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"It's all a crapshoot."No pun intended....
Someone asked me a question that made me think of the science of giardia yesterday, or the day before, so I read up on all the government pdfs and pages.I wish I'd seen this thread, so I could post all the urls for the pdf stuff I read, cdc etc, but the overall thing that all the real sources agreed on were simple:backpacking is a key infection vector, or activity. All sources mentioned it specifically, without exception.The reports and articles all stated that 1 cyst is all that is required. Something like 1 to 10 cysts per liter can be expected in running water (assuming infected matter upstream or in your area), that's a number all the sources seem agreed on, and would account for the dilution factor. I kept looking for that 10 cyst ingestion requirement number I've seen referenced in backpacking sources like bpl, but not one of the gov webpages or papers mentioned that higher count of 10 being required, in fact, the only place I saw it mentioned was places like bpl or other backpacking oriented information pages/sites. BPL is not a health science resource, so I don't care what people believe or don't believe, but if that's a myth, it should be terminated and stopped before people get hurt.One page was kind of interesting, and was discussing why beavers were associated with it, and it noted that association was almost always caused by beavers being close to campgrounds, and getting infected by campers, then their fe ces contaminates the water, and so on.The notion I come across that one can 'see' if water is good or not good struck me as particularly fantasy based, if there is some fecal matter in the water upstream from where you are, it's not good, and you certainly cannot see that fact, or smell it, maybe you can intuit it if you have a particularly excellent connection with nature and it's flows and patterns, but for average use, you certainly cannot do any such thing. Again, I wish I'd seen this thread, I'd post every article I read, but they really seemed to agree in general. The two vectors were water and spread fe ces, which actually explains the observation that people make about handling other backpacker's food and getting giardia after that, that fits exactly, poor sanitary habits, then touching the food, then you touching it certainly could spread it, and that seems to be a very common vector.The thing I was looking for, as scientific fact, not speculation, was specifically, how long giardia cysts can live out of the water, when it's dry. What confuses that question is a common fector, fe ces on doorknobs, trailmix etc, in trace amounts, which I guess lets giardia move to your body. I didn't find anywhere that told me that, but I did find some interesting stuff about temperature and cyst survival, in water, it's a few months when cooler, but drops steadily when warmer, if i remember right, 54C water they lived only 10 minutes, for example, boiling water I believe killed them almost immediately. I just footnote this by observing that the cdc does not have a wonderful track record, and often lags behind the times, but they lag from what I have seen in underestimating, not overestimating, risk factors. Every single government document listed backpacking specifically as a source of infections, without exception. This fits nicely with what Edward Abbey noted many years ago in Desert Solitaire, when he observed that prior to 1965 (or was it 1955? been a long time since I read it) or so, every free flowing water source in the USA was drinkable, talking about streams and so on, not of course rivers that flow through farming and urban areas. It took only some 10 years for that situation to change, due to live stock grazing on leased national park lands and backpackers practicing poor sanitation. Since we can read long threads covering people's experiences with that poor sanitation, ie, toilet paper on trails, non buried or inadequately buried waste, I'd certainly consider that to be a primary vector at this point, along with animals also spreading it.So my quest for the science of it showed almost no variation in the data or information, and all of it said the same thing. Where exactly is the alleged 'science' going on that is disproving categorically the cdc and other government findings, making for an actual scientific disagreement? It's just one guy, right, who publishes some stuff online, correct? Typical internet stuff, right? Or is there real science going on somewhere?As correctly noted in the sources, you can't test a stream for good or bad status, it's good when there's no contaminated fe ces upstream, and bad when there is. The beaver thing above mentioned that issue directly, and it's kind of obvious anyway, in cooler water giardia cysts only lived some 2 months max. Cysts floating in the water have no smell or flavor. Heavily contaminated water of course would be suspect as dirty, but water being clean shows you almost nothing. This is why I carry a real filter, mechanical. What one paper explicitly stated was that bleach, chlorine, does NOT kill giardia, that's why people use aquamira, it's a tweaked bleach, so it would be good for that myth to be terminated once and for all, bleach does not kill giardia, unless the science is wrong, their outsides are too tough. Bleach could be a good option post filtering however, to kill smaller things, that's probably a good idea in very bad water.Speaking for myself, I don't care what people do, but since I do somewhat try to follow the science of such matters, I'm not into pointless risks (for example, if I am carrying a filter already, why would I not use it? Sawyer squeeze is light and leaves no taste behind) when it comes to contracting long term weird parasite stuff, it's really not fun, trust me.You can find all the cdc and other gov stuff easily, just google giardia and pick the authority sites, read the pdfs, etc. Maybe there's some other science out there, could well be, but that would be in scientific journals and medical journals, which usually are not free to read.By the way, the bpl word filter really needs to be updated, it's kind of silly, this is an adult oriented site, grownups can handle the word fe ces.
Edited by hhope on 09/15/2012 18:59:10 MDT.
"The thing I was looking for, as scientific fact, not speculation, was specifically, how long giardia cysts can live out of the water, when it's dry."From Rockwell's paper"Cysts can survive for as long as 2 to 3 months in cold water, but they cannot tolerate drying or freezing.12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18 They are also destroyed by UV radiation, heat and biocides such as bleach.15""How many cysts does it take to get the disease? Theoretically, only one. But there are no documented cases of giardiasis being contracted from such low levels.8 Volunteer studies have shown that 10 or more are required to have a reasonable probability of it, with about one-third of persons ingesting 10 – 25 cysts getting detectable cysts in their stools.9, 10, 11, 13, 41, 42"
Edited by jshann on 09/15/2012 19:39:40 MDT.
That's just a guy, talking about one area, that he likes to hike in. It's not science, even though he's a scientist.Can be good to start a conversation though, I'd certainly not follow anything he says beyond that.I can point you to countless scientists writing outside their fields of expertise who say the darnedest stuff, doesn't mean it's wrong or right, but it's not technical science, it's not peer reviewed, science is sort of like a medieval guild system, has its rules and so on, and each discipline has its own methods and preferences.The area he is right in, and in full agreement with the science, is that spreading via touch of contaminated materials is very likely.I'm happy for people who do this practice and who can never get sick from water, I really am, but that's not science, it's just sort of anecdotal. The CDC does not, as he suggests, take a 'very conservative stance', just follow their horrible record re Lyme disease, where they consistently have failed to take such a stance, nor does the general US system, which likes to err on the side of error, not caution. I really wish this guy's paper would stop getting cited as some type of valid science, it's just an article he wrote. Can't we do a bit better? Plus, so he hikes in a few areas of the Sierras, and doesn't get sick, that proves exactly what, regarding other areas? Nothing. Maybe he's fond of high country, where most water is almost direct snow runoff, I don't know.The thing of value though is to note that people are getting contaminated, and that they are spreading that contamination by touch. I've read a lot of stuff on different topics over the past year, so the way data spreads is interesting to watch, but there's some common sense logic stuff that's not really happening with this guy, start here: is high country grazing leasing increasing, decreasing, or is it about the same? How about backpacker numbers? Higher, lower, or about the same? Science is VERY expensive to do, testing, etc, and it's very tedious, so it often takes a real kick in the pants to get it done, this guy Rockwell isn't doing it though.to me the entire discussion is moot, it's a risk benefit thing, it costs me n othing to filter since I always will carry the filter, and if I carry it, I will use it.The thing that does interest me however is another question, about using poison on living water, that to me is another matter altogether, there's hordes of good organisms in things we eat and drink, and poisoning them seems to be a very bad idea in terms of actually benefiting from being out there in the wilds, so I think in that sense I somewhat agree with Rockwell, drink the water as near fresh as you can manage, don't kill it. Giardia cysts are big and easy to filter out, so who cares if there are x or y infection rates, the Sierras are just one place, and the high sierras part of that place.Humanity and its livestock are spreading, not shrinking, the ranges we occupy are increasing, not shrinking, the biosphere damage is getting worse, not better, to believe otherwise is to be somewhat oblivious to modern reality, so I bring a filter, it's easy and simple, I truly do not care what others do, nor do I care if people invent their own stories to make themselves happy. The sad thing is it would be so hard to actually do real science on this question, it would take years and even then it wouldn't be conclusive.Some things in modern backpacking chit chat are fun to argue about, some to me there's no argument needed, this is definitely for me the latter category. But it's getting less and less likely real science will get done on this, we are running out of money and time, things are getting cut left and right, particularly in California, that will include various testing and regulatory bodies. I also believe, by the way, that certain people if they do what they have always done tend to avoid problems, and are somewhat justified to note that it works for them. The idea is simple, ride a bike your whole life, no accident, get in a car, bang, you're not in the same groove, not following the same way.Anyway, I just wanted to note the fact that there really is no science beyond this one guy's non peer reviewed article, and I'm glad to see that's the case, there isn't. Not that I worship science as some kind of deity that cannot be wrong, by the way, that's certainly not the case, but if we are in the world science defines, the rules there sort of have to be followed at some point. And science can be so hard and tedious, easier to just chat on forum threads.
"science is sort of like a medieval guild system"Egad. Don't let Roger Caffin read that.Maybe he is out looking for a job as an alchemist.--B.G.--
Zell, Steven C. Epidemiology of wilderness-acquired diarrhea: implications for prevention and treatment. J Wild Med 1992;3:241-249."In the 1950s, Rendtdorff [18] studied the innoculum of Giardia lamblia cysts necessary to establish infection in federal prison volunteers. Known numbers of cysts were placed along with a small amount of saline into gelatin capsules ingested by subjects. Stool specimens from prisoners were examined for up to 165 days after exposure and infection defined as ability to identify Giardia lamblia cysts in the subject's stool, regardless of symptomatology. No person exposed to one cyst became infected, whereas 36.4% of 22 men receiving from 10-25 cysts established infection. All subjects receiving 100 cysts or more developed infection. Of note, no individual developed symptomatic giardiasis and there was a tendency for infections to disappear spontaneously over time [18]."Rendtorff, R The experimental transmission of human intestinal protozoan parasites. Am J Hyg 1954; 59, 209-20.
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/giardia/epi.html"However, swallowing as few as 10 cysts might cause someone to become ill[2,6]."2. Yoder JS, Harral C, Beach MJ. Giardiasis surveillance - United States, 2006-2008. MMWR Surveill Summ. Jun 11 2010;59(6):15-25.6. Rendtorff RC. The experimental transmission of human intestinal protozoan parasites. II. Giardia lamblia cysts given in capsules. Am J Hyg. Mar 1954;59(2):209-220.
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6105a2.htm?s_cid=ss6105a2_w"The infectious dose is low; ingestion of 10 cysts has been reported to cause infection (12)."12. Rendtorff RC. The experimental transmission of human intestinal protozoan parasites. II. Giardia lamblia cysts given in capsules. Am J Hygiene 1954;59:209–20.
My eyes aren't what they used to be, age catches us all, so I can't count how many cysts are in each liter I drink. Nor do I know what is upstream from me. Possibly others out there can, more power to them. So there's the 10 count, good, from a very old study. So that's one single fact now that's somewhat established. Unless it's been disproved in a more recent study, something that happens constantly, with newer methods and newer testing tools etc. So really what we are looking for is up to date data, but an old test is better than none. So did that liter I just downed have 0, 1 or 10 in it? See the absurdity? Hopefully yes. this is why I use a filter, and these discussions are what totally convinced me to always do that from now on, especially when I see how thin the actual research is.Odd to find the CDC still keep noting 1 is all that is required on most of its documents, it's not like them to err on the side of care and caution, but figuring out what makes them decide x or y is a very challenging thing, I will happily admit, if they trust one doctor over others, and that doctor is corrupt, or lazy, or stuck in old habits, it leads to problems. Lots of ego, careerism, profiteering, corruption, etc, involved with these areas too, things change, and people who made their careers being experts in the old way, keep resisting change because the new way makes their studies less valuable.However, I am left with the problem that I have no way of counting the cyst count per liter I drink today, here, from this water source I am at now, assuming I'm backpacking somewhere or other. And neither does anyone else. I'd be a fool to follow higher risk actions re pathogens when I can easily and with no effort follow lower risk actions, with exactly zero negative repercussions for me. Basically what we have is one cranky old physics professor, who has his pet peeve, and writes on it. That's not a new or rare thing in science, by the way, lots of professors do that, with the same lack of discipline.But again, I truly do not care what other people do as long as they don't expect me to help them if they run into troubles based on their decisions. No common sense I can locate suggests that not filtering is a better idea than filtering, that simply makes no sense, so I will happily filter. But the added information is good, I wasn't sure about the cyst sizes, so that's clearly much less grounds for concern, and being aware of other backpackers as possible vectors is a good thing to know too, so that's a plus.I was just checking to see if there was any actual new science on this question, there isn't apparently, so that's fine, the question is still relatively the same, except for worsening ecosystem degradation, which stresses things in all types of ways, most far too rapidly evolving to actually keep track of unless you specialize in the area. But one thing can be stated with absolute certainty: things are getting worse, and they are getting worse quickly. Which parts of our ecosystem react in which way, that is something being studied with more energy now than in the past, for obvious reasons. So anyway, there's no debate I can find here, just some slightly improved understanding of the question. As I thought.Still unanswered, my original question that started my readings: how long does a giardia cyst live in the air, out of water or outside of fecal matter, ie, a drop of water dries? However, if the 10 count is accurate, I'd say that question is also somewhat mooted, would be more relevant if 1 is sufficient. It's odd how hard it is to find answers to even simple questions like that, I think that reflects the state of the research fairly well is my guess.And, other questions, is the count of cysts cumulative, ie, over 2 days and 4 liters, do 10 total count? Or does it have to be 10 per ingestion? Has anyone ever tested this? I seriously doubt it. There's a fair degree of wishful thinking going on here about what is actually being said I suspect. So much not known here, zero grounds to make any statements about safety in my opinion, and I suspect that is what makes the CDC err, as they should, on the side of caution. I'm leaving this one alone, categorizing it as wishful thinking, best argument for filtering I've seen yet, thanks.
Edited by hhope on 09/15/2012 21:36:43 MDT.
"the 10 count"I think that is because different humans have immune systems of different powers. One person might be fragile, and one cyst might be able to set up housekeeping in the gut and make a living at it. One person might be tough and have an excellent set of biochemical acids, so ten cysts can be wiped out before they make a go of it. Maybe one person had a strong dose of coffee and that helped to devitalize the critters. We will likely never know.Where I was this week is where a close friend contracted Giardia 25 years ago (swimming in the lake). So, I filter every drop for consumption.--B.G.--
This has been an interesting thread, but as others have observed, there are some real gaps in the science.Harald asks a key question, perhaps *the* key question: "is the count of cysts cumulative, ie, over 2 days and 4 liters, do 10 total count? Or does it have to be 10 per ingestion?"I might place the emphasis slightly differently - does the probability of infection from a given exposure increasingly linearly with the number of cysts ingested? (The alternatives being that there is a key threshold or simply a greater than linear increase in probability due to "cooperativity." And if the answer's that it's non-linear, then we have to move on to Harald's question about the timing.)Everything I've seen (big caveat - I have not looked exhaustively) is consistent with a linear response and a human infection rate of ~ 1-2%/viable cyst (n.b., viable is very important here, if/when we start parsing data for consistency with this). In the most commonly cited human study, one cyst didn't infect anyone because they didn't test enough people to overcome the odds. Unfortunately, everything I've seen is also consistent with the other two possibilities I've posited above!Given that concentrations of cysts in most contaminated wilderness water sources is low, this is what I would most want to know. It seems pretty clear that my chances of getting infected from a single half liter drink of reasonably well-chosen wilderness water are low. Hypothetically, let's say that I'm backpacking in an area where I can consistently limit my exposure to the order of 1 cyst/20 liters by choosing my water well. If there's a threshold or a significant non-linearity to infection rate/cyst (and cumulative effects are relevant only on the order of a day), I can expect to drink happily for a long time without becoming infected. But if it's linear or approximately linear, my luck will run out, and on a timescale that's relevant.If there's a good study that addresses this question, please, someone point it out! And if not, for now, we sift through the clues that may exist within other available information.Best,Bill S.
The cited Rendtorff study seems to be the basis for most or all of the infectious dose numbers. Most people got giardiasis at the 10+ cyst level. Five men got one cyst one time and didn't get giardiasis. No one was tested for 2,3,4,5,6,7,8, or 9 cysts. Obviously the 10+ infectious dose number isn't valid statistically yet it is a vital part of the argument against waterborne giardiasis for backpackers. Someone said I disagree with your conclusion that the cited references establish "...there is more scientific evidence to support the spread of Giardiasis through water than there is through hygiene. I didn't mean which cause is the more common. I'm not sure what the ratio is and I don't think anyone does. What I mean is there are several studies saying something along this line:"drinking untreated backcountry water is an important cause of endemic giardiasis infection" with no studies that I'm aware of making this sort of claim:"poor hygiene in the backcountry is an important cause of endemic giardiasis infection." Welch and Rockwell have made statements approaching the latter, but only after basing those statements on lack of evidence for waterborne giardiasis. I believe that most of these studies are going about it the wrong way anyway. Retrospective surveys seem wisest to me, like the Colorado study where they surveyed 256 giardiasis cases and determined that the infection rate was triple for those not treating. That is significant. It didn't matter how many cysts there were or how viable the cysts were or when and where the tests were done or even what the infectious dose was. At the time we are drinking from backcountry sources it is essentially untested water so viable cyst counts aren't available and the big picture stats are more valuable for risk analysis.Harald said So my quest for the science of it showed almost no variation in the data or information, and all of it said the same thing. Where exactly is the alleged 'science' going on that is disproving categorically the cdc and other government findings, making for an actual scientific disagreement? It's just one guy, right, who publishes some stuff online, correct? Typical internet stuff, right? Or is there real science going on somewhere?Much of the "science" comes from the paper I am currently trying to debunk. It is the cornerstone of the infamous Giardia Myth-Buster paper which I find appalling, especially in his heavy use of cherry-picked anecdotal evidence. He posted that article all over the internet to the delight of people who had just learned that science had proven that untreated drinking water is safe to drink.In a forum post about what he considers excessive paranoia about giardia he actually said nearly all warnings state that all water is polluted with Giardia. He also said Someone wrote about other threats in the water: "...Giardia is not the only thing to worry about in the back country. with the increased human waste problem in the high peaks, bugs like e-coli, VRE, and Hepatitis are real possibilities too."These are not real possibilities -- no studies have shown these threats to be of concern to backpackers who do not treat their water. That is some highly irresponsible "science." Of course Rockwell did a lot of research and cited many legitimate scientific sources but his conclusion to "drink freely" was based largely on the Welch paper currently being discussed.
Edited by Colter on 09/16/2012 14:32:14 MDT.
That's just a guy, talking about one area, that he likes to hike in. It's not science, even though he's a scientist.Can be good to start a conversation though, I'd certainly not follow anything he says beyond that.Good point. I stopped reading your (lengthy!) post at this point :-).That paper maybe hasn't been "peer reviewed" in the sense you imply, but in terms of being read, discussed, and contemplated on by fellow travelers in the Sierra, it most certainly has. And in some ways, that's worth a lot more than some academic critique. "Put your money where your mouth is," if you will.Go read the "peer reviewed" studies he cites if you don't believe him.The OP (so far as I know) hasn't had his blog post peer reviewed. Shoot; he's asking us here to review it for cripes sake.
That paper maybe hasn't been "peer reviewed" in the sense you imply, but in terms of being read, discussed, and contemplated on by fellow travelers in the Sierra, it most certainly has. And in some ways, that's worth a lot more than some academic critique. "Put your money where your mouth is," if you will.Go read the "peer reviewed" studies he cites if you don't believe him.The conclusions of the Rockwell paper seem so plausible largely because of all the peer reviewed papers he cites. It's easy to conclude that with all those citations that they must agree with his "drink freely" philosophy. But if you read them, almost none of them do, except for those written by Welch or other paper's Rockwell has written. If cited sources take a stand on the issue, they almost always say waterborne giardiasis in the backcountry is a concern. Anyone can read through piles of peer reviewed papers and pick and choose certain data to support what might be invalid conclusions.You are right that the Rockwell paper is likely the most read and discussed paper on the topic. That doesn't make it accurate of course. Apparently many readers don't buy his conclusions because most people in the Sierras still treat their water.I devote most of this post to debunking the Rockwell paper. The orignal post here was directed at a Welch paper which covers less ground, making it simpler to refute and discuss.Not surprisingly my blog posts have not been peer reviewed in the conventional sense. That's why I came here to be reviewed by my peers! I want to identify the flaws. There are educated people here with a critical eye who will not hesitate to point out logical fallacies, I'm sure.This continues to be one of the best, most rational discussions I've ever seen on the topic. Keep it coming!
Edited by Colter on 09/16/2012 17:43:40 MDT.
I'd be a fool to follow higher risk actions re pathogens when I can easily and with no effort follow lower risk actions, with exactly zero negative repercussions for me.A negative repercussion for me is to be unable to walk along a trail in the wilderness and simply dip my cup into a free-flowing stream and enjoy a refreshing, cold, drink. I'd be a fool to give that up to protect against a risk that does not appear to exist.Basically what we have is one cranky old physics professor, who has his pet peeve, and writes on it.Your arguments might carry more weight if they omitted such ad hominem attacks. Attacks, BTW, which blatantly ignore what the man has contributed by sharing his experience and expertise, not to mention his life-long public service to the community of like-minded Sierra travellers.It makes you come across as a bit, well, "cranky."
I have a different reading of the math.Bruce said:"Retrospective surveys seem wisest to me, like the Colorado study where they surveyed 256 giardiasis cases and determined that the infection rate was triple for those not treating."This is how they word it in the summary for the study:"A statewide telephone survey of 256 cases and matched controls identified: 1) and increased incidence of giardiasis in persons between the ages of 16 and 45, p less than .001, with males and females equally affected; and 2) a higher proportion of cases than controls who visited Colorado mountains (69% vs. 47%), camped out overnight (38% vs. 18%), and drank untreated mountain water (50% vs. 17%), p less than .001."I read that as: the giardia infected group was three times more likely than the control group to drink untreated mountain water, twice as likely to camp out overnight and somewhat more likely to visit the mountains.What you did with these numbers was to say: if three times as many people in the infected group drank untreated water then it follows that untreated water is three times as infectious as treated water. I think that is an incorrect conclusion.
What, precisely, might you mean by the phrase "is a concern?"One can find studies that show incredibly low numbers of giardia cysts being found in Sierra water sources. Way lower than municipal water supplies, apparently (I don't know if the cited levels are at the source, or coming out of the tap).One offhand statement in a study cited above is this: "Of note, no individual developed symptomatic giardiasis and there was a tendency for infections to disappear spontaneously over time [18]."Headline: Studies show that 100% of giardia infectees exhibit no symptoms, and it cures itself!So what's the risk we're talking about? Getting a disease that nobody will notice, and which goes away without doing anything?I need *more* diseases like that one, not less.
Katy said:What you did with these numbers was to say: if three times as many people in the infected group drank untreated water then it follows that untreated water is three times as infectious as treated water. I think that is an incorrect conclusion.Hmmm. That's something to ponder. "(Matched control) In statistics, matching is comparing groups in which each subject is matched by a comparable subject (called matched or paired control) in terms of age and all other measurable parameters, optimally being equal in every aspect except the exposure of interest."My reading, accurate or not, is that the matched control would be as equal as possible in every way except for the treatment of water.If I'm wrong I wonder how the control group was chosen? Would they possibly have people in the control group that had been drinking untreated water?
The way I read it is that the control group are uninfected by giardia.
Bill, by "waterborne giardiasis in the backcountry is a concern" I mean that giardia is often present and drinking the water might result in an infection.No offense intended, but you really need to read through the thread so we don't have to keep rehashing the same stuff. The "city water is dirtier than Sierra water" has been debunked. One offhand statement in a study cited above is this: "Of note, no individual developed symptomatic giardiasis and there was a tendency for infections to disappear spontaneously over time [18]."Headline: Studies show that 100% of giardia infectees exhibit no symptoms, and it cures itself!So what's the risk we're talking about? Getting a disease that nobody will notice, and which goes away without doing anything?This is a classic example of the type of disinformation that's out there. In the large Colorado study they found this: The majority of infected residents who were surveyed had experienced an episode of chronic watery diarrhea (median duration 3.8 weeks) with bloating, flatulence, and weight loss (averaging 5.1 kg)So sick for an average of 3.8 weeks and losing over 11 pounds. Not exactly 100% of giardia infectees exhibit no symptoms, and it cures itself!
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Sunday, March 19, 2006
March 19, 2006
The Lipscomb Bisons tennis team found few positives in a 7-0 loss to Atlantic Sun foe East Tennessee State University on a chilly Friday afternoon on the Lipscomb campus.
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The results:
Sherman & Harris (L) lost to Posada & Crosa 8-3Jones & Carrillo (L) lost to Olivares & Serrano 8-3 West & Mizell (L) lost to Picardo & Stanley 8-3
Mike Sherman (L) lost to Enricque Olivares 6-0,6-1Andrew Harris (L) lost to Oscar Posada 6-3,6-4 Colten Jones (L) lost to Lisandro Picardo 6-0,6-1 David Carrillo (L) lost to Sebastian Serrano 6-3,4-6,10-4 Jeff West (L) lost to Juan Crosa 6-0,6-2 Daniel Carrillo (L) lost to Matt Stanley 6-4,6-2
|Copyright ©2015 Lipscomb University Athletics. All Rights Reserved.


