text:
|Table of Contents
|Vol. 79, No. 2, 2012
Issue release date: February 2012
|Section title: Original Paper
Vocal Parameters That Indicate Threat Level Correlate with FOS Immunolabeling in Social and Vocal Control Brain RegionsEllis J.M.S. · Riters L.V.
Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc., USA Corresponding Author
Dr. Jesse Ellis
Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin
426 Birge Hall
Madison, WI 53709 (USA)
Tel. +1 206 406 7776, E-Mail email@example.com
Transmitting information via communicative signals is integral to interacting with conspecifics, and some species achieve this task by varying vocalizations to reflect context. Although signal variation is critical to social interactions, the underlying neural control has not been studied. In response to a predator, black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapilla) produce mobbing calls (chick-a-dee calls) with various parameters, some of which convey information about the threat stimulus. We predicted that vocal parameters indicative of threat would be associated with distinct patterns of neuronal activity within brain areas involved in social behavior and those involved in the sensorimotor control of vocal production. To test this prediction, we measured the syntax and structural aspects of chick-a-dee call production in response to a hawk model and assessed the protein product of the immediate early gene FOS in brain regions implicated in context-specific vocal and social behavior. These regions include the medial preoptic area (POM) and lateral septum (LS), as well as regions involved in vocal motor control, including the dorsomedial nucleus of the intercollicular complex and the HVC. We found correlations linking call rate (previously demonstrated to reflect threat) to labeling in the POM and LS. Labeling in the HVC correlated with the number of D notes per call, which may also signal threat level. Labeling in the call control region dorsomedial nucleus was associated with the structure of D notes and the overall number of notes, but not call rate or type of notes produced. These results suggest that the POM and LS may influence attributes of vocalizations produced in response to predators and that the brain region implicated in song control, the HVC, also influences call production. Because variation in chick-a-dee call rate indicates predator threat, we speculate that these areas could integrate with motor control regions to imbue mobbing signals with additional information about threat level.
© 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel
Transmitting information to conspecifics is an integral part of vertebrate social behavior [Bradbury and Vehrencamp, 1998]. Interacting with conspecifics, be they offspring, rivals or mates, requires communication. Accordingly, many species use a variety of signals, especially vocalizations, in different social contexts [Marler, 2004a, b]. Different signals have different meanings for receivers [e.g. Manser et al., 2001], but, even within signal types, variation in production can transmit useful information, adding to or altering the meaning of the signal [Vehrencamp, 2000; Illes et al., 2006; Ellis, 2008; Rivera-Gutierrez et al., 2010]. The neural correlates underlying signal variation have been studied in a few cases, but determining how the brain creates variation within a signal type is needed as a first step to understanding the neural basis of communication.
To identify patterns of neuronal activity associated with variation in vocal behavior, it is useful to study a system in which variation in acoustic structure has been established. Bird calls are generally relatively short, simple vocalizations, but some calls vary considerably even within a single functional type [Marler, 1967]. One context in which the neural basis of vocal variation can be easily addressed, and which has been well studied behaviorally, is during predator encounters. When animals encounter predators, they often take evasive action, but may also produce signals [Curio, 1978; Caro, 2005]. Such signals can vary amongst individuals and signal production may depend on the social context and the predator context. Some species only produce alarms and mobbing signals if offspring or potential mates are present (e.g. jays, babblers and sciurids) [Sherman, 1977; Maklakov, 2002; Griesser and Ekman, 2005]. Some species encode the nature of the threat (aerial, terrestrial) with different signals (e.g. monkeys and meerkats) [Cheney and Seyfarth, 1985; Zuberbühler, 2000; Manser, 2001; Zuberbühler, 2001]. Others use variation within a signal to communicate the danger a predator presents (e.g. tits, reed warblers) [Baker and Becker, 2002; Welbergen and Davies, 2008; Courter and Ritchison, 2010].
Black-capped chickadees use one of the most flexible call systems known in animals, the eponymous chick-a-dee call [Hailman et al., 1985; Hailman and Ficken, 1986; Hailman et al., 1987]. The calls are used as mobbing signals, given after an individual has initially detected a predator and approached it [Smith, 1991]. The chick-a-dee call has 4 distinct note types, designated A–D. Notes always occur in the general order A-B-C-D [Hailman and Ficken, 1986; Hailman et al., 1987]. Despite this level of structure, individuals can change the number of each note type to produce a wide range of utterances [Hailman et al., 1985]. Parameters of each note type, especially D notes, can also be adjusted. Some variation appears to be meaningful. Differences in a number of parameters reflect the threat level a chickadee perceives from a particular predator. For example, chickadees call more in response to smaller, high-threat predators, and use more D notes [Baker and Becker, 2002; Templeton et al., 2005]. The ratio of A to B notes and the energy dispersion in D notes also change depending on the threat presented [Baker and Becker, 2002; Templeton et al., 2005]. However, even within the context of a single threat, call parameters can vary greatly from individual to individual [Baker and Becker, 2002; Templeton et al., 2005]. We took advantage of the known variation in thecall structure of chickadees and their ability to elicit calls, in order to examine neural correlates of signal variation as a first step in identifying how a meaningful variation in calls is produced.
In songbirds (passerines) such as chickadees, vocal motor control and learning circuits have been relatively well studied [Wild, 2004; Brenowitz and Beecher, 2005; Mooney, 2009], but how the brain integrates internal and social information with vocal motor output to moderate signal production is not clear. Vocal output, like any motor activity, occurs in a wide range of functional contexts [Marler, 2004b]. Therefore, it is likely that a number of functionally distinct neural systems (e.g. social, sexual and anti-predator) must integrate information to control vocal output [Newman, 1999; Goodson, 2005]. The dorsomedial nucleus of the intercollicular complex (DM) is thought to be the primary region controlling call output [Brown, 1965a; Wild et al., 1997; Fukushima and Aoki, 2000; Dubbeldam and den Boer-Visser, 2002]. Electrical stimulation of the DM results in the production of calls in a number of species, in both passerines and nonpasserines [Brown, 1971, 1973; Seller, 1981]. Lesions of this area result in apparent muteness [Brown, 1965b; Seller, 1980; Fukushima and Aoki, 2000]. In a detailed study of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), electrical stimulation of DM triggered calls of relatively invariant structure [Brown, 1971]. In contrast, electrical stimulation of diencephalic areas, including portions of the lateral septum (LS) and medial preoptic nucleus (POM), elicited several types of highly variable vocalizations including alarm calls [Brown, 1971]. Both the LS and POM integrate internal and external environmental information [Hull et al., 1999; Dobson et al., 2003; Goodson et al., 2005]. These regions have been implicated in a range of social behaviors, including agonistic and defensive behavior [Goodson, 1998; Goodson et al., 1999; Gammie, 2005; Alger and Riters, 2006; Heimovics and Riters, 2006; Riters, 2006; Heimovics and Riters, 2007; Alger et al., 2009]. The LS and POM have also been implicated in birdsong, with relationships between markers in these regions and songs differing, depending upon the social context in which a bird is singing [Goodson, 1998; Goodson et al., 1999; Alger and Riters, 2006; Heimovics and Riters, 2006, 2007; Alger et al., 2009]. The POM and LS are reciprocally neuroanatomically connected [Riters and Alger, 2004] and the POM projects to the DM [Montagnese et al., 2004; Riters and Alger, 2004], suggesting a candidate neural circuit for the regulation of variation in the production of threat signals (fig. 1).
While regions such as the LS and POM may provide information about the social environment to the DM, variation in call structure may also be regulated by interactions between the DM and the song control system. The song control system is unique to songbirds and consists of a specialized group of interconnected brain regions devoted to sensorimotor processing and song production [Ziegler and Marler, 2008]. A number of studies, however, indicate that the role of the song system may extend to calling behavior, particularly the production of the learned components of calls [Simpson and Vicario, 1990; Fukushima and Aoki, 2000, 2002; Liu et al., 2009]. Specifically the song control region, the HVC, projects to the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) which projects to the DM as well as to respiratory and syringeal premotor neurons [Wild, 1997] (fig. 1). In estrildid finches, males produce contact calls that carry an individually distinctive signature. Lesions of either the HVC or RA of the song control system result in the loss of this signature, such that these calls revert to female-like calls lacking individual specificity [Simpson and Vicario, 1990; Vicario and Simpson, 1995; Fukushima and Aoki, 2000; Vicario, 2004]. Beyond this, the role of song control nuclei in call production is unknown.
Our goal was to gain an understanding of the neural variation that underlies individual vocal variation within a single context. We hypothesized that a number of brain regions that are active in social encounters and vocal production may be active when producing predator-elicited mobbing calls in chickadees and that variation in regional activity might relate to variation in call structure and production among individuals. In particular, we examined call parameters known to represent a threat to the receivers [Baker and Becker, 2002; Templeton et al., 2005]. Here we used immunolabeling for FOS, an immediate early gene as an indirect marker of neuronal activity to identify patterns of activity in the POM, LS, DM, HVC and RA in association with variations in alarm call production. We additionally measured FOS immunolabeling in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and midbrain central gray (GCt), which send projections to the POM and song control regions [Appeltants et al., 2000; Appeltants et al., 2002; Ball et al., 2003; Riters and Alger, 2004; Person et al., 2008] (fig. 1) and have been implicated in motivation [Heimovics and Riters, 2005; Hara et al., 2007; Huang and Hessler, 2008; Lynch et al., 2008; Woods et al., 2010] and song production [Maney and Ball, 2003; Alger et al., 2009; Goodson et al., 2009; Heimovics et al., 2009].
Twelve black-capped chickadees were caught with mist nets and potter traps at sites within 22 miles of Madison, Wisc. in late 2009 and early 2010, prior to the breeding season. Six females and 6 males were housed with other chickadees (from a different study) in mixed-sex groups of up to 6 individuals in outdoor aviaries (3.5 × 3.5 × 2.75 m; i.e. on natural photoperiod) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The sex of the subjects was determined via the gonads when they were killed for brain collection.
A taxidermic model of a Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii) in a perched posture was borrowed from the Wisconsin University Zoological Museum. To elicit vocalizations in chickadees, the model was placed on a 1-meter-high platform in an empty aviary, visually isolated from the chickadees and concealed with a cardboard box. A Sennheiser ME64 cardioid microphone with a K6 powering module, directed up and into the aviary, recorded from near one edge of the aviary approximately 30 cm off the ground. It recorded onto a Marantz PMD 660 recorder at 48-kHz sample rate and 16-bit depth. The test subject was introduced to the aviary; an observer entered a blind fitted with 1-way glass and began recording behavior by observation and all the vocalizations with the recorder. Subjects were given at least 5 min to become accustomed to the new aviary; stimulus presentation was delayed until 5 min after the subject ate or drank or 10 min after entering the aviary, whichever came first. The box was then lifted off the taxidermic hawk model by a tether and the observer remained concealed in the blind. After 15 min of exposure to the hawk model, the box was lowered again to conceal the model. The following behaviors were tracked during the 15 min of exposure: the amount of liquid and food consumed and how many bill wipes and preening events occurred (a new event was recorded if an individual stopped for at least 2 s). Finally, to assess general activity levels, each subject was tracked for 10 s at the beginning of each minute of observation. If the subject flew during this period, this was tallied. The total tally served as a general indicator of activity. Behaviors during prestimulus and stimulus observation periods were tabulated separately.
Subjects were sacrificed via rapid decapitation approximately 45 min after stimulus presentation. In previous studies this time frame worked well for identifying correlations between FOS immunolabeling and vocal behavior [Riters et al., 2004; Heimovics and Riters, 2006]; 45 min allowed us to use the same subjects for a procedure with a shorter peak activity period (phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase; data not presented here). The brains were dissected from the skull and placed within 3 min in 5% acrolein solution, fixed overnight and then cryoprotected in 30% sucrose solution for 3–5 days. They were then frozen at –80°C until processing.
Each brain was sliced coronally into 40-µm sections on a cryostat. Every third section was used for assessing numbers of FOS-immunolabeled cells. All brain tissue was processed in the same batch. Tissue was rinsed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 30 min, washed in 5% hydrogen peroxide solution, rinsed again in PBS for 30 min, incubated in sodium borohydride for 15 min, rinsed in PBS-T, blocked with 5% normal goat serum (NGS) for 90 min and finally incubated in primary solution [2% NGS and 1:18,000 FOS primary antibody (K-25, sc253; Santa Cruz)] overnight at room temperature. This antibody was previously validated in starlings in our laboratory [Alger et al., 2009]. A 30-min PBS-T rinse followed, then tissue was incubated in secondary antibody solution [2% NGS with biotinylated goat anti-rabbit (1:250)]. Tissue was again rinsed in PBS-T and then incubated in AB solution for 60 min. The avidin-biotin complex was visualized by a 7-min treatment with diaminobenzadine. Sections were mounted on gel-coated slides and coverslipped after dehydration.
Sounds were analyzed with Raven 1.4 (Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, N.Y., USA), and calls were delineated and classified without knowledge of the results of FOS immunocytochemistry for each individual. Notes were classified by eye according to type (A, B, C or D; fig. 2) using the criteria given by Hailman et al. [1985] and the following measures were calculated: peak frequency of D notes and A notes and D-note duration, entropy (a measure of noisiness or energy distribution) and bandwidth (using 5 and 95% frequency cutoffs). B and C notes were not measured because none were produced (as defined and illustrated by Ficken et al. [1978] and illustrated by Sturdy et al. [2000]). Three measures were calculated from each call as a unit: the number of D notes and A notes and the total of notes per call. The number of chick-a-dee calls given over the 10-min observation period was also noted.
FOS-immunoreactive cells were counted on a Nikon microscope with a Spot camera (Diagnostics Instruments, Inc.) and MetaVue software (Universal Imaging Corp.). Cell counts were made in a box or oval centered on each area of interest (fig. 3). Boundaries were set within the area of interest across all sections. Each area was sampled on both sides of the midline, and 3 sections were examined, producing 6 measures per subject, which were averaged. In cases of tissue damage, the count was dropped and the average calculated from the remaining section areas. MetaVue uses a threshold value for measurement inclusion based on the grayscale values of the 8-bit photomicrograph. The threshold was set such that it included labeled cells; this was agreed upon by 2 independent observers. The same threshold was used for each region for all subjects, but each measurement was visually checked to confirm that extraneous noncellular areas were compensated for.
The intercollicularis has proven to be a complex, heterogeneous area, and despite a thorough review [Puelles et al., 1994], many authors are not always clear about precisely which subregions are being analyzed. Here, we explicitly examined the area termed the intercolliculus core by Puelles et al. [1994], which controls call production in birds. We refer to this area as DM throughout the paper, consistent with other more recent studies.
