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cooran wrote:Dear Hanzze,
There has already been a 5 page discussion (now locked) about this topic in the Open Dhamma forum – you were part of that discussion:
Plant Life
with metta
The ethic of non-violence in the Pāli Vinaya and Nikāyas indicates that the object of the ethic is humans, animals, and plants, thus suggesting that plants are considered living and sentient in the early Buddhist tradition. Recent work by Lambert Schmithausen, however, demonstrates that there are a diversity of views in the Buddhist tradition. This article explores the evidence in the Vinaya and Nikayas on this subject, concluding that plants have one sense, that of "touch," and that plants comprise the "stable, or non-moving" category of living beings.
Hanzze wrote:The problem of the Sentience of Plants in Early Buddhism by Lambert Schmidthausen 1991
Reconsidering the Status of Plants
in Early Buddhism
1. Plants as a Borderline Case between Sentient and Insentient
1. As is well known, in the course of doctrinal consolidation, Indian Buddhist thinkers, or at any rate non-Tantric Indian Buddhist thinkers, in contrast to the J ains and a strong current of Hindu thought,l came
to regard plants (and seeds) as insentient beings, not participating in the process of reiterated individual rebirth (sarhsiira).2 This does not necessarily exclude that plants are somehow recognized as living things in the context of everyday conceptions.3 But on the doctrinal level they came to be strictly distinguished from living beings ptoper, i.e., from sentient beings, beings "capable of sensation and of at least rudimentary consciousness",4 especially in the form of experiencing, somehow, pleasure and/or pain. And it is, as far as I can see, sentience, or sentient life, that is ethically relevant in the early Indian context.5 It is sentient living beings that are, in Buddhism as well as in Jainism, the object of the basic commitment not to kill or injure animate beings (palJa, pralJint7 This is evident from the Indian formulations of the Golden Rule according to which one should not kill or hurt other beings because they are afraid of death and dislike pain just as oneself.s It even seems to me that in early Indian thought life and sentience almost9 coincide. In early canonical Buddhism, the presence of sensitivity (vififiiilJa)10 in the body guarantees both life and sentience. In doctrinally consolidated Buddhism, there is even atendency to disregard the peculiar features of vegetal life and put plants on a par with the mineral world. At any rate, when arguments against the sentience orin favour of the insentience of plants are produced, Buddhist philosophers, like Bhavya (Bhaviveka), tend to play down the features plants have in common with man and animals and to emphasize the distinguishing features, which bring them closer to the inanimate world.
2. In a small monograph, published hearly 20 years ago (SCHMITHAUSEN 1991a), I tried to find out whether this denial of the sentience of plants in the consolidated doctrinal position of later Buddhist authors
could be traced back to the early period. In other words, did Buddhism from the outset discard the view, apparently quite common at that time,12 that plants, too, are sentient beings, or did this happen
only later, in the course of time? As far as I know, the canonical texts of early Buddhism do not contain any specific discussion of the matter or any explicit doctrinal statement in either direction: there is neither any express assertion in the form "plants are sentient beings" nor a straightforward denial stating that they are not. The latter fact is, by the way, also expressly recognized by the Sarvastivada master Sanghabhadra when he asks the rhetorical question: "Where in the Scriptures is it clearly and unambiguously taught that trees, etc., do not have [sentient] life?" 13
3. Still, a few passages, mainly in comparatively old verse texts, de Jacto include plants among animate beings (piilJ-a) , thus almost certainly presupposing their sentience. The most indubitable one is found in the Viisettha-sutta of the Suttanipiita/4 which in the context of classifying the species of animate beings starts with "grasses and trees" (tilJ-arukkha). To be sure, the main purport of this text is not to offer a classification of animate beings but to demonstrate the unnaturalness of caste distinction by contrasting it with the verifiable distinctiveness of biological species or classes. 15 But even so it includes plants, as a matter of course, among animate beings. Other passages speak of mobile (tasa) and stationary (thiivara) beings, occasionally expressly animate beings, which one should not kill or injure but rather include in one's cultivation of benevolence.16 The "mobile and stationary animate beings" (Skt. trasa and sthiivara) are well known from early Jaina and also Hindu sources/7 and there the stationary animate 'beings are, in the first place, the plants, or plants and seeds. It is hard to believe that in the early times the authors or reciters of the verses, -simply using this expression without any indication of a departure from the current meaning, understood it in a different sense. IS
4. Whereas the passages adduced thus far obviously presuppose, or take for granted, that plants, too, are living and hence, in the context of the ascetic movement and its preoccupations, somehow sentient beings, there are other materials that require a more careful assessment. One of these is the Katadanta-sutta of the Dfghanikiiya,19 where a kind of ideal sacrifice, arranged by a king of the past, is described. In this sacrifice the only offerings were things like butter, curds and molasses; no cattle were killed (hafifiirhsu), no animals (piil}a) slain (iighiitarh iipajjirhsu), no trees felled (chijjirhsu) for the sake of using them as sacrificial posts, and no darbha grass was cut (layirhsu) to strew over the sacrificial ground. According to a couple of other sermons/ a sacrifices performed by kings or brahmins were, normally, characterized by exactly these actions of slaughtering animals, felling trees and cutting grasses. It is clear from the differentiating, terminology that the texts somehow distinguish between killing animals and destroying plants. But even so they seem to regard destroying plants at any rate in the context of a religious ceremony - as unwholesome karma, a judgement that from an early Indian viewpoint hardly makes sense unless plants were presupposed to be, somehow, sentient beings. It cannot, perhaps, be excluded that the text merely argues from the point of view of the Vedic ritualists for whom plants, too, were indeed living, sentient beings.21 But there is no proof for such a kind of argumentation either. Significantly, the reference to trees and grasses is missing in the extant versions of other schools.22 It is hard to imagine a reason why the Theravada redactors should have inserted the reference to trees and grasses. It would seem to make more sense to assume that the reference was capcelled in the other versions because its implication, the sentience of plants, was felt incompatible with the consolidated Buddhist doctrinal position.
5. Another important issue concerns the rules of behaviour for monks (and nuns, by way of implication). In a number of sermons, the basic principles of correct behaviour start with "abstention from killing any animate being (P( r )a"(uitipCita ). The basic rules are often followed by a succinct set of mainly ascetic observances, the first of which is, in the Theravada tradition, "abstention from violent treatment (samarambha) of seeds and plants (bljagama-bhutagama)", a formulation that is also found at the beginning of another, much more elaborate set of guidelines for the proper behaviour of Buddhist ascetics? As in the Kutadanta-sutta, in these passages, too, the separate registering of "killing animate beings" and "violent treatment of seeds and plants" seems to indicate awareness of a certain difference between humans and animals on the one hand and seeds and plants on the other. But the verbal noun used in connection with seeds and plants, viz., samarambha ("violent treatment"), though certainly less specific than atipCita ("killing"), is occasionally also used for slaughtering cattle (Sn 311), and in early Jaina sources (sam)a-rabh- is closely associated with committing acts of violence26 against any kind of living, sentient beings, including plants and seeds. Hence, though registered separately and thus clearly distinguished from humans and animals, plants and seeds may not yet have been regarded as being entirely excluded from the realm of sentient beings. Actually, in Jaina sources, too, the term "animate beings" (palJa) is not infrequently reserved for humans and animals (i.e., used in the narrower sense of "breathing beings"), in spite of the fact that seeds and plants are asserted to be living and even sentient as well.
