text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Jun 8, 2004
|Filing date
|Jul 8, 1999
|Priority date
|Jul 9, 1998
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Philippe Boire, Renaud Fix, Jean-Christophe Giron
|Original Assignee
|Saint-Gobain Vitrage
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (105), Classifications (44), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to glazing having electrically controllable optical and/or energy properties.
Thus, it relates to glazing some of whose characteristics can be modified by a suitable electrical supply, most particularly the transmission, absorption and reflection within certain wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, especially in the visible and/or in the infrared, or else the light scattering.
There is in fact an increasing demand for so-called "smart" glazing whose properties may be varied.
Thus, from the thermal standpoint, glazing whose transmission/absorption may be varied within at least part of the solar spectrum allows the solar heat influx into rooms or passenger areas/compartments to be controlled when linen it is fitted as the external glazing in buildings or as windows in transportation means of the type comprising cars, trains, aeroplanes, etc., and thus it allows excessive heating of the latter to be prevented should there be strong sunlight.
From the optical standpoint, the glazing allows the degree of vision to be controlled, thereby making it possible to prevent glare should there be strong sunlight, when it is mounted as exterior glazing. It may also have a particularly advantageous shutter effect, both as exterior glazing and if it is used as interior glazing, for example for equipping internal partitions between rooms (offices in a building), or for isolating compartments in trains or aeroplanes, for example.
There are many other applications: for example, glazing having variable light transmission/reflect on may be used for making rear-view mirrors, which can darken as required in order to prevent the driver of the car becoming dazzled. They may also be used for indicating panels on roadways, or any display panel, for example so as to reveal the drawing/message only intermittently in order to attract greater attention.
One particularly advantageous application of the systems having variable light absorption relates to display screens, especially all those with which televisions and computing hardware are equipped. This is because this type of glazing makes it possible to improve the contrast of the image, especially taking the ambient brightness into account.
The advantage that such glazing may provide justifies the fact that many systems have already been studied.
Thus, known systems allowing the light transmission or absorption of glazing to be varied are especially so-called viologen-based systems, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,239,406 or in Patent EP-A-0,612,826. These make it possible to obtain variable absorption, essentially in the visible region.
To the same end, there are also so-called electrochromic systems, the operating principle of which will be briefly recalled: these comprise, in a known manner, a layer of an electrochromic material capable of reversibly and simultaneously inserting ions and electrons, the oxidation states of which electrochromic material corresponding to the inserted and extracted states have a distinct colour, one of the states having a higher light transmission than the other. The insertion or extraction reaction is controlled by a suitable electrical supply using a current generator or a voltage generator. The electrochromic material, usually based on tungsten oxide, must thus be brought into contact with a source of electrons, such as a transparent electrically conductive layer, and with a source of ions (cations) such as an ionically conductive electrolyte.
Moreover, it is known that, in order to guarantee at least the order of a hundred switching operations, the layer of electrochromic material must be connected to a counterelectrode which is itself capable of reversibly inserting cations, symmetrically with respect to the layer of electrochromic material, so that, macroscopically, the electrolyte appears as a single ion medium.
The counterelectrode must consist of a layer which is either neutral in terms of colour or is at least transparent or barely coloured when the electrochromic layer is in the bleached state. Since tungsten oxide is a cathodic electrochromic material, that is to say its coloured state corresponds to the most reduced state, an anodic electrochromic material based on nickel oxide or iridium oxide is generally used for the counterelectrode. It has also been proposed to use an optically neutral material in the oxidation states in question, such as, for example, cerium oxide or organic materials such as electronically conductive polymers (polyaniline, etc.) or Prussian blue.
A description of such systems will be found, for example, in European Patents EP-0,338,876, EP-0,408,427, EP-0,575,207 and EP-0,628,849.
At the present time, these systems may be put into two categories, depending on the type of electrolyte that they use:
either the electrolyte is in the form of a polymer or a gel, for example a polymer which conducts via protons, such as those described in European Patents EP-0,253,713 and EP-0,670,346, or a polymer which conducts via lithium ions, such as those described in Patents EP-0,382,623, EP-0,518,754 or EP-0,532,408;
or the electrolyte is an inorganic layer which is ionically conductive but electronically insulating—these are then referred to as "all-solid" electrochromic systems. For the description of an "all-solid" electrochromic system, reference may be made to European Patent Applications EP-97/400702.3 (filed on March 27, 1997) and EP-0,831,360.
Other systems use electrochromic-type reversible ion-insertion materials slightly differently. These are, for example, so-called gasochromic systems, in which the electrochromic material is provided with a thin catalytic layer capable of decomposing hydrogen and mounted in a double-glazing unit on the internal gas-cavity side: by sending hydrogen into the internal space of the double-glazing unit, tungsten oxide becomes coloured. It returns to the bleached state by injecting oxygen, instead of hydrogen, into the internal space.
These systems having one or more reversible-insertion materials are particularly advantageous in the sense that they allow the absorption to be varied over a broader wavelength range than viologen-based systems: they allow variable absorption not only in the visible but also, in particular, in the infrared, which may confer on them an effective optical and/or thermal role.
Viologen-based or electrochromic systems, deposited on or associated with transparent substrates, firm glazing whose light absorption and transmission as well as energy transmission) may vary within given ranges, especially ranges determined by the choice of electrochromic materials used and/or by the choice of their thicknesses.
Another type of "smart" glazing is formed by what is termed an "optical valve": this is a film comprising a generally crosslinked polymer matrix in which microdroplets are dispersed, these microdroplets containing particles which have the property of being aligned in a preferred direction due to the action of an electric or magnetic field. The film has variable optical properties depending in particular on the potential applied to he terminals of the conductive layers placed on either side of the film and on the concentration and nature of the orientable particles. Thus, Patent WO-93/09460 discloses an optical valve based on a film comprising a crosslinkable poly-organosilane matrix and inorganic or organic orientable particles, more particularly light-absorbing particles such as particles of polyiodides. When a voltage is applied to the film, the particles intercept the light much less than when no voltage is applied.
Glazing with variable light scattering, the operating principle of which is similar, is also known by the expression "liquid-crystal glazing". This is based on the use of a film placed between two conductive layers based on a polymeric material in which droplets of liquid crystals are dispersed, especially nematic liquid crystals of positive dielectric anisotropy. When a voltage is applied to the film, the liquid crystals orient in a preferred direction, thereby allowing vision. When no voltage is applied, and the crystals are not aligned, the film becomes scattering and prevents vision. Examples of such films are described, for instance, in European Patent EP-0,238,164 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,435,047, 4,806,922 and 4,732,456. This type of film, once laminated and incorporated between two glass substrates, is sold by Saint-Gobain Vitrage under the brand name "Priva-lite". In fact, it is possible to use any of the liquid-crystal devices known by the term "NCAP" (Nematic Curvilinearly Aligned Phase) or the term "PDLC" (Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal) or the term "CLC" (Cholesteric Liquid Crystal). These may furthermore contain dichroic dyes, especially in solution in the liquid-crystal droplets. It is then possible to jointly vary the light scattering and the light absorption of the systems.
It is also possible to use, for example, gels based on cholesteric liquid crystals containing a small amount of crosslinked polymer, such as those described in Patent WO-92/19695.
However, all these various systems/glazing assemblies have limits which are intrinsic to them, which limits relate especially to their optical appearance.
Thus, in the case of electrochromic-type glazing, it is possible to vary the range of accessible values of, light transmission (TL) by adjusting, for example, the thickness of the layer (or layers) based on a reversible-insertion material. However, for a given system, the TL range can only be shifted somewhat towards lower or higher values, and this cannot be easily extended. Furthermore, the choice of reversible-insertion material will have a bearing on the colorimetric appearance of the glazing both in transmission and in reflection.
The object of the invention is therefore to alleviate these drawbacks, especially by proposing novel electrically controllable glazing having variable optical and/or energy properties, the optical appearance of which can also be varied.
The subject of the invention is a glazing which incorporates at least one electrically controllable system having variable optical and/or energy properties, of the type comprising a system having variable light and/or energy transmission/absorption and/or variable light scattering. This glazing furthermore includes at least one means for adjusting the optical appearance conferred on the glazing by the electrically controllable system. This means is advantageously in the form of at least one coating having antireflection properties in the visible or in the near infrared.
In order to simplify matters, hereafter this coating will be referred to as an "antireflection coating" and the electrically controllable system will be referred to as the "functional system".
Combining the functional system with an antireflection coating, the characteristics of which may be adjusted precisely, makes it actually possible to modify the optical or thermal performance of the glazing. Thus, the antireflection coating may have an influence on the range of light or solar transmission that the glazing may have with an ad hoc electrical supply: in particular, it may shift, in a controlled manner, this range towards higher TL or TE (energy transmission) values. Specifically, this means that, for a given functional system, the addition of the antireflection coating will make it possible to modify its TL or TE range depending on the intended application, without having to modify the functional system itself. With regard to the manufacture of the glazing, this allows production which is much more flexible and rational than if as many different functional systems as there are envisaged applications had to be manufactured.
This is because, for some applications, the aim is to provide a strongly colouring/absorbing effect when a voltage is applied, making accommodations for a certain residual coloration when no voltage is applied (for example if it is desired to tend towards glazing having a shutter effect in the coloured state).
On the other hand, for other applications, it will be necessary for the glazing to have, when no voltage is applied, little or even no residual coloration. This may be the case, for example, in functional systems for display screens. Furthermore, it is much simpler to maintain only as restricted a number of "standard" functional systems as possible and to adapt them by means of the ad hoc antireflection coating, which coating is generally much less complicated to manufacture than the functional systems.
The antireflection coating may also allow the range of accessible TL or TE values to be extended. This is a very important advantage whatever the application intended, which advantage is particularly essential when the glazing is used to enhance the contrast of display screens. This is most particularly true with new televisions making use of flat-screen, plasma technology, these also being called emissive, which tend to have a much lower brightness than standard cathode-ray-tube televisions.
One advantageous embodiment of the antireflection coating consists in depositing it on at least one of the external faces of the glazing, that is to say the faces exposed directly to the ambient atmosphere of the glazing. Both these faces may be treated or, in the case of display-screen glazing, only the face turned towards the outside of the apparatus. In a known manner, this coating may comprise a stack of thin layers having alternately high and low refractive indices, which, by an interference effect, tend to reduce the light reflection of the glazing to the profit of an increase in its light transmission. Examples of antireflection stacks are, for example, known from Patents EP-0,728,712, EP-0,712,815 and EP-0,791,562.
These layers are generally made of a dielectric material of the oxide type (SiO2 or Al2O3 for the layers having a low index of less than 1.7 and SnO2, TiO2 or Nb2O5 for the layers having a higher index of at least 1.9) or else of the fluoride type (MgF2 as the low-index layer) or of the nitride type, such as Si3N4 or silicon derivatives of the SiOxNz or SiOxCy type.
However, an antistatic function may also be conferred on the antireflection coating by incorporating into the coating, as a low-index or high-index layer, a layer of a material which, from an electrical standpoint, is at least slightly conductive. A layer or a doped metal oxide may especially be chosen, such as F:SnO2 or ITO (tin-doped indium oxide), which has an index of at least 1.9 to 2.0 or a layer of a conductive polymer.
The antireflection coating may also consist only of a single layer having a refractive index gradient in its thickness, this layer being obtained, for example, using a pyrolysis-type deposition technique. This hot deposition technique makes it possible to obtain layers which are particularly durable from a mechanical standpoint, which may be very important depending on the envisaged application of the system, especially so that the coating can withstand being touched, being repeatedly cleaned, etc. This graded-index layer has in fact a chemical composition which varies through its thickness, for example gradually approaching a SiO2-type composition from one of the SiOC or SiON type.
The glazing according to the invention may also include a means for adjusting the optical appearance conferred on the said glazing by the functional system, comprising at least one coating for attenuating/modifying the colour of the glazing in reflection (this coating being as an addition or an alternative to the previous antireflection coating). This is because, in some applications, for example in the case of glazing for display screens of all kinds, it is preferable for the colour of the glazing in reflection to be as neutral as possible, especially so that in the completely bleached state the glazing does not appear tinted at all and so that it is of a tint modifying the colour of the image appearing on the screen as little as possible. Since the antireflection coating makes it possible for the intensity of light reflection of the glazing to be generally lowered, this other coating may therefore complete its optical role by allowing its colour in reflection to be attenuated, in practice by lowering the C* saturation values, in the (L,a*,b*) colorimetry system, of the glazing in reflection.
This coating is advantageously in contact with the functional system, in the form of a thin layer at least having a refractive index intermediate between those of the materials with which it is in contact on each of its faces. This may especially be a thin layer having a refractive index of between 1.6 and 1.9, especially one based on aluminium oxide Al2O3, on aluminum oxynitride AlN or on yttrium oxide Y2O3, on silicon oxycarbide and/or oxynitride SiOC, SiON, or on a mixture of at least two of these materials, which may be deposited by vacuum technologies of the sputtering type or by pyrolysis-type technologies, the latter being most particularly indicated for depositing layers of silicon derivatives.
This coating may comprise not one layer, but several, especially in the form of at least two superposed layers whose average index is, for example, between 1.6 and 1.9, for example an SnO2/SiO2 or SnO2/SiO2/SnO2 stack.
This coating may also be a layer having an index gradient through its thickness so as to optimize its adjustment with respect to the indices of the materials which surround it. The formation of such a graded-index layer using a vapour-phase pyrolysis technique (also called CVD for "Chemical Vapour Deposition") is, for example, described in Patent WO-97/03029 (to which reference may also be made for the graded-index layer of the previous antireflection coating).
The glazing according to the invention may also include a primer/tie-layer coating for the functional system with respect to its carrier substrate, which may prove to be particularly advantageous if the nature of the substrate is polymeric/plastic and not mineral, of the glass type. The coating may comprise a thin metal layer, a layer of a silicon derivative of the SiO2 type or of a suitable metal oxide of the Al2O3 type. It may also be a tie-layer varnish. Advantageously, this tie-layer coating may also be made to fulfil a role of attenuating the colour of the glazing in reflection, like the specific coating mentioned above, especially if it has a refractive index matching that of the plastic substrate and that of the layer of the functional system with which it is in contact.
The glazing according to the invention may also include a hydrophilic coating having antimisting properties or a hydrophobic coating having anti-rain properties on at least one of its external faces. As suitable hydrophobic coating, reference may be made, for example, to Patents EP-799,873 and EP-692,463. It may especially be at least one layer consisting of a composition having at least one fluoroalkoxysilane, the alkoxy functional groups of which are directly linked to the silicon atom, a system of one or more aqueous solvents and at least one catalyst chosen from an acid and/or a Br�nsted base. The coating may also include a primer layer promoting adhesion of the hydrophobic layer to the glass, for example a primer layer based on silanes.
The glazing according to the invention may also include a coating having photocatalytic properties giving the glazing antifouling properties, especially on at least one of its external faces. This may especially be a coating comprising semiconductor materials, of the crystallized oxide or sulphide type, having this type of property, especially crystallized oxides of the ZnO, WO3 or SnO2 type and more particularly titanium oxide at least partially crystallized in anatase form. This type of coating and the various ways of obtaining it are especially described in Patents WO-97/10186 and WO-97/10185. These coatings make it possible to degrade any dirt of organic nature. They may furthermore be hydrophilic and thus promote the removal of inorganic dirt as well.
The glazing according to the invention may also include at least one coating having electromagnetic screening properties, especially screening properties with respect to radiation emitted by emissive screens of the plasma-screen type. This type of coating includes, for example, at least one thin layer essentially made of metal, or of a conductive metal oxide, and/or one or more superposed arrays of metal conducting wires and/or a metal mesh.
The functional system of the glazing is, as was seen previously, generally in the form of a superposition of functional layers placed between two carrier/protective substrates which may be rigid, semi-rigid or flexible. It may be advantageous to use, as carrier substrate, at least one of the rigid substrates of which the glazing is composed and/or at least one flexible carrier substrate which may be associated, by lamination, with one of the rigid substrates of which the glazing is composed. The functional system may also be placed on a suitable substrate, and then simply protected/encapsulated by an impermeable protective coating providing it with a degree of mechanical protection. It may be an inorganic layer of the SiO2 or Si3N4 type. It may also be of the polymer(s) type instead, especially in the form of a varnish (epoxy or polyparaxylylene) or of a lacquer (polyurethane or polyacrylic). Preferably, it may be a vacuum-deposited monolayer of a polymer.
The object of the invention is also the use of the glazing described above as glazing for buildings, especially as exterior windows, windows for interior partitions or glazed doors (for example sunroofs of the "V�lux" type), and as glazing with which transportation means are equipped, especially windows for motor vehicles (sunroofs and front and rear side windows) railway windows or aeroplane windows, especially as windscreens, windscreen top-tint strips, or cabin windows. Such glazing is also indicated for equipping display screens in order to enhance image contrast, especially television or computer screens. Such glazing may also be used as protection for solar panels (satellites), for camera lenses, for spectacles for aircraft pilots, sunglasses or ophthalmic spectacles, or else as glazing suitable for the protection of objects/plants from heat or strong light which are sensitive thereto, for example for equipping greenhouses or shop windows.
As mentioned above, the invention thus applies to various types of electrochemically controllable glazing. This may be, as mentioned, glazing having variable light transmission/absorption, especially having a viologen-based or electrochromic system, particularly of the type of those described in the aforementioned Patents EP-0,338,876, EP-0,408,427, EP-0,575,203 and EP-0,628,849. It is preferably in the form of a stack of functional layers comprising, in succession, a preferably transparent electrically conductive layer, a so-called cathodic electrochromic layer capable of reversibly inserting cations such as H+, Li+, Na+, Ag+, a layer of electrolyte, optionally a counterelectrode in the form of a second, so-called anodic, electrochromic layer which is also capable of reversibly inserting cations, and finally a second electrically conductive layer.
