text:
Addon Domain
An additional domain name associated with a cPanel account. Each addon domain is stored in its own directory that can be configured during its creation. This allows clients to manage multiple domains from a single cPanel account. Addon domains must be registered with a domain registrar and configured to point to our servers to properly function.
Anonymous FTP
A process whereby visitors without FTP accounts may upload and download files to and from a website. Because it poses security risks, we do not offer anonymous FTP.
A program that receives requests from web browsers and responds by "serving" web pages to the browser. For this reason, it's called a web server.
Apache Handler
A means of telling the Apache software how to process a given type of file. By default, Apache only handles certain file types. You can configure Apache handlers for other file types using an
.htaccess file. For more information, see Apache's handler documentation.
Auto Responder
Auto responders allow you to automate replies to incoming email. In cPanel, this feature can be useful for confirming the receipt of mail, or for informing correspondents that the recipient is unavailable (for example, while on vacation).
Bounce messages erroneously sent to a domain whose name has been forged as the sender of spam. Using SPF on your mail server should reduce backscatter.
A copy of your website's files, directories, and databases. Keeping a current backup of your website either remotely or on your personal computer is highly recommended.
The amount of data transferred to and from a server. Every time a visitor views a file (whether it's a web page, image, video, or audio file), that file is transferred to the visitor's computer. Bandwidth is the total size of all these files transferred to visitors' computers. Using too much bandwidth can affect the performance of the server.
Bandwidth Limit
A limit imposed on the amount of data an account is allowed to transfer per month.
An option for handling mail received by the default or catch-all email address of a cPanel account. The "blackhole" option discards mail after it is accepted. For this reason, it can result in more spam being sent to your users, and it places a larger load on the server than the "fail" option.
Bounce Message
An email reply informing a sender that there was a problem delivering an email.
Brute Force Attack
A type of attack wherein the attacker enters a large number of combinations of characters, in an attempt to decrypt a key. Similar to a Dictionary Attack.
Catch-All Address
The email address to which cPanel routes any email message sent to email accounts that do not exist on a domain. Also known as a Default Address.
An electronic document that states the identity of a server so that the end user knows that he or she is communicating with the correct website.
Certificate Authority
An entity that issues digital certificates for server verification.
Certificate Authority (CA) Bundle
A file on the server that verifies that your public and private keys were issued by a trusted entity. If your SSL provider sent you a CA bundle file, you can install it using the "Install SSL Certificate" feature in cPanel. Also known as an Intermediate Certificate.
CGI (Common Gateway Interface)
A protocol that lets a web server communicate with scripts and other software.
An SSH command that allows you to set permissions (read, write, or execute) on a file or directory.
CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)
A routing method that assigns each Internet user to a four-part IP address, with each part separated by a decimal, followed by a slash, and a number between 0 and 32.
CLI (Command Line Interface)
A means of communicating with a server by typing commands. This is also often called a shell.
CPAN (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network)
The main repository of Perl modules, pieces of Perl software. The CPAN library contains over 120,000 modules, most of which are free of charge. You can search CPAN and install Perl modules from cPanel.
A web-based control panel designed to simplify website maintenance for website owners.
CPU Load
The amount of processing ability currently being consumed by programs on the server, measured in a percentage. More information about CPU loads can be found here.
Cron Job
A command on a server, executed at regular intervals. These commands are stored in a configuration file called crontab. You can manage your cron jobs using the "Cron Manager" feature in cPanel.
CRT (Certificate) File
An SSL certificate, an electronic document which ties a public key to a trusted entity. This electronic document is a key piece in an authentication process.
CSR (Certificate Signing Request)
A request, which you send to a Certificate Authority, for an SSL certificate. You can generate a CSR using the "Generate CSR" feature in cPanel, but since authorities vary with regard to the information they require, you should check their requirements before applying for a certificate.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
A style sheet programming language that describes how a document, often written for the web in HTML, should appear.
A computer program that runs as a background process, rather than being visible to, and directly controlled by, the user.
Data Center
A facility used to house servers. A data center is a safe place to keep a server as it includes backup power supplies, multiple communication connections, and environmental controls.
Dedicated IP Address
A dedicated IP address is different from a shared IP address in that only one cPanel account is assigned to it. A dedicated IP address is needed to install an SSL certificate. There is no SEO benefit or performance difference between a shared and dedicated IP address.
Default Address
The email address to which cPanel routes any email message sent to email accounts which do not exist at a domain. Also known as a Catch-All Address.
A feature that is no longer supported.
DHA (Directory Harvest Attack)
A technique employed by spammers whereby they attempt to find valid email addresses through guesswork, using various permutations of common addresses.
Dictionary Attack
A method whereby a malicious user tries to guess a password using words found in a dictionary. Similar to a Brute Force Attack.
Directory (Folder)
A repository for files, analogous to a file folder on a personal computer. In website management, a directory will contain the website's files.
Disk Space Quota
A limit placed on the amount of disk space an account is allowed to use.
DKIM (Domain Keys Identified Mail)
The replacement for the older DomainKeys protocol. Like DomainKeys, DKIM attempts to verify the origins of email messages.
DNS (Domain Name System)
The component of the Internet that acts as a "phone book," converting human-readable domain names (such as
www.example.com) into computer-readable IP addresses (such as
DNS Zone
An administrative space or portion of the Domain Name System. This space is responsible for directing web traffic to the correct location. An example is
example.com, a DNS zone whose servers direct its web traffic.
DNS Zone File
A file on the server that primarily maps IP addresses to domain names. A correctly configured zone file must exist in order for visitors to access your website from the Internet.
The name a site owner gives a website, which will appear in the website's URL and email addresses. Usually seen as
example.com, where
example is meant for the domain name.
Domain Forwarding
A technique that allows you or your users to automatically send visitors to a domain when they access another domain. For example, a user may reach
example.com by typing
example2.com. See Redirect.
A deprecated email authentication method that attempts to verify that a message actually came from the domain it appears to have come from. See DKIM (Domain Keys Identified Mail).
An option for handling mail received by the default or catch-all email address for a cPanel account. The fail option returns all mail received by the default address as undeliverable.
A tool that lets you forward a copy of every email message you receive to another address. When a forwarder is set up, you will still receive mail at the original recipient address. If, however, you create a forwarder without first creating the original address, messages will be forwarded to the end address without being sent to the original address, as it does not exist.
FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name)
A name that uniquely defines a domain's location. It is usually seen as
host.example.com. with a trailing dot. For the purposes of cPanel, including a final dot is not necessary, but the domain name must contain at least two dots. FQDNs must be written in lowercase letters.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
A method of transferring files from one computer to another. cPanel comes equipped with an FTP server that can be configured to the website owner's preference. An FTP client must be installed on the local computer in order to send files to and receive files from the FTP server. It is highly recommended that clients disable FTP, which can be done using the "Disable FTP Access" feature in cPanel, and use a secure protocol, such as SCP or SFTP.
GD (Graphics Draw)
A library for dynamically manipulating images. It can create GIF, JPEG, PNG, and other images. GD is similar to ImageMagick, another image manipulation library.
A program which compresses files for disk space conservation, minimizing transfer times, and making the transfer of multiple files easier. The compressed files use the filename extension
.gz. The
gzip is often used with
tar to create a "tarball" file (which ends with
Home Directory
A cPanel account's highest-level directory that contains all the files and directories used by websites managed by the account. Files placed in a home directory are not viewable online unless they reside in the
public_html directory. The exception to this is if you create an Addon or Sub Domain and set the Document Root outside the
public_html directory.
The unique, human recognizable name by which a server will be known across the Internet. For example,
host.example.com. Please note that a server's hostname is distinct from your domain name.
A file that resides in a specific directory, and contains configuration information applying to that directory. The
.htaccess file may also contain authentication instructions.
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
The language in which most pages on the World Wide Web (WWW) are written.
A file that resides in a specific directory, along with an
.htaccess file. The
.htpasswd file contains encrypted password information when authentication has been set up for the directory.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
The method (protocol) for transferring data over the Internet.
The configuration file for the Apache web server. More information about
httpd.conf can be found here.
An image manipulation library that can be used by PHP to manipulate and create images. ImageMagick is similar to GD, another image manipulation library.
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
Along with POP3, one of the two most widely used email transfer methods. IMAP synchronizes email account information with the mail server on a regular basis. If a user logs into multiple computers to check email, IMAP will allow the user to see what messages they have viewed, replied to, forwarded, etc. POP3 does not display this information.
Index Page
The page, most often titled
index.php or
index.html, viewed by default when a visitor accesses a directory of a website. If no index page exists for the specified directory, the visitor will see a list of files in that directory, unless indexing is disabled.
Internet Media Type
Previously called a MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Type, this component of a file identifies the file type, so that web browsers know how to handle it.
ionCube is a loader that protects the intellectual property of software developers who produce software written in PHP. The Zend Guard Loader is another tool that can encode and decode PHP scripts. Both of these loaders are installed by default.
IP (Internet Protocol) Address
A number that identifies a computer on a network, making it possible for other computers to find and communicate with it.
Jailed Shell
A CLI configuration that restricts users' access rights by partitioning the server into smaller parts. This will prevent a user from leaving his or her user directory, restricting access to the file system and some commands. Also known as Jailshell.
JavaScript is a scripting language based on the concept of prototype-based programming. The language is best known for its use in websites as client-side JavaScript. It is distantly related to Java, with their main similarity being the C programming syntax.
A central component of the server's operating system. The kernel manages communications between the user and the server's resources, such as its processor and the memory.
A file, automatically created by the server, that records activities performed by specific programs and applications on the server. For instance, error logs are lists of errors generated by Apache that visitors have encountered on a website.
Message Transfer Agent
A program responsible for sending and receiving email messages. Also known as a Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) or Mail Relay.
In encryption algorithms such as RSA, the modulus is the number that both the private and public keys have in common. You can view a key's modulus using the "SSL Key Manager" feature in cPanel.
MX (Mail eXchanger) Entry
A record that specifies where email should be sent for a domain, as it contains the mail server's IP address. When using a third-party email service or custom mail delivery, you may need to change the MX record for a domain using the "MX Records" feature in cPanel.
A relational database management tool and server, as well as the type of database it manages. Databases are an integral part of web applications, such as shopping carts, bulletin boards, and blogs. cPanel provides an integrated MySQL interface as well as a MySQL database editing tool called phpMyAdmin.
A piece of software that obtains DNS information from a physical nameserver, a computer that contains a list of domain names and their corresponding IP addresses. These computers are spread through the Internet and allow visitors to access a domain via its IP address.
Nameserver software gathers data about domains over time, therefore, changes to DNS records can take up to a week to reach (or propagate) all the nameservers on the Internet. Our nameservers are:
This is a Linux system account with the UID of 99. This system account is used to execute CGI and PHP scripts if suEXEC is disabled..
Parked Domain
A second domain that points to a primary domain. When users attempt to access the parked domain, they will see the main website. For example, both cpanel.net and cpanel.com go to the same place, as
cpanel.com is a parked domain for
cpanel.net. Parked domains must be registered with a domain registrar and configured to point to our servers to properly function.
PASV (Passive Mode)
A mode for FTP connections that will initiate connections from the client side. Using this mode may be helpful if a user is having problems connecting to an FTP server through a firewall.
PEAR (PHP Extension and Application Repository)
A repository of PHP code. You can use the "PHP Extension Manager" feature in cPanel to search for and install PEAR packages consisting of PHP programs which can perform useful functions for your website.
Known for its ability to process text, Perl is a useful language for web applications. Perl applications are commonly found as
.pl, .
pm, and
.cgi files and may require Perl modules. More information about Perl can be found here.
Perl Module
A piece of software written in the Perl language. Modules are common pieces of software that are reused often. For example, rather than writing a set of functions to display calendars, a user can simply use a calendar module.
A computer scripting language in which many web-based applications are written. PHP applications are commonly found with the filename extension
.php. Some PHP applications require PEAR packages, which can be installed through the "PHP Extension Manager" feature in cPanel. The following versions of PHP are available on our servers:
- PHP 5.2.x
- PHP 5.3.x
- PHP 5.4.x
- PHP 5.5.x
More information about PHP can be found here.
PHP Package
A piece of software written in the PHP language.
A graphical application that allows website administrators to manipulate and manage MySQL databases over the Internet. Full documentation for phpMyAdmin can be found here.
PID (Process ID)
A unique number that your server assigns to each process that runs.
POP3 (Post Office Protocol Version 3)
Along with IMAP, one of the two most widely used email transfer methods. POP3 simply copies every message in an email account to a local computer, removing it from the mail server. No information is sent back to the email account about message replies, forwarding, etc. If an account owner uses multiple computers to check email, it is advisable to use IMAP instead of POP3.
POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface)
A standardized collection of commands for the Linux operating system.
An instance of a program running on the server.
The spread of a website's DNS information across the Internet.
Short for a proxy server. This server receives requests from users and forwards those requests to other servers.
A subdirectory, located inside the Home Directory, that contains files that are publicly accessible via HTTP. The
www directory is a symbolic link (or shortcut) to
public_html. Any files and folders inside of
public_html are visible over the Internet, unless the website owner specifically protects them with password protection or using the
.htaccess file or "Password Protection" feature in cPanel.
A programming language which is used for many applications. More information about Python can be found here.
A feature that sends users to a different domain than the one they were trying to access. For example, a user may reach
example.com by typing
example2.com. You can setup temporary or permanent redirects using the "Redirect Manager" feature in cPanel. See Domain Forwarding.
A web page that links to a site. Also called an "HTTP referer." This spelling is the industry standard term, though it is based on a misspelling of "referrer."
Regular Expressions
Often seen as
regex or
regexp, regular expressions are a means of formatting text so that a specified program can process it, using it to search in a prescribed way. A wildcard character, such as an asterisk, is an example of a regular expression.
The system account. This account is used by a system administrator and carries full privileges for configuring a computer system. Also called "superuser."
Root Directory
The highest level directory on a server, usually notated by a forward slash.
A webmail client that allows users to check email through an Internet browser rather than an email client.
An algorithm for generating public and private keys when sending encrypted data between a local machine and a remote machine. The name of this method is not an abbreviation; it is named after its three inventors.
SCP (Secure Copy Protocol)
A method of transferring encrypted files from one computer to another. This method prevents data from being intercepted and read. This secure protocol is preferred over FTP.
Software that allows a user to interact with a server. Many shells allow the user to type commands, and are often referred to as CLIs, or command line interfaces.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
This protocol is the standard for transmitting email messages across the Internet. It is namely used for sending mail to a mail server's relayer.
Unsolicited email sent in bulk, usually by an automated system or exploited web application.
SPF (Sender Policy Framework)
A feature that allows a recipient server to verify that an email message has really been sent from the domain specified in the From: field. Enabling SPF can prevent your server from receiving replies to spam that has forged your domain name as part of the sender's address. SPF only works if both the sending and receiving mail servers have SPF enabled.
An attack wherein the attacker conceals his identity by appearing as another user through the falsification of data, such as email headers. Enabling SPF makes it more difficult for spammers to spoof a domain.
SQL Database
A type of relational database management system
SSH (Secure Shell)
A network protocol that allows a user to log into a remote machine securely. You can create keys for authenticating a user's identity during SSH login through the "Manage SSH Keys" feature in cPanel.
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)
A cryptographic scheme that allows for secure interaction between a web browser and a web server. All sensitive data (credit card numbers, login information, etc.) that is transmitted over the Internet should be protected by SSL. Website owners can install an SSL certificate on a website (via the "Install SSL Certificate" feature in cPanel) to allow the site to be protected by SSL.
SSL Certificate
An electronic document (using the filename extension
.crt) which binds a public key to an identity consisting of an email address, company, and location. This electronic document is a key piece in an authentication process.
Sub Domain
A subsection of a website that exists as a subdirectory in the website owner's home folder. If the domain were
example.com, then the sub domain URL would appear as
A feature provided by Apache that allows users to run CGI and SSI applications on the system as themselves. By default, CGI and SSI are executed using the system account known as
nobody with the UID of 99.
Originally derived from "Tape Archive," a program that collates files for transfer or distribution. Files processed by this program are usually compressed, commonly called "tarballs," and use the filename extension
.tar. Due to the compression commonly used,
.tar often precedes the
.gz file extension.
A file collated by the
tar program, and usually compressed.
A network protocol that allows a user to log into a remote machine user account remotely. Telnet is similar to SSH, but less secure. Telnet should not be used to connect to your web site except for testing purposes. Login information is sent through Telnet as plain text and can be easily intercepted.
TTL (Time To Live)
Specifies how long a particular record should be kept in memory before it should be deleted. This is most often used within DNS.
UID (User ID)
The unique user number that any user on your server will be assigned during a session.
Unix Time
Unix time is measured by the number of seconds that have passed since the 1st of January, 1970 UTC.
URI (Universal Resource Identifier)
On the web, a URI is a string of characters that identifies a website. URI is often used synonymously with the terms "URL" and "web address," although there are technical differences among the three.
URL (Universal Resource Locator)
On the web, a URL is a string of characters that identifies the location of a website. Since IP addresses are difficult to remember, URLs are used instead. For example, it is much easier to remember to go to
http://www.example.com than
http://184.108.40.206. URL is often used synonymously with the terms "URI" and "web address," although there are technical differences among the three.
A person who uses a computer to accomplish some purpose.
A person who views your website.
Web Browser
An application used to view and interact with sites and pages on the World Wide Web, such as Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Opera.
Web Root
The top-most directory of your website (namely,
public_html or
www), inside which all of the files and subdirectories for your website reside. Also known as the document root.
Web Server
A program, such as Apache or LiteSpeed, which receives requests from clients (web browsers), retrieves the requested web pages, and "serves" them to the clients.
Any application which allows website owners to access email through a web browser. The main advantage to webmail is the ability to access the email account from any computer connected to the Internet without having to install or configure a specific mail program.
WHM (WebHost Manager)
Companion software to cPanel, designed for web hosting companies and system administrators.
A command that can be executed in a terminal session in order to find out who owns a domain. For example,
whois crucialwebhost.com will return the ownership information for Crucial Web Hosting.
A DNS Zone, an administrative space or portion of the Domain Name System. This space is responsible for directing web traffic to the correct location. An example is
example.com, a DNS zone whose servers direct its web traffic.
Zone File
A file on the server that primarily maps IP addresses to domain names. A correctly configured zone file must exist in order for visitors to access the server from the Internet.


