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- Organization
- Leadership
- Reports
Dear Madam or Sir,
I am a veteran who served on active duty from 23 March, 1976 to 22 March, 1980. This does not place me in one of the wartime periods that would qualify me for membership in The American Legion. I can see where "wartime" service would be relevant for membership in service organizations such as the VFW or the DAV, but why do my dates of service disqualify me for Legion membership?
Needless to say, this policy makes me and others feel as if our service to the country is not recognized and we are relegated to "non-veteran" status. This disappoints me for, as we all know, once you enter the U.S. military you are signing over your life to service anywhere and anytime you are needed.
As a side note: to say there was no military activity worthy of Legion membership during my active duty time is ridiculous. This was the time of the Iranian hostage crisis and the failed "Operation Eagle Claw" attempt to free the hostages. In addition, my entire squadron was deployed to South Korea as a result of a DMZ incident with North Korea. Peace time? I think not!
It is surprising that I qualify for veteran preference status on federal and state job applications but am not recognized by an organization that professes to be an advocate for veterans. I am in a time of my life and career where I would like to be of service to The American Legion but I refuse to be an auxiliary member with no veteran status.
I guess that "veteran status" is awarded to only "real" U.S. veterans.
Thank you,
Rick R.
Post Falls, Idaho
Dear Rick.
According to the Legion charter, dating back to 1919 and authorized by Congress, The American Legion is a veterans' service organization whose membership comprises "wartime veterans".
However, The American Legion has no control over what is actually considered wartime service. That is determined solely by Congress.
With regard to your closing comment, this sentiment has been advanced by others, as well. This gives me the opportunity to expound a bit about "veteran status" as we view it, even though my presentation does not relate directly to your original question. At least you will know where The American Legion's "heart" is even if Congress controls our membership policy.
Legion leadership recently adopted resolution calling for expansion of the definition of "veteran status" with regard to members of the National Guard and Reserve components: archive.legion.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/2482/2013S010.pdf?sequence=1
The Legion also supports a bill introduced on Capitol Hill by Rep. Tim Walz, a longtime military veteran himself. Walz's proposed legislation, H.R. 679, is called the "Honor Amercia's Guard-Reserve Retirees Act." It falls in line with our rsolution. The text of the bill can be read here: www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr679
My point is, to us a "veteran is a veteran is a veteran." The mandated "180 days of active duty service" qualifier is only with regard to the award of benefits. It does not define who is or who is not a veteran of military service. This point confuses some people, however. For instance, I have heard veterans claim, "You're not a veteran in the view of the government even if you serve 30 years as a drilling reservist or Guardsman and retire." Well, that is simply incorrect. Consider the Webster's Dictionary definition of the word "veteran" as it relates to military service. Webster's says a veteran is "a former member of the armed forces." As far as we are concerned, that's it. In effect, the U.S. government, Congress aside, concurs.
To prove that point, let's talk about the award of benefits. As you mention, Rick, your service, while not considered "wartime service" by Congress, still qualifies you for veteran preference and hiring status in the federal government. And, as far as military and veteran honors are concerned, the law allows military veterans in civilian clothes to salute the U.S. flag while it is being raised or lowered. That law does not apply only to certain former members of the armed forces, but by its lack of restrictive language, ALL former members of the armed forces. Again, "a veteran is a veteran is a veteran".
While your remarks did not specifically call for this lengthy and a bit off-topic response, Rick, I thought it was important to let you and all "real" veterans know what we believe it means to have earned the distinguished title of Veteran. You have certainly earned it, Rick.
Be proud to be a veteran and walk tall. It's a distinction than can never be taken away from you and Veterans day is our day to be reminded that at least we were willing to serve our country. I am a Vietnam Veteran and I missed the cut-off date by 21 days, I was not eligible for medical benefits or educational benefits and very discouraged. However, in 1969 they reinstated the education benefits, and although older I enrolled at a University and earned my BA and MPA. I got accepted into their doctoral program but ran out of benefits. In the late 70's I was instrumental in getting legislation to give all veterans a tax exemption and changing the date of eligibility to correspond with the federal legislation. Only veterans born in that state and that served within their own establish dates of eligibility were eligible for tax exemption. It past successfully and helped many veterans within their dates of eligibility. Somehow my intent of having the state's date of eligibility correspond with the federal dates got left out in the legislative process. Whether it was deliberate or unintentional I will never know. It took another 10 years before we were able to pass legislation that enabled me to become eligible to get a tax exemption. It was also during this period that Congress expand the Vietnam conflict to the Vietnam Era and I was eligible to join the American Legion. That's 24 years before a became a Legionnaire. The point is that we cannot stop until we get all veterans to become eligible to join the American Legion. We need to change the wartime mentality and realize that as long as we need to maintain a defense, a military all veterans should become eligible. It should not matter in what capacity we served our country or what period we were willing to serve. That is true Americanism. The leadership in the American Legion has to be willing to make changes to eliminate discrimination against veterans. Hang in there and I hope one day you can join this fine organization...Don't feel to badly some friends don't think I am a veteran because I did not carry a rifle. So be it, my MOS was just as important, and I know I served and I am proud that I did and I glad I could.
I served in in the Regular Air Force from 1969 to 1973 then in the Air National Guard from 1973 to 2005.I am a Life Member of the American Legion and the VFW.
I have heard all of the excuses about how the American Legion is the only true War Era Veteran's Organization in the World and how it would lose it's CLOUT with Congress if the war Era dates were opened up.
Expanding these dates gets brought up almost every year at National American Legion Convention and is never approved.
The VFW has opened the dates up to all Korean War Veterans. I see nothing wrong with that. I also see nothing wrong with Congress recognizing the entire COLD WAR as an ERA that makes any Veteran eligible for American Legion Membership Eligibility.
Here's what I do have a problem with -
I am the Membership Chair at my Legion Post. I am the one that has to tell my fellow Veterans that their Honorable Service does not meet War Era Criteria and that they are not welcome in my Post.
HOWEVER The American Legion recognizes an organization that that have NEVER served a single day of Military Service. Every day these people enter our Posts as bonifide members. They use our Lounge and our facilities and have all of the Privileges that our Legionnaires have. Yes I am talking about the Sons of the American Legion. Most of these men have never seen a day of Military Service. They are there in our Posts because of their fathers or grandfathers. They pay the same price for their drinks that Legionnaires do and if you look at the American Legion discount Benefits package for the Legionnaires and the Sons they are Identical. In most Legion Posts the SONS DUES are considerably less than Legionnaire dues. Some Sons dues are 1/2 of what the Legionnaires pay. I don't understand that one? Theirs should be at least equal to or MORE than ours. for the Most part the SONS are not boys under 21 years of age. They are MEN that are looking for a Place the HANG OUT. There are not many Juniors in that organization.
I think that the American Legion and Congress should address the resolutions that would recognize at least the Cold War Vets so that we can welcome them to our Posts.
Come on!!!!!!!!!!!!
The National Guard needs just one day of eligibility but a Veteran that served 5 years missed the dates!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Are you Kidding?
Let's get the Cold War Guys on Board.
You hit the nail right on the head.That`s why I never joined the VFW or American Legion they pick who they want. These Cold War Vets were ready to put themselves in harms way for America and this is what they get for it NOTHING.Sham on these organizations for not nonrecognition of them .
Rick R. - this does not prevent you from contacting your House and Senate representatives and ask them to sponsor a Bill to change the Charter of The American Legion. I'm sure you would get a great many supporters.
Have you checked into the Korean Service Medal? The following was released by the DoD in February 2004.
""""""The Defense Department announced today the creation of theKorean Defense Service Medal (KDSM). The KDSM is a service medal to give special recognition for the sacrifices and contributions made by members of the U.S. armed forces who have served or are serving in the Republic of Korea.
Public Law 107-314 legislated the creation of a new medal to recognize military service in the Republic of Korea and the surrounding waters.
Members of the armed forces authorized the KDSM must have served in support of the defense of the Republic of Korea. The area of eligibility encompasses all land area of the Republic of Korea, and the contiguous water out to 12 nautical miles, and all air spaces above the land and water areas.
The KDSM period of eligibility is July 28, 1954, to a future date to be determined by the secretary of defense.
Servicemembers must have been assigned, attached, or mobilized to units operating in the area of eligibility and have been physically deployed in the area of eligibility for 30 consecutive or 60 non-consecutive days or meet one of the following criteria:
Be engaged in actual combat during an armed engagement, regardless of the time in the area of eligibility.
Is wounded or injured in the line of duty and requires medical evacuation from the area of eligibility.
While participating as a regularly assigned air crewmember flying sorties into, out of, within, or over the area of eligibility in support of military operations. Each day that one or more sorties are flown in accordance with these criteria shall count as one day toward the 30 or 60-day requirement.
Personnel who serve in operations and exercises conducted in the area of eligibility are considered eligible for the award as long as the basic time criteria is met. Due to the extensive time period for KDSM eligibility, the nonconsecutive service period for eligibility remains cumulative throughout the entire period.
The KDSM may be awarded posthumously, and only one award of the KDSM is authorized for any individual.
Each military department will prescribe appropriate regulations for administrative processing, awarding and wearing of the KDSM and ribbon for their servicemembers, to include application procedures for veterans, retirees, and next-of-kin.
More than 40,000 members of the U.S. armed forces have served in the Republic of Korea or the waters adjacent thereto each year since the signing of the cease-fire agreement in July 1953, which established the Demilitarized Zone. For more than 50 years, U.S. Armed Forces efforts to deter and defend the Korean Peninsula have helped maintain democracy and preserve the indomitable spirit of freedom."""""""
If you have received a campaign medal for overseas service; have served 30 consecutive or 60 non-consecutive days in Korea; or have ever received hostile fire or imminent danger pay, then you're eligible to join the ranks of the VFW.
Maybe congress should review the criteria that makes someone eligible for the VFW but not the American Legion!! Sorry this is so long
If you were a member of the armed forces at any time from the Japanese surrender in 1945 'til the breakup of the USSR, you were part of the cold war. You were at risk of being involved in active combat everyday you served. Why should you be denied membership?
ELIGIBILITY DATES - A member or a former member the United States Armed Forces must have one day of Federal Active Duty within these dates to be allowed to join the American Legion. "Tweeners" are not eligible. Honorable conditions do apply.
WORLD WAR I APRIL 6, 1917 to
WORLD WAR II DECEMBER 7, 1941 to
U.S. MERCHANT DECEMBER 7, 1941 to
MARINES in WWII* AUGUST 15, 1945
KOREAN WAR JUNE 25, 1950 to
VIETNAM WAR FEBRUARY 28, 1961 to
LEBANON & AUGUST 24, 1982 to
PANAMA WAR DECEMBER 20, 1989 to
WAR ON TERRORISM Cessation of hostilities as determined by US Government
*Merchant Marines eligible only if attached for active duty service with the Coast Guard, Army or Navy during dates indicated.
Here is what I would do considering that these post are all dying off. Make ALL COLD WAR VETERANS eligible for American Legion and the VFW. Regardless of deployed status or not. It's crazy. They can have their own "COMBAT CLUB" within their post. For now, support all organizations and keep them alive. It's time to "GROW UP" American Legion and VFW.
Not all squadrons of the s.a.l.s are like those described above. They are supportive of all legion programs. The group at my post takes motorized wheel chairs that are donated and refurbishes them. They are then loaned out to any needy vet at no cost. They have about 50 of them out there with another 20 or so in reserve or being worked on to be lent. They raise there own funds for this project and the post gets the credit. They also arrange for approximately 2,000,000 lbs. of food donations each year. I am proud to also be life member of them . Not all are there to take advantage of the legion.
As it is now the dates for vietnam service is 1964 to 1975. If you were in country the start date is 1961. You show the 1961 date for eligibility in the AL. Please explain. Also is there any legislation to make te 1961 date all inclusive?
I was reading on the above article about The American Legion recently enacting a resolution for granting Reservist veteran status. I am in this boat. I am also a American Legion qualified, 1982-83 active duty dates during Beirut dates of eligibility.
I can't express how many times I have looked at my honorable discharge only to feel that I never served. Or is it that the Veterans Administration had made me feel this way for years? I could never understand why reservist not called to active duty were never classified as veterans. Especially for benefits purposes. I always thought when I joined, that you sign a contract, you fulfill the contract and when you get your honorable discharge, you are an automatic veteran. As a reservist with an honorable discharge, I am not entitled for...
A VA Home Loan
Burial in a VA cemetery
No job placement nor assistance
No educational benefits
No VA healthcare benefits
It is as though I have never served in the military. What is the motivation aside having signed a contract to continue going to "Drill" weekends, when my honorable discharge is just as worthless as a "LESSER" kind of discharge? All based on active duty requirements. I feel robbed. Grant it, I signed the contract, but I was young and dumb, probably didn't know what I was getting into. Must I/We pay for the rest of our lives with zero veteran status.
I doubt this resolution will ever be taken at face value. I will die before any of this ever comes to light. I am sure someone coming from Iraq/Afghanistan could care less about my status, however, I was in the Persian Gulf as a civilian working on a military contract when they were wearing diapers. Again, been out since 1985, still disgruntled after 30 years of having "Whale shit" status. I've even looked at trying to gain status for military contract performed during Persian Gulf, but would need a lot more proof and testimony, virtually impossible to do and no support. (A lot of WWII civilians got granted VA status including Merchant Marines that weren't even in the military.)
I really do thank the American Legion for trying to provide veteran status for reservist. I can't believe I read this. I often wonder how many guys in my boat feel this way or am I the only one. It's embarrassing to bring up because, I am ashamed to even mention I was a reservist because of its non-veteran status when I know deep in my heart I really am a veteran.
I have a person tell me he signed up for national guard 1962 spent 30 days in boot camp was honorably discharged according to his dd214
he is now a legion member how is that possible
Rick - I served in the USAF 76 to 80 and feel exactly the same as you. My time in the service changed my life and gave me the opportunity to pursue and obtain a college education. I am extremely proud of my time served and only wish congress felt the same.
Although I am a Legion member, it is a shame that any man or woman who raised their hand and swore to defend their country is not entitled to be a member of the Legion. Just because there was not a hostile action going on at the time is not a defense to deny joining.
Those are eligibility date's, period! and can't never be change. It is what it its.
Those are eligibility date's, period! and can't never be change. It is what it its.
Congress can bite me!
I served USMC (78-82, 82-84) 4 years active with a 2 year reserve obligation inactive, I was part of battle staff involved with planning of operation Eagle claw, you might have seen the movie, yet i am not worthy of membership to join a veteran organization, during this time period we were on alert a few times for or county, I just can't understand why you go by DD214 and not by date on discharge? I guess nobody should sign up during peace time for you will be shund. if there is any justice please change this injustice.
Served ~ Decorated & Honored Iranian Hostage Crisis Disabled Veteran. U.S. NAVY EXPEDITIONARY MEDAL. Holly Brown Temple Terrace Florida.
Rick, 30 consecutive or 6 non-consecutive days in Korea, qualifies you for the Veterans of Foreign Wars.
The VFW is the only VSO that recognizes those veterans who served in Korea, especially for those that served time on the DMZ!
I to served in "peace time" I too was put on alert many times, during the Iran hostage situation! But because none of the thousands of men and women that served during so called "peace time" died in action we are shunned from ever participating in the American Legion Organization! But I know of three men that belong to a local American Legion that NEVER SERVED, are convicted FELONS and are able to hold an office within the American Legion! Yes we are NEGLECTED and it does bother me A LOT! Especially when the American Legion has the NERVE to ask us to SUPPORT them in their benefit drives! Such as motorcycle poker run rides, Bingo, festivals, Antique car shows, Parades, and other endeavors! REALLY! Don't they remember WE ARE NOT VETERANS! In the eye's of the American Legion! So what they are saying is our time and efforts and money are good only when it benefits the American Legion! GUESS WHAT! If the American Legion wants my support and the support of the tens of thousands of other so called "NON QUALIFIED VETERANS" they better go to bat for us and get the rules changed! The American Legion has the power and clout as an organization to get the rules changed! They REFUSE to go to bat for us because all they want is our MONEY for the so called REAL MEMBERS! That's why myself and believe me PLENTY of other HONORABLY discharged VETERANS will NEVER SUPPORT ANY AMERICAN LEGION POST! If my time and money aren't good enough to qualify me as a member than it isn't good enough to support them in any manner! As an example I will tell you I went to a local American Legion Post with a QUALIFIED Veteran and was told I had to leave because I was not a member! REALLY I was told this by the FELON! He never served a day as an active service member in his life! But yet REAL VETERANS are thrown out! So I could care less if the American Legions all close up, they claim to be an organization to HELP Veterans when in reality they only help so called QUALIFIED VETERANS! Very sorry organization that can't help ALL VETERANS only the ones they pick and choose! It's not only the AMERICAN LEGION that shuns the so called "peace Time" Veteran the VETERANS ADMINISTRATION does too! I have been told more than once my time as a Marine doesn't qualify me for anything but a 1 time VA loan! When I was sworn in and VETERAN BENFITS explained to me they never told us that! We received NO EDUCATION ASSISTANCE, no MEDICAL BENIFITS, nothing not even inclusion in the AMERICAN LEGION! What is so AMERICAN about that?
I have been asked by my friends who are in the American Legion and VFW to join and I remind them that this is a congressional act that set the dates of war times. I will never dis-respect the official American Legion or VFW members by filling out a fraudulent application. I understand that these great organizations need more members, but until the laws are changed to include Cold War or others that do not meet the rules, I will remain as is and always salute American Legion and VFW persons. God Bless America.
I do not disrespect this GREAT country, I Honor all that have served, continue to serve and that will ever serve for the rights and freedoms that the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA provides for us. But my point is, we that served as a totally volunteer service member get ZERO recognition! All because some misinformed lame career politician that likely never stepped foot in a military boot camp can come up with some cockamamie rule that disallows HONORABLY DISCHARGED AMERICAN VETERANS from ever joining or receiving any recognition that he or she ever served this GREAT COUNTRY! But while they disallow us VETERANS from joining any organization VETERAN related, people that say their Father or Grand Father served can join and hold offices is just a plain travesty! I am VERY PROUD of my service time and have zero regrets for VOLENTEERING! I just wish our LAME CONGRESS and UNINFORMED politicians could see the errors of their ways! There are probably tens of thousands of VETERANS that in the eyes of the VETERANS ADMINESTRATION and other organizations are just not TRUE VETERANS being shunned and shut out! DAV I get I am not disabled, VFW I get I was never in a war over seas, Vietnam Veterans Association I get I was never in Vietnam, but the AMERICAN LEGION? Just what authority can they have to tell me I am not a VETERAN!?
So I can not and will not support any organization that can not and will not support me!
Hi, Joe! I appreciate your point-of-view! I believe that it has significant merit. Thx for sharing. Best Regards! DJS.
We need to start shooting out SNAIL MAIL and Emails regarding getting Legislation updated with eligibility requirements. IF YOU SERVED HONORABLY THEN YOU ARE A VETERAN OF SERVICE.