With regard to the nature of the electrically conductive layers of the device, there are two possible variants. It is possible to use materials based on doped metal oxides, such as fluorine-doped tin oxide F:SnO2 or tin-doped indium oxide ITO. It is also possible to use layers of metals or of metal alloys, for example based on gold Au, silver Ag or aluminium Al. Since the device generally possesses two electrically conductive layers, they may both be metal layers, or they may both be based on doped oxides, or one may be based on metals and the other based on doped oxides. It is also possible to superpose several electrically conductive layers of different types, for example a doped-oxide layer associated with at least one metal layer in a stack of the ITO/Ag or Au/ITO type, for example.
These layers (or at least one of them) may also be made of one or more conductive polymers.
In order to form the layer of cathodic electrochromic material, a material, or a mixture of materials, chosen from the group comprising tungsten oxide WO3, molybdenum oxide MoO3, vanadium oxide V2O5, niobium oxide Nb2O5, titanium oxide TiO2, a "cermet" material (a combination of metallic and ceramic material, especially in the form of metal particles in a ceramic matrix) such as WO3/Au or WO3/Ag, and a mixture of tungsten and rhenium oxides WO3/ReO3, may be chosen. These materials are especially suitable in the case of the reversible insertion of lithium ions. If the device operates by the reversible insertion of protons, the same materials may be used, but this time in hydrated form.
In order to form the layer of anodic electrochromic material, a material which satisfies the formula MxAyUz, where M is a transition metal, A is the ion used for the reversible insertion, for example an alkali metal or a proton, and U is a chalcogen, such as oxygen or sulphur, may be chosen.
It may, especially in the case of the insertion of proton ions H+, be a compound or a mixture of compounds belonging to the group comprising LiNiOx, IrOxHy, IrOxHyNz, NiOx, NiOxHyNz, RhOx, CoOx, MnOx and RuOx. In the case of the reversible insertion of lithium ions Li+, a compound or a mixture of compounds belonging to the group comprising LiNiOx, LiMn2O4, LixSnOy, IrOx, LixIrOy, LixSnOy, NiOx, CeOx, TiOx, CeOx—TiOx, RhOx, CoOx, CrOx and MnOxis chosen instead.
With regard to the choice of electrolyte material, there are in fact two types of this, as was mentioned above.
It may be a layer of aqueous liquid, such as water to which sulphuric or phosphoric acid has been added, in the case of the reversible insertion of protons and may be a layer of anhydrous liquid, such as propylene carbonate containing a lithium salt, in the case of the reversible insertion of lithium ions. It may also be a layer of gel or of polymer, especially protonically conductive polymers of the type comprising a solid solution of polyoxyethylene and of phosphoric acid POE—H3PO4.
However, it may also be an electrolyte in the form of a solid material, especially one based on a metal oxide. According to a variant of the invention, the system is chosen so that it contains only layers of solid materials. Within the context of the invention, the term "solid material" should be understood to mean any material having the mechanical integrity of a solid, particularly any essentially inorganic or organic material or any hybrid material, that is to say one that is partially inorganic and partially organic, such as materials that may be obtained by sol-gel deposition from organo-inorganic precursors. The configuration is then one of a so-called "all-solid" system which is an advantage in terms of ease of manufacture. This is because, when the system contains an electrolyte in the form of a polymer which does not have, for example, the mechanical integrity of a solid, this requires in fact the manufacture, in parallel, of two "half-cells" each consisting of a carrier substrate coated with a first electrically conductive layer and then with a second, electrochemically active layer, these two half-cells then being joined together with the electrolyte inserted between them. With an "all-solid" configuration, the manufacture is simplified since all the layers of the system may be deposited, one after the other, on a single carrier substrate. Thus all the operations for manufacturing the glazing are simplified since there is now only a single substrate intended to receive layers instead of two.
Furthermore, whether the electrolyte is a "solid" electrolyte or not, it may comprise a layer made of an ionically conductive material capable of reversibly inserting the ions, but the degree of oxidation of which is maintained essentially constant. It may especially be a material having electrochromic properties, as described in the aforementioned Patent EP-97/400702.3.
The functional system of the element according to the invention may therefore be placed either between two substrates, or on a single substrate, more particularly in the case of an "all-solid" system. The rigid carrier substrates are preferably made of glass, acrylic polymer, polycarbonate or certain polyurethanes. The carrier substrates may also be soft, flexible and intended to be laminated to rigid substrates; it may be a soft polycarbonate, a polyethylene terephthalate (PET), etc. The lamination may be carried out with intercalated sheets of polymer of the thermoplastic type, such as polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) or certain polyurethanes. With no lamination carried out, the system may also be provided with a protective varnish or film, as mentioned above.
Such glazing may thus have a "monolithic" structure, that is to say comprises a single rigid substrate, or a plurality of rigid substrates, a laminated and/or multiple-glazing structure, or else a so-called asymmetric glazing structure with an external plastic layer, especially based on polyurethane, which structure is especially described in Patents EP-191,666, EP-190,953, EP-241,337, EP-344,045, EP-402,212, EP-430,769 and EP-676,757.
By way of example, the glazing according to the invention may thus have a structure or sequence of the type:
antireflection coating/glass 1/coating attenuating or modifying the colour in reflection/functional system/intercalated sheet of polymer of the PU type/glass 2
This system may also be combined with another glass in order to form a double-glazing unit. It is also possible to provide an intercalated sheet of polymer of the PU type and another glass between the glass 1 and the coating attenuating the colour in reflection: it is thus possible to appose one structure (antireflection coating/glass 1) with another structure (functional system/coating attenuating the colour/glass), these structures being laminated with a sheet of polymer.
Further details and advantageous characteristics of the invention emerge from the description given below of various non-limiting embodiments, with reference to the appended drawing which shows:
FIG. 1: electrochromic glazing having a laminated structure in cross section
This figure is extremely schematic and does not respect the proportions between the various elements shown, so as to make it easier to understand. In particular, all the electrical connections, which are known per se, are not shown.
The rigid substrates used for all the following examples are substrates made of silicon-soda-lime glass 4 mm in thickness (their thickness may in fact be chosen especially within the 0.7 to 6 mm range).
These are so-called "clear" glass substrates sold by Saint-Gobain Vitrage under the name Planilux.
FIG. 1 shows electrochromic glazing having a laminated structure comprising two glass plates in a configuration suitable, for example, to be used as the display screen of a flat-screen television: it shows two clear glass plates 1 and an electrochromic functional system 3 of the "all-solid" type, consisting of the stack of the following functional layers and a sheet of polyurethane 13:
a first, electrically conductive layer 4 made of F:SnO2 500 nm in thickness;
a first layer 5 of anodic electrochromic material made of iridium oxide IrOx (hydrated) 30 nm in thickness (it could be replaced with a layer of hydrated nickel oxide);
a layer 6 of hydrated tantalum oxide Ta2O5.Hx 5 nm in thickness, having a tie-layer function;
a layer 7 of tungsten oxide 200 nm in thickness;
a second layer 8 of hydrated tantalum oxide 200 nm in thickness;
a second layer 9 of cathodic electrochromic material based on tungsten oxide HxWO3 380 nm in thickness;
a second layer 10 of ITO 280 nm in thickness.
Between the electrically conductive layer 4 and the glass 2 there is a coating 11 whose function is to attenuate the colour of the glazing in reflection: it is a layer of silicon oxycarbide SiOC having an index of approximately 1.7 and a geometrical thickness of approximately 50 to 55 nm (deposited in a known manner by CVD on the glass 2). Its index is thus intermediate between those of the materials which surround it, namely that of the glass 1 (approximately 1.5) and that of the layer 4 of F:SnO2 (approximately 2).
Deposited on the external face of the glass 2 is an antireflection coating 12 composed of the succession of the following layers (starting from the surface of the glass 2):
The coating was deposited in a known manner on the glass 2 by magnetic-field-assisted reactive sputtering in the presence of oxygen using suitable metal/silicon targets.
The coating 12/glass 2/coating 11/functional system 3 assembly is then laminated to the glass 1 by means of sheet 13 of organic polymer of the polyurethane type having a thickness of at least 1.24 mm.
The glazing is mounted so that the glass 2 is the glass facing the outside of the screen.
It appears that by combining the two types of optical coatings 11 and 12 with the functional system 3, it is possible to shift the accessible TL range to higher values and to reduce the intensity of the residual colour, in reflection, in the bleached state and in the coloured state.
An example 2 was produced using the same coatings 11 and 12 and the same functional system 3 on the same glass 2. Thereafter, the only difference is the way in which the glass is mounted: in this case, the final ITO layer 10 of the functional system has been simply surmounted by a vacuum-deposited layer of polyparaxylylene varnish. This thus results in a single-glass structure of the type: coating 12/glass 1/coating 11/functional system 3/varnish.
An Example 3 was produced in a manner similar to Example 1. Only some of the thicknesses of the layers of the electrochromic system differ slightly. Furthermore, the layer 6 of hydrated tantalum oxide was omitted. The stack of the electrochromic system in this Example 3 is therefore as follows:
a first, electrically conductive layer 4′ of F:SnO2 500 nm thickness;
a first layer 5′ of anodic electrochromic material made of iridium oxide IrOx(hydrated) 37 nm in thickness (it could be replaced with a layer of hydrated nickel oxide);
a layer 7′ of tungsten oxide 100 nm in thickness;
a second layer 8′ of hydrated tantalum oxide 100 nm in thickness;
a second layer 9′ of cathodic electrochromic material based on tungsten oxide HxWO3 280 nm in thickness;
a second layer 10′ of ITO 270 nm in thickness.
On the other hand, in the case of the coating 11 and the coating 12 the mounting of the electrochromic system is identical to that in Example 1.
An example 4 was produced like example 3, apart from the fact that, in this example, there is no antireflection coating 12.
It was confirmed that the optical properties of the glazing were improved when at least one coating (coating 11) attenuating the colour or an antireflection coating (coating 12) was provided, the maximum improvement was obtained by using both types of coating together. It is possible to provide a second antireflection coating (so that each of the external faces of the external substrates 1 and 2 is treated).
The following optical properties of Examples 3 and 4 in the bleached state (+1.2 V supply) and in the coloured state (−1.6 V supply) were compared:
the light transmission TL (%);
the values of aT
the light reflection RL1 on the "internal side" and the corresponding a* and b* values;
the light reflection RL2 on the "external side" and the corresponding a* and b* values.
This data is given in Table 1 below.
Table 2 below gives data on the energy properties of these same two examples, namely the energy transmission TE(%), the energy reflection RE1 (on the external side) and RE2 (on the internal side).
Also measured were their solar factors SF (the solar factor is the ratio between the total energy entering the room through the glazing to the incident solar energy):
for Example 3: the SF is 33% in the coloured state (−1.6 V) and 73% in the bleached state (+1.2 V);
for Example 4: the SF is 32% in the coloured state and 67% in the bleached state.
It may be seen from this data that, in the case of Example 3 according to the invention, it is possible to achieve a wider light transmission range and, in particular, to achieve a TL of almost 80% in the bleached state. The energy transmission in the bleached state of Example 3 is also lower than that of Example 4 and the energy reflections are higher, whether in the coloured state or in the bleached state. Example 4, which has only the anti-colour coating, already shows an improvement over standard electrochromic glazing, especially with regard to RL1 and RL2 colorimetry in reflection. But Example 3, in which an antireflection coating has been added, allows the TL range to be broadened towards higher values and allows the glazing to be made more effective from the standpoint of the filtration of thermal, especially solar, radiation.
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|Polaroid Corporation
|Process for the production of liquid crystal display
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|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
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|Donnelly Corporation
|Electrochromic devices with improved processability and methods of preparing the same
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|Saint-Gobain Vitrage
|Multilayered hydrophobic window glass
|Mar 15, 1996
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|Electro-optic window incorporating a discrete photovoltaic device
|Mar 26, 1997
|Feb 16, 1999
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|Laminate and process for its production
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|Substrate with a photocatalytic coating based on titanium dioxide and organic dispersions based on titanium dioxide
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|Material comprising an anti-reflective coating on a flexible glass substrate
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|Front electrode for use in photovoltaic device and method of making same
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|Oct 20, 2010
|Aug 16, 2011
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|Front electrode including transparent conductive coating on patterned glass substrate for use in photovoltaic device and method of making same
|Jan 14, 2011
|Sep 13, 2011
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|Aug 6, 2009
|Oct 25, 2011
|Donnelly Corporation
|Rear vision system for vehicle
|Mar 28, 2011
|Nov 1, 2011
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|Vehicular interior rearview mirror system
|Feb 24, 2011
|Nov 22, 2011
|Donnelly Corporation
|Interior rearview mirror system
|Oct 30, 2009
|Dec 6, 2011
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|Video mirror system for vehicle
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|Dec 13, 2011
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|Front electrode for use in photovoltaic device and method of making same
|Aug 28, 2009
|Dec 27, 2011
|Donnelly Corporation
|Interior rearview mirror assembly with display device
|Mar 3, 2011
|Jan 10, 2012
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|Interior rearview mirror system
|Sep 12, 2011
|Jan 10, 2012
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|Vehicle information display
|Apr 2, 2008
|Jan 10, 2012
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|Video mirror system for a vehicle
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|Jan 24, 2012
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|Interior rearview mirror system for a vehicle
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|Jan 24, 2012
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|Functionalized security glazing
|Mar 1, 2011
|Jan 31, 2012
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|Vehicle rearview mirror system
|Aug 15, 2011
|Feb 21, 2012
|Donnelly Corporation
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|Mar 13, 2012
|Donnelly Corporation
|Vehicular having a camera, a rain sensor and a single-ball interior electrochromic mirror assembly attached at an attachment element
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|Interior rearview mirror system
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|Jan 6, 2012
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|Oct 28, 2011
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|Apr 13, 2010
|May 15, 2012
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|Feb 24, 2011
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|Feb 1, 2008
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|Dec 10, 2010
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|Interior rearview mirror information display system for a vehicle
|Feb 6, 2007
|Sep 11, 2012
|Pilkington Automotive Limited
|Vehicle glazing
|Jan 20, 2012
|Sep 18, 2012
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|Interior rearview mirror assembly for a vehicle
|Feb 17, 2012
|Sep 18, 2012
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|Oct 18, 2010
|Oct 9, 2012
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|Interior rearview mirror system
|Dec 22, 2011
|Oct 9, 2012
|Donnelly Corporation
|Mirror reflective element sub-assembly for exterior rearview mirror of a vehicle
|Mar 2, 2012
|Oct 16, 2012
|Donnelly Corporation
|Interior rearview mirror system with forwardly-viewing camera and a control
|Jan 11, 2010
|Oct 23, 2012
|Donnelly Corporation
|Automotive rearview mirror assembly
|Jan 20, 2012
|Nov 6, 2012
|Donnelly Corporation
|Vehicle rearview mirror system
|Nov 13, 2012
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|Jan 6, 2012
|Dec 4, 2012
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|Apr 24, 2012
|Jan 15, 2013
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|Mar 19, 2013
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|Apr 23, 2013
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|Vehicular blind spot indicator mirror
|Mar 17, 2011
|Sep 3, 2013
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|Donnelly Corporation
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|Oct 15, 2013
|Donnelly Corporation
|Electrochromic mirror reflective element for vehicular rearview mirror assembly
|Jan 14, 2013
|Nov 5, 2013
|Donnelly Corporation
|Information display system for a vehicle
|Jun 17, 2013
|Dec 17, 2013
|Donnelly Corporation
|Automatic compass system for vehicle
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|Dec 17, 2013
|Donnelly Corporation
|Variable transmission window
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|Donnelly Corporation
|Video mirror system for a vehicle
|Aug 5, 2013
|Feb 18, 2014
|Magna Mirrors Of America, Inc.
|Rearview mirror assembly for vehicle
|Sep 23, 2013
|Mar 18, 2014
|Magna Electronics Inc.
|Driver assist system for vehicle
|Feb 14, 2013
|Apr 22, 2014
|Donnelly Corporation
|Method of manufacturing a reflective element for a vehicular rearview mirror assembly
|Aug 12, 2013
|May 20, 2014
|Donnelly Corporation
|Variable reflectance mirror reflective element for exterior mirror assembly
|Mar 14, 2012
|May 27, 2014
|Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd.
|Lens module with infrared absorbing filter
|Nov 7, 2011
|Jul 15, 2014
|Donnelly Corporation
|Interior rearview mirror system
|Dec 17, 2012
|Aug 5, 2014
|Donnelly Corporation
|Exterior rearview mirror assembly
|Oct 8, 2012
|Sep 16, 2014
|Donnelly Corporation
|Mirror reflective element sub-assembly for exterior rearview mirror of a vehicle
|Aug 30, 2013
|Nov 11, 2014
|Donnelly Corporation
|Automotive communication system
|Jun 4, 2012
|Dec 9, 2014
|Donnelly Corporation
|Vehicular video mirror system
|Nov 16, 2012
|Jan 20, 2015
|Guardian Industris Corp.
|Low-E coating having zinc aluminum oxide based layer doped with yttrium
|Mar 14, 2014
|Apr 21, 2015
|Magna Electronics Inc.
|Driver assist system for vehicle
|Mar 17, 2009
|Apr 28, 2015
|Magna Electronics Inc.
|Vision system for vehicle
|Mar 17, 2011
|Apr 28, 2015
|Donnelly Corporation
|Interior rearview mirror system
|Sep 15, 2014
|Jun 2, 2015
|Donnelly Corporation
|Mirror reflective element sub-assembly for exterior rearview mirror of a vehicle
|Aug 4, 2014
|Jul 7, 2015
|Donnelly Corporation
|Exterior rearview mirror assembly
|Jul 15, 2014
|Jul 14, 2015
|Corning Incorporated
|Low-color scratch-resistant articles with a multilayer optical film
|May 19, 2014
|Jul 28, 2015
|Donnelly Corporation
|Variable reflectance mirror reflective element for exterior mirror assembly
|May 1, 2014
|Aug 18, 2015
|Corning Incorporated
|Scratch-resistant articles with retained optical properties
|Nov 6, 2002
|Apr 22, 2004
|Kazuo Watanabe
|Display apparatus and antireflection substance
|Feb 9, 2004
|Aug 12, 2004
|Saint-Gobain Vitrage
|Electrochemical device
|Jun 1, 2004
|Nov 4, 2004
|Saint-Gobain Glass France
|Substrate with a photocatalytic coating
|Mar 19, 2004
|Nov 18, 2004
|Saint-Gobain Vitrage
|Glazing with optical and/or energetic properties capable of being electrically controlled
|Jun 3, 2003
|Dec 9, 2004
|Reyntjens Wouter Gerard Simonne
|Fluorinated polymer sheets
|Aug 9, 2004
|Feb 24, 2005
|Applera Corporation
|Reduction of matrix interference for MALDI mass spectrometry analysis
|Dec 4, 2002
|Nov 17, 2005
|Sanderson Kevin D
|Self-cleaning glazing sheet
|Jul 15, 2004
|Jan 25, 2007
|Saint-Gobain Glass France
|Functionalized security glazing
|U.S. Classification
|428/432, 428/446, 428/425.5, 428/426, 428/701, 269/240, 428/702, 428/425.6, 269/245, 269/238, 428/428, 269/265, 428/699, 269/273, 428/697, 428/423.1, 269/267, 428/448
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 17, 2002
Owner name: SAINT-GOBAIN VITRAGE, FRANCE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BOIRE, PHILIPPE;FIX, RENAUD;GIRON, JEAN-CHRISTOPHE;REEL/FRAME:013399/0024;SIGNING DATES FROM 20000614 TO 20000706
|Oct 12, 2004
|Nov 23, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 9, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
Bankruptcy Bill, 1982: Motion.
Wednesday, 26 January 1983
Dáil Eireann Debate
Minister for Justice (Mr. Noonan): I move:
That, in pursuance of Standing Order No. 105 of the Standing Orders relative to Public Business, the Bankruptcy Bill, 1982, which had reached Second Stage prior to the dissolution of the Dáil on 4th November, 1982, be restored to the Order Paper.
Mr. Haughey: Perhaps that is a Bill that should go to a Committee.
Mr. Lenihan: We are talking about Committee procedures in a sense.
The Taoiseach: We will certainly consider that with the Opposition.
Mr. Haughey: As a matter of interest might I remind the House that when I was Minister for Justice about 22 years ago I set up the committee to start work on that Bill.
An Ceann Comhairle: When the Chair was a Senator the Leader of the Opposition was Minister for Justice.
[419]The Taoiseach: Nostalgic.
|Last Updated: 14/09/2010 10:30:48
|Page of 192

