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- Northern New York Newspapers
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The approach of fall means something special to many people: the beginning of another football season.
Whether its watching youth leagues, high school players, college teams or NFL superstars, Americans love their football. You simply cannot separate the season from the sport.
There has been growing concern, however, about the lasting effects of this admittedly violent activity. Some former NFL players have come forward with heart-wrenching stories of how head injuries have impaired them for life due to early-onset dementia.
In decades past, many football professionals thought little of playing through the pain. As long as they could drag themselves back onto the field and resume the game, this was all that was important.
But advancements in medical research have shown this to be a hazardous mindset. The body is often affected in ways that wont manifest themselves for some time to come.
This is especially true for head trauma. Small injuries to the brain here and there add up over time, and the result can be alarming. And its often the case that by the time the major damage is discovered, there is little that can be done about it.
Some former NFL stars have sued the league for fostering an environment that was indifferent to their vulnerability to injuries. They have provided compelling evidence that the years of hits theyve taken have caused irreparable harm to their brains.
Whats truly disturbing is that very early signs of these types of injuries have been observed among high school football players. Some medical researchers studying the adverse effects of repeated concussions on the brains of young men on football teams revealed signs of problems to come in the near future for these players.
New York State Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman recently issued an alert that no football helmet can prevent concussions, despite the claims made on some products. He urged parents and sports officials to be aware of the warning signs of concussion and to enforce stronger penalties for blows to the head.
Some sports analysts have predicted that the issue of head injuries could alter or even ultimately end football. Lawsuits are growing, and the potential loss of money has a way of bringing certain activities to a close.
Its not so much the legal action against the NFL that would do this. While no one likes losing money, the NFL has deep pockets.
Where some analysts believe litigation could hamper the game is on the high school or elementary school level. If more evidence is uncovered showing that young people are at risk for brain damage by playing football, lawsuits are sure to follow.
And public school districts could not afford to sustain football programs if legal action revealed any negligence in keeping students safe. If enough school districts were forced to suspend their football teams, how long could the NFL survive?
With school budgets already strained, district officials must guard against the temptation to cut corners with football equipment or safety techniques. They must continue to ensure that the well-being of their players is their No. 1 priority. Keeping football around will require a commitment to understanding the newly discovered risks and adhering to the best practices known to prevent head injuries from occurring.
Thousands of readers like you have made Northern New York Newspapers the number one ranked website* for local news and sports coverage in the north country.
You can continue on to this article in a few seconds, or you can visit one of our websites:


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So with less then a week to go to my Christmas show at the Chelsea Town Hall I thought I would share a taster of the things I shall be exhibiting. I shall be showing my ever popular enamel button and round studs, plus my new collection of jewellery rolled with feathers.
Silver studs with red, mauve and blue enamel. I will also be selling the option of black and royal blue.
Silver Cuff with lace detail. These will also be able to be ordered with a feather design.
Button cufflinks with cotton thread – these are very popular at Christmas. I will also have my new feather and lace cufflinks at the show.

subset: commoncrawl


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All employees who are paid from federal funds must document their time and effort.
Time and effort reporting requirements are part of the allowable costs, as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budgets (OMB). OMB Circular A-87 outlines the following requirements regarding time distribution records for employees paid with federal (including Title I) funds:
To review OMB Circular A-87, visit the following link:
Please see attachments for sample Semi-Annual Certifications and Personnel Activity Report.


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Category Archives: Industrial
Iron Lace! Iron Lace!
So when I look at my personal photos it seems I am extremely intrigued by patterns, particularly when they involve iron lace elements… Beautiful gothic style buildings in Paris. I love the layers and variety of … Continue reading
Posted in Architecture, Holes, Industrial, Inspiration, Lace, Patterns 1 Comment
Wire Time!
One of the major themes of my sustainable textiles range is to either put small pieces together like parts of Nespresso pods to make up a … Continue reading
Posted in Architecture, Holes, India, Industrial, Inspiration Leave a comment
out and about…
So I am a little bit obsessed with textures and holes… these snaps were taken when I went to Westfield the other day attempting to recruit used … Continue reading
Posted in Holes, Industrial, Patterns, Textiles Leave a comment
Industrial design…
Camouflage light… This beautiful light has been constructed with aluminium and 3D laser cutting. I would like to explore laser cutting in my work. I really like how layers are created through negative space and the 3-d aspect of this … Continue reading
Posted in Creative Endeavours, Industrial, Lace, Patterns Tagged T 1 Comment
The City Palace, Udaipur
The pictures below were all taken at the City Palace in the magical old part of Udaipur, India. The City Palace and city of Udaipur were established simultaneously by Maharana Udai Singh. It took 300 years to build the palace which … Continue reading
Posted in Architecture, Concept, Holes, India, Industrial, Inspiration, Lace Leave a comment
Mucking around with aluminium
So with sustainability and the manipulation of unconventional materials in mind I decided to experiment with used cake tins, that would have otherwise ended up as rubbish! I really enjoyed mucking around with aluminium as its properties differ greatly from … Continue reading
Posted in Creative Endeavours, Holes, Industrial, Sustainable Resources 2 Comments
Metal Lace
So following on from my previous post I thought it could be fun to look at contemporary lace. The following example of metal lace fence really inspired me! I really like the way something functional can also be creative, innovative … Continue reading
Posted in Government Initiative, Grass Roots, Holes, India, Industrial, Inspiration, Lace, Patterns Leave a comment


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Scouting Report
By Charlie Widdoes (Twitter)
Knicks vs. Bucks | Madison Square Garden
When: Friday | 7:30 PM
Where to Watch: MSG Networks
Where to Listen: ESPN 98.7 FM
Team Reports
New York: The Knicks are 1-for-1 on their current 6-game stretch against "teams they should beat" after disposing of an undermanned Orlando squad on Wednesday. Even without Arron Afflalo and Glen Davis for most of the game, the Magic kept things close for a half by gashing the Knicks from the perimeter -- a disturbing trend that has developed over the past few games. But as the New York D tightened up and Orlando's shooting came back down to earth, things normalized. Amar'e Stoudemire continued his resurgence with a perfect 7-for-7 shooting night from the floor.
Milwaukee: The Bucks are hanging in there this season, currently in 7th place in the Eastern Conference playoff picture, despite how poorly some of their main pieces would appear to fit together. Perhaps this has something to do with a coaching change from Scott Skiles to Jim Boylan, under whom they are 8-4. Their starting backcourt of Brandon Jennings and Monta Ellis can be described as undersized, shoot-first and defensively-limited and yet the team is 25th in offensive efficiency and 10th in defense. They have great length -- including six players listed at 6'10" or taller -- but still don't have much a low post scoring threat.
Last Time Out
New York: The Knicks braved an early onslought from Magic guards J.J. Redick and Jameer Nelson before pulling away in the 2nd half and cruising to a 113-97 win on Wednesday.
Milwaukee: Facing the defensive-minded Bulls, Milwaukee shot 42% as a team on Thursday night en route to a 104-88 loss.
The Numbers Game
Carmelo Anthony has run his streak of scoring 20 or more points to 30 games, breaking a franchise record set by Richie Guerin back in 1961-62.
Matchup to Watch
Jason Kidd vs. Monta Ellis
A supreme contrast in styles, these two should be looking to exploit their advantages all night long. Kidd, who will be back in the starting lineup after missing the Orlando game with a lower back issue, is bigger, more of a facilitator and a more cerebral player who will use his craftiness to outwit his counterpart. Ellis, on the other hand, is one of the more explosive guards around, capable of getting his shot off against most defenders. Kidd will rely on help from teammtes to cut off penetration.
What to Look For
Jennings averages just over 20 points per game against the Knicks, more than all but three other teams. He's not a "traditional point guard," but he is a gifted scorer and passer, and could cause the Knicks fits if they don't work as a team to limit his looks. Also worth watching: Mike Woodson has begun to see his trio of Anthony, Stoudemire and Tyson Chandler play well together. In the 3rd quarter against Orlando, in particular, we saw the three feed off of each other as Melo assumed the role of facilitator and the others converted high percentage looks.
For more news and notes on the team follow the New York Knicks and Charlie on Twitter.