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UPDATE: The Rangers have confirmed the signing of Thomas. He can play up to nine games with the Blueshirts next season before he loses junior eligibility. Here are the contract details.
YESTERDAY: Sportsnet's Nick Kypreos just tweeted, "Look for the #Rangers to
announce 2nd round pick Christian Thomas has signed a 3 year entry level
No official word from the team yet, but it's probably only a
matter of time.
This offseason the Rangers have signed prospects Carl Hagelin, Roman
Horak, Dylan McIlrath, Jason Wilson, and Ryan Bourque.
Thomas, 18, tallied 54 goals and 44 assists in 66 games for the Oshawa Generals this season. He followed that up with nine goals and 10 assists in 10 playoff games. He scored 41 goals and 25 assists in 64 games last year.
Thomas was the Rangers' second-round pick, No. 40 overall, in the 2010 Draft. The big knock on Thomas is his size, but at least at the OHL level his offensive ability seems to be more than enough to compensate for his diminuitive 5-9, 165 lb frame.
The Rangers face an interesting situation with Thomas
because he can only play in the OHL or the NHL, with no in-between. Thomas has little left to prove in the OHL, as he's already among the most prolific scorers in the league. However, it's impossible to say right now if
he's ready to join the Blueshirts.
The best guess is that he'll get a long look during training
camp and the preseason to see if Thomas is ready to be a pro. If Thomas does make the team, he will likely do so in a top-six role. He is a pure offensive player and dropping him to a lower line wouldn't make sense for Thomas or the Rangers. If New York decides he's not yet ready for that responsiblity, he will likely be returned to the OHL.
- Thanks in no small part to Thomas, the Rangers have the
seventh best prospect group in hockey, according to Hockey's Future. HF views Thomas as the team's third best
prospect behind Chris Kreider and Ryan McDonagh, and followed by Evgeny Grachev
and Mats Zuccarello.
- One more note on Jarkko Immonen, who has apparently drawn
the Rangers interest thanks to a strong showing at the World
Championships. NHL.com reports that
Immonen re-signed with his KHL team earlier in May. Hard to tell if that's true, but it obviously
complicates things.
- Here's today's draft profile of Mika Zibanejad.