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
Love Affair
1939. USA. Leo McCarey. 88 min.
Wednesday, February 11, 2009, 1:30 p.m.
Theater 3 (The Celeste Bartos Theater), mezzanine, The Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Education and Research Building
Love Affair
1939. USA. Directed by Leo McCarey. Screenplay by Delmer Daves, Donald Ogden Stewart. With Irene Dunne, Charles Boyer, Maria Ouspenskaya, Lee Bowman. Preserved with funds from the Celeste Bartos Film Preservation Fund, from original materials donated by Twentieth Century-Fox. 88 min.
Related Publication
Still Moving: The Film and Media Collections of the Museum of Modern Art
Steven Higgins
In the Film exhibition Still Moving
Ticketing policies for film screenings
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text:
Get the Wolves newsletter
Get the latest news from Wolves delivered for FREE to your inbox.
16:32 22nd August 2013
Dave Wagstaffe funeral
St Peter's Church was packed to the rafters this afternoon as Wolves supporters joined friends and family of Dave Wagstaffe to pay tribute to the Molineux legend.
The funeral cortege passed by the Molineux Stadium which Waggy used to grace enroute to the service, with supporters and members of Wolves' office staff breaking into spontaneous applause after an initial moment of silence.
The coffin was carried into the church to the strains of 'Hi Ho Silver Lining' and exited to 'Daybream Believer' by the Monkees, whose lead singer Davy Jones got to know Waggy after they met as youngsters in Manchester.
The service, led by Wolverhampton Rector The Rev David Wright, included a reading from legendary Wolves striker John Richards, words from Dave's son Scott, and an address from family friend and journalist Steve Gordos.
The funeral service was followed by a private cremation at Bushbury before invited guests returned to Molineux.
*A fuller account of today's funeral will appear later.
Fine start to season continues
1 day ago
News of fixture changes
4 days ago
Chance to represent Wolves in fundraising challenge
6 days ago
Lottery stalwart passes away.
7 days ago
Former Liverpool and England defender the star attraction
7 days ago
Former Wolves midfielder as busy as ever!
7 days ago


