text:
- Home
- Reports
- Database
- Learn
- Research
- Info & Contacts
CVGHM reported that during June-15 November seismicity from Rinjani decreased; visual observations indicated no activity since August. On 19 November the Alert level was lowered to Normal, or 1 (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Seismicity declined significantly in 2010
Thermal anomalies on Rinjani island previously reported (BGVN 35:01) continue to be recorded by MODIS and caused alerts on the MODVOLC system. Between 1 January and 26 November 2010, MODVOLC thermal alerts occurred on 4, 18, and 27 February, 11 and 29 April, and 1 and 20 May. On 18 February, 9 and 22 pixels were recorded by the Terra and Aqua satellites, respectively.
The Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) reported variable seismic activity during February-April 2010 (table 5), with "white to brown" emissions reaching 50-1500 m above the crater; the number of emissions increased each month, with 1, 26, and 41 emissions reported during February, March, and April, respectively.
Date Eruption Tremor Tremor Low-frequency Volcanic Shallow EQ EQ EQ EQ volcanic EQ Feb 2010 177 20 151 16 3 23 Mar 2010 114 14 186 23 14 5 Apr 2010 93 10 72 9 30 10
During 1-2 May, 4-6 eruption earthquakes were registered each day, and dense brown emissions reached 900-1600 m above the crater.
The Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre reported that, on 5 May, a possible ash plume from Rinjani rose to an altitude of 5.5 km and drifted 150 km NW.
According to news articles, three eruptions from Rinjani during 22-23 May were accompanied by tremors. Ash and incandescent material was ejected as high as 2 km above the caldera. Plumes drifted 12 km and caused ashfall in multiple areas covering hectares of cropland. Lava flowed into the Segara Anak lake, which lies within the main caldera and caused the lake water temperature to rise from 21° to 35°C. Eruptions were not considered to be at a dangerous level, and evacuations were not ordered.
CVGHM reported that, during June through mid-November, seismicity from Rinjani decreased; visual observations indicated no activity since August. On 19 November, the alert level was lowered to 1 (normal, on a scale of 1-4).
Information Contacts: Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/joomla/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://hotspot.higp.hawaii.edu/); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); RTT News (URL: http://www.abc.net.au/).
2010: April | May | November
2009: April | May | June | December
2004: September | October
CVGHM reported that during June-15 November seismicity from Rinjani decreased; visual observations indicated no activity since August. On 19 November the Alert level was lowered to Normal, or 1 (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
According to news articles, three eruptions from Rinjani during 22-23 May were accompanied by tremors. Ash and incandescent material was ejected as high as 2 km. Ash plumes drifted 12 km and caused ashfall in multiple areas. Lava flowed into the caldera lake and caused the lake water temperature to rise from 21 to 35 degrees Celsius.
Source: RTT News
Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 5 May a possible ash plume from Rinjani rose to an altitude of 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 150 km NW. The plume was not seen in imagery about six hours later. CVGHM advised the VAAC that intermittent activity could produce ash plumes to 1.5 km (5,000 ft) above the caldera.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
CVGHM reported that observers at a post located 12.5 km NE of Rinjani saw one whitish-colored plume that rose 100 m from the volcano during February. Dense whitish plumes (and possibly brown) rose 500-900 m in March on 26 occasions and as high as 1,500 m in April on 41 occasions. Plumes seen on 1 and 2 May were "chocolate" in color and rose a maximum height of 1,600 m. From February through April seismicity decreased, although the maximum amplitude of earthquakes increased. CVGHM also noted that ash eruptions and ejected incandescent material fell within Rinjani caldera, but some ash was blown out of the caldera. The Alert Level was raised to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) on 2 May.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Based on a pilot report, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 2 January an ash plume from Rinjani rose to an unspecified altitude. The plume was not identified in satellite imagery; however a meteorological cloud was present in the area.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 21 June ash plumes from Rinjani rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 55 km N.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 11-12 and 16 June ash plumes from Rinjani rose to an altitude of 4 km (13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 15-55 km W and WSW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
CVGHM reported than during 3-7 May seismicity from Rinjani continued to be elevated and tremor was detected. On 4 May, an eruption of ash produced a white-to-brown plume that rose 500-700 m above the Barujari cone and drifted N. No eruption plumes were seen during times of clear weather on 5 and 6 May. On 7 May, thick white "smoke" from Rinjani was noted. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
CVGHM reported than during 29 April-2 May seismicity from Rinjani increased and tremor was detected. On 2 May, an eruption produced dense brown "smoke" that rose 1 km from Barujari cone and was accompanied by a booming noise. On 4 May, an eruption of ash produced a white to brown plume that rose 500-700 m above the cone and drifted N. Fog often prevented observations. The Alert Level was raised to 2 (on a scale of 1-4). According to a news article, ash fell in the local village of Senaru.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Bali Discovery Tours
An eruption occurred at Rinjani on 1 October at 1730 following an increase in seismicity that began on 5 September (0-7 earthquakes occurred per day). DVGHM raised the Alert Level to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) or Orange. During 2-4 October, explosions produced thick gray ash plumes to heights of ~300-800 m above the post-caldera cone, Barujari. The explosions occurred on the NE slope of Barujari cone every 5 to 160 minutes. Seismicity was dominated by explosion earthquakes.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Based on information from DVGHM, the Darwin VAAC reported that an eruption at Rinjani on 1 October at 0530 produced a plume to ~600 m above the volcano's summit. No ash was visible on satellite imagery. The volcano was at Aviation Color Code Orange. Visual observations revealed that eruptions on 5 October reached ~4.5 km a.s.l. A news article reported that hikers were banned from climbing the volcano, but the evacuation of villagers near the volcano was deemed unnecessary by local officials.
Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); The Jakarta Post
Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports.
Infrared Space Shuttle photo of Lombok Island during May 1992
Rinjani volcano on the island of Lombok (figure 1) is second in height among Indonesian volcanoes only to Sumatra's Kerinci volcano.
|Figure 1. Black-and-white reproduction of a Space Shuttle infrared photograph of Lombok Island and Rinjani sometime during 7-16 May 1992. The elevation-controlled shading is thought to reflect vegetation zones. NASA photograph number STS-49-97-051.
Information Contacts:
Ashfalls cause aviation warnings; lava flows cover summit area
In May a glow was noticed on the crater floor of Barujari cone, which has undergone no significant activity since August 1966. A portable seismograph (PS-2) and telemetry seismograph (Teledyne) were put into operation on 27 May and 9 June, respectively. One volcanic earthquake event/day was recorded on 27, 28, 30, and 31 May. After 4 June, however, volcanic tremor with a maximum amplitude of 35 mm was recorded, presumably associated with the upward movement of magma.
At 0200 on 3 June, Barujari cone began erupting by sending an ash plume 500 m high. One 8 June press report described emission of "smoldering lava" and "thick smoke," as well as ashfall in nearby villages from an ash cloud rising 1,500 m above the summit. Between 3 and 10 June, up to 172 explosions could be heard each day from the Sembalun Lawang volcano observatory (~15 km NE). During this period, seismic data indicated a dramatic increase in the number of explosions per day, from 68 to 18,720 (figure 2). Eruptions were continuous at least through 19 June, with maximum ash plume heights of 2,000 m on 9-11 June (figure 2).
|Figure 2. Daily number of explosion earthquakes and height of the ash plume at Rinjani, 3-19 June 1994. Courtesy of VSI.
The ash plume generally drifted SE, depositing up to 30 mm of ash on the island (figure 3). Strombolian eruptions ejected pyroclastic material <2 m in size as high as 600 m above the vent; this material fell in a restricted proximal area around the cone and in the lake. Lava flows began on 8 June and partially covered previous lava flows from Rombongan (in 1944) and Barujari (in 1966) (figure 4).
|Figure 4. Segara Anak caldera lake at Rinjani showing lava flows from the Rombongan dome (1944), Barujari cone (1966), and the recent lava flows of June 1994 (slash pattern). Courtesy of VSI.
A series of aircraft warnings based on pilot reports and weather satellite images indicated much larger plumes than suggested by the ground observations. First, an eruption at about 1200 on 7 June produced a long plume that caused a large number of aviation warnings. The plume, located on satellite imagery, extended 120 km S of Rinjani and was beginning to disperse by 1530. A pilot report at 1645 on 7 June indicated a "smoke" plume to 13.5 km altitude moving ESE, but by 2345 the plume was indistinguishable on satellite imagery. The imagery showed a plume around 0633 on 8 June, which extended at least 83 km SE of the volcano. Aircraft were advised to avoid this area to an altitude of 10.5 km (35,000 feet).
Second, at 1645 on 9 June a cloud with volcanic ash was evident on satellite imagery within 56 km of the volcano rising up to an altitude of 4.5 km (15,000 feet). The plume was apparently not elongated on the image but the report stated: "Expect cloud to drift W."
In apparent conflict with ground observations and satellite imagery observed by Australian meteorologists, a GOES satellite image at 1831 on 9 June obtained by Steve Matthews revealed a N-directed plume. This straight, distinct plume originating from Lombok Island trailed N for 800 km over SE Borneo, where it merged with a dense cloud bank. The plume widened from ~50 km across at a point 100 km N of the island to 100 km across where it met the Borneo coast.
Satellite imagery at 0830 on 10 June indicated a cloud with ash from 74 km SE to 56 km NW of the volcano to an altitude of 9 km (30,000 feet) with upper level drift to the S. Between 1700 and 2330, an ash cloud (bounded by the following corner points: 8°S, 116°E; 8°S, 117°E; 10°S, 117°E; and 12°S, 118.5°E) reached a height of almost 10 km (34,000 feet). The tongue of ash cloud previously detected drifting S was no longer evident on satellite imagery by 0600 on 11 June, but at 1940 the ash cloud was detected within an area slightly smaller than the previous day. The plume, as seen on satellite imagery at 0800 on 13 June through about 0500 on 16 June, remained over the vicinity of the island, but it exhibited some streaming to the N. At that time the plume began streaming E before drifting N. Pilot reports indicated a plume to 7.5 km (25,000 feet), with patches to 10.5 km (35,000 feet) and spreading N and NE. On 17 June, islands could be seen through the thin plume on satellite imagery. Enhanced AVHRR imagery indicated the probable presence of ash within the plume through 1300 on 18 June. Pilot reports at ~1200 on 18 June again confirmed an ash "smoke" cloud SW of the volcano for a distance of 80 km and an altitude of 10 km (34,000 feet). The plume was consistently observed on the imagery during the night of 18-19 June, but remained thin.
Information Contacts: W. Tjetjep, VSI; BOM Darwin, Australia; S. Matthews, Univ of Bristol, UK; UPI; ANS.
Continued plumes; "VAFTAD" transport-dispersion modeling
The eruptions continued at least into early July. Observations of early June plumes indicated that they drifted in several different directions; a computer simulation confirmed several directions of drift but failed to confirm an ~800-km-long, N-trending plume suggested by satellite data.
Near-source ash deposited on Lombok Island indicated a plume trajectory toward the SE (figure 3). As yet, there are no reports of ash deposited at substantial distances from the Island, suggesting that the broad-scale plume trajectory has to be studied by other means. Also, at present there appears to be little information on plume height or eruption chronology and duration.
Reports from aviators and meteorologists described the plume on 9-11 June as drifting in a range of directions, mostly toward the S and E (figure 5). There were two drift direction observations that differed. An apparently minor deviation took place on 10 June, when the plume drifted NW and N of the volcano (arrow and parts of shaded areas, 10-11 June, figure 5). A report of a substantially different plume trajectory (19:05) came from an interpretation of a GOES satellite image taken at 1831 on 9 June, which suggested a comparatively straight, N-directed plume extending ~800 km over SE Borneo (figure 5).
|Figure 5. Composite of reported plume locations for 9-11 June 1994 (various shading and arrow patterns reflect different reports). The figure includes meteorological reports as well as data from 19:5 compiled by Nick Heffter.
For comparison to other available observations Nick Heffter modelled the transport and dispersion of Rinjani's June ash plumes. He used software titled "Volcanic Ash Forecast, Transport, and Dispersion (VAFTAD)" to simulate plume trajectories (Heffter and Stunder, 1993; 1994).
VAFTAD was developed at the Air Resources Laboratory of NOAA for rapid response to an eruption even when some of the details such as the total mass injected into the atmosphere or the distribution of mass with respect to height in the eruption column are unknown. The cited paper gives references for several other different modeling schemes, some of which emphasize ash transport, ash concentrations and mass, and fallout along the centerline of the eruption. The VAFTAD model focuses on hazards to aircraft by forecasting the visual ash cloud location in time and space. Since VAFTAD is tailored towards the aviation community, one role of the output is to aid the forecaster in issuing significant meteorological (SIGMET) advisories. A second role . . . is the depiction of volcanic ash hazard to aircraft for several days after the eruption.
Although access is currently limited to qualifying agencies and universities, VAFTAD is user run, at any time, via dial-up modem to a workstation at the Air Resources Laboratory. On-screen prompts request the volcano's coordinates, eruption date and time, and the initial eruption cloud height. The computer automatically faxes output charts of the forecast visual cloud to pre-designated recipients via dial-up fax, and makes charts available for dissemination over various fax circuits (eg. DIFAX).
VAFTAD uses wind and pressure data updated two or more times a day and incorporates grid points with spacings of 91 km in the USA and 1 degree over the rest of the globe. The model assumes a mass load to the atmosphere of 1 gram composed of spherical particles with a specific gravity of 2.5 in a size range of 0.3-30 µm in diameter. VAFTAD computes transport and dispersion assuming particles are carried by advection both horizontally and vertically, and a slip correction allows particles to fall in a lateral direction.
Figure 6 shows a sample of some of the results of trials for the early June Rinjani eruption. Here the VAFTAD modeling software was applied in analysis mode (in other words, after the eruption, rather than in the forecast mode, before the eruption). The charts shown are enlarged and cropped from output similar to those automatically faxed from user-run forecasts. Figure 6 (top) presents some of the results for a modeled eruption starting at 0700 on 7 June (defined as t = 0 hours). Plume location estimates (solid boxes) are given for 6 and 12 hours after the eruption started.
|Figure 6. VAFTAD generated charts showing the simulated Rinjani eruption plume (dark squares). (top three boxes) Charts for a model eruption beginning at 0700 on 7 June (t = 0 hours) simulating the plume position six hours after the eruption started (t = 6 hours). Altitudes shown are from the Earth's surface to 20,000 feet (0-6,000 m), 20,000-35,000 feet (6,000-10,500 m), and a composite from the surface to 35,000 feet (0-10,500 m). (bottom four boxes) Four composite charts (0-6,000 m) for 12 hours after model eruptions, each beginning at 0700 on the days 7-10 June. Actual data on the eruption were limited but these simulations were made assuming eruptions of <3 hours duration rising to 35,000 feet (10,500 m). Courtesy of Nick Heffter.
In harmony with the bulk of the observations summarized on figure 5, the simulations on 7-10 June (figure 6, bottom) show the majority of the plume traveling towards the S and E, with some significant dispersal towards the NW as well. In contrast, VAFTAD simulations for this time period failed to substantiate the extensive N-drifting plume. Perhaps the apparent northward plume trajectory on the GOES image was caused by similar-looking weather clouds.
Almost a month after the initiation of the eruption observers continued to see plumes extending from the volcano (table 1).
Table 1. Comments and coordinates describing the Rinjani ash plume taken from volcanic advice to aviators issued from Darwin, Australia, 4-8 July 1994. Note that in addition to the coordinates given, one end of the plume also remained attached to Rinjani.
Date Time Comment or shape and coordinates of plume boundaries 04 Jul 1847 polygonal area: (a) 8.9°S, 115.5°E; (b) 8.5°S,113.0°E; and (c) 7.98°S, 113.0°E. 05 Jul 0600 Triangular area: (a) 8.0°S, 115.0°E; and (b)7.5°S, 115.5°E. 05 Jul 1630 Streaming toward the NW (reaching as far as6.5°S, 113.3°E) 05 Jul 1825 Polygonal area : (a) 8.0°S, 115.4°E; (b) 7.7°S,115.1°E; and (c) 6.9°S, 115.4°E. 07 Jul 2200 "No significant plume or evidence of ash cloud[located] directly overhead [at] Rinjani volcano. No ground-based reports or recent AIREPS [spoken weather reports by airborne weather crew] available." 08 Jul 0625 Enhanced imagery showed: "no significant plume or evidence of ash other than directly overhead. No ground-based reports or recent AIREPS available. In light of the above no further advices will be issued until further activity is observed or new information suggests that Rinjani has again become active." 08 Jul 1517 Meteorologists at Darwin received an AIREP indicating "smoke near the volcano." 08 Jul 1900 Enhanced imagery showed no significant plume or ash cloud.
References: Heffter, J.L., and Stunder, B.J.B., 1993, Volcanic Ash Forecast Transport and Dispersion (VAFTAD) model: Weather and Forecasting, v. 8, no. 4, p. 533-541.
Heffter, J.L., and Stunder, B.J.B., 1994, Brief description of the Volcanic Ash Forecast Transport and Dispersion (VAFTAD) model: unpublished manuscript (updated version, July 1994).
Information Contacts: J. Heffter, NOAA Air Resources Laboratory; BOM Darwin, Australia.
Ash eruptions continue; cold lahar kills 30 people
An eruption in June (19:05) sent ash plumes 2,000 m above the summit, resulting in ashfall on nearby villages. Activity of some kind was apparently continuing in late October. A NOTAM from the Bali FIR reported a volcanic ash cloud up to 900 m above the summit, with an average of one eruption per day.
On 3 November, a cold lahar from the summit area traveled down the Kokok Jenggak River. Thirty people from the village of Aikmel who were collecting water from the river were killed; one person remained missing as of 9 November. No damage to the village was reported. Local volcanologists noted that additional lahars could be triggered by heavy rainfall.
Information Contacts: UNDHA; BOM Darwin, Australia.
Explosive eruption in November 1994; eruptive products from 1994 described
The June-October 1994 eruption was visually monitored every day from the VSI observatory 14 km E of the crater, and occasionally from the E rim of the Segara Anak caldera (figure 2). A glassy bomb from this eruption was a basaltic andesite (55% SiO$2); the two previous eruptions (1944 and 1966) were basaltic. Lake temperatures in April 1994 were 31°C close to the active Barujari cone and 20°C on the W side; temperatures on 9 October 1994 were 36 and 31°C, respectively. Declining lake levels were noted on 9 October (~3 m drop, but no comparative date specified) and 20 November (additional tens of centimeters). Only solfatara activity was observed after 9 October, but aviation notices in late October warned of ash clouds above the summit (19:10). A cold lahar killed 30 people on 3 November (19:10).
Eruptive stages and products, June-October 1994. A rapid study of the deposits around the Barujari crater made on 19-20 November 1994 confirmed that the eruption evolved through three distinct stages. The first stage was Strombolian; a red glow was seen in the plume, and scoriae were found under the later deposits. The second stage began 4 or 5 days later, when water contacted magma. It was characterized by short-spaced explosions, with a 3,000-m-high plume heavily laden with fine ash. Around the crater, the older lava flows and the E wall of the caldera were plastered with a white mud-like deposit; a hydro-magmatic, thinly bedded fall deposit, without associated surge deposits. This material was so soaked with water that it produced small mud flows on slopes. A thick andesitic lava flow exposed at the N foot of the cone had no muddy cover. Its effusion was not observed, but it was after the hydro-magmatic stage, and at least before the end of the Vulcanian stage.
The third stage, from August until 9 October, was characterized by stronger explosions more widely spaced in time. These were typically Vulcanian according to photographs of the plume taken by the VSI team. The deposits attributed to this stage were coarse black ash, lapilli, and numerous bread-crust bombs. The bombs were typically several meters long (the longest measured 7 m), partially glassy, and usually broken. A bomb 30 cm long was found 3 km from the crater.
Activity on 21 November 1994. A short explosive eruption took place at 0630 on 21 November 1994 from the Barujari cone (summit elev. 2,376 m). From the NE edge of Segara Anak Lake (figure 7), the convecting plume appeared heavily laden with dark ash, and large bombs were thrown from the eruptive column. The height of the plume was ~2,000 m above the crater. A strong wind blew it W, and no sounds were heard by observers 3 km from the crater. Subsequent explosions were progressively less vigorous, and were sending puffs hundreds of meters high at 1130 when observers could no longer see the volcano. Most of the puffs contained white vapor with minor ash and lapilli. The day before, observers working on Barujari (E. Mulyadi and P.M. Vincent) had noticed no warnings of this impending eruption. These explosions were of the same type as those observed during the last stage of the June-October 1994 eruption at Barujari, indicating that they should be considered late events of that eruption.
|Figure 7. Photograph of Barujari cone (left) and Rombongan dome (right) on 21 November 1994, with Segara Anak lake in the foreground. View is looking approximately SW from the NE caldera rim. Courtesy of P.M. Vincent.
Information Contacts: P. Vincent, Centre de Recherches Volcanologiques-CNRS, France; W. Tjetjep and Eddy Mulyadi, VSI.
Small ash plume seen on 12 September
A NOTAM about volcanic activity from Rinjani was issued by the Bali Flight Information Region on the morning of 12 September. An ash cloud was reportedly drifting SW with the cloud top around 4 km altitude. As of 1200 that day, Australian meteorologists had not observed a significant plume on satellite imagery. Synoptic Analysis Branch analysts detected no ash cloud on either visible or infrared GMS imagery. However, at 1600 the Bureau of Meteorology in Darwin advised aviators that a weak low-level plume was intermittently evident on satellite imagery as far as 28 km SW of the volcano.
Information Contacts: BOM Darwin, Australia; SAB.
Witnessed eruptions in October 2004 with material escaping from two vents
Rinjani had increases in some monitored parameters and hazard status during this report interval, covering much of 2004 through 30 January 2005. An eruption occurred on 1 October 2004. We previously presented a brief aviation report concerning an unconfirmed ash cloud from Rinjani in September 1995 (BGVN 20:10). In their text associated with recent reporting used here, The Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (DVGHM) noted that Rinjani's last explosions occurred during 4 June 1994-January 1995. Those explosions came from Barujari volcano (see Background for morphologic information).
On 27 September 2004 a DVGHM report noted the decision to increase Rinjani's hazard status to Alert Level II (Yellow, on a scale with the most hazardous at IV). During the last third of 2004, the number of volcanic and tectonic earthquakes had increased. Their increase followed a rise in the number of tectonic earthquakes that began 18 August 2004. Tremor registered on 23, 24, 25, and 26 September 2004. Tremor amplitudes ranged between 12 and 13.5 mm, and the duration of the tremor stood between 94 and 290 seconds.
At 0530 on 1 October 2004 Rinjani clearly erupted. The observation station where visual monitoring occurs (Sembalun Lawang) lies in a spot where the caldera wall blocks views into the active zone, so a smaller eruption might have been missed. The eruption caused authorities to immediately raise the hazard status to Alert Level III (Orange). Further details have not emerged regarding the initial 1 October eruption. During the next few days of eruptions, the lake Segara Anak remained undisturbed.
During 2-5 October 2004 continued explosions sent ash columns ~ 300 to 800 m above the summit. Gray, thick ash columns drifted to the N. Detonation sounds accompanied every explosion. Successive explosions occurred at intervals of 5 to 160 minutes. Explosions vented on the NE slope of Barujari volcano. Some material also vented from Barujari's peak, however, and fell down around its edifice. A press report in the Jakarta Post indicated that evacuations were not considered necessary.
Available monthly seismic data appears in table 2. Seismicity was dominated by explosion earthquakes with maximum amplitudes of 30 mm. Explosion and emission signals were common during February and March 2004 and became absent or unreported after April 2004. Data were unavailable for October 2004 when known eruptions occurred.
Table 2. Available seismicity at Rinjani during 10 February 2004 to 30 January 2005. The symbol " - " means not reported. Courtesy of VSI.
Date Volcanic A Volcanic B Tremor Emission Explosion 10 Feb 2004 2 -- 20 3 37 10 Mar 2004 3 3 16 5 32 10 Apr 2004 -- -- 5 -- 5 17-23 Jan 2005 20 28 11 -- -- 24-30 Jan 2005 9 34 11 -- --