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Sorry, all Black but size Large have sold out and only (1) remains in each size above of the White!
The Rib Turtle Neck by Maternal America is one of our favorite basics! This maternity turtelneck is the softest, most comfortable light ribbed cotton, that you will want to live in it! Goes great with jeans and cords. It is cut extra long for plenty of tummy coverage. Grab it in couple of colors for your closet. Excellent for layering or stand along!
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Kips Bay - Eric Cohler - Dining Room Video
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This Cool Mom Made an Awesome Teepee Bed for Her Son
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October 6, 2015
Special Photo
Randall Barnhill of Chandler Signs removes a Wachovia banner to reveal the new Wells Fargo signage at the Steve Reynolds store in Duluth on Hampton Green.
One local bank gives thousands of dollars to Wiregrass charities.
Wells Fargo and Company recognized 8 non-profits with grants for their work in the community Saturday.
It's for their new program "Days of Giving."
Each Wells Fargo branch picked a charity and donated $1,000.
The Wiregrass United Way received an additional contribution of $10,000 for their efforts.
"Wells Fargo this year will be approaching $100,000 that we're giving back to this community," said Jim Freeland, Market President of Wells Fargo in Dothan.
"We're proud they're in Dothan and they're giving a lot of money out to our local organizations today and we're grateful," said Mike Schmitz, Dothan Mayor.
Wachovia financial centers across Alabama became Wells Fargo banking stores in September.
Non-profit groups receiving $1,000 grants are:
Boys and Girls Club of Dothan
Dothan-Houston County Substance Abuse Partnership
Hawk-Houston Boys and Girls Club
Houston-Love Memorial Library
Southeast Alabama Child Advocacy Center
The Ordinary People's Society (TOPS)
Wiregrass Humane Society
Wiregrass United Way 2-1-1 Southeast Alabama
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Havi B3 Pro 1
"My first quality IEM purchase was the Hifiman RE-400 when they first came out. I was used to low end Skullcandy sets at the time, and I really wanted to see what "reference sound" sounded like for a reasonable price of under $100. At the time, I felt anything above that price was absurd for me to purchase. From the first listen, the RE-400 showed me what quality sounded like. I was..." --bhazard
Clear Dual-Drive Earbuds with Mic for iPod, iPhone and iPad Devices
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What do you want to do?
Looking to do something worthwhile on your gap year? With Real Gap, volunteering could take you around the world - and you could do anything from teaching, to childcare to building.
We work closely with underprivileged communities all over the world, aiming to provide them with a form of sustainable development by either teaching the younger generation, or by building houses and developing the community. All of the hard work our Real Gappers put in has been incredible so far, and we want you to join us! Check out our variety of volunteering trips in the sections below.


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Blog posts translated into Spanish here. TDAH and Matrimonio: Aprendiendo a prosperar en tu relación
Information about events is at the events page.
Register for free marriage tips here!
I like to keep you informed when something special is going on that can really make a difference for your family, and this year my colleagues Elaine & Diane at ImpactADHD are really knocking themselves out for parents of kids with ADHD and other challenges. When you Register for Back to School SURVIVAL WEEK! for PARENTS, you'll get a week of free support with gifts, trainings, tips, raffles and much more – all from two moms who have been there and know what parents really need to make this school year a success for the whole family.
Back to School Survival Week
Solutions and Strategies to Help YOU Survive This Year
What?: Back to School Survival Week - Register here.
When?: September 21 to September 25, 2015
Where?: From the comfort of your own home!
Cost?: $0.00
Tara McGillicuddy is starting a monthly book club for adults with ADHD. The first book will be Hallowell and Ratey's Driven to Distraction. Find out more at this link.
A recent meta-analysis showed that popular online brain training programs aren't effective treatment for ADHD. The researchers wrote, "...cognitive training did not decrease ADHD behavioral symptoms, did not improve academic achievement, and in most cases did not even improve the cognitive functions they were trying to improve." The researchers note that this is likely because the aspects of memory targeted by these programs were 'short-term memory' rather than 'working memory.' It is the latter that most with ADHD need to strengthen. As such, they say that revised programs might help ADHD memory issues in the future. The studies analyzed were done with children and teens, as that is the data that exists on these programs. (For details, see The ADHD Report, Volume 22, No. 8)


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920 21st Street East Menomonie, WI 54751
(715) 232-1673
Welcome to Menomonie Middle School!
"School Of Distinction"
Award Recipient
Wisconsin RtI Center
MMS is recognized for our systematic response to learning need!
Our Mission:
As a community of learners utilizing research and best practices, Menomonie Middle School meets the unique developmental needs of ALL students, preparing them to become lifelong learners, caring individuals, and responsible citizens.
Our Vision:
Our response to learning need is: Rigorous, Intentional, Appropriate, Committed, and Relentless!
ALL students will learn at high levels!
Our Guiding Questions:
What do we want all students to know and learn?
How will we know if students have learned it?
What will we do if students do not learn it?
What will we do if students already know it?
Please click here to view Menomonie Middle School's 2014-15 school-wide learning goals
Follow us now on Twitter @MenomonieMiddle


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Enter a keyword above and hit "Search".
Todays Top Downloads
Ids Vcm 2012 77.04A Ford Mazda | 3.48 GB
IDS VCM 2012 v77A - The program for the diagnosis and reprogramminga car brand Ford, as well as added to Mazda.
Extras. information:
Newly added to Mazda but only those models that appear in the description. The CX-7 2008g.v. I personally have not decided, was invited to present models to choose from. I hope these defects will be corrected in the future. In the screenshot has been updated to v77.04A.
Link Never Die (If links die, I Will reupload at here)


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Hourly - Expert ($$$) - Est. Time: 3 to 6 months, 30+ hrs/week - Posted
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Skills: .NET Framework ASP.NET MVC C# CSS CSS3 HTML5 jQuery Sitecore


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Prayers for My Ex, Me, and the Kids
Short version here: ex told me she wanted to go back to California about 6 weeks ago. Technically we broke up at that time also. Lived together with her kids who I've raised for the past 5 years, and discussed working things out, I changed the things that bothered her, etc. We've had problems over her mental/abusive treatment towards me for quite some time, however, I can only control myself, therefore I worked on the few things I needed to work on to be a better me. We did not have a bad or nasty break up. Her feelings were simply changed from "in love" to I love you. Anyway, I go to work 2 weeks ago today, we shared an amazing kiss before I left, talked about doing something when I got off work, and texted each other during the afternoon. I come home that evening and everyone and everything is gone I'm basically surviving a nervous breakdown due to missing her and the kids.
I'm trying to be the best person I can be and hold onto my love vs. reacting in anger over this as most people would. My love is unconditional and my forgiveness apparently endless. I believe I'm acting the way the Lord would want me to act.
I'm asking for prayers for her, I, and the children. I pray that she gets help from God to let go of past resentments from both our relationship, and prior ones that damaged her to the point that she cannot love the way most people love. I'm beyond hurt over this and having a ridiculously difficult time recovering. I pray that we all heal soon so we can start over again.
The bible clearly states that whatever you ask the Father in my name shall be given to you. Most of us confuse that statement with sometimes God's answer is no. The latter is man-made to give us some comfort. I'm asking God in Jesus' name to PLEASE bless me and Elizabeth and guide us back together as soon as possible, to a place of peace and loving one another together!
Thank you all in advance for any prayer you pray for us.


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The Department of Energy selected Los Alamos National Laboratory for one of 10 projects to develop hydrogen storage technologies.
A DOE announcement Thursday stated that the award was for up to $2.3 million for a "novel concept using an electric field to increase the hydrogen binding energy in hydrogen adsorbents."
LANL will receive $100,000 to begin the contract, which will run through September 2011, according to an announcement by Sen. Pete Domenici, R-N.M. Thursday.
The awards are part of DOE's National Hydrogen Storage Project, related to hydrogen storage activities for vehicles and focusing primarily on enabling a driving range of greater than 300 miles, within packaging and cost constraints.
The project's scope includes development of novel hydrogen storage materials, development of efficient methods for regeneration of hydrogen storage materials, and approaches to increase hydrogen binding energies to enable room temperature hydrogen storage.
The LANL contract will involve LANL materials research to meet the department's on-board storage goals, with the overall objective of achieving a 300-mile driving range for light, hydrogen-fueled cars, without compromising the performance or space needs of the vehicle.
If you currently subscribe or have subscribed in the past to the Los Alamos Monitor, then simply find your account number on your mailing label and enter it below.
Click the question mark below to see where your account ID appears on your mailing label.
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Does eating turkey really make you sleepy?Watch Video
A video guide to turkey: preparation, cooking, storage and popular uses.Watch Video
Learn the technique for grilling a turkey on a can of beer.Watch Video
Ground turkey and broccoli slaw give meatloaf a nutrient and flavor boost.
Here's an overview of world barbeque techniques and traditions.
Free-range heritage turkeys: food doesn't get much more American than that.
Kelsey Nixon shares tips to getting that crispy skin on the holiday bird.
Bobby re-creates Paula's meatloaf into a low-calorie, low-fat turkey loaf.
Try this healthful turkey meatloaf recipe, just like Mom used to make.
G finds out what makes Warmdaddy's and Cookie Confidential different.
Keep your holiday guests happy and the dinner joyful with these tips.
Does eating turkey really make you sleepy?
Solved: the age-old problem of keeping the ice cream on the cone.
Get Cooking Channel on your TV.