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10 Things Your Father Forgot To Tell You
Happy Father's Day to all the daddy's of the world. I'd like to start by saying my father is legend to me. The absolute best compliment I've ever gotten is when someone says "you act/look like your father". my father epitomizes a gentle heart and strengthened resolve. I can only hope to match that. My unyielding thirst for knowledge was passed down through him.
Some of you weren't so lucky. Manhood is a tough thing. There are standards, boundaries, rules that apply. A lot of you missed them for whatever reason….here are the cliff notes.
- Respect is a reciprocal thing. In order to get it, it must be given. Only good things can happen within these boundaries. Step out of the circle of respect and chaos is sure to erupt in some form or fashion.
- No one is going to take care of you past a certain age. Everything your parents have been telling you thus far was to prep you for a solo run at life. I know you've seen the failures…you don't want to go that route. 30 years old at home with momma? fail. Stop asking for handouts, their nest egg isn't yours. The retirement money doesn't belong to you, junior.
- Travel. Out of the state. Out of the country. It'll broaden your small minded view on life all while learning cultures you never knew existed except for on tv. If you thought your prom queen was the hottest thing since old episodes of Baywatch, you're an idiot. Women vary by region, state, and country with different mindsets than your high school sweetheart "Peggy Sue". If you are still single, relocate. you'll be mildly surprised at the difference in the attitudes of women of other area codes.
- Invest. Remember "he who has the most toys wins"? Well, those toys cost. A lot. Mutual funds, CD's, Stocks (get a financial planner early kid).
- Your Word. If it comes out of your mouth, then DO IT. Mean it and never go back on it. People will respect you on your word alone in some cases. Don't be a lying little weasel that deserves to be kicked in the balls. Hmm…maybe I could start a trend, kick all liars in the ball sack. Wait no, we'd have to castrate ALL politicians and government officials…I digress, where was i?
- Babies. This is a no brainer. Keep your dick in your pants or use a condom if you aren't ready to be a daddy. How do you know you aren't ready to be a daddy you ask? If you can't support yourself. meaning: If you can't provide your OWN shelter, food or clothing, what makes you think you can care for an infant whose solely dependent upon you for continuing to live? Babies require sacrifice of your livelihood. Sending the baby to grandma for days on end is shirking YOUR responsibility scum bag.
- Never raise your hand to a woman. If you lucked up and got an psycho aggressive bi-polar crazy chick, therapy IS NOT going to help. Run away from that relationship like someone just fired a starter pistol. If you just like hitting women because it makes you feel strong, come see me. I'll message you my address and we can determine just how strong you are…prick.
- Public drunkenness is not cool. You look like an idiot because you are an idiot. Maintain your dignity. Women like dignity.
- A woman is going to leave you or cheat on you if your sex game isn't up to par. Oh..she'll wait it out a bit to see if there's any improvement, but rest assured, she'll be on the clock for some quality dizznik. Don't be one of those guys we laugh at behind your back. Because there's another thing: she will tell just how bad you are. it's a damn shame. But it's true. Yeah, she might not tell the world, but she's got at least one confidant that knows you ain't shit. Elevate your game or the only thing you'll be riding is the bench.
- So…you got yourself together. Career's going, got nice man toys, got a great lady and baby makes three. congratulations, it ain't over. The knowledge, the hard work, the perseverance now needs to be poured into your child. If you allow someone else to teach your child about life, you tripped up right at the finish line. If your child is a failure it's because YOU failed that child. no one else. Prepare your son or daughter to sidestep all of the hardships and struggles that you went through. make it easier for them. After all, they are your legacy. Teach them everything, but place a timeline on that gift of knowledge. Too many times have I seen parents rearing their preteen kids for some adult type circumstance while the kid is more interested in his/her robots or dolls. Puberty, adolescence, adulthood have their place and are fundamental for a child's psyche. don't ruin that.
If you were lucky enough to have been blessed with a father to teach you some of these things, then by all means call him up today and say thank you for making me a better individual. But the truth is, he's knows it already and is extremely proud of your accomplishments thus far.


