon isotope that results from burning fossil fuels, has resulted in a net ocean CO2 uptake, despite the long-term ocean warming trend.>"I doubt if the signal in the Mauna Loa data is due to us turning up our central heating in the northern hemisphere winter though."If by "signal" you mean the numerical increase, and if by "turning up our central heating", you mean burning fossil fuels, I think that this statement undermines your credibility. The isotopic signature is too strong. Stick to feedbacks.>"What do *you* think causes the very regular annual variation in the Mauna Loa data Skots?" I think the "consensus' has strong evidence on this one. From the IPCC:"A wide range of direct and indirect measurements confirm that the atmospheric mixing ratio of CO2, has increased globally by about 100 ppm or 36% over the last 250 years, from a range of 275 to 285 ppm in the pre-industrial era (AD 1000 –1750) to 379 ppm in 2005. During this period, the absolute growth rate of CO2 in the atmosphere increased substantially: the first 50 ppm increase above the pre-industrial value was reached in the 1970s after more than 200 years, whereas the second 50ppm was achieved in about 30 years. In the ten years from 1995 to 2005, CO2 increased by about 19ppm; the highest average growth rate recorded for any decade since direct atmospheric CO2 measurements began in the1950s. The average rate of increase in CO2 determined by these direct instrumental measurements over the period 1960 to 2005 is 1.4 ppm yr" Regarding the seasonal increases and decreases in CO2 concentrations, the IPCC indicates that the changes represent "cycles caused by seasonal changes in photosynthesis in the terrestrial biosphere". The brief discussion of atmospheric CO2 origin, and isotopic signature, pages 137 - 140 in the report is worth a read The discussion also touches on the "method of determining and portioning of CO2 between the ocean and land". For example, the report explains: "Atmospheric O2 and CO2 are inversely coupled during plant respiration and photosynthesis. In addition, during the process of combustion (fossil fuels), O2 is removed from the atmosphere, producing a signal that decreases as atmospheric CO2 increases on a molar basis.">"And what's your prediction for near future temperatures and why?"I think that this decade (2000-9) will be the warmest on record and warmest globally since well before the 1000 –1200 warming.I think that the next decade will be warmer, based on the current stronger greenhouse effect and it's strengthening. Aerosol regulation in Asia, if it happens, will ad to the warming. I have no idea of the likelihood of another maunder minimum. I do buy into the more recent solar reconstructions that show a stable minimum (current TSI+/- -), so I think that TSI would remain very close to its current level. Because of the current strength of the GH effect, I doubt global temps would fall to maunder minimum levels. A minimum would be very exciting, and I would feel lucky to live during one.Whether or not we're near the end of long-term cycle of solar connected warming, I have no idea. The cooling stratosphere adds validity to a stronger greenhouse effect, and makes me nervous. It probably does you, as well.And all these thoughts are but crap from a crapper; worthy of nothing but a very, very, cheap bet.
Hi Skots, great! you've joined in the fun. I hadn't really considered how much I'd bet on my prediction, but here's a fun story about a $10,000 wager:http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2005/aug/19/climatechange.climatechangeenvironment>the disequilibrium caused by increasing atmospheric levels of the easily identifiable carbon isotope that results from burning fossil fuels, has resulted in a net ocean CO2 uptake, despite the long-term ocean warming trend.Given that the oceans at a time when co2 levels were twenty times higher than now were teeming with life which didn't dissolve in a carbonic acid soup, you'll have to forgive me for not being too worried by this. The disequilibrium doesn't last long, it's immediately replaced by a new equilibrium.>If by "signal" you mean the numerical increaseI don't. The question I posed you concerned the annual up-down variation in co2.>the IPCC indicates that the changes represent "cycles caused by seasonal changes in photosynthesis in the terrestrial biosphere".Seasonal changes. Ah, good, we're getting somewhere at last.Talking of seasonal changes and records being broken. This just in from Oz:Breaking Weather News - Record-breaking cold morning in TasmaniaBrett Dutschke, 22 May 2008Long-term records were broken in Tasmania this morning due to the extreme cold and widespread frost across the state, according to weatherzone.com.au.The coldest areas with the heaviest frost were in Central, Central North, East Coast and Lower Derwent districts.Bushy Park broke a 46 year-old May record by recording a minimum temperature of minus six degrees, beating the previous record by more than a degree.Fingal on the East Coast broke a 22 year-old record with a minimum of minus eight degrees, 11 below average.Other locations to break records which have lasted 10 years or longer Cressy, Ouse and Tunnack. Cressy and Ouse both plummeted to minus six degrees and Tunnack minus five.Hobart dipped to 0.7 of a degree, their coldest May morning in 42 years.Tomorrow morning will generally be a little warmer. Central, northern and western parts of the state can still expect frost.Breaking Weather News - Southeastern Australia shivers through record cold nightTom Saunders, 23 May 2008Charlotte Pass in the NSW Snowy Mountains dropped to a minus 13 degrees on Friday morning, equalling the coldest autumn temperature ever recorded in Australia.Nearby, Perisher fell to minus 10 degrees, their coldest May night in at least 31 years. Bitter temperatures were not just confined to the Alps with Cooma recording minus nine degrees, 10 below average. Other notable minimums included minus five at Braidwood and minus four at Bombala.Tasmania also froze with Lake Leake dropping to minus eight for the second night in a row, also 10 degrees below the May average.In Victoria, Melbourne woke to just 2.7 degrees, their chilliest May morning in 27 years.Record low minimum temperatures are again possible across NSW, Victoria and Tasmania on Saturday morning due to clear skies, light winds and very low surface moisture, optimal conditions for overnight radiative cooling.
Back to the topic Dean started this thread with:While Seattle shivers in the coldest weather for 100 years, the local Park Wardens are seeking to ban beach bonfires:http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/366025_bonfire06.html?source=mypiPark department staff is recommending reducing bonfires at the two beaches this summer and possibly banning them altogether next year.The park board will hear the recommendation Thursday, and the city plans to run public-service announcements and hand out brochures later this month about the effects of bonfires on global warming.According to a memo to the park board from the staff released Thursday, "The overall policy question for the Board is whether it is good policy for Seattle Parks to continue public beach fires when the carbon ... emissions produced by thousands of beach fires per year contributes to global warming."Linda Garcia, a 56-year- old West Seattle resident, walked her dog and made a slightly rose-colored argument for preserving her beloved bonfires. "It's so windy around here it probably doesn't pollute that much."They have to try to take everything away," she said.Sara Russell, 34, who also was walking her dog, rolled her eyes at the idea of banning bonfires to stave off global warming."If they really wanted to do something, they could enforce the no-cruising law, because in the summer you see so many cars cruising around here," she said.Russell's neighbor, Debbie Nichols, said that last July Fourth, she got up at 5:30 a.m. to grab one of the fire pits. "I wrapped myself in a blanket and sat there all day," Nichols said. "We use the fire pits all year round."
>>>> "They have to try to take everything away," she said.What will be next to go in the name of this crusade?
Several Congressmen according to big Jim Hansen.http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/jun/23/fossilfuels.climatechange"He is also considering personally targeting members of Congress who have a poor track record on climate change in the coming November elections. He will campaign to have several of them unseated. Hansen's speech to Congress on June 23 1988 is seen as a seminal moment in bringing the threat of global warming to the public's attention. At a time when most scientists were still hesitant to speak out, he said the evidence of the greenhouse gas effect was 99% certain"Meanwhile, temperature indices continue to decline, even Hansen's own.Here are the RSS satellite readings from the last 3 years.And here are the readings from the UAH satellite from 1980.As you can see we're 0.3C above the 25 year low of winter '84.
Edited by tallbloke on 06/24/2008 06:56:37 MDT.
Gee, guys, it's good to be back. I note that Rog still keeps spouting about temperatures falling, even after agreeing that there is a net warming trend.Not matter how much you protest, Rog, I still have to doubt your motivations when you keep bringing up short-term temperature drops. What is the point? They are irrelevent. Your own chart shows a net warming trend over the past 20 years, yet you still obsess about the appearance that we are currently at the bottom of a short-term downtrend:The temperatures on these graphs are not smooth lines- they squiggle up and down quite a bit, but still show a net upslope- net warming. There have been downsquiggles bofore, and there will be again, just as there will be upsquiggles. When the next squiggle goes up are you going to become a global warming believer and stock up on suncreen?So, what are you trying to prove with this graph? Not to bring up a sore subject again, but the conspiracy-theory analogy really fits here, in that you have an obsession with irrelevent minor data points that you think supports what you are saying, while ignoring the elephant in the room. Many of your other arguments are good ones (the paleoclimate data comes to mind) but this one sucks, Rog. :-)Uh, for the sake of clarity, since we have ticked one another off before, I will specify that I'm not saying you belong to the tinfoil-hat brigade. I'm trying to make a tongue-in-cheek critique of what I believe to be specious logic on your part. (Though, of course, you could just be trying to get my goat, again...)Regarding the bonfire ban... Wow. SOMEBODY in Seattle really needs to develop a sense of perspective. Those fires make a trivial contribution to atmospheric carbon compared to, say, all the damned SUVs I saw driving around the region. I think our energies are better spent elsewhere.Well, back to the grind. I'll talk to you all again in another month or so, then I'll disappear for most of August again.
Edited by acrosome on 06/28/2008 04:15:13 MDT.
I just finished reading half the thread and may read the rest later. I am interested in climatology but I believe the whole subject is so eco-politically influenced that its hard for me to trust anything -science journals, IPCC global warming report, Gore's movie... A few months back I could have easily explained someone what global warming is. Right now, I have no opinion on global warming.This debate reminds me of Richard Dawkins-Francis Collins debate. Both very rational people having contradictory views...Anyways, I have much more interesting things to do -like hiking!
Dean Said:"So, what are you trying to prove with this graph?"I'm just letting the facts speak for themselves Dean.My post presented no theory; it consisted of a quote from a newspaper, and two graphs with short captions. Your post on the other hand is full of the usual mixture of unedifying abuse, hand drawn trend lines, and hyperbole, all wrapped up with a provocative post title.You are the one who is "at it again"Dean Said:"When the next squiggle goes up are you going to become a global warming believer?"Well if it goes up more than it's gone down over the last three years I'll certainly reassess my interpretation of the data, but the way things are going now, no. As I said in my reasoned and backed up prediction, we'll probably see a smallish upswing as we head towards 2012, followed by a steep downturn in temperatures. Don't put that heavy parka on gear swap yet - We've got another harsh winter on the way.Huzefa: well done for reading half of it!
Edited by tallbloke on 07/01/2008 04:58:53 MDT.