text:
Tactics, desire will decide Real Salt Lake, Galaxy clash in Western Conference Championship
Real Salt Lake's plan for victory against a team that hasn't lost this season at the Home Depot Center is simple. To execute it properly that is another matter.
"Our back line has to know, has to be especially aware of where their attacking players are at all times, even when we have the ball," RSL defender Robbie Russell said. "A split-second turnover and [midfielder David] Beckham looks up once and hits a 70-yard ball."
Bruised, unsure of itself and possibly short two starters on the defensive end, RSL is one game away from playing for the championship of Major League Soccer.
Certainly, RSL faces a tall order when it plays the Los Angeles Galaxy at 7 p.m. (MT) Sunday on ESPN for the Western Conference Championship and the right to play for the MLS Cup.
At age 36, Beckham's skills may have eroded somewhat, but he remains a dangerous distributor of the ball, which, in turn, opens the field for runs by Landon Donovan, Robbie Keane and Chad Barrett.
All of which led RSL midfielder Kyle Beckerman to remark, "Our best defense is not to let [Beckham] touch the ball."
So, can an RSL (16-12-8) team that advanced by barely surviving a 26-shot barrage by the Seattle Sounders FC in the Western Conference semifinals run its passing game? Will the defensive core of the Galaxy (21-5-5) allow it?
"They're just a very well-organized team that is difficult to break down," RSL coach Jason Kreis said.
Typically, the Galaxy doesn't mind absorbing pressure. They've allowed only 28 goals in MLS this season.
It will be important for RSL midfielder Javier Morales to stretch the L.A. defense with his pinpoint passing to forwards Fabián EspÃndola and Ãlvaro SaborÃo.
With RSL's defensive foundation in question center backs Jamison Olave and Nat Borchers are questionable with nagging quad strains the danger of L.A.'s swift and lethal counterattack increases.
"For us, our main concern is to get our passing game going," Beckerman said.
There are a couple of subplots entering Sunday's clash.
First, the Galaxy have not won an MLS Cup since 2005, an unacceptable drought for such a high-profile team.
Ever since the Home Depot Center was chosen to be the site of the 2011 MLS Cup, Los Angeles spent a bundle to ensure the Galaxy would play for the title on their home field. Enter Irish international forward Robbie Keane.
Also, Beckham is in the final year of his contract and has lucrative offers from European teams. Beckham's desire for a championship is strong.
He played one of his finest games of the season during Thursday's Western Conference semifinal victory against the New York Red Bulls.
Despite being rocked by a first-half tackle and taking a blow to the head L.A. coach Bruce Arena denied that Beckham had a concussion Beckham was all over the field.
"His work rate was unreal," Beckerman said.
So, tactics aside, the game may simply come down to desire as well as which RSL team will show up, the one that dominated Seattle 3-0 or the side that was nearly overrun by the same team.
The two teams split their games with each other this season, each winning on the other's home turf. Also, each team was without a star player in defeat.
"Everything is meaningless now," Kreis said. "The only thing that matters is what happens Sunday night."
Twitter: @Rsltribune
Real Salt Lake vs. Los Angeles Galaxy
P At Home Depot Center, Carson, Calif.
Kickoff • 7 p.m., MDT
Radio • 700 AM, 1600 AM
Records • RSL 16-12-8, LAG 21-5-10
Series record • 7-7-6
Last meeting • LAG 2-1 (Oct. 1)
About RSL • The availability of injured defenders Nat Borchers and Jamison Olave, both nursing quadriceps strains, remains a game-time decision. ⦠RSL is 6-0 all-time in all playoff series when it is the lower seed. ⦠When Ãlvaro SaborÃo scores first, RSL is 20-2-5 all-time.
About the Galaxy • Is midfielder David Beckham 100 percent following Thursday's physical conference semifinal with New York? He didn't practice Friday. ⦠L.A. is undefeated at Home Depot Center in 2011, 11-0-4. ⦠The Galaxy has outscored opponents this season 48-28.
See more about comments here.