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Pope's visit illustrates high stakes in Britain's religious struggle
Catholic World News - October 04, 2010
In an editorial for Catholic World Report, George Neumayr argues that the visit by Pope Benedict to the United Kingdom makes it clear that the ultimate contest there is one between Catholicism and the foes of all religious belief.
Additional sources for this story
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An appeal from our founder, Dr. Jeffrey Mirus:
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- Application: Doors
- Material: Felt
- Product Type: Felt Weatherstrip
- Stripping Length: 17
- Thickness: 0.625
- Hardware Included: No
- Color Family: Brown
- Self Adhesive: No
*Items shipped from our warehouse to stores in Alaska and Hawaii will receive a 70% shipping discount.
30-Day Return Guarantee
We want you to be fully satisfied with every item that you purchase from www.acehardware.com. If you are not satisfied with an item that you have purchased (excluding Gift Cards and gas-powered outdoor equipment*), you may return the item up to thirty days after the original purchase date to receive a store credit (less shipping, handling and other charges). We recommend that you make returns of online purchases to an Ace retail store near you which will issue your store credit. If you do not have an Ace retail store near you, please contact a Customer Service Specialist by calling 1-866-290-5334 for complete return instructions. Please refer to our Return Instructions for more information about returning a purchase.
The item must be returned in good condition, in original boxes (whenever possible), and with all paperwork, parts and accessories to insure full credit. After 30 days, please contact the manufacturer directly.
*Gas-Powered Outdoor Equipment cannot be returned once gas or oil has been put in it, even if the Equipment has been drained of these materials.
What people are saying
Reviewed by 1 customer
- Durable
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Best Uses
Comments about ACE HARDWARE Ace Felt Weatherstrip (65-17/Ah) - 5 Pack:
I love this product. The commercial home builder that chose the windows in my home did a horrible job. They must have purchased the cheepest windows available. Drafty in the winter and terrible at keeping cooler air in the house during summer months. This product slips right in the gap on the window sill and does need to be tacked down or glued. Easy to remove and replace again when you need to use the window.


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|January 17, 2014
|January 20, 2014
Mid-Atlantic Leather Weekend is a three-day long party and event with participants that now number in the thousands. The heart of the weekend is the historic leather formal Saturday evening cocktail social, Leather Cocktails. Leather Cocktails is the weekend lynchpin gathering from which all other weekend events evolved. The Weekend also includes official events organized by weekend hosts, Centaur MC that include a bustling Leather Exhibit Hall; Sunday brunch; Mr. MAL Contest and the official Sunday night closing party, REACTION. In addition, Weekend hosts provide hotel space for what has evolved into a huge leather-loving community and affinity annual reunion.
Mid Atlantic Leather MAL 2014
Mid Atlantic Leather – Washington, DC; Jan 17-20, 2014
It began with a party and a cock ring
In 1976, Glenn Pitcher of the Links Motorcycle Club (MC) in New York took a suite at the famous Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in that city, and in a grand gesture to visiting friends from the west coast, threw an intimate cocktail party. Guests all arrived in full leather. As the story goes, it was Jerry McChristiansen, another member of the Links MC, who had a difficult and somewhat mysterious time in the bathroom before the group was ready to leave after an hour of cocktails. A loud and unmistakable clang was suddenly heard as a metal cock ring hit the tiled floor, revealing to all that Jerry had been struggling to free himself from great discomfort.
In the following months, the group was invited to San Francisco to repeat the weekend. During the Saturday evening cocktails the west coast hosts decided to drop a metal cock ring in the bathroom at the hotel where they were staying, and that revived the hilarity of the previous occasion thus setting a tradition.
Back in New York in January of 1977, the same suite at the Waldorf-Astoria was taken and invitations were sent out – extended to anyone in club colors and anyone who looked good in leather, and for the first time a commemorative pin was given to each participant. Guests arriving at the Waldorf were guided directly to the room number without having to approach the front desk. A cock ring was dropped in the bathroom to signal the opening of "Leather Cocktails", as it was now called – the origin of the ceremony we continue today.
The success of that event led to an annual event that grew ever more popular and the costs, too, had grown. A suite at the Waldorf was no longer practical, so the friends decided to burst out of New York and take to various east coast cities, and the party become open to all leather fold. In 1979 at The Strap in Washington DC, then at the 2-4 Club in Philadelphia, the Hippo in Baltimore, and again in Washington, this time at the Eagle in Exile on 9th Street, by which time more than 500 leatherfolk were in attendance, prompting Ray Hard (originally of the Links, but by then with the Spartan MC) to make the announcement that the friends could no longer host the event. Tony Bachrach and Joe Johansen of the Centaur Motorcycle Club were dismayed by this news and did not want to see this beloved tradition come to an end, so they approached Ray to ask permission to preserve and perpetuate the admirable ritual.
Centaur MC presented the 1984 Leather Cocktails at the Exile and have since worked hard to continue sharing the sense of pride and brotherhood, adding in the following year the Mid-Atlantic Leather Contest instituted by Tony Bachrach, Jim Mantis and Al Santora, making the party into a full weekend of celebration.
Known now as Mid-Atlantic Leather Weekend, participants now number in the thousands and the event still includes Leather Cocktails (the heart of all weekend events) – Sunday brunch and Mr. MAL Contest, a Leather Exhibit Hall and the official closing party, REACTION. Entering their 44th year in 2014, the members of Centaur MC wish to thank all the people who have faithfully shown up over the years and for their efforts to sustain this celebration together with the Washington community and a multitude of Leather/Levi clubs and supporters from all over the world.


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"I was desperate – absolutely exhausted and didn't know which way to turn."
Remember how you felt as you headed out the driveway after ten or so days at Living Valley Springs!
This is my third time here. When I sought out LVS – I was desperate – absolutely exhausted and didn't know which way to turn.
I have three children – 13, 12 and nine. The eldest has severe disabilities – she is isn't able to walk or feed herself and I do all the lifting and caring. She is also profoundly deaf, non-verbal and has grand mal seizures. As best I can, I try to lead a normal life for our other two children – running them to sports and school activities.
When I came to LVS I was hobbling because of arthritis, caused by lack of sleep and stress. Now I am pain free.
The time out in the beautiful surrounds was a chance to be still and rediscover my inner peace so I can cope with everything back home in a calm relaxed manner.
My system also suffers from a toxic overload so I keep coming back to renew my health. With everyday life it's hard to keep on track. However I always know I will head out the Living Valley Springs gate invigorated, worry free and grateful of my time in such a nurturing environment.
I am writing this to encourage you to remember your time at LVS and to take the chance to give something back. As amazing as LVS is – it struggles to get the numbers in this economic environment. But it's easy to pass on the word – it could be as simple as telling your friends and giving them a brochure.
We can all do our bit to pass the word on about the healing and renewal we found at LVS. Let's help them achieve their dream as they have helped us.