All statistics were run with R (R-foundation: http://www.r-project.org). Assumptions of parametric statistics were checked via normal-quantile plots and variables transformed as noted (see Results). One multiple linear regression for each behavior or call attribute was used to assess whether the sex of a subject and the counts of FOS immunoreactive cells in selected brain regions explained behaviors and the physical attributes of chick-a-dee calls. Backward stepwise regression was used to eliminate brain regions that did not contribute significantly to the model; forward-stepwise regression was used to confirm the backward regression. Significance values were corrected using sequential Bonferroni procedures, although all p values <0.05 are reported for readers who prefer to assess significance without the overly stringent Bonferroni corrections [Moran, 2003; Nakagawa, 2004].
Chickadees did not produce any chick-a-dee calls during the 5 min prior to the presentation of the hawk model, and generally performed low levels of maintenance behavior, such as feeding, eating and preening. They became more active in response to the hawk model. They changed perches in a mean of 81% (+6% SEM) of the fifteen 10-second flight periods monitored in each raptor presentation, significantly more than the 46% (±21%) observed before the raptor was present (paired t test, 2-tailed, percent flights before and during: t = 3.99, d.f. = 11, p = 0.002). They rarely fed (3/12 subjects), drank (1/12), preened (0/12) or bill-wiped (0/12) when the hawk model was present. The proportion of periods with movement did not correlate with numbers of FOS-labeled cells in any brain region, and no differences were identified between birds that fed or drank and those that did not.
Ten of 12 individuals gave chick-a-dee calls in response to the hawk model (online supplementary figure S1; for all online supplementary material, see www.karger.com?doi=10.1159/000334078). Subjects did not produce B or C notes as defined by Hailman et al. [1985]. Chickadees that called produced an average of 3.8 ± 0.44 D notes per call.
Stepwise multiple regression analyses were run to examine the relationships between the numbers of FOS-immunolabeled cells in each brain region measured, sex and each call measure. Several transformations were required: number of chick-a-dee calls was log(x + 1)-transformed and FOS-immunolabeling counts in the VTA, POM and HVC were log transformed to meet parametric statistical requirements. RA labeling was nearly undetectable, with only 1 individual showing 3 cells with FOS immunolabeling. This region was therefore excluded from further analysis. The sex of the subject and the average numbers of FOS-immunolabeled cells in each measurement area (population mean ± SEM, n = 12; fig. 3) in the HVC (9.8 ± 10), DM (19 ± 13), POM (6.3 ± 4.3), LS (24 ± 2.8), paraventricular nucleus (PVN, 2.9 ± 2.0), VTA (5.1 ± 5.4) and GCt (22 ± 13) were entered as independent variables into separate backward-stepwise regression models for each of the following dependent variables: the number of chick-a-dee calls, the mean number of D notes and A notes per call, the mean D-note duration, peak frequency, entropy and bandwidth, as well as the mean total number of notes/call (see details below).
Previous work on song has demonstrated that the number or duration of vocalizations may be predicted by the number of labeled cells in song control regions and social brain regions [Maney and Ball, 2003; Riters et al., 2004; Heimovics and Riters, 2005], so we assessed how the independent variables predicted the number of calls produced in the observation period, the mean total number of notes per call and the mean number of D notes and A notes per call. FOS immunolabeling in the POM and LS together predicted the number of calls a chickadee produced (table 1; fig. 4, 5a). Chickadees that called more tended to have fewer labeled cells in the LS and more labeled cells in the POM.
After statistically accounting for the numbers of labeled cells in the LS, POM and DM, a significant sex difference was identified, with males tending to produce more notes than females (table 1), with the LS and the POM contributing negatively to notes per call and the DM relating positively (table 1, online suppl. fig. S2). After sequential Bonferroni correction, only sex and DM proved to significantly relate to the total number of notes used in a chick-a-dee call.
D-note production related to HVC labeling and the sex of the caller. For a given level of HVC labeling, males produced more D notes per call, and after including the sex in the model, individuals with higher levels of HVC labeling tended to produce more D notes (table 1; fig. 6). No independent variables (even before Bonferroni correction) predicted the number of A notes per call or the mean D-note duration.
The structure of D notes has also been thought to relate to the predator threat level [Templeton et al., 2005], so we examined how D-note peak frequency, bandwidth, entropy and duration related to the independent variables. The number of labeled cells in the POM and DM predicted entropy (noisiness) of D notes across individuals (fig. 5b). For a given level of labeling in the DM, individuals with lower POM labeling tended to have higher D-note entropy; for a given level of POM labeling, individuals with higher DM labeling produced D notes with higher entropy. Labeling in the HVC and POM correlated positively to mean D-note peak frequency, while the DM and PVN showed negative correlations (table 1), with the HVC and POM explaining the most variance in peak frequency. Labeling in the DM predicted the bandwidth of D notes (fig. 7). None of the independent variables related to the duration of D notes.
This study yielded two results important for understanding the neural control of vocal variation in birds. First, FOS labeling in those areas involved in motivation and social behavior, specifically the POM and LS, showed relationships with a call measure that had previously been shown to communicate threat level. Second, we found FOS labeling in regions involved in both call control (the DM) and song production (the HVC) relate to some parameters of chick-a-dee calls. Together, these data point to a system by which brain regions involved in controlling social motivation might influence vocal output. The chickadee alarm call system, therefore, may prove a useful tool for understanding how regions processing contextual information successfully influence and/or control motor behaviors.
Distinct Patterns of FOS Labeling in the POM and LS Relate to the Call Rate
We found that labeling in both the POM and LS correlated with the number of calls produced in response to a single predator model. FOS immunolabeling in the LS and POM related to calling rate, but interestingly, statistical assessment of both regions was required to predict call rate. Increased POM labeling was associated with higher call rates, but only after accounting for labeling in LS, and call rates decreased with increased LS labeling for a given POM-labeling level. The statistical effect suggests that both regions influence vocal output, in a complex fashion, and that activity in both areas should be assessed to ascertain relationships with vocal output. This possibility should be examined in other studies and tested experimentally. The two regions are directly linked neuroanatomically and are directly (POM to DM) and indirectly (LS to GCt to the song control system) linked to vocal control regions, so that the nature of their influence on vocal output could be either through links to each other or to vocal control regions.
FOS Labeling in the POM and PVN Also Relates to D-Note Structure
Correlations of FOS labeling in the POM (with entropy and peak frequency) and in the PVN (with peak frequency) suggest that these regions influence overall note structure. Other measures similar to entropy have been proposed to change with threat level [Templeton et al., 2005]. Peak frequency has not been directly associated with threat level, but the PVN in songbirds is associated with anxiety and stress [Day et al., 2004; Herman et al., 2005], as well as responses to aggressive challenge [Goodson and Evans, 2004]. Further work should examine how activity in both the POM and PVN relate to entropy and peak frequency in social versus predator contexts. Interestingly, 2 other social brain regions, the GCt and VTA, which have been linked to vocal production and motivation [Maney and Ball, 2003; Heimovics and Riters, 2005], showed no links to any call measures in response to a predator, though FOS-labeled cells were visible in both regions.
A relatively neglected topic in understanding bird communication is the integration of brain regions implicated in calling behavior (the DM) with the song control system, especially the HVC and RA [Wild, 1997]. Both the DM and RA project to the same suite of motor neurons controlling vocal production [Wild, 1997], and the RA also projects to the DM, suggesting that the DM could influence song production while the song control system could, in turn, modify calls. As noted, the HVC and RA are necessary for the production of learned vocalizations, including the learned components of calls [Simpson and Vicario, 1990; Fukushima and Aoki, 2000]. The DM is currently not seen as being implicated in song production, though this may simply reflect a lack of data [Wild, 1997]. Studies of song production routinely fail to look for contributions of the DM to song and, conversely, it is unclear if the HVC and RA influence call production (especially complex calls) beyond providing an individual signature, as in estrildid finches [Simpson and Vicario, 1990; Fukushima and Aoki, 2000]. Call or song control regions could be expected to play a role in controlling information-bearing vocal variation, and different vocal parameters could be controlled by different regions.
FOS Labeling in the HVC Related to Meaningful Call Parameters
With respect to the chick-a-dee call, we found that the number of FOS-labeled cells in the HVC varied with the production of D notes by individuals, suggesting a role in vocal production beyond song for the HVC. This role may depend on whether D notes are learned, but it is unclear if learning occurs; D notes of a flock increase in similarity over weeks, but no definitive learning study has addressed this [Mammen and Nowicki, 1981; Nowicki, 1989; Clemmons and Howitz, 1990; Hughes et al., 1998]. One explanation for our findings is that the HVC provides an individual signature to otherwise unlearned D notes in chickadees, as in estrildid finches [Simpson and Vicario, 1990; Fukushima and Aoki, 2002], resulting in more HVC activity as more D notes are produced. However, if modulations to D notes or the notes themselves are learned, the 'song' system would presumably be responsible for their production generally, which would also generate a relationship between HVC labeling and D-note production.
FOS Labeling in the DM Related to Call Structure
The role of the DM in the production of the chick-a-dee call contrasted with that of the HVC. Rather than correlating with the number of notes produced, the number of FOS-labeled cells in the DM related to the quality of these notes, though most of these measures have not been shown to transmit information. More labeling was associated with lower-pitched, noisier calls of higher bandwidth. Few studies have analyzed exactly how the DM relates to vocal production. Electrostimulation of the DM elicits alarm call and contact call production in a number of species [Brown, 1965a; Potash, 1970; Brown, 1971; Armitage and Seller, 1981; Seller, 1981], but few studies have examined the immunocytological properties of this nucleus [Ball et al., 1989a], nor how such properties relate to vocal output. We identified relationships to actual call structure and possibly syntax (marginally significant relationships with the total number of notes) as opposed to overall levels of call production (call rate). The POM projecting to the DM is the only known direct projection from the POM to a song production pathway [Riters and Alger, 2004]. Interestingly, for both entropy and peak frequency, patterns of FOS labeling in the DM were opposite those in the POM. Further work should investigate the links between the two, with respect to the production of different vocalizations and the variation within single vocal types.
We interpret the relationship of the HVC and DM to call parameters as one of sensorimotor control, given previous understandings of the function of these regions [Ziegler and Marler, 2008]. As noted, these regions project directly to a range of premotor nuclei involved in lung, mouth and syrinx control [Wild, 1997; Wild et al., 1997], and activity in these areas probably relates to structural aspects of production [Vu et al., 1994]. The HVC, RA and DM are not likely to be directly responsible for imbuing vocalizations with affective content; they do not process contextual information, although the HVC may receive some information from the auditory system [Kelley and Nottebohm, 1979; Nottebohm et al., 1982]. The POM, LS and PVN, however, do not project directly to vocal premotor neurons [Swanson and Sawchenko, 1983; Balthazart and Absil, 1997; Montagnese et al., 2004; Riters and Alger, 2004]. We propose that immunolabeling relationships with call structure in these areas reflect an affective signal being sent to the sensorimotor regions (including the call and song control systems), perhaps modulating the outputs of these regions and thus the final vocalization.
Call Production and Labeling Patterns Vary between the Sexes
The sex differences in both the mean total notes and mean number of D notes per call are intriguing. Interestingly, we found differences in production only when statistically accounting for the number of labeled cells in several examined regions. Males produced both more notes on average, and more D notes, for a given level of FOS labeling (table 1). This suggests that observed levels of call production did not actually differ between the sexes, but that different relationships between call production and neural activity exist for each sex. Sex differences in neurochemistry have been identified in the DM, including in α2-adrenergic receptors [Ball et al., 1989b] and in estrogen receptors [Voigt et al., 2009], suggesting that the DM could influence sex differences in call production. Sex differences in chick-a-dee call production in this species are not well documented; both studies that looked at differences in the number of notes were unable to determine the sex [Baker and Becker, 2002; Templeton et al., 2005].
Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the POM and LS are components of a candidate neural circuit that supplies threat level information to sensorimotor regions governing vocal production, influencing antipredator calls. The logic here is that some call measures have previously been demonstrated to vary with the threat level, and that a variation in vocal response to a stimulus would reflect a variation in how subjects assessed the singular threat we presented in this study. Assessment by the subjects could vary for a number of reasons, depending on health, experience with predators or other factors. Individual birds could also differ in their assessment of the benefits of communication, depending on their current social status or relationships or the costs of communicating. It is also possible that the variation seen in the 2 measures applied here (i.e. behavioral and neural) are related by some unmeasured explanatory factor. Manipulation of a perceived threat, perhaps by comparing subjects that had been habituated to a predator or not, would allow this hypothesis to be tested.
The control of vocal variation, especially in nonsong vocalizations, has been poorly understood [Marler, 2004b]. These data suggest that the brain regions involved in social behavior, in particular the POM and LS, may integrate with those regions controlling calls (DM) and song (HVC) to regulate call structure in a potentially meaningful fashion, suggesting the hypothesis that these areas form a candidate neural circuit for controlling the variation in alarm calls. Our data demonstrate that multiple regions may influence call production within a single context, and that regions governing song production could be involved in a meaningful variation in calls. Additionally, they suggest testable hypotheses for the regulation of meaningful vocal variation, such as changes in call rate and structure. Future work should examine neural differences across functionally distinct call types. Lesions on social brain regions and their effects on call production can also shed light on understanding how information is transmitted and how the brain controls context-dependent vocal production. We suggest that regions involved in social behavior interact to determine the contextually appropriate response, and transmit information to sensorimotor control systems, in this case vocal control regions, which then modulate the structural output to reflect, in this case, a perceived threat.
This work was supported by an NIMH grant, R01 MH080225, to L.V.R. We thank Sharon Stevenson for technical assistance, Bill Feeny for illustrations and Chris Elliot for animal care.
Dr. Jesse Ellis
Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin
426 Birge Hall
Madison, WI 53709 (USA)
Tel. +1 206 406 7776, E-Mail email@example.com
Received: 4/15/2011 11:33:12 AM
Accepted: 9/5/2011
Published online: 12/17/2011
Issue release date: February 2012
Number of Print Pages: 13
Number of Figures: 7
Number of Tables: 1
ISSN: 0006-8977 (Print)
eISSN: 1421-9743 (Online)
For additional information: http://www.karger.com/BBE
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or, in the case of photocopying, direct payment of a specified fee to the Copyright Clearance Center.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.