Huzefa,Yeah, I gotta second Rog's remark. You are a better man than I am if you got through half of this thread. Hell, I find it painful just going back to look up what someone said earlier in the duscussion.Rog,I guess my point was that the downsquiggle at the end of your graph is meaningless, a statement which you have sort-of agreed with when we discuss the natural variability of these graphs. Which is why I can't wrap my brain around your reasons for dwelling upon this limited trend. Sorry that I got short.You're "letting the data speak for itself"? Well, Rog, it isn't saying anything! The intent of my "hand drawn trend line" is just pointing out what every reasoned analysis of this data is saying (and with which you DID agree)- that there is a NET warming in the 20th century. That is all that my trend line was meant to point out, and I though that it was self-evident, but obviously it wasn't. :-) Make what predictions you will, they are not germaine to the current discussion.So, where were you during that spike in temperature in the late 1990's, Rog? Investing in Baffin Island land speculation? Stocking up on sunscreen? :-) Sorry, I'm in a somewhat silly mood, myself, at the moment. But focusing on the downsquiggle at the end of your graph and proclaiming that global temperatures will now begin a net downward trend that will erase the previous century's rise is just as silly."Letting the data speak for itsef" CAN be misleading, anyway. Not in this case, because in this case it supports my argument, but it can. :-) As an example, and you're going to love this, Rog, because it is one of the arguments you use against the Temp/CO2 covariance in the paleoclimate data:I did say that I was in a silly mood, didn't I?I'm not sure where the guy who made this graph got his data, so don't take it for granted. But, presenting this data WITHOUT reasoned analysis is ridiculous. Obviously, a lack of pirates does not lead to global warming, nor does increased temperature lead to a reduction in mean pirate density. :-)Not to mention your choice of scale on your axes, as well as the time period covered, presents the data in an arguably misleading way that exaggerates the downsquiggle at the end. Now, before you get your feathers ruffled, I'm not saying that you are being INTENTIONALLY misleading. We all choose axes to prove our points. Well, here is another of your graphs, of HadCRUT3, from several posts ago:So, the slope up from 1900 to now is rather more obvious, and your downsquiggle at the end now looks like what it is- pretty meaningless. If your argument is based on that little squiggle then, frankly Rog, it is weak.Incidentaly, the 20th century warming is probably more than we previously thought... Ever since I found out that my hospital's library subscribes to Nature I've been stopping by and glancing through it. What a wonderful publication! Lots of interesting stuff from many fields. (Though it seems there is a slight bias in favor of publishing physics and materials papers.)Anyway: Thompson et al, Nature, vol 453, may 2008, pp646-49, shows that there is a systematic error in the HadCRUT combined STT and land surface air temperature data, related to changes in instrumentation in the 1940s. (Mainly a change from uninsulated buckets to insulated buckets.) There appears to be a sudden drop in global temperatures around 1940-1945 because of this. Thus the temperature rise from 1900 to 2006 is AT LEAST 0.3C more than we had previously thought. Compensating for this pushes the 20th century rise above 1C. (Going by the data presented in the paper, which cites a previous estimate of 0.75C.) Other known systemic errors in the data have been corrected, but evidently this one hadn't been recognised previously.As a very simplified explaination, your graph could be corrected thusly:Hmm. Actually, to be more accurate I should have probably moved the graph before 1940 DOWNWARD, instead up moving it UPWARD after 1945. But I'm sure that you get my point.This was done freehand using MS Paint, so I make no representations about fine accuracy. I'm just trying to explain what I mean by the correction, when you remove the big drop from the instrumentation change. (Though, if anything, I tried to err on the side of minimizing the change so as not to rile Rog. I could have extrapolated from the TOP of the 1940 spike, when the instrumentation change started, rather than partway down the drop.) I had to make this visual aid myself, as there is no such graph in the paper. The paper was just about explaining and proving that the systemic error in question existed, not about presenting corrected data. (Apparently the Hadley center was impressed enough with these results that they are working on just such a correction.) The authors also mention that the 0.1C drop in the 1960s may be a similar error, brought about by a change from ship-based to buoy-based measurements, as the buoy measurements are biased cool. (I'm not sure why.) I suppose another paper may be pending...
Edited by acrosome on 07/02/2008 05:37:25 MDT.
Hi Dean,MS paint huh? Impressive. :-)Here's a graph done slightly more scientifically which shows the effect of adjusting the HadCru SST data in the light of the bucket adjustment fiasco.This shows, among other things, that the increase in temperatures of the second half of the C20th are much more linear than previously thought, which should give the "runaway accelerating global warming" believers pause for thought.The Nature article to which you refer was written by Phil Jones of HADcru et al, and is more than a little disingenuous, as the 'discovery' had already been highlighted by Steve McIntyre at his excellent site 'Climate Audit' the previous year. Phil Jones could hardly be unaware of this as Steve had been in email contact with him on this very topic. Read all about it here:http://www.climateaudit.org/?p=3114Nature "Discovers" Another Climate Audit Finding And for an in depth and fascinating discussion of sea surface temperatures in general, including lots on the bucket adjustment fiasco see here:http://www.climateaudit.org/?cat=67HADcru on their website have now glossed over the bucket adjustments with a minor upward shifting of the curve between 1940-60. The correctness or otherwise of this is very much open to interpretation. For example, there is much evidence that buckets were in use until well into the '70's.Phil Jones and NASA's Jim Hansen of GISStemp are biased players in the game and as I said earlier in the thread, it's high time the control of the data was removed from the hands of those who have particular axes to grind in the climate debate. This seperation of data control and theorists is standard practice in many other fields. You may think this is evidence that I am under some sort of delusional conspiracy theory. I think it just shows that I like to see science being practised properly. Others will decide for themselves.Frankly, the secrecy surrounding the way the raw data is manipulated by GISStemp and HADcru has gone from comedy to farce, and has become a standing joke in the circles of those who analyse it closely. It doesn't do climate science's credibility any good at all when Jim Hansen keeps revising the temperature of weather stations in the distant past. Phil Jones responded to a scientist who made a request under the freedom of information laws in the Uk for a list of the stations he was using by saying: "Why should I reveal the basis of 25 years of work when you'll only try to find something wrong with it." Well yes indeed! Isn't that what science is all about?Now, rather than MS painted trend lines, lets look at a more scientific method of taking some of the squiggly noise out of the data:The smoothed curves are derived using Loess regression techniques.read the full article here:http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2008/06/23/warming-on-11-year-hiatus-how-about-cooling/Anthony Watts site is now getting more hits than realclimate.org by the way. ;-)Anthony also runs the temperature station monitoring site surfacestations.orgSo, in summary, downward squiggle not meaningless, loess regression curves more meaningful than MS Paint, climate, cooling down currently.Now, why would the climate be cooling down when co2 is being chucked into the air in massively increasing quantities by the Chinese, Indians, Americans and Europeans?The inescapable conclusion is that carbon dioxide is a far weaker climate driver than we have been led to believe by Organ grinder in chief and carbon credit salesman Al Gore, Jim Hansen (Gore's climate advisor) and the monkeys at realclimate.orgSo, if it's not carbon dioxide forcing temperatures up AND DOWN, what is?We are in an extended period of solar minimum, with an almost completely quiet sun which has shown only three groups of reverse polarity sunspots since solar cycle 24 'began' in January. All solar activity indices are off the bottom of the charts. Predictions for the Rmax of solar cycle 24 are being revised downwards. The last time the sun did this was around the time Charles Dickens was writing 'Hard Times'. Google Dalton Minimum. Conversely, during the C20th, the sun was more active than it had been for hundreds of years. 20% increase in the solar wind and 30% increase in solar storms since 1880. Highest peaking sunspot cycles since the onset of the little ice age which coincided with a sudden cessation of sunspot production similar to the one we're experiencing right now...
Edited by tallbloke on 07/03/2008 04:43:22 MDT.
Well, Rog, I think that it speaks volumes that even the nay-sayers on that blog you cited are disputing the utility of Loess lines. That analysis is used primarily for short-term trends, and even the people on your cited blog (great source) seem to agree that it probably only has utility in predicting short-term trends.I refer you to your own link.In addition, when challenged about his cherry-picked timescale on the blog, the guy whose graph you posted said a mea-culpa and produced this:Interestingly, note how the Loess line is actually warmer than the linear regression at the right end of the graph. This doesn't mean much, i will grant- beyond that choosing your endpoints has drastic effects on what is meant to be a short-term statistical analysis.At any rate, the poster then backpedaled vigorously and claimed that he only meant a short-term trend.Huh.Well, I give him points for intellectual honesty, in producing the second graph. But, I also suspect that such a line drawn for 1900 to 2008 would look even sillier, actually. It's just not a good technique for this data.I am fascinated by your attacks regarding what are utter non-issues. I gave all appropriate disclaimers about my amateurish graph, did I not? (A graph, mind you, which was only meant to clarify my explaination of how the graph might be addjusted.) Or do you just feel that you must attack me personally? And, not that I'm defending Al Gore, but when you call people "organ grinders" and "monkeys" you really come across as a zealot, Rog. You also love to bring him up when he is not relevent to the discussion, and I still can't figure out why.I will repeat myself: I NEVER SAID THAT SOLAR FORCING IS TRIVIAL. A reduction in insolation right now may, in fact, flatten the temperature curve for a brief period. But- and here's MY prediction, Rog- there will still be a net increase on a longer scale. For argument's sake, I'll say by the end of the next 11-year cycle. Let's comapare notes in 2020.Are we done yet?
Edited by acrosome on 07/03/2008 06:09:55 MDT.
I might be gently taking the mick out of your colouring crayons approach to climate data Dean, but this hardly constitutes a personal attack along the lines of implying that someone is a "conspiracy theorist" or a "zealot". This last term is actually an indicator that proponents of anthropogenic global warming theory have actually elevated their belief to the status of a religion.Loess lines are marginally better than straight trend lines in that they do at least give some clue to the acceleration AND DECELERATION of trends, but at the end of the day, there's no better data than the data itself, which in the case of global temperature data as secretly manipulated and presented by Jim Hansen and to a lesser extent Phil Jones, is supect anyway. However, the satellite measurements and HADcrut agree that this year is colder than 1980 so far. Going back to what you said about the bouys giving colder than expected readings. Has it occured to you that this might be because the oceans are getting cooler, rather than "the bouys must be faulty because our preferred computer model says the oceans should be getting warmer"? Are you aware that global sea level average has fallen for the last two years? Simple thermodynamics indicates this must mean cooler oceans, but as with all things related to climate, it's never simple.Anyway, thanks for agreeing that solar forcing/internal variation is stronger than co2 forcing. I guess that this means we are indeed done with our debate for now. I'll continue to post what I see as informative, interesting, and illuminating snippets though, and of course, you should do the same. I suggest we do so without wasting space criticising each others contributions. Let those who read decide for themselves.CheersRog
Edited by tallbloke on 07/03/2008 09:22:48 MDT.
"Zealot." "Religion."Rog, you used the religion analogy long before I did in this debate- we can all go look back through the posts. I maintain that the deniers' position more closely resembles an article of faith than that of the GHG camp. Also I have stated that I am 80% sure of GHG forcing as a significant effect, but you certainly seem 100% certain of your position, which smells more of faith as well. If I had called you a "heretic" you would have more of a case... :-)And if you had really meant the whole MS Paint commentary to be friendly, well, then I'm a jackass. My bad. I didn't get that impression, especially after I gave my voluminous disclaimer in an attempt to fend off all of the petty objections that I could see coming. And I'm going to be the last guy to cry about calling politicians names, but in my defense I did merely say that you were "coming across" as a zealot. I was trying to hint that your arguments will be taken more seriously by everyone (including me) if you cease the puerile name-calling. Actually, it sounds more like the old communist propaganda, doesn't it? "Capitalist running-dogs!" etc. This is why you have never heard me engaging in snippy name-calling against the folks who run junkscience.org and other denier blogs. It makes one look like a child and, except for the other True Believers who are behaving equally childishly, everyone ignores what one is saying. The other True Believers already agree with you, Rog."Anyway, thanks for agreeing that solar forcing/internal variation is stronger than co2 forcing."I never disagreed with this, Rog. Once again you are trying to claim that I said something ridiculous, so that you can "seem" to disprove me. Actually, you keep claiming this over and over about the same subject, i.e. solar forcing, the existance of which i have never disputed. The Earth gets it's heat from the sun. Duh. HOWEVER, the direct solar component has not been changing in a way that adequately explains the temperature rise in the last century. On the other hand, GHGs have been, thus indirectly leading to better retention of that solar heating. Also duh."Are you aware that global sea level average has fallen for the last two years?"Are YOU aware that the Antarctic is having such a heat wave that crews are shedding their clothes to keep cool?? www.stuff.co.nz/4326380a11.html See, I can make random claims with little scientific meaning, too. So that's my "informative, interesting, and illuminating snippet", of the same quality as those that you keep posting. But, egad, I can't believe that you finally got me to stoop to that level.Remember how I learned to spell "egad" a few pages ago? :-)"Going back to what you said about the bouys giving colder than expected readings. Has it occured to you that this might be because the oceans are getting cooler"Has it occured to you that changing instumentation is bad science precisely because it leads to systematic errors? Actually, you cited the systematic error issue with some of the air temperature