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Highway Hazards
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The Sig Files
SigAlerts, the Los Angeles advisories of severe traffic conditions, were named after radio executive Loyd Sigmon.
Traffic snarls and interminable drive-time delays are an unpleasant fact of life in
Los Angeles.
The burgeoning population (close to
10 million
for all of
Los Angeles
County at last count) and the great distances traversed daily by many L.A. commuters combine to overload the area's freeway systems. One breakdown in a key lane, or even a simple fender-bender, can cause traffic to back up for miles; fatal accidents or other impediments can close vital roads for hours at a time.
Every large city has its "traffic watch," complete with helicopter reporters who spot-check the local freeways and broadcast traffic conditions to commuters through a variety of drive-time radio shows, but
Los Angeles
is a special case. Routine traffic updates that mention the nature and
severity of congestion-causing incidents can easily rush through a dizzying array of freeway names and numbers in half a minute, and woe betide the less-than-attentive motorist who misses the key update for the freeway he was planning to take on a morning when something brings traffic to a standstill on that crucial road — his inattentiveness may strand him for hours.
Minor accidents and slowdowns are routine and, although annoying, are considered an ordinary part of the commute. But what about the large-scale interruptions; the overturned rig sprawling across three lanes, the five-car injury wreck, the hazardous materials spill, or the bomb threat?
Los Angeles has a special name for its traffic updates about unforeseen incidents that have caused what will be lengthy lane closures: SigAlerts. The official Highway Patrol definition of a SigAlert is "any unplanned event that causes the closing of one lane of traffic for
30 minutes
or more, as opposed to a planned event like road construction, which is planned separately." SigAlerts are issued by the California Highway Patrol and are broadcast on
Los Angeles
radio and television stations, posted on the CHP web site, and signaled to motorists via electronic billboards on the freeways. Sensible folks immediately divert to alternate routes when they hear the dread term "SigAlert" applied to the route they were planning to
Causes of SigAlerts are many and varied; some tragic, some funny. One of the more unusual SigAlerts was the Tuesday morning in October 1998 when a truck transporting ten tons of pies overturned on the transition from the Harbor to the Hollywood freeways, creating a pastry-coated traffic snarl that stretched for miles.
The word SigAlert eventually became a common and familiar term to Southland drivers, even though few of them were aware of its origins or knew what criteria triggered such an alert. (Los Angeles traffic reporters say the question they're most frequently asked is 'What's a SigAlert?,' with the second most-asked question being "What's the
No. 1
lane?") A genuine SigAlert is called when conditions create an unplanned freeway lane blockage of at least half an hour in duration (which might not sound like much to a nonresident, but we locals know how a spilled tennis shoe in one lane of a freeway can tie up everyone for hours). Since nearly everyone knew that the term 'SigAlert' announced major freeway congestion, and the name sounded official, most drivers who gave it any thought simply assumed the word was a shortening of "signal alert." Other attempts to fathom what the "Sig" portion of "SigAlert" referred to produced some amusing entries, our favorite being the guess that it was an acronym formed from the advisory phrase "stay in garage." It was a minor mystery that baffled many
Los Angelenos
for years, as the
New York Times
noted in 1997:
"When I was doing traffic I got more questions about 'What the hell is a Sigalert?' than anything else," said Bill Keane, who pioneered radio traffic reporting on KNX and retired in 1993, after
37 years
on the air and who is credited with helping popularize the term. "But nobody knew just where it came from. It got really big in the
The answer is that SigAlerts gained their name from the man who developed the technology for speedily gathering and disseminating traffic information, Loyd C. Sigmon. In 1955, Sigmon was an executive
of AM radio station KMPC in
Los Angeles,
part of the Golden West Broadcasting network of western radio and TV stations founded by cowboy singing star Gene Autry. Seeking a way to boost his station's ratings in the face of increasing competition from television, Sigmon came up with the idea of having the
Los Angeles
Police Department, who then patrolled Los Angeles freeways and dealt with accidents (functions now primarily handled by the California Highway Patrol), call his station every time a major accident occurred. Broadcasting alerts of accident-related freeway congestion to listeners, Sigmon reasoned, would give KMPC a competitive edge over both television and other local radio stations.
Unfortunately, Los Angeles Police Chief William Parker rejected Sigmon's suggestion; he didn't want his officers diverted from their duties by having to phone a radio station to report every freeway accident. So Sigmon, who had served as radio engineer with the Army Signal Corps in Europe during
World War II
, put his ingenuity to work and created a device to automate the task. His invention was a combination of a short-wave receiver tuned to the LAPD frequency and a tape recorder — when a police dispatcher broadcast an accident-related call to police units, he could push a button that activated the recorder on KMPC's receiver (by transmitting a special tone); the device would record the bulletin and then turn on a red light to signal radio engineers that an alert had been received. By rebroadcasting these bulletins, KMPC would be able to provide its listeners with traffic advisories far more up-to-the-minute than any competitor's.
Although Sigmon's notification system was a technical success, it proved less of a commercial one. Chief Parker insisted that the system was too important to be used for the benefit of a single radio station and required that it be made available to everyone who wanted it. Sigmon was unable to gain the proprietary advantage he had envisioned for KMPC, nor did he ever profit personally from his invention, but Parker did give him due credit by coining the term "SigAlert" to describe the new high-tech traffic bulletins.
SigAlerts became part of the Los Angeles driving experience by October 1955. While it is impossible at this time to pinpoint the incident that prompted the first broadcast of the traffic advisory, one of its first major uses took place on
22 January
1956, when a train leaving
Los Angeles'
Union Station for San Diego derailed downtown and rolled onto its side.
29 people
died in that crash, and 120 were injured. Ironically, the initial SigAlert — issued as a plea for emergency medical assistance — drew such a heavy response that all the medical personnel rushing to the scene caused an even greater traffic jam than the train derailment itself.
SigAlerts are restricted to traffic incidents these days, but in the beginning they were issued about all manner of items of concern: rabid dogs, a dam about to burst, gas leaks, and even an appeal on behalf of a druggist who had made a potentially deadly error in filling one customer's prescription. Those uses came to end after a SigAlert was issued to announce the collision of two ships in
Los Angeles
Harbor; at that point Police Chief Parker stepped in and announced, "We're not going to run the traffic for the harbor."
In 1993, the
Oxford English Dictionary
added "SigAlert" to its all-inclusive compendium of the English language, thereby signaling that it had joined "couch potato" as another Left Coast term to make it into the lexicon of everyday life. These days the term is no longer limited to
Los Angeles
or traffic conditions; its use is common in other parts of the USA, and it is often employed to stand for any type of warning or severe condition. Fortunately,
Los Angeles
experiences very little in the way of inclement weather, because local wisdom has it that a rainy day practically guarantees a SigAlert or three.
Loyd Sigmon himself passed away at the ripe old age of 95 in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, on
2 June
Barbara "sigging in the rain" Mikkelson
Last updated:
29 March 2011
Urban Legends Reference Pages © 1995-2015 by snopes.com.
This material may not be reproduced without permission.
snopes and the snopes.com logo are registered service marks of snopes.com.
Carney, Steve. "He Labored to Help Us Out of That Jam."
Los Angeles Times.
4 September 2000 (p. E2).
Haldane, David. "It's No Accident That Sigalert Is a Traffic Watchword."
Los Angeles Times.
18 December 1995 (p. B1).
Harvey, Steve. "Only in L.A."
Los Angeles Times.
12 January 1991 (p. B2).
Harvey, Steve. "Inquiring Drivers Want to Know: What's a SigAlert in the No. 1 Lane?"
Los Angeles Times.
5 June 2004.
Hough, Robert. "Synonymous with LA Freeways."
Ventura County Star.
28 December 1998 (p. E1).
Purdum, Todd S. "How Los Angeles Traffic Snarls Spawned a Word."
The New York Times.
18 May 1997 (p. 16).
Remy, Holly Ocasio. "Gore Point Usually Not That Messy."
The [Riverside] Press-Enterprise.
11 April 1994 (p. B1).
Rivenburg, Roy. "Radio Broadcaster Put the 'Sig' in Traffic Alerts."
Los Angeles Times.
4 June 2004 (p. A1).
Waldman, Frank. "Saving Lives Top Goal in Freeway Construction."
Los Angeles Times.
25 October 1955 (p. 2).
Los Angeles Times.
"Civil Defense Gadget Cuts In Radio Program."
17 November 1954 (p. 9).
Los Angeles Times.
"Attacks on Traffic Problem Encouraging, Experts Say."
5 November 1955 (p. A1).
Los Angeles Times.
"Wreck Not Mishandled, Parker Says."
26 January 1956 (p. A1).


text:
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If you're hosting a holiday meal or a self-styled formal occasion, you've certainly put real energy and time into preparing a warm atmosphere and tasty food for your guests. Dress the fruits of your hard labor in beautiful trappings with servers and buffets from Taylor Gifts! Practical servers and buffets even warm warm the food, so your guests can enjoy piping hot second helpings! Find all the buffets and servers you need to host a formal gathering from Taylor Gifts.


text:
BPL Community Profile
Louis Jewett (lfjewett) - BPL Guest
You cannot send this user a personal message (PM) because they have not specified a PM email address yet.
All Forum Posts by Louis Jewett
Showing 1 - 5 of 5 | Page: 1
Online Purchases
I typically only purchase online when I know the exact Item I want and I'm looking to save some $$ by hitting a sale. Rarely can I not find an Item locally and then must resort to online purch...
Re: Pot Support
Great project!!! The one worry I would have is the High Temp silicone failing and the internal fuel assembly leaking. If it proves sound could this stoves flame be controlled by a air restriction...
Re: Re: Re: Re: Titanium roll alcohol stove
I think your right, the next one I build ( I have 2 pots ) will be 1/4 to 1/2 inch taller in the windscreen section and 3/4 to 1 inch lower in the legs. I also want to re-design the top 'X'...
Re: Re: Titanium roll alcohol stove
2 3/4 Inches from the ground to the base of the windscreen which extends 1/2 an inch below the lower stove disk. The bottom of the pot is 5 3/4 Inches off the ground. Originally I had thought of h...
Titanium roll alcohol stove
This is my first post at BPL and I figured showing off my new stove would be a good intro. Why? Well you see I only recently started backpacking and my new hobby was kicked off by this very thing....
All Reader Reviews by Louis Jewett
Louis Jewett has posted no reviews.