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On Oct. 19-21, the National Confectionery Sales Association held its 113th annual Candy Hall of Fame induction weekend in Tampa, Fla. Induction into the Candy Hall of Fame is a huge honor for candy industry professionals, much like induction into a sports-related hall of fame. This year, Candy.com was lucky enough to attend!
Nominated by their peers, Candy Hall of Fame members come from all walks of the candy industry: brokers, sales personnel, manufacturers, retail buyers, wholesalers, industry suppliers, retail confectioners, and others allied to the industry.
It's pretty spectacular to sit amongst leaders of major candy companies like Jelly Belly, Ghirardelli, Mars, Hershey's, Atkinson Candy, Necco, Goetze's, Just Born, Brown & Haley, Ferrara Pan, Ferrero, Haribo, Promotion in Motion, Spangler, Smarties, etc.
The generations of candy history that is shared over the weekend is mind-blowing, as is the genuine collaboration between companies and competitors for the good of the industry.
2012 Candy Hall of Fame Inductees
This year, 12 confectionery professional were inducted into the NCSA's Candy Hall of Fame, including (Standing from left in photo above) Fernando F. Pujals, Fernando C. Pujals & Bros., Inc.; A. Robert Fortunato, Sledd Co.; David G. Onorato, The Hershey Co.; P. Timothy Quinn, Mars Chocolate North America; Paul D. Minger, Walgreen Co.; Philip J. Shankman, Shankman & Assoc., Inc.; Pierson Bob Clair III, Brown & Haley. Seated from left: Anthony M. Rufrano, Maxim Manufacturing & Marketing; James S. Bourne, Hilliard's Chocolate System; Judith K. Cooley, The Hershey Co.; James M. Finelli, The Promotion In Motion Cos., Inc.; and John H. Pola, Jelly Belly Candy Co.
Also during this weekend event, top confectionery and snack product introductions in six categories, were honored. Product nominations across six categories came from candy and snack buyers, brokers and suppliers, and were narrowed down to 30 items by a panel of industry experts. Each nominated product offers significant innovation and/or sales potential to the candy and snack categories.
The winners in each of the six categories were:
1. Chocolate: – Air Delight Kisses and Bars, The Hershey Company
2. Licensed/Limited Edition: Crunch Girl Scouts Line, Nestle USA, Inc.
3. Non-Chocolate: Jolly Rancher Crunch 'N Chew, The Hershey Company
4. Snacks: Brownie Brittle, Sheila G Brands, LLC
5. Premium/Gourmet: Dark Roca, Brown & Haley
6. Seasonal: M&M's White Chocolate Candy Corn, Mars Chocolate North America
Congratulations to the Class of 2012 and to the new product winners. Special thanks to the NCSA and its executive directors, Steve Forester and Teresa Tarantino, for hosting this special event. We had a ball!
Here are a few shots of the celebration …
The "After Hours" party on Sat. Oct. 20 was sponsored by The Hershey Company. Chocolate was plentiful!
Lunch on Clearwater Beach with wonderful candy industry friends (from left) Hans Becher, Ferrara Candy Co., Inc.; Mark Lozano, TNA North America; Jen Harmon; Sheryl Godwin, Godwin Associates; Gloria Becher, Bobbie McMichael; Joe Melville, Candy.com; Wayne Godwin, Godwin Associates; and Eric Atkinson, Atkinson Candy Company.