data. I can only assume that your objection to the bouy correction is rooted in some other cause. Who is dismissing data that doesn't fit their model, now, Rog? So, when you compare the ship readings and the buoy readings in the same place and time and discover that the buoy readings are always a little colder then, no, I would not say that this was because the oceans are miraculously cooler in the 6 feet of water surrounding the buoy. Actually. No kidding. Some systemic error is going on with one of the two readings. And either way that you correct for it you get more net warming in the data. And even with the error in place the oceans are not getting cooler- they are merely warming at a tiny fraction less precipitous of a rate."the bouys must be faulty because our preferred computer model says the oceans should be getting warmer"&"in the case of global temperature data as secretly manipulated and presented by Jim Hansen" You're sounding quite zealous, again, Rog. This response of yours is truly getting old. It is one of your stock answers to findings that you don't like- 'The Vast Environmental Conspiracy is at it again!' And even if we ignore the buoy error the data STILL says warming- a very small fraction less of it, but still warming. And, I refer you to my previous paragraph viz dismissing data that doesn't fit your worldview.And as matter of fact, yes, testing models is a part of "science". If data and model predictions don't fit, you investigate. Usually, you find an error or a bad assumption in your model that you can correct. (This is how our climate models keep getting better, Rog, rather than just tossed out because you don't like them.) But occasionally you find a data collection error, such as switching instrumentation.And what are you doing denying warming, anyway ??? You have agreed that there is warming !!! Arrgh!!! I'm pulling my hair out trying to understand you, Rog! Maybe I should just accept that your irrationality is inherently different than my irrationality, and go have a beer..."Loess lines are marginally better than straight trend lines in that they do at least give some clue to the acceleration AND DECELERATION of trends"Well, I'm glad that you agree that Loess lines are only good for analyzing the change in slope over short trends. Whew! (Sorry, I had to throw that solar forcing jibe back at you... :-)"the satellite measurements and HADcrut agree that this year is colder than 1980"I don't care if this year is colder than 1980. Or 1862, 1492, or 1066. That's my point. You can't pick any two years you like, compare them, and make bold assertions about long-term trends as you are. (Or choose an arbitrarily short period.) Unless you are willing to let me play, too. For example: Gee, last year was warmer than 1900. What does that mean? Answer: Alone, it means nothing! I'm trying to look at ALL relevent data. You will reply that the paleoclimate data is relevent, too. I will then AGREE, that it deserves rational consideration. But we have been over this ad nauseum, and we disagree on conclusions about it. I am willing to let it go at that."I suggest we do so without wasting space criticising each others contributions"Of course, Rog. But by proposing that we stop sniping at one another you have claimed the right of last snipe. How gracious of you. :-) Also of course, I'm not sure how to resolve this, as leaving me with the last snipe is probably just as annoying to you. Perhaps we could both try to post a truly saccharine-sweet post for the next round and end on a good note? Actually, we tried to do that a while ago, didn't we, and it didn't work...To get back to something I started to say a couple of paragraphs ago: I have said on many occasions that you have many points that are worth considering, and that I may be able to weaken but cannot yet dismiss. (Actually, after your challange on page 1 I read more about the Azolla event and ancient glaciations and I now know much more on the subject- including that the Earth *probably* had at least two snowball phases before Azolla.) I am willing to disagree with you about the strength or meaning of your points, and the conclusions that we reach. I'm willing to stop! Really! But if you keep popping up and posting stuff that I think is bollox, I'm going to call you on it, ESPECIALLY if you call me out by name. What do you expect?!? I admit that the last time it was you trying to stop instead of me (unlike the prior times) and I got prissy about it. I still don't think that I was totally unjustified, but I did get prissy.I apologize. I should have been a better man and let things end then. Because we can certainly go back and forth about this until the (very warm :-) end of time.
Edited by acrosome on 07/04/2008 02:35:28 MDT.
Hi Dean,OK, I'll leave it to others to decide who has been doing most of the name calling and personal attack stuff and stick to the science."the direct solar component has not been changing in a way that adequately explains the temperature rise in the last century"The jury is still out on this. The effects of increased solar wind velocity and solar erruptions on climate via the interplanetary magnetic flux are not yet sufficiently well understood to judge this issue. I agree that insolation alone will not account for the change in Temp." If data and model predictions don't fit, you investigate. Usually, you find an error or a bad assumption in your model that you can correct"Lets take a case in point which covers this, and the sea temps, bouys and buckets, and computer models all in one go.Here's an exchange which took place on the sci.geo.oceanography newsgroup in 2002:1] Warming of the World Ocean. Levitus et al, Science vol 287 20002] Anthropogenic warming of Earth's Climate System. Levitus et al,Science v 292 2001 Has anyone else here used the data presented in these papers? Acolleague and I have, but we cannot reproduce the net heat gain of18.2 x 10^22 J in the worlds' oceans for the period 1955-1996 whichwas mentioned in [2]. According to [2], this number comes from a straight line fit to the5-year averaged ocean data from 1957.5 to 1994.5 (the year indexrefers to the mid-point of the 5 year averages), extrapolated out tocover the original 41 years 1955-1996. Ie a trend of 0.44 x 10^22 Jper year. The data are presented in Fig 4 of [1], and available fromthe authors. We get a much lower answer of 13.5 x 10^22 J, ie 0.33 x 10^22 J peryear. It's only a least squares fit, so I don't see what we could havedone wrong. But our number is a long way off the published value, andalso a long way short of the model result (which was 19.7 x 10^22 J). James > Have you contacted the authors? Yes, I got the data from one of them in the first place, and heexplained how they had calculated the figure (the description in thepaper isn't brilliant). But as soon as I pointed out the error, hestopped replying. You can see the exchange here:http://groups.google.com/group/sci.geo.oceanography/browse_thread/thread/a59a3509ecef9344/34d38d81f1734eaf?hl=en&lnk=st&q=#34d38d81f1734eafThis wouldn't have been too important if the author concerned, Syd Levitus was not a lead author with the IPCC and if the climate models did not use the 25% overegged warming figure in their predictions. As it is, The journal never corrected the error, and it stands to this day. This is part of the reason the models consistently overestimate the greenhouse effect.So you see Dean, errors in maths like this one are allowed to remain in the literature because they fit the world view of the publication and the IPCC, and now the policy direction of the major powers which will lead us up this expensive blind alley while we could have been getting on with more important stuff.Example:"Physics names winners and losers The Integral mission will lose operational support UK scientists studying high-energy light from space and the connection between the Sun and Earth are to lose funding on a number of their projects. The body overseeing UK astronomy and physics says some of its programmes will be cut back to save £81m by 2011. Areas that will lose money are those deemed to be a low priority in a recent programmatic review. They include support for the Integral space telescope and the Veritas observatory, both of which are concerned with the investigation of gamma-ray light; and Bison, an observatory network pursuing solar-terrestrial physics. Jodrell's eMerlin project still needs additional funds Astrogrid, which ties together astronomy datasets for research, will also lose its financial support."http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7487861.stmThere's a good discussion of different statistical methods on Anthony Watts blog today:http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2008/07/03/all-the-curves-that-are-fit-to-print/
Edited by tallbloke on 07/04/2008 03:45:17 MDT.
"The effects of increased solar wind velocity and solar erruptions [sic] on climate via the interplanetary magnetic flux are not yet sufficiently well understood to judge this issue. I agree that insolation alone will not account for the change in Temp."I am honestly surprised, Rog- no sarcasm intended. Ok, I can leave it at that if you can. Obviously we disagree, as I believe that the GHG component is more than nontrivial, but I can leave it at that.On to other matters...James Annan, the guy who wrote the sci.geo.oceanography post you quoted, is actually a global warming proponent. He has a standing bet regarding temperature predictions as a challenge to any skeptic, but notes that when he confronts any of them they all back down. There are two exceptions- two Russian solar physicists who have bet $10,000. On a blog that Annan runs he mentions that he did in fact write a short letter to the journal in question, which was not published- not because of some cover-up but because the editor simply didn't think it was worth publishing. Annan admits that the data in question have since been superseded by better data, thus rendering the whole issue moot. (Levitus's papers are still listed in IPCC's comprehensive bibliography because they were first, and because of their conclusions, but other data are there, too.) Annan still sounds a little bitter about the whole issue, because he is evidently a statistics purist, but still doesn't contest the CONCLUSIONS. In fact, his entire blog is a rant against sloppiness in science on ALL sides in many different disciplines. He didn't think that Levitus was WRONG per se, he just raised hackles at the (evidently minimally significant) mathematical error.I propose, Rog, that you give Annan a call and put up your ten grand. (Tongue in cheek, there...)I'm not going to expend much time to research the Levitus paper, because frankly this issue bores me and, as mentioned above, it is now dated by better data. An EXTREMELY brief google search didn't find any published criticisms, though. (There may be one- I wasn't trying very hard- so if you wish to produce one, please do so.) And papers do get published with mathematic errors in them, obviously. For that matter, there are dishonest scientists out there- look at Hwang Woo-Suk. But shooting holes in one oceanography paper does not discredit similar papers, just as the Korean scandal didn't mean that we would never induce pluripotent human stem cells. (As in fact we have. Probably.) Scientists argue and infight all the time. This is neither unusual nor sinister. I am CERTAIN that I can produce sloppy papers supportive of the deniers, but I'm not going to claim conspiracy.So needless to say I don't find the blog to be a very convincing deal-breaker. :-)I haven't time to follow your UK astronomy link and dig a little into it at the moment, but superficially it just looks like another budget-cut victim. Unfortunately, astronomy is an easy target for the policy-makers at budget time, since the argument is often (erroneously) made that the discipline produces nothing concretely useful here on Earth. I don't think that one can assume a hatchet-job from what you posted. Perhaps there is more on your link. I'll be back later after I've read it, but it may be next week.Tchuss,Dean
Interesting and important reading:http://tinyurl.com/6rls2mDr Roy Spencer explains before congress why he had to keep quiet during the 20 years he was employed by NASA, and how the latest research shows that the climate has low sensitivity to greenhouse gases through negative feedback systems.
Edited by tallbloke on 07/23/2008 17:46:43 MDT.
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hi, Does anyone know a solution for this problem; I crocheted necklaces using blue/green colored yarn. I have tried to take pictures with two cameras but I still don't get the right color and it bothers me because then the beautiful color wont show as the right one in the picture! One of the cameras show the right color but when I put the picture on my laptop the color changes totally! https://www.etsy.com/listing/121643806/crocheted-owl-necklace
What to do?
On my screen it shows up as a beautiful bright turquoise. Remember that your computer screen may show colors differently. You can try calibrating your computer screen or looking on a friend's computer. Using a neutral gray as a background was a good idea.
Best wishes,
Thank you, I'm glad you say that because it bothers me that my screen shows a different color. I hope others see the right color :)
That is a cute necklace!
Do you have to ability to adjust/edit photos on your computer? Mine (windows 7) has a right-click "format" for photo images.
Kodak Easyshare Software is free and has nice editing abilities.
A white background often seems too bright, your grey is a good choice.
If you could photograph with white, your description could state that background is true white, which might for color clarification.
Also, use words to describe your colors in addition to the photo.
The following link gives some ideas:
I wish you all the best making and selling your projects.
ps your Etsy listing says "witch color" should be"which"
If you are going to be taking a lot of photos, the investment in an ott light is well worth the price. Watch JoAnns for coupons and specials. Artists, quilters, and other crafters enjoy the full spectrum light for best color discernment.
Hi and thank you for your help!!
I have photo shop on my computer, it can sometimes be a good help with changing the colors but not always!
Thank you for the link! Now i'm a bit smarter :)
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subset: commoncrawl