text:
Gift Ideas for the Gardener
Does your bestie have a green thumb and an affinity for plants? Gardening comes in different forms and fashions. Whether your loved one has a container garden on their balcony in the city or raised bed in their backyard, they'll take a fancy to these gifts.
Display this Everybirdy Welcome Sign inside or outdoors to welcome all friends—feathered, furry, or otherwise!
This colorful windchime is made from recycled wine bottles and accented with large glass beads. Each wind chime is handmade in northern Georgia by a family of glass artisans. It's perfect for a gardener or anyone else for that matter!
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text:
I take photos because I love to look at the world through a camera lens and see what I can create and document. I take a camera of some sort with me everywhere. In the past year or so I've been taking some photography classes and I try to read about techniques that will improve my efforts. I joined the 365 Project last June to provide a structure for motivating me to take photos on a daily basis.
I like to share my photos, and I use Flickr to do that. The librarian in me loves the possibilities for description and tagging in Flickr. I have collections, sets and hundreds of tags, my way of organizing and providing access to almost 6,000 images at this point. I don't do photography to make a living, I do it for the love of the process and the art in it. So, I want to share my photos for others to enjoy and use. Flickr also provides the ability to easily apply a Creative Commons license to my work. I have applied a "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives" license to my images which means I am happy for people to use them for non-commercial reasons if they give me attribution and don't make changes.
In recent months, I have been wondering whether anyone outside of my friends, family and colleagues ever access or reuse my photos. In addition to being searchable through Flickr, they are indexed by Google. In Flickr, I can see my daily view statistics and can also see referring sites. This gives me a fairly good idea of which photos get viewed at what frequency and perhaps how people came across them.
My top viewed image is the one I took at Orient Club Nude Beach in St. Maarten. I left it public until it reached over 35,000 views. I decided I had proved my point that good tagging helps boost viewing and made the image private at that point. My most viewed non-nude tagged photo that is still pubic is one of a Starbucks menu! Today it has had over 2,500 views. I wonder if that is because, as a policy, Starbucks doesn't allow photos (I sneaked this one when we were at the early stages of planning our Starbucks at ZSR)
To find out if anyone is reusing my photos in some other context, I turned to Google searching. It has been most interesting to see where my photos have turned up. Here are links to some that I've found!
- Charter Fishing Boats (a picture I took in the Florida Keys)
- Recumbent Bike Exercise (taken when I was selling my Schwinn stationary bike)
- Preventing Spam Attacks (a screen shot that showed I had problems!)
- Education Matters (from a grant workshop)
- HDTV News Blog (the Screening Room setup)
- Surf Fishing Tips (from one of Ron's early morning fishing events)
- Digital Charleston portal (the Kiawah Marathon)
- Daytona Beach Travel (a taffy-pulling machine from Bike Florida)
- Brownstoner Philadelphia (cars parking in the middle of a main street)
- Spanish language article on stretching (I think! Photo by Ron of me stretching before a race)
- LED TV (from before we bought a new TV cabinet)
- Home Improvement Projects (new garden wall)
- Technology Training (from Social Stratification training)
- Heart Rate Monitors Review (from my Colorado mountain hike)
- Car Dealer Honda Fit (right after I got my new car)
- Best Backpack Reviews, Vera Bradley (from a hiking trip)
- Simpson Bay Fundraiser (from my trip to St. Maarten)
- Best Islands to Visit in the Caribbean (Shell Beach, St. Barts)
- Best IPad Apps (Camera for the iPad)
- Lesson Plans (Instructing at a workshop)
- Office Furniture (new desk return)
- Presentation Ideas (from ALA Midwinter)
- Monopoly and Oligopoly Markets (Monopoly sign from San Jose)
- Insights from ACRL/Information Tyrannosaur (from the recent ACRL conference in Philly)
- Adorn Your Windows with Creative Valences (new window treatments at our house a few years ago)
- Atlas Obscura: Robert the Doll (taking this picture brought me issues)
- Biking News (Grove Park Inn)
- Shoes for Plantar Fasciitis (Plantar Fasciitis Treatment)
- Yuki-BAR Adventure Race: Teaser Pic
- Carmichael Library's Blog (Writing Center)
- Peca-what? Southern Pecans Prices Jump (Christmas spiced pecans)
- Hang Gliding (Vintage Photo from Nags Head Trip)
- Treasure Hunting (Kate Diving)
- Effective Teaching Methods
- Esperanza in Vidasencilla (Protest at Harvard Square)
- Snorkler
- Beaufort Drawbridge (NCpedia)
- Furniture Paint
- Surf Fishing Tips


text:
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20th Century Classics: Walton / Nigel Kennedy, violin; Paul Tortelier, cello
2 CD / Warner Classics / 2011-07-12Works: William Walton: Symphony no 1 in B flat minor; Symphony no 2; Concerto for Violin; Concerto for Cello; The Wise Virgins, suite from the ballet
Performers: Kennedy, Nigel [Violin]; Tortelier, Paul [Cello]
Conductors: Mackerras, Charles; Previn, Andre; Berglund, Paavo; Frémaux, Louis
Ensemble: Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra; City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra; London Philharmonic Orchestra; London Symphony Orchestra; Royal Philharmonic Orchestra
Bach Metamorphoses / Talmi, Quebec Symphony Orchestra
1 CD / ATMA / 2008-09-30Works: Leopold Stokowski: Toccata and Fugue in D minor, transcription for orchestra (after Bach, BWV 565); William Walton: The Wise Virgins, suite from the ballet; Gustav Holst: Fugue à la gigue, for o...
Performers: Forand, Jacinthe; Lowe, Darren; Magnan, Philippe; Weimann, Alexander
Conductors: Talmi, Yoav
Ensemble: Quebec Symphony Orchestra
Bach Metamorphoses includes a transcription of Bach's Italian Concerto in F Major by Talmi himself, who declared, "Had Bach had a large, powerful ensemble at...continue...
Vol. 2-tranquillity
1 CD / HBDirect Import / 2005-04-05Works: Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky: Andante cantabile for Cello and Strings, Op. 11; Johann Sebastian Bach: Christmas Oratorio, BWV 248; Jules Massenet: La Vierge; Hector Berlioz: L'enfance du Christ, Op. 25;...
Performers: Ma, Jun Yi
Conductors: Stanhope, David
Walton: Portsmouth Point, etc / Thomson, London Philharmonic
1 CD / Chandos Records / 1991-08-01Works: William Walton: Portsmouth Point; Capriccio Burlesco, for orchestra; The First Shoot, ballet; Scapino, comedy overture for orchestra; Prelude for orchestra (from "Granada" TV music); Prologo e Fantas...
Conductors: Thompson, Bryden
Ensemble: London Philharmonic Orchestra
Walton: The Quest, The Wise Virgins / Thomson, London PO
1 CD / Chandos Records / 1991-01-01Works: William Walton: The Quest, ballet in five scenes; The Wise Virgins, suite from the ballet
Conductors: Thompson, Bryden
Ensemble: London Philharmonic Orchestra


text:
2011 Infiniti G37 Repair and Maintenance
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the other day after a cruise, I was parking the car, it started to hint as if it was going to stall, when I put it in reverse it completely stalled as if you would stall a manual transmission.
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2011 Infiniti G37 Recalls
The power window switches were incorrectly manufactured. The auto-reverse feature does not operate and a pinch injury may result before the window reverses direction. Dealers will replace the power window switches to correct this concern.
2011 Infiniti G37 Reviews
Great car. comfortable, everything works easily and as expected. This is my second G35/37 and if they keep improving it I'll buy a third, that is if they keep the V-6 and improve the HP and torque.


text: Produced for Central Television, the British sitcom Outside Edge was based on Richard Harris' 1982 TV play of the same name. The stories dealt with the relationship between two couples, united only by the fact that both played for a Sunday League Cricket Team. Wealthy Roger Dervish was imperious and self-absorbed, while his wife Miriam was the long-suffering anchor (and occasional doormat) in the marriage. Their opposite numbers were the Costellos: slovenly Kevin and his outgoing, sexually supercharged wife, Maggie . Others in the cast included two Doctor Who veterans, Dennis Lill and Michael Jayston. Making its British TV debut on March 24, 1994, Outside Edge toted up 21 half-hour episodes and one 60-minute special before ending its run on February 13, 1996. ~ Hal Erickson, Rovi