text:
07-Jan-2012 Notification from Authentication Committee
The Authentication Committee of the Estate of Jean-Michel Basquiat announced that it will dissolve in September 2012 and no longer consider applications thereafter.
The Authentication Committee has been in existence for eighteen years and has reviewed over 2,000 works of art. It believes that it has fulfilled its goal of providing the public with an opportunity to obtain an opinion as to the authenticity of works purportedly created by Jean-Michel Basquiat. The Committee wishes to take this opportunity to thank all the people who worked on its behalf.
Dated: January, 2012
01-Jan-2012 Welcome to Basquiat.com
Welcome to Basquiat.com - the official website for the artist, Jean-Michel Basquiat, and the only website owned and operated by The Estate of Jean Michel Basquiat.
30-Dec-2010 Basquiat Couture is on Facebook!
18-Aug-2012 Shop our store for a 50% reduction on everything!
We're making room for the new. Shop our store and enjoy a 50% reduction on everything. Stay tuned for important updates!
09-May-2010 Fondation Beyeler opens "Basquiat" exhibit in Basel
Fondation Beyeler organizes the largest ever European retrospective in celebration of the artist Jean Michel Basquiat. The exhibit opened on May 9, 2010 and featured 150+ works by the American artist.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
NYC Mayor Bloomberg Speaks To The Media After Meeting With Biden
New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg speaks to the media outside the... Photo d'actualitéGouvernement,Haut-lieu touristique international,Horizontal,Joseph Biden,La Maison Blanche,Michael Bloomberg,Média,New York City,Parler,Politique,Réunion,Tête,Vice-Président,Washington DC,États-UnisPhotographer Drew AngererCollection: Getty Images News 2013 Getty ImagesWASHINGTON, DC - FEBRUARY 27: New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg speaks to the media outside the West Wing of the White House after meeting with Vice President Joe Biden, February 27, 2013 in Washington, DC. Vice President Biden and Mayor Bloomberg discussed the Obama administration's proposals to reduce gun violence. Bloomberg was also scheduled to meet with lawmakers on Capitol Hill today. (Photo by Drew Angerer/Getty Images)