During 24 to 30 January 2005, gas plumes remained less than 600 m tall. The tremor record had a maximum amplitude of 1.5 mm.
Information Contacts: Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (DVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (Email: firstname.lastname@example.com, URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/); The Jakarta Post, Indonesia (URL: http://www.thejakartapost.com/).
Mid-2009 eruptions send lava flows to the caldera lake
Eruptions at Rinjani (figures 8 and 9) between October 2004 and January 2005 (BGVN 30:02) was the first activity noted since September 1995. On 29 April 2009, the Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) again detected an increase in earthquakes and tremor, with eruptions from Barujari's cone beginning 2 May 2009 and continuing through 21 June 2009.
|Figure 8. Map of Rinjani National Park's campsites and relative elevations. Courtesy of Rinjani Trek Centre (RTC).
|Figure 9. Diagram of Rinjani showing the Barujari volcanic cone surrounded by Lake Segara Anak. Courtesy of Bohari Adventures.
According to a 4 May news article in the Jakarta Post, the first 2 May eruption consisted of four tectonic earthquakes, each lasting between 70 and 120 seconds. Heriyadi Rachmat, head of the East Nusa Tenggara province's mining, energy and mineral resources agency, stated in the article that "the peak of the activity was on Saturday 2 May with four tremors and the eruption of thick ash." This activity prompted CVGHM to raise the Alert Level from 1 to 2 (on a scale of 1 to 4). The head of the Mt. Rinjani National Park confirmed that, as of 3 May, the park had been officially closed to hikers. At that time, around 50 hikers were asked to come down from the mountain. Rinjani, a popular tourist destination, attracts an average of 9,000 hikers per year, 4,000 of whom are foreigners.
During May and June 2009, seismic activity consisted of numerous eruption signals, while observers saw ash plumes, incandescent material, and lava flows (table 3). CVGHM recorded the largest numbers of seismic signals between 7 and 31 May. In detail, during that interval there were 1,897 eruptive earthquakes, 2,163 low-frequency earthquakes, 1,341 harmonic tremor episodes, 3,249 air blasts, 17 shallow volcanic earthquakes, 39 deep volcanic earthquakes, seven local tectonic earthquakes, and three long-distance tectonic earthquakes. Although the volcano was frequently obscured by fog, people still saw impressive eruptions from the observation post at Sembalun Lawang. They noted continuous eruptions with ejected glowing material reaching 200 m in height above the vent, and thrown laterally out to a radius of 500 m from the summit. A great amount of ash, cinders, and incandescent material fell into the caldera, while smaller fragments were blown away.
Date(2009) Eruptive Low frequency Harmonic Airblasts Other earthquake tremor tremor earthquakes Observations 02 May -- -- -- -- -- Dense brown ash plume to 4.7 km altitude; booming noise 03 May 21 13 -- -- -- Recorded during 1800-2400 04 May 85 12 1 7 1 LD Ash eruption produced white to brown plume to 4.2-4.4 km altitude, drifting N 05 May 83 2 45 -- -- 06 May 83 22 30 53 3 volcanic 07 May 92 43 29 88 -- Recorded between 0000 and 1800; thick white plume 07-31 May 1,897 2,154 1,341 3,249 17 SV, 39 DV, 7 LT, 3 LD 163 eruptions with dense white and gray plumes rising to 3.8-4.1 km altitude 01-06 Jun 240 569 493 316 5 SV,10 DV, 2 LT, 6 LD 07-15 Jun -- Continuous -- -- 3 DV Dense white plumes to 1.3-2.7 km altitude 16 Jun -- Continuous -- -- 1 LD Dense white plumes to 1.3-1.5 km altitude 21 Jun -- -- -- -- -- Ash plumes to altitude of 3.0 km; drifted N
Lava flowed into the caldera lake and then extended 100 m beyond the shoreline. CVGHM and Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) reports also noted several ash plumes over the summit, including those of dense white and grayish color that rose 50-400 m above Sembalun Lawang observatory from 7 May through 29 May.
Potential hazards. As of 16 June 2009, the status of Rinjani remained at Alert Level 2. CVGHM recommended remaining at least 4 km from the Barujari vent, noting potential risks from ashfall and incandescent rocks both within the caldera and in the surrounding areas (figure 10). In addition, CVGHM cautioned that landslides could enter Lake Segara Anak, causing an overflow that could form lahars.
|Figure 10. A hazard map showing risk areas at Rinjani. Note the lahars extend beyond the two concentric circular areas, reaching the sea on the N to NW outer flanks. Date of publication and exact details of authorship uncertain. Courtesy of CVGHM.
Information Contacts: Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/joomla/); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); The Jakarta Post (URL: http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/05/04/mt-baru-jari-spews-ash.html); Rinjani Trekking Centre, Jalan Barakuda 10, BTN Griya Batu Bolong Senggigi, Senggigi-West Lombok 83355, Lombok-NTB-Indonesia (URL: http://www.rinjanimountain.com/rinjani-information-center.htm); Bohari Adventures, Jalan Cendrawasih 8, Cakranegara Mataram 83231, Lombok-NTB-Indonesia (URL: http://www.trekkingrinjani.com/).
More data relevant to eruptions during 2 May through at least 31 August 2009
A series of eruptions at Rinjani began on 2 May 2009 (BGVN 34:06). The current report, provided by Alain Bernard, presents additional data regarding these eruptions, which continued through 31 August 2009.
Studies of Rinjani volcanic lake are part of a cooperative agreement between Indonesia and Belgium, a collaboration funded by the Commission Universitaire pour le Développement (CUD, the main Belgian development cooperation agency for universities). Geochemical and physical studies of the Segara Anak lake started in the framework of this collaborative effort during the summer of 2006. During the summer of 2008, investigators installed a monitoring station for continuous measurements of the lake's level and temperature, and for meteorological parameters.
The scientific teams involved in this study were (Indonesia) Akhmad Solikhin, Devy Syabahna and Syegi Kunrat of the Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazards Mitigation (CVGHM); (Belgium) Alain Bernard, Benjamin Barbier, Robin Campion, and Corentin Caudron of the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), and Vincent Hallet and David Lemadec of the Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix (FUNDP).
Segara Anak lake. The majestic Segara Anak lake filling the caldera of Rinjani covers an area of 11 km2. Prior to the 2009 eruption, the lake's volume was 1.02 km3. The lake-surface elevation is ~ 2 km (figures 11 and 12).
|Figure 11. Bathymetric map of Rinjani's Segara Anak lake made from 65 km of echo-sounder surveys conducted in 2007 and 2008. Maximum depth of the lake is 205 m. Courtesy of the CVGHM, ULB, and FUNDP study team.
|Figure 12. Topographic map of Rinjani caldera from Bakosurtanal-Indonesia (National Coordinator for Survey and Mapping Agency, Indonesia). Margins defining squares are 1 km long. "CTD" and "CTD-B" are locations of conductivity-temperature-depth profiles. "Meteo" is the site of the meteorological station monitoring air temperature, humidity, wind velocity, and net solar flux. The labels 51-54 are locations of hot springs discussed below. Courtesy of the CVGHM, ULB, and FUNDP study team.
The lake is neutral (pH: 7-8) and its chemistry dominated by chlorides and sulfates with a relatively high concentration of total-dissolved solids (TDS: 2,640 mg/L). This unusually high TDS value and lake surface temperatures (20-22°C), well above ambient temperatures (14-15°C) for this altitude, reflects a strong input of hydrothermal fluids. Numerous hot springs are located along the shore at the foot of the Barujari cone. Bathymetric profiles showed several areas with columns of gas bubbles escaping from the lake's floor.
Precursory signals of the May 2009 eruption. Changes in Segara Anak lake and the hot springs before the first 2 May 2009 eruption included significant anomalies in the temperature and chemistry of the hot springs.
During field work 10-14 April 2009, the researchers noted an increase in temperature and acidity of hot springs 53 and 54 (figures 13-14) compared to July. This increasing acidity was confirmed in the lab as the consequence of an increase in sulfate levels not observed during studies since 2004.
|Figure 13. Geochemistry of Rinjani's Segara Anak lake (from CTD locations, figure 12) and hot springs. NA signifies not analyzed. Courtesy of the CVGHM, ULB, and FUNDP study team.
|Figure 14. A plot of 2004 to 2009 sulfate (SO42-) ion concentration versus pH. Note the April 2009 increase in the acidity and sulfate contents of Rinjani's hot springs 53 and 54 (upper left). Courtesy of the CVGHM, ULB, and FUNDP study team.
The Fe-ion concentrations in spring 54, usually below detection limits, peaked at 120 mg/L. This change in chemistry produced a yellowish-brown coloration of the lake waters because of the precipitation of ferric hydroxide, Fe(OH)3 (figures 15-16). An ASTER image from 21 August 2009, processed to enhance the Fe(OH)3 precipitates, revealed a chemical plume close to where hot springs 53 and 54 injected water into the lake.
|Figure 15. The Rinjani lake shoreline seen at a point close to the hot spring 54 on 12 April 2009. The water has a brown color and the coating on the rocks is an amorphous ferric hydroxide that precipitated when hydrothermal fluids oxidized by mixing with the lake waters (yellow-brown in color). Rock discoloration reaches the height of the mans lower hand. Changes in lake level were a consequence of the rainy season. Photo by A. Bernard.
|Figure 16. A photo of Rinjani and Segara Anak Lake thought to have been taken on 26 April 2009 but certainly before the start of the eruption. A spectacular yellow-brown chemical precipitate floated on the lake's surface (at left). Copyrighted photo by Jim Chow.
A chemical plume of low pH and dissolved oxygen was observed at the lake surface extending up to several hundred meters away from hot spring 54. pH profiles as a function of depth recorded at several locations showed a clear acidification of Segara Anak lake especially at shallow depths (15-20 m) (figure 17). Rainfall in April 2009 caused a shallow zone of higher pH.
|Figure 17. Plot showing shifts of pH in Rinjani's caldera lake waters with depth. The 2009 profile was recorded in April 2009, and the 2008 profile, in July 2008. Line 2009b was drawn as an estimate of the curve without the rainfall event. Measurements made with an SBE Seacat 19-Plus profiler. Courtesy of the CVGHM, ULB, and FUNDP study team.
A slight lake surface temperature increase from 20°C in July 2008 to 22°C in early April 2009 was mostly attributed to meteorological effects. Large increases seen in lake level in January and February 2009 were the consequence of heavy rainfalls. Heating of the lake between August 2008 and April 2009 occurred mainly during periods with reduced heat loss to the atmosphere due to less wind.
A report of these field observations was made on 17 April to CVGHM, which prompted them to send another team to the volcano. The new team arrived at the summit of the volcano on 2 May 2009, the day the eruptions started.
Eruptive activity May-August 2009. The 2009 eruptions originated from the same vent of the October 2004 activity (figure 18), and was characterized by mild eruptions that produced a small lava flow and low altitude, ash-poor gas plumes (figure 19). Contrary to that reported in some newspapers, the 2009 eruption did not open a new vent.
|Figure 18. This July 2006 photo of Rinjani illustrates the new vent that opened on the NE slope of Gunung Baru in 2004 and then produced a short lava flow. The 2009 eruptive activity at Rinjani started from this same vent, producing a significant lava flow that entered the crater lake and built a delta. Photo by A. Bernard (July 2006).
|Figure 19. Eruption of Rinjani seen on 10 June 2009. The plume at this point was relatively small and lava proceeded N to enter the lake. Photo by R. Campion.
Alain Bernard sent a report by Robin Campion (ULB) who was on site June 2009. According to Campion, mild activity was observed from the SE rim during 9-11 June. Pressurized incandescent gas was released at a 1-2 second intervals from a vent located in the 2004 crater, on the S flank of Barujari. At variable intervals (10 seconds to 10 minutes), stronger gas jets ejected lava fragments to heights up to 100 m. Occasional ash ejections occurred from a second vent in the same crater. A third lower vent emitted a viscous lava flow that reached Segara Anak Lake. Contact between the lake and the lava delta resulted in a warm surface current (figure 20).
|Figure 20. A 10 June 2009 FLIR thermal camera image of Rinjani's Barujari cone and Segara Anak lake. A thermal plume of hot lake water was drifting from the lava entry points. Temperature scale is for lake waters. Photo by R. Campion.
Figure 21 shows an ASTER satellite image of Rinjani lake-surface temperatures. Increased discharge of the hot springs on the S flank of Barujari produced a distinct plume with an orange-red color. Weak winds carried the steam-and-gas plume (with low ash content) N and W at an altitude of 3-4 km. Activity did not vary during the 3-day observation period.
|Figure 21. ASTER satellite image of the N part of Rinjani's Segara Anak lake taken on 29 July 2009 (at 1446 UTC). Thermal infrared bands 13 and 14 processed with a split-window algorithm. Contours are in degrees C. Maximum temperature in the lake water was 57°C. Courtesy of the CVGHM, ULB, and FUNDP study team.
As of 31 August 2009, the eruption was still underway. At that point, the new lava flow covered an area of 0.65 km2 (figure 22). The shoreline had been significantly modified by the entry of lava into Segara Anak lake, and the lake surface area had been reduced by 0.46 km2 (figures 22 and 23).
|Figure 22. Rinjani seen in ASTER false color on 21 August 2009 (0235 UTC). The new lava covers an area of 650,000 m2 and significantly changed the shoreline. The inset shows the pre-eruption shoreline and the new lava margin (in red on colored versions). Courtesy of the CVGHM, ULB, and FUNDP study team.
|Figure 23. Rinjani, in a photo apparently taken on 4 August 2009, showing a new delta built into the lake. Brown waters from hot springs were still visible at the end of the lake and drifted over a large area of the lake. Courtesy of Arjo Vanderjagt.
According to Alain Bernard, updates on Rinjani's activity will be posted on the website of the Commission of Volcanic Lakes (CVL, see information contacts). Bernard sent additional figures describing Rinjani behavior as late as 27 September 2009.
Information Contacts: Alain Bernard, Benjamin Barbier, Robin Campion, and Corentin Caudron, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium (Commission of Volcanic lakes, URL: http://www.ulb.ac.be/sciences/cvl/rinjani/rinjani.html); Akhmad Solikhin, Devy Syabahna, and Syegi Kunrat, Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazards Mitigation (CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/joomla/); Vincent Hallet and David Lemadec, Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix (FUNDP, URL: http://www.fundp.ac.be/); Bakosurtanal, Badan Koordinasi Survei dan Pemetaan Nasional (URL: http://www.bakosurtanal.go.id/); Jim Chow (URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/11668976@N06/3486237730); Arjo Vanderjagt, Oude Boteringestraat 52, 9712 GL Groningen, The Netherlands (URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/87453322@N00/3794836615).
Thermal anomalies common during May-November 2009
In May and June 2009 (BGVN 34:06) the Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) detected an increase in earthquakes and tremor, with eruptions from Barujari's cone within the Rinjani caldera. Later reports documented activity through August (BGVN 34:09).
In recent years thermal anomalies on the island had been seen (using MODVOLC data) only during September and October 2006 (2-3 days each month), September and October 2007 (1 day each), and August-October 2008 (1 day each). However, the 2009 eruption was clearly recorded. MODVOLC thermal alerts appeared frequently from May to October 2009, being detected on 17-25 days each month (table 4). Activity declined in November and December 2009, with no anomalies in January, but with alerts again seen on 4 and 18 February 2010.
Month Days with thermal alerts May 2009 18 Jun 2009 25 Jul 2009 24 Aug 2009 23 Sep 2009 19 Oct 2009 17 Nov 2009 9 Dec 2009 6 Jan 2010 0 Feb 2010 2
Information Contacts: Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazards Mitigation (CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/joomla/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://hotspot.higp.hawaii.edu/).
Seismicity declined significantly in 2010
Thermal anomalies on Rinjani island previously reported (BGVN 35:01) continue to be recorded by MODIS and caused alerts on the MODVOLC system. Between 1 January and 26 November 2010, MODVOLC thermal alerts occurred on 4, 18, and 27 February, 11 and 29 April, and 1 and 20 May. On 18 February, 9 and 22 pixels were recorded by the Terra and Aqua satellites, respectively.
The Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) reported variable seismic activity during February-April 2010 (table 5), with "white to brown" emissions reaching 50-1500 m above the crater; the number of emissions increased each month, with 1, 26, and 41 emissions reported during February, March, and April, respectively.
Date Eruption Tremor Tremor Low-frequency Volcanic Shallow EQ EQ EQ EQ volcanic EQ Feb 2010 177 20 151 16 3 23 Mar 2010 114 14 186 23 14 5 Apr 2010 93 10 72 9 30 10
During 1-2 May, 4-6 eruption earthquakes were registered each day, and dense brown emissions reached 900-1600 m above the crater.
The Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre reported that, on 5 May, a possible ash plume from Rinjani rose to an altitude of 5.5 km and drifted 150 km NW.
According to news articles, three eruptions from Rinjani during 22-23 May were accompanied by tremors. Ash and incandescent material was ejected as high as 2 km above the caldera. Plumes drifted 12 km and caused ashfall in multiple areas covering hectares of cropland. Lava flowed into the Segara Anak lake, which lies within the main caldera and caused the lake water temperature to rise from 21° to 35°C. Eruptions were not considered to be at a dangerous level, and evacuations were not ordered.
CVGHM reported that, during June through mid-November, seismicity from Rinjani decreased; visual observations indicated no activity since August. On 19 November, the alert level was lowered to 1 (normal, on a scale of 1-4).
Information Contacts: Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/joomla/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://hotspot.higp.hawaii.edu/); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); RTT News (URL: http://www.abc.net.au/).
Summary of Holocene eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).
|Start Date
|Stop Date
|Eruption Certainty
|Activity Area or Unit
|2009 May 2
|2010 Aug (?)
|Historical Observations
|NE flank of Gunung Barujari
|2004 Oct 1
|2004 Oct 5 (in or after)
|Historical Observations
|Summit and NE flank of Barujari
|[ 1995 Sep 12 ]
|[ Unknown ]
|1994 Jun 3
|1994 Nov 21
|Historical Observations
|Gunung Barujari
|1966 Mar 28
|1966 Aug 8
|Historical Observations
|East side of Barujari (2250 m)
|1965 Sep
|Historical Observations
|Gunung Barujari
|1953 Oct 15 ± 45 days
|Historical Observations
|Gunung Barujari
|Historical Observations
|NW flank of Gunung Barujari
|1944 Dec 25
|1945 Jan 1 (?)
|Historical Observations
|NW flank of Barujari (Rombongan)
|[ 1941 May 30 ]
|[ Unknown ]
|Rinjani summit
|1915 Nov 4
|Historical Observations
|Gunung Barujari (Segara Munjar)
|1909 Nov 30
|1909 Dec 2
|Historical Observations
|Gunung Barujari
|1906 Apr 29
|Historical Observations
|Gunung Barujari
|1901 Jun 1
|1901 Jun 2
|Historical Observations
|Gunung Barujari
|1900 Nov 30
|1900 Dec 2
|Historical Observations
|Gunung Barujari
|1884 Aug 8
|1884 Aug 10 ± 1 days
|Historical Observations
|Gunung Barujari
|1847 Sep 10
|1847 Sep 12
|Historical Observations
|Gunung Barujari
|1257 Jul 1 ± 90 days
|Ice Core
|Radiocarbon (uncorrected)
This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.
|Rindjani | Lombok
|Feature Name
|Feature Type
Barujari, Gunung
|2376 m
|Feature Name
|Feature Type
Segara Anak
Segara Munjar
Segara Muntjar
|Feature Name
|Feature Type
|Rombongan, Gunung
|An eruption from a vent on the upper eastern flank of Barujari cone in 1966 produced the barren lava flows that can be seen extending into the caldera lake in this 1973 photo from the NE caldera rim. The flows traveled north into an inlet of Segara Anak (lower right) and south into Segara Endut inlet. Following a March 28, 1966 earthquake, explosive eruptions formed a new small cone that fed the lava flows, which eventually covered a 600 x 1700 m area. On August 5-8 activity increased, including the emission of a thick eruption cloud.
Photo by Sumarma Hamidi, 1973 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).
|A scientist from the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia makes theodolite measurements along the north rim of the 5-km-wide Segara Anak caldera of Rinjani volcano on Lombok Island. The lobate lava flow entering the lake at the lower left was erupted in 1944 from a vent on the NW flank of Gunung Barujari, a post-caldera cone.
Photo by Sumarna Hamidi, 1973 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).
|The dark-colored lava flow at the left flowed north into the caldera lake from a vent on the upper east flank of Barujari during an eruption in 1966. Lava flows from the same eruption also flowed south into the caldera lake. Gunung Barujari is a large pyroclastic cone constructed on the eastern floor of Segara Anak caldera. The cone rises about 370 m above the caldera lake, and along with flank vents and lava flows forms a large peninsula jutting westward into the lake.
Photo by Sumarma Hamidi, 1973 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).
|The tephra-mantled cone at left-center is the Rombongan lava dome, formed during an eruption in 1944. It was the source of the lava flow that extends to the right (NW) into the Segara Anak caldera lake. Rumblings and thick smoke with nighttime incandescence began on December 25, 1944. A heavy ashfall took place for 7 days, destroying crops and houses. The Rombongan lava dome was emplaced on the NW flank of Gunung Barujari, whose western flank is visible at the left side of the photo.
Photo by Sumarma Hamidi, 1973 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).
|The 1944 eruption that began on Christmas day from a vent on the NW flank of Barujari cone produced the Rombongan lava dome seen on the left center of this photo and a lava flow that extended to the right, forming a peninsula in the Segara Anak caldera lake. Heavy ashfall took place for a week, destroying crops and houses outside the caldera.
Photo by Sumarna Hamidi, 1973 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).
|Rinjani volcano on Lombok Island is one of Indonesia's highest volcanoes, rising to 3726 m. As seen here from the village of Sembalum Lawang to the NE, Rinjani has a symmetrical profile, but its western side is truncated by the 6 x 8.5 km, oval-shaped Segara Anak caldera. Historical eruptions have been recorded since 1847 from Gunung Barujari, a pyroclastic cone within the caldera.
Photo by Willem Rohi, 1989 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).
|A 2-km-high, double-topped eruption column rises above Barujari cone at Rinjani volcano on June 9, 1994, in this view looking south across the steaming caldera lake with the Segara Anak caldera wall in the background. A small pyroclastic flow can be seen descending from the crater, and the flanks of the cone are steaming from still-hot deposits of a previous explosion. The 1994 eruption began on June 3 and lasted until at least November.
Photo courtesy of Volcanological Survey of Indonesia, 1994.
|The 2376-m-high Barujari pyroclastic cone, the most prominent post-caldera feature at Rinjani volcano, was formed at the eastern end of the oval-shaped Segara Anak caldera. This 1993 view from the NE rim of the caldera shows a peninsula on the right formed by lava flows from a vent NW of Barujari that entered the caldera lake in 1944 and lava flows on the left side of Barujari that flowed north and south into the lake during a 1966 eruption.
Photo courtesy Volcanological Survey of Indonesia, 1993.
|An ash column rises above Barujari pyroclastic cone of Rinjani volcano on June 30, 1994, with the southern Segara Anak caldera wall in the background. Intermittent eruptions that took place from June 3 until November or later produced plumes to 3 km height above Barujari's summit and an andesitic lava flow on its northern flank.
Photo courtesy of Volcanological Survey of Indonesia, 1994.
|An ash-bearing eruption plume rises on June 30, 1994 above the summit crater of Barujari, a pyroclastic cone on the floor of Rinjani's Segara Anak caldera. Steam rises at the lower right from a lava flow that began erupting during the earlier stages of the eruption, which began on June 3.
Photo courtesy of Volcanological Survey of Indonesia, 1994.
|This spectacular NASA Space Shuttle image with north to the top taken in 2002 shows the 6 x 8.5 km wide Segara Anak caldera, elongated E-W, with a crescent-shaped caldera lake. The post-caldera cone of Baru Jani (New Mountain) has been the source of lava flows that have entered the lake. The 3276-m-high summit of Rinjani (right) is cut by a crater that postdates caldera formation.
NASA Space Shuttle image ISS005-E-15296
|The majestic Segara Anak lake fills the caldera of Rinjani volcano on Lombok Island. The post-caldera cinder cone is Gunung Baru (new mountain). The summit of Rinjani volcano on the island rises to 3726 m, the second highest of Indonesian volcanoes. The steep-sided conical profile of Rinjani as seen from the east is truncated by the 6 x 8.5 km, Segara Anak caldera. Historical eruptions at Rinjani dating back to 1847 have consisted of moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the post-caldera cone.
Photo by Benjamin Barbier, 2007 (Universite Libre de Bruxelles).
There are no samples for Rinjani in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences Rock and Ore collection.
|Large Eruptions of Rinjani
|Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA).
|WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore.
|EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS).
|MODVOLC - HIGP MODIS Thermal Alert System
|Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. MODIS looks at every square km of the Earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two MODIS sensors in space allows at least four hot-spot observations every two days. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. There is a drop-down list with volcano names which allow users to 'zoom-in' and examine the distribution of hot-spots at a variety of spatial scales.
|Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) is a near real time volcanic hot-spot detection system based on the analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. In particular, MIROVA uses the Middle InfraRed Radiation (MIR), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity.