text:
Deputy describes confrontation at trial of man accused of trying to kill her
A Ventura County sheriff's deputy testified during a trial's opening Thursday about how an enraged man with a history of mental illness attacked her nearly two years ago.
Deputy Traci Salmon said that in a struggle for her Taser, the gun was taken from her and pointed at her face.
"He hit me with the (police) radio and grabbed my gun," Salmon told jurors. "At that point, I thought, 'Oh, my God, I am going to die.' I could see the barrel toward my face.It was about 8 to 9 inches away."
Salmon, 33, said the weapon jammed when defendant John Steven Atkinson, 34, was on top of her and pulled the trigger.
The incident occurred nearly two years ago in the Ojai Valley. Salmon was alone when she responded to a 911 hang-up call coming from a home in the 4900 block of Casitas Pass Road on Dec. 10, 2010.
"How many times did you hear that click as it was pointed in your face?" prosecutor Richard Simon asked Salmon.
"One or two times," she said.
Salmon was the first witness for the prosecution in Atkinson's trial. His lawyer says he isn't guilty of the charge of attempted murder because he is a paranoid schizophrenic who has severe depression and other mental disorders.
"He certainly didn't attempt to kill anyone," attorney Rebekah Mathis told jurors during opening statements.
Mathis said Atkinson had been admitted to Patton State Hospital, a mental health facility in San Bernardino, in October 2009 and released in September 2010. He wasn't taking his medication before the incident, Mathis said.
She told jurors that as a teen, Atkinson had a girlfriend and friends and played sports. But she said his life worsened in 2007. Atkinson was living on the streets after his release from Patton in 2010 before he walked to his parents' house and began living with them, Mathis said.
She said Atkinson became psychotic and thought his parents were inside rubber suits and that the family cat was fake. She said he wanted to pull his head off to expose the wiring.
Atkinson is charged with attempted murder along with other crimes including assault with a deadly weapon, robbery, false imprisonment of an elderly person and two felony counts of elder abuse.
Police say he terrorized his parents the morning of the attack and struck his mother.
During hours of testimony, which sometimes became tearful, Salmon described the quarter-mile walk to get to the isolated Casitas Pass Road address in response to the 9:42 a.m. call.
Salmon said a pale, sickly-looking Atkinson came to the door and told her nobody had called 911. After she asked whether a female lived there, he told her his mother did.
"I didn't think of him as a threat, but I felt uncomfortable being there alone," Salmon testified. "I'm thinking, 'Maybe he is the reason I am here because he looks sick.' "
Salmon said Atkinson immediately became confrontational, asking her why she should care and then saying, "Mom, there is somebody at the door and wants to see if you are OK."
Salmon said she saw two people in the house who were later identified as his parents, Steven and Diane Atkinson, both 65.
Salmon said Diane Atkinson told her, "I am OK," and heard Steven Atkinson tell her, "Help us."
John Atkinson jumped Salmon as she was pulling out her Taser, according to authorities. That started a struggle with a lot of yelling. John Atkinson struck her with blows to the back of the head and asked whether Salmon was real, according to Salmon.
" 'I am. I am,' " Salmon said she replied, and John Atkinson told her,"I am going to rip your face off.' "
Salmon said she fought for the Taser and then her gun. She described the struggle that started just outside the front door and ended up in the house. She told jurors she was hit by the Taser in the shoulder and head and that she tried to keep John Atkinson from getting the gun.
Salmon said she fired the weapon a few times and struck John Atkinson in the leg and he cursed at her. He got the gun and pulled the trigger at least once while she stared at the barrel, she testified.
Salmon kicked him, ran out of the house, hid in a shack on the property and called a 911 dispatcher from a cellphone.
Dozens of law enforcement officers and a helicopter descended on the property.
"I've never been so close to dying, and I really think I wasn't going to see my husband and daughters again," she said.
Under cross-examination by Mathis, Salmon said John Atkinson kept asking whether she was real and whether the badge, vest, Taser and gun were real. She said she kept thinking he was mentally ill or something was wrong.
" 'I am real. I am real. I am a real sheriff's deputy,' " Salmon said she kept telling him.
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LONDON (MarketWatch) -- Telefónica SA TEF, -2.12% TEF, -0.31% on Wednesday offered 295 million euros ($399.6 million) to buy the 22% stake of Spanish pay-TV company Distribuidora de Televisión Digital SA owned by Mediaset SpA's MS, -1.24% unit in Spain. Telefónica said Mediaset would be entitled to €10 million if Telefónica closes the purchase of the 56% stake of DTS held by Spanish media conglomerate Promotora de Informaciones S.A., and up to €20 million depending upon growth of Telefónica's pay-TV customers in Spain over a four-year period.
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Contact Us
About CLDF
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Slide Library
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HBV | Abstract Library
The summaries are free for public use. The Chronic Liver Disease Foundation will continue to add and archive summaries of articles deemed relevant to CLDF by the Board of Trustees and its Advisors.
Abstract Details
Clinical utility of quantitative HBsAg in natural history and nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment of chronic hepatitis B: new trick of old dog
Tseng TC, Kao JH. J Gastroenterol. 2012 Oct 24. [Epub ahead of print]
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.
Using commercial quantitative assays, quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen (qHBsAg) has improved our understanding and management of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The HBsAg level is highest in the immune tolerance phase, starts to decline during the immune clearance phase, and decreases slowly but progressively after hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion. The HBsAg level is lowest in individuals with an inactive carrier state but higher in those who develop HBeAg-negative hepatitis. It has been shown that a reduction of HBsAg by 1 log IU/mL or more reflects improved host immune control of HBV infection. A combination of HBsAg <1000 IU/mL and HBV-DNA <2000 IU/mL can identify a 3-year inactive state in a genotype D HBeAg-negative carrier population. In the Asian-Pacific region, where HBV genotypes B and C are dominant, HBsAg levels of ≤10-100 IU/mL predict HBsAg loss over time. As to the prediction of disease progression, low-viremic carriers with HBsAg >1000 IU/mL have been shown to be at higher risks of HBeAg-negative hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma than those with HBsAg <1000 IU/mL. Although qHBsAg has been widely used in CHB patients receiving pegylated interferon therapy, the HBsAg decline is slow and does not correlate with HBV-DNA levels during nucleos(t)ide analogue (NUC) therapy. However, a rapid HBsAg decline during NUC therapy may identify patients who will finally clear HBsAg. A 6- to 12-monthly assessment of HBsAg level could be considered during NUC therapy. Taking these lines of evidence together, qHBsAg can complement HBV-DNA levels to optimize the management of CHB patients in our daily clinical practice.
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text:
America's Wildlife:Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
An educational curriculum based on the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation
New Informal Activities!
Due to numerous requests from our partners and to help commemorate 75 years of Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration programs , we have just released a collection of new activities that teach important wildlife conservation concepts in an informal setting. These three stand-alone activities are perfect for zoos, museums, summer camps and so many more non-traditional academic environments. They can even be used as extension activities for the regular classroom unit. Click on 'Download this Unit' located at the bottom of the page to access these new resources.
Curriculum Overview
The struggle to preserve America's wildlife is an amazing tale of national and natural history. It is a story of what we can accomplish when we work together toward a common goal. This curriculum will help you bring this story to your students.
The curriculum is intended for high school science and social studies classrooms. It consists of five interactive lessons set to state and national standards.
Lesson Summaries
Suggested Grade Levels
High School Science and Social Studies classrooms
Time Frame
14-19 days (45 minutes each day)
Essential Questions
These are just some of the questions that students will explore and understand over the course of this unit:
Arizona Department of Education Standards
Although each lesson includes the specific performance objectives addressed, the following strands are covered:
Download This Unit
Related Links and Resources:


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Copywriting goes in trends and phases like other things – but it took eagle-eyed Chris Rook to spot this one.
What on earth is that all about? Suddenly there's a plethora of brands using this unremarkable, unmeasurable, unexciting word to support their messages.
Chris writes:
We need to be challenging creative folk to be original, especially when hard to get cut through. It may work for a period of time borrowing a 'better' or a 'gamechanger' (from a couple years back) for a differentiating angle in the market category/vertical, which clients may not see a borrow but good brand/advertising folk should spot it and know better to be authentic (in my eyes anyway and no pun intended..). Surely an existing or prospective customer is going to tune out if you've got the same message as other brands in other markets who are also talking the same angle.
How marketing copywriters use 'better' – Take a read
Here are Chris' examples to back up whats affecting the use of 'better' in NZ brand advertising right now, and dovetails into a larger point around many brands suffer from lack of authenticity with experience delivery and originality what they are about.
- Burger King, "Its better with the King"
- Holden, "Go Better"
- Briscoes "You'll never buy better"
- NZ Herald, "The more you know, the better"
- Lewis Road Creamery advertising "A Better Butter",
- Good Magazine "Simple choices for a better life",
- Beca, "Be better with Beca"
- choice tv, "Better Homes & Garden"
- Meridian, "better energy future"
- Auckland Airport, "making journeys better"
- Slingshot "Our Better Network Bundle"
- Vodafone "Do your thing better"
- 2 degrees "2 degrees mission to make everything better", plus "2 degree better"
- Telecom's CSR Foundation, "Building a better future for New Zealand"
- Smart Marine, "Better boating and fishing starts here"
- Flybuys, "Even better"
- Tip Top – (something "better" on side of their main Auckland office/factory)
- NZ women's cancer "Look good, feel better",
- government initiatives "Better Business Cases" and "Better Public Services"