text:
We provide a wide range of community based health services for adults and children, supporting health and wellbeing promotion, minor ailments and serious or long-term conditions.
Audiology and Newborn Hearing Screening Programme
Children and Family Weight Management Service
Children's Community Nursing Team
Children's Special Needs Nursing Service
Homeless Families Health Visiting Team
Occupational Therapy (Children and Young People)
Physiotherapy (Children and Young People)
Primary Care Emergency Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary
Speech and Language Therapy (Children and Young People)
Central Manchester Falls Service
Continence Service Central Manchester
Contraception & Sexual Health Service
District Nursing Days (Central)
District Nursing Service (Evening and Night)
Domiciliary Physiotherapy (Community)
Ear and Nose Clinic (Central Manchester Tier 2 ENT)
Intermediate Care (Central Manchester)
Manchester Learning Disability Partnership
Manchester Sickle Cell & Thalassaemia Service (MSCTC)
Musculoskeletal (Community Central Tier 2) CAT Clinics
Musculoskeletal (msk) Physiotherapy Clinics (central)
Nursing Home Support Team Central District
R U Clear (Sexual health screening)
Treatment Room (Central Manchester)
During your (your child's) care with us we commit to ensure that your needs are at the centre of your care. We respect the fact that you have the right to choose, accept or decline treatment and will ensure that you have appropriate information and support to enable you to make informed decisions. At any point during your (your child's) care you can choose to have a second opinion. If you wish to gain a second opinion you should discuss this request with your GP or Consultant.
To donate to our charity please click here