text:
We have over 12,000 students, from over 100 countries, within one of the safest campuses in the UK
97% of Lancaster students go into work or further study within six months of graduating
Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article
|Journal publication date
|Thin Solid Films
|Number of pages
|Original language
Polymer light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on the structure ITO conducting glass /poly(p-phenylene vinylene)/metal (Al, In, Mg) have been investigated with particular emphasis on some anomalous and poorly understood features of the conduction mechanisms. At large forward bias (above 3 V, where electroluminescence is seen) the DC current is dominated by hole injection at the bottom ITO electrode and is not very sensitive to the top electrode metal or the fabrication conditions. It always increases exponentially with voltage at 20 degrees C, but studies on operating voltages and apparent ideality factors as a function of thickness indicate that the conduction mechanism probably involves thermally assisted tunnelling rather than a simple Schottky diode mechanism. In contrast, the current at low forward bias (0.1-3 V) is exceptionally sensitive to the top electrode material, fabrication conditions, and operating history of the device. Anomalous behaviour is often seen, particularly with new devices and with Mg or In electrodes. With Al electrodes, particularly after a top electrode annealing step, the behaviour becomes much more stable and resistive, and logJ increases linearly with V-1/4 over 3 orders of magnitude of current. The overall behaviour at low bias is controlled by the barrier to holes at the top electrode, but the role of filamentary defects, dopants, and the insulating interfacial layer is also discussed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Jan fucks Dean's hole in the lockerroom.
More Galleries from Men At Play Click to see all 181 Galleries
There are 12 comments on this gallery
marcuspig April 24, 2010 - 18:37:36 (See all My Comments)
Who wouldn't love being humped by hunky, gorgeous Jan?!Reply
eric965 January 29, 2008 - 16:29:52 (See all My Comments)
Jan, please mount me now and I will love to take you deep for as long as you can stand it before blowing your load into me. I want to suck that gorgeous cock too! Man are you sexy!Reply
Rafa18 September 30, 2007 - 03:17:14 (See all My Comments)
really hot! I wanna be fucked like thatReply
marcuspig July 01, 2007 - 17:57:09 (See all My Comments)
What a pervfect combination! Suits and jocks, offices and lockerrooms, and two handsome, horny studs!! I'll need to blow!Reply
sansnom June 18, 2007 - 15:25:59 (See all My Comments)
Bottom guy's face is so expressive. Hot.Reply
justaguy7412 June 17, 2007 - 23:26:14 (See all My Comments)
hell yes.Reply
bith of them are hot,
i want them both.
3muncie7 June 17, 2007 - 22:28:56 (See all My Comments)
Dean was a lot hotter cowboy but I would still suck him good.Reply
rhodie June 17, 2007 - 02:33:55 (See all My Comments)
Jan..I want to give you a BJReply
sunshinesteve June 17, 2007 - 02:24:32 (See all My Comments)
Jan and Dean oh please.....Reply
shadowboi25 June 17, 2007 - 02:23:55 (See all My Comments)
they are hot, we need more pix!Reply
RJosh1988 June 17, 2007 - 01:50:32 (See all My Comments)
This is my favorite place to have "fun" in! Wouldn't mind if those two studs were there with me.Reply
woaini June 16, 2007 - 21:14:28 (See all My Comments)
Jan is so HOT and SEXY! Handsome man!Reply