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VIENNA, Va. (WUSA9) -- Fairfax County Police say they have arrested and charged 23-year-old Jose Alberto Blanco-Calzadilla with murderin death of16-year-old GerardGomez. Blanco-Calzadilla turned himself into police Sunday evening.
The arrest comesthe same day after ahomicide at a hotel that leftthe 16-year-old Mount Vernon High School Junior student dead.
News of the arrest came right in the middle of a vigil that was being held for the teen Sunday night. More than 200 people mostly teens from Mount Vernon High came out to mourn the 16-year-old's death. Monday, grief counselors will be at the high school to talk to those kids who are coping with this loss.
The shooting death happened around 2 a.m. on Sunday outside the Residence Inn Marriott, on the 8600 block of Westwood Center Drive in Vienna near Tysons Corner.
''The next thing I know I went back in the house I heard a shot and I knew it was a gun," Steve Theiss said.
Theiss was inside his townhouse nearby when he heard the gun shot blast that killed 16-year-old Gerard Gomez.
"I came back out and I heard 'he's dead, he's dead in the car' or something like that and a car speed away and then the police car and a door kicked down," he said.
Police say there may have been a party in one of the hotel rooms that spilled out onto the sidewalk.A fight broke out and investigators believe Gomez was fatally shot in the upper body. Police arrived and found the teen with no pulse.
"They did perform efforts to resuscitate him but he was pronounced dead at the scene,"said Fairfax County Police Officer Shelley Broderick.
In the busy Vienna and Tysons Corner area there's mixed use property, many businesses and shops. Residents we talked with say the biggest complaints usually are traffic and petty crime.
"In this area you wouldn't expect anything like that to happen. It's very disturbing,"said Joel Wuthnow, a resident.
Unfortunately, this is not the first time the Gomez family has been through tragedy. Gomez was being raised by his grandmother because his dad wasn't around and his mother died when he was very young.
Police are asking anyone with more information about the murder to call them.
If you have any information contact Crime Solvers at 1-866-411-TIPS/8477, e-mail at www.fairfaxcrimesolvers.org or text "TIP187" plus your message to CRIMES/274637 or call Fairfax County Police at 703-691-2131.