text:
|Print Page
Mary G. Lopez
PRICE - Our beloved mother, grandmother, great grandmother, great great grandmother, sister, and aunt, Mary G. Lopez, passed away at the age of 97 on Nov. 11, 2012 in Price.
She was born Sept. 9, 1915 in Santa Rita, N.M., to Pedro and Guadalupe De La Cruz Gonzales. She resided in Chandler, Colo., and Price.
She married Jesus F. Lopez on March 20, 1935 in Chandler, Colo. He passed away on July 18, 1969.
She and her husband had 13 children; six sons and seven daughters. She also had 15 brothers and sisters.
She was a member of the Catholic Church. She lived a life of giving and sharing. She loved her family and each family member was special to her. She enriched the lives of those who knew her especially the family, they were the center of her life.
Survived by her nine children; daughters, Maggie McFadden, Carol (Gary) Stevenson, Mary Zilliox, Toni Jarvi and Lydia Burrola; sons, Mario (Shirley) Lopez, Victor (Bev) Lopez, Steve Lopez, Diego (Jan) Lopez; brothers, Lawrence (Faye) Gonzales, Tony (Eileen) Gonzales, Carlos Gonzales and sister, Vera Garcia. She had 32 grandchildren, 61 great-grandchildren and five great-great-grandchildren; numerous nieces and nephews.
Preceded in death by her husband, Jesus F. Lopez; two daughters, Maria Del Rosario and Maria Elvira; two sons, Alex Pete Lopez and Joe Lopez; her parents; sisters, Rosie, Julia, Esther and Marie; brothers, John, Pete, Frank, Leno, Victor, Richard and Paul.
Funeral Mass Friday, Nov. 16, 2012, 10 a.m., Notre Dame de Lourdes Catholic Church.
Vigil service Thursday evening 7 p.m., Mitchell Funeral Home, Price. Family will be at Mitchell's Thursday and Friday one hour prior to services. Committal service Price City Cemetery, Price. Arrangements entrusted to Mitchell Funeral Home of Price where friends can share memories of Mary at www.mitchellfuneralhome.net.
|Print Page