text:
Best of News
Best of News
Palabras clave
A woman shouts against riot police outside the Labour Ministry in... Fotografía de noticiasAdulto,Atenas - Grecia,Conflicto,Crisis,Crisis de la deuda griega,Economía,Finanzas,Grecia,Gritar,Horizontal,Mujeres,Policía antidisturbiosPhotographer ARIS MESSINISCollection: AFP 2013 AFPA woman shouts against riot police outside the Labour Ministry in Athens on January 30, 2013. Police were called in on Wednesday to dislodge around 30 Communist unionists from the labour ministry in a protest against new pension cut plans. The unionists were arrested and police used tear gas outside the building to disperse a larger group of protesters demanding their release. AFP PHOTO / ARIS MESSINIS (Photo credit should read ARIS MESSINIS/AFP/Getty Images)


text:
Rick Owens Lilies is a go-to brand for edgy staples. This soft padded-jersey jacket features structured drapes at the back and a high-cut neck. Wear it for day with a floor-sweeping skirt and metallic boots.
Gray padded-jerseyRibbed-jersey inserts at sleeves, two front slit pockets, draped overlays at backAsymmetric zip fastening through front 70% rayon, 15% cotton, 15% nylonDry cleanDesigner color: Dark Dust
Product code: 336367 - Need help? Contact us


text: Sure, we could roll up to any Thanksgiving table in our sweatpants, but that wouldn't be nearly as much fun as putting together an amazing outfit. We like to think of Thanksgiving as the kickoff to the holidays, so it's prime time to start stepping up your game with seasonal threads, no matter where you're headed for dinner. In case you're struggling to pull together just the right look for dinner at home or your first Turkey Day at your boyfriend's, we've done the work for you. Get all the outfit ideas you need right here.


text:
Submission Google Releases Raspberry Pi Teaching Tool->
judgecorp writes: Google has released "Coder", described as a simple way to make web stuff on Raspberry Pi. The idea is to make the Pi into a simple web server and web development environment on which kids can learn HTML, CSS and Javascript.
Link to Original Source
Link to Original Source


text:
The police in Kwara State have arrested a teacher at Oke-Aluko, Ilorin, Mr. Bashir Aduragba, over the death of a man, with whom he allegedly had a fight.
The victim, Kolawole Olanrewaju, was said to have died mysteriously during the fight.
PUNCH Metro gathered that Olanrewaju, whose wife had recently been delivered of a baby, had expressed disapproval with the continued use of a dump site close to the window of his residence.
A source, who pleaded anonymity on Tuesday in Ilorin, said the school, where Aduragba was teaching was also close to the site and as such, pupils usually made use of it.
The source said, "Olanrewaju's disapproval was to save his household from health hazard. He cleared the site with the hope that people would no longer use it."
It was learnt that few days after, Olanrewaju was taken aback when a pupil of the school came to dump refuse at the site.
The source said, "Olanrewaju was angry and he beat up the pupil, warning him not to dump refuse at the place again."
He added that after the pupil returned to the school and narrated what had happened, Aduragba challenged Olanrewaju.
An argument ensured between the two men, which was said to have degenerated into a physical combat.
There were divergent accounts as to how Olanrewaju later died.
An eyewitness, who also pleaded not to be named, said the teacher hit Olanrewaju with a suspicious ring. He added that Olanrewaju immediately collapsed on the spot and died.
But another source said that the deceased did not die immediately. According to him, he died after their disagreement had been settled by some elders.
The source explained that Olanrewaju slumped in his room and was rushed to the hospital where he was confirmed dead.
He added that Aduragba, who had gone to invite the police to arrest Olanrewaju for the wound he sustained during the fight, became the suspect in the death of Olanrewaju. He was arrested by the same policemen he brought to the deceased's house.
The state command's Police Public Relations Officer, Mr. Olufemi Fabode, said investigation into the killing had commenced.
He said, "We are waiting for the report of a post-mortem examination on the deceased to ascertain the cause of his death before the suspect would be charged to the court."


text:
Tim Gunn joins Liz Claiborne team
Did you know that Liz Claiborne, the purveyor of mom fashion, oversaw design at Juicy Couture? It's too bad Tim couldn't have been at the helm earlier. He might have stopped the fitted velour sweatsuit trend before it trickled down Wal-Mart way. Seriously. Had he gotten to the Juicy team in time the words "sassy" and "hottie" might not be emblazoned over the rear ends of America's teens today. Better late than never, I suppose. Tim Gunn, you're American sportswear's only hope.


text:
Photos of Mischa looking beautiful in white at the Chopard At 20th Annual Elton John AIDS Foundation Academy Awards Viewing Party have been added. And yes, that's model Petra Nemcova with Mischa.
3 responses to "Elton John AIDS Foundation Academy Awards Viewing Party"
Mischa looks pretty damn great as she has done consistently ever since those sensational 50's style Miami Beach Christmas photos but – sorry to get all catty,judgemental and bitchy here, a la The bleeding Daily Mail – BUT the usually lithe,stylish & gorgeous Petra Nemcova – Ay Caramba! – what is she playing at?
A candid view, beautiful and Semple
only beautiful woman!!!
What a beauty. !! glory glory mischa barton


text:
21Chad Haynes
One of the more experienced corners in the league ... Has played in 23 games during his career, earning 16 starts ... Has recorded 150 tackles during his two years on campus.
2008 (Sophomore): Played in all 12 games, earning 10 starts ... Finished fourth on the team with 83 tackles, including 42 solo tackles ... Was also credited with seven pass deflections and a forced fumble ... Had four double-figure tackle outings ... Recorded a season-high 11 tackles against nationally ranked South Dakota State ... Had a 10-tackle performance at TCU ... Also recorded 10 stops against Texas State and Central Arkansas ... Also recorded a pass deflection against UCA.
2007 (Freshman): Played in 11 games, earning six starts at strong safety ... Led the team and finished 12th in the conference with 67 tackles ... Credited with 30 solo stops ... Also broke up three passes and returned his lone interception 17 yards ... Recorded a career-high 12 tackles at South Dakota State ... Had a 10-tackle performance at Northwestern State ... Recorded seven tackles at North Dakota State and at Central Arkansas.
High School: Named team and district defensive MVP ... Earned first-team all-area honors ... A first-team all-region selection ... Team captain ... Also received first-team all-region honors ... Lists his best individual performance against Carrollton Creekview, where he recorded 11 tackles, one interception, forced a fumble and blocked a punt and a field goal ... Also lettered in track.
Personal: Son of Eddie Lofton and Erma Haynes ... Born Jan. 15, 1989, in Dallas, Texas ...Brother, Eddie Moten, plays in the Arena Football League for the Philadelphia Soul ... Plans to major in kinesiology.


text:
SAN ANTONIO, May 30, 2014 /PRNewswire-iReach/ -- Prospective car owners are often discouraged from purchasing a new vehicle as their prices can be overwhelming. Drivers tend to choose used vehicles for their value and similar performance capabilities, but the new vehicles from brands like...
Click here for more News & Analysis
Click here for more Data Articles
WardsAuto Vehicle & Powertrain Forecasts.
More Industry Voices - Insight, observation, and advice from WardsAuto readers.
Penton Media
Sponsored Introduction Continue on to (or wait seconds) ×


text:
Hurricane season fast approaches and preparedness is crucial -- 211 is here to help
Though our 2011 storm season was relatively quiet, preparedness is still important for Floridians. Before, during, and after a hurricane, 211 Palm Beach/Treasure Coast is available to connect individuals of all ages, including many needy families as well as frail seniors to essential community resources during such difficult times.
Knowledge of the vast array of services 211 provides can eliminate confusion as to whom to call for assistance. 211 connects individuals to important health, community, governmental and human service information throughout the Treasure Coast. Calls are free, confidential and available 24/7.
And as preparations are made this hurricane season, 211 Palm Beach/Treasure Coast wants the community to know that:
Before a storm, 211:
• Provides information on emergency shelters
• Answers questions about hurricane preparedness
During a storm, 211:
• Offers reassurance for individuals who are isolated and alone
• Provides crisis telephone counseling for people experiencing emotional distress
After a storm, 211:
• Helps direct individuals to resources that are most appropriate to meet their unique needs
• Provides referrals to emergency assistance programs, including local distribution centers and meal site locations
• Gathers and disseminates other relevant human service information both over the telephone and via the internet
Year round, with access to more than 3,200 local programs, 211 provides crisis intervention, information, assessment and referrals to community services for residents in Martin, St. Lucie, Indian River, Okeechobee and Palm Beach counties. For more information, dial 2-1-1 or visit www.211treasurecoast.org or www.211palmbeach.org
Subscribe to TCPalm.com and our Treasure Coast Newspapers
Need Help? Call us at 1-877-710-6180.
Monday-Friday: 6am-3pm / Saturday: 6:30am-10:30am / Sunday: 7am-11am