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The process of selecting the first round of exceptional alumni of Elizabethtown Independent Schools to be honored begins next week.
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(AFNS) — (Editor's Note: This story is a personal, victim-submitted account of an actual sexual assault and its aftermath. The names and identities of the individuals involved have been omitted or altered to maintain confidentiality.)
"That night, my whole world turned upside down,†said Airman Samantha Smith, a sexual assault survivor in the Air Force.
On the night Smith was recalling, she became a victim of sexual assault and took her first of many steps down the road of recovery.
That night, Smith attended a party with people whom she believed to be her close, trusted friends. Her attacker knew her boyfriend and accompanied her to the party. Smith dismissed warnings from other close friends about her would-be attacker and his motives for spending time with her.
"I should have noticed the signs, but I was naïve,†Smith said.
At the party, Smith drank alcohol despite the fact she was underage. She became drunk and chose to leave with the male "friend†whom she assumed she could trust. After the party, he drove her back to his apartment where she spent the night.
"When I awoke, he was having intercourse with me,†she explained. "I knew what was happening, but I was trapped in my own body, paralyzed by fear. No one can understand that feeling unless they've been there. I couldn't fight back, I couldn't scream, I couldn't move. Soon after, I blacked out.â€
Smith woke up the next morning at 9 a.m., and the man had already left.
"I wish I could forget, but I can't,†Smith said.
She first confided in her mother, then in her close friend as she felt those were the only two she could trust.
"My friend made me call the sexual assault response coordinator line,†she said. "I was so afraid I would get in trouble for underage drinking. I used to think the SARC would record what you say and tell your commander, first sergeant and supervisors. I was wrong.
"They explained to me the difference between restricted and unrestricted reports,†Smith said. "I ended up doing a restricted report at first but later decided to do an unrestricted report.â€
A restricted report must be kept confidential and cannot be investigated or prosecuted. An unrestricted report allows command notification and engagement as well as the option of investigation.
"After this, I signed a paper and went to Columbia, (S.C., for) a sexual assault nurse examiner's (investigation),†Smith explained.
This type of forensic medical exam may be performed at hospitals and certain healthcare facilities by a sexual assault nurse examiner, sexual assault forensic examiner or another medical professional. The investigation is complex and takes three to four hours on average. These medical and forensic exams are comprehensive and attend to the victim's medical needs and any other special attention the victim may require.
"I went to work without telling anyone what happened. I was watching my back and not talking to anyone,†she said. "If I did talk, I would sound irate or cry for no reason. I wouldn't go anywhere by myself, because I was scared. Everything was triggering my fear and anger.
"I kept blaming myself for what happened,†Smith said. "It's my fault: my clothes were too skimpy; I drank too much; why couldn't I fight back?â€
"That same week I started counseling off base. I always thought counseling was for crazy people. I thought I could suck it up and handle it on my own; I was wrong, but my counselor really helped get me through.â€
Because Smith filed an unrestricted report, she was required to speak with the office of special investigations, which investigates major crimes in the Air Force.
OSI officials instructed Smith to write down all the details she could remember about her assault. After this, they questioned her multiple times about the events that took place during and prior to the assault. The initial process took more than five hours and Smith paid three more visits to OSI in the following weeks.
Air Force legal officials decided to file a complaint under Article 120: Rape and Carnal Knowledge. Shortly after pressing charges, Smith received her medical exam results back, which confirmed her fears.
"I had about three pages of evidence that this assault actually occurred,†Smith said. "Most people would find three pages of evidence a victory on their part, (but) I didn't. I felt dirty and disgusting.
"The legal process was long and grueling,†she said. I felt like a lab rat, with no privacy or rights. Throughout this process, I found out that I was not the first girl he had raped. It made me so mad.â€
"He assaulted (another) about a year prior to me, and got away with it. Knowing this gave me a little more motivation to bring him to court.â€
The hearing was scheduled in August, and Smith was given the option not to testify. However, if she refused to testify, she was informed that her case had a high probability of being thrown out.
"That day was so nerve wrecking for me. I had to tell my story again in front of more than 10 people, including my attacker,†she explained. "I could feel his eyes burning through me as I talked about what happened.â€
One week following the initial hearing, Smith received news that they had enough evidence to forward the case to court-martial.
"I didn't want to testify again,†she said. "When you're on the stand, they rip your story to pieces. They try to make you seem like the worst Airman there is, like the scum of the earth. I debated whether or not I'd testify up to the last minute. A week before the court martial was to take place, the Area Defense Counsel representing my attacker met with me and explained they were opting to submit a package for a bad conduct discharge.
"I agreed with it. As long as I didn't have to see him anymore, I was happy,†Smith said. "The ADC then sent the request up the chain of command where it was later approved. The day I was told he was being discharged, I cried tears of joy. I had a weight lifted off my shoulders. Justice had been served.
"I received a letter of reprimand for underage drinking, which was deserved on my part,†she said. "I was blessed not to have received anything worse. The LOR gave me more motivation to do better for me and the Air Force.
"To this day, I still have flashbacks, night terrors and memories,†Smith said. "It doesn't get any easier. I'm still judged by this. I'm not the rape victim you see on 'Law and Order;' I'm an average Airman who's been through hell and back. So before you judge someone because of how they act (or) dress, think about what they might have been through.
"But more importantly, if you're a victim of rape, please come forward to the SARC,†she said. "The sooner the better.â€