text: Find Your Local NAMI NAMI Frederick County Address: NAMI Frederick County4 East Church StFrederick, MD 21701-5477 Phone: (240) 379-6186 Email Address: email@example.com Website: http://www.namifcmd.org Serving: Frederick County Contacts Mr. Mark Moser President email@example.com (240) 394-5558 Mr. Mark Moser President firstname.lastname@example.com (240) 394-5558 To contact or its other NAMI Affiliates, click here. Education, Training and Programs Program Dates Location Details & Registration There are no current or upcoming classes currently scheduled for NAMI Frederick County. Please check out 's full list of classes & programs. NAMI Affiliate leaders: Is your information out-of-date? Update it now online or via Member Services.


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|Nyxondra's Egg (3)
DescriptionNyxondra is being held against her will. She is hidden from her brood, right in the middle of their breeding grounds. She lays eggs, but they will be taken away before she can see them hatch.
Cruel? Perhaps... but not nearly as cruel as the treatment that their dragonflight showed my mistress.
Show me that I can trust you, <name>. Take Nyxondra's eggs, and bring them here. You will need to beat Nyxondra into submission before you can take them.
Remember, <name>... this is for the good of the black dragonflight. We are here to redeem them, not to hurt them. This is but a step in their recovery.
You have done everything that I have asked you, without question. Our job here in Lethlor Ravine is done.
It is now time that I revealed everything to you.
It is now time that I revealed everything to you.
RewardsYou will be able to choose one of these rewards:
|Strong Arm Mace
|Coercive Pauldrons
|Vest of Restraint
|Boots of Duress
GainsUpon completion of this quest you will gain:
- 6,900 experience


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Has anyone every cored out a CCF pad? I was thinking about trying this on one of the cheap blue foam pads. Maybe a grid of 1 inch holes. Pad would be used for summer time where heat loss is less of a concern.
This is the closest thing I've seen.http://www.backpacking.net/makegear.htmlScroll down in the left hand menu and click on the Insulated Hammock under the 'Sleeping' category.
I have seen this done but with other purposes in mind. Coring out a couple of blue foam CCF pads then sandwiching them between layers of 2 solid foam pads. This was done in an attempt to increase cushioning power and maintain high 'R' value, without dramatically increasing weight. The pad was laid in the bottom of pulka.
The sharp tube poker was exactly what I was thinking of. Anyway I just spend waaaay to much time drawing a dot grid on my pad. I sharpened a brass tube, then stuck the tube in my hand drill. a 1x1 inch grid of 3/16th holes bought me .2oz hahah! well it was theraputic if anything. O'well
I've been thinking about trying a similar thing. I was going to try cutting out disks, maybe 1" in diameter, at the intersections of a grid, and then gluing them back on to make a pad twice as thick (and hopefully twice as comfortable) without much added weight. it would reduce the insulation value however. You might want to try using bigger holes. I think they could be much larger than you used without detracting too much from the overall comfort and insulation.-Will
Interesting idea. Would you put the side with the foam glued to it twards the ground? You should do squares and only cut 3 sides and the 4th side half way through. then you could fold the square over to the other side of the pad and glue it down. That way the foam is still partially attached and you aren't relying on glue only to keep them attached.
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Missoula's 'Go To' Bars – What's Yours?
While enjoying a beverage at the Western Montana Fair beer garden over the weekend, a discussion came up about Missoula's 'go to' bars. You know, the bar you can go to no matter what time of day or night and you'll know people there. Like your own personal Cheers.


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McBride's Land & Cattle Co of Wichita Falls, TX was established in 1975. We have served Texoma for over 35 years. Located in downtown Wichita Falls, 1 block from MPEC facilities.
Learn More About McBride's Land & Cattle Co:
With a variety of home-style cooking and hand cut steaks in-house, we're a family favorite!
Contact McBride's Land & Cattle Co today at 940-322-2516, or browse the website for more information about our products and services.


text:
Office of Information Services
Janet Vogel, Director
Terris King, Deputy Director
Henry Chao, Deputy Director
George Linares, CMS Chief Technology Officer
Enterprise Data Group
Mark Hogle, Director
Division of Data Strategy & Program Management - Julia Fultz, Director
Division of Data Enterprise Services - George Manaras, Director
Division of Enterprise Information Management Services - Jennifer Mooney, Director
Division of Data Operations and Maintenance - Karen Allen, Director
Business Applications Management Group
John Evangelist, Director
Division of Shared Systems Development Testing and Operations - Regina Shock, Director
Division of Security & Mid Tier Applications Requirements & Testing -Scott Mueller , Director
Division of Transactions, Applications & Standards - Michelle Hunter, Director
Division of HITECH Operations - Craig Mooney, Director
Innovative Healthcare Delivery Systems Group
Cathy Carter, Director
Division of Medicare Enrollment and Payment Systems - Mary Sincavage, Director
Division of Innovation and Shared Services Support - Carla Jones, Director
Division of Healthcare Operations and Customer Support - Gem Nenninger, Acting Director
Division of Healthcare Information Systems - Marc Richardson, Director
Enterprise Data Center Group
Cory Stevenson, Director
Division of EDC Program Management - Letitia Royal, Director
Division of Customer Liaison & Support Services -Sherwin Schulterbrandt, Director
Division of Operations Management - Dennis Skinner, Director
Division of Production Integration & Management - Gordon Mundy, Director
Division of Enterprise Network Communications - Tim Walsh, Director
Enterprise Architecture and Strategy Group
Rosanne Hodge, Acting Director
Division of Enterprise Architecture - Brian Coll, Director
Division of IT Investment Management - Ronald Topper, Director
Division of IT Governance - Mike Azar, Director
Resource and Acquisition Management Group
Carolyn Robinson, Director
Division of Executive Support - Tiffany Patterson, Director
Division of Contracts and Procurement - Angela Hitchcock, Director
Consumer Information and Insurance Systems Group
Karen Shields, Director
Division of Health Insurance Marketplace- Rebecca Fender, Acting Director
Division of State Marketplace and Data Services - Richard Ott, Acting Director
Division of Project Management and Governance - Daniel Miller, Director
Enterprise Information Security Group
Teresa Fryer, Director
Division of Information Security Policy and Compliance - David Alexander, Acting Director
Division of Information Security Operations - Mark Elky, Director
Functional Statement
- Serves as the focal point for the responsibilities of CMS' Chief Information Officer, Chief Operating Officer in planning, organizing, and coordinating the activities required to maintain a CMS-wide Information Resources Management (IRM) program.
- Ensures the effective management of CMS' information technology, and information systems and resources (e.g., implementation and administration of a change management process).
- Provides workstation, server, and local area network support for CMS-wide activities. Works with customer components to develop requirements, needs and cost benefit analysis in support of the LAN infrastructure including hardware, software and office automation services.
- Serves as the lead for developing and enforcing CMS' information architecture, policies, standards, and practices in all areas of information technology.
- Develops and maintains enterprise-wide central databases, statistical files, and general access paths, ensuring the quality of information maintained in these data sources.
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Hey everyone-Has anyone ever come across an ultralight backpacking store? I know there is an endless supply of cottage companies out there that just can't get their products to the consumers (limited to online), and was wondering if there has been any out there or interest in starting one out west. I live in the east and I'm sure there aren't any specialized stores for ultralight outdoor equipment (such as all the stuff reviewed and talked about in these forums) out here.Always light and fast,dave
Edited by Skate on 02/13/2006 13:05:41 MST.
I have not been there in person but have ordered from Prolitegear, which is Out East. They are not exclusively ultralight, but carry lots of ultralight stuff, like Gossamer Gear, Oware tarps, Golite, Montbell, etc.Locally we have Promountain Sports which carries some ultralight stuff. They have more of a mountaineering emphasis though vs backpacking.DanSeattle WA
Edited by DanG on 02/13/2006 13:22:32 MST.
I have purchased stuff from Pro Mountain Sports and found them helpful, and very nice. Great gear and good prices. I would shop there again!
I've been to Prolite Gear in Bozeman, MT a few times. It's a small place, but I guess you don't really need a ton of room for ultralight gear. If I remember right, they carried tons of ultralight stuff, but not so much of the SUL gear. It's been a while, though.A word of warning: if you ever do come across a store devoted to ultralight like Prolite Gear is, be careful. Seeing all that cool stuff in person can lead to an empty checking account in no time flat.-Eric
Edited by lave on 02/13/2006 16:17:52 MST.
There is quite a bit of ultralight gear for sale at a few places on the AT, like at Neel's Gap and NOC.Stehekin Valley Ranch, about three miles off the PCT in Washington State, had tarptents, alcohol stoves, and quite a few products from Golite there, as well as a few other things that I would associate with skinny gear.Retail outdoor gear is a tough business in general, and honestly the ultralight part is even more ugly. It has nothing to do with a lack of demand. It has more to do with the fact that an ultralight pack that costs $125 will require the same amount of floor space as a $400 pack, and arguably more time and effort on the part of the staff to match customer up with product. The other problem is that you'll have a hard time attracting any experienced ultralighters to your store because they will probably be much more willing to buy over the internet, and much more aware of alternatives. Similarly, because there are so many cottage-industry companies in the ultralight world, to have a decent selection your store will have to have direct relationships with quite literally dozens of companies. Most outdoor stores order through a wholesale distributor, so they really only have a relationship with one or two suppliers. That can take time and cost money.Competing with the big-box retailers locally and internet sales is going to be tough. You need to offer something really special in order to build the customer base and reputation that would give a retailer the traction it needs to survive. Some retailers have done this through connections with outdoor education programs: people who don't have the gear for the classes are handed a shopping list and pointed at a particular store.
Midwest Mountaineering in Mpls, MN carries a fair amount of UL gear. The owner has been a UL evangelist for several years.
The Down Works in Santa Cruz, CA has a pretty good selection and the service is excellent.
Six Moon Designs has three retailers listed on its website:http://www.sixmoondesigns.com/dealers.aspAlas, none of them is in southern California, so it's still transacting online for me. I purchased my Henry Shires Tarptent Rainbow from "Only the Lightest" (also listed in the link above) to escape the onerous California sales tax, and am very happy with their service.
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text:
My first book, To Soar with the Tigers The Life and Diary of Flying Tiger, Robert Brouk is now available!
This is the story of Flying Tiger Robert Brouk, a Flight Leader in the 3rd Squadron of the American Volunteer Group. In the months prior to Pearl Harbor, until the disbandment of the American Volunteer Group in July 1942, the Flying Tigers valiantly fought the Japanese over the skies of Burma and China.
This story contains Robert's complete war diary. The diary outlines his dramatic experiences from the moment he enlisted in the American Volunteer Group to its disbandment.
His story also contains snapshots of the life he led upon his return to his home in Cicero, Illinois; a graphic account of his untimely death; and accounts of how Robert has been remembered through the years.
You can find To Soar with the Tigers on Lulu in hardcover or EBook, Amazon for Kindle and Barnes and Noble's NOOK.Tweet


text:
Published Saturday, November 10, 2012
From Staff Reports
This fall kicks off the 18th year of support groups at Crossroads Church.
Crossroads offers Christ-centered groups to help family members of all ages heal from addictions, harmful patterns, past mistakes and hurtful family experiences. All groups are free of charge, and free childcare is provided through age 12.
Crossroads also offers groups called Confident Kids and Student Care that offer elementary, middle and high school students separate groups to help them navigate tough age specific issues such as divorce, grief, anger and self-esteem.
"We meet each Tuesday night at 7 p.m. at Crossroads Church, Highway 154 campus," said Karen Turley.
Current groups include: Chemical Dependency,Adult Family and Friends of Addicts, Anger Management – men and women separately, Chronic Pain, Depression – women, Divorce Care, First Place Weight Loss, Survivors of Sexual Abuse, Men's Sexual Addiction, Wives of Sex Addicts, Single Mom's Group, Confidant Kids and Student Care.
All groups can be entered at any time, except for the sexual abuse and addiction groups.
For information on any of the support groups, call 678-854-9300.