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Circulatory System
Blood in your body certainly gets around! In this BrainPOP movie on circulation, Tim and Moby talk about your circulatory system and how blood moves through your body. You'll learn about blood vessels and the other parts of your body that make up the cardiovascular system. Find out about the two types of circulation your heart uses to move blood through the heart and lungs, plus another type of circulation your arteries and veins use to get oxygen-rich blood to your organs and tissues. Plus, discover which body parts return blood to the heart and lungs. It's pretty cool how your blood keeps going and going and going...
Learn More:What is blood made of and what does it do inside our bodies? What is blood pressure and what does it do?How do you calculate your maximum heart rate?
See a Full List of Topics


text:
|Support a Great Cause…Win A Great Trip!
|Written by Dave Blanks
|Monday, 09 April 2007 01:49
You could win a Trip to New York City simply by giving blood or platelets during the month of April. All month long anyone who donates blood or platelets at an American Red Cross blood drive or donor center will be entered into a regional drawing for a
"New York Get Away" prize package.It includes two round-trip domestic tickets on Delta Air Lines, a two-night weekend stay at the New York Palace Hotel and two tickets to a Blue Man Group performance.
Upcoming blood drives in Ashe County include:
-Today at Wal-Mart, from 10 a.m. – 2:30 p.m.
|Share This Article:


text:
bulthaup b3: the kitchen living space
The universal bulthaup b3 design system encapsulates "state of the art" like no other. This system offers an incredibly wide range of versatile design solutions for perfect kitchens, as well as surprising solutions for functional and aesthetic changes to spaces that go beyond the kitchen work area.
bulthaup b3 design system offers unlimited design freedom. The elements of this system can be installed wall-hung, floorstanding or foot-supported, depending on how much storage space is needed. All three types of installation create the impression of a "floating" kitchen. bulthaup b3 is the design system that makes working and living in the kitchen easier and gives the entire kitchen a stylish, lightweight and floating appearance.
bulthaup b3 interior system
With bulthaup b3 interior elements, you can showcase your creativity on a whole new stage. They break away from the conventionally rigid structures within drawers and pull-outs, and grant you the utmost freedom in your kitchen design.
The fantastically simple idea behind the interior elements allows you to reorganize the space within the drawers with ease and speed, time and again. There are countless possibilities for storing, tidying and positioning the items - you become the conductor of your own kitchen composition. Your ideas and personal cooking style are all that counts. Functionality fuses with intuition, and creates a completely new way of working. The result is a system that is adaptable, sensuous, and truly distinct. This way, you can arrange your cutlery, kitchen tools, utensils and accessories exactly as you wish.
bulthaup b2: kitchen workshop
bulthaup presents probably the most compact kitchen design of our time; a unique combination of kitchen workbench, kitchen tool cabinet and kitchen appliance housing cabinet. This exceptional solution combines elemental and clear form with rational and practical function, just like all truly great ideas.
bulthaup b1: the essential kitchen
bulthaup b1 has been created and built for the growing number of individuals all over the world who appreciate design and high-quality products. It is a democratic design system in the greatest sense of the word, since it does not function as a prestige object, even though it may perhaps be perceived as such. Its design and functionality are precision-engineered, while the structure is clearly and simply pared down to the essentials, true to the principle of "timeless design, high-quality material and precision workmanship."
If you do not want to accept any compromises in terms of aesthetics, of functional form, material suitability, and high-quality craftsmanship, and if you're also looking for an exceptional value for your kitchen, bulthaup has the solution.
bulthaup b1 sets a new international standard. bulthaup b1 is the essential kitchen.