6. In connection with killing or injuring, a similar distinction between humans and animals on the one hand and plants (and seeds) on the other is also found in the code of monastic discipline, the Patimokkhasutta, which seems to be a more developed collection of rules than the succinct set of ascetic observances in the sermons discussed in the preceding paragraph.28 In the Patimokkhasutta of the Theravada school as well as in the preserved Pratimok!jasutras of other schools, monks (and nuns) are prohibited from killing animals as well as from destroying plants (and seeds)29, but only animals are termed "animate beings" (palJa: Pacittiya 61) - humans are treated separately because killing a human being is a more serious offence according to the criteria of the Vinaya (Parajika 3). Moreover, in contradistinction to the killing of an animal which is called "depriving it of its life" (jfvitavoropeti) - which is the same term the text had also used for killing a human -, in the case of plants the Theravada version (Pacittiya 11) uses the archaic term patavyata, probably meaning something like "uncontrolled, ruthless behaviour".30 Other versions show the same contrast but have replaced the obscure term piitavyatii by piitana "felling", "destroying".31 One may be tempted to deduce from this termiri.ological difference that in this text plants are no longer considered to have life (jfvita), or are at any rate regarded to be a doubtfu1 case. One might argue that from a moral point of view the rule that at least monks (and nuns) should not behave ruthlessly towards plants just as they should not behave ruthlessly towards animate beings (i.e., animals)32 would make much better sense if plants, too, were somehow living, sentient beings. However, the Vinaya is not so much concerned with morality (much less than the rules for monks referred to in the preceding paragraph) as with preserving harmony within the Order and, above all, its reputation in society.33 Hence, the rule may as well merely take into account views or expectations prevalent among the people of the time or possible criticism from rival groups.
7. Since so far no consensus has been reached with regard to a detailed stratification of the (earlier) canonical texts, the evidence presented above may admit of different hypothetical explanations. If one is of the opinion that the verse texts referred to in § 3 represent the oldest stratum of the Buddhist textual heritage, one might conclude that in earliest Buddhism acceptance of the sentience of plants was still a matter of course. If these texts are instead regarded as a more popular, doctrinally less rigid strand, one might interpret them as borrowings from pre- or non-Buddhi~t ascetic poetry, borrowings which need not exactly represent the Buddhist view on plants, which might, in this case, have been more reserved from the outset. In any case, the above-mentioned evidence, together with the lack of fully explicit doctrinal statements in either direction, seems to exclude the existence of a clear-cut, binding dogmatic position with regard to the sentience of plants in earliest Buddhism. My own suggestion34 was that plants (and seeds) were probably regarded as a kind of borderline case, on the boundary between sentient and insentient beings, and that a theoretical, doctrinal decision with regard to their status was not found necessary, or was even deliberately avoided. As a borderline case, plants (and seeds) could be dealt with pragmatically. In the context of developing a mental attitude of all-encompassing peacefulness or benevolence towards all animate beings, e.g., it made good sense to include even borderline beings, or at least no need was felt to cancel a reference to them if it was part of an inherited formulation. In connection with rules or guidelines for physical behaviour, however, it was useful to make distinctions in order to underline the difference. Thus, the separate mention of refraining from injuring plants (or seeds and plants) in the case ofa monk's correct behaviour is intended to make clear that monks (and nuns) are expected to avoid violence even against borderline beings, whereas in the case of lay followers the lack of such an additional rule35 makes tacit allowance for - the fact that such a requirement would render their life impracticable.
2. Alternative Proposals
8. Since the publication of my study, several scholars have taken up the issue of the sentience of plants in earliest Buddhism, pointing out further pertinent source material but partly also proposing diverging interpretations of the evidence. Of particular interest I find, apart from most valuable supplements contributed by Nalini BALBIR (2000), two articles by Mamiko OKADA (1998 and 1999),37 a paper by Ellison Banks FlNDL Y (2002) as well as her recently published book on Plant Lives (FINDL Y 2008), in which the ideas of her paper have been fully developed and integrated into a broader perspective, and, finally, an article by A.kira FUJIMOTO (2003).38
9. OKADA admits that in the Northern tradition and in Mahayana sources plants are on the whole not regarded as living, sentient beings, but she thinks that in earlier and Theravada Buddhism they were considered to be living beings with at least one sense-faculty (ekindriya), viz., the sense of touch.40 She substantiates her view by means of an exhaustive and most valuable examination of the Jiitakil literature. As she points out, she could not find any Jiitakas where the Bodhisatta is reborn as a plant,41 but in the PaIi Jiitaka collection there are quite a few stories describing him as having assumed rebirth as a plant deity (mostly, but not exclusively, as a tree deity).42 Although the relationship of the deity to the tree is usually that of an inhabitant to his abode, so that the deity is able to move to another tree in case of emergency, OKADA presents three cases where the cutting of the tree is regarded as entailing the death of the deity.43 In these cases, the relationship between the deity and the tree is obviously much closer, looking more like that between a tree-spirit or tree-soul and its - body.44 It seems that OKADA considers this relationship to be the genuine one and that she takes it as additional support for her assumption that in earlier and Theravada Buddhism plants were considered sentient.45 In this way, the potential for becoming a Buddhaattributed to tree or plant deities by virtue of their identification with
the Bodhisatta46 would,practically, accrue to the trees or plants themselves. It is all the more remarkable in this connection that OKADA herself observes that in the narrative literature of the Northern tradition stories in which a tree deity, not to consider a tree, is equated with the Bodhisattva seem to be entirely missing.47
10.1 FINDLY, too, though accepting my suggestion that in earliest Buddhism plants were treated as a kind of borderline beings, assumes a standpoint different from that presented in my analysis in taking, like OKADA, early Buddhists to have shared the view that plants are living beings with one sense-faculty (ekindriya jlva) , viz., the sense of touch (252a; 254a!124; 165; 253; 369),48 and that they are thus sen~tient (252b /370). She tries to support this idea by adducing further evidence from the canonical texts for the assumption that plants were indeed regarded, by the early Buddhists, to be sentient beings (satta) endowed with the sense of touch (256a-257a /127 f; 130-i33; 136-142; 183).
10.2. However, FINDLY does not stop here. She rather suggests that the sense of touch somehow implies or includes the other sense faculties. Touch is "the one sense faculty that pervades all the others" and underlies them as the "base sense serving as the foundation of the other four" (2008: 144) or as the "foundation of all reception of sense data" (2008: 147), to the extent that "at base there is only one sense organ, that of the skin" (257b /142-165). By these assumptions, she tries to make sure that the sense of touch in plants is sufficient to establish contact (phassa) between sense organ(s) and objects, involving consciousness (vififia]Ja: 260a/l47; 151; 153 f; 227 f) and entailingfeeling (vedana) or experience of pleasure and/or pain (260a jl55-160) in the sense of the twelve-linked formula of origination independence (paticcasamuppada) (258a /161). Consequently, plants should, in spite of what textual evidence suggests (2008: 209), by implication (2008: 227) also be considered as subject to ignorance, desire, and attachment (258a /161), and hence to participate in the process of kamma-directed rebirth in the samsaric cycle (258a /207 ff, esp.223 f and 227-229), including having the capacity to develop (2008:•161), even spiritually (2008: 162; 165). In this connection, FINDLY suggests that since 'kaya' is used for both the faculty of touch and the body as one of "the three channels by which kamma is made" and since "such dual usages are not ordinarily coincidental", it would seem that plants being endowed with kaya would also be kammaproducing (258a-b /223). Though FrNDL Y herself seems to have some doubt about this conclusion, conceding that "early Buddhists do not admit to kammic endowment in plants" (259a), she nonetheless suggests that they could not but recognize somekamma-like features in plants, viz., "that they grow luxuriantly with constant change and variety, and that they have ongoing lineages like human families"• in the form of the seed-plant-seed-plant sequence (259b /230 f).