text:
20 U.S. Code § 1021 - Definitions
prev | next
In this subchapter:
(1) Arts and sciences
The term "arts and sciences" means—
(A) when referring to an organizational unit of an institution of higher education, any academic unit that offers one or more academic majors in disciplines or content areas corresponding to the academic subject matter areas in which teachers provide instruction; and
(2) Children from low-income families
(3) Core academic subjects
The term "core academic subjects" has the meaning given the term in section 7801 of this title.
(4) Early childhood educator
The term "early childhood educator" means an individual with primary responsibility for the education of children in an early childhood education program.
(5) Educational service agency
The term "educational service agency" has the meaning given the term in section 7801 of this title.
(6) Eligible partnership
Except as otherwise provided in section 1034 of this title, the term "eligible partnership" means an entity that—
(A) shall include—
(I) a high-need school or a consortium of high-need schools served by the high-need local educational agency; or
(iv) a school, department, or program of education within such partner institution, which may include an existing teacher professional development program with proven outcomes within a four-year institution of higher education that provides intensive and sustained collaboration between faculty and local educational agencies consistent with the requirements of this subchapter; and
(B) may include any of the following:
(ix) A high-performing local educational agency, or a consortium of such local educational agencies, that can serve as a resource to the partnership.
(x) A charter school (as defined in section 7221i of this title).
(xi) A school or department within the partner institution that focuses on psychology and human development.
(xii) A school or department within the partner institution with comparable expertise in the disciplines of teaching, learning, and child and adolescent development.
(7) Essential components of reading instruction
The term "essential components of reading instruction" has the meaning given the term in section 6368 of this title.
(8) Exemplary teacher
The term "exemplary teacher" has the meaning given the term in section 7801 of this title.
(9) High-need early childhood education program
The term "high-need early childhood education program" means an early childhood education program serving children from low-income families that is located within the geographic area served by a high-need local educational agency.
(10) High-need local educational agency
The term "high-need local educational agency" means a local educational agency—
(i) for which not less than 20 percent of the children served by the agency are children from low-income families;
(iii) that meets the eligibility requirements for funding under the Small, Rural School Achievement Program under section 7345 (b) of this title; or
(i) for which there is a high percentage of teachers not teaching in the academic subject areas or grade levels in which the teachers were trained to teach; or
(11) High-need school
(A) In general
The term "high-need school" means a school that, based on the most recent data available, meets one or both of the following:
(i) The school is in the highest quartile of schools in a ranking of all schools served by a local educational agency, ranked in descending order by percentage of students from low-income families enrolled in such schools, as determined by the local educational agency based on one of the following measures of poverty:
(I) The percentage of students aged 5 through 17 in poverty counted in the most recent census data approved by the Secretary.
(II) The percentage of students eligible for a free or reduced price school lunch under the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act [42 U.S.C. 1751 et seq.].
(III) The percentage of students in families receiving assistance under the State program funded under part A of title IV of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 601 et seq.].
(ii) In the case of—
(I) an elementary school, the school serves students not less than 60 percent of whom are eligible for a free or reduced price school lunch under the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act; or
(B) Special rule
(i) Designation by the Secretary The Secretary may, upon approval of an application submitted by an eligible partnership seeking a grant under this subchapter, designate a school that does not qualify as a high-need school under subparagraph (A) as a high-need school for the purpose of this subchapter. The Secretary shall base the approval of an application for designation of a school under this clause on a consideration of the information required under clause (ii), and may also take into account other information submitted by the eligible partnership.
(ii) Application requirements An application for designation of a school under clause (i) shall include—
(I) the number and percentage of students attending such school who are—
(bb) eligible for a free or reduced price school lunch under the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act;
(cc) in families receiving assistance under the State program funded under part A of title IV of the Social Security Act; or
(12) Highly competent
The term "highly competent", when used with respect to an early childhood educator, means an educator—
(A) with specialized education and training in development and education of young children from birth until entry into kindergarten;
(B) with—
(13) Highly qualified
(14) Induction program
The term "induction program" means a formalized program for new teachers during not less than the teachers' first two years of teaching that is designed to provide support for, and improve the professional performance and advance the retention in the teaching field of, beginning teachers. Such program shall promote effective teaching skills and shall include the following components:
(B) Periodic, structured time for collaboration with teachers in the same department or field, including mentor teachers, as well as time for information-sharing among teachers, principals, administrators, other appropriate instructional staff, and participating faculty in the partner institution.
(C) The application of empirically-based practice and scientifically valid research on instructional practices.
(D) Opportunities for new teachers to draw directly on the expertise of teacher mentors, faculty, and researchers to support the integration of empirically-based practice and scientifically valid research with practice.
(E) The development of skills in instructional and behavioral interventions derived from empirically-based practice and, where applicable, scientifically valid research.
(F) Faculty who—
(G) Interdisciplinary collaboration among exemplary teachers, faculty, researchers, and other staff who prepare new teachers with respect to the learning process and the assessment of learning.
(H) Assistance with the understanding of data, particularly student achievement data, and the applicability of such data in classroom instruction.
(15) Limited English proficient
The term "limited English proficient" has the meaning given the term in section 7801 of this title.
(16) Parent
The term "parent" has the meaning given the term in section 7801 of this title.
(17) Partner institution
The term "partner institution" means an institution of higher education, which may include a two-year institution of higher education offering a dual program with a four-year institution of higher education, participating in an eligible partnership that has a teacher preparation program—
(A) whose graduates exhibit strong performance on State-determined qualifying assessments for new teachers through—
(i) demonstrating that 80 percent or more of the graduates of the program who intend to enter the field of teaching have passed all of the applicable State qualification assessments for new teachers, which shall include an assessment of each prospective teacher's subject matter knowledge in the content area in which the teacher intends to teach; or
(ii) being ranked among the highest-performing teacher preparation programs in the State as determined by the State—
(I) using criteria consistent with the requirements for the State report card under section 1022d (b) of this title before the first publication of such report card; and
(B) that requires—
(i) each student in the program to meet high academic standards or demonstrate a record of success, as determined by the institution (including prior to entering and being accepted into a program), and participate in intensive clinical experience;
(18) Principles of scientific research
The term "principles of scientific research" means principles of research that—
(A) apply rigorous, systematic, and objective methodology to obtain reliable and valid knowledge relevant to education activities and programs;
(B) present findings and make claims that are appropriate to, and supported by, the methods that have been employed; and
(C) include, appropriate to the research being conducted—
(iii) reliance on measurements or observational methods that provide reliable and generalizable findings;
(iv) strong claims of causal relationships, only with research designs that eliminate plausible competing explanations for observed results, such as, but not limited to, random-assignment experiments;
(v) presentation of studies and methods in sufficient detail and clarity to allow for replication or, at a minimum, to offer the opportunity to build systematically on the findings of the research;
(vi) acceptance by a peer-reviewed journal or critique by a panel of independent experts through a comparably rigorous, objective, and scientific review; and
(19) Professional development
The term "professional development" has the meaning given the term in section 7801 of this title.
(20) Scientifically valid research
The term "scientifically valid research" includes applied research, basic research, and field-initiated research in which the rationale, design, and interpretation are soundly developed in accordance with principles of scientific research.
(21) Teacher mentoring
The term "teacher mentoring" means the mentoring of new or prospective teachers through a program that—
(A) includes clear criteria for the selection of teacher mentors who will provide role model relationships for mentees, which criteria shall be developed by the eligible partnership and based on measures of teacher effectiveness;
(B) provides high-quality training for such mentors, including instructional strategies for literacy instruction and classroom management (including approaches that improve the schoolwide climate for learning, which may include positive behavioral interventions and supports);
(C) provides regular and ongoing opportunities for mentors and mentees to observe each other's teaching methods in classroom settings during the day in a high-need school in the high-need local educational agency in the eligible partnership;
(E) provides mentoring to each mentee by a colleague who teaches in the same field, grade, or subject as the mentee;
(F) promotes empirically-based practice of, and scientifically valid research on, where applicable—
(iii) the development of teaching skills through the use of instructional and behavioral interventions; and
(22) Teaching residency program
The term "teaching residency program" means a school-based teacher preparation program in which a prospective teacher—
(B) receives concurrent instruction during the year described in subparagraph (A) from the partner institution, which courses may be taught by local educational agency personnel or residency program faculty, in the teaching of the content area in which the teacher will become certified or licensed;
(23) Teaching skills
The term "teaching skills" means skills that enable a teacher to—
(C) effectively teach higher-order analytical, evaluation, problem-solving, and communication skills;
(D) employ strategies grounded in the disciplines of teaching and learning that—
(i) are based on empirically-based practice and scientifically valid research, where applicable, related to teaching and learning;
(E) conduct an ongoing assessment of student learning, which may include the use of formative assessments, performance-based assessments, project-based assessments, or portfolio assessments, that measures higher-order thinking skills (including application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation);
(F) effectively manage a classroom, including the ability to implement positive behavioral interventions and support strategies;
Source(Pub. L. 89–329, title II, § 200 as added Pub. L. 110–315, title II, § 201(1),Aug. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 3126; amended Pub. L. 111–39, title II, § 201(1),July 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 1936.)
References in Text
The Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act, referred to in par. (11)(A)(i)(II), (ii), (B)(ii)(I)(bb), is act June 4, 1946, ch. 281, 60 Stat. 230, which is classified generally to chapter 13 (§ 1751 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1751 of Title 42 and Tables.
The Social Security Act, referred to in par. (11)(A)(i)(III), (B)(ii)(I)(cc), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620. Part A of title IV of the Act is classified generally to part A (§ 601 et seq.) of subchapter IV of chapter 7 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables.
Prior Provisions
A prior section 1021,Pub. L. 89–329, title II, § 201, as added Pub. L. 105–244, title II, § 201,Oct. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1623; amended Pub. L. 107–110, title X, § 1051(2),Jan. 8, 2002, 115 Stat. 2080, related to purposes and definitions, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 110–315, title II, § 201(2),Aug. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 3133.
Another prior section 1021,Pub. L. 89–329, title II, § 201, as added Pub. L. 96–374, title II, § 201,Oct. 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 1383; amended Pub. L. 99–498, title II, § 201(b), (c),Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1287; Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6241,Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1520; Pub. L. 102–325, title II, § 201,July 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 467, related to congressional statement of purpose and authorization of appropriations, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, § 101(e) [title VII, § 708(b)], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–233, 3009–312.
Another prior section 1021,Pub. L. 89–329, title II, § 201, as added Pub. L. 92–318, title I, § 111(b)(1),June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 238; amended Pub. L. 94–482, title I, § 106,Oct. 12, 1976, 90 Stat. 2089; Pub. L. 96–49, § 3(a),Aug. 13, 1979, 93 Stat. 351, provided for college library programs, prior to the general amendment of this subchapter by Pub. L. 96–374.
Another prior section 1021,Pub. L. 89–329, title II, § 201,Nov. 8, 1965, 79 Stat. 1224; Pub. L. 90–575, title II, § 211,Oct. 16, 1968, 82 Stat. 1036; Pub. L. 92–318, title I, § 111(a)(1),June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 238, authorized appropriations of $50,000,000 for each fiscal year ending June 30, 1966, 1967, and 1968, and $25,000,000; $75,000,000; $90,000,000; and $18,000,000 for fiscal years ending June 30, 1969, 1970, 1971, and 1972, for library resources grants, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 92–318, title I, § 111(b)(1),June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 238.
2009—Par. (22)(D). Pub. L. 111–39added subpar. (D) and struck out former subpar (D) which read as follows: "prior to completion of the program, earns a master's degree, attains full State teacher certification or licensure, and becomes highly qualified."
Effective Date of 2009 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 111–39effective as if enacted on the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–315(Aug. 14, 2008), see section 3 ofPub. L. 111–39, set out as a note under section 1001 of this title.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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Heather Dermyer, Psychology
Heather DermyerPsychology
Yoga gave Heather her life back, and now she's devoting her life to helping others.
When she was 17 years old, an athlete who'd been accepted to college on a diving scholarship, Heather Dermyer was running through the woods and tripped on a the root of a tree. It was a stupid accident, and at most she was worried about being on crutches for a couple of days.
Instead, her injury developed into a neurological disorder that kept her from walking for years, left her in chronic pain, and derailed her entire life.
"I went from training 3 - 5 hours a day to not being able to walk a quarter of a mile without pain, and it lasted for years," she remembers. She went through every traditional medical procedure that was available: physical therapies, drug therapies, surgeries. Some helped, some didn't: none gave her life back.
At that point, her spirit never flagging, she started exploring alternative treatments. "I knew that I had a long recovery ahead of me, I knew that it would take a lot of work to teach myself to walk again, but at that point I was hopeful and eager to try some new therapies." Eventually she tried yoga.
It was a revelation. "It seemed like the perfect fit for me; it was low impact, involved stretching, and reduced my symptoms. I liked the way it focused on my mind and my body, and the way it facilitated natural healing – it was great."
But "great" wasn't good enough. She ended every yoga workout thinking it could go further – that her body could use more.
So she started experimenting. "I began supplementing yoga at home with some of the stretches that just seemed to work with me," she says. "I developed a whole head-to-toe yoga program for myself, so that felt like it got every single nook and cranny of my body moving in a healthy way."
Once she had a workout that worked for her, she started doing the program two hours every day – one hour in the morning, one at night, and quickly started to see results. Her energy increased, her flexibility increased, and there was less and less pain.
"Over a period of years," she says, "I saw an incredible physical transformation."
She's been doing that regimen for 14 years now, "and I'm free of neurological symptoms, and I'm also free of physical limitations. I lift weights, I kayak, I hike, I bike, I'm very physically active."
She also got her college diploma, despite her physical challenges – earning a bachelor's in behavioral psychology from Western Michigan University. She enjoyed psychology, and wanted to go further in it … but also wanted to push boundaries. She wanted to learn more about the kind of physical therapy … holistic, comprehensive, rooted in both 21st century science and an ancient spiritual practice … that had helped her get back on her feet again.
She chose Saybrook. "A humanistic program appealed to me because I wanted to broaden my horizons," she says. "The philosophy of Saybrook really seemed to fit with my interests and professional goals, and once I took at look at the faculty at Saybrook and did some homework exploring their backgrounds; it seemed like a really great fit."
To her delight, the faculty said she could make her personal yoga program – which she now calls call "Yoga-Stretch" – the subject of her doctoral dissertation.
"It was such an integral part of my own healing - I wanted to explore the way in which it would affect others," she says. "I thought it would be nice to share it with other people."
After much thought, she focused her dissertation on Yoga-Stretch and General Anxiety Disorder: would putting people with GAD through a regular regimen of Yoga-Stretch reduce their symptoms? With the help of Saybrook's faculty, she conducted a long-term clinical trial to find out.
"I was stunned," she says, "really shocked to see that to date there had not been any type of clinical trials using any type of yoga intervention for GAD."
She conducted the first ever study, and it paid off: Yoga-Stretch has a strong positive impact on people suffering from GAD.
Today Heather has opened her own studio, teaching conventional Yoga and Yoga-Stretch. She has clients ranging from people with chronic illnesses such as HIV and cancer, to world class athletes. She's seen her technique help change other lives – and is continuing her research, using what she learned to test yoga's impact on other health conditions, like Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.
"Saybrook gave me the skills to conduct this research on my own, in a way that will be recognized as rigorous," she said. "But looking back, I would say that, in addition to the all the academic benefits at Saybrook, I was able to meet the best life-long friends. People I met there, even though were in completely different areas of the world, we're still supporting each other. That counts too."