text:
Recent Ringling News:
Erica Groff
- About EAC
- Classes
- Instructors
- Events
- Community Events
- Current Exhibitions
- Call to Artists
- Loranger Gallery
- Mitchell Gallery
- Mangrove Gallery
- Members Gallery
- Support
- Membership
- Volunteer
- Newsletter
Erica Groff is a ceramicist and fine art sculptor. She enjoys teaching creative classes to people of all ages. Erica received her BFA in Ceramics with a minor in Education from California College of Arts and Crafts in 2002.
Classes: Explore Ceramics: An Introduction to Working with Clay, Ceramic Luminary Workshop


text:
U.S. Anti-Missile Defense Troops Deploy To Turkey
Airplanes await deployment as Soldiers of the U.S. Army Europe's 10th... Nieuwsfoto'sC-5 Galaxy,Conflict,Container,Duitsland,Horizontaal,Leger soldaat,Oorlog,Vaderlandsliefde,Verwachting,Vliegtuig,VrachtcontainerPhotographer Thomas LohnesCollection: Getty Images News 2013 Getty ImagesRAMSTEIN-MIESENBACH, GERMANY - JANUARY 08: Airplanes await deployment as Soldiers of the U.S. Army Europe's 10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command, who operate Patriot anti-missile systems, load cargo on board a plane C-5 Galaxy for Turkey at Ramstein Air Base on January 8, 2012 near Ramstein-Miesenbach, Germany. The troops are deploying along with Patriot batteries from Netherlands and Germany as part of a NATO operation called 'Active Fence Turkey' meant to protect Turkey, which is also a NATO member state, from possible missile attack from Syria. (Photo by Thomas Lohnes/Getty Images)


text:
Submission Russian Hacker Makes In-App Purchases Free On iOS->
judgecorp writes: "Russian Hacker Alexey Borodin is giving free upgrades and other in-app purchases to freemium iOS apps, using a server which spoofs the receipts for in-app payments for iOS apps. It's a man-in-the middle attack, made easy by the fact that Apple uses generic messages for those receipts so they can be easily reproduced by Borodin's fake Apple server.
Link to Original Source
Link to Original Source


text:
- Patients & Caregivers
- Memory Assessment and Research Center
- Participate in a Research Study
- Family Education Series
2014 Family Education Series
UCI MIND offers a quarterly Family Education Series for caregivers and individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or early Alzheimer's disease. The Family Education Series to taught by Dr. Malcolm Dick, Senior Neuropsychologist at the UCI MIND Memory Assessment and Research Center, and Dr. Cordula Dick-Muehlke, Ph.D., Associate Clinical Professor in the UCI School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Program in Geriatrics.
Workshops in the 2015 Family Education Series are scheduled for:
- Tuesday, March 10, 2015
Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias: What Does the Diagnosis Mean?
- Tuesday, June 9, 2015
Advances in Dementia Treatment: Current and Future Medications
- Tuesday, September 8, 2015
Alzheimer's Disease: Behavior Management and Communication Strategies
- Tuesday, November 10, 2015
Reducing Your Risk for Alzheimer's Disease: Lifestyle Changes and More
Refreshments are served from 4:30-5:00 pm. Workshops begin promptly at 5 pm and end at 6:30 pm, with the exception of the March 10, 2015 workshop, which ends at 7 pm. Informational booths from UCI MIND, the Alzheimer's Association of Orange County, Alzheimer's Family Services Center, and the Caregiver Resource Center are open from 4:30-5 pm and after conclusion of the workshop.
All workshops are held in the University Club on the UCI campus.
Pre-registration is required.
For more information, or to pre-register, call (949) 824-2382, Select Option 4.


text:
Savoy House KP-1-5007-9-40 Walnut Patina 9 Light Up Lighting Chandelier from the Spirit Collection
Offer Ends
Technical Specs
|Bulb Type
|Compact Fluorescent, Incandescent
|Chandelier Type
|Candle Style
|Wrought Iron
|Energy Star
|Light Direction
|Up Lighting
|Number of Bulbs
|Number of Tiers
|Suggested Room Fit
|Dining Room, Kitchen
|Watts Per Bulb
- Nine light chandelier
- Features Pewter Candle Covers
- Requires nine 60w candelabra base bulbs
Additional Savoy House Links
- View Manufacturer Warranty
- Shop All Savoy House Products
- Shop All Savoy House Spirit Collection Products
Our SKU: KP-1-5007-9
This product is listed under the following manufacturer number(s):
- Pewter
- Polished Brass
- Walnut Patina
*Denotes a finish or option that has been discontinued
3 Questions from the Community
The Savoy House KP-1-5007-9 chandelier is 22.25"H x 23.75"W.
What are the dimensions of this fixture?
A. The Savoy House KP-1-5007-9 chandelier is 22.25"H x 23.75"W.
The Savoy House KP-1-5007-9 comes with 10 feet of chain.
Does it come with a chain? If yes then the length of the chain? If no, then do you have chains in matching finish?
A. The Savoy House KP-1-5007-9 comes with 10 feet of chain.
Yes, this chandelier comes with a ceiling canopy from which the chandelier will hang, and will be the same finish as the chandelier.
Does this chandelier come with a ceiling plate from which it hangs?
A. Yes, this chandelier comes with a ceiling canopy from which the chandelier will hang, and will be the same finish as the chandelier.
Savoy House Spirit Collection
Other Products In The Savoy House Spirit Collection
Savoy House KP-1-5001-5
5 Light Up Lighting Chandelier from the Spirit Collection$216.00-$216.00(4)
Savoy House KP-1-5005-5
5 Light Up Lighting Chandelier from the Spirit Collection$182.00-$182.00
Savoy House KP-3-500-2
Two Light Foyer Pendant from the Spirit Collection$170.00-$170.00(3)
Savoy House KP-3-503-6
Six Light Foyer Pendant from the Spirit Collection$418.00-$418.00
Savoy House KP-1-5002-3
3 Light Down Lighting Chandelier from the Spirit C...$164.00-$164.00(1)
Warranty Info
Savoy House Product Warranty
All products in the Savoy House catalogs are warranted to be free of defects in material and workmanship for one (1) year from the date of purchase. This warranty is limited to the correction of any such defect, or the replacement of any such defective item, provided that: (a) we are properly notified and consent to the return of the item(s) in question; (b) the items(s) is/are returned with proof of purchase date; and (c) it is found upon inspection by us that the items(s) is/are defective as noted above.
This warranty does not cover labor costs, consequential damages, nor does it apply to any item(s) that have been improperly installed, overloaded, altered, or otherwise abused by the customer, its agent(s) or employee(s). Finishes are specifically excluded from the terms of this warranty since they are subject to environmental and maintenance damages beyond our control.
Other than the described obligation, we assume no further liability with respect to the sale or use of our products. We make no warranty, express or implied, and disclaim any warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Savoy House ceiling fans are excluded from this warranty as they have a separate warranty which is available upon request.
Ceiling Fan Warranty
Savoy House Fans have a limited lifetime warranty on the motor and a one-year warranty on all other parts. Glass is excluded from warranty on all fans. If all terms and conditions of this warranty are met, Savoy House will repair at our option, or replace at no charge any defective part. This warranty does not apply to damage due to improper installation, neglect, or exposure to extreme heat or humidity. If the warranty covers the repair, you will receive an authorization code and label for return. Do not return prior to notification.