10.3: As an alternative, FlNDLY then proposes to integrate plants into the samsaric scheme as a form of rebirth where karma is,omy consumed but not accumulated (259b /231; 233 f; 252).49This, she continues, need not mean that they are lowly beings reborn in a state of "darkness" (tamas) - inertia, stagnation, helpless suffering – duy to previous bad karma, as in J ainism and some Hindu sources (261 a/158 f; 195-198; 230; 234 f). She rather suggests placing them at the top: "The critical location in early Buddhism where a sentient being does not accumulate kamma ... , but does consume it, is the postnibblina and pre-parinibblina stage, when the adept is unable to beget new kamma, but is still living out the residue of old" (259b-260a/234 f; 254). What she thus describes is, in other words, the state of an arhat. F'INDL Y thus proposes to understand plants in early Buddhism as liberated, A wakened beings, spontaneously bountiful and compassionate (2008: 253 f; 360 f). ill order to render her hypothesis plausible, she refers to "some East Asian Buddhists who not amy believe plants to be sentient beings, but who ... describe plants as of a sattvic nature, and as beings who have already reached enlightenment (261 b /248; 253; 262-264 n. 202). ill support of her suggestion that a similar view "may be present already for early forms of Buddhism" (263a /248 f), she points to three aspects of the treatment of plants in early Buddhist texts. First, "the centrality of renunciants dwelling at the root of trees" (262a/237; 242-244), second "the use of trees in metaphors for spiritual growth" or models of ascetic behavior (262a-b 1237; 245-247; 250), and third the fact that plants are referred to as thiivara, which means "stationary" in the first place but is interpreted in the sense of spiritual ahd emotional stability in the commentaries (262b /248 f). In this connection, FINDL Y also points to the analogy between plants as stationary beings and the immobility and inactivity of the advanced Jain ascetic (263a /249). Thus, for FINDL Y, plants may, to be sure, be called a "borderline case", but not necessarily in the sense of rudimentary beings of doubtful sentience; rather, they are at the upper end of the scale, "so advanced that they no longer move about and need only dissipate a few kammic remains before final enlightenment50" (263b 1254).
11. FUJIMOTO, in an interesting attempt to clarify the position of plants in early and Theravada Buddhism, seems to take for granted that already in early canonical Buddhism plants are de facto regarded as insentient and not participating in karma-conditioned sarhsara (87,12-16).51 At the same time, he stresses the fact that monks are prohibited from injuring them just as they are from injuring animals, both being piJ.cittiya offences (93,4-5; 102,4-6). He admits 52 that there is no explicit statement in the Sutta- and Vinayapitaka according to which this is based on the fact that seeds and growing plants, too, are regarded as living beings (90,3-4; 93,9-14). But he tries to prove that, according to the Theravada Abhidhamma, plants, although insentient, i.e., lacking sense-faculties and mind, are nevertheless living beings because of being endowed with material life-faculty (ntpa-jlvitindriya:96,16 ff; 101,14-16), just like the so-called unconscious heavenly beings (asanna-satta: 96,22 ff, esp. 97,3-5). It is, according to FUJIMOTO, on this view (which he thus takes to have been a tacit assumption in the earlier period as well) that the prohibition to injure seeds and plants (102,4-8) as well as their inclusion into the cultivation of benevolence towards all living beings in the Metta-sutta of the Sutta-nipiita (102,11 ff) is based. According to him, what is ethically,relevant is thus not sentience but life, and life is not more or less coincident with sentience, not even in earliest Buddhism. And instead of having a precarious borderline status between sentient and insentient,plants have an unambiguous nature: they are insentient but living organisms (101,10-17).
12. Though very much appreciative of the above-mentioned publications as stimulating and sympathetic contributions, I still cannot help having some doubts with regard to the conclusions and to the arguments adduced in support. Since progress and clarification in research takes place through critical discussion, allow me to reconsider the matter.
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DAYTONA BEACH, Fla. - An estimated 200,000 NASCAR fans commuted Sunday to Daytona International Speedway, but one Jacksonville man packed his saxophone to go and work.
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The town of Oswegatchie next year will spend $50,000 of its own money to get started on a long-awaited weed eradication project in Black Lake.
Town Supervisor Alfred J. Nichols said Monday that the town will budget the project locally as a first step in what is presumed to be a years-long, costly project.
I think this will speed things up a little, he said.
The town has until Aug. 5 to submit to the state Department of Environmental Conservation a plan to begin removal of the underwater weeds. Its investment will be reimbursed in 2014 by a $50,000 grant that state Sen. Patricia A. Ritchie, R-Heuvelton, secured in 2012.
Earlier this summer, the towns application for a $100,000 grant from the St. Lawrence River Valley Redevelopment Agency for invasive weed removal was denied.
Dawn C. Howard, St. Lawrence County Soil and Water Conservation District manager, called the $50,000 a drop in the bucket for a project that will take years and cost millions of dollars in grant money to complete. Her agency is standing by to help.
Whatever it is they need to do, well help them, Ms. Howard said.
The 20-mile-long lake is the largest lake in St. Lawrence County. Business owners and residents along the shores have said the weeds damage boat motors and threaten the lakes tourism value, which is estimated to contribute $7 million to $10 million annually to the countys economy.
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Nearly 60 years after the nonprofit began, Jefferson Rehabilitation Center has formed a foundation.
Executive Director Howard W. Ganter said as JRC and other nonprofits face continued funding cuts from the state and federal governments, JRC needed to formalize a foundation and focus on diverse ways to raise money.
Based on the changes in funding, we thought it was important to have a foundation to have assets available to support the program, Mr. Ganter said. It will not be used for operations, only to support programs.
He said the foundation is still in its infancy, having formed only in January, and its board has met four times so far. The board, which is led by President Miyako N. Schanley, developed planned giving, annual giving and financial investment committees.
In order to enhance facilities, add equipment and add additional recreation services that are not covered, they need this extra funding, Mrs. Schanley said. JRC has such a reputation where the quality of their work is so well known. I think thatll be a real asset to the foundations work.
Although many plans have yet to be finalized, Mr. Ganter said, at some point the JRC Foundation may consider a capital campaign.
An annual appeal campaign will be formed, and the foundation will encourage client families and community members to consider giving to the foundation through wills and bequests.
Mr. Ganter, a foundation board member, said the foundation was formed with the help of JRC itself, as the large nonprofit gave a $100,000 loan to the foundation for startup costs.
Formalizing a foundation was the right move, he said, since the agency looks forward to raising significantly more money than the typical $60,000 JRC raises annually through events.