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CNN segment on Peripheral Arterial Disease featuring Dr. Michael Jaff
Dr. Michael Jaff, Medical Director of the Massachusetts General Hospital Fireman Vascular Center, is featured in a CNN segment on Peripheral Arterial Disease.
Explaining varicose veins
Julianne Stoughton, MD, explains how Mass General physicians identify varicose veins, which are enlarged veins visible through the skin, and use minimally invasive techniques to treat this condition.
A procedure to repair it all
A new mother of a 10-month-old baby boy and at 39-years-old, Karen Richman survived a combined surgery that repaired her full cardiovascular system.
Specialized care for vascular conditions
Learn more about leading-edge options for treating and managing this condition at the Fireman Vascular Center.


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Web beacon
From IAB Wiki
A web beacon, also known as a web bug, 1 by 1 GIF, invisible GIF, and tracking pixel, is a tiny image referenced by a line of HTML or a block of JavaScript code embedded into a web site or third party ad server to track activity.
The image used is generally a single pixel that is delivered to the web browser with HTML instructions that keep it from affecting the web site layout. The web beacon will typically include user information like cookies on the HTTP headers, and web site information on the query string.
Web beacons are used to collect data for web site and ad delivery analytics, and also specific events such as a registration or conversion.


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|Uniforms/Dress Codes
This site addresses issues surrounding the use of dress codes or mandatory uniforms as a school policy to enhance student performance. These issues have received increased attention in recent years as the public, policymakers and school officials confront violence, bullying and other student behavior problems in schools. The site contains an overview of the issues and concerns surrounding the use of uniforms/dress codes as a school policy, as well as information on what states and local school districts are doing in this area.
|Home | About ECS | Education Issues A-Z
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The Mill & The Cross
Bruegel capturing shards of their desperate stories on his canvas-in-the-making. Confronting the Spanish inquisition bloodily repressing the rise of Protestant reform in the Low Countries, the film offers a vibrant meditation on art and religion as ongoing, layered processes of collective storytelling and reinterpretation. THE MILL & THE CROSS is also a feast of stunning visual effects, a provocative allegory and a cinematic tour de force on religious freedom and human rights.
Cast: Rutger Hauer, Charlotte Rampling, Michael York
Produced by:
Directed by: Lech Majewski
Written by: Michael Francis Gibson
Running time: 1hr 32min
Opens: Sep 14, 2011 NY
|Theaters for Today
Pick a day
on this day.


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A Christmas Story
Drama, Family, Comedy
In the 1940's, in the town of Hammond, 9-year-old Ralphie wants one thing for Christmas -- an official Red Ryder BB rifle. When he asks his mother for the BB gun for Christmas, she says, "No, you'll shoot your eye out". When he writes an essay about it at school his teacher gives him a C+ with a note saying "You'll shoot your eye out." Next he asks Santa for the gun, Santa's response is familiar, he says, "You'll shoot your eye out, kid." Ralph fears that he'll never get the BB gun for Christmas. But there may be a surprise in store for him.
Cast: Melinda Dillon, Darren McGavin, Scott Schwartz, Ian Petrella, Peter Billingsley
Produced by: Bob Clark
Directed by: Bob Clark
Written by: Jean Shepherd
Running time: 1hr 34min
Opens: Nov 18, 1983 Limited
|Theaters for Today
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What not to feed your kids
Published On: Aug 21 2012 03:56:25 PM EDT Updated On: Mar 01 2013 09:26:47 AM EST
Here are 10 things that you should not feed your kids.
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I had the chance to see Zach Britton throw on three separate occasions this past season. This report's a little late but at a time when the attention surrounding Britton is as high as ever, I figured I'd throw up a report with my thoughts and observations.
With tremendous poise, confidence and a dominating sinker, it's easy to see what makes Britton the special pitcher and top 30 prospect he is.