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Nancy Brown
Nancy Brown
Born and raised in Maine, Nancy moved to SC in 2006 to work at a local high school as Technology and Information Specialist. God had other plans though! After a year at the Columbia high school, she started working at Columbia International University as a temp and now is the Reference Specialist for Acquisitions at G. Allen Fleece Library. The Acquisitions Department was developed in 2008 which consists of three components; Purchasing all books/media, Donations and Serials/Journals. Nancy has a very diverse work field as she has worked in public, school and now academic libraries. She enjoys working with student workers and volunteers.
She is a member of the Association of Christian Librarians and enjoys attending their yearly conference. As a member she has had the opportunity to index for CPI, Christian Periodical Index and mentor a librarian from a small Christian College in SC.
Nancy is also the Fleece Library representative for the Prison's Initiative Program. She works with the inmates who manage the library at Kirkland Correctional Institution.
Education & Work History
MLIS, 2004, University of South Carolina; Library Media Specialist, 2002-2006, SAD 29 Junior/Senior Highschool in Houlton, Maine; Library Assistant, 1998-2002, Cary Library in Houlton, Maine; Bachelor in Liberal Studies in Library Science, 1998, University of Maine at Presque Isle


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Over 150 Unique Events in LA Since 2006
Mindshare LA holds monthly workshops, salons and movie screenings that gather hundreds of Angelenos for evenings of inspiration and interaction. Our most popular salon-style events include short eclectic presentations, live music and interactive installations. Since 2006, Mindshare has hosted over 150 events and become a mecca for intellectuals, artists, scientists and other forward thinking characters looking for inspiration and connection across this vast city.
Mindshare and its event partners host some of the most unique events in Los Angeles. From scientific pursuit to twisted storytelling stay up to date with the best of these events by subscribing to this calendar.