text:
DAVIDSON, WILLIAM FRANCIS H. (1811–?). William Davidson, surgeon in the Texas army, was born in Tennessee. On January 14, 1836, he enlisted for six months in the Volunteer Auxiliary Corps at Nacogdoches and during the San Jacinto campaign served as surgeon of Col. Edward Burleson's First Regiment, Texas Volunteers. During the battle of San Jacinto Davidson was detailed to remain with the sick at the army camp. Sam Houston nominated Davidson as a surgeon, and his nomination was confirmed by the Senate of the Republic of Texas on May 22, 1837. He was married in 1845 and lived in Rusk County. He received a land warrant for 640 acres for his service at San Jacinto. In 1853 he received 320 acres and on June 4, 1857, he received 320 acres in Cooke County. In 1850 he was listed as J. F. Davidson, farmer, with a wife named Mary and one child. In 1860 he, his wife, and three children lived in Cooke County; his occupation was "M.D."
Daughters of the Republic of Texas, Muster Rolls of the Texas Revolution (Austin, 1986). Sam Houston Dixon and Louis Wiltz Kemp, The Heroes of San Jacinto (Houston: Anson Jones, 1932). Thomas L. Miller, Bounty and Donation Land Grants of Texas, 1835–1888 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1967). Pat Ireland Nixon, The Medical Story of Early Texas, 1528–1853 (Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Lupe Memorial Fund, 1946). E. W. Winkler, ed., Secret Journals of the Senate, Republic of Texas (Austin, 1911).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Thomas W. Cutrer, "DAVIDSON, WILLIAM FRANCIS H.," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fda30), accessed October 04, 2015. Uploaded on June 12, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


text:
Remember that Heroes death? It happens tonight!
We were told several weeks ago that a major character was going to be killed off of Heroes soon. Of course, Heroes has a way of killing off characters and then they come back in one way or another: didn't really die, saved by time travel, had a twin, another person takes over their body, etc, etc. But this major character's death is going to be permanent, and it happens in tonight's episode, "The Fifth Stage."
The person who dies is Nathan Petrelli. I think this is a somewhat lame revelation as Nathan died last year. But I guess it's big news because Adrian Pasdar is still with the show, as Nathan's soul is battling with Sylar's so Pasdar has been able to be in a lot of episodes even though he died a while ago.
I for one am glad that Heroes is actually taking a major character and having him really die for good. I'd like Pasdar to stick around, but if someone has to go it makes sense to kill off the guy who, well, already killed off.
[via TV Tattle]
[Watch clips and episodes of Heroes and other shows at SlashControl.]


text:
'A Broadway Revue' closes out 2013 Elisabeth Lahti Concert Series
PALM CITY - StarStruck Performing Arts Center & Theatre presents "A Broadway Revue: Peter Jones & Friends" on Saturday, June 22, at 2 p.m. in the Donahue Room of the Peter & Julie Cummings Library, 2551 SW Matheson Ave., Palm City. Starring 2007 mARTie Award winner Peter Jones and directed by 2012 mARTie Award winner Jennifer Jones, this musical extravaganza is brought to you by the Friends of the Martin County Library System with support from Elisabeth Lahti. It is the sixth and final event in the Elisabeth Lahti Concert Series.
Free tickets are required and available for pickup only at the Peter & Julie Cummings Library
beginning June 18. Reservations cannot be accepted by telephone.
Join us for an exciting journey through musical theater history! Enjoy show tunes from a variety of musicals as you hum along and tap your toes during this sure-to-please event. A Broadway Revue features 2011 BroadwayWorld Award winner Josh Rhett Noble, international touring star Carla Holbrook, Metropolitan Atlanta Theatre Award nominee Matt McClure and award-winning, rising stars Sophia Liano, Katie Rodgers and Talia Suskauer.
For more information on this or other Chautauqua South events, call 772-221-1403, pick up a Library Connection at any Martin County library or visit the website at http://www.library.martin.fl.us.
This story is contributed by a member of the community and is neither endorsed nor affiliated with TCPalm.
Subscribe to TCPalm.com and our Treasure Coast Newspapers
Need Help? Call us at 1-877-710-6180.
Monday-Friday: 6am-3pm / Saturday: 6:30am-10:30am / Sunday: 7am-11am


text:
Tag Archives: conservation
Growing a Greener Planet: The Connection Between Conservation and Landownership
By: Pinaki Halder, Landesa West Bengal State Director The planting of a tree has long been understood as an act of faith in and hope for the future. But it is also a mark of ownership—an investment in the land. …
Read More


text:
Ok ok ooooooook, indeed we're all beside ourselves around here in anticipation for Coachella next weekend. Putting together a plan of attack of which bands and DJ's to check out. What parties to hit up before and after each festival day – And of course – What to wear?! Well Insight, pretty much nailed it when it comes to festival fashion. Check out what they have on deck for Spring 2011.
See ya'll out there in the desert!
Check out the rest of both Men & Womens collection @ Insight51