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Other titles in the City Lights Open Media series:
Dying to Live: A Story of U.S. Immigration in an Age of Global Apartheid (City Lights Open Media)by Joseph Nevins
Synopses & Reviews
Publisher Comments:
Praise for A Not-So-Distant Horror:
andldquo;[A] remarkable book.andrdquo;andmdash;Noam Chomsky
Told through the life story of a young man who perished in the California desert, Dying to Live is a compelling account of US immigration/border enforcement and the rapidly growing death toll among migrants. Stunning photos by Mizue Aizeki complement the text.
Joseph Nevins authored Operation Gatekeeper: The Rise of the Illegal Alien and the Making of the U.S.-Mexico Boundary (Routledge, 2002), and A Not-So-Distant Horror (Cornell, 2005). His writings have appeared in the Boston Review, The Christian Science Monitor, and the International Herald Tribune.
"Illegal immigration has become one of the intensely controversial social issues of our day. What are the side effects of the United States' stern position on Mexican immigration? "Dying to Live: A Story of U.S. Immigration In an Age of Global Apartheid" is a definitive criticism by author Joseph Nevins of the U.S.'s practices on immigration today. Following the story of Julio Cesar Gallegos, a man who died crossing the border to try to reach his wife and son, it's an eye opening account of immigration that is judicially defined as illegal — and the cruelty that sometimes lies within. Discussing human rights and homeland security as well, "Dying to Live" is a deftly written treatise on immigration, a must to those who want to further understand the subject." Midwest Book Review
"Joseph Nevins blows the cover off the scapegoating of "illegal" immigrants by meticulously and grippingly compiling the history of why so many try to come to the U.S. and, tragically, why so many die. This book strikes at our very moral core." —Deepa Fernandes, author of Targeted, Homeland Security and the Business of Immigration
"...packs a many-sided, moving, and uncompromising account of the development of U.S. immigration and its associated politics into a short and readable book." International Socialist Review
" Dying to Live is an invaluable book—one which is as contextual as it is analytical, as factual as it is moving. . . . In a compelling, accessible story, Josehph Nevins guides his readers through the complexities and intricacies of immigration, boundary-making, and their human affects and realities . . . with a Howard Zinn-like attention to historical detail, Nevins provides a comprehensive accounting of the actors, circumstances, and dynamics that culminated to create the current situation at the United States' southern border, specifically focusing on the Imperial Valley region of California." Fellowship Magazine, Fall 2008
"Ten years ago Julio César Gallegos, one of countless immigrants, attempted to reunite with his family in Los Angeles and died of dehydration while crossing the U.S.-Mexico border in California's Imperial Valley. In Dying to Live, Nevins not only tells Gallegos's story, but also presents the geographic, historical, and political context of the U.S-Mexico border. Gallegos's motivations, struggles, and sacrifices serve as examples throughout the book of both past and present social stratification, political hypocrisy, and 'global apartheid.' Including photographs and maps, the book details the history, policies, and economics that have driven and prevented Mexican migration to the United States. The social and economic links between the two countries are described, primarily in relation to the agricultural industry in the border states. The strength of this book lies in the wealth of research and information presented on the history and politics of the border regions of Mexico and California. Teens will not only find the author's information valuable, but will also revel in the sources presented in the bibliography. However, researchers looking for insight into migration through Mexico from other Latin American countries will not find much information in this title. The scholarly tone and depth of the material make this book best suited for advanced readers and researchers." School Library Journal, January 1, 2009
" Dying to Live is a journey into the historically evolved and still evolving meanings and effects of the US–Mexico boundary.Through his analysis, that moves from the early nineteenth century to the present (pp.75–121), Nevins shows the shift in the ideological and material weight of the boundary from a line on a map to a set of practices of inclusion and exclusion. . . Anyone interested especially in migration in the US — Mexican region, or more generally in the effects borders bear in people's lives, should take a look at Nevins's story." — Eeva Puumala, Cooperation and Conflict
" Dying to Live combines prodigious research, passionate argument, and masterful storytelling to describe the complicated landscape of U.S. immigration policies. . . Photographs by Mizue Aizeki appear throughout the book and add an element of human empathy that Nevins tries to cultivate in geography through story and argument. Dying to Live expands minds, ideas of borders, and notions of geography. . . Add Nevins book to your essential reading list." — Jillian McLaughlin, The Kosmopolitan Online, http://www.thekosmo.com/books/
"[Nevins'] careful and well-written documentation of the historical and social antecedents of immigrant deaths on the desert conveys how absurd United States's politics of immigration and exclusion play out. By focusing first on geography - specifically the U.S.Mexico boundary and all that it implies in political and sociological terms - Nevins produces an ongoing accumulation of the prejudice and abuse that culminated in Gallegos' - and hundreds of other immigrants' - deaths. . . In spite of its title, Dying To Live is no tearjerker. Although Nevins makes no attempt to conceal where his sympathies lie, and pointedly criticizes U.S. policies and aggression, he focuses on facts, quotes, descriptions. And although one feels an immense sympathy for Gallegos and his American-born wife and children, the book engenders outrage, not tears." — New Politics
"Joseph Nevins's Dying to Live weaves the struggle of one family into the history of U.S. racism, global economic inequality, and 'nationalization' to provide a forceful indictment of global apartheid. Dying to Live is a hard-hitting book that should be read as a call to action. It breaks the silence surrounding migrant deaths at the hands of the power elite. Interspersed throughout the book are equally powerful photographs by Mizue Aizeki." - Gilda L. Ochoa, Latin American Perspectives
". . . a powerful, multifaceted study of Mexican and Central American migration to the US that combines historical analysis with a graphic narrative account of the economic and social factors that perpetuate it. . . . [Nevins] reminds us why we must tear down these artificial and illegitimate boundaries and allow migrants to find the same dream of a better life that so many Americans have had the privilege to live." — Gavin O'Toole, The Latin American Review of Books
"Dying to Live is a powerful examination of the messy politics and human consequences of US immigration policies. Joseph Nevins skillfully weaves the personal story of Julio César Gallegos, a migrant who died attempting to cross the US-Mexico boundary, together with detailed historical research to explore the boundary's ideological construction, the USA's 'race-class-nation hierarchy', and the role of law in shaping Americans' geographical imagination." — Nancy Hiemstra, Progress in Human Geography
"Nevins's book, thanks to excellent research and a nuanced application of theory, demonstrates not only professional excellence but also an ongoing commitment to justice and human rights. By calling the entire notion of a 'right to be here' into question, Dying to Live serves as a powerful antidote to nationalistic amnesia on the part of the U.S. public, which has been too willing to embrace a shortsighted version of U.S.-Mexican history. By analyzing enforcement in the space of the border, he has provided an extension of the concept of structural violence. Those of us living in border states, especially Arizona, owe Nevins our appreciation. He shows how one can analyze policy information in a way that clearly communicates how common racial constructions support and extend the state's use of violence." --Raquel Rubio Goldsmith, North American Congress on Latin America
Book News Annotation:
Julio C�sar Gallegos became a subject of international news in 1998 by dying while trying to join his family in Los Angeles. Nevins (geography, Vassar College, New York) begins with his story as a case study, then widens his view to discuss the people, the border, the desert, and the bodies. Documentary photographer Mizue Aizeki provides black and white illustrations. Annotation ©2008 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
The real story--and human price--of US/Mexico border enforcement.
About the Author
Joseph Nevins authored Operation Gatekeeper: The Rise of the Illegal Alien and the Making of the U.S.-Mexico Boundary (Routledge, 2002), and A Not-so-distant Horror: Mass Violence in East Timor (Cornell University Press, 2005). His writings have appeared in numerous journalistic publications, including The Boston Review, The Christian Science Monitor, CounterPunch, and the International Herald. Mizue Aizeki is a documentary photographer. Her work has appeared in a variety of publications including The Wall Street Journal, ColorLines, L.A. Weekly, The Nation, The Progressive, and Z Magazine. She has also exhibited her work in several venues, including the Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts in San Francisco.
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Death, organ transplantation and medical practice
Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine 2008, 3:5 doi:10.1186/1747-5341-3-5
- Reply to Potts and Evans
- The nature of the problem
- Non-heartbeating organ donation and the false analogy fallacy
Reply to Potts and Evans
Thomas Huddle (2008-03-26 05:21) University of Alabama School of Medicine
Thomas S Huddle MD PhD, Michael A Schwartz MD, F Amos Bailey MD, Michael A Bos Msoc
Michael Potts and David Wainright Evans both protest our contention that physicians may legitimately judge death to have occurred in non-heart beating organ donors in the way we judge death to be present in DNR patients a few minutes after cardiopulmonary arrest. Both suggest that choosing any given moment as the moment of death is arbitrary, as the actual moment of death cannot be known. What we can say is that at some indeterminate point "hours to days" after cardiopulmonary arrest, patients are dead.
Although Evans and Potts do not overtly quarrel with our analysis of how physicians use concepts, they appear to view the invocation of "clinical judgment" as a kind of marker for physician intention and therefore suspect. In the case of DNR patients, Potts and Evans appear to regard declaring death according to physician intention to be innocuous. But non-heart-beating organ donors must be treated differently to prevent physicians from killing them in the process of harvesting their organs, because for hours, if not for days, we do not unequivocally know that these patients are dead.
Potts suggests that our analogy from DNR patients to organ donors fails because the stakes of error for the latter are so high; physicians if mistaken in their diagnosis of death would be killing donors in the process of organ harvesting. The stakes are indeed high for anyone who agrees that physicians qua physicians must not kill organ donors or anyone else—a position we share with Michael Potts. But Potts and others in this discussion have not provided evidence that there is any appreciable likelihood of non-heart-beating organ donors continuing to live after 2-5 minutes of cardiopulmonary arrest.
Relevant to this discussion are literature on the efficacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation as well as case reports both of autoresuscitation and of its absence. The systematic study of resuscitation has greatly advanced with the advent of the US National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resusciation (http://www.nrcpr.org/) in 2000, to which resuscitation events are reported in a standardized format. Our knowledge about resuscitation has been greatly increased by reports from this database, the most recent of which appeared last month in JAMA. [1] While overall survival of patients resuscitated in the hospital has not improved much in the past fifty years, we are likely doing better at achieving short term return of spontaneous circulation than in the past. As many as 49% of in-hospital resuscitations are so far successful. But roughly 80% of those resuscitations take place after witnessed or monitored arrest and thus likely begin with very little elapsed time. There has been no reporting (of which we are aware) on the outcome of arrests with delayed onset of resuscitation. There are many reasons to suppose that few if any such resuscitations would be successful.
While the Lazarus phenomenon of autoresuscitation after cessation of resuscitative attempts cannot be discounted, it is difficult to infer reversibility of arrest beyond two minutes in non-heart beating donors from the reported cases of this phenomenon—just as it is also difficult to infer irreversibility of arrest in such donors at two minutes from the 109 cases reported between 1900 and 2000 in which EKG monitoring before and after death was accompanied by failure to regain pump function after any more than one minute of mechanical asystole [2]. Non-heart beating donors who undergo organ harvesting are generally heavily dependent upon ventilatory and pressor support before withdrawal and are thus unlike patients that are subjects of the "Lazarus phenomenon" case reports (many of which are cited by Joffe [3]) and of the resuscitation literature more generally. We ought not to draw conclusions about reversibility of arrest in non-heart beating donors from this literature.
There is simply no empirical evidence that bears directly on the question of whether arrest is reversible or not after two minutes in non-heart beating organ donors. This population has not been studied in ways that would provide empirical confirmation on either side of this debate. Such study was called for when the Pittsburgh protocol was announced [4]; it is unfortunate that it has not been undertaken (so far as we are aware). We have the literature alluded to above, inconclusive on this question, and the widespread physician practice of regarding many other kinds of patients as dead shortly after cardiopulmonary arrest. That practice may conceivably be mistaken; physician practices have often altered with the emergence of new evidence about their validity, and this may happen with death declarations shortly after arrest as it has for other things physicians do. But any such alteration will take place precisely because death declarations are not arbitrary. Physicians make them not to further their own or others intentions for patients after death, but because they believe patients to be dead according to the concept of death in universal currency among physicians for the past fifty years and set out in the 1968 ad hoc Harvard Committee's Report: irreversible cardiopulmonary arrest.
Our analogy of DNR patients to non-heart-beating organ donors works because of relevant similarities in the two cases; a dismal prognosis and imminent death coupled with similar judgments about when death occurs. Our intentions as to what comes next are irrelevant in non-heart beating organ donors for the same reason that they are irrelevant in DNR patients—because we judge death to be present not according to our intentions but according to our perception of reality. Skilled judgment is inescapably necessary in the apprehension of that reality; because of their training, physicians claim to judge skillfully. But reality rather than our intentions is the proper measure of our judgments in these cases. The question at issue in this dispute is whether reality corresponds with widespread physician practice or with the doubts (and alternative conceptions of death) offered by those who would change current practice. Those such as Evans and Potts who would change our current practice have not made a convincing case that it is mistaken.
1. Peberdy MA, Ornato JP, Larkin GL, Braithwaite RS, Kashner TM, Carey SM, Meaney PA, Cen L, Nadkarni VM, Praestgaard AH, Berg RA: Survival from in-hospital cardiac arrest during nights and weekends. JAMA 2008, 299(7):785-92.
2. DeVita MA, Snyder JV, Arnold RM, Siminoff LA: Observations of withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment from patients who became non-heart-beating organ donors. Crit Care Med 2000, 28(6):1709-12.
3. Joffe AR: The Ethics of donation and transplantation: are definitions being distorted for organ transplantation? Philos Ethics Humanit Med 2007, 2:28. [http://www.peh-med.com/content/2/1/28]
4. Lynn J: Are the patients who become organ donors under the Pittsburgh protocol for "non-heart-beating donors" really dead? Kennedy Inst Ethics 1993, 3(2):167-78.
Competing interests
Competing interests
No competing interests.
The nature of the problem
David Wainwright Evans (2008-03-14 16:21) Queens' College, University of Cambridge (UK)
What others may recognize as formal philosophical arguments in this Editorial [1] remain abstruse in my attempts at understanding. Mindful of Wittgenstein's dictum, I must therefore refrain from commenting on them. However, much experience of human death after cardiac arrest may be thought to equip me for some observations about the practicalities of its diagnosis and certification in the clinical context. The first of these is that irreversibility has for so long been regarded as a sine qua non of any state credibly described as death - being particularly emphasized as such by the protagonists of "brain stem death" in their confusion of that state with death - that I can see no prospect of a still-reversible state being accepted as death by physicians, lawyers or the general public. And the notion that the intention of the attending physician should have anything to do with his diagnosis of his patient's death as a matter of fact not only offends common sense but may well sound alarm bells in the minds of those already fearful of my profession's powers and activities in this field.
It seems to me that the principal virtue of this Editorial is its focus on what the physician is actually doing in fulfilling the requirement to identify a morally and legally acceptable point in the dying process at which the duty of patient care may properly give place to what may be called "death behaviour" - which may take several forms. Commonly, the emphasis is on the disposal of the soon to be corrupting body, which may be a matter of minimal delay in hot climates but can otherwise be dealt with in an unhurried and reverent manner. Only in situations where it is desired to obtain organs in still-viable condition from the dying body is there any real urgency to declare its owner "dead" (in the above sense). In all other circumstances, there is unlimited time to ensure that the circulation of oxygenated blood has indeed finally ceased, and the certification of death need not be made until the consequently inevitable bodily decomposition is well under way. Final progress to the state in which the body can truly be described as dead in the de facto sense - devoid of all life - may take many hours, or even days, thereafter.
The role of science in this discussion is necessarily limited to the search for continuing life in the dying body, its detection negating a diagnosis of death in the factual, biological, sense. Should there ever be consensus about critical elements of the body in relation to the diagnosis and certification of the death of its owner and occupier - the person - then science might play a definitive part in identifying their lifelessness before the ebbing of all life from the corpse. But that day may never come. For the present and foreseeable future, it will remain necessary to decide when death behaviour can be initiated on other than scientific grounds. And that means on grounds which must be to some extent arbitrary.
This is recognized by the authors of the Editorial when referring to "multiple points at which a patient might plausibly be declared dead" and to a willingness to tolerate "some diagnostic imprecision" in the determination of death shortly after cardiac arrest. But in arguing for the acceptance of some uncertainty about the possibility of resuscitation they make the unreferenced, and in my experience false, claim that "Within a few minutes after cardiac arrest the donor is almost certainly dead". That is an essentially unscientific statement, with the potential to mislead the less critical, and which might, by others, be seen as begging the question. But, that aside, the tenor of the discussion directs our thoughts helpfully to the practical necessity of agreeing the proper "point of no return" in the dying process which may find general acceptance. It is, I think, that "point" - not to be misunderstood as implying an instant in time, of course - which has long been seen as the death of a person. In that sense, perceived by observers or reported to friends subsequently, someone's death is indeed an event - the end of a person's life within his family circle and society - as Bernat is said to have concluded [2]. The medical diagnosis and certification of death is a necessary, although not necessarily co-terminous, part of that event. To my mind, that procedure can never properly precede final circulatory and respiratory arrest and, to avoid uncertainty about the significance of persisting life in parts of the body thereafter, should never be hurried.
1. Huddle TS, Schwartz MA, Bailey FA, Bos MA. Death, organ transplantation, and medical practice. Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2008 Feb 4;3(1):5
2. Bernat JL 2002. Quoted by Huddle et al, ibid.
Competing interests
Non-heartbeating organ donation and the false analogy fallacy
Michael Potts (2008-03-08 05:34) Methodist University, Fayetteville, NC USA
In their recent editorial [1] Thomas Huddle and his colleagues argue that clinical judgments for declaring death are contingent upon changing circumstances, and that the extension of "the dead" is underdetermined by the concept of death. Since doctors routinely use different criteria to pronounce death in different situations (in DNR patients, shortly after cardiac arrest; in non-DNR patients, after the doctor has judged that the resuscitation attempt has failed), there is no moral bar to their pronouncing death after 2-5 minutes of cardiac arrest in non-heartbeating (NHB) donors. Therefore, physicians are within their rights to declare NHB organ donors dead and remove their organs, all without violating the dead donor rule or the traditional position that death is irreversible. In this paper, I argue that they commit the fallacy of false analogy in their analysis by ignoring the fact that in the other cases of pronouncing death, there is no issue of removing vital organs from the patient; in NHBD, that issue is present.
After setting forth the standard distinction between the descriptive concept of death, according to which "we observe death and declare its presence" [1] and death as an evaluative notion, according to which "we alter our concepts to fit our practice," [1] Huddle, et al. argue that there is no "dilemma" between these two standards of death. They argue that empirical concepts are "open" to change given "[n]ew discoveries or practices." [1] They admit that the concept of "death" is stable—intentionally, death must be understood in terms of "strong irreversibility"—that is, when a person is dead, he or she cannot be resuscitated by any technology. But, the authors claim, the intentional concept of death must not be confused "with the kind of evidence we require in given situations to conclude that a patient is dead, which may vary; [this is] to confuse aspects of a concept with fixing its extension." [1]
Working from a Wittgensteinian perspective in which "criteria for a concept do not always determine our view of when a given possible instance falls under it," Huddle and his colleagues note that death is declared on cardio-pulmonary criteria without any attempt at resuscitation on patients with do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders. However, patients without DNR orders "who stop breathing in the hospital are regarded differently; they are not dead, or, at least, not dead yet." [1]
Applying their point to the issue of NHBD, Huddle, et al. argue that "within a few minutes after cardiopulmonary arrest the donor is almost certainly dead; there is no practical reason for us delay [sic] a determination of death as we might for a patient with more favorable prognostic warranted vigorous resuscitation." [1]. Although the concepts of life and death remain "dichotomous," clinical declarations of death "are more or less precise determinations of an organism's state based upon valid concepts skillfully deployed by physicians in the interests of patients." Clinical judgment about death is, to some extent, relative to the clinical context, and in the context of NHBH, Huddle and his colleagues argue, it is within legitimate clinical judgment to pronounce donors dead following ventilator removal after two minutes of cardiac arrest. In this way, organs may be ethically removed from non-heart-beating donors without violating the dead donor rule.
In critiquing the argument of Huddle, et al., it is important to note the areas in which they are correct. It is true that metaphysically a person is either alive or dead and once a person is dead, that state cannot be reversed. Those individuals resuscitated from cardiac arrest were never truly dead.
Epistemologically, however, it is not possible to determine the exact point at which death occurs. There is a point beyond which the body cannot function as a unified organism, can no longer circulate blood, can no longer respire, cannot be resuscitated. When that exact moment occurs is beyond the ability of human beings to know.
It is also true that physicians routinely pronounce patients dead when they may not be dead in the metaphysical sense. A cancer patient with a DNR order, for example, may be pronounced dead shortly after cardiac arrest has been confirmed. Doctors make a determination at some point during a resuscitation that the patient cannot be revived, and the patient is then pronounced dead. The lack of absolute certainty about the moment of metaphysical death does not stop physicians from formally pronouncing death.
But Huddle and his colleagues make a false analogy when they claim that the situation with non-heart-beating donors is relevantly similar to the situation in either DNR patients or patients pronounced dead after resuscitation. In the case of the DNR patient pronounced dead shortly after cardiac arrest, there is no question of the patient's organs being removed—it is understood that the patient will undergo complete biological death some time after cardiac arrest. Pronouncing death at the stage of initial cardiac arrest allows the family to say their goodbyes, and since there is no issue of vital organs being removed, the practice of pronouncing death at this stage is not morally repugnant.
In the case of the patient undergoing resuscitation, the physicians involved make a judgment, based on their clinical experience, that there is virtually no chance that the patient will respond to continued efforts. They recognize that there is a remote possibility that continued efforts might be effective in restoring circulation, but judge that the chance of that occurring is so close to zero that further efforts will not benefit the patient. Doctors may also be concerned that even if the patient responds to a long resuscitation, he or she may suffer profound neurological deficits. The physician must make a judgment when to stop resuscitation; an attempt at resuscitation cannot go on indefinitely, and the determination of when to stop will be based on the best scientific data and on the physician's past results in resuscitating patients. Again, there is no issue of vital organ removal from these patients.
The standard of declaring death must be much higher, however, in the case of NHBD. If those donors are not dead when their vital organs are removed, removal of such organs will be the proximate cause of their deaths. Huddle et al. recognize that this is the case in NHB donors who undergo extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) after cardiac arrest, but they fail to see that the same situation applies in patients who are pronounced dead after 2-5 minutes of cardiac arrest who are not placed on ECMO.
The issue does not only involve irreversibility. A patient may be in such a condition that his or her heart cannot be restarted, but the patient may yet be biologically alive. Brain activity may continue, and until cellular gas exchange wholly ceases, cellular respiration in the brain and other organs may continue. If the patient were allowed to die by removal of the ventilator, the lack of oxygen would be the proximal cause of death. However, if the patient is still alive, even after anoxia-induced cardiac arrest, it is the removal of organs that kills the patient.
Given short period of time (2-5 minutes) between cardiac arrest and the pronouncement of death, it is unlikely that the patient is biologically or metaphysically dead. Unless a physician can say with certainty that the entire brain is dead and that systemic metabolic processes have entirely stopped in such donors, there is a chance, even if it is slight, that organs are being removed from a living patient. The key difference that falsifies the analogy Huddle and his colleagues make between pronouncing death in NHBD and other contexts is the fact that removing organs occurs only in NHBD. Physicians, who pledge to "do no harm," must not place themselves in a situation in which they risk killing a living patient.
1. Huddle TS, Schwartz MA, Bailey FA, Bos MA. Death, organ transplantation, and medical practice. Philos Ethics Humanit Med 2008,3:5, February 4.
Competing interests
No competing interests.