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28 U.S. Code § 2639 - Burden of proof; evidence of value
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, in any civil action commenced in the Court of International Trade under section 515, 516, or 516A of the Tariff Act of 1930, the decision of the Secretary of the Treasury, the administering authority, or the International Trade Commission is presumed to be correct. The burden of proving otherwise shall rest upon the party challenging such decision.
(2) The provisions of paragraph (1) of this subsection shall not apply to any civil action commenced in the Court of International Trade under section 1582 of this title.
(b) In any civil action described in section 1581 (h) of this title, the person commencing the action shall have the burden of making the demonstration required by such section by clear and convincing evidence.
(c) Where the value of merchandise or any of its components is in issue in any civil action in the Court of International Trade—
(1) reports or depositions of consuls, customs officers, and other officers of the United States, and depositions and affidavits of other persons whose attendance cannot reasonably be had, may be admitted into evidence when served upon the opposing party as prescribed by the rules of the court; and
Source(Added Pub. L. 96–417, title III, § 301,Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1736.)
References in Text
Sections 515, 516, and 516A of the Tariff Act of 1930, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), are classified to sections 1515, 1516, and 1516a, respectively, of Title 19, Customs Duties.
Prior Provisions
A prior section 2639, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 982; June 2, 1970, Pub. L. 91–271, title I, § 120, 84 Stat. 281, provided for retrial or rehearing, prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 96–417. See section 2646 of this title.
Effective Date
Subsec. (a)(2) of this section applicable with respect to civil actions commenced on or after the 90th day after Nov. 1, 1980, see section 701(c)(1)(A) ofPub. L. 96–417, set out as an Effective Date of 1980 Amendment note under section 251 of this title.
Subsec. (b) of this section applicable with respect to civil actions commenced on or after Nov. 1, 1980, see section 701(b)(1)(B) ofPub. L. 96–417.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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Huntsman to reposition surfactants business in Europe, 250 jobs potentially affected
October 1, 2013 | Michael Ravenscroft
Huntsman says that is plans to refocus its surfactants business in Europe. The company plans to move away from various surfactants assets that have become commoditized and will focus on developing its differentiated surfactants business in markets that are strategic to Huntsman. About 250 positions in the performance products division could potentially be affected by these changes during the next 18 months, Huntsman says. The company says that it expects the annual Ebitda benefit of the changes will be approximately $20 million. Relevant authorities and social...
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Century of the Child: Growing by Design, 1900–2000
Elisabeth Bardt-Pellerin
Thursday, October 25, 2012, 11:30 a.m.
The Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Atrium, second floor
Related Publications
Samuil Marshak and Vladimir Lebedev
Century of the Child: Growing by Design, 1900-2000
Juliet Kinchin and Aidan O'Connor
More info at MoMAstore.org »
Add Hardcover to cart ($45.00 / $40.50 Members) »
In conjunction with the exhibition Century of the Child: Growing by Design, 1900–2000
Sign language–interpreted Gallery Conversations are held every fourth Sunday of the month at 1:30 p.m. FM headsets for sound amplification are available for all talks. Gallery Conversations are free with Museum admission. No registration is required; however, we suggest arriving 10 minutes prior to the start of a talk, as groups are limited to 25.


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I wanted to relay some interesting observations I had over the last 16 days on the JMT, with "traditional" hiking folks; ie bigger or more traditional packs etc. I was really surprised with the lack of what I considered to be readily available "knowledge" about hiking lighter. I (we) were asked repeatedly about how light our packs were, and I believe it was just because we looked so comfortable on the trail, and because our packs barely reached our shoulders. On a regular basis, I heard " I have to go lighter, I just can't do this anymore", and other comments that were a direct reflection on the impact of weight on their bodies. I spent most of my explaining not on specific gear info, but on the broader theory of using systems and techniques. I pointed out repeatedly that there were items that they had doubled up on, or even tripled up on. Multiple pairs of shoes, cups, bowls, coats, clothing, etc. Really surprised me just what folks were bringing with them. Cooking systems were a big item as most folks truly bring it all, and "the kitchen sink"... I also was surprised at the lack of confidence in themselves as hikers. It was like they were afraid to really trust themselves to going out there without their percieved life lines!My sons pack sizeMy pack sizeFor reference, when we left MTR with out biggest re-supply, 6-7 days of food/fuel. Our trail weights were 23#, and 28# for us respectivley. With 2 liters each of water!I did see a lot of UL packs, but they seemed to be being used with traditional gear. So is anyone else having these kinds of conversations on the trail these days? I'd be interested to hear what you are experiencing....
Edited by idahosteve on 07/25/2013 19:41:40 MDT.
"Are you fellas out on a day hike?""No...""But you're carrying day packs."Lately I have been using my old jansport school backpack for low elevation summer hiking. All I really need is my summerlite, sleeping pad, windshirt, food, water, and that's it. My ohm is way too big for that. I'm sure I would get some weird looks carrying that pack 20 miles from the trail head.
Steve,I've had those conversations as well. I've done "on trail show and tell". I've given away my email address to dozens of folks who were interested in a smaller, lighter kit. In the past 5 years NO ONE has every emailed me for information.go figure...
I've had these conversations with traditional gear hikers for several years now. I just tell them to look up ultralight backpacking on the web. I do have to admit I love it when someone asks me where I day hiked and I can tell them I've been out a week.
Maybe you'll get some converts! :)My pack is standard size but (with bear can and all consumables, water etc) 28#. But people can't tell looking at the size of my pack how light it is. Sometimes I regret that. Hard to get converts unless I have them pick my pack up.
A couple years ago I did a section hike on the JMT and my experience was similar to yours. My pack wasn't even quite as small as yours. It was like everybody I met apologized to me for carrying so much stuff. Or else they would just tell me, unbidden, that they were purposefully going slow to enjoy it more out there, as if to say to me that my light load meant I was going too fast to enjoy the scenery. At least I could look somewhere other than down while I walked.I couldn't believe how much stuff people had. I saw quite often some people had huge backpacks with a second large, fully stuffed day pack strapped on top. They staggered and were clearly suffering under their loads, rest-stepping even on level parts of the trail.I spent a long time today talking to a local retailer. He says he can't sell the ultralight stuff because people will either hurt themselves, use it wrong and break it, or all the above plus the small companies tend to go out of business too often to carry their products. Furthermore, he believes that the only people out backpacking anymore are old. Young people are no longer being taught or are no longer interested.As long as it's too hard to get ultralight gear, and as long as the big manufacturers make their things lighter than whatever someone has somewhere in their garage (but still not that light) and use keywords like "ultralight" in their marketing, few will ever experience hiking light. It really takes word-of-mouth by people like us. We should all share our knowledge when we can, when it seems like someone is interested.
"As long as it's too hard to get ultralight gear.."It doesn't have to be - Experiential Learning in the Heart of Utah
The important question is, what pencil did they bring?
I have sort of given up trying to help people out by disseminating information.Im not sure why, but they will listen, agree, then go right back to their old ways.I assume they are afraid to buck the mainstream brainwashing that has been done to them.Deep down, they think something bad will happen if they dont bring everything they can.They usually end up defensive anyway, its like admitting they are ignorant or are doing it wrong.Im quick to point out there is no right and wrong, only different ways to accomplish the same thing.The more you make it seem like they missed readily available information, the more defensive they get about their heavy gear.Now if they ask, I answer questions. Thats about it.
Edited by livingontheroad on 08/04/2013 18:57:04 MDT.
Neither my boyfriend nor I are truly ultralight, but we get this all the time when we're out. We still regret to this day not having a trailside "what's in your pack" show-and-tell with one fellow who had stopped to take his pack off. It was damn near as tall as I am sitting on the ground. We were in a highly popular area on the Wonderland Trail, and he thought we were out for a day hike. He was shocked to hear we'd been out for 5 days already, and had another 4 to go, all with packs half the size of his. What the hell did he have, a circus tent?
I don't understand the evangelical approach and need to convert people to lightweight backpacking. I don't understand why people try to talk others into backpacking at all. There are already too many people on the trails and in the backcountry.
"There are already too many people on the trails and in the backcountry."Hike off trail. Problem solved. Even in some areas that get bombarded with casual backpackers, you can walk off trail and never see anyone (or any traces of people). A good example of this is Big Sur.
those people are out there doing what they love doing ...thats what matters;)
"I don't understand why people try to talk others into backpacking at all."If there are few backpackers then no one will know about the wilderness so it will be "harvested"If there are more backpackers then wilderness will be more likely to be preserved.
Interesting thread. I think that retailers are the biggest problem of people taking way too much on the trail. I love my beloved REI but they drive me crazy. Everytime I go in there I overhear one of their folks trying to convince someone to buy heavy leather boots and massive packs. I swear their advise is straight out of the '70's. I went in to specifically buy a 33 litre pack for a Kilimanjaro climb (we have to use guides that carry the tents and bags so I don't need much) and the guy said that I had to get one over 40 litres. I asked him why and he said 'that's what I tell everyone'. Hmmmm, who is doing the training there?
"I think that retailers are the biggest problem of people taking way too much on the trail."Hmm... of course retailers try to sell stuff, that is how they make money. I learned a long, long, long time ago not to trust salespeople.
I kind of get the op's sentiment. I don't usually try to give people impromptu advice but i feel awful when i see older folks with expedition packs suffering. I'm more surprised how out of shape some people are on the trail. I find getting in shape for hiking makes more sense than hiking to get in shape.I'm not ul, just barely lightweight really. I'm at about 28 lbs all in for three nights four days. I could easily ditch a book, camp shoes, camera, gps along with their extra batteries and extra food to lose maybe four pounds but I like the luxuries so I hang on to them. I've noticed a lot of people in the 30-40 lb range for 3-4 days and some way heavier. I think people are getting lighter but they just dont know about all the cottage manufacturers so their big three is heavier than they need to be. I've been to pukaskwa, kluane, denali, tombstones, and robson parks this summer and only saw one group with ul gear and spoke to maybe one other person who has heard of any of these companies. I think many want to go light but are restricted by what they find in places like mec.
are just not interested enough to change their gear because they only use it one week a year. People can research so easily now.No excuse to put up and suffer with a heavy pack.
Well in my case, if I went out right now I'd be BPH. I'm coming at this from a car-camping set of gear. I used to get out several times a year with my wife (now my ex), and she liked to be comfortable. And I think a lot of folks are the same way. It's hard to justify shelling out for all new stuff when the stuff you have works just fine. You just buy a pack big enough to haul all your crap and that's what you go with.Luckily for me, when my ex moved back to California she took our tent and sleeping bags, the Coleman stove and lantern, and the ridiculous air-mattress she insisted we sleep on.As far as hiking long miles with a heavy pack, no thanks. I almost crippled myself once hitchhiking from San Diego to New York City with a 45# pack. Never again. But for a multiday trip where I'm just hiking to a campsite down the trail apiece and setting up for a few nights, heavy gear is OK. I'm slowly getting lighter though.
Time is a problem for a lot of people. The closest overnight hiking is 3.5 hours away from me back home and sadly no mountains like here out west. I'll probably continue with GAS like the thread below though!
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HOME CBS Texas Tech Red Raiders Gear Texas Tech Red Raiders Pet Supplies (15 items) Product ID: 856926
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You know that your pooch is your best friend. You run through the park together, have midnight snacks and neither of you ever miss a Texas Tech game. Yeah he's a dog, but that doesn't make him any less of a Red Raiders fan. Give your doggy a team-spirited treat with this Light-Up dog collar. It features an allover team logo design and it's weather-resistant. Here's the best part – it features a push button-controlled flexible LED tube sewn into the collar that is visible for up to 1000 feet in the dark! Next time you and your best pal go for a midnight stroll, let your Red Raiders light the way. Medium collar fits 10"-14" neck; Large collar fits 15"-21" neck.
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A month-long span between home games will certainly provide a test for any team in any sport. For the Carbon High Lady Dinos softball team, the first two tests of the road trip have not proven to be so kind.
After a tough 4-3 loss at American Fork on Friday, March 23, the Lady Dinos traveled to Juab High School last Tuesday for their first game in Region 12 play this season.
The Lady Dinos were unable to score in the top of the first inning but they had to watch as Juab put together a big inning in the bottom of the first to take a 6-0 lead.
Juab continued to add to their lead scoring two runs in each of the second, third and fourth innings to take a commanding 12-1 lead.
The Lady Dinos added another run in the top of the fifth inning but the game was ended due to the mercy rule as Juab picked up the 12-2 win.
Carbon finished with two runs on six hits and three errors. Juab (7-5, 1-1 Region 12) finished with 12 runs on 10 hits and one error.
Carbon (4-9, 0-2 Region 12) will travel for a Region 12 game with Payson today at 3:30 p.m.