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Posted: Feb 8, 2013 9:18 PM by KOMU 8 Sports
HERMOSILLO, Mexico -- Kansas City Royals pitcher Luis Mendoza has been named MVP of the Caribbean Series.
The 29-year-old right hander-posted impressive numbers in two starts for Mexico's Yaquis de Obregon, pitching 13 1/3 scoreless innings. On Wednesday he gave up just two hits in 7 1/3 and carried a no-hitter into the seventh frame.
Mendoza appeared in 30 games for the Royals last season, starting 25. He finished the year with an 8-10 record and a 4.23 ERA.
There is speculation Mendoza may be in contention for the fifth starting spot in the Royals rotation.


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Celebrity chef Anthony Worrall Thompson escaped with a caution after being arrested for theft at a Tesco Supermarket in Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire. The 60-year-old was arrested in the store, after conducting five separate shoplifting episodes in 16 days over the Christmas period.
The I'm-a-Celebrity-Get-Me-Out-of-Here star was stopped by security guards in the store last Friday after being filmed smuggling cheese and wine into his shopping bags whilst at the self-service check out.
Shoplifting is a criminal offence, punishable under the Theft Act 1968, and carries a penalty of up to seven years in prison.
Due to the relatively low value of the goods, and the nature of the offences, Mr Worrall Thompson escaped a court appearance, and instead was issued with a caution by police which covered all five incidences. A caution is only available in circumstances in which the accused admits the crime. A caution does not lead to a criminal record in and of itself but it does remain on police files.
The chef is thought to have fallen on hard times in recent years as the recession has hit his restaurant businesses particularly hard.
Shoplifting is often driven by hunger or poverty but in some cases shoplifters feel a compulsion to steal, driven by the thrill of the act and the risk of getting caught. This psychological condition is known as kleptomania, and the frequency of thefts in this instance might perhaps point to this kind of diagnosis in the case of Mr Worrall Thompson, although it could also be argued that it was Christmas and the time of year when lots of money can be spent on expensive luxury items such as cheese and wine.
According to one recent report, cheese is in fact the most shoplifted item, with some 4% of all cheese stocked on UK shelves ending up leaving the store without being paid for. Britain is Europe's shoplifting capital, with losses for major retailers topping £5bn last year.
"Shoplifting hurts businesses and creates a climate of fear," said former Tesco Chief Executive Sir Terry Leahy when asked about the matter in 2006.
Related links:
Read more on the story (The Sun)
Find local criminal solicitors throughout the UK (FindLaw)
You may also like:
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- Consumer law: Consumer Rights Act provides 30-day refund guarantee