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Choose the Crowne Plaza Haifa hotel nestled in the green foothills of Mount Carmel in central Haifa close to Haifa Bay and the Bahai Gardens. You'll find a peaceful haven at Crowne Plaza Haifa in the bustling Carmel Centre district . Step inside the hotel lobby and enjoy a relaxed and inviting atmosphere where you will feel inspired. Head straight to your room with free Wi-Fi and soak up the views of Mount Carmel or Haifa Bay from your balcony or window. Crowne Plaza Haifa is just over an hour by taxi or train from Tel Aviv Ben Gurion International Airport . Leave your car in our secure underground car park and walk a few minutes to Carmel Centre's vibrant shopping malls and cafes or Haifa Auditorium . A 15-minute taxi ride brings you to Haifa Bay 's sandy beaches, sparkling waters, lively promenades and natural harbour. The majestic Mount Carmel is a short walk away. Refresh with a few laps of the mosaic-tiled indoor heated swimming pool or luxuriate in the jetted tub, sauna or steam room. Our Louis Bar is a chic place to sip pre-dinner cocktails, and you can indulge in Mediterranean flavours from the meat menus at Confit Restaurant . Allow us to prepare sumptuous private banquets for Bar Mitzvahs or other special occasions.InterContinental
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Black hands, white sails: the story of African-American whalers
Scholastic, 1999 - Social Science - 152 pages
A history of African-American whalers between 1730 and 1880, describing their contributions to the whaling industry and their role in the abolitionist movement.
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Review: Black Hands, White SailsUser Review - Sarah Smith - Goodreads
Outstandingly informative book on whaling, concentrating on the experience of African Americans (and Afro-Portuguese, Cape Verdeans, Malayans, etc. etc.). Written for middle grade, but I read it happily for background and learned things. Tags: Quaker, whaling, New Bedford, Nantucket. Read full review
Review: Black Hands, White SailsUser Review - Jessyca - Goodreads
One of my favs of all time Read full review
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Black Hands, White Sails: The Story of African-American Whalers
Pat McKissack,Fredrick McKissack
No preview available - 1999
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Read: The NHL Continues To Go After Donald Fehr
In the NY Post, Larry Brooks writes of the owners continued quest to discredit Donald Fehr.
He writes that these claims never surfaced when Fehr was the head of the MLBPA for 23 years, "In more than three decades working with the MLBPA, not once was Fehr accused of acting unethically in collective bargaining. Yet now, that's the repeated implication coming from the NHL."
Brooks says that this move reeks of desperation from the owners as they try and undermine Fehr in the minds of the players.


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Charlie Wilson Tickets
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Killing Kennedy: The End of Camelotby Bill O'Reilly and Martin Dugard
Synopses & Reviews
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A riveting historical narrative of the shocking events surrounding the assassination of John F. Kennedy, and the follow-up to mega-bestselling author Bill O'Reilly's Killing Lincoln
More than a million readers have thrilled to Bill O'Reilly's Killing Lincoln, the page-turning work of nonfiction about the shocking assassination that changed the course of American history. Now the anchor of The O'Reilly Factor recounts in gripping detail the brutal murder of John Fitzgerald Kennedy — and how a sequence of gunshots on a Dallas afternoon not only killed a beloved president but also sent the nation into the cataclysmic division of the Vietnam War and its culture-changing aftermath.
In January 1961, as the Cold War escalates, John F. Kennedy struggles to contain the growth of Communism while he learns the hardships, solitude, and temptations of what it means to be president of the United States. Along the way he acquires a number of formidable enemies, among them Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, Cuban dictator Fidel Castro, and Alan Dulles, director of the Central Intelligence Agency. In addition, powerful elements of organized crime have begun to talk about targeting the president and his brother, Attorney General Robert Kennedy.
In the midst of a 1963 campaign trip to Texas, Kennedy is gunned down by an erratic young drifter named Lee Harvey Oswald. The former Marine Corps sharpshooter escapes the scene, only to be caught and shot dead while in police custody.
The events leading up to the most notorious crime of the twentieth century are almost as shocking as the assassination itself. Killing Kennedy chronicles both the heroism and deceit of Camelot, bringing history to life in ways that will profoundly move the reader. This may well be the most talked about book of the year.
"Immersively written...Mr. OReilly and Mr. Dugard succeed in investing a familiar national tragedy with fresh anguish....A powerful historical précis." Janet Maslin, The New York Times
"All the suspense and drama of a popular thriller." Husna Haq, The Christian Science Monitor
About the Author
Bill O'Reilly is the anchor of The O'Reilly Factor, the highest-rated cable news show in the country. He also writes a syndicated newspaper column and is the author of several number-one bestselling books.
Martin Dugard is the New York Times bestselling author of several books of history. His book Into Africa: The Epic Adventures of Stanley and Livingstone has been adapted into a History Channel special. He lives in Southern California with his wife and three sons.
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Product 282/1011
A DIY Fluffies pattern by Mariska Vos-Bolman.
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Personal website and portfolio of Croatia based UX designer Marko Prljic.Marko PrljicPosted in Web Design → Blog
Hi, I'm Ollie, a designer and front end developer currently residing in Ottawa, Canada. I'm as happy designing simple websites or complex UI interfaces to getting fully stuck into code and make these designs come to life.James VincentPosted in Web Design → Design
We like to collaborate to design and build beautiful websites, apps and casual games. We choose clients who are making a difference. From educational games to productivity tools, our clients share our passion for sports, the environment, and education.James VincentPosted in Web Design → Portfolio
We are a Wroclaw based strategic brand consultancy, design studio, and production company. Through the marriage of strong conceptual thinking, rigorous attention to detail we create timeless and effective work.James VincentPosted in Web Design → Portfolio
A superb interface for a hotel reservation app that was designed with material design guidelines followed.Posted in Interface → iPhone App
The new portfolio of Miki Mottes, an illustrator, animator and designer contains recent works, new products on the shop and a yellow spooky creature at the very bottom!Miki MottesPosted in Web Design → Portfolio
Flat design portfolio website from an Austrian web designer with animated content display and adaptive layout. The quick preview of the mobile site in SVG format serves as the main navigation of the site. The mobile version is displayed also under 1024 px, as the desktop layout is optimized from 1024 px.James VincentPosted in Web Design → Portfolio
eCommerce website designed and developed for fine artisan food company. The Portly Grocer is based in the North West of England and provides delicious food and drink to customers all over the UK. A clean, minimalistic design approach emphasis on the quality of product and ease of use for the end user.James VincentPosted in Web Design → Corporate
NII - The logo design project for a freelancer group who develop and implement the application on iOS. NII not only means \\\Tung Lam Truong VoPosted in Branding → Logo
Anadea is a team of creative and enthusiastic web developers. We love interesting and challenging projects and we seasoned in building bespoke applications with sophisticated design and backend. We have just finished redesign of our website. It showcases our skills and experience.Dariya LopukhinaPosted in Web Design → Corporate
Portfolio of Swedish designer Jesper Dahlqvist.Jesper DahlqvistPosted in Web Design → Portfolio
3I Infocom is a creative web design & SEO Company recently launched its UK operation. Company have a large design portfolio in which one can see UK's prominent brands. Company have a team of expert designers and strategist marketing geek who transform your requirement into state of the art website.Maulik VirpariaPosted in Web Design → Blog
A wonderfully stylistic and coherent set of icons designed with a specific project in mind.Posted in Interface → Element
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Arise is a web design, development and online marketing company from Sheffield, UK.Ben WalkerPosted in Web Design → Portfolio
A logo for a personal trainer. The logo is designed to inspire power and ambition.Design DeliveryUKPosted in Branding → Logo
UI / UX / Product Designer from Sydney, Australia. A Love of Fitness, Tech, Data, Growth, Behavioural Economics and Calisthenics!Michael WongPosted in Web Design → Portfolio
A simply stunning design aesthetic for a themed set of playing cards. You just desperately want to see the rest and hold them in your hands!Posted in Interface → Other
A logo designed for a strong brand in a competitive market using common symbols but with a unique twist.Design DeliveryUKPosted in Branding → Logo
The extremely stylistic design for this dune buggy rental company beautifully conveys a sense of fun and excitement.Aloha dune BuggyPosted in Web Design → Sport


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Graduated in Business and Computer Engineering he has extensive experience in the IT sector. Previously he served as Sales Manager of the e-Business division of SMC Computers and as Chief Operating Officer of Kelyan. Since 2009 he is board member of Triboo Digitale, and he is responsible for all commercial activities.