text:
Product 2/6
Pattern delivered as an electronic download.
This listing is for a PDF tutorial you can use to sew your own canopy. The PDF includes sewing instructions, and over 30 instructional photos and diagrams. This is a beginner level pattern.
The Atelier Joy Bed Canopy was inspired by the lovely beds in Chateau Villandry in the Loire Valley.
Hang the canopy above your bed to create a magical, intimate space.
You can also use the canopy in a nursery, reading nook, or seating area.
Transform your little girl's bed into a princess bed.
The canopy also makes a great photography prop!
Materials you will need to make the canopy:
Sheer Fabric (9 yards)
Trim for canopy front (5 yards)
Trim/Cord for hanging canopy (3.5 yards)
14-inch embroidery hoop (available at craft stores such as Michael's or Joann Fabrics)
ceiling hook (available at hardware stores)
4 large safety pins
Designer Terms of Use: You may sell what you make, but please do not sell, dupllcate or distribute my pattern.
Format: PDF File - Available for Instant Download
Pages: 12
Downloadable Pattern FAQs


text:
ABC's "Jimmy Kimmel Live" - Season 11
ABC's "Jimmy Kimmel Live" - Season 11
Parole chiave
Emmy Award-nominated 'Jimmy Kimmel Live' airs every weeknight ,... Foto di attualitàAffollato,Arte, Cultura e Spettacolo,Atletico,California,Celebrità,Comico,Composizione orizzontale,Hollywood,Humour,Jimmy Kimmel Live,Musicista,Nomination,Nominations per gli Emmy,Ospite,Persone,Serie televisiva,Stati Uniti d'AmericaPhotographer Randy HolmesCollection: Disney ABC Television Group 2012 American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. JIMMY KIMMEL LIVE - Emmy Award-nominated 'Jimmy Kimmel Live' airs every weeknight (11:35 p.m. - 12:41 a.m., ET), packed with hilarious comedy bits and features a diverse lineup of guests including celebrities, athletes, musicians, comedians and humorous human interest subjects. The guests for WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 16 included actor Ray Romano (Madison Garden Foundation event with Wanda Sykes Saturday, January 26th), actress Amy Brenneman ('Private Practice') and musical guest Phillip Phillips. (Photo by Randy Holmes / ABC via Getty Images)) AMY BRENNEMAN, JIMMY KIMMEL


text:
Registration gets underway at 9 a.m. in Magale Recital Hall. Explore Northwestern State Day begins at 10 a.m. A program, "The College Journey: The Right Choice," starts at 10:30 a.m.
Lunch will be served at 11:30 a.m. The cost for lunch is $10. NSU academic department heads and faculty will be available starting at 11:30 a.m. to discuss academic programs offered at Northwestern State. Tours of campus tours and university housing will also be held.
There is no registration fee. For more information, contact Northwestern State's Office of University Recruiting at email@example.com


text:
Recertification is critical to you as an IT professional and also to your employer. Recertification ensures that you are current with today's trends for technology and solutions. Don't let your certifications become inactive or expire, recertify! To keep your certifications current, you should recertify by advancing to the next level of certification or by passing the designated recertification exam(s).
Recertification renewal timeframes
|Certification type
|Renewal required
|All career certifications with a version number (Vx)
|3 years from acquired date
|All partner restricted certifications
How to recertify
Renewal requires that you register for and pass the appropriate HP ExpertOne recertification exam(s). In order to recertify, exam requirements must be met prior to the certification expiration date of the certification you hold. To help you manage your recertification requirements, we will send you an expiration notice well in advance of your certification expiration date. If you hold an expired certification, you must repeat the entire certification exam process in order to regain your active certification status.
Next steps
- To check the status of your certifications, visit The Learning Center.
- To evaluate the currency of your certification(s) and determine your appropriate upgrade path, locate the certification(s) you currently hold and check their "Status" on the "View all certifications" page. A list of inactive and expired certifications, is readily accessible on the "Inactive and expired certifications" page.
- To locate a course near you, visit the HP ExpertOne training calendar.
- To register and pass the certification exam(s) visit Pearson VUE's online exam registration .
Related pages
- View all certifications
- View all certification exams
- View all certification training courses
- Inactive and expired certifications
- View all certifications for HP employees
- Contact ExpertOne
- My ExpertOne portal (Login required)
Featured resources
ExpertOne Program Brochure
A4 version
Career certification paths
US Letter version PDF 956KB
A4 version PDF 1.45MB


text:
Best of News
An employee for Japan's NEC Casio Mobile displays a dual-screen... News PhotoFinance,Headquarters,Japan,Liquid Crystal Display,Occupation,Portable Information Device,Smart Phone,Tokyo - Japan,Vertical,Wireless Technology,WorkingPhotographer YOSHIKAZU TSUNOCollection: AFP 2013 AFPAn employee for Japan's NEC Casio Mobile displays a dual-screen folding smartphone called 'Medius W N-05E', which has two 4.3-inch LCD displays and that combined for a 5.6-inch sized square screen, at NEC headquarters in Tokyo on February 19, 2013. The Android 4.1 smartphone allows users to use both screens together or the second screen for a different task such as screen-keyboard. NEC Casio Mobile will ship it for Japanese mobile carrier NTT docomo from April. AFP PHOTO / Yoshikazu TSUNO (Photo credit should read YOSHIKAZU TSUNO/AFP/Getty Images)


text:
Article updated: 1/18/2013 10:42 PM
Subject Line (article title)
Images: Waubonsie Valley vs. Neuqua Valley, boys basketball
Send to (required)E-mail
Send from (required)E-mail
Message (optional)
Success - Article sent! Click to close
Images: Waubonsie Valley vs. Neuqua Valley, boys basketball
Neuqua Valley hosted Waubonsie Valley Friday night for boys basketball.
Get great articles like this sent to your inbox!
Comments (
Guidelines: Keep it civil and on topic; no profanity, vulgarity, slurs or personal attacks. People who harass others or joke about tragedies will be blocked. If a comment violates these standards or our terms of service, click the X in the upper right corner of the comment box. To find our more, read our FAQ.
- This article filed under:
- Sports
- Aurora
- Bolingbrook
- Naperville
- Plainfield
- Neuqua Valley High School
- Waubonsie Valley High School
- Basketball
- Prep Boys


text:
Wow! I /really/ want to try it! {Hrmm.. May I will}
Here 5 days before the release of the Fedora projects fifth release, I thought I'd bring you all up to speed on what's new and interesting:
Dogs wearing fedoras, Mono got included and brought with it amongst other applications Beagle, the search service. It's fully integrated in Nautilus, the Menu's search field and Deskbar can use it directly as well.
GCC 4.1 brings with it more efficient code and better ram usage, Fedora has once again brought the best security available this time around the addition of having ProPolice stack protecting the entire distro to the hall of already impressive security deployments.
SELinux has gotten upgraded and 3rd party policy modules are now available, this should ease integration of application packaging and SELinux.
GNOME 2.14, first distro to ship the new GNOME which brings many important optimizations and feature enhancements to the Fedora desktop.
Modular X allows for easier maintainership of X and easier upgrade paths for driver updates e.g.
A lot of work has taken place under the hood, the installer has been reviewed for usability and the backend is now driven by yum.
Linux 2.6.15 (actually a git prerelease of 2.5.16 at current date) drives this beast of a distro, overall the system feels smooth and one doesn't feel the overhead of the security enhancements, they quietly do their job behind the scenes protecting you from the bad guys.
OpenOffice 2.0.2 is included in the release as is the latest Firefox release.
Most on the eyecandy side, the much hyped AIGLX technology is available for testing in FC5 with one additional package. This comes as a sidedish to the new shinier Fedora look.
5 days from now I'm not afraid to say that Fedora will put their best release out to date. The user experience is simply amazing and the project has really with this release come into it's own. Fedora Extras the community driving approved packages is growing at a steady rate.
Wow! I /really/ want to try it! {Hrmm.. May I will}
Science without religion is lame. Religion without science is blind.
--Albert Einstein
#350566 Registered Slackware Linux User.
What about wireless support? Has that been improved. I'd really like to use a simple Netgear MA311 without ndiswrappers. Native in FC4 caused the NIC to die after a couple hours of operation.
Maybe I am doing something wrong, but that's been my experience.
I sadly don't have wifi so I can't say for sure - but people seem to report that wifi runs decently on FC5.Originally Posted by tuxette
Only if it installs on my machine .... I tried FC3, FC4 and Fc5 Test1 already. It can't detect my SATA drives (or the chipset). I will see if it will install this time around.
If it's not in bugzilla it doesn't exist. If you haven't told them it doesn't detect your specific chipset it's very likely that they simply don't know about it (the pains of an infinite hardware combination).Originally Posted by Compunuts
Regardless I suspect that a work around is starting the Fedora installer with "linux acpi=off".
Go get you some
J-Pilot!! OF!! LVM!!
Suspend works - to suspend. I have'nt been able to come back after plugging in and opening the lid
fun with Vnc
Off topic but I have a very quick question about VNC.Originally Posted by Outlaw
IF I install a VNC server on Windows of my friend's machine and if I VNC into it, will I be able to see what's going on on ALL of the users of that machine, WinXP Pro? My friend wanted me to teach him a few stuff (but I'm sick and tired of telling him what to do via the phone since he doesn't GET it what I said) but sometimes his wife logged in, leave the box on and went to work. He didn't know his wife was logged in and stuff. Man, some shouldn't even own a computer, I tell ya.
At first glance, it seems that if run as a service, the first user that logs on grabs display :0 and the next user to log on has to manually run the server. That will be display :1. It also seems that a user has to actually be logged in to attach remotely[edit] You can connect if no one's logged on if run as service[/edit]. It may be possible to have vncserver just run in the user's startup folder instead of as a service, that way the user need not think about starting it manually. <-- I still don't know about that, have to play with it some more.
Last edited by Outlaw; 03-20-2006 at 04:12 AM.