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- Organization
- Leadership
- Reports
With his bull neck, bulging muscles and steely eyes, the chief petty officer cast an intimidating shadow over Rod Kesanen and the other Navy recruits. They stood ramrod straight by their racks as he addressed them.
"My name is 'Choker' Carter!" he bellowed. "And do you know why they call me by that name?" He looked at the recruit leader standing just inches away.
Quick as a cat, Carter grabbed the recruit leader by the neck and tossed him onto a nearby bunk. For the next 10 or so seconds, Carter pinned the man down while half-choking him. "That," he said, staring again at the recruits, "is why they call me 'Choker' Carter."
The message was clear to the startled recruits: shape up, pronto. That meant wrinkle-free blankets, tidy shelves, a spotless compartment. Otherwise, risk the wrath of "Choker" Carter. Recalling that summer day in 1969, Kesanen can't help but laugh. He never did learn Carter's real first name. No matter. The nickname left an indelible impression on him.
"When you look back on the incident, it's comical," says Kesanen, now a building contractor in Blaine, Minn. "But at the time, there was nothing funny about it."
Nicknames have long been part of military lore. Evidence suggests soldiers have given pet names to their buddies or themselves since the Civil War or earlier. Some sobriquets applied to entire groups: doughboys, grunts, jarheads.
Cleveland Evans, former president of the American Name Society, says nicknames often arise when people are in close proximity for extended periods.
"In the military, you're often working and living with someone 24 hours a day. The more you know someone, the more you're familiar with their quirks and foibles." These are key ingredients for a good nickname.
Frank Nuessel, a University of Louisville professor and author of "The Study of Names," says nicknames can serve as a counterpoint to the impersonal, dogtag touch of military discipline – name, rank and serial number.
"Nicknames can help develop camaraderie, teamwork and bonding, where people are looking out for their buddies," says Nuessel, editor of Names: A Journal of Onomastics (the study of proper names). "Conversely, negative nicknames could label or ridicule someone," psychologically scarring folks for years.
Derogatory, humorous, descriptive or just plain strange, military nicknames come in all varieties. Behind almost every one is a story. Here are a few:
Chuck Dare was head-over-heels in love. Or so he thought in 1971. The object of affection was his girlfriend from Lincoln Park, Mich.
He was so goo-goo-eyed that his Army buddies at Fort Knox, Ky., started calling him "Tramp," as in the male half of Disney's "Lady and the Tramp," an animated movie starring two lovey-dovey dogs. "I kind of acted like that smitten dog for a while," Dare recalls. "They started kidding me and calling me 'Tramp,' and that's when I really turned up the 'Lady' references. I would say, 'I've got to go call my 'lady' or write my 'lady' a letter."
Dare, from Gainesville, Texas, is commander of American Legion Post 42 and a co-founder of American Legion Riders. "Tramp" Dare ended up breaking up with "Lady" while he was stationed in South Korea. But the nickname survives today. Hundreds know him only as "Tramp," a nickname he grew into, he says.
"I started running around and drinking beer and chasing women," he quips.
Carl "Bagger" Nelson, 91, received his military moniker in 1942. One of his World War II buddies still calls him by that nickname.
It all started when he was drafted by the Army and ended up in the First Infantry Division – the "Big Red One" – composed mostly of soldiers from Brooklyn, N.Y. Nelson hailed from Richmond, Va.
"I had a buck sergeant who used to tease me that I talked differently than the guys from Brooklyn," says Nelson, who now lives in Chalfont, Pa. "He said, 'But you don't sound like those guys from the Deep South who have a real strong Southern drawl. I think maybe you're a carpetbagger.'"
During the Civil War, Southerners were known to dub those Yankees who headed south to profit from the conflict "carpetbaggers." In Nelson's case, the multisyllabic nickname was too cumbersome, so it was quickly shortened to "Bagger."
"I took the nickname in good fun," says Nelson, a D-Day veteran who received the Purple Heart for wounds he received in France. "I was constantly teased, but it was a happy time with those guys."
Back in the United States, Nelson and his wife mail out dozens of Christmas cards to his Army buddies every year. He'll address himself as "Bagger" Nelson on the front envelope, a reminder of a special kinship from days gone by.
"There is an informality when someone calls you by a nickname," Nelson says. "There's also exclusivity. Not many men on this planet know me as 'Bagger.'"
In his mid-20s, the lanky Bryan Reinholdt didn't look anything like a grandmother while serving in Iraq in 2005. Yet the Army Reserve sergeant, who worked as a parts distributor for Apache helicopters, called himself "Grandma," and the nickname stuck. He even had a tag sewn on his lightweight flight suit.
Why? "Most everyone enjoys what comes from Grandma's kitchen," explains Reinholdt, a Louisville, Ky., resident and Legionnaire. "I was merely 'cooking up' something good for everyone by supplying them with the parts they needed."
At first, those seeking parts were mystified by the "Grandma" flight tag. And by the flight suit, normally reserved for pilots or officers. However, they appreciated Reinholdt's attempt at humor, a homage to his beloved grandmother, Patricia, who died in 2008.
"Once people got close enough to read my flight tag, they could see I wasn't an officer," Reinholdt says. "Then when 'Grandma' registered with them, they would unfailingly laugh, although it was probably more of a confused laugh.
"Nicknames help lighten things up and take away from the doldrums of being deployed. Joking around also makes the time go by faster. And when you're spending that much time together, it helps you avoid getting on each other's nerves."
To this day, Gary White is astonished by the supersized strength of a Navy boatswain's mate known as "Magilla Gorilla." A petty officer third class in 1968, White was a shipmate of "Magilla" on a guided missile frigate that roamed the Gulf of Tonkin during the Vietnam War.
"Magilla" was tagged with the nickname because he reminded shipmates of the popular 1960s TV cartoon character. A veteran of hard-labor logging camps, the so-called deck ape with the pronounced forehead and jaw was a 200-pound mass of muscle.
"If he hit you on the arm in everyday horseplay among friends, you never forgot it," White says.
White, who lives in Houston, once saw "Magilla" grab a rope that was tethered to four 5-gallon cans of paint from a storage area five decks below. He not only hoisted the 180 pounds of paint using a hand-over-hand technique, but also a 120-pound man standing atop the cans. When the load reached the main deck, "Magilla" calmly lifted the man from the opening with his left hand while maintaining a grip on the cans with his right.
"It was like watching a silverback gorilla pull a tree out of the ground," White marvels.
The hard-working "Magilla" was good-humored, even-tempered and rarely challenged. Even after a late night of liberty, he kept his strength in check.
"If you really got him angry, he knew he could probably break you in half," White says. "So he'd just walk away."
Harvey Meyer is a freelance writer in St. Louis Park, Minn. He contributes to general-interest, consumer, business and higher-education magazines.
Since I was the oldest Recruit, 29 years old, the Drills nicknamed me Grandma.
I purchased an old UPS van which had sat out in the desert sun for years. It was an old International, round body with sliding doors up front and on the right side. Back doors swung open fully- just a perfect van to haul dirt bikes, coolers and all my buddies. One weekend while camping in the high desert, someone said we looked like a SWAT team- to which another instantly rubbed "SQUAT" on the pigment-faded side of the van. I was from then on known as SQUAT Commander. Golden Oak leaves on my camo cover...
Just to let everyone know, Choker Carter is a real person. In 1983 he was my Division Officer onboard the USS Cleveland (LPD-7). By this time he had worked his way up through the ranks to Lieutenant Commander but he was still one tough SOB. Once in Hong Kong we were tying up to a mooring bouy and the line parted, this hit LTCDR. Carter straight in the chest and we all thought he was a dead man. He picked himself up dusted himself off and ordered us to resplice the line and start over again. Choker Carter was one tough cookie but he was also one of the best damn officers that I had the pleasure of knowing in my 22 years of service. By the way, the story of how he got his nick name is very true.
I was stationed on a ship as an MM2 and we were in the Philly Navy Yard. Every day I'd stop by the local bakery at about 5AM and purchase donuts. I'd take them into the ship and sell them for a quarter each (cost was a nickel!). I'd sell the coffee for a quarter too. The yardbirds would buy me out quickly and eventually I'd sell many dozens per day making more money than my pay per month. This was back in '75 when coffee prices went through the roof. I'd have the supply officer order extra coffee grounds. I then went out into the Yard repair shops and trade coffee for the parts we couldn't get budget for. One day a Yardbird that frequented my machinery space "donut shop" was in one of the shops and he gave me the moniker - RACKETS - because I traded coffee for everything. It stuck to this day as I have a front license plate with RACKETS engraved on it. I'm in sales now and its a good conversation starter. The Navy Yard is now the HQ & factory site for Tastykake pastries. Go figure!
I was standing in the chow line in Quang Tri South Viet Nam, when another soldier looked at my name tag and said outloud "Cunningham" a few seconds went by and he said aloud again "Clever Pig" There were several troops in the line, and all of a sudden I was known to my fellow troops as "Clever Pig" . Bob Cunningham
Stationed on a U.S. Army tugboat in Thailand in '69-70, I was tagged with the moniker L.A., because I was from a suburb of Los Angeles, CA. We had several guys with colorful nicknames; Moose, Peach, Rocky. Some guys tried to establish a cool nickname for themselves. One tried very hard to get everyone to call him Hawkeye, but that never worked and someone would tag them with a much less cool and flattering moniker.
Stationed with the 1st Marine Brigade in the early seventies, I enjoyed participating in the occassional Smoker. At one such event, that happened to be refereed by pro wrestler Sammy Steamboat, I was introduced to the crowd as Rocky Heenan. My opponent was Mountain Martin. That nickname degenerated to just "the Rock" stuck for over 2 yrs.
During my second sea tour, my ship went into the yards for extended repairs and overhaul. Part of my job was to inspect my division's spaces and identify damage and other discrepancies, which I jotted on a standard form. Apparently my handwriting was much worse than I thought, because my fellow BM2 could not decipher my notes. He turned to me and asked me what a "bajewstis splice" was. I explained to him that I was noting a broken splice in the cableway, but it was too late. To this day, I am Bajewstis to my fellow second and third class petty officers.
When I got up to Great Lakes for bootcamp I was the only red head in my Company and my brother company so I got the nick name of Big Red. I always hated my hair color before bootcamp and this actually helped me alot through boot. Six fellow sailor's I went through boot with followed me to my first duty station and so the name followed. By the next day I think the entire base was calling me big red and it followed me through the fleet. I am now a college student in Police Science program and the professors and students ask what I would like to be called and I still find myself saying Big Red please.
In the Air Force as a supply person, we were asked to get, have and issue all that was required, that being said was the qualifier. I never said "no" to a request and if we did not have it, it was gotten for issue. I will use #@! for letter symbols and you just figure along and you will know my military moniker...."fu@#adu . I hope this is not to strong for our female readers, but I was on a small base where there were no ladies in work areas except dependents (we were respectful not to carry nicknames outside work areas) and they were not in daily professional contact with us, so the moniker stuck. In almost everything that I did, I did the exeptional and was tagged that with esteem. "Look at that fu@#adu do it". There it is, one of the bad ones that sticks, even today forty-five years later. I STILL DU, because I've gotten better, not older.
When I arrived at my permanent station, Bussac Chemical Depot, Camp Bussac France in the 50's, I was introduced to "Preheat" who was the short-termer, while I was the new long-termer. The Depot supplied chemical munitions and equipment to the Army forces in Europe which included smoke generators. Preheats job was to test the equipment before shipment and when he was testing one of the generators that wouldn't start, decided to preheat it with a wood burning fire beneath it. Unfortunately the smoke generator caught on fire and was destroyed and thus his nickname Preheat. He was also the caretaker of a 10-12 pound shot-put, which he received when he arrived as the long-termer. When he was shipped stateside a couple months later, I became the new caretaker until I shipped out 3 years later.
Hi I just read your comment and I am looking for any info on my biological father William E Coleman. He was stationed at Camp Bussac between 53 and possibly late 54 or early 55.My mother Renee Marie Louise Daude worked at the camp. Any info would be greatly appreciated . Feel frre to e-mail me at firstname.lastname@example.com


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No-show squarecut swim trunks are always a number one choice when it comes to men's swimwear. Trunks fit most body types because they give you the right amount of coverage with a sexy abs-baring low-rise design. The Cover Male Oceanus men's swimsuit is no exception. These colorful men's swim trunks from Cover Male are made from durable fabric that stretches to form a smooth, sleek fit on your body. Cover Male's Oceanus is also made with quick-dry fabric, allowing you to go from water to fun in the sun in no time!


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To all of our out of state customers B.loved is coming to you! We are excited to finally announce we will be back selling online to you! We are honored to have been hand selected by Shoptiques and to be featured along side all the other great boutiques across the country! As we just launched B.loved on the site you will see over the next few months we will continuously be adding merchandise to our page so check back frequently.
Shoptiques lets you shop the world's best local boutiques online. In the past, if you lived in Dallas and wanted to shop a small boutique in New York or LA or even Paris, you had to buy a plane ticket. They simply weren't online, and if they were, there was no way to find them. We've brought them online — and created a destination that connects savvy shoppers with thousands of handpicked boutiques across the globe. We've handpicked the best boutiques from around the world so you can find unique pieces that no one else will have.
This is why Shoptiques was founded: "We want to grant women access to the most stylish boutiques and replicate that same intimate in-store experience. Whether you're starved for time, looking to find something new, or you live far away from one of your favorite stores, Shoptiques is your online destination to browse, discover, and buy the best boutique merchandise in the world." -Olga Vidisheva


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****ing around with hexakill as panth, when suddenly, that spear.
****ing around with hexakill as panth, when suddenly, that spear.
The box does only 100% on first break, I know, but subsequent breaks still do significant damage (it's pretty much almost the same as a normal ult by Sona, look at the ratios. He gets 225 + 50% AP on subsequent breaks, Sona gets 350 + 50% AP.) Count that with his first break being so much more damage how the Box can be used to zone people out better than Crescendo can, and that's why I'm not happy with that skill~~
I don't mind Lantern being a long cooldown cos it's not something you use often. Thresh won't blindly throw it out just cos he can, he's usually saving it for all-ins or huge bursts of damage or to save someone out of position. I just think the range on it is too long, it's a 1 point wonder...
Flay isn't really used for the active damage. It's an instant knockup/back that hits both in front/behind on a 9s cooldown, and slows to boot. It's immensely powerful, and can peel very well on reaction to diving bruisers.
I think his hook is alright. I just was comparing it to Blitz whose hook is on a longer CD and doesn't get the option to back out of a bad hook (unlike Blitz/Leona who will always pull).
Yea, I still hate Thresh alot, it's probably a little overreacting, but his kit is so overloaded it's annoying. I'll have to see how lowering his aa range affects him in lane. But still, he's got so much going for him I don't see him ever falling out of favor as a support just because he can do so much more than most supports.
roit pls
copy dis skin
let it go
ELSA?! omg so prety<3.
HOLY S*** !! That is amazing.What programs do you guys use for skins ? I tried Skin Installer but skins appear transparent and some are non existant in the files - Heartseeker Ashe.I wanted to use Riots skin but to no avail.iBlitzcrank appeared transparent and no Q particle.Someone mind sending me an PM about this ? TYVM.
Which is that champion,what is the skin name and where did you get it from ? PM me.
Last edited by Vagabontat; 02-21-2014 at 07:06 PM.
Can you download this from somewhere ? It's freaking awesome.PM me if it's not allowed here.
any1 wanna duo?
I dropped back to 0lp gold 5. from 99lp gold 4. I cant seem to carry games with 2/3 feeders EVERY single game... I just cant do it alone, when my team is highly retarded and the other team is atleast somewhat capable of understanding the goals of this game
MiguelKaleidoscope Dream