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15 years in the field of design and communication. Always focused on details, Sergio leads the creative process of triboo. He started his career at AG Fronzoni Studio; in 2005 he founded his own communication agency and in 2007 he became a partner at Nascar. Since 2010 he is a member of the Triboo Digitale Board of Directors.
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Graduated in Computer Engineering at Università degli Studi of Padua, he founded AZpoint.net a meeting point for italy's web-development pioneers, and went on to start Juice ADV, one of Italy's first online advertising sell-house. He is a board member of Leonardo ADV s.r.l. and Triboo Media Group's Chief Technology Officer.
After graduating with a master at the International Advertising Association in New York he was strategic consultant for Valuteam, then hired by Visiant spa as National Key Account Holder. From 2005 to 2009 he was Sales Director for ContactLab, in 2009 he entered Triboo Group where he now is Sales Director for Triboo Media.
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Graduated with a master's degree in Finance, Administration and Management Control from Bocconi University. He worked as business developer for Lazada, a Rocket Internet e-commerce start-up in Malaysia, and as a financial analyst in the Russian subsidiary of Intesa Sanpaolo in Moscow. He currently is Triboo Media's CFO.
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- Northern New York Newspapers
- Watertown
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POTSDAM Town Assessor James P. Snyder has been reappointed to a six-year term, starting Jan. 1, 2014.
The Town Council voted 4-0 for the appointment Monday, following a lengthy meeting with Mr. Snyder in executive session.
We questioned him about what he had learned, and what he could do differently, said Supervisor Marie C. Regan. He presented himself very well.
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Mr. Snyder drew criticism in the past few months because of an unpopular townwide property value reassessment.
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I just come in and do my job the best I can, he said.
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People Hold Parties Following The Announcement Of Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's Death
Parole chiave
A lady poses behind a sign displaying the message 'Ding Dong! The... Foto di attualitàAdulto,Brixton,Composizione orizzontale,Cultura britannica,Donne,Festeggiamento,Inghilterra,Interessi dell'uomo,Londra,Margaret Thatcher,Messaggio,Morte,Mostrare,Politica,Precedente,Primo Ministro,Regno Unito,RitrattoPhotographer Danny E. MartindaleCollection: Getty Images News 2013 Getty ImagesLONDON, UNITED KINGDOM - APRIL 08: A lady poses behind a sign displaying the message 'Ding Dong! The Witch is Dead!' as she celebrates the death of former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in Brixton on April 8, 2013 in London, England. Lady Thatcher has died this morning following a stroke aged 87. Margaret Thatcher was the first female British Prime Minster and governed the UK from 1979 to 1990. She led the UK through some turbulent years and contentious issues including the Falklands War, the miners' strike and the Poll Tax riots. (Photo by Danny E. Martindale/Getty Images)


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we should go around.....Captain Go around.....I was flying planes when you were still in diapers.....oh crap I should have gone around #crash boom pow
It is always easier to go around than to have a carrier change to pushing up daisies....
There's nothing wrong with admitting to yourself it's not quite right, then trying again.
So much for CRM with the copilot warning. Bulletproof captain. Serious enough that company policy even had it down as a no no. It's like anything else, there is a committment point and in this case, he not only screwed up but killed sombody in the process. Big time screwup.IMHO
Wayne....I don't mean to be the lowly G.I. in Saving Private Ryan asking what "FUBAR" means..............but what exactly is IMHO......
In My Humble Opinion.....got it
Boy you so bright we gonna have to put a tub over you so the sun will come up tomorrow.LOL
Hey, preacher1, don't be too sarcastic...I didn't know what it meant either! LOL
LOL, that term is older than Preacher1 (and that is saying something :), Thought everyone knew that one.. Of course... Many miss the term "CFIT"... That is a naughty one in the Airline Industry.
Now Sparkie, you got me on that one. If it's too bad, send me an Email.LOL
As long as you have been flying, one simple aviation term... So that you will not think that I am pulling your leg, check it out at the link below, but don't try this with that nice new CRJ of yours :)
Cool, now I know what CFIT means too :) I mean...I've heard about controlled flight into terrain, but I never knew the abbreviation for it. LOL
I'm kinda like Ben down here but had never hear that abb.lol
It's not one you want to use often
Probably used in the CHIT configuration at times
Just don't go try it out... I can send you some pics of what it will look like if you do...
That wiki article is almost sarcastic but I can see by the examples it was happening often enough that a description had to be coined for it. You have to remember as well that in the mid 70's was when a lot of the new tecnologies were coming out and probably gave a false sense of security to some experienced pilot's. The thing was then to TRUST IT. It should have been as Reagn said, TRUST BUT VERIFY.lol
I'm a ho
you shouldn't talk about yourself like that Thrustt but the first step to recovery is admitting that you have a problem
Ho ho ho
Hell, I enjoyed going around. What's up with these guys?
If at first you don't succeed.......
...then skydiving probably isn't for you.
Dust yourself off and try again...
Back in flight school, I was taught to EXPECT to go around. My instructor had all sorts of interesting ways to initiate it ... "There'a a scout troop camping on the runway" was one of my favorites. If you expect to go-around, then a normal landing is a pleasant surprise. Knowing in advance what you're going to do and being mentally prepared to do it are the keys. Then as the article says ... practice! I particularly like the idea of performing at least one G/A each month, and using that not-quite-right approach as an excuse to do it. It gives you an excellent explanation when you get back to the hangar or FBO.
"there is little or no mental or muscle memory of doing a go-around in normal flight operations, and no significant expectation that the approach might end in a go-around"
First go-around I executed was while practicing circuits in a 150. Tower rang up and told us to go around, moments later he cleared some IFR corporate aircraft to land on the intersecting runway.
Guess I'm an outlier.
I first did them in a 150 too. Followed by 1500 hours of competitive glider flying and about 48 off field landings - no go around possible with no engine.
Then followed by 1000 hours of SEL tailwheel flying where I never did go arounds except in practice instrument approaches.
The point the article made was a good one, we need to practice them. It's easy to fall out of the habit thousands of hours later. I committed my self to do the practice.... but then was forced to do one on a night downwind landing into my home field last week. The outcome was never in doubt but I didn't do a very good job. Gotta practice a few ASAP!
Explains why CRM wasn't used. It happened in 1976 before we developed those brain cells.


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- Northern New York Newspapers
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LISBON - If high school baseball had a grounds-keepers Hall of Fame, Lisbon resident Elmer Parmeter will definately be a candidate.
On Thursday, at the request of Heuvelton Athletic Director Dave Steele to Lisbon Athletic Director and High School Principal Eric Burke, the Bulldogs were searching for a pair of fields - one baseball and one softball - to host Section 10 Class D playoff games against Parishville-Hopkinton.
Parmeter along with another member of the Lisbon custordial staff who lined the fields made Lisbon complex a Field of Dreams none other like George Toma, a member of the Major League Baseball Groundskeepers Hall of Fame with Kansas City has done for 70 years.
I just really want to thank Eric for getting this setup and in such short notice, said Steele. I came over early today as our field was just in bad shape after the two days of rain and and the showers this morning. These fields were under water but ours were much worse. Elmer just did a great job making both the baseball and softball diamonds in terrific playing shape.