text:
10 U.S. Code § 2307 - Contract financing
(a) Payment Authority.— The head of any agency may—
(1) make advance, partial, progress, or other payments under contracts for property or services made by the agency; and
(b) Performance-Based Payments.— Whenever practicable, payments under subsection (a) shall be made on any of the following bases:
(1) Performance measured by objective, quantifiable methods such as delivery of acceptable items, work measurement, or statistical process controls.
(d) Security for Advance Payments.— Advance payments made under subsection (a) may be made only if the contractor gives adequate security and after a determination by the head of the agency that to do so would be in the public interest. Such security may be in the form of a lien in favor of the United States on the property contracted for, on the balance in an account in which such payments are deposited, and on such of the property acquired for performance of the contract as the parties may agree. This lien is paramount to any other liens and is effective immediately upon the first advancement of funds without filing, notice, or any other action by the United States.
(e) Conditions for Progress Payments.—
(1) The Secretary of Defense shall ensure that any payment for work in progress (including materials, labor, and other items) under a defense contract that provides for such payments is commensurate with the work accomplished that meets standards established under the contract. The contractor shall provide such information and evidence as the Secretary of Defense determines necessary to permit the Secretary to carry out the preceding sentence.
(2) The Secretary shall ensure that progress payments referred to in paragraph (1) are not made for more than 80 percent of the work accomplished under a defense contract so long as the Secretary has not made the contractual terms, specifications, and price definite.
(f) Conditions for Payments for Commercial Items.—
(1) Payments under subsection (a) for commercial items may be made under such terms and conditions as the head of the agency determines are appropriate or customary in the commercial marketplace and are in the best interests of the United States. The head of the agency shall obtain adequate security for such payments. If the security is in the form of a lien in favor of the United States, such lien is paramount to all other liens and is effective immediately upon the first payment, without filing, notice, or other action by the United States.
(2) Advance payments made under subsection (a) for commercial items may include payments, in a total amount of not more than 15 percent of the contract price, in advance of any performance of work under the contract.
(g) Certain Navy Contracts.—
(1) The Secretary of the Navy shall provide that the rate for progress payments on any contract awarded by the Secretary for repair, maintenance, or overhaul of a naval vessel shall be not less than—
(2) The Secretary of the Navy may advance to private salvage companies such funds as the Secretary considers necessary to provide for the immediate financing of salvage operations. Advances under this paragraph shall be made on terms that the Secretary considers adequate for the protection of the United States.
(3) The Secretary of the Navy shall provide, in each contract for construction or conversion of a naval vessel, that, when partial, progress, or other payments are made under such contract, the United States is secured by a lien upon work in progress and on property acquired for performance of the contract on account of all payments so made. The lien is paramount to all other liens.
(h) Vesting of Title in the United States.— If a contract paid by a method authorized under subsection (a)(1) provides for title to property to vest in the United States, the title to the property shall vest in accordance with the terms of the contract, regardless of any security interest in the property that is asserted before or after the contract is entered into.
(i) Action in Case of Fraud.—
(1) In any case in which the remedy coordination official of an agency finds that there is substantial evidence that the request of a contractor for advance, partial, or progress payment under a contract awarded by that agency is based on fraud, the remedy coordination official shall recommend that the head of the agency reduce or suspend further payments to such contractor.
(2) The head of an agency receiving a recommendation under paragraph (1) in the case of a contractor's request for payment under a contract shall determine whether there is substantial evidence that the request is based on fraud. Upon making such a determination, the agency head may reduce or suspend further payments to the contractor under such contract.
(3) The extent of any reduction or suspension of payments by the head of an agency under paragraph (2) on the basis of fraud shall be reasonably commensurate with the anticipated loss to the United States resulting from the fraud.
(4) A written justification for each decision of the head of an agency whether to reduce or suspend payments under paragraph (2) and for each recommendation received by such agency head in connection with such decision shall be prepared and be retained in the files of such agency.
(5) The head of an agency shall prescribe procedures to ensure that, before such agency head decides to reduce or suspend payments in the case of a contractor under paragraph (2), the contractor is afforded notice of the proposed reduction or suspension and an opportunity to submit matters to the head of the agency in response to such proposed reduction or suspension.
(6) Not later than 180 days after the date on which the head of an agency reduces or suspends payments to a contractor under paragraph (2), the remedy coordination official of such agency shall—
(7) The head of an agency shall prepare for each year a report containing the recommendations made by the remedy coordination official of that agency to reduce or suspend payments under paragraph (2), the actions taken on the recommendations and the reasons for such actions, and an assessment of the effects of such actions on the Federal Government. The Secretary of each military department shall transmit the annual report of such department to the Secretary of Defense. Each such report shall be available to any member of Congress upon request.
(8) This subsection applies to the agencies named in paragraphs (1), (2), (3), (4), and (6) of section 2303 (a) of this title.
(9) The head of an agency may not delegate responsibilities under this subsection to any person in a position below level IV of the Executive Schedule.
(10) In this subsection, the term "remedy coordination official", with respect to an agency, means the person or entity in that agency who coordinates within that agency the administration of criminal, civil, administrative, and contractual remedies resulting from investigations of fraud or corruption related to procurement activities.
Source(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 131; Pub. L. 85–800, § 9,Aug. 28, 1958, 72 Stat. 967; Pub. L. 93–155, title VIII, § 807(c),Nov. 16, 1973, 87 Stat. 616; Pub. L. 100–370, § 1(f)(1)(A),July 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 846; Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title VIII, § 836(a), (b), title XIII, § 1322(a)(4),Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1615, 1616, 1671; Pub. L. 102–25, title VII, § 701(d)(4), (j)(2)(A),Apr. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 114, 116; Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title X, § 1061(a)(10),Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1472; Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title X, § 1052(24),Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2500; Pub. L. 103–355, title II, § 2001(a)–(g), Oct. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 3301, 3302; Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title VIII, § 802,Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1831; Pub. L. 106–391, title III, § 306,Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1592.)
|Revised section
|Source (U.S. Code)
|Source (Statutes at Large)
|41:154 (less (a)).
|Feb. 19, 1948, ch. 65, § 5, 62 Stat. 23.
In subsection (a), the words "and appropriate" are omitted as surplusage. The words "whether or not the contract previously provided for such payments" are substituted for the words "heretofore or hereafter executed".
In subsection (b), the words "under subsection (a)" are inserted for clarity. The words "provide for" are substituted for the words "include as security provision for". The words "United States" are substituted for the word "Government".1988 Act
Subsection (e) is based on Pub. L. 99–145, title IX, § 916,Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 688.
References in Text
Level IV of the Executive Schedule, referred to in subsec. (i)(9), is set out in section 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
Prior Provisions
Provisions similar to those in subsec. (g) of this section were contained in sections 7312, 7364, and 7521 of this title prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–355, § 2001(j)(1).
2000—Subsec. (i)(8). Pub. L. 106–391substituted "(4), and (6)" for "and (4)".
1997—Subsecs. (h), (i). Pub. L. 105–85added subsec. (h) and redesignated former subsec. (h) as (i).
1994—Pub. L. 103–355, § 2001(a)(1), substituted "Contract financing" for "Advance payments" in section catchline.
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–355, § 2001(a)(2), inserted heading.
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 103–355, § 2001(c), struck out "bid" before "solicitations".
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–355, § 2001(a)(7), (b), added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsec. (b) as (c).
Pub. L. 103–355, § 2001(a)(3), inserted heading.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–355, § 2001(a)(7), redesignatedsubsec. (b) as (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (d).
Pub. L. 103–355, § 2001(a)(4), inserted heading.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103–355, § 2001(d), inserted before period at end "and is effective immediately upon the first advancement of funds without filing, notice, or any other action by the United States".
Pub. L. 103–355, § 2001(a)(7), redesignated former subsec. (c) as (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated (e).
Pub. L. 103–355, § 2001(a)(5), inserted heading.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–355, § 2001(a)(7), redesignatedsubsec. (d) as (e). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (h).
Pub. L. 103–355, § 2001(a)(6), inserted heading.
Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 103–355, § 2001(e)(1), substituted "work accomplished that meets standards established under the contract" for "work, which meets standards of quality established under the contract, that has been accomplished".
Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 103–355, § 2001(e)(2), amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: "This subsection does not apply to any contract for an amount not in excess of the amount of the small purchase threshold."
Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 103–355, § 2001(f), (g), added subsecs. (f) and (g).
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 103–355, § 2001(a)(7), redesignatedsubsec. (e) as (h).
1992—Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 102–484substituted "(1)" for "(l)" as par. designation after "(e)".
1991—Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 102–25, § 701(d)(4), substituted "any contract for an amount not in excess of the amount of the small purchase threshold" for "contracts for amounts less than the maximum amount for small purchases specified in section 2304 (g)(2) of this title".
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 102–25, § 701(j)(2)(A), redesignatedsubsec. (f) as (e).
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 102–190, which directed the substitution of "(1)" for "(l)" as par. designation after "(f)", could not be executed because "(l)" did not appear after "(f)".
Pub. L. 102–25, § 701(j)(2)(A), redesignatedsubsec. (f) as (e).
1990—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101–510, § 1322(a)(4), redesignatedsubsec. (e) as (d) and struck out former subsec. (d) which read as follows: "Payments under subsection (a) in the case of any contract, other than partial, progress, or other payments specifically provided for in such contract at the time such contract was initially entered into, may not exceed $25,000,000 unless the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives have been notified in writing of such proposed payments and 60 days of continuous session of Congress have expired following the date on which such notice was transmitted to such Committees and neither House of Congress has adopted, within such 60-day period, a resolution disapproving such payments. For purposes of this section, the continuity of a session of Congress is broken only by an adjournment of the Congress sine die, and the days on which either House is not in session because of an adjournment of more than 3 days to a day certain are excluded in the computation of such 60-day period."
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 101–510, § 1322(a)(4)(B), redesignatedsubsec. (e) as (d).
Pub. L. 101–510, § 836(b), inserted at end of par. (1) "The contractor shall provide such information and evidence as the Secretary of Defense determines necessary to permit the Secretary to carry out the preceding sentence."
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 101–510, § 836(a), added subsec. (f).
1988—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–370added subsec. (e).
1973—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 93–155added subsec. (d).
1958—Pub. L. 85–800authorized advance or other payments under contracts for property or services by agency, authorized insertion in bid solicitations of provision limiting advance or progress payments to small business concerns, restricted payments under subsec. (a) to unpaid contract price, and reworded generally conditions for making advance payments.
Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
For effective date and applicability of amendment by Pub. L. 103–355, see section 10001 ofPub. L. 103–355, set out as a note under section 2302 of this title.
Effective Date of 1990 Amendment
Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title VIII, § 836(c),Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1616, as amended by Pub. L. 102–25, title VII, § 701(j)(2)(B),Apr. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 116, provided that: "The provisions of section 2307 of title 10, United States Code, that are added by the amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) shall apply with respect to contracts entered into on or after May 6, 1991."
Relationship of 1994 Amendment to Prompt Payment Requirements
Pub. L. 103–355, title II, § 2001(h),Oct. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 3303, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 7522 of this title and repealing sections 7312, 7364, and 7521 of this title] are not intended to impair or modify procedures required by the provisions of chapter 39 of title 31, United States Code, and the regulations issued pursuant to such provisions of law (as such procedures are in effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 13, 1994]), except that the Government may accept payment terms offered by a contractor offering a commercial item."
Limitations on Progress Payments
Pub. L. 99–145, title IX, § 916,Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 688, which required Secretary of Defense to ensure that any progress payment under a defense contract be commensurate with work accomplished at standard of quality in contract, that such payments be limited to 80 percent of work accomplished so long as contract terms are indefinite, that this provision be waived for small purchases, and that this provision apply only to contracts for which solicitations were issued on or after 150 days after Nov. 8, 1985, was repealed and restated in subsec. (e) of this section by Pub. L. 100–370, § 1(f)(1),July 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 846.
Obligations Entered Into Before November 16, 1973
Pub. L. 93–155, title VIII, § 807(e),Nov. 16, 1973, 87 Stat. 616, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section, section 1431 of Title 50, War and National Defense, and sections 468 and 2092 of Appendix to Title 50] shall not affect the carrying out of any contract, loan, guarantee, commitment, or other obligation entered into prior to the date of enactment of this section [Nov. 16, 1973]."
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


text:
By TERRENCE HENRIEHelper
I go to Helper Jr. High School. My school is a very nice school.
I like the teachers and I love how the janitors keep the school so clean. The students are kind. The counselor is also kind to all the students. She loves to have us in her office.
We also have a nice principal.