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|Historic veterans home languishes
|Written by By Becky Vevea - JS Online
|Sunday, 13 June 2010 09:06
In the Civil War-era village nestled behind Miller Park are three of Milwaukee's oldest and most architecturally significant buildings. Today, nailed across their entrances are signs that read, "Building Closed - Do Not Enter," in bold red letters.
The Soldiers Home Historic District is already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, but that designation does not come with funding, said Larry Berkeley, associate director of Zablocki VA Center.


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Category "Spiritual"
Samsara is a Sanskrit word that means "the ever turning wheel of life" and is the point of departure for the filmmakers as they search for the elusive current of interconnection that runs through our lives. Filmed over a period of almost five years and in twenty-five countries, Samsara transports us to sacred grounds, disaster zones, industrial sites, and natural wonders. By dispensing with dialogue and descriptive text, the documentary subverts our expectations of a traditional documentary, instead encouraging our own inner interpretations inspired by images and music that...Watch Documentary
Wheel of Time is a 2003 documentary film by German director Werner Herzog about Tibetan Buddhism. The title refers to the Kalachakra sand mandala that provides a recurring image for the film. The film documents the two Kalachakra initiations of 2002, presided over by the fourteenth Dalai Lama. The first, in Bodhgaya India, was disrupted by the Dalai Lama's illness. Later that same year, the event was held again, this time without disruption, in Graz, Austria. The film's first location is the Bodhgaya, the site of the Mahabodhi Temple and the Bodhi tree. Herzog then turns to the pilgrimage...Watch Documentary
Barbara Brodsky is a channel: the passage through which Aaron, a spiritual being of light and pure energy, enters our world. Into the Mystic is their story: a journey to the very core of their beings, a place where all distinctions between the two disappear and only love remains. Into the Mystic is our story, too: an examination of the divine spark that resides in each of us. The film combines first hand accounts of mystical experience with academic interviews and ultimately brings us face-to-face with Aaron himself as he reveals the incredible truth about the nature of our...Watch Documentary
Beyond is a beautiful documentary by Cale Glendening featuring the photographer Joey L. and is set in Varanasi, India. They travel here with the purpose of completing Joey's photo series "Holy Men". This trip is carried out alongside a very important hindu festival where many Sadhu's will be gathered in one place. A Sadhu is a type of Hindu wondering monk, who has renounced all possessions and dedicated their life to spiritual liberation. Death is only considered to be a passing from this world of illusion and is not feared by these monk, they live a life that is dictated only by the mind...Watch Documentary
This BBC documentary is about the scientific studies of after death experiences. What happens after the body has stopped living? What experiences does the dying go through? Can the brain live on after clinical death or is it something else? What do we know about Consciousness? New science research reveals some startling...Watch Documentary
2008 Emmy Award-winning Dispatches story of an estimated 15,000 children in Africa's Niger Delta being denounced by Christian pastors as witches and wizards and then killed, tortured or abandoned by their own families. Two-and-a-half-year-old Ellin is one such child. Found at the side of the road, her body having been severely burnt with boiling water. Nwanakwo, eight years old, had acid poured over him after being labeled a wizard, and later died. Return to Africa's Witch Children is a documentary that follows the work of Gary Foxcroft, an Englishman whose charity, Stepping Stones, raises...Watch Documentary
In Life After Life Raymond Moody investigates case studies of people who experienced "clinical death" and were subsequently revived. This classic exploration of life after death started a revolution in popular attitudes about the afterlife and established Dr. Moody as the world's leading authority in the field of near-death experiences. The extraordinary stories presented here provide evidence that there is life after physical death, as Moody recounts the testimonies of those who have been to the "other side" and back — all bearing striking similarities of an overwelming...Watch Documentary
ONE: The Movie is an independent documentary about the meaning of life, created and directed by Michigan filmmakers Scott Carter, Ward M. Powers and Diane Powers, starring Deepak Chopra, Robert Thurman, Thich Nhat Hahn, Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev, et al. It was originally released in movie theaters and throughout North America via hundreds of community events in late 2005 through 2007. An (English version in US) was released on DVD in...Watch Documentary
This documentary focuses on experiments exploring what is known by researchers as psi phenomena. These are anomalous extended properties of consciousness that have been measured under experimental conditions by highly qualified scientists. Their existence signal far-reaching implications to our understanding of both consciousness and reality itself. A film by Adrian D. Nelson for...Watch Documentary
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2014 SEASONFinished freshman season with a 1-3 record and a 3.38 ERA while making 21 appearances (three starts) ... Allowed 44 hits in 50.2 innings while striking out 41 and walking just 11 ... Picked up first career win against Washington State allowing just one run on five hits in six innings with a season-high six strikeouts ... Got a no-decision in first career start against UC Riverside allowing three runs on six hits in four innings ... Took the loss after allowing four runs on two hits with four walks and two hit batters in 1.2 innnigs at No. 5 Oregon State ... First 11 appearances came in relief ... Made first career collegiate appearance in season opener at Hawaii allowing one hit and fanning one in 0.2 innings pitched ... Struck out two while allowing one hit in 2.2 innings in win at Loyola Marymount ... Allowed first run of career and charged with the loss against Cal State Fullerton while striking out one and allowing two hits in 2.1 innings ... Fanned two in two innings in first game of a doubleheader against Seattle while allowing a run on two hits ... Threw 0.2 innings against Ohio State allowing no runs and a hit ... Struck out two in 1.2 innings against USC ... Set a single-season hit with three Ks in two innings against USC ... Matched the three strikouts at San Francisco while allowing three runs on two hits and a walk in 2.0 innings ... Gave up one run on three this in 2.2 innings in the first game of a doubleheader at Stanford ... Threw two hitless innings in game one of the Gonzaga series ... Took the loss in a 1-0 game at Washington despite allowing just one run on one hit in four innings with a two walks and three strikeouts ... Allowed three runs on six hits in four innings with three strikeouts in four-plus innings ... Returned to bullpen after Oregon State loss ... Has appeared in six games since throwing as many as four innings twice (at Arizona State: 6 H, 1 R, 6 K; vs. California: 3 H, 1 R, 2 K) ... Picked up first career save allowing no runs in three innings with three strikeouts at Portland ... Threw a combined 3.1 innings in two appearances in UCLA series allowing no runs on two hits with 2 Ks ... Allowed one run in one inning against Arizona ... Gave up a run on four hits in an inning against Vanderbilt in the Nashville Regional. HIGH SCHOOLA 2013 graduate of Yorba Linda High School in Yorba Linda, Calif. … A three-year letterman … Earned second-team All-Empire League honors as a senior, while also being named first-team all-region by Perfect Game … As a junior, claimed first-team all-conference honors after finishing with a 3-4 record and a 1.43 ERA with 74 strikeouts (and just 15 walks) in 63.2 innings pitched … Struck out a season-high 13 hitters in eight innings pitched while picking up the win in a 3-1 victory over Western …Threw seven innings of shutout ball in a 1-0 win over Kennedy … As a sophomore finished 2-6 with a 4.70 ERA with 43 strikeouts in 50.2 innings pitched … Also lettered three times in basketball … High school baseball coach was Matt Stine.
SUMMER BALLPlayed for the Cowlitz Black Bears in the West Coast Collegiate League in 2013.
Wins: 1Innings (Starter): 6.0, vs. Washington State (4/19/14)Strikeouts: 6, 2x, last at Arizona State (5/10/14)