text:
New Luxury Hotels Opening in 2012: Swissotel Dresden
May 23, 2012
By: Oksana Balytsky
We at Five Star Alliance are all about the best and most luxurious hotels. We certainly keep up with the happenings in the luxury travel world and take pride in bringing our clients the latest luxury travel news. Keep up with our newest blog series where we'll be featuring luxury hotels opening in 2012 to stay on top of the trends and make your reservations at the newest hotspots.
The Swissotel Dresden opened in the center of the historic old town of Dresden, Germany in April 2012. Its central location, phenomenal shopping, entertainment, and nearby historic sites such as the Residenzschloss, the Turkish Chamber, the Semper Opera, Zwinger Palace and the Frauenkirche all make this luxury hotel the perfect destination for a trip full of culture and excitement. Its 235 elegant rooms and suites incorporate historic elements with modern interior designs and the latest technology. Make your reservations at this new luxury hotel and get ready to experience the excitement Germany has to offer!
It's Business Time: Claridges Best Business Hotel London
May 22, 2012
By: Christopher Roney
There's a very interesting split in the travel industry between business and leisure travelers. And if you're one of the business types, you know well that you're on the road constantly and the things that matter to you, travel convenience, efficiency, and connectivity, are almost the opposite of what a leisure traveler might want. If the word 'secluded' ever appeared in a hotel description, you'd cross it off the list immediately. So I'm here to use some adjectives you might appreciate hearing in describing some of the world's best business hotels. Today? London.
London is a very unique city when it comes to business travel. It has such an established infrastructure compared to some of the eastern centers of business and finance that hotels are in no short supply. Whereas somewhere like Hong Kong or Singapore has a much younger financial sector that was all fabricated at the same time, London is more distributed. It makes selecting great business hotels a little more depedent upon the needs of the individual than in other cities. For general purposes, Claridges is certainly one of the top business hotels in London. Rooms and suites are properly jacked into the information age, and an impressive ballroom can play host to large conferences and receptions, up to 400 people. A full-service business center will also make sure you have everything you need to put the finishing touches on your project. Meet with clients in the renowned Gordon Ramsay and unwind at the spa facilities within the Olympus Suite. If you need to be anywhere near Mayfair for your next business trip to London, check out Claridges.
Sponsored Feature: Why the Villa Spalletti Trivelli's Small Size Is Just What You Want
May 21, 2012
By: Christopher Roney
When the national title association was handing out the allotment of letters to the Villa Spalletti Trivelli, there must've been a 2-for-1 deal on ls. Either that or it is secretly run by a pack of llamas. In any case, the Villa Spalletti could certainly be described as lilliputian. The tiny hotel rests in the heart of Rome and has but 12 rooms and suites to its name. Many hotels champion their large inventories as a great strength, singing the praises of the customizability that the options deliver. I find that such an experience doesn't necessarily guarantee my perfect satisfaction though. By the same token, size can lead to a kind of standardization, where while you can pick between a number of five-star restaurants all the on the property, you still succumb to a feeling of sameness. You lose a sense of the specific charm of the city you've come to see.
In this regard, the Villa Spalletti Trivelli's small stature is precisely its strength. The hotel simply feels like Rome. You're nestled downtown, just moments from the Fontana di Trevi, Quirinale, and the Spanish Steps, and the rooms and public spaces are filled with genuine antiques. Private gardens allow for you to experience a genuine moment of quietude away from the bustle of the city; and, with only a few other guests, that silence won't be interrupted. The on-site Health Center is a source of rejuvenating and relaxing wellness therapies. Elegant dining is available at the Papier Peint Dining Room, and it is just that, an intimate experience closer to a private meal than a night out, only with the freshest traditional Italian ingredients that you could only get at the finest restaurants. The next time you're headed to Rome, think about foregoing some of the bigger brand names for the authentic experience at the Villa Spalletti Trivelli.
Deals and Steals at the Mon Hotel Paris
May 17, 2012
By: Christopher Roney
We at Five Star Alliance know that our travelers are in search of luxurious accommodations at the best prices available, so we go above and beyond to find the best promotional packages and specials to ensure you get the most from your hotel experience. We're thrilled to introduce our newest blog series where we'll be featuring luxury hotels that offer you more than just room-only rates. Whether you're traveling on business or pleasure, we certainly have something for you. Be sure to check in with us often to get the inside scoop on the best deals and packages available at luxury hotels all over the world!
I have a long-held fascination for the Mon Hotel Paris, so when I heard they were offering a special rate, I jumped all over the opportunity. Those who know me know that I have a special soft spot for smaller hotels. With a smaller inventory and often indepedent ownership, these hotels have the freedom to experiment in ways that larger brands cannot. Standardization is certainly valuable in the world where luxury is defined by certain expectations of service and amenities, but it is at smaller hotels like the Mon Hotel Paris where innovation can really shine. Its 37 rooms are distributed over six floors, each personalized in its own unique color and designed by Aurelia Santoni, and its contemporary take on Parisian luxury extends from its sleek, modern room design to the innovative French cuisine served at Mon Resto.
Book the special Five Star Alliance Rate at the Mon Hotel Paris and you'll receive, for the same price as the standard rate, a glass of champagne, a special welcome card, and free upgrade based on availability. It's the perfect chance to get something a little more special than you can find anywhere else, and that's exactly what Five Star Alliance and the Mon Hotel Paris are all about.
Condé Nast Traveler Gold List 2012: Le Manoir Aux Quat Saisons
May 16, 2012
By: Oksana Balytsky
We understand that no one aims to come in second place; there is no recognition for mediocrity. We at Five Star Alliance understand better than anyone the importance of offering the most luxurious resorts in the world, so we notice what's going on in the industry, and it matters to us, because it matters to you. We work hard to offer you the best in the industry, and we'd like to welcome you to our second blog series where we feature the best and most luxurious resorts in the world. But don't take our word for it. These resorts have been recognized as the best in the business and have made the prestigious Condé Nast Traveler Gold List 2012.
The Condé Nast Traveler Gold List 2012 is the eighth of their annual lists, and the hotels chosen by their team of editors and experts are the best for service, food, location, rooms, leisure facilities, ambiance and design.
Le Manoir Aux Quat Saisons is featured on the Gold List 2012: Best for food. This luxury hotel is nestled in the beautiful Oxfordshire village of Great Milton in Oxford, United Kingdom, which is renowned as one of Britain's best gastronomic experiences. This luxury hotel is recognized for its two Michelin Star modern French restaurant for 27 years. The manor only has 32 rooms creating an extremely personal and intimate setting for guests. Le Manoir Aux Quat Saisons has a 2 acre vegetable and herb garden which adds organic produce to the kitchen and allows the chefs to create phenomenal, epicurean experiences!
Make your reservations at Le Manoir Aux Quat Saisons for a culinary and luxurious journey unlike any other!
Cinematic Beaches: The Hotel Martinez Has the Best Private Beach in France?
What happens when you combine the location of perhaps the world's most famous film festival with an amazing beachfront? I could give you a bunch of illustrative analogies, but don't let me spoil the surprise. Why don't you head to the Hotel Martinez and find out for yourself? Zplage, which is both the hotel's private beach and the technical term for when your shirt gets stuck in your zipper, is one of the premiere beaches in the world. With over 400 sun lounges and a vast pontoon, you're free to enjoy the sights of the ocean and tan on the French Riviera, all without having to even dip your toes in the water unless you'd like. Dine right on the beach at the Zplage Beach Restaurant, or head indoors for a two-star Michelin experience at the Le Relais Martinez. The piano bar, heated outdoor pool, and 2500 sq ft of conference space mean that the Martinez can host whatever event you and your operating budget can dream up. It's a tragic oversight that so many people who think of France don't look past Paris because France has far more to offer. If you take a trip a little bit off the beaten path, the Hotel Martinez will make you quickly forget the way back, and you'll be so enraptured, you may even forget to return home.
The Dresden Files: Swissotel Opens New Hotel in Dresden
Swissotel has just announced the official opening of the new Swissotel Dresden Am Schloss. The classic Swiss brand is bringing its crisp, smooth design to old town Dresden, a city that could certainly use a few more hotels to choose from. With an emphasis on the business traveler, the hotel is looking to cater to the large numbers of businessmen who find themselves with occasion to travel to the industrious city. A conference and convention space that spans almost 1500 square feet means the Swissotel has the freedom to host a party of almost any size. VIP events, meetings, social gatherings, and even weddings, can all be amply accommodated in the flexible and stylish space. The rooftop terrace is a great secondary space for smaller cocktail parties and receptions, and it boasts a stunning view of the nearby Hofkirche and surrounding city.
In the heart of the old town, the new hotel is perfectly placed for the tourists among us to get out and see the sights of dresden. The historic buildings, from the Frauenkirche to the Semper Opera, are anchor points for any visit to the city, and once you're done exploring the city, you can return to the Swissotel for a great meal at the Wohnstube, the Sitting Room, for modern Swiss cuisine. We're happy to see a new addition to the hotel catalogue in Dresden, and we're sure the Swissotel Dresden Am Schloss won't disappoint.
Photo via Swissotel Dresden
Ritz Paris Launches Its First Oxygen Treatment at its Health Club
May 15, 2012
By: Oksana Balytsky
The Ritz Paris has a new oxygen treatment option available at its Ritz Health Club, and we certainly encourage you to check it out before this luxury hotel's doors close on July 31st, 2012 for an extensive 2 year renovation. Oxygen is an essential element for maintaining the vitality of the skin and is necessary for cell renewal and skin regeneration. With a partnership with the Ritz Health Club, Beauty by Clinica Ivo Pitanguy achieves anti-aging results through the unique method of using oxygen to carry ingredients to the heart of the skin cells without needles. After an hour, skin is firmer, deep wrinkles are filled, and the complexion is radiant. Make your reservation at the Ritz Paris and take advantage of this phenomenal skin treatment to come back looking years younger!
The Grove Is an In-Spa-Ration To Us All
May 14, 2012
By: Christopher Roney
There's always a lot of hullaballoo around hotels in London. It's a major destination, and everyone wants to be in the middle of the action. The Grove, however, takes exactly the opposite tactic, catering to those of us who want to get away from the rush of the hectic city, and instead relax and enjoy the countryside. The 18th century house is such an idyllic backdrop for relaxation that I keep imagining I'll run into someone who claims to be named Ernest and has a ward of eligible age. While I doubt that a vacation to the country should result in an unexpected engagement, you can be sure that you'll come back from your own Bunburying feeling quite refreshed.
If there's one thing that goes hand-in-hand with a rejuvenating retreat, it's top-notch spa facilities. The Grove is a country estate in nearby Hertfordshire, and its spa facilities are second-to-none. 12 specially designed treatments rooms and a VIP double room are more than enough to serve up all of the latest in the various greek and latinate treatments: aromatherapy, thalassotherapy, phytotherapy, and hydrotherapy. If there's a prefix for it, they have a spa treatment of it. There is plenty of fine dining available on site, and you'll never be wanting for activities at the former home of the Earls of Clarendon. Sporty types will find ample tennis courts and an golf course that hosted the 2006 World Cup. So next time you need a break, pack up your hatboxes and sensational diary and head to The Grove in Hertfordshire.
Condé Nast Traveler Hot List 2012: Ohla Hotel Barcelona
May 11, 2012
By: Christopher Roney
Conde Nast Traveler, purveyor of fine hotel reviews and travel advice, has just released its 2012 edition of the Hot List, a list of hotels that are setting the hotel world aflame with fresh designs and new concepts, or maybe just a solid new look at classic luxury. 41 reporters embedded themselves anonymously in hotels across the globe to review their targets. What results is a list of 121 hotels around the world that are so on fire they should be put on your watch list, just in case they end up burning down.
Ohla, la. The Ohla Hotel in Barcelona is looking good enough to make a slightly inappropriate reference to consuming it. Wow, I could just eat it up. Near the Plaza de Catalunya, the small 74-room boutique was built just last year, and while it's still just stretching its legs, it came out of the womb a freakishly mature adult, ready to hit the ground running. Customizability is the name of the game at the Ohla Hotel. Its 24-hour room service offers an a la carte menu for just about everything in the room. Sheets, pillows, aromas for your linens, even films and music. Yeah, you saw that right. You can select what your sheets smell like. I often make the same choice every night at home, but that's more an indication that I should stop eating take-out in bed. Take-out certainly won't be necessary at the Ohla. Just head to the Sauc restaurant which has gotten its very own gold (Michelin) star. If you want to see downtown Barcelona from a room you've made your very own, you can't do better than the Ohla Hotel.


text:
- Northern New York Newspapers
- Watertown
- Ogdensburg
- Massena-Potsdam
- Lowville
- Carthage
- Malone
- NNY Business
- NNY Living
- NNY Ads
MASSENA - Massena Central sixth graders and their families enjoyed Astronomy Night held at Madison Elementary hosted by sixth-grade science teachers, Darcie Fregoe, Paige Arcet and Carolyn Frasier. Approximately 170 students and family members enjoyed three presentations: Ms. Susan Mayo, ISS program scientist from NASAs Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, talked about the International Space Station, NASA and the astronaut program; Clark Stearns, local astronomer, captivated the audience with his homemade telescope and his astronomy tales as they looked through telescopes to experience a cool, October night sky; and David Doe and Rick Marshall, MCHS high school science teachers, heard a lot of ooohs and aaaahs as they mesmerized groups with a fabulous constellation presentation in the inflatable, STARLAB planetarium.
NASA lunar rock and meteorite samples on loan from Johnson Space Center, a NASA space shuttle tile, and numerous other NASA memorabilia were on display for the children and their families to see, touch, and learn about.
Thousands of readers like you have made Northern New York Newspapers the number one ranked website* for local news and sports coverage in the north country.
You can continue on to this article in a few seconds, or you can visit one of our websites:


text:
Time to shine a light on the UK underground! Voting for Best of British 2014 via DJ Mag. You can vote for our nominated acts, as follows:
BEST PRODUCER: Simian Mobile Disco, Mark E
BEST EVENT: Horse Meat Disco, Subculture
BEST RESIDENTS: Harri & Dominic
BEST TUNE: Fracture 'Loving Touch'
BEST REMIX: Joker 'Purple…


text:
This is a contribution to the discourse of sexuality looking at FGM as a violation of the bodily dignity and integrity of women.
The thesis tries to explain the Practice of FGM in the context of culture and how it is used to control female sexuality. It brings out belief systems and how the victims of FGM are indoctrinated to embrace patriarchal values etc.
This article gives detailed information about Female Genital Mutilation and women's sexuality; it outlines the practice of FGM in Africa and amongst minorities in Asia. It also talks about the state's obligation to protect children and observe human rights standards, as well as calling for cultural tolerance and acceptance of social diversity.
The author shows that female circumcision is not confined to the Horn of Africa, or the Muslim areas of the continent. Her study of the practice in Sierra Leone demonstrates its important role in the traditional initiation of females into both womanhood and society in parts of West Africa. The material sets out detailed and practical proposals for a 20 year programme to end "the crippling of women by this operation".
This monograph describes Nigeria's social structure, the basis and nature of Nigeria's harmful traditional practices, and problems faced by women both in the context of female genital mutilation and patriarchy.
This articlelooks at customs, rituals, myths, and taboos that have perpetuated the practice of FGM. It also harps on the disastrous health effects of FGM, combined with the social injustices that it perpetuates, and the contributing barrier to overall African development.
This book discusses the definition and types of FGM and explores the common justifications for the practice, along with rates of incidence in Africa and other continents, global laws, legal issues, rights and religion. Ethical considerations are examined, as are progress and the role of culture. The book concludes with thoughts on the movement from tradition to cultural evolution.
It is estimated that some 140 million women, girls and babies throughout the world have been genitally mutilated. Another three million girls are at risk of such mutilation each year. Female genital mutilation is primarily practised in 28 African countries, the incidence varying markedly within various regions and countries according to ethnic affiliation. National rates of prevalence vary from 1 to 98 percent. The practice is also transported to Europe, America and else-where as a result of migration.
This is a material on the reclassification of FGM: the Local to Global Nature of the practice. It looks at the misunderstanding, confusion, and controversy over the complex dimensions of FGM that remain unresolved.
This report deals with law reform processes in legislating FGM. It gives background information on the types of laws in some African countries, including those without specific laws against FGM.