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The Moog engineers set up a 5 voice Phatty in the Moog Sound Lab. Watch as they and Eric Svalgard, Director of the School of Rock, work the 10 oscillators, 5 LFOs and 5 Voltage Controlled Low Pass Filters all under the control of one Little Phatty keyboard.
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Equipped with a high-performance, professional-level motor, the Professional 600™ Series mixer can effectively mix up to 14 cups of all-purpose flour per batch. Powerfully churns through yeast bread dough and triple batches of cookie dough.
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It's a KitchenAid Mixer, just buy it!
By Baking Rose
from Chicago, IL
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Comments about KitchenAid Professional 600 Series 6 Quart Tangerine Bowl-Lift Stand Mixer:
KitchenAid Mixers are the gold standard for this type of appliance, and it is well worth the money. If you are a serious home cook or baker, you will love this mixer, I know I do. I have been lusting for one of these for years, and my husband gave me one for Christmas unexpectedly (best husband ever!) I had to place an order for the color I wanted, but it was well worth the wait. If you are looking for a mixer, no need to look any further.
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I appreciated that our salesperson told us that if we bought the mixer on/after January 1st, we could get a rebate for a free ice cream maker, that was very nice of her. The color I wanted was not in stock, so I placed an order, and the mixer was delivered to my home within 7 days. Well worth the wait for a tangerine mixer!
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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SAN FRANCISCO (MarketWatch) — Gold futures finished lower Tuesday after a choppy session, with some strength in the dollar pressuring prices as concerns over the U.S. fiscal cliff and the euro-zone debt crisis kept investors on edge.
Platinum and palladium, meanwhile, rose as precious metals company Johnson Matthey forecast supplies of the two metals would come up short of demand this year.
Vote to recognize Syrian opposition
In Cairo, the Arab League votes to recognize the new National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces, just one day after the group was founded in Doha, Qatar.
Gold for December delivery US:GCZ2 fell $6.10, or 0.4%, to settle at $1,724.80 an ounce on the Comex division of the New York Mercantile Exchange.
Part of Tuesday's trading was "just a play on the euro falling against the dollar, and gold fell as well," said David Beahm, vice president at precious-metals investment firm Blanchard & Co.
Gold futures had touched a low of $1,717.60.
"However, between the fiscal cliff, debt ceiling, 'QEternity' and the mess in Europe, gold traders are certain of gold's continued success," Beahm said.
"It will be a huge hurdle [for the U.S. government] to overcome the fiscal cliff set for Jan. 1, 2013," he said. "All of the scenarios which could happen with the fiscal cliff are all positive for gold."
The fiscal cliff refers to the package of spending cuts and tax increases that would kick in next year if Congress and the White House can't agree on a package to help put Washington's budgetary house in order.
On Monday, December gold settled unchanged, supported by strong demand out of India and concern about inflation in Japan, but hindered by uncertainty linked to the U.S. fiscal cliff and the European debt crisis.
"There are so many developments taking place out of the public's view that are enormous game changers for the global economy in the weeks, months and years ahead," said Julian Phillips, founder and writer at GoldForecaster.com. "The U.S. is preparing for a different role in this world and for the potential changes that lie ahead as the current balance of power comes under pressure."
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"Gold will see a growing and dramatic change in its role in the global monetary scene too," he said.
In Europe, euro-zone finance ministers deferred releasing the next round of emergency funding for Greece. Jean-Claude Juncker, the prime minister of Luxembourg who chairs Eurogroup meetings of regional finance ministers, said the ministers hoped to agree on Greece at a meeting set for Nov. 20.
At the same time, "it appears clear that Greece will be given two years longer to consolidate its national finances and to implement the necessary reforms," Commerzbank analysts said. The continued "cliff-hanger situation in Greece suggests that the gold price will rise."


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The price of gold popped due to renewed speculation concerning Greece and the eurozone default. Worries that the referendum for the country is dead increased following a move by the European Central Bank to ease monetary policy, The Street reported.
According to CNN, the price of gold for December delivery, the most actively traded contract, rose $22.90 to $1,752.50 an ounce, marking an increase of 1.32 percent.
"Given the scale of the European and global debt crisis, the slowing U.S. and global economy and heightened macroeconomic, monetary and systemic risk — a move back to $1,800 seems likely — possibly in November," Mark O'Byrne, CEO of GoldCorp, a bullion dealer, told The Street.
The concern arose following a move by French President Nicholas Sarkozy and German Chancellor Angela Merkel, as the two leaders gave Greece an ultimatum concerning a decision to stay in the eurozone. The news outlet reported that a failure to decide would result in a stoppage of bailout money from the collective union.