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Viking Spas
Finally getting that much needed rest and relaxation? Those moments of peace after a hard day can make you forget all of your troubles. When you purchased your Viking hot tub, we are willing to bet you did so with just those moments in mind. Now that you have made your dream of having the benefits of a spa available in the comfort of your own home, what's next? In order to keep your Viking hot tub in top condition and those waters warm and welcome, you must protect it with a quality hot tub cover from Beyond Nice. Our hot tub covers are custom fitted to your Viking Spa, and will offer the best protection available.


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Price Veterans Day service - American Legion Post 3, VFW Miners Post 2379 and Price Marine Corps League will honor all veterans at a special service Nov. 11.
The public memoriam will start at 11 a.m. at the doughboy statue in the Price Peace Garden.
Veterans wishing to participate will meet at the Peace Garden at 10:30 a.m. Uniforms are encouraged.
Marine Corps League - meets the second Monday of the month at 6:30 p.m. at the Price American Legion Hall, 27 North 100 West. For membership information, contact David Brewer at 472-8757.
Helper American Legion Auxiliary - meets the fourth Thursday of the month at 6 p.m. For information, contact Pat Scherschel at 472-8203.
VFW - Post hours are Monday - Saturday from 1 p.m. to 9 p.m. Meetings are the second Thursday of the month at 7 p.m. Call the post at 637-7424.
VFW Ladies Auxiliary - meets the second Friday of the month at 3 p.m.
Price American Legion Post 3 - meets the first and third Thursday of the month at 7 p.m. at 27 North 100 West.
American Legion Auxiliary - meets the third Tuesday of the month. For information, contact Veloy Wilder at 637-0290.


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tekenaars Artist: Antoine Aubin
Artist Antoine Aubin
Beschikbare series in de webshop categorie "Stripboeken"
Antoine Aubin in the
" Antoine Aubin is an artist from Normandy. He works as a comic artist and illustrator for Hachette-Disney, among other clients. In 2004, he made the comic album 'Sur la Neige' with writer Wazem for Les Humanoïders Associés. In 2010 he teamed up with Jean van..." [ Lees meer ]


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WASHINGTON, D.C. (WUSA)-- Virginia Democratic Congressman Gerry Connolly is slamming Verizon Communications. The company is contracted to route most of the 911 calls in the Washington area, and according to him they have failed several times.
Connolly said he would give the company a D rating at best saying, "The whole purpose of 911 is that when you need it, it works."
He and two other congressman are behind a bi-partisan push forcing Verizon to improve its services. He said if the company doesn't do so, he wants the Federal Communication Commission to intervene.
Connolly said , "If Verizon can't be counted on to do that voluntarily, then we need the FCC to step in and promulgate new standards, new regulations, and make sure they are enforced."
Connolly's criticism comes after a serious of weather events that have knocked out the system and left those making emergency calls listening to busy signals or nothing at all.
He says the winter storms of 2010-2011, and this year's Derecho storm, prove that Verizon can't handle what they have been contracted to do.
Verizon fired back saying it has learned from the previous storms, and those improvements were put to the test during October's Superstorm Sandy.
Verizon Communications released this statement:
"Verizon understands the critical function of 911 service, and the critical role we play in successfully delivering calls to 911 from people in distress. We take this role seriously, and when an issue arises, we act quickly to investigate, correct and apply any lessons learned across our system.
Verizon has been an active participant in numerous regulatory and otheragencies' examinations of 911 service issues in the Washington metropolitanarea. These include the Federal Communications Commission, which will issue areport of its findings; the Virginia State Corporation Commission, which willissue a report of its findings; the Maryland Public Service Commission, whichis considering a pending case; the Metropolitan Washington Council ofGovernments and the Commonwealth of Virginia Secure Commonwealth Panel, both ofwhich have appointed committees to examine 911 issues. A Congressionalcommittee held hearings on the issue.
In addition, Verizon conducted a comprehensive internal investigation of thecauses and effects of the 911-related issues associated with last summer'sderecho, and we have acted on the findings, correcting immediate causes andimproving procedures and communications to strengthen the region's 911 services.As part of this process, we have met individually with each 911 center in theWashington metropolitan area to review their specific 911 network designs.
Our work was put to the test by Hurricane Sandy. Verizon's network performedwell during and after Sandy, as back-up power seamlessly kicked in whencommercial power to a number of our switching facilities in the region -including Arlington - was lost.
We will continue to work closely with the public safety community, and withother local, state and federal government officials to make every effort toensure that 911 is available when citizens need it."