The No. 1 seed Bulldogs recorded 4-2 (baseball) and 17-2 (softball) wins against the Panthers.
Heuvelton senior Chris Power and Parishville-Hopkinton junior Mike Burns saw themselves in a pitchers duel as Heuvelton broke a 1-1 tie with a two run fifth inning started by a lead off walk from Jon Sloan. Jack Palmer singled home Sloan with one out on a hit that drop in front of the leftfielder. Aaron Cobb delivered a double to score Palmer with a ball hit past the centerfielder.
Power fanned 11 batters and allowed three walks and five hits for the win as Heuvelton improved to 15-0 and will face No. 4 seed Madrid-Waddington at home on Tuesday.
Burns struckout five batters, walked five and allowed six hits but the 4-11 Panthers turned two double-plays.
Mike Guardino supplied three singles in the game and scored a tieing run in the third inning on a Chris Powers hit and plated Cody Holland who reached on an infield error in the sixth,
Wyatt Snell lined a single in the first and lined a solo homerun down the leftfield line in the seventh for the Panthers. Preston Frank lined a single and scored on Mike Burns double in the top of the third.
Anthony Pullano and Tanner Wilson each singled back to back in the sixth but a Panther runner got picked off firstbase on a Aaron Cobb to Jack Palmer throw from the catchers spot.
The Panthers (6-11) scored twice after a leadoff infield error allowed Kodie Perkins to reach first and later score on two more errors and a fielderschoice in the first inning.
We had a little rocky start but we came back with five in the first and second innings, said HCS coach Josie Cole whose team improved to 17-2.
The field was just in amazing shape and I really like to commend Elmer (Parmeter) and Lisbon for allowing us the use of their field.
Alexis Weidner settled down and fanned just one batter in the five inning no hitter.
Perkins and Caitlin McGregor each scored in the win while Marlee Wilson, took the loss, and contributed a RBI fielders-choice.
Alexis Sawyer went 3-4 with a double while Paige McCormick delivered a two run homerun. Rachel Thornhill, Hannah Thornhill and Weidner all singled twice. Miranda Donnelly and Abby Basford each singled.
The Bulldogs took advantage on nine walks and four errors and will face Hammond at home on Tuesday.
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MORRISTOWN - The first-ever Plein Air Festival held by the Morristown Public Library is slated to begin Aug. 2 and promises an engaging celebration of the arts and Morristowns artistic heritage.
The Plein Air (French for open air) Festival will be centered around more than 20 artists from across the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada.
Setting up at sites throughout Morristown, the artists will be painting landscapes and encouraging members of the public to watch them – respectfully – while they work.
Weve been working our tails off since January [to get artists], Library Director Bridget C. Whalen-Nevin said.
When people arrive at the library on Friday they will be met with a map of where artists are working.
You have to get the public mingling with the artists while theyre painting, Ms. Whalen-Nevin said.
In order to encourage visitation, the library has a host of door prizes for those who visit all the artists.
The prizes include a basket of wine and accessories from Bella-Brooke Vineyard and Winery, a black walnut end table from Jamie Henderson and jewelry by Deb Montieth. Other prizes are on display at the library.
At 6 p.m. Friday there will be hors doeuvres and wine (for $4 a glass) served at the Bella-Brooke Vineyard and Winery in Hammond.
At 8 p.m. at the winery Joe McDonald will present a lecture on Charles S. Chapman, the Morristown native who rose to national artistic fame.
An exhibit of Chapman paintings will be on display courtesy of Mr. McDonald and Gloria Scoot Johnson.
On Saturday artists will continue working on their landscape pieces, and a book sale will be held at the library from 9 a.m. until noon.
A meet and greet chicken barbecue will be hosted by the Morristown Volunteer Fire Department at 6 p.m. Saturday with the artists. The meal costs $9 in advance or $10 at the door.
Entertainment at the barbecue will be provided at 7 p.m. by Juggling Josh. This guy is entertainment for everyone, Ms. Whalen-Nevin said.
Sundays activities will begin at noon, Ms. Whalen-Nevin said, with a silent auction. Each artist will have up to three paintings included in the auction and judging.
Door prizes will be drawn throughout the afternoon and Yellow Moon – a three person band from the Adirondacks – will provide live music.
The paintings will be judged by artist John Morrow, Ogdensburg, at 1 p.m.
In addition to the judging by Mr. Morrow, there will be a peoples choice award and an artists choice award.
Ms. Whalen-Nevin said artists are encouraged to register for the event up until Aug. 1.
This is quite the little artist colony in Morristown, Ms. Whalen-Nevin said.
The artists registered to participate in the event at this point include Sarah White and Bell Chevigny of New York City; Judy Soprano and Diane Bellenger of Rochester; Frederick J. Holman of Brant Lake; Lisa Noviasky and Kate Long of Syracuse; Janet Marie Yeates of Northville; Kathleen Kelly, Ethel Slocum and Mary Ann Evans of Morristown; Jay Byington and Linda McCausland of Clayton; Donna Glahn of Mountain Top, Pennsylvania; Robert P. Hedden of Wellesley Island; Bomette Shine of Brier Hill; Lisa Hacket of Baltimore, Maryland; Emily Conger of Lansdowne, Ontario; Scott Ouderkirk and Jacqueline Washburn of Hammond; and Lori McCall of Liverpool.
More information about the festival, which is open to the public from Aug. 2 to Aug. 4, is available by calling the library at 375-8833 or visiting www.morristownpubliclibrary.org
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Best of News
Workers strike outside the Khomanani Mine on January 16, 2013 in... Photo d'actualitéAnglo American Platinum,Chômage,Grève,Horizontal,Industrie minière,Manifestation,Mine,Mineur,Métier,Province du nord-ouest,Rustenburg,Réduction d'effectif,République d'Afrique du Sud,Tous types de crisesPhotographer Gallo ImagesCollection: Getty Images News 2013 Gallo Images (PTY LTD)RUSTENBURG, SOUTH AFRICA - JANUARY 16: (SOUTH AFRICA OUT) Workers strike outside the Khomanani Mine on January 16, 2013 in Rustenburg, South Africa. Anglo American Platinum workers are refusing to work after the company announced that 14,000 jobs could be lost during a major restructuring of the company. (Photo by Sibusiso Msibi/Sowetan/Gallo Images/Getty Images)


text: Few, if any, brands in the bike industry have a reputation as sterling as Mavic's. This isn't the byproduct of marketing puffery. Rather, They've earned every ounce of esteem thanks to the quality of their innovations. Because of Mavic, the rims and wheels we ride on are completely different and wholly superior to anything we might have previously imagined. While their accomplishments are too numerous to list, their most noteworthy breakthroughs have an easy familiarity to all of us. The SUP and UB Control technologies they pioneered in the early 90's gave a quantum boost to rim strength and brought us the glory of the machined braking surface. The Helium wheelset in the late 90's was the industry's first "climbing" wheelset, and they proved so durable that their unforgettable red anodized rims and hubshells are still a common sight on group rides today. The Cosmic Carbone was the first noteworthy aero wheelset, and in its current iteration is still the most widely used deep-dish wheel in the professional peloton. With the introduction of the Open Pro rim a few years ago, Mavic set a new standard for the strength and lightness we expect out of conventional box-section rims thanks to their Maxtal aluminum alloy composition. And with the unveiling of the original Ksyrium wheelset in 2001 Mavic brought together lightness, aerodynamics, and durability in a seemingly perfect blend unmatched by any other brand. When you purchase a set of Mavic wheels, you can rest assured that no other company has labored so intently to combine value and performance. While other brands certainly offer excellent options in their own right, more often than not the wheels you see are derivatives of products Mavic has already perfected. Mavic has long set the agenda for rims and wheels in the bicycle industry, and based on their 2004 offerings, they continue to lead the way.