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West Lafayette, Ind. — With one out in the bottom of the sixth, rain and lightning pulled players off the field for the second time, and heavy rain ended Tuesday afternoon's baseball game between Western Kentucky University and Purdue at Lambert Field.
The rain-shortened win improved WKU to 23-27 on the year, while Purdue fell to 21-28.
Purdue was able to get a run on the board in the first off Hilltopper starter Colby Beach as Spencer Ingaldson led off with a triple and scored on an Eric Osborn sacrifice fly before rain caused the game to be delayed for over an hour in the top of second inning.
Follwoing the first delay, Beach was able to work around a leadoff double by Carlos Pupo to keep it a 1-0 game going to the third. Tyler Bumgarner was able to lead off the third inning with a single, and Casey Hamilton hit a two-run home run to right — his team-leading eighth homer of the year — to put WKU in front 2-1.
Troy Frazier accounted for the third Hilltopper run of the game in the fourth inning as he led off with a single, and moved to second on a passed ball. After a groundout by Adam Duvall put Frazier a third, a wild pitch from Purdue starter Allan Donato allowed him to come home to stretch the Topper lead to 3-1. WKU was able to stretch the lead to 4-1 in the top of the fifth as a Frazier drove home Scotty Colt with a two-out single to left.
The Boilermakers were able to get back within a run thanks to a two-out, two-run homer by Jeff Mojzik off reliever Chad Adcock in the bottom of the fifth.
Frazier led the Topper offense with a pair of hits and an RBI. Adcock (1-1) got the win in relief for WKU.
The Hilltoppers will close out the regular season with a three-game set at Middle Tennessee beginning on Thursday in Murfreesboro.


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Back to Classics
A culture area is a region of the world in which people share similar cultural traits. Researchers may define a culture area by plotting the distribution of a single cultural trait, such as maize agriculture, and uniting all the communities that share this trait into a single cultural area. Alternatively, researchers sometimes choose to group communities into a culture area because the communities share several distinctive cultural traits, known as having a common cultural complex. Culture area analysis has been used widely in both anthropology and cultural geography because it facilitates comparisons between regions, assists in the historical reconstruction of cultural development, and lends itself to questions about the impact of the natural environment on the form of human cultures.
Although distinctions between regions based on culture are as old as mankind, the roots of the culture area concept can be traced to Europe, where the work of the German geographer Friedrich Ratzel (1844â1904) inspired the development of the Kulturkreise (cultural circles) school. Kulturkreise, which attempted to reconstruct the diffusion, or spread, of cultural traits from a few dominant cultural clusters, was associated with the German anthropologists Leo Frobenius (1873â1938) and Fritz Graebner (1877â1934). In the early 19th century, French geographer Paul Vidal de la Blache (1845â1918) developed a related concept, genre de vie (way of life), which he defined as the pattern of living characteristic of certain cultures or livelihoods.
It was not in Europe, however, but in the United States that the concept of culture area gained real social scientific cohesion. One impetus for this development was the need to make sense of the growing body of ethnographic data produced by early anthropological expeditions in the American West. In 1917 Clark Wissler (1870â1947), an anthropologist with the American Museum of Natural History, used the culture area concept to integrate what was known about Native American communities. Wissler gathered together ethnographic data from a variety of sources and used these data to group Native American tribes based on similarities and differences in their subsistence systems, modes of transport, textiles, artwork and religious practice. As a result of this effort, he discerned a distinct geographic pattern, with groups living in proximity, or in similar natural environments, sharing many cultural traits. Wissler eventually defined nine distinct Native American culture areas, grouping tribes that shared significant traits. He authored several maps [see illustration] showing the geographic dispersal of particular Native American cultural traits. His work laid the foundation for subsequent research on Native American cultural ecology.
In the mid-20th century, geographer Carl Sauer (1889â1975) reinvigorated the culture area concept within the field of geography by synthesizing the ideas of the European Kulturkreise school with the anthropological approaches to culture area introduced to him by his colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley, anthropologists Alfred Kroeber and Robert Lowie. Sauer argued that the diffusion of ideas from a few "cultural hearths," or cultural centers, had been the driving force in human history (Sauer 1952). His work inspired further research on the origin and spread of cultures within human geography (Meinig 1965).
The classification of human groups into culture areas has been critiqued on the grounds that the basis for these classifications, such as similar farming systems or pottery styles, are always arbitrary. Despite this limitation, the organization of human communities into cultural areas remains a common practice throughout the social sciences. Today, the definition of culture areas is enjoying a resurgence of practical and theoretical interest as social scientists conduct research on processes of cultural globalization (Gupta and Ferguson 1997).
Image: Tlingit House with Painting and Totem Pole, Deserted Cape Fox Village, Alaska, (1899) by Curtis S. Edwards. Courtesy of the University of Washington Libraries.
A portion of Clark Wissler's map of the culture areas of the Native American United States.
map, which is designed to highlight similarities in food gathering
techniques, lists seven culture areas: the woodsmen of the eastern
forests, the hunters of the plains, the Navaho shepherds, the Pueblo
farmers, the desert dwellers, the seed gatherers and the northern
fishermen. A detail from the map is shown at right.
Gupta, Akhil and James Ferguson. Culture, Power, Place: Explorations in Critical Anthropology. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997.
Kroeber, Alfred L. The Cultural Area and Age Area Concepts of Clark Wissler. In Methods in Social Science, pp. 248â265. Stuart A. Rice, ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931.
Meinig, D.W. The Mormon Cultural Region: Strategies and Patterns in the Geography of the American West, 1847â1964. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 55 (2): 191â221, 1965.
Sauer, Carl O. Agricultural Origins and Dispersals. New York: American Geographical Society, 1952.
Carl Sauer Biographical Sketchhttp://geography.miningco.com/cs/carlosauer/http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/Faculty/murphy/diffusion.htmhttp://www.indiana.edu/~intell/wissler.html