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Avis Car Rental operates one of the world's best-known car rental brands with approximately 5,450 locations in more than 165 countries. Avis has a long history of innovation in the car rental industry and is one of the world's top brands for customer loyalty.
You can benefit from an award-winning service at any location around the world and drive away with 500 Skywards Miles on each qualifying car rental, regardless of your tier.
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Today is October 13, 2015
Front Page
February 14, 2013
Carbon County News
February 14, 2013
Carbon County News
Sunnyside Junction likely to remain in darkness
As long as the junction of U.S. Highway 6 and State Road 123 has existed, motorists have complained about the intersection's lack of lighting and just how dangerous the absence of light is. Recently, the Utah Department of Transportation took notice...
College offers cash incentives to ease the pain of staff reduction
Facing a slash of $800,000 in next year's budget caused by slumping enrollments, USU Eastern is taking steps to ease the pain of inevitable reductions in personnel and programs. ...
1928: Hard work, luck save Scofield Dam
On the morning of May 21, 1928, the first Scofield dam keeper, Jack Booth, watched as the structure that held back thousands of acre feet of water located just above the present Scofield Dam began to crumble. He immediately called officials through ...
USU singers to present free concert with selections 'from opera to Broadway'
The Music Department at Utah State University will present "Never in Your Wildest Dreams: Favorites from Opera to Broadway," on Friday, Feb. 15 at 7:30 p.m. in the Price Civic Auditorium....
IRS says 1 in 5 eligible Utahns miss out on earned income tax credit
The Internal Revenue Service and partners nationwide have launched the Earned Income Tax Credit Awareness campaign, aimed at helping millions of Americans who earned $50,270 or less take advantage of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)....
Banquet honors 20 Carbon scouts
The Carbon District of the Boy Scouts of America recently held a banquet to honor 20 young men who have earned their Eagle Scout Award during the past year 2012. Each Eagle was honored by the Price Elks Lodge by receiving an American flag and a cer...
Apply for big game permits in Utah now
Even though this fall's hunts are still months away, the time to apply for a permit is here. Applications to hunt big game animals in Utah will be accepted from Feb. 1 until 11 p.m. Mountain Time on March 4....
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On Wednesday afternoon, the facebook page for the first annual Hoswegatchie Duathlon Series just blew up according to page manager Gary Hammond.
It wasnt because the site contracted a virus.
The site was simply blitzed by people seeking information or entering Wednesday evenings event which features two 1.5 mile runs sandwiched around an eight-mile bike ride.
I was hoping we would get 20 entries and we got over 90. What a great start for the event and we got excellent traffic control from the city police and the state troopers out on Route 37, said Scott Wright who directed the action at the start-finish line and transition area at Hosmers Marina.
This all came about when a bunch of us were sitting around talking and decided that Ogdensburg should have a duathlon. Having it here at Hosmers Marina is just perfect. The run is all on the Maple City Trail and it also showcases the improvements in the marina district.
And Ogdensburg and competitors from the surrounding areas agreed.
Competitors in the field ranged from three-person teams making their first attempts at a duathlon to Ogdensburgs Ironwoman Lyle Montgomery.
The fastest time of the day was turned by former Ironman World Championship qualifier Jim Allott of Potsdam who stormed past the field on the bike to lead the Mens Division in 43:39. Doug Johnson took second in 47:00 and Brian Seymour placed third in 48:04.
I really enjoyed the race, the course was great and it is nice just to have another duathlon series in the North Country, said Allott who coaches Nordic Skiing at Clarkson University.
I had never been to this part of Ogdensburg before and I really enjoyed seeing it.
Alicia Felt led the Womens Division in 51:29 followed by Kristin Sutton in 54:43 and Susan Dodd in 1:02.42.
In the team competition Yves Dupont and Shawn Paradis led the way in 47:42 followed by a pair of collegiate athletes in Amanda Woods, a William Smith swimmer from Morristown, and Ogdensburgs Jake Fredericks, a record-setting hurdler at St. Lawrence University.
Third place went to OFA distance runner Nick Vielhauer and Kelly Badlam.
The second and third leg of the series will take place on July 10 and August 14.
Veteran biker Mike Sargent is already looking forward to completing the series.
They did an absolutely super job getting this started. The bike course is great and best part is that the second half of the ride is downhill which really makes it fun, he said.
Note:complete results of the duathlon, sponsored by Hosmers Marina, Crows Bike Shop, the Ogdensburg City Recreation Department and the Pepsi Cola Ogdenasburg Bottlers; will appear in Fridays Journal and Daily Courier-Observer.
Thousands of readers like you have made Northern New York Newspapers the number one ranked website* for local news and sports coverage in the north country.
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Click here to go to our silver jewellery and charm site.
Pure Charm has been online for 8 years and for all that time has offered beautiful, detailed and stylish silver charms to thousands of customers all over the UK and, indeed, the world.
However, we have decided that to improve service for our customers, we should merge all of our online sites into one main, larger e-commerce jewellery store. And that we have done!
The result is Milton Gems.
Milton Gems has been online since 2003 providing a lovely range of silver jewellery. It had a small range of charms but, to be honest, we decided that we wanted to collect them together in Pure Charm. This is now changing and the clip-on charm category has grown. Rapidly!
One of the main reasons why we have done this is to add choice. We've had a lot of people say that they wanted to have a charm but also would like a pair of earrings or a necklace. In the past we had to say that yes, we can help. But you need to go to another website and while we're more than happy to put orders from different shops together, it would cause hassle and inconvenience to our customers which is something that we so do not want.
Now, however, with all the silver jewellery in a single place, you can buy whatever you want in one go.
What will you find in Milton Gems?
Currently, we have silver jewellery for women (which includes sections for marcasite / vintage / retro jewellery and Celtic jewellery) as well as a small but growing collection of men's jewellery. There's also a very nice children's jewellery range with a separate section for Christening jewellery.
At the moment, we also have amber jewellery still available in The Amber Zone – a separate website that isn't (at the moment!) going to be merged.
What does this mean for existing customers?
If you already have an account with us then I'm afraid you'll need to create a new one on our other site. We're more than happy to create it for you – just send us an email from the email address you used to place your previous order and we'll do the rest sending you a username and password.
At no time have we ever collected credit / debit card numbers. We use SagePay which is an industry leading transaction processor for a completely secure process thus your card details were never passed to us.
Thank you all for your support
But the great service, keen prices and everything of importance hasn't changed – just come on over, have a look and send us a message. We might be able to give a thank you discount for previous customers who want to buy some top quality jewellery!