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We let our letters loose in the real world to shoot the new opening of the reel. Hijinks, hilarity, and a legendary strip club set up ensued.
Check back next week for a full behind the scenes post and the unveiling of our new reel!
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Biffa's bid to burn more rubbish at planned Shepshed incinerator
Posted: April 24, 2014|
Plans for a controversial incinerator off the M1 have been revised.
Waste management firm Biffa was granted permission for a £200 million plant at Newhurst Quarry, Shepshed, in 2012, despite thousands of people objecting because of fears about fumes from the burning of rubbish and the number of lorries needed to feed the operation.
Biffa said it would burn 300,000 tonnes of rubbish annually and use the heat to generate electricity sufficient to power 42,000 homes.
It has yet to start developing the former quarry site in Ashby Road, which overlooks the motorway, but said advancements in engineering technology had now prompted a rethink.
The firm said it now wanted to burn 350,000 tonnes of rubbish annually, generating 33 megawatts of energy – enough to power 66,000 homes.
It is seeking alterations to the planning permission granted by the Government, which overruled Leicestershire County Council's rejection of the project.
Biffa said the changes were largely internal and there would be no need to increase the current permitted number of lorry movements, which allow for 375,000 tonnes of waste to be moved there.
Development director Mike Thair said: "Biffa has taken the opportunity to refine and improve the facility's design, so as to improve energy efficiencies and overall performance.
"This will significantly increase the amount of electricity the plant can produce.
"As well as providing a major contribution towards sustainable energy generation and waste management in Leicestershire, the project will bring £250 million of investment to the area with 40 full-time jobs, hundreds more during construction and more still through contractors and suppliers over the plant's life.
"Not forgetting money will also be spent on hotels, taxis, shops and other necessities which will be required by this major project."
Biffa has sent revised plans to County Hall ahead of making a formal request to alter the planning permission in the summer.
Shepshed county councillor Christine Radford said she still had concerns.
She said: "If they are going to up the amount of rubbish burned that must mean more emissions and more lorries.
"I worry about the impact on Ashby Road.
"I doubt we'll be able to get alterations rejected, as the scheme already has planning permission but I will try to get conditions."
Biffa said controls would mean there was no health risk from smoke emissions.