text:
If you need Logs or Lumber or even Timber in TX, look no further. www.hotfrog.com showcases more than 137 Logs businesses across TX. To find more related businesses and to filter by locality, use the left navigation menu.
Houston, TX
Cambe Geological Services: Logs for the Oil and Gas Industry since 1933
More info
Linden, TX
G&C Portable Sawmill Services is a lumber sawing service operating in East Texas and surrounding areas. We operate a portable band saw mill and c…
- 06/26/2012
Plano, TX
If you are looking for a way to boost your child's vocabulary and reading goals, then you are going tolove what Reading Logs hasto offer ReadingLogs.com was conceptualized by two elementary school students who…
Henderson, TX
Cedar Log Home photos, floor plans and custom designs using larger, more energy efficient cedar logs
Cedar Park, TX
Over 25 years experience in the fireplace industry. We sell, service and install fireplace gas logs and fireplace glass doors. We install and service all gas logs and glass doors no matter where you purchased them from.…
Gas Log InstallationGas Logs
league city, TX
Here are GRILLSANDLOGS.com or johnny's grill shop we carry all the top natural gas grill brands and propane gas grill brands. We carry all the high quality but discounted FIre magic gas grills, modern home product gas g…
Gas ProductsSide BurnerFireplace Doors
Tyler, TX
Hardwood mulch sediment & erosion control wattles (logs) in degradable netting
Addison, TX
Fireplace & Grill Factory Outlet has quality gas logs and hearths at affordable prices in the greater Dallas/Fort Worth area
Gas Logs
We strive to supply the best and most current information to our members, such as well logs,, production data, well history, scout information and drilling reports, as well as a collection of drillers logs
Buyers of standing hardwood timber, sellers of hardwood lumber and logs
Timber CompaniesPine TimberHardwood TimberPulpwood
Burleson, TX
…Stone & Fireplace for all your hearth needs. We offer a wide selection of fireplaces, stoves, inserts, gas logs and accessories to fit any home and any style. However, planning and installing hearth products and their…
Log CarriersHearth RugsLog LightersCrackling Fire
…of the Hearth Patio & Barbecue Association We offer a wide selection of fireplaces, stoves, inserts, gas logs and accessories to fit any home and any style In addition, we offer custom stonework installation…
Log CarriersHearth RugsB-ventLog Lighters
Kingwood, TX
Discount Cedar supplies aromatic ozark red cedar fence posts and logs to building supply places, contractors, oil field supply companies, and farm and ranch supply stores such as McCoy's. All of our products are number …
Cambe offers the most extensive log file in existence with hundreds of both historical and newly released logs added each month Cambe can handle your copies, enlargements and other reproduction needs with confi…
Austin, TX
We offer a wide variety of lumber, logs and grains to meet your and your customers' needs We very much believe in developing long term relationships with our customers We look forward to answering any que…
Georgetown, Tx
Find patio furniture,fireplace shop including gas logs that accent your home perfectly. We even have a decorator on staff to give you free assistance in making your choices
Gas GrillBriquettes
Total Timber Solutions, LP ships containers of plantation grown Teak logs with an average minimum girth of 60cm Total Timber Solutions, LP is headquartered in Houston, Texas and offers top quality plantation T…
Cambe offers the most extensive log file in existence with hundreds of both historical and newly released logs added each month Cambe can handle your copies, enlargements and other reproduction needs with conf…
…activities Committed employees work hard each day and night to produce high quality products lumber and logs, carefully manage our forests, and ensure that business runs smoothly The sawmill produces, chips,…
SawmillEastern White Pine
houston, tx
GEO Software Suite - dynamic well-data management tools designed for professional geoscientists in the oil & gas exploration industry
LithologyLogging SoftwareLog Analysis
Palestine, TX
… sweetgum and black walnut. Air drying and kiln drying services are available for select grades of lumber(at additional costs). If you need logs sawn we will do it. Any job from 200 board feet and up is accepted.
Custom SawingSawdustSawmillWhite Oak
El Paso, TX
Our firm provides pine seedlings and natural pest control products to many villagers who live in the vast forests of the states of Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Michoacan
Midland, TX
Suttles Logging offers high quality equipment, experienced geologists, and top of the line 24 hour technical support Frank Suttles started Suttles Logging in 1983 with two units and four loggers
Logging Company
Epoch is a leading provider of wellsite information services. We seek to maximize customer satisfaction and create value-added solutions by providing superior products and services. Our goal is to collect and distribute…
Frisco, TX
SyncCell is the most accurate solution on the market to sync your Microsoft Outlook calendar and contacts to your Android, iPhone, or Motorola mobile phone. One-click Syncing! Easy config
We offer professional installation and competitive pricing on everything from fireplace doors and logs, to wood burning stoves, inserts or fireplaces
San Antonio, TX
So, you wanted to know about me huh? Well, I'm a Network Engineer by trade but generally enjoy technology. I enjoy a lot of other stuff as well which I'm sure will pop up on the sit
Dallas, TX
Apex Logging is a mudlogging and Geological Consulting services company providing competent well-site services, using the latest infrared gas detection systems
LithologyLogging Company
Nacogdoches, TX
A full service Consulting Forestry Firm in Nacogdoches, Texas. Catering to the needs of the private land owner of any acerage or size. Specializing in management plans, boundary line maintenance, reforestation, timber s…
Vernon, TX
West Texas Wellsite delivers high tech mudlogging solutions for your most risky wells. With over 30 years combined experience and the latest state of the art equipment we provide the mudlogging service you've always wan…
Logging Software
We provide check shot velocity logs to the oil exploration and production industry with the most extensive Checkshot Velocity Log Databases available
Provides exploration consulting services for the petroleum industry, focusing on seismic and subsurface interpretation. Our experienced geoscientists are proven oilfinders. Please see our webpage for an overview of Avoc…
Krum, Tx
Arlington, TX
Rockwall, TX
Mesquite, TX
Gas Lights
Brenham, TX
Weimar, TX
Smoking Chips
Small Business Hub
Sharing tips, ideas and advice to help grow your small business
Hotfrog AdVantage
Hotfrog AdVantage ads appear above the rest in Hotfrog feature pages. By upgrading today your ad will appear in front of potential customers before they notice your competitors.
Create your free Hotfrog business profile
Follow Hotfrog on:
Share on:
Hotfrog Small Business Hub


text:
Narrow your search
Cord-cutting "Game of Thrones" fans must go through Apple to watch the new season on HBO's standalone streaming service because the episodes will run during Apple's exclusive three-month term.
A prestigious scientific journal, faced with pressure from paper-sharing sites on the Internet, has made it possible for subscribers to grant others access.
BitTorrent's paywall system launches via a bundle from Radiohead's Thom Yorke to see whether fans will pay for content. The move could end up upending the crowd-funding world in the process.
Bethesda's mobile game set in the Fallout universe skyrocketed to the top three grossing apps in the iTunes app store within days of its release.
An unexpected announcement in the Bethesda E3 showcase: The developer unveiled its first ever Fallout mobile game.
With a service that costs $10 a month after a 3-month free trial, CEO Tim Cook says Apple will "change the way you experience music forever."
The Washington Post is suspending its pay gate in an effort to get information out to all readers.
Technically Incorrect: Railing against the digital takeover of music, Waters says that he was lucky to be a part of the true music business, not the allegedly thieving one it is today.
The newspaper introduced a new subscription-only Web site in March that charged for access to "premium" stories and columns. But its content is reportedly free now.
Technically Incorrect: A group of British school principals send a letter to parents saying that violent adult-rated video games risk getting them into serious trouble.


text:
Kenneth Cole Watches
Men's Gunmetal Touch Screen Watch
- Color:
- black
Qty: 1
- 1
- 2
- 3
Please select an available size.
Please select a size.
- Round gunmetal ionic plated stainless steel case with LCD dial
- Black silicone strap with buckle closure
- Digital movement
- Water resistance tested at 30M
- Case measures 46mm (1.81 inches) wide
- Strap measures 24mm (0.94 inches) wide
- Limited lifetime manufacturer warranty
- Note: IP or ionic plating is a plating process that is primarily used for wear resistance and corrosion protection
Material: Gunmetal ionic plated stainless steel and silicone
Brand: Kenneth Cole Watches
Origin: Imported