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Artist George Jeanty Paul Lee/ Cliff Richards
Beschikbare series in de webshop categorie "Stripboeken"
Paul Lee in the
"Paul Lee is a painter and freelance illustrator. He occasionally works in comics. He has done 'Amazing Fantasy starring Spider-Man' with Kurt Busiek at Marvel, 'Batman' at DC, as well as 'Case Files: Sam & Twitch' with Todd McFarlane at Image. He is the longtime cover artist of 'Buffy the..." [ Lees meer ]


text: Registered Nurse First Assistant The registered nurse first assistant (RNFA) is a perioperative registered nurse who functions in an expanded role, working in collaboration with the surgeon and health care team members to achieve optimal patient outcomes. Intraoperatively, the RNFA practices at the direction of the surgeon and does not concurrently function as a scrub nurse. Advocacy Initiatives directed at achieving reimbursement for first assistant services provided by RNFAs are essential to establish recognition of the RNFA as an eligible provider of first assistant at surgery services within the health care industry. A number of states provide for third party reimbursement for RNFAs. RNFA Reimbursement Laws AORN Memo of Support for RNFAs RNFA Reimbursement Bill Language News ACA Provider Non-Discrimination Debate Continues New York's RNFA reimbursement bill passes one chamber AORN Comments on Colorado First Assistant Payment Rule Alabama Considers RNFA Reimbursement Bill RNFA Reimbursement Bill Introduced in Pennsylvania Michigan Introduces Registered Nurse First Assistant Reimbursement Bills Will your healthcare team be covered? IOM Update: Advocacy for RNFA Reimbursement Study recommendations on assistants at surgery New York RNFA bill moving; Montana bill effective July 1 Resources RNFA Reimbursement - Legislative Preparation and Strategy Texas Team Action Coalition letter regarding RNFA reimbursement (Medicare) November 5, 2012 NYS Action Coalition letter regarding RNFA reimbursement (insurance policies) May 21, 2012 NYS Action Coalition letter regarding RNFA reimbursement (Medicare) May 19, 2012 RNFA Scope and Qualifications to Practice by State Practice Resources from AORN, including AORN Position Statement on RN First Assistants, education standards for RNFA programs, and networking and educational opportunities.


text: What kind of help do you need? (Example:"Panda AdminSecure", "2093 error") Tweet How do I upgrade my version of Panda AdminSecure? Information anzuwenden auf: Produkts Panda for DesktopsPanda for File Servers (Windows)Panda for ExchangePanda for DominoPanda for ISAWhat is the latest version of Panda AdminSecure? How do I know what version I have installed?The latest version of Panda AdminSecure is 4.50.00. To check the installed version, follow the steps below:Access the Panda AdminSecure console.Click Help-> About Panda. The version number is displayed. Steps for upgrading the productApply the following steps for upgrading to the latest version of the product if you have version 3.06.06 or later:Go to the Downloads for clients area of Panda corporate website.Enter your user name and password and click Enter.If you have several Panda security solutions, select the one that corresponds to this product in the Products purchased area.Read more information about Panda's exclusive Downloads for clients area.In the Downloads available for section, select Software. Click the Upgrade folder and download the file with the upgrade to version 4.50.00 (upg45000.exe).Save the file to the Windows Desktop or any folder of your choice.Once you have downloaded the file, run it on the computer where you have the full version of Panda AdminSecure installed. Select a language and click OK.A welcome screen opens, click Next.A window is displayed with the Upgrade Panda AdminSecure now option selected. Click Next.Note: Users are recommended not to let too much time pass since the last time they restarted the computer with AdminSecure. The upgrade checks whether the computer has been working for over 48 hours. If so, it advises the user to restart the computer before carrying out the updateOnce the process finishes, a message is displayed informing you that Panda AdminSecure has upgraded correctly. Click Next.A window is displayed with the packages that can be upgraded or installed on the Panda AdminSecure repository. Select the packages to install or upgrade and click Next.Click Finish to complete the upgrade process.In Panda AdminSecure, go to Help-> About Panda, and check that the version has been upgraded correctly.We advise you to configure Panda AdminSecure to upgrade automatically from the Internet. Additional informationRemember that you must carry out these steps on every computer where you have an additional repository installed. This upgrade includes changes to all the protection modules on the network We advise you to configure upgrades to be automatically installed from the repositories. Additionally, you can also read information on how to manage Panda AdminSecure repositories.Artikelnummer- 20121210 40024 EN Help us improve our service by letting us know your opinion. Your suggestions will help to resolve your questions more quickly and effectively. Have you resolved your query with this article? YES NO Thanks for your answer How would you improve this article? Do you want to contact TechSupport?


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Anne Cole
The Anne Cole swimwear line began in the 1920's, steeped in the magic of Hollywood, and began as Anne Cole of California became synonymous with glamour and forward-thinking fashion. Flattering new textiles cling to curves and contours like never before, turning one-piece swimwear into the stunning Anne Cole swimwear silhouette. Anne Cole joined the family business in the Fifties, and outfitted icons like Esther Williams and Elizabeth Taylor in the hottest swimwear. During the 1960s, Anne Cole created the "Scandal Suit", a daring deep plunging neck line one piece swimsuit. During the 1970s, Anne Cole revealed an exuberant new palette of colors, In 1997, Anne Cole created the breakthrough in two piece swimwear – the tankini. It united the freedom and mix-and-match ease of a two-piece with the coverage of a one-piece. Today, the modern Anne Cole suit is distinguished for its outstanding fit and quality, expressed in exclusive fabrics and captivating styles.
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Malou's father is a navy seal. At the report of her father missing in action, her mother goes into a state of shock and Malou is left to deal with her grief alone. She decides that if they cannot find him she will do it by herself. The thrilling story pivots on the strong Father-Daughter bond. The 12-year-old Kirstine Andersen made her screen debut with this piece.
Bo Dalum is working as a photographer and editor for Danish National Television,but he is also a semi establiahed Director of short films.
Lastest in 2004 with the film Haletudsen.(Little Seal)which also competed in the 2nd. Con-Can Movie Festival. Went on National television and Danish Cinema. Other Short films is Back to Reality and The dollhouse.Both films went on Festivals around Scandinavia.
Screening / Award history:
*2008.Evig & Altid.(Forever and always.)Short film. Writer and Director.
*2004-2008.Photographer and editor for national televsion.
*2004.Haletudsen.(Little Seal.)Short film.Writer and Director.2nd Con-Can Movie Festival.2005.
*2000.Back to Reality.Short Film.Writer and Director.Visions of light Movie Festival.Norway.
2007-01-10 22:04:52
>kumaji 大丈夫ですか?
no name..
2006-01-14 04:50:54
This is because I feel guilty for putting other people's films down and voting for my own.
no name..
2005-12-24 19:14:25
To my mind this story can be told during 10-12 min The rest is good enough.
2005-12-21 22:41:05
2005-12-19 01:22:10
少女の失意と行動の因果関係がいまいち伝わってきませんでした。けれどそれを挟んでの冒頭と最後のつながりは、父娘の愛情の微笑まさを感じさせてくれます。 今の日本からは少なくなりつつある、理想的な父娘かもしれません。
2005-11-29 15:34:51
don't get what kind of feeling the movie tries to let the audience envoke.
2005-10-30 22:20:55
Didn't even finish watching it, really boring and bad pacing!
no name..
2005-10-29 01:57:00
Not quite an action film wich makes it better.
no name..
2005-10-27 03:34:24
good acting but too predictable and a little stail.
2005-10-13 23:24:23
Profound illustration of close family relations through very simple means.


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BOISE/WELLINGTON - Our loving mother, grandmother, aunt, and friend, Norma Ann Semken Baker, age 89, passed away peacefully of natural causes April 6, 2012 in Boise, Idaho.
She was born Oct. 2, 1922 in Sego to Charles and Chlora Hyatt Semken. She married Paul Raymond Baker November 29, 1941 in Elko, Nev. Paul died Oct. 13, 2000.
Norma heart was always in Carbon County. She loved her childhood years growing up in Consumers and was a life-long resident of Carbon County until leaving in 2011. At which time, she moved to Boise, Idaho to live with her daughter, Carole.
She was affectionately known as "Sunshine," a nickname given to her at a young age by her grandfather (visiting from New York) because of her sunny disposition. Norma was always positive and happy and never met a person she did not like.
Norma was always there for people who needed help. Being a life-long volunteer, she spend 35 years as a Pink Lady, was the chairman of the Red Cross Blood Drive, and was active with the Utah Democratic party-campaigning for many candidates. She also served on the Board of Aging for the State of Utah, and was presented with the Governor's Award for Community Service. She loved every minute of her volunteer time.
Her greatest joy, however, was spending time with family and friends. She will be dearly missed by all who knew and loved her.
Norma is survived by her children, Carole Lynn (Kent) Frandsen, Boise, Idaho and Dan Raymond (Patricia) Baker, Price; grandchildren Ann Johnson, Dan Frandsen, David Frandsen, Paul Frandsen, Tina Harrell, Camille Baker, Dannie Baker, Shawn Baker, John Baker, Dawn Amberson; and numerous great-grandchildren, nieces, and nephews.
Preceded in death by her parents; husband Paul Raymond Baker; son Clifford Paul Baker; daughter Marilynne Gay Baker; siblings H. Lee Semken, Allie Christensen, Dorothy May Short, and Charles Henry Semken, Jr.
Memorial Service-Thursday, April 12, 2012, at 11 a.m. in Wellington 1st LDS Ward. Family will receive friends Thursday one hour prior to service.
Internment-Price City Cemetery.
Arrangements are entrusted to Mitchell Funeral Home of Price, where friends and family are welcome to share memories of Norma online at www.mitchellfuneralhome.net.