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Top 10 Pop Songs That We Wish 'Glee' Would Cover (page 6)
April 5, 2011 7:23 PM
5. [lastfm link_type="artist_info"]Jessie J[/lastfm]-"Price Tag"
Our Imaginary Glee Scene:
Quinn has come to a poignant point of self-discovery in her life. Maybe New Directions needs money and Quinn is there to remind them that their love for music is "not about the money."
PAGE 7 The cast of Glee doesn't need Kanye's Workout Plan, but we'd like to see it!


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Sun & Swim
Children's swim suits, baby sun hats, beach cover-ups and more! Make sure your little bundles stay protected and stylish in the sun with our gorgeous collection baby sunwear and children swim suits.
|Vilebrequin Bleu Marine Tohora Swim Trunks$131.00 $65.50
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When many state leaders talk about governance reform in public education, they usually refer to changes in governance structures - for example, a state proposes that the governor, instead of the state board of education, should appoint the state superintendent of education. While these structural decisions are important, it is equally - if not more - critical to examine governance reform by looking at who makes what decisions about public education within a state's governance structure. In fact, over the last 20 years, state, district and school leaders have been moving on two apparently contradictory paths of this type of governance - or decisionmaking - reform, sometimes with very little coordination among the disparate parts.
On the one hand, states have provided more money for public education. In providing more funding for schools, states have become more involved in making decisions about policies that were previously left for school districts to decide. Among other things, states have established content and performance standards; developed student and teacher assessments; and created accountability systems that attempt to ensure students, teachers and schools achieve established standards. Furthermore, states have begun to intervene, and in some cases, take over chronically low-performing school districts and schools.
At the same time that states have created more centralized approaches to governing schools, states and districts have instituted more decentralized governance arrangements. For example, many states, districts and schools are experimenting with various forms of site-based management, in which the locus of certain decisions is moved from the school district to the school. In addition, many states, districts and schools are experimenting with various forms of school choice, including magnet schools, intra- and inter-district open enrollment, charter schools, vouchers, tax credits and tax deductions, and home schools.
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Note: Joe Thornton Calls The Rangers Soft
Update: 10:10PM: On the postgame show on MSG, Stan Fischler asked Torts about Thornton's comments.
Tortorella responded with "wonderful,"
Original Post: On the postgame show on MSG, Joe Thornton called the Rangers "soft" and calls them the softest team that they played on their road trip. Thornton said that the Sharks should have won tonight.
Brandon Dubinsky responds by saying that the Rangers played very well tonight and deserved the two points that they won. Dubinsky said that tonight's win was the closest to how the Rangers want to play throughout the season.
The Rangers had 28 hits in the game.
Interesting words from Thornton. They won't play again this season unless it is in the Stanley Cup finals.


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PRICE - Our dedicated wife, mother, grandmother, great-grandmother, aunt and friend, Helen Trumbo Schmidt, age 94 passed away June 25, 2012. Surrounded by love, Helen drifted quietly to heaven after a long battle with sickness and pain.
She was born October 13, 1917 in Paonia, Colo., to Morgan and Leona Whadford Trumbo.
Married John E. Schmidt Nov. 12, 1936 in Delta, Colo. He died April 6, 1990. Helen touched many lives with her special gifts and kindness. A Pink Lady at the Castleview Hospital for 30-plus years, Helen's dedication to others will always be remembered.
Free from the restrictions of this world, Helen is able to soar as an angel and look upon all of us with love.
The family wishes to thank all of those who cared for Helen, including United Mine Workers, the staff at Castleview Hospital, Heirloom Inn, and Community Nursing Services.
Helen is survived by her daughter, Sandra Hall, granddaughter, Rebekka Monson and her husband Mike, and great-grandson, Connor Monson, all of Park City; and her brother, John Trumbo, Grand Junction, Colo.
She was preceded in death by her husband, John E. Schmidt; sister, Thelma Drobnick; parents, Morgan and Leona Trumbo; son-in-law, Norm Hall; and many dear friends. She is now at peace, reunited with her lifelong love, Johnnie.
Graveside service, Saturday, June 30, 2012, 1 p.m., Price City Cemetery. Family will receive friends at Mitchell Funeral Home Saturday from noon to 12:45 p.m. In lieu of flowers, donations can be made to the Price Chapter of the American Cancer Society's Relay for Life. Arrangements entrusted to Mitchell Funeral Home of Price where friends are welcome daily and may share memories of Helen online at www.mitchellfuneralhome.net.


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Continues: California Historical Society Quarterly
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Handbooks, manuals, and general indexes
California Biographical Dictionary: People of All Times and Places Who Have Been Important to the History and Life of the State. 2nd ed. New York : Somerset, 1994.
Sanders, Patricia. Searching in California: A Reference Guide to Public and Private Records. Costa Mesa, CA: ISC Publications, c1982.
Hill, Barbara Lee. Genealogy: A Guide to the UC Berkeley Library. Berkeley, CA: The Library Associates, The General Library. University of California, Berkeley, 1984.
Local History and Genealogy Resources of the California State Library. Revised edition. Edited by Gary E. Strong. Sacramento, Calif.: California State Library Foundation, c1991.
California State Archives. Genealogical Research in the California State Archives. Sacramento, Calif. [1969]
Bancroft, Hubert Howe. California Pioneer Register and Index, 1542-1848. Including Inhabitants of California, 1769-1800, and List of Pioneers. Baltimore, Regional Pub. Co., 1964.
Northrop, Marie E. Spanish-Mexican families of early California, 1769-1850. 1st ed. Burbank, Calif.: Southern California Genealogical Society, 1976-1984. 2 v.
Parker, J. Carlyle. An Index to the Biographies in 19th Century California County Histories. Detroit: Gale Research Co., c1979.
Hughes, Edan Milton. Artists in California, 1786-1940 / by Edan Milton Hughes. 2nd ed. San Francisco, CA : Hughes Pub. Co., c1989.
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(NEWS CENTER) Maine lawmakers are in the thick of the session, grappling with budget questions and other sticky policy matters. Senate President Justin Alfond and Senate Minority Leader Mike Thibodeau go In The Arena with Pat Callaghan.
They discuss the spirit of compromise embodied in Gov. Paul LePage's decision to sign a St. Patrick's Day early liquor sales bill, and whether it's time to revisit the rules that govern Sunday sales.
Alfond and Thibodeau also talk about the disagreement over how to repay Maine's Medicaid debt to hospitals, keeping a lid on information about who has concealed weapons permits, whether the new fireworks law will be revised, and the latest push for a higher minimum wage.
The two sharply disagreed over cuts in municipal revenue sharing, with Alfond declaring that proposal "dead," and Thibodeau claiming Democrats have not proposed anything solid to replace those cuts.
Thibodeau and Alfond also sparred over partisanship, with Republican Thibodeau complaining that majority Democrats are not treating them fairly.