text:
The medium sized head is in proportion to the body, with a muzzle
that is equal in length to the skull, with a well defined stop. The color of the nose depends upon the color
of the dog's coat.
It is black in gray, tan or black dogs, liver in copper dogs and
flesh-colored in pure white dogs. The medium sized, oval shaped eyes are moderately spaced and come in blue,
brown, amber, or any combination thereof. Eyes can be half blue and half brown, (parti-eyed) or can have one
blue eye and one brown eye (bi-eyed). The erect ears are triangular in shape, set high up on the
The teeth meet in a scissors bite. The tail is carried over the back
in a sickle curve, not curved to either side when the dog is excited. The large "snow shoe" feet have hair
between the toes to help keep them warm and for gripping on ice. Dewclaws are sometimes
The medium length, double coat is thick and can withstand
temperatures as low as -58 degrees to -76 degrees F ( -50 degrees to -60 degrees C). Coat colors include all
from black to pure white, with or without markings on the head. The face mask and underbody are usually
white, and the remaining coat any color.
Examples of common colors are black and white, red and white, brown,
gray and white, silver, wolf -gray, sable and white, red-orange with black tips, dark gray and white.
Pie-bald is a very common coat pattern.
General Appearance
Siberian Husky Description....medium-sized working
dog, quick and light on his feet and free and graceful in action. His moderately compact and well-furred
body, erect ears and brush tail suggest his Northern heritage. His characteristic gait is smooth and
seemingly effortless. He performs his original function in harness most capably, carrying a light load at a
moderate speed over great distances.
His body proportions and form reflect this basic balance of power,
speed and endurance. The males of the Siberian Husky breed are masculine but
never coarse; the bitches are feminine but without weakness of structure. In proper condition, with muscle
firm and well developed, the Siberian Husky does not carry excess weight.
Size, Proportion, Substance
Height: Dogs, 21 to 23 1/2 inches at the withers.
Bitches, 20 to 22 inches at the withers.
Weight: Dogs, 45 to 60 pounds. Bitches, 35 to 50
pounds. Weight is in proportion to height. The measurements mentioned above represent the extreme height and
weight limits with no preference given to either extreme. Any appearance of excessive bone or weight should
be penalized.
In profile, the length of the body from the point of the shoulder to
the rear point of the croup is slightly longer than the height of the body from the ground to the top of the
Disqualification: Dogs over 23 1/2 inches and
bitches over 22 inches.
HeadExpression: Is keen, but friendly;
interested and even mischievous.
Eyes: Almond shaped, moderately spaced and set a
trifle obliquely. Eyes may be brown or blue in color; one of each or parti-colored are acceptable. Faults:
Eyes set too obliquely; set too close together.
Ears: Of medium size, triangular in shape, close
fitting and set high on the head. They are thick, well furred, slightly arched at the back, and strongly
erect, with slightly rounded tips pointing straight up. Faults: Ears too large in proportion to the head; too
wide-set; not strongly erect.
Skull: Of medium size and in proportion to the body;
slightly rounded on top and tapering from the widest point to the eyes. Faults: Head clumsy or heavy; head
too finely chiseled.
Stop: The stop is well-defined and the bridge of the
nose is straight from the stop to the tip. Fault: Insufficient stop.
Muzzle: Of medium length; that is, the distance from
the tip of the nose to the stop is equal to the distance from the stop to the occiput. The muzzle is of
medium width, tapering gradually to the nose, with the tip neither pointed nor square. Faults: Muzzle either
too snipy or too coarse; muzzle too short or too long.
Nose: Black in gray, tan or black dogs; liver in
copper dogs; may be flesh-colored in pure white dogs. The pink-streaked "snow nose" is
Lips: Are well pigmented and close
Teeth: Closing in a scissors bite. Fault: any bite
other than scissors.
Neck, Topline, Body
Neck: Medium in length, arched and carried proudly
erect when dog is standing. When moving at a trot, the neck is extended so that the head is carried slightly
forward. Faults: Neck too short and thick; neck too long.
Chest: Deep and strong, but not too broad, with the
deepest point being just behind and level with the elbows. The ribs are well-sprung from the spine but
flattened on the sides to allow for freedom of action. Faults: Chest too broad; "barrel ribs;" ribs too flat
or weak.
Back: The back is straight and strong, with a level
topline from withers to croup. It is of medium length, neither cobby nor slack from excessive length. The
loin is taut and lean, narrower than the rib cage, and with a slight tuck-up. The croup slopes away from the
spine at an angle, but never so steeply as to restrict the rearward thrust of the hind legs. Faults: Weak or
slack back; roached back; sloping topline.
The well-furred tail of fox-brush shape is set on just below the
level of the topline, and is usually carried over the back in a graceful sickle curve when the dog is at
attention. When carried up, the tail does not curl to either side of the body, nor does it snap flat against
the back.
A trailing tail is normal for the dog when in repose. Hair on the
tail is of medium length and approximately the same length on top, sides and bottom, giving the appearance of
a round brush. Faults: A snapped or tightly curled tail; highly plumed tail; tail set too low or too
Shoulders: The shoulder blade is well laid back. The
upper arm angles slightly backward from point of shoulder to elbow, and is never perpendicular to the ground.
The muscles and ligaments holding the shoulder to the rib cage are firm and well-developed. Faults: Straight
shoulders; loose shoulders.
Forelegs: When standing and viewed from the front,
the legs are moderately spaced, parallel and straight, with the elbows close to the body and turned neither
in nor out. Viewed from the side, pasterns are slightly slanted, with the pastern joint strong, but
Bone is substantial but never heavy. Length of the leg from elbow to
ground is slightly more than the distance from the elbow to the top of withers. Dewclaws on forelegs may be
removed. Faults: Weak pasterns; too heavy bone; too narrow or too wide in the front; out at the
Feet: Oval in shape but not long. The paws are
medium in size, compact and well-furred between the toes and pads. The pads are tough and thickly cushioned.
The paws neither turn in nor out when the dog is in natural stance. Faults: Soft or splayed toes; paws too
large and clumsy; paws too small and delicate; toeing in or out.
When standing and viewed from the rear, the hind legs are moderately
spaced and parallel. The upper thighs are well-muscled and powerful, the stifles well bent, the hock joint
well defined and set low to the ground. Dewclaws, if any, are to be removed. Faults: Straight stifles,
cowhocks, too narrow or too wide in the rear.
The coat of the Siberian Husky is double and medium in length, giving
a well-furred appearance, but is never so long as to obscure the clean-cut outline of the dog. The undercoat
is soft and dense and of sufficient length to support the outer coat.
The guard hairs of the outer coat are straight and somewhat
smooth-lying, never harsh nor standing straight off from the body. It should be noted that the absence of the
undercoat during the shedding season is normal Trimming of whiskers and fur between the toes and around the
feet to present a neater appearance is permissible.
Trimming the fur on any other part of the dog is not to be condoned
and should be severely penalized. Faults: Long, rough, or shaggy coat; texture too harsh or too silky;
trimming of the coat, except as permitted above.
All colors from black to pure white are allowed. A variety of
markings on the head is common, including many striking patterns not found in other breeds.
The Siberian Husky's characteristic gait is smooth and seemingly
effortless. He is quick and light on his feet, and when in the show ring should be gaited on a loose lead at
a moderately fast trot, exhibiting good reach in the forequarters and good drive in the
When viewed from the front to rear while moving at a walk the
Siberian Husky does not single-track, but as the speed increases the legs gradually angle inward until the
pads are falling on a line directly under the longitudinal center of the body.
As the pad marks converge, the forelegs and hind legs are carried
straight forward, with neither elbows nor stifles turned in or out. Each hind leg moves in the path of the
foreleg on the same side. While the dog is gaiting, the topline remains firm and level. Faults: Short,
prancing or choppy gait, lumbering or rolling gait; crossing or crabbing.
The characteristic temperament of the Siberian Husky is friendly and
gentle, but also alert and outgoing. He does not display the possessive qualities of the guard dog, nor is he
overly suspicious of strangers or aggressive with other dogs. Some measure of reserve and dignity may be
expected in the mature dog. His intelligence, tractability, and eager disposition make him an agreeable
companion and willing worker.
The most important breed characteristics of the Siberian Husky are
medium size, moderate bone, well balanced proportions, ease and freedom of movement, proper coat, pleasing
head and ears, correct tail, and good disposition. Any appearance of excessive bone or weight, constricted or
clumsy gait, or long, rough coat should be penalized.
The Siberian Husky description never appears so heavy or coarse as to
suggest a freighting animal; nor is he so light and fragile as to suggest a sprint-racing animal. In both
sexes the Siberian Husky gives the appearance of being capable of great endurance. In addition to the faults
already noted, the obvious structural faults common to all breeds are as undesirable in the Siberian Husky as
in any other breed, even though they are not specifically mentioned herein.
more info on huskies
See More Siberian Husky Champion
Home Husky Master Guide Husky Articles Unsubscribe


text:
G'day from Steve,Steve Grace
The OL SKOOL Resurrection Blues and Gospel Tour.
The parking lot is loaded with Harley's and a few Triumph motorcycles on a warm late summer's evening. Members of God's Squad motorcycle club have travelled from chapters across the Eastern States to support the old blues preacher Dr John Smith and a rare event of Chicago rock/blues and Australian folk/gospel music. The concert features the original hard core rebel for Christ, the very humble yet great Glenn Kaiser and his band from the 70's. And yes… a scruffy ol truck driving, spray painter missionary kid who always needs a haircut and a shave. Me.
Ironically… Respectable, conservative well dressed people quietly stroll in from everywhere. 40 years ago they were the wild hippy generation and the Resurrection Band was one of the loudest heavy rock Christian bands in the world, preaching a radical gospel message that was born from the book of Acts. Those were the post Vietnam War days and and the only accepted music in church came from the piano and organ. Rock music was of the devil. But to a disillusioned generation of young people in America, Europe and Australia this JESUS they encountered on their search out of the drugs, sex and rebellion era was worth singing loudly about!! The JESUS revolution was a revival like the world had never seen. This new found faith in God and zealous return to a desperate need for truth was the birth of a whole new movement of the Christian Church. But where did it go?


text:
Click here to subscribe to Beyond Blue.
- Follow Therese on these partner sites:
- Psych Central
- The Huffington Post
- Intent
- ShareWIK
- PBS/This Emotional Life
- Today's Mama
Beyond Blue reader Cheryl has started a discussion called "Encouragement Quotes" in Group Beyond Blue in the Beliefnet Community site. To get to Group Beyond Blue, click here. Then click on "Discussions" to the left.
Among her quotes are these:
When I was depressed and I looked out my window, the landscape looked absolutely flat and colorless. As I began to feel better about myself and to experience my own beauty and worth this movement was mirrored in the way I saw the outside world. Now when I look out my window, I see depth and dimension and color that I never knew existed. Getting out from under depression literally changed my perspective on life. -A Survivor
The trauma of depression is devastating. Friends tell you to look up and see the sun and the trees. The depressed person is like Dante's Prince of Darkness, encased in ice, in hell. When the reaction to the blows of life is depression, it is difficult to melt the ice and go with life. But if can be done, and once you are in the light again, life takes on a beauty you couldn't have imagined before. -Antoinette Bosc
Faith is taking the first step even when you don't see the whole staircase. -Martin Luther King, Jr.
Previous Posts
Seven Ways to Get Over an Infatuation
posted 12:46:43pm Feb. 19, 2014 | read full post »
When Faith Turns Neurotic
posted 10:37:13am Jan. 14, 2014 | read full post »
How to Handle Negative People
posted 10:32:10am Jan. 14, 2014 | read full post »
8 Coping Strategies for the Holidays
posted 9:30:12am Nov. 21, 2013 | read full post »
Can I Say I'm a Son or Daughter of Christ and Suffer From Depression?
posted 10:56:04am Oct. 29, 2013 | read full post »


text:
Vanessa, Donald Trump Jr. Expecting a Boy!
Boys rule in the Trump household!
Donald Trump Jr. and his wife Vanessa will welcome a baby boy in October, Us Weekly can exclusively confirm.
PHOTOS: See who else is expecting
"We are so excited by the news since our youngest is a boy and they'll be close in age," they tell Us. "We have no names picked out, and are open to any suggestions!"
PHOTOS: Baby bump hall of fame
The couple, who married in 2005, are already parents to daughter Kai, 4, and son Donald III, 2, who are "very excited" to have a sibling on the way.
PHOTOS: Adorable A-list babies
"They know there's a baby in my belly and can't wait for it to come out!" the Trumps tell Us. "They're very supportive kids."
The Celebrity Apprentice star's sister, Ivanka, is currently pregnant with her first child, a girl.