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Lawn & garden equipment for homeowners
A string trimmer, more commonly known as a weed wacker, is used to trim grass and weeds where a mower can't reach. A trimmer with a curved shaft is often used for easy trimming around lawns and flower beds. Machines with straight shafts and bevel gears are designed for more demanding jobs, and they make it easier to reach under hedges, bushes and the like. As an accessory, the straight-shaft trimmers can have a J handle which prevents the user from getting too close to the cutting equipment. When cutting with a grass blade, a J handle should always be attached. If you want a trimmer to master even more lawn and garden tasks you should consider one with detachable shaft. Besides being easy to store they truly are multi-purpose machines that can be fitted with several attachments such as hedge trimmer, blower, edger, pole saw and sweeper.
Copyright © 2008-2015 Husqvarna AB (publ). All rights reserved.*MSRP - Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price. The MSRP pricing provided herein is for reference purposes only. Actual retail prices are established by the applicable dealer and may vary by location. MSRP pricing is subject to change without prior notice. The MSRP may be different for products sold in California. Consumers in California should check the product's "Part Number" tab for the MSRP in California. The MSRP in Alaska and Hawaii will be higher. Please check with a local dealer for accurate pricing information.
Excellent ride-on mowers, built for all kinds of garden work. And with our wide range of accessories there's work all year round.
It is the finishing touch that makes a garden perfect. Our efficient and easy handling trimmers do the job.
Husqvarna servicing dealers have both the experience and the knowledge to know outdoor power equipment inside out.


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Avoid - or heal - bee stings and bug bites
Share your bug bite stories on KVAL.com or send your story and photos to firstname.lastname@example.com
EUGENE, Ore. - One of the joys of summer is spending time in the great outdoors running, hiking and biking - until you run into a little bug with a big bite or sting.
A bee sting or a mosquito or bug bite can ruin your backyard barbecue or a day at the park.
Here's what you can do to minimize the pain.
How to handle a bee sting
If a bee stings you, use a credit card or piece of cardboard to scrape your arm and remove the stinger and venom sack. You don't want to use tweezers because that can squeeze the venom sack and make the sting worse.
If you're allergic to bees, use your prescription injection, like an EpiPen. If you don't have it around, call 911.
When do I need to see a doctor about a bug bite?
To treat the itch from a bug bite, use an over-the-counter steroid cream or antihistamine cream.
You might even need to visit a health care professional after a bug bite.
"We look at mostly if there's signs of infection," said Diana Lamboy, a family nurse practitioner with PeaceHealth. "That would be redness, swelling, if you've got like a gunky discharge that's coming out, draining or it's painful."
Should I use tweezers to remove a tick?
And don't forget about ticks. They can be nasty souvenirs from a hike. Wear light-colored long-sleeve shirts and pants to make dark ticks easy to spot, and stay on the trail and out of deep grass to avoid ticks.
If one bites you, don't use tweezers to take it off. Use a candle or lighter near the bottom of the tick, said Lamboy. They don't like heat and it will make them let go of you.
Share your bug bite stories on KVAL.com or send your story and photos to email@example.com


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Nov 16, 2012Holiday Pies in the Smoke Vault
Did you know you can also bake in a Camp Chef Smoke Vault? Gain more oven space for the holidays by baking in your smoker!
Four Thanksgiving pies in the Smoke Vault: by Gary House from Cooking-Outdoors.com
Nov 16, 2012Baked Thanksgiving Pies in the Smoke Vault Video
The Camp Chef Smoke Vault is a great tool to assist in your Holiday cooking. It can add much needed oven baking space… Pies, casseroles, rolls, you name it!
Gary House of Cooking-Outdoors.com has four great pie recipes to try out this Thanksgiving! They're delicious.
Holiday Pies in the Smoke Vault
Nov 12, 2012Sportsman's News Shows How to "Eat Like a King in the Great Outdoors"
By Dan Kidder of Sportsman's News
People who camp with me always remark on one thing; we eat very well. Camping is my time to really go all out for feeding the masses. From grilling wild game over an open fire, to baking in a Dutch oven, I really enjoy preparing meals that really only can be cooked in the outdoors.
Nov 8, 2012Three Ways to Cook Your Thanksgiving Turkey
Thanksgiving is just around the corner and it's time to start planning the big social feast. I have found that there are many different traditions in everyone's family and many different kinds of dishes that line the beautifully decorated tables. Yet, I also find that there are a lot of the same items on everyone's tables each year. There is the appetizers/vegie tray, th
Nov 7, 2012Last Chance Fall Giveaway
Camp Chef has worked with Konus Optics and Yamaha Outdoors to bring you another great giveaway!
Oct 31, 2012Teal Poppers
Out of all the waterfowl I lean to liking the tasty Teal. A puddle duck that prefers shallow water for feeding purposes and who fly's just shy of the speed of sound, they are often hard to come by. There are three that I'm aware of; Cinnamon, Green and Blue wing, Blue wing are the larger of the species. I've not tasted a Cinnamon but have noticed no difference in flavor between the


text: News How will Rep. Jefferson Smith (D-East Portland) pick a mayoral staff? He'll ask if you know anybody good.The mayoral candidate announced at yesterday's software-startup debate at Elemental Technologies that, if elected, he'll ask for public input on who should staff his office. "The job of recruitment can't be left to a single person, but takes some version of a village," Smith said. "And I hope this ... More


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Submission Senate panel approves cybersecurity bill->
GovTechGuy writes: A Senate Committee approved a bill that would give the president an emergency "Kill switch" over the Internet, but added some restrictions to the bill. The president may no longer simply assert that the threat remains indefinitely by writing, he must now seek Congressional approval after 120 days. Still, privacy advocates are concerned about the government's ability to shut down private networks.
Link to Original Source
Link to Original Source


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CLEVELAND -- The next time you go to a Cavs game the players won't be the only ones with fancy footwork.
The Cavs Kids and Cav-a-Littles will be taking over the court.
Saturday, the team held auditions for both groups looking for talented dancers between the ages of 5 and 13.
Some kids are new to the dance experience, but others have been participating for years and can't get enough of it.


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|Print Page
Spring is in the air and that can only mean one thing, National Donate Life Month. April is National Donate Life Month, a month where organizations like Intermountain Donor Services and Utah's Donate Life Coalition raise awareness about the need for organ, eye, blood and tissue donation.
This year, as in many past years, citizens of Utah should be proud that we lead the nation in the number of people saying yes to donation. Currently, more than 70 percent of Utahns have signed up on the Yes Utah Donor Registry to express their donation wishes, one of the highest in the nation.
While this is great news, there is always more to be done. Many people have recently asked, if you have all those people signed up, why is there still such a shortage of organs available for transplant? The obituary pages are full every day, so what's going on? These are excellent questions.
What few people realize is that to become a donor, someone has to die in the hospital on a ventilator. In any given year, there is the potential for about 80 organ donors out of the 6,000 deaths a year in Utah. This means that approximately one out of every 75 deaths in Utah could be an organ donor. Each organ donor has the potential to save nine lives, so every single donor is vitally important to saving the lives of fellow Utahns.
So while 70 percent of people signing up on the Yes Utah Donor Registry sounds impressive, and it is, there is still more to do. When asked in professionally done surveys, "In general, do you support or oppose the donation of organs and tissue for transplant?" 96 percent of Utahns say they support donation. So where are the other 26 percent that haven't signed up? Typically it is because of a myth or misconception about donation, and that brings us back to April being National Donate Life Month.
We want to help dispel those myths and misconceptions that keep people from saying "yes" to donation, even though they may support it because so many lives hang in the balance.
|Print Page


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Suspect is arrested in burglary of a Tucson home
TUCSON, Ariz. — Authorities say a man is in custody in connection with a burglary at a northwest side Tucson home.
Pima County Sheriff's officials say 24-year-old Michael Allen Frances is being held on suspicion of first-degree burglary.
Authorities say they found stolen electronics, jewelry and other items at the suspect's house.
Sheriff's deputies say a homeowner reported seeing a suspicious man walking down the street carrying bags.
The homeowner identified the bags as his property and followed the suspect before calling the Sheriff's Department.
Deputies took the man into custody and obtained a search warrant for his home, where they reportedly found stolen items from several burglaries.
Authorities didn't immediately know Friday if Frances had a lawyer yet.
Copyright 2012 The Associated Press.