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Published: 22 July 2011
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Our purpose is to be the best in everyday accessible beauty and are committed to bringing innovation and the latest styles and trends to every high street in the UK and Southern Ireland at fantastic prices. From Superdrug Own Brand labels such as Solait suncare, Optimum skincare, our Essentials brand and exclusive cosmetics brands such as GOSH, Bloom and Famous together with landing branded launches first on the high street from L'Oreal's limited edition Cheryl hairspray to the latest Maybelline mascara launch our customers can be reassured that we are committed to bringing new and beautiful brands to our customers exclusively and faster than our competition, securing exclusives ahead of any other UK retailer.
Visit Superdrug in departures to stock up on all your holiday and travel essentials.


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Technical information
|Starting point:
|Isola (Italy)
|Getting to the starting point:
|Post bus to Splügen Post Office
|Getting to the destination:
|With the post bus from Isola (Italy), Paese
|Physical fitness:
|Hiking time:
|June till October
History is experienced at every turn – as long as 2000 years ago the Via Spluga was the main link between the Grisons and Italy. People, goods and ideas found their way from Thusis over the Splügen Pass to Chiavenna and back. It is thought that in the early 19th century up to 2000 mules hauled goods from Munich to Milan over the adventurous Via Spluga every month.
If you want to follow the Splügen stretch all the way, it is best to leave your back unencumbered - if you so wish, your luggage can be transported to the next stopover on the route.
Before the third section of the trail from Splügen to Isola, it is well worth going on a little escapade to the world famous Viamala Gorge. But even those who give this a miss are not left unrewarded, for once past the top of the Splügen Pass the breathtaking Cardinello Gorge is the highlight of the tour. The wildest part of the trail, it had to be wrested from the rock and leads adventurously down to the picturesque village of Valle San Giacomo, where it ends up at the little hamlet of Isola.
Tour Overview
3D hiking map Download GPX coordinates Download KMZ (GoogleEarth)
The careful planning of a tour will ensure that you also derive the maximum pleasure and enjoyment from it. Please take the time to contact the local information centre and enquire about route and weather conditions before setting off. Your intended trail may be fully or partially closed, depending on the time of year and weather conditions.


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Best of News
This picture taken on July 29, 2008 shows hot air balloons flying... News PhotoAccidents and Disasters,Ancient,City,Egypt,Flying,Heat - Temperature,Horizontal,Luxor - Thebes,Middle East,Showing,WindPhotographer AFPCollection: AFP 2013 AFPThis picture taken on July 29, 2008 shows hot air balloons flying over ancient ancient temple city of Luxor. A hot air balloon caught fire and exploded over Egypt's ancient temple city of Luxor during a sunrise flight on February 26, 2013, killing up to 19 tourists, including Asians and Europeans. AFP PHOTO / GIUSEPPE CACACE (Photo credit should read GIUSEPPE CACACE/AFP/Getty Images)


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Brooklyn Nets v Oklahoma City Thunder
Russell Westbrook of the Oklahoma City Thunder drives to the basket... News PhotoBasketball - NBA Pro,Basketball - Sport,Brooklyn Nets - Basketball Team,Drive - Ball Sports,Full Length,Gerald Wallace,Oklahoma City,Oklahoma City Arena,Oklahoma City Thunder - Basketball Team,Russell Westbrook,Sport,USA,VerticalPhotographer Layne MurdochCollection: National Basketball Association 2012 NBAEOKLAHOMA CITY, OK - JANUARY 2: Russell Westbrook #0 of the Oklahoma City Thunder drives to the basket against Gerald Wallace #45 of the Brooklyn Nets on January 2, 2013 at the Chesapeake Energy Arena in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, user is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2013 NBAE (Photo by Layne Murdoch/NBAE via Getty Images)


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Millionaire's chocolate tart
By Sarah Cook
Cooking timePrep: 30 mins Cook: 55 mins Plus chilling
Skill levelModerately easy
ServingsServes 10
A dinner party version of teatime favourite, millionaire's shortbread. It's not too bitter, so the kids will love it too
Nutrition and extra info
Nutrition per serving
- kcalories
- 618
- protein
- 9g
- carbs
- 62g
- fat
- 39g
- saturates
- 18g
- fibre
- 2g
- sugar
- 41g
- salt
- 0.59g
- 375g pack dessert shortcrust pastry
- 1 tsp vanilla paste or extract
- flour, for dusting
- 250g/9oz caramel (we used Carnation caramel from a can)
- 100g 70% plain chocolate, broken into pieces
- 100g white chocolate, broken into pieces
- 6 tbsp melted butter
- 2 eggs, plus 3 egg yolks
- 4 tbsp golden caster sugar
- icing sugar and single cream, to serve (optional)
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- Break the pastry into chunks and drop into a food processor. Drizzle over the vanilla paste and pulse until the vanilla is speckled through the pastry (the extract should be completely absorbed). Tip out onto a floured surface, bring together into a ball, then roll out to line a 23cm tart tin (leave any overhanging pastry as you will trim this away when the tart is baked). Chill for 30 mins.
- Heat oven to 200C/180C fan/gas 6. Line the pastry with greaseproof paper. Fill with baking beans, bake blind for 15-20 mins, then remove the paper and beans and bake for 5-10 mins more until pale golden. Carefully spread caramel over the base and set aside while you make the filling. Lower oven to 180C/160C fan/gas 4.
- Melt the chocolates in a bowl over a pan of barely simmering water, then stir in the melted butter. Whisk the eggs, yolks and sugar together with an electric whisk in a large mixing bowl for 10 mins, until pale and thick enough to leave a trail when the beaters are lifted up. Fold in the melted chocolate with a large metal spoon, then scrape into the tin.
- Bake for 20-25 mins – the surface should be set and puffed but still with a slight wobble. Cool, then chill for at least 3 hrs or overnight, before dusting with icing sugar and serving.
Recipe from Good Food magazine, April 2010
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Comments, questions and tips
I've made this many times and it's always a hit! So easy to make. I don't bother with the vanilla. Don't be shy with the caramel. The first few times I made it, I used half a can of caramel as I thought it would be too much with the whole can. Then the next time decided to use a full can & it definitely tastes much better!
I made this for the pudding to accompany our Easter Sunday dinner and it was amazing - in fact, I can't quite describe how good it was although my Step-Dad said it was the best dessert he'd ever had, which sums it up pretty well!
I used a half quantity of the sweet shortcrust pastry recipe from the Paul Hollywood mince pie recipe and had plenty to line the tin.
Made this for the family last night with home made pastry and left out the vanilla and it went down a treat.
I used my non fan assisted oven once the filling had been added and I think it could have done with a little longer than the 20-25 minutes however was still delicious.
Will definitely be making this one again!
Tried this yesterday. I made it with carnation caramel but added sea salt. I did find I had lots of chocolate filling left over but my tin is a bit on the shallow side. Put the leftovers into ramekin dishes with a bit of caramel on the bottom, will cook these today and serve warm.
Will maybe use biscuit crust next time with borbourns.
Every one enjoyed this tart and is a definite keeper.
This was more difficult than I thought!!!
First problem - pastry. I blind baked it but when I took the beans out and put the pastry back in to cook for 5-10 minutes, a gigantic bubble formed which I then had to break after I took it out and it made it difficult to spread the caramel.
Second - I put it back in with the chocolate mix at the right temp, and when I went to check it at 20 mins..it was black!!! I was terrified that I had burnt it even though I checked it at 20 and the recipe says 20-25 minutes.
It turned out okay in the end, slightly over cooked but still good. Had to hide the blackness with icing sugar. I can only imagine how divine it may have been if it had cooked for a few mins less.