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London Live All-Access
Carmelo Anthony of the New York Knicks meets with media during... News PhotoBasketball - NBA Pro,Basketball - Sport,Carmelo Anthony,England,Horizontal,London - England,New York Knicks,Practising,Sport,Sports Training,Stadium,The Media,UKPhotographer Nathaniel S. ButlerCollection: National Basketball Association 2013 NBAELONDON, ENGLAND - JANUARY 17: Carmelo Anthony #7 of the New York Knicks meets with media during practice at the 02 Arena on January 17, 2013 in London, England. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2013 NBAE (Photo by Nathaniel S. Butler/NBAE via Getty Images)


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Debenhams Dark tan 7D open toed tights
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Item No.0810107374
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tekenaars Artist: Mike Allred
Artist Mike Allred
Beschikbare series in de webshop categorie "Stripboeken"
Mike Allred in the
"Michael Dalton Allred started his career as a TV reporter in Europe. He started drawing comics in 1989 with a 104-page comic one-shot, 'Dead Air'. The comics of Mike Allred are a mixture of the 1950s science-fiction pulp films and superhero comics in the tradition of Jack Kirby. His early..." [ Lees meer ]


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The two definitions alluded to in the title can be found here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable_sigma_algebra (one is that the $\sigma$-algebra is countably generated, the other is pretty much the standard usage of the word separable wrt the semi-metric given by the measure). Why are they equivalent?
The two notions are not equivalent. Indeed, they are not equivalent even when one considers completing the measure by adding all null sets with respect to any countably generated $\sigma$-algebra. Nevertheless, the forward implication holds.
First, let me explain the forward implication. Suppose that $S$ is a $\sigma$-algebra generated by a countable subfamily $S_0$ and $\mu$ is a finite measure defined on $S$. The semi-metric on $S$ is defined by $d(A,B)=\mu(A\triangle B)$. Let $S_1$ be the collection of finite Boolean combinations of sets in $S_0$. This is a countable family, and I claim it is dense in the semi-metric. To see this, let $S_2$ be the closure of $S_1$ in the semi-metric, that is, the sets $A\in S$ that are approximable by sets in $S_1$, in the sense that for any $r\gt 0$ there is $B\in S_1$ such that $d(A,B)\lt r$. Note that $S_2$ contains $S_1$ and is closed under complement since the measure was finite. I claim it is also closed under countable unions: if each $A_n$ is approximable by $B_n$ to within $r/2^n$, then $\cup_n A_n$ is approximated by $\cup_n B_n$ to within $r$, and so one may find an approximating finite union. So $S_2$ is actually a $\sigma$-algebra, and since it contains $S_0$, it follows that $S_2=S$. That is, every set in $S$ is approximable by sets in $S_1$, and so $S_1$ is a countable dense set in the semi-metric, as desired.
Let's turn now to the reverse implication, which is not generally true. The easiest counterexample for this in the strict sense of the question is to let $X$ be a set of size continuum and $S=P(X)$, the full power set of $X$. This is a $\sigma$-algebra, but it is easily seen not to be countably generated on cardinality grounds. Fix any $p\in X$ and let $\mu$ be the measure placing mass $1$ at $p$ and 0 mass outside {p}. In this case, the family {emptyset, X} is dense in the semi-metric, since every subset is essentially empty or all of $X$, depending on whether it contains $p$. So the semi-metric is separable, but the $\sigma$-algebra is not countably generated.
Note that in this counterexample, the $\sigma$ algebra is obtained from the counting measure on {p} by adding a large cardinality set of measure $0$ and taking the completion. Similar counterexamples can be obtained by adding such large cardinality set of measure $0$ to any space and taking the completion.
At first, I thought incorrectly that one could address the issue by considering the completion of the measure, and showing that the $\sigma$-algebra would be contained within the completion of a countably generated $\sigma$-algebra. But I now realize that this is incorrect, and I can provide a counterexample even to this form of the equivalence.
To see this, consider the filter $F$ of all sets $A\subset \omega_1$ that contain a closed unbounded set of countable ordinals. This is known as the club filter, and it is closed under countable intersection. The corresponding ideal $NS$ consists of the non-stationary sets, those that omit a club, and these are closed under countable union. It follows that the collection $S=F\cup NS$, which are the sets measured by a club set, forms a $\sigma$-algebra. The natural measure $\mu$ on $S$ gives every set in $F$ measure $1$ and every set in $NS$ measure $0$. This is a countably additive 2-valued measure on $S$. Note that every set in $S$ has measure $0$ or $1$; in particular, there are no disjoint positive measure sets. It follows that the family {emptyset,$\omega_1$} is dense in the semi-metric, since every set in $S$ either contains or omits a club set, and hence either agrees with emptyset or with the whole set on a club. Thus, the semi-metric is separable. But for any countable subfamily $S_0\subset S$, we may intersect the clubs used to decide the members of $S_0$, and find a single club set $C\subset\omega_1$ that decides every member of $S_0$, in the sense that every member of $S_0$ either contains or omits $C$. This feature is preserved under complements, countable unions and intersections, and therefore $C$ decides every member of the $\sigma$-algebra generated by $S_0$. The completion of the measure on the $\sigma$-algebra generated by $S_0$ is therefore contained within the principal filter generated by $C$ together with its dual ideal. This is not all of $S$, since there are club sets properly contained within $C$, such as the set of limit points of $C$. Thus, this is a measure space that has a separable semi-metric, but the $\sigma$-algebra is not contained in the completion of any countably generated $\sigma$-algebra.
The wikipedia article is misleading. These two definitions are not equivalent.
The first definition makes sense for the $\sigma$-algebra of Borel sets on a topological space. If the space is Borel standard (that is, a Borel subset of a complete separable metric space), then it is countably generated. Note that a countably generated $\sigma$-algebra in the sense of the first definition has the cardinal of the continuum, this is proven just as for the $\sigma$-algebra of Borel set in [0,1], by a transfinite induction.
The second definition makes sense up to null sets. It is equivalent to saying that the algebra is generated by a countable collection of subsets, together with the null sets, and it is in my opinion a better definition. The collection of null sets (and their complementary sets) usually have a cardinality greater than the continuum if the $\sigma$-algebra is complete w.r.t the measure, hence it is cannot be countably generated. Here again, you may think of the Lebesgue measurable sets in [0,1]. This is not countably separated in the sense of the first definition, for cardinality reasons, but this is countably generated in the sense of the second definition.
Now let me add a few words to explain what is going on with the second definition. Putting the metric $d(A,B)=\mu(A\Delta B)$ on the $\sigma$-algebra amounts to embedding the $\sigma$-algebra in $L^1$ with the map $A\rightarrow {\bf 1}_A$ and recovering the distance from the $L^1$ norm: $d(A,B)=||{\bf 1}_A-{\bf 1}_B||$. This should explain why the $\sigma$-algebra is separable in the sense of the second definition if and only if $L^1$ itself is separable, and also prove that the collection of Lebesgue measurable sets is a separable $\sigma$-algebra.
I'm late to the party, but here's my two cents. References in what follows are to
Consider a measured $\sigma$-algebra $(S,\mu)$. Assume that $\mu$ is normalised to have total weight 1, and that $S$ is complete (contains all subsets of null sets).
In [Ha], $(S,\mu)$ is said to be separable if it has a countable subset that is dense w.r.t. the metric $\rho(A,B) = \mu(A\bigtriangleup B)$. We denote this property by (S).
In [Ro], $(S,\mu)$ is said to be separable if it has a countable subset $\Gamma$ such that for every $A\in S$, there exists $B\in \sigma(\Gamma)$ such that $A\subset B$ and $\mu(B\setminus A) = 0$. Here $\sigma(\Gamma)$ is the $\sigma$-algebra generated by $\Gamma$. Since we're already using the word "separable" for (S), let's say that in this case $(S,\mu)$ is one-sided countably generated, and denote this property by (CG1). To keep terminology manageable, we won't explicitly say "mod zero", but this is understood, and thus we need to specify "one-sided" because of the restriction that $A\subset B$, which means that the "mod zero" only applies to the outer approximation, whereas the inner must be exact.
So that's two conditions. Let's round it out by saying that $(S,\mu)$ is one-sided separable if it has a countable subset $\Gamma$ that is not only dense w.r.t. $\rho$ but also has the property that for every $A\in S$ and $\epsilon>0$ there exists $B\in \Gamma$ such that $A\subset B$ and $\mu(B\setminus A) < \epsilon$; we denote this property by (S1). Similarly, say $(S,\mu)$ is countably generated if it has a countable subset $\Gamma$ such that for every $A\in S$ there exists $B\in \sigma(\Gamma)$ such that $\rho(A,B)=0$.
Now we have four conditions: two of them involve approximations from the outside, while the other two allow arbitrary approximations. Clearly (CG1) implies (CG), and similarly (S1) implies (S). It was shown in [JDH] that (CG) implies (S), but the converse is not true.
So far this is just a summary of what others have already said here. Here's the new bit.
Equivalence when non-atomic. Recall that an atom is a set $E\in S$ such that $\mu(E)>0$ and every subset $A\subset E$ has either $\mu(A)=0$ or $\mu(A)=\mu(E)$. If $(S,\mu)$ is non-atomic (has no atoms), then in fact all four definitions are equivalent. To see this, observe that any of the four imply (S), and that (S) in turn implies that there is a $\sigma$-algebra isomorphism from $(S,\mu)$ to the Lebesgue sets on the unit interval equipped with Lebesgue measure [Ha, Sec. 41, Theorem C]. Since all four properties hold for the Lebesgue space, we are done.
Atomic pieces. Intuitively, one expects that if $E$ is an atom in $(S,\mu)$, then there should be a $\sigma$-algebra map $(S|_E, \mu|_E) \to (T,\nu)$ that is a mod zero isomorphism, where $T$ is a $\sigma$-algebra with only two elements ($\emptyset$ and a single point) and $\nu$ is a point mass with total weight $\mu(E)$. In particular, this requires that there exists a set $F\subset E$ such that $\mu(F) = \mu(E)$ and every null set $A\subset E$ has $A\cap F = \emptyset$. The example in [JDH] shows that this need not always be the case, and that an atomic space need not be (mod zero) isomorphic to a point mass even if (S) holds.
The one-sided conditions (S1) and (CG1) serve to fill this gap and let us deal appropriately with the atomic pieces. Indeed, if either of these properties hold, then one can show the following:
So at the end of the day, we see that (CG1) and (S1) are equivalent, and imply both (CG) and (S). Furthermore, (CG) implies (S), and the converse is true if $(S,\mu)$ is non-atomic, but may fail if it has atoms.
I don't know if (CG) is equivalent to (CG1) and (S1). I suspect it is not, because otherwise I doubt that [Ro] would introduce the extra condition that $A\subset B$. However, I do not know a counterexample.
Comments on the proof of (A). For the proof of (A), one must use (CG1) or (S1) to take an atom $E\in S$ and produce a subset $F\subset E$, $F\in S$ such that $F\cap A = \emptyset$ for all $A\in S$ with $\mu(A)=0$. The key to this is that both conditions allow you to produce a countable family $S'\subset S$ such that for every $\epsilon>0$ and every null set $A$, we have $A\subset \bigcup_n B_n$ for some $B_n \in S'$ with $\mu(\bigcup_n B_n) < \epsilon$. (For (S1) one takes $S' = \Gamma$, while for (CG1) one takes $S'$ to be the set of all finite intersections of sets in $\Gamma$ and their complements.) Then because $E$ is an atom, we can conclude that $\mu(B_n \cap E) = 0$ for all $n$, and so the collection of all null sets in $E$ can be covered by a countable collection of null sets, whose union therefore has measure zero.
Here is the Wikipedia text in question.