text:
UPDATE AT 6:25 A.M. (WZZM) -- Police say a missing Grand Rapids teenager with autism has been found safe.
Officers say Bret Williams, 16, was found early Wednesday morning at the Walmart store on Alpine Ave. NW in Comstock Park.
Investigators were working to reunite the boy with his family.
GRAND RAPIDS (WZZM) -- Police are searching for a missing autistic teenager. Bret Williams, 16, ran away from home around 6 p.m. Tuesday following a disagreement with his parents.
Authorities say the teen functions at a second grade level. Officers say he has a history of self-destructive behavior, and has run away in the past.
Bret is 6 feet tall and 140 pounds. He has brown spiked hair and wears dark framed glasses. He was wearing a dark puffy vest over a black long sleeved shirt and jeans.
Police say he often walks on Grand Rapids' West Side and in Walker.
Anyone with information about Bret's whereabouts is encouraged to call the Grand Rapids Police Department at (616) 456-3604.


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Columbia, SC (WLTX) - Thursday morning, a group of state legislators met for a roundtable discussion as well as a question and answer session with dozens of media outlets.
Two of the hot topics debated by those at the second round of the discussion were the Ethics Bill and amendments to the Freedom of Information Act. State Representative Bill Taylor spearheaded the talk, calling for a more transparent government.
Under the new Ethics Bill, which previously died in the 2013 session, an independent group would have the power to investigate those who violate ethics laws instead of the House and Senate themselves.
Representative Taylor spoke freely of the need for government transparency and says this is something that will be closely looked at.
"I think there has always needed to be a serious change of the approach that we have with ethics," Taylor said. "People think that we have the fox watching the hen house and all of that stuff because the House and the Senate take care of their own materials. I think where they're going with an independent agency to review and sort of file the charges and investigate, I think that has some serious merit to it."
Representative Taylor also called upon his constituents to look at the Freedom of Information Act, saying it needs to have teeth so both state and local agencies will perform well and openly provide information to the public.


text:
Quick and the Dead
Sharon Stone Actor , Gene Hackman Actor , Russell Crowe Actor , Leonardo DiCaprio Actor , Tobin Bell Actor , Roberts Blossom Actor
MPAA Rating:
Contains:Adult Situations,Not For Children,Adult Humor,Western Violence
Choose a format:
Format Details
Edtitorial Reviews
Cast & Production Credits
Quick and the Dead
Theatrical Release Date: 1995 02 10 (USA)
Studio: Columbia TriStar
MPAA Rating: R Contains:[Adult Situations, Not For Children, Adult Humor, Western Violence]
Summary: Director Sam Raimi brings his trademark comic book-influenced visual panache to this post-modern Western. Sharon Stone stars as Ellen, a mysterious female gunslinger who arrives in the frontier hamlet of Redemption for a contest pitting quick-draw artists against each other. The event is the brainchild of Redemption's evil, corrupt mayor, Herod (Gene Hackman), a criminal who has taken over the town and charges a 50% tax on local businesses. The pot for Herod's deadly game has swollen, attracting numerous colorful gunfighters from around the territory. As each battle thins the ranks of players, the pasts of several participants are revealed. Ellen is seeking revenge on Herod for a heinous past injustice. The fast-talking braggart known as "The Kid" (Leonardo DiCaprio) may in fact be Herod's son. The pacifist Reverend Cort (Russell Crowe), who refuses to participate in the bloodshed, is the fastest draw in the West and a former colleague of Herod's. After several spectacular slayings, Ellen and Herod stage a final showdown, but not before he has made her an unexpected proposal. The Quick and the Dead (1995) is dedicated to veteran Western actor Woody Strode, who appears in a cameo as Redemption's coffin maker, his final performance. ~ Karl Williams, Rovi
Category: Western
Theatrical trailer
Scene selections
Quick and the Dead
Format: DVD
Release Date: 09/29/1998
Audio: DD5.1 Dolby Digital 5.1, DD2 Dolby Digital Stereo
Runtime: 105 Minutes
Sides: 1
Number of Discs: 1
Language(s) English,French
Subtitles: English,French
Region: USA & territories, Canada
Mike DiBella
Sam Raimi's hyper-stylized contemporary Western is a delightful diversion. While the cult director has taken hits for his style-over-substance format, this film boasts a taut storyline and a number of interestingly sketched characters, brought to life by the likes of Sharon Stone, Gene Hackman, Leonardo DiCaprio, Russell Crowe, and cult favorites Keith David and Lance Henriksen. Though his absurdist tendencies have been frowned upon in purist cinematic circles, here this proclivity makes Raimi a singular director. Tackling the Western genre in an offbeat manner may have offended the Hollywood hard-line, but it proves a sure-fire formula for creating entertainment value, with Raimi's comical treatment of blood-and-gut gore reflecting a modern American desensitization towards violence. Overall, this is a superbly crafted picture with some very excusable flaws and will surely satisfy fans of Raimi's over-the-top technique; though no Evil Dead, the director's cryptic, quirky tone persists in making this an infectiously fun film to watch. ~ Mike DiBella, Rovi
Cast and Crew:
Patrick Markey
Simon Moore Screenwriter
Sam Raimi Director
John Sayles Screenwriter
Allen Shapiro Producer
Alan Silvestri Composer (Music Score)
Robert Tapert Executive Producer
Joshua Donen Producer
Toby Jaffe Executive Producer
Sharon Stone Actor
Gene Hackman Actor
Russell Crowe Actor
Leonardo DiCaprio Actor
Tobin Bell Actor
Lance Henriksen Actor
Francine Maisler Actor
Jerry Swindall Actor
Roberts Blossom Actor
Kevin Conway Actor
Keith David Actor
Pat Hingle Actor
Gary Sinise Actor
Mark Boone, Jr. Actor
Olivia Burnette Actor
Fay Masterson Actor
Raynor Scheine Actor
Scott Spiegel Actor
Sven Ole Thorsen Actor
Josef Rainer Actor
Scott Ryder Actor
John Cameron Actor
Bruce Campbell Actor
Mike Stone Actor
Mick Garris Actor
Oliver Dear Actor
Woody Strode Actor
Greg Goossen Actor
Jonothon Gill Actor
Country: USA


text:
Steve Hargadon is a great interviewer, and about 80 members of his active Classroom 2.0 community joined via text chat. The recording (use the player controls) includes audio, video, slides, and text chat. You will be asked to allow the download and launch of a Java applet, then use the player controls to play the recording.
3 responses to "Recording of my Education 2.0 conversation with Steve Hargadon"
The recording is missing!
can you upload again the link plesae?thanks!
Please embed the audio/video in the post. It will help us to listen/see directly.


text:
By Nicky Pellegrino on 1st December 2012, in Beauty, Fashion & Beauty
Nails can be neon, matte, crackled, metallic, they can even be mini works of art. But this is about real beauty and I think one of the prettiest and most wearable trends for nails this summer is pastels.
Nail nous
- Always use a base coat. Pastels may not stain nails as badly as the darker shades, but a base coat provides a more even surface for the polish and should extend the life of your manicure. Try OPI Start To Finish Formaldehyde Free $36.90, a base coat, top coat and nail strengthener in one. While most nail polishes are now free of the three big bad chemicals – formaldehyde, toluene and DBP – some nail treatments and hardeners may still contain traces, particularly of formaldehyde, so it's good to know this doesn't.
- Protect your nails from water. They absorb lots of it and, as they dry, contract and become weakened. Strong cleaning solutions will also affect the condition of nails, so it's worth investing in rubber gloves for when you're doing the dishes.
- Moisturise your nails regularly, as you would the rest of your body. Rub in hand cream, oil or balm from the cuticle to the tip.
- Avoid hand creams that have alcohol in them, as it will dry out your cuticles. Anything highly perfumed is likely to be a culprit, unless the fragrance comes from natural essential oils.
- Don't over-buff your nails as it can lead to breakages.
- Remove polish with a gentle product like Leighton Denny Hydra-Flex Treatment And Polish Remover $26, which cleans without drying and is ideal for brittle nails. Or try OPI Expert Touch Polish Remover $7.90, which has nourishing vitamin E, sea kelp, grapeseed oil and aloe vera.
- Get salon-perfect nails by cleansing first with polish remover to get rid of any traces of oil. Paint a fat stripe of colour down the centre of your nail, then one on either side. Use any polish left on the brush to paint the nail edge to prevent chipping. Clean up any errors with a cuticle stick wrapped in cotton wool and dipped in polish remover.
About Nicky Pellegrino
Nicky Pellegrino has been a journalist for over 20 years, both here and in the UK, and is a former editor of New Zealand Woman's Weekly. These days, as well as working on the magazine's beauty pages, she writes popular novels like Recipe For LIfe, The Italian Wedding and The Villa Girls. For more about Nicky check out her website www.nickypellegrino.commore of this author