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First they take Manhattan, and then they take the world?
Perhaps marking one of the most important milestones they've ever had, BlackBerry maker RIM held its long-anticipated BlackBerry Experience event today in Manhattan. As promised, the company unveiled its two newest BlackBerry phones, the BB10-powered Z10 and Q10 handsets.
But what's really got the mobile industry bubbling is the Z10, since it's the first ever BlackBerry phone without a physical QWERTY keyboard. "Gone is the impish keyboard, loved and loathed alike, to be replaced by the now ubiquitous display," writes the Huffington post, with one of their live bloggers at the event adding, "The handset looks impressive for the company's first major foray into the keyboard-less phone area."
After a few years lagging behind the likes of Android and Apple, BlackBerry 10 is being lauded as "RIM's latest, best comeback attempt," (BusinessWeek) and its star attraction is this glossy, sleek, new all touch phone. Oh, and by the way, it's not RIM anymore, it's just BlackBerry.
So, what, exactly was revealed today about the Z10, BlackBerry's great new hope?
For starters, its display has better resolution than that of the iPhone 5 (1280 x 768 vs. 1136 x 640.) Slim and sleek, it sports a 4.2" screen and boasts textured surface that's easy to grip feels good in hand.
And, as though to completely demolish the perception that BlackBerry's all about keypads and physical buttons, the new Z10 heavily stresses swiping rather than button pushing. You don't even have to push a button to turn it on, just swipe up!
But one of the best features of BB10, which applies to both the Z10 and QWERTY-touch Q10 phones, is the way it lets the user manage apps. All apps are integrated into the BlackBerry 10 "hub," so that app notifications and emails are easily accessed with a single swipe, even when another app is open. "You are only one swipe away from the heart of your activities," said CEO Thorsten Heins of this new innovation.
Already, the Z10 has been praised as "striking," "powerful," and "beautiful." And from what we've seen, we at Pure Mobile have to agree. Of course, the phone will only become available in the U.S. as of March. But if you're as excited as we are, hold tight, because we're already lining up accessories for BlackBerry Z10 in time for its release.


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Catawba's Keon Moore attempts a layup as Anderson's Brandon Young defends in the first half Wednesday. Anderson lost the game 83-85 on a layup at the buzzer.
Anderson University's Nick Trull celebrates after scoring in the first half against Catawba Wednesday. Trull scored his 1,000th career point in the game.
Catawba's Justin Huntley draws a charge from Anderson freshman guard Denzail Jones in the first half Wednesday.
Anderson's Kevis Cornwell scores on a layup as Catawba's Lee Martin defends in the first half Wednesday.
Anderson's Taylor Shuggart wins the jumpball against Catawba.
Catawba's Keon Moore drives to the basket as Anderson's Kevis Cornwell defends.
Catawba's Lee Martin grabs a rebound over Anderson's Taylor Shuggart.
An Anderson University cheerleader performs during a timeout.
Anderson's Nick Trull attempts a shot through a double team.
Catawba's Justin Huntley attempts a layup over Anderson's Trey Britton.
Anderson's Taylor Shuggart attempts a shot over Catawba's Keon Moore.
Catawba's Dominick Reid drives to the basket against Anderson.
Anderson's Kevis Cornwell attempts a layup.
Anderson's Trey Britton dunks the ball against Catawba.
Anderson's Nick Trull attempts a three-point shot against Catawba.
Anderson's Brandon Young steals the ball from Catawba's Dominick Reid.
Anderson's Kevis Cornwell leaves the game with an injury.
Anderson's Nick Trull celebrates a play against Catawba.
Anderson's Taylor Shuggart blocks a shot.
Anderson's Brandon Young attempts a shot as Catawba's Lee Martin defends.
Anderson's Nick Trull covers his face with his jersey after the Trojans fell to Catawba 85-83.
Anderson's Oskars Ernsteins reacts after the Trojans lost to Catawba.
Anderson's Brandon Young is consoled after the Trojans lost 85-83 to Catawba.
Anderson's Denzail Jones sits on the bench after the Trojans lost 85-83 to Catawba.


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Only Show: Dinner Packages
Willowbank Dinner and Maori Concert from Christchurch
Immerse yourself in the fascinating life of New Zealand and enjoy two of the most popular attractions in Christchurch! After a guided tour of the Willowbank ... Read more
Christchurch, New Zealand
Duration: 4 hours 30 minutes (approx.)
Only Show: Dinner Packages


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The Nature of Things | Season 2012-2013, Episode 7 | May 17, 2014 | 44:59
David Suzuki's Andean Adventure
In unexpected places, David Suzuki finds radical new ideas about energy, the environment, and doing things differently. Will they catch on? UPDATE: Unfortunately in August 2013, Ecuador cancelled the pioneering conservation plan that attempted to raise funds from the international community instead of drilling for oil in a pristine corner of the Yasuni national park. Drilling is set to commence in 2016.


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Grade Level: 6th – 8th grade
Subject Matter: Earth Science
National Standards: NS.5-8.1, NS.5-8.4
Rectangular aluminum trays, such as turkey roaster pans, one for each student or group of students.
32-quart rectangular plastic storage bins, one for each student or group of students.
Bag of sand, enough to fill each aluminum pan halfway.
Spray bottles, one for each student or group of students.
Plastic water jugs with spigot, one per student or group of students.
Wooden blocks, 4 – 6 for each student or group of students.
Notebooks or science journals, one per student.
River source: the beginning of a river, also called the headwaters.
River mouth: the place where a river flows into a larger body of water, such as another river, a lake, or an ocean.
Upstream: in or toward the source of a river.
Downstream: toward or nearer the mouth of a river.
Tributary: a smaller stream or river that joins a larger stream or main river.
Meander: a loop or bend in a river.
Erosion: the gradual wearing away of land surface materials, especially rocks, sediments, and soils, by the action of water, wind, or a glacier.
Deposition: the accumulation of natural materials by a gradual process.
Prep: Use scissors to cut a hole close to the rim on the short side of each rectangular aluminum tray.
1. Start the lesson by having students watch the Science Friday video, "Recipe For A River." Ask students to name any rivers that they know in the United States or elsewhere in the world. Write the names of the rivers on the board. What are some similarities or differences between these rivers? For example, do they all flow from north to south? Display topographical images of these rivers and have students discuss how each one is similar or different. Tell students that they will create their own small-scale rivers using a stream table.
2. Hand out one aluminum tray, one plastic storage bin, and a few wooden blocks per student or group. Tell students that each aluminum tray will be their stream table. The wooden blocks will be used to prop the stream table up to form an incline, and the plastic storage bin will be placed under the hole in the aluminum tray to catch any runoff water.
3. Have students pour sand evenly into each tray until it is filled halfway. Spray the sand with water and stir the sand around until it is evenly moistened. This will help hold the sand inside the aluminum tray when it is propped on an incline.
4. Have students place the water jug on the side of the aluminum tray opposite the runoff hole. Students may have to prop the water jug on blocks as well, in order to make sure the spigot reaches the inside of the aluminum tray.
5. Tell students that they will perform an experiment to model and compare differences between river formation on a flat but inclined terrain, and river formation on a landscape with hills and valleys. During each activity, have students record their observations in their science journals, and create a final sketch of the resulting river.
Activity 1 – Flat, Inclined Terrain Model
1. Have students smooth and flatten the surface of the sand and then place one or two wooden blocks under one side of the tray to create a slightly inclined plane. Students may have to adjust the position of the water jug so that the water will pour in directly from the top of the inclined tray.
2. Ask students to predict what will happen when the water is turned on. Have students turn on the water so that it pours in a steady, moderate stream.
3. Have students record their observations in 10-minute intervals for about 20 – 30 minutes. Students should include sketches at each interval.
4. Turn the water off after 20 - 30 minutes. Have students discuss the similarities or differences between each of their models. What were their observations? Did each model have the same result? How did the landscape influence the course of the river?
5. Have students empty the water from the plastic bin and refill the water jug to prepare for the next experiment.
Activity 2 – Hills and Valleys Landscape Model
1. Have students remold the sand in the tray to create a surface with several hills and valleys.
2. Ask students to predict what they think will happen in this scenario. Will the same river formation happen? Have students turn on the water so that it pours in a steady, moderate stream.
3. Have students record their observations in 10-minute intervals for about 20 – 30 minutes. Students should include sketches at each interval.
4. Turn the water off after 20 - 30 minutes. Have students discuss the similarities or differences between each of their models. Did each model have the same result? How did each landscape influence the course of the river? How were the results different or the same, compared to the flat and inclined model?
If you've been in mountains and seen a spectacular waterfall, you probably were looking at the beginning of a river. Most rivers begin on top of mountains where water from rain or melting snow collects. Under the influence of gravity, this water flows downhill to form brooks, streams or rivers. As the stream or river flows downhill, it can change the landscape by eroding rocks and depositing sediments.
- The speed of the water flowing downhill will be affected by the degree of incline, and any structures or topographical features in its path.
- The faster the water flows, the more erosion occurs.
- Water flowing downhill moves and deposits sand at the bottom of the river. The faster the water flows, the more sand will be deposited at the bottom. A delta at the mouth of a river forms in the same way.
- How would the river formation be affected if the water continued to flow for one hour, two hours or three hours?
- How would the river formation or pattern be affected if the sand were replaced with soil?
- How can the stream table be used to simulate a landslide? What variables could be changed to induce a landslide?
- What are some kinds of man-made structures or human activities that can affect a river system? Can students name American rivers that are being affected in these ways?
- Can students name an important American river that does not originate in mountains?
Extend the activity by changing some of the variables to observe how it affects the river's path and speed, or the erosion and deposition of sand. Students can create their own variables to test or try one of the following:
- Place other objects in the sand, such as small pebbles, stones or small plastic houses or trees.
- Build a dam in the middle the river.
- Place two or three water jugs next to each other and turn all spigots on at the same time.
- Mold the sand into a valley. Compare the differences when the water flows directly down the middle, to what happens when the water flows from the inclined section of the valley (the long side of the tray).