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Deuter Packs
Provoke 14 SL Backpack (Women's)
Out of Stock Product Number: 32818
The low-profile Provoke packs are perfect for sidecountry ski and snowboard use. These packs provide an easy access to internal shovel and probes. Fleece lined goggle pockets, diagonal ski carry, vertical snowboard carry, insulated Neoprene shoulder strap hydration tube and a low profile hip belt.
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Volume: 854 in / 14 L
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Season: F13
Vendor ProductId: 33163
Review ProductId: 32818


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Clinical Trial of SB-509 in Subjects With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
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The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effects of the investigational drug, SB-509 on progression of the disease in subjects with ALS
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Drug: SB-509
Phase 2
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Allocation: Randomized
Endpoint Classification: Safety/Efficacy Study
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Open Label
Primary Purpose: Treatment
|Official Title:
|A Phase 2 Repeat-Dosing Clinical Trial of SB-509 in Subjects With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
- To evaluate the effect of SB-509 on progression of the disease in subjects with ALS, as measured by the ALS Functional Rating Scale -Revised (ALSFRS-R). [ Time Frame: 11 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- To evaluate a) the effect of SB-509 on Forced Vital Capacity, Neurophysiologic Index, Manual Muscle Test, and survival. b) safety and tolerability of SB-509 in ALS. c) stem cell mobilization in subjects with ALS receiving SB-509. [ Time Frame: 11 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
|Study Start Date:
|September 2008
|Study Completion Date:
|June 2010
|Primary Completion Date:
|June 2010 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|Assigned Interventions
Active Comparator: Cohort 1
SB-509 drug administration via IM injection of neck, arms, and legs
Drug: SB-509
Intramuscular injection of 60 mg of SB-509. Two doses on Day 0 and Day 90.
Active Comparator: Cohort 2
SB-509 drug administration via IM injection of legs
Drug: SB-509
Intramuscular injection of 60 mg of SB-509. Two doses on Day 0 and Day 90.
Detailed Description:
SB-509 contains the gene (DNA—a kind of biological "blueprint") for a protein. When a study doctor injects SB-509 into the muscles of your neck, arms and/or legs, the drug enters the muscle and nerve cells around the injection sites and causes these cells to make a protein. This protein causes your cells to increase production of one of your own protein called vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF-A), which may improve the structure and function of nerves and muscles. In addition, there are changes in the levels of 28 additional proteins in your cells. These proteins function to promote the growth of cells, are structures in cells, help synthesize products, and affect immune cells, and some have unknown functions. This increase in your own VEGF proteins may protect and repair the damaged nerves and muscles caused by ALS.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|18 Years to 85 Years
|Genders Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- Male or female between the ages of 18 and 85 with clinical diagnosis of ALS
- Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) > 60% of predicted
- Less than 3 years of ALS since the onset of the first symptom with clinical evidence of limb muscle atrophy and weakness.
- Subjects taking Riluzole must have been at a stable dose for at least 30 days with no evidence of toxicity
- Female of childbearing potential and male of child-creating potential must agree to use a medically acceptable physical barrier (condom, diaphragm, and cervical cap) through the treatment phase and for at least 30 days after the last study treatment.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Women who are pregnant or currently breast-feeding
- Dependent upon invasive or non-invasive artificial ventilation
- Patients with bulbar onset ALS or with other active neuromuscular/ neurodegenerative diseases.
- Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes.
- Evidence of chronic or active heart, liver, kidney, or lung diseases, or Age-related macular degeneration.
- Current or history of known immune or immunodeficiency disorders
- Patients with cognitive impairment with significant decision making incapacity, or major depression, or schizophrenia, or dementia (e.g. Alzheimer's disease).
- Malignancy or history of malignancy, except it has been in complete remission for at least 5 years
- Pre-cancerous conditions (e.g. Barrett's Esophagus, dysplasias) or benign tumors which have the potential for significant growth due to VEGF stimulation.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00748501
|United States, California
|Coordinated Clinical Research
|La Jolla, California, United States, 92037
|University of California, Irvine; MDA ALS and Neuromuscular Center,
|Orange, California, United States, 92868
|California Pacific Medical Center (CPMC), The Forbes Norris MDA/ALS Research Center
|San Francisco, California, United States, 94115
|United States, Kansas
|The University of Kansas Medical Center (KU)
|Kansas City, Kansas, United States, 66160
|United States, Maryland
|Johns Hopkins University
|Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21287
|United States, Texas
|Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas
|Houston, Texas, United States, 77030
|Study Director:
|Ely Benaim, M.D.
|Sangamo Biosciences
No publications provided
|Responsible Party:
|Sangamo Biosciences
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00748501 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|September 4, 2008
|Last Updated:
|October 30, 2012
|Health Authority:
|United States: Food and Drug Administration
Keywords provided by Sangamo Biosciences:
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,
Lou Gehrig's Disease
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Motor Neuron Disease
Central Nervous System Diseases
Metabolic Diseases
Nervous System Diseases
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neuromuscular Diseases
Pathologic Processes
Proteostasis Deficiencies
Spinal Cord Diseases
TDP-43 Proteinopathies
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on October 13, 2015


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