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With Monday night's 95-89 victory over New Orleans, the Thunder is now 6-4 inside Oklahoma City Arena this season, but coach Scott Brooks doesn't buy into the theory his team might be feeling more pressure at home trying to please its fans.
Thunder notebook: Home, not-so-sweet home
"You always want to have your home crowd go home happy,†Brooks said. "I don't feel that we have more pressure. We've just had some tough losses against good teams. You'd still like to give yourself a chance to win those tough games, and we've got to do a better job of that.â€
In addition to the Hornets, the Thunder has lost at home to Utah by 21, Boston by nine, San Antonio by 13 and Dallas by eight. Those five teams have a combined record of 54-15 (.783).
The Thunder is 6-2 on the road against teams with a combined record of 54-46 (.540).
Monday's win might have left Brooks gloating a little bit. Like most coaches, Brooks constantly preaches how defense can often win games when a team's offense is struggling.
The Thunder shot 37.8 percent from the field (32.4 percent in the second half) and committed 18 turnovers, yet still was able to beat a 12-4 team that was the league's lone unbeaten this season at 8-0.
"I love winning basketball with toughness,†Brooks said. "That's what I'm about. That's what our team's about. That's what our city about — playing tough basketball, winning games with toughness. We're fortunate to get out of the gym with a win. It's good when you see guys committed to the team and just leaving it on the floor, not having a good shooting night and not letting it affect the other end of the floor.â€
The novelty of Oklahoma City serving as the New Orleans Hornets' temporary home from 2005-07 seems to have all but disappeared. Crowd reaction during pre-game introductions drew only polite applause for Chris Paul and David West.
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text: Don't Look Now | IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information Official Broadway League sites: - sites - broadway.org broadwayleague.com broadwayfanclub.com kidsnightonbroadway.com stagespecs.org tonyawards.com Quick Search For: In This Category: All Show People/Org. Theatre Season The credits for this production have not yet been completed or verified. Don't Look Now Nora Bayes Theatre, (11/02/1936 - circa. 11/1936) First Preview: Total Previews: Opening Date: Nov 02, 1936 Closing Date: Nov 1936 Total Performances: 16 Category: Play, Comedy, Original Setting: James Cabot's Apartment in a Mid-Town New York Hotel. Opening Night Credits Production Staff Produced by Gustav Blum Written by John Crump Staged by Gustav Blum Scenic Design by Lou Bromley Cast Joseph BuloffSam SternForbes DawsonT.T. LawrenceKathryn HarrisMrs. JonesJack HaslerRodney Fletcher SchlossFerdi HoffmanErnest JohnsonRobert LeslieFred LudenCarleton MacyColonel VanceEdward MarrTom MacDonaldBeverly PhalonNina GayRobert ShayneJames CabotOscar StirlingWintersQueenell TuckerElaine Jones © 2001-2015, The Broadway League, All Rights Reserved. (Copyright and Disclaimer)