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A total of 80 different species of bacteria were collected from the various sites and the tongue harbored most of the bacteria, the researchers reported in the Jan. 18 online edition of the Journal of Adolescent Health.
Eighteen bacterial species were more abundant in the piercing site than on the tongue and six species were more prevalent on studs than the tongue. Eight other species were more plentiful on studs than in piercing sites.
Stainless steel studs were the biggest culprit, accounting for the highest bacteria counts, followed, to a much lesser degree, by titanium studs, the researchers reported. Bacteria found on these metals included those known to cause body-wide infections, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenza. Both metals had significantly greater bacteria counts than did plastic studs.
Yet, this accumulation of bacteria may not be the biggest worry, said Dr. Valerie Murrah, of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. "As an oral pathologist, I'm concerned with infections of the tongue," she said, noting the importance of sterile piercing techniques.
Among the 80 study participants, who ranged in age from 16 to 36 years, 23 (29 percent) also reported receding gums and four (5 percent) had at least one chipped tooth. On average, most had had their tongue piercing for five years.
"No matter what material [the stud] is made of, it's going to hit the back of the front teeth," said Dr. Ruchi Nijjar Sahota, a dentist in Fremont, Calif. "Most of the patients I've seen have developed either a gum infection or had some sort of trauma to their teeth because of the tongue ring," said Sahota, who is also a consumer advisor for the American Dental Association.
The American Dental Association currently opposes tongue piercing due to such potential complications, according to their online statement.
Sahota stopped sh
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The Hydrogeology Field Course offered by the Department of Geosciences at Western Michigan University is one of the very few hydro-technical programs in the United States. The program, developed in 1988, is directed by Tom Howe.
This applied course has trained hundreds of students from around the nation and abroad. The majority of the geophysical tests, field works and trainings for this course are conducted at the Asylum Lake research and training site, which was developed to provide advanced field work and hands-on experience.
The Hydrogeology Field Course teaches the following skills:
- Aquifer testing
- Environmental surface geophysics
- Groundwater sampling and monitoring
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response training (40 hours)
- Remediation
- Well drilling and installation
Course dates
July 7 through Aug. 17
Tuition and fee details are included in the registration page information.
Application for enrollment in 2015 will begin February 1
Follow us
Follow the course on Facebook.


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Fate Bell Shelter Pictograph Guided Tour
The Park offers guided tours-only on Wednesday through Sunday throughout the month: no reservations needed. June 1st to August 31, this tour is only offered at 10 am/morning. September 1st to May 31st, this tour is offered at 10 am/morning and at 3 pm/afternnoon.


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Publisher's Description+
Copy2Contact (formerly called Anagram) reduces keystrokes and eliminates tedious re-typing and cutting/pasting, saving you precious time and frustration with everyday tasks. With Copy2Contact you can instantly capture new leads, contacts, and appointments into your CRM, contact list, or calendar.
What's new in this version:
Version 2.11.3 is a bug fixing release.


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Brandon Weeden considers himself somewhat of an analyst when it comes to other quarterbacks, breaking down their games and gifts and flaws whenever he has a chance.
OSU football: Fiesta Bowl will match up premier quarterbacks
And Weeden agrees with all the fuss over Stanford's Andrew Luck.
"I can see why teams have him going with the first pick (in the NFL Draft)," Weeden said. "All the talk about, 'Suck for Luck,' I don't blame them. He's going to be a difference maker for a long time."
And yet, the Weeden everyone knows doesn't lack for competition, either. With his Cowboys now paired opposite Luck and Stanford in the Jan. 2 Fiesta Bowl, Weeden understands he'll be sized up side-by-side with what many consider to be the clear No. 1 pick in next April's NFL Draft.
And he welcomes it.
"It'll be fun," said Weeden, whose gotten to know Luck at the Manning Passing Academy the past two summers. "You want to see where you stack up a little bit. It'll be nice to be on the same field and see where I stack up and where we stack up as a team."
Sunday night, just minutes after the Cowboys-Cardinal clash was made public, the quarterback faceoff became an obvious focus. And it will only continue that way throughout the month and throughout the game, as the two one-time Heisman Trophy favorites share the same field in what has to be the premier quarterback showdown of the bowl season.
"They're both great quarterbacks," said OSU receiver Josh Cooper. "They're both on the Heisman list. It's going to be fun to watch. There's going to be a lot of talk about it."
And Cooper grinned when asked how his favorite quarterback might compare.
"I know Weeden is going to go out there and perform," Cooper said. "He loves that kind of stuff. I look forward to seeing that and playing with him in that game."
Oklahoma State's dreams weren't fully realized Sunday, even as they carried on the revelry from a first Big 12 championship, delivered in a 44-10 rout of Bedlam rival Oklahoma on Saturday night. The Cowboys made their case for inclusion in the BCS Championship game but needed help to climb over Alabama to No. 2 behind LSU in the BCS Standings.
The Cowboys came close, falling just .009 behind the Crimson Tide and finishing No. 3 in the standings. The letdown was obvious, but not unexpected, as sourced leaks of an Alabama-LSU rematch popped up on Twitter and other social media sites throughout the day.
Continue reading this story on the...


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Construction of Combinatorial Library to Study Adhesion in a Multilens Measurement Platform
Polymer brushes (end-grafted polymer chains) on a surface are known to be effective in the control and enhancement of adhesion between surfaces. Up to now, it remains unclear how the enhancement of adhesion correlates with the properties of polymer brushes, since it would require fabrication of a large number of polymer brushes with slight variations in properties such as chain length, grafting density, and chemical composition. Combinatorial and high-throughput techniques provide a rapid and efficient approach to study the influence of polymer brush properties on the work of adhesion between surfaces. At the NIST Combinatorial Methods Center, the multilens combinatorial adhesion test (MCAT), based on the Johnson, Kendall, and Robert (JKR) contact mechanics, has been developed to quantify the work of adhesion between an elastomer lens array of numerous probes and a transparent substrate consisting of a property gradient of interest. Contrary to the conventional JKR technique, a single MCAT measurement is capable of generating a large number of adhesion measurements in parallel.
To achieve the best accuracy of the multilens combinatorial adhesion test, a discrete polymer brush library was designed and fabricated on the surface of a glass substrate. The properties of the polymer brushes, such as thickness, grafting density and chain length, were changed stepwise. Polymer brushes were grafted from the surfaces of the glass substrates by means of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The brush gradient was constructed in a controlled manner based on understanding and manipulating the kinetics of ATRP. Several classes of polymer brush libraries were synthesized, including PnBMA, poly(glycidyl methacrylate). The properties of the polymer brushes were determined by means of visible monochromatic ellipsometry, contact angle measurement, and infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry. It is observed that the measured work of adhesion between the PDMS lens and the gradient substrate depends on the chemical composition, grafting density and chain length of polymer brush.


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Midwest Living Review
Michigan's domed capitol is so splendid that it's hard to believe it ever had a precursor. In fact, this is the state's third capitol building. A three-year restoration brought the 1872 building back to its original splendor.
The neoclassical-style capitol's highlights include a glass floor underneath the rotunda dome, which is painted to resemble a starry sky, and glass cases filled with Civil War flags. White pine pillars painted to look like marble line the rotunda, and marble flooring from Vermont quarries spreads throughout the building. More than 100 artists were brought in to re-create the designs adorning walls, iron staircases and doorways. On the second floor is the famous Michigan Gallery of Governors—paintings of each man and woman who has held the office. Governors traditionally pay for their own renderings, so the results are varied in style and content.
Despite the elaborate artisan work, the capitol is first and foremost a place of law. The mandate set forth by the preservation committee established that the capitol would remain, above all, a suitable seat for Michigan's state government. Thusly, all areas are open to the public. Both chambers of the Senate and the House, as well as the Governor's office, offer architecturally splendid views of contemporary politics.


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just sayin'...
wait..no if they "blew" they wouldnt be in that situation.
Nvm. bwahaha.
and as for Clarkie 3.. you say:-"am a virgin, and made a promise as part of my religion to do what these girls couldn't, abstain until marriage or adulthood"
Hmmmmm....... marriage *OR* adulthood?
hey, but hang on.. these girls look like adults to me, so what exactly are you condemming them for again?
But I wouldn't put it on the internet.
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Windows 9, the next full version of Windows, is expected to continue Microsoft's strategy of putting the focus on touch features, so naturally, we expect the Start screen to receive several major improvements.
As you can see in this concept created by DeviantArt user 34moiso, there's plenty of room for improvements, as the Start screen is still in its early stages on the market.
The concept brings a Taskbar on the Start screen that uses elements borrowed from the charms bar, along with the standard clock, battery status, and network connection indicators.
According to people familiar with the matter, Windows 9 is set to make its debut in early 2015, but previous reports also hinted that it could arrive a bit sooner in late 2014.
Of course, Microsoft is yet to comment on this particular OS release, but don't expect the company to borrow any design cues from this concept for the upcoming Windows 9.


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The Adventure Cycling blog covers bicycle-travel news, touring tips and gear, bicycle routes, organizational news, membership highlights, guided tours, and more. Follow us on Facebook or Twitter for daily updates.
Photo by Adam Coppola
Going to the Sun Road and Logan Pass are jewels found on two Adventure Cycling routes — the Northern Tier and Great Parks North. I have long encouraged cyclists to be sure to time their trips on those routes to include this climb. Most years the pass is only fully open from about mid-June until mid-September so the window is pretty wide but does require some planning.


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hello , I am currently a product designer of BSS products in the data telecommunications industry and have offers for presales in the technologies - Managed Hosting , Virtualization and Cloud Computing .
My concerns are over making such a big switch so I need to understand better the future of these technologies .
While I understand it needs to be MY decision at the end , any input on what you think about such a change would be of great help
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Jack PiersonAmerican (Plymouth, Massachusetts, 1960)
Monkeys in Berlin Zoo
1992photograph | chromogenic print
Not on view at this time; find out where you can see works from our collection at locations around the Bay Area while our building is closed for expansion
34 in. x 34 in. (86.36 cm x 86.36 cm)
Acquired 1995
Collection SFMOMA
Gift of Dare and Themistocles Michos
© Jack Pierson


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7 hours
$895 per person
- Flights
- Non-alcoholic Drinks
Heli Pub Tour
Voted as one of the Top 10 Things to do in Darwin, this tour is a must do for visitors and locals alike!
Arrive at iconic outback watering holes with a rock star landing in your very own helicopter. You will be sure to hear your share of tall tales, meet interesting critters, laid back locals and the charismatic publicans that define each of the establishments. Enjoy a 'Buffalo Burger' at Goat island, before jumping back into your chopper on your quest for the Top End's coldest beer!
The Watering Holes...
Humpty Doo Hotel
Goat Island Lodge
Litchfield Pub
Crab Claw Island
The Lodge of Dundee


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People proud of NDA Government's achievements in last three months: Shanawaz Hussain
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader Shahnawaz Hussain on Tuesday claimed that the people of India are proud of the performance of the NDA Government and of what Prime Minister Narendra Modi has achieved in the last three months.
Hussain told ANI, "The government has completed 100 days and the people of India are proud of the government and the Prime Minister for what they have done in these 100 days."
"People of India have given us the mandate to run the government for 60 months. In a mere three months, we have done what the Congress couldn't do in last 30 years, and by the end of 60 months, we will have achieved more than what the Congress could in the last 60 years," he added.
However, Samajwadi Party leader Naresh Agarwal lashed out at the government's performance in the last three months, saying, "The government has been unsuccessful in all spheres whether it is inflation, terrorism, unemployment or foreign policy. The last three months will be considered as black days in Indian history."
Rita Bahuguna Joshi of the Congress Party also voiced a similar opinion, saying that ever since the BJP Government came to power, there has been a rise in inflation, a rise in train fares and a rise in oil prices.
Joshi told ANI, "The government has failed to deliver on promises made by them prior to the elections."
(Posted on 26-08-2014)
Free Yearly Horoscope: Select your zodiac sign
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i want to be told why im banned, and when. on the forums its fine because i get to see the thread that i got banned for, as well as the post (in the email), but i got banned from the game and i wasnt told or warned or anything.
i logged in as gilchrist to play a couple games because i was invited, and that automatically logged me in as this account on the forums. i thought i was on this account when i posted my other thread. thats kind of a bug, since it always logs me out of the forums when i log into QL with a different account, which is kind of exclusive to me but its still pretty annoying.
and dowser, you know me; if something happens to me i get annoyed and do stupid stuff. so im sorry, but whatever. i might cut back
one more thing: we need FT like in q3, with auto-defrost after a certain amount of time, and after each round the winning team's weapons/armor/health reset.
the sig... is changed.


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An Evening with Xavier Dolan
Monday, March 18, 2013, 7:00 p.m.
Theater 2 (The Roy and Niuta Titus Theater 2), T2
Since his 2009 feature debut, J'ai tué ma mere, which he wrote, directed, produced, and starred in, Xavier Dolan (Canadian, b. 1989) has been acclaimed as the wunderkind of Canadian cinema. Dolan's films investigate the grit and passion of contemporary relationships against the backdrop of urban life, often in Dolan's hometown of Montreal. In conjunction with Canadian Front 2013, Dolan joins Rajendra Roy and Indiewire's Peter Knegt to discuss past work and filmic inspirations, and to present an excerpt from his current project, Tom à la ferme.
In the Film exhibitions Modern Mondays and Canadian Front 2013
Ticketing policies for film screenings
Sign up for now to receive MoMA's biweekly Film E-News


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Our firm wants our clients to contact us for anything they need, anytime, anywhere. Just like a great hotel concierge, we hope to be able to steer you toward great professionals who can help you with other needs you may have. Since we are active in networking throughout the community, we often already have relationships formed that you can leverage to meet your needs.
If you are in need of any these individuals' services, please feel free to contact us for a personal introduction or you can contact them directly. Please be sure to tell them where you heard about their services!


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Boutique Diaper Bags and Designer Diaper Bags
Tote your baby gear in style with a boutique diaper bag from Sophia Style. We offer quality, stylish designer diaper bags that are also unique and affordable. Now all moms can celebrate looking good and saving money with our boutique baby diaper bags. Our designer diaper bags make great baby shower presents and can even be personalized to create a truly one-of-a-kind gift!
Spoiled Little Mama Brown Blue Green Floral Rhinestone Diaper Bag Tote
Our Price $166.67
Sale Price: $62.51
Amy Michelle Designer Diaper Bag Poppy Clutch w/ Changing Pad
Our Price: $54.95
Shop our collection of beautiful designer diaper bags and see what all the fuss is about!


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Khan Academy is known for its wide selection of video lessons on topics from algebra to the French Revolution.
Students might not know, however, that its video library also includes over 100 tutorials for SAT Math problems.
Click here to check them out. (Thanks to College Admission Partners for the great find.)


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Bolt and carrier assemblies provide smooth, efficient cycling and improved reliability in any AR-15 application. Precision machined from the highest quality ordnance-grade steels to current military—or higher—tolerances, then hardened and magnetic particle inspected to ensure there are no microscopic cracks or flaws that could lead to premature failure. Carrier of 8620 steel is chrome lined to ensure smooth bolt function and superb wear resistance for years of reliable service. Comes with chrome-lined carrier key installed.
SPECS: Steel, parkerized, dark gray, matte finish.
Mfr Part: 8448505S
Cartridge: 223 Remington
Finish: Gray
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