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Ancestry.com - Search Tax, Criminal, Land & Wills
Ancestry.com has searchable indexes; database results and some digitized images are available with a fee-based subscription.
Original source: United States, Bureau of Land Management. Louisiana Pre-1908 Homestead and Cash Entry Patents. General Land Office Automated Records Project, 1993.
Bureau of Land Management - General Land Office Records
The Official Land Records Site for the United States. This site has a searchable database of more than five million (1820-present) Federal land conveyance records, including scanned images of those records. There are also images related to survey plats and field notes, dating back to 1810. The site does not currently contain every Federal title record issued for the Public Land States.
Document Requests - Land Entry Case File
Explanation of steps involved to get copies of the National Archives and Records Administration Land Entry Case Files.
Search Documents By Type, By Location, By Identifier
There are 4 documents in the search: Patents, Survey Plats and Field Notes, Land Status Records, Control Document Index. Patents are for 49 states and DC. Survey Plates and Field Notes are for Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Washington DC, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming. Land Status Records are for Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, North Dakota, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota. Control Document Index is for Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming.
Louisiana Land Records -- Interactive Search
Pre-1908 Homestead and Cash Entry Patents from the Bureau of Land Management's General Land Office (GLO) Automated Records Project.
WorldVitalRecords.com - Land Patents - Louisiana $
The pre-1908 Louisiana Land Records documents the transfer of land ownership from the federal government to individuals. This data can help genealogists associate an individual with a specific location, date and time to authenticate the title transfer and find clues to their family line. Individuals described in this set would be patentees, assignees, warrantees, widows or heirs of the transfer. The legal land description location is given, along with the issue date of the title transfer.
United States » Louisiana » Land
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AmeriGlide is proud to offer a selection of fully converted pickup trucks that will allow wheelchair bound drivers and passengers to enter and operate their vehicle without assistance.
Standard Features:
- Remote start and lift controls
- 25 seconds complete lift and load time
- Better gas milage than traditional wheelchair vans (Vans lose 25-30% MPG vs. Trucks 10-15%)
- Improved safety rating over standard GM trucks
- 30 day turnaround time for most truck conversions
- Hydraulic lift system means more power and less maintenance compare to electric lifts
Models Eligible for Conversion (New or Used)
All full size 2008-2014 GM trucks
SUVs: Escalade, Suburban. Denali
How long will the conversion process take?
Most conversion projects take 30 days.
Can I have the lift installed on either the driver or passenger side?
Yes, depending on your needs and mobility capabilities, you can choose between driver side or passenger side installation.
Can I operate the lift without any assistance?
Yes, our lifts are easy to operate and come with a remote key fob that controls both the lift and your truck's ignition. The entire lift and load process takes just 25 seconds and you can either transfer from your wheelchair into the truck seat or secure your wheelchair in place on the custom sled.
How is the lift powered?
The lift is hooked up to your truck's battery and features a powerful hydraulic system that requires little maintenance and will last longer than traditional lifts that are typically electric powered.
What is the weight capacity of the lift?
Our lifts are rated for a weight capacity of 750 lbs
Will I be able to operate the lift if my truck's battery dies?
Yes, in the event that your truck stops working, you will be able to manually operate your lift and the hydraulic system, ensuring that you are never stranded in your truck.
What types of trucks can be converted?
All Chevy and GMC full size trucks can be converted. Some SUVs including Suburbans, Escalades, and Denalis can also be equipped with one of our lifts.
How does the lift affect gas mileage?
In order to install a lift, the truck floor on the side of the lift will have to be lowered approximately 6 inches. This will affect your gas mileage by about 10-15%.
Does the lift installation affect the truck's warranty?
No, your truck will maintain its original warranty.
What type of warranty does the lift come with?
Your lift will come with a 3-year warranty.
What safety features come standard?
The lift tray will not deploy until the truck door is fully open. In addition the door will not operate if the converted side's seat belt is not latched or is the vehicle is running and the brake is engaged.
Will I lose back seat passenger capacity once I install a lift?
If you are choosing to convert a truck with an extended cab and a back seat, there will be limited leg room behind the converted side's seat, but the actual seat will remain open.
Why do only certain makes and models qualify for conversion kits?
It is possible to convert other types of trucks, but their design requires the entire gas tank to be moved and modified in order to be compatible with our lift. This can triple the cost of converting your truck.
What are the advantages of buying a truck versus a traditional wheelchair van?
While a converted truck will get better gas mileage than a van and allow for ample clearance over speed bumps and steep hills, the main advantage is that you get to enjoy all the off-road and towing capabilities of a powerful truck.
Can I get help financing my conversion truck?
When you purchase a new Chevy or GMC truck, you can apply for their mobility rebate program, which will reimburse you for $1,000. You may also qualify for an extra two years of OnStar service.
If you are a veteran, you should contact your local Veteran's Affairs office to learn more about which benefits you are eligible for.
Need a truck?
Shop anywhere for the truck or SUV you want and have it shipped to our facility in Indiana where we will complete the conversion process and have it shipped back directly to your home. We can also find a truck for you. It really is that simple.
Got a truck?
Already have a truck that you want to have converted? All you have to do is have it shipped to our conversion facility in Indiana where we will install the lift conversion kit and have your newly converted truck sent back to you in about 30 days. Shipping is surprisingly inexpensive, especially when you work with one of our preferred shipping partners.
Once your lift has been installed, you can enjoy all the powerful performance you would expect from a truck. Wheelchairs users are no longer limited to only conversion vans. Our truly unique design will allow for either passenger or driver side installation.
If you opt for driver's side installation, you will actually be able to operate your truck while in your wheelchair. Call us today to learn more or fill out our short Truck Conversion Form below.
Shipping your truck to our conversion facility is surprisingly easy and affordable. Be sure to contact several companies to compare quotes and read customer reviews to ensure that you are hiring a reputable company. Here are some additional tips to help you ship your truck:
- Be clear about the origin and destination. You can choose between door-to-door or terminal-to-terminal delivery.
- Choose a specific date for pick-up and delivery.
- Decide between open shipping or enclosed, which will cost more, but also provide added protection for your truck while it is in transit.
- Remove all personal items before shipping and remove any extraneous objects that may increase the weight of your truck.
- It is also a good idea to take pictures of your vehicle before it is shipped in case it sustains any damage.
- Expect shipping to take 3-8 days.
- Payment methods differ among companies, but most will require a down payment of around 15%.
- Make sure that you understand your carrier's insurance policy and are clear about your rights if damage should occur, including whether there is a damage deductible.
- Buy an already converted truck.
- Convert your current GM truck. or
- Buy a new one and we'll convert it.
- $42,000.00Reg.
This incredibly affordable used truck has been equipped with a user friendly lift that offers driver side accessibility. It allows wheelchair bound passengers to easily enter their truck. Passengers can enjoy the spacious extended cab.
- Color: Silver
- Type: Driver Side, Ext Cab 4x2
- Mileage: 72,474
- $67,000.00Reg.
Put the first miles on this brand new truck that comes accessibility ready! It has been fully converted to allow wheelchair bound drivers to be lifted up and into their truck with the push of a button.
- Color: Black/Dark Titanium
- Type: Driver Side, Crew Cab 4x2
- Mileage: 0


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Members of "Debasseu", a women's group in western Côte d'Ivoire, work on a WFP Food for Assets project. WFP/Marie Josiane Ogou
Côte d'Ivoire: Food For Assets Project Empowers Women's Group
A women's group in western Côte d'Ivoire is participating in a WFP Food for Assets gardening project that is empowering its members and providing nutritious foods for their households.
Latest Videos/Galleries
- 14 December 2012 Côte d'Ivoire: Food for Work Project in Action
- 7 July 2011 Displaced Women in Cote d'Ivoire Thank WFP
- 18 May 2011 Recovering from the Violence in Cote d'Ivoire
- 10 May 2011 Shipping Fresh Supplies For Displaced Ivorians
- 20 April 2011 Help For Ivorian Refugees Stranded In Liberia
- 11 April 2011 Côte d'Ivoire: Help Arrives For Families On The Run
WFP Offices
Recent stories


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AUGUSTA, Maine (NEWS CENTER) - More arguments today about disclosing the names of people who have concealed weapons permits. The Bangor Daily News has withdrawn its Freedom of Access requests to get the names of everyone in Maine carrying a concealed weapons permit.
That request prompted angry protests from gun owners, police and politicians around the state. But now a second person or group ---calling itself "Celebration Connection"- has filed Freedom of Access requests with the Maine Department of Public Safety for the same information.
At the Statehouse, Republican leaders said today they need to immediately pass legislation to ban the release of that information. One Democratic leader wasn't ready to commit to supporting that plan, but agreed the issue is serious and needs action.
Republicans are supporting a plan by the Governor to submit emergency legislation that would be voted on next Tuesday. That bill would temporarily block release of names of concealed weapons permit holders, and give the Legislature time for a regular public hearing and vote on the bill.
As for the new person or group looking for that list, Public Safety spokesman Steve McCausland says they don't know who "Celebration Connection" is or why they want the information.


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Read: Henrik Lundqvist Is Climbing The Walls
Henrik Lundqvist did an interview with Channel 24 in Sweden, via, and said that while he appreciates the time that he is getting to spend with his newborn daughter, he is starting to "climb the walls" because he wants to play hockey."
Lundqvist wants to play for his hometown team in Frolunda but is forbidden to sign a deal unless it is for the whole season.
On the lockout specifically, Hank said "I am extremely disappointed that we are where we are., I definitely thought that we would have come up with a solution by now. Maybe I was naive, but I thought we would find a solution pretty fast given how good the league gone earnings in recent years., I hope they'll find a solution soon. They want back their life. "


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News Article Release
Media Contact
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: 410.293.2292
Mids at Work: Midshipman 1st Class Francheska Soto
Posted on: March 01, 2013 08:00 EST by Naval Academy Public Affairs
Every week, we'll give be giving you a glimpse of how the midshipmen leadership within the brigade manages their time and stays on top of their many commitments. Take a look at some of the tips, tricks and gadgetry used by our awesome mids to get things done and motivate others.
Name: Francheska Soto
Brigade Position: Brigade Training Officer
Current Mobile Device: iPhone 4
Current Computer: DELL desktop with Windows 7
One word that describes how you work: Diligently
What apps/software/tools can't you live without? E-mail
What do you listen to while you work?
- Math or science work= Sara Bareilles
- Reading= Mumford and Sons
- Brigade Training Work= Any music
(All on Pandora music website)
How do you prioritize what to study? I prioritize by examining a combination of the earliest due date with what time commitments are most ambiguous. So if I am unsure of how long a problem set will take me I often do that first to ensure I have enough time to finish it.
How do you motivate your peers? Lead by example. Peers don't trust anyone who is unable to live by what they preach. Empathize with people's concerns. Once others see that you care about their welfare, they are motivated to work with/for you and for themselves.
What's your best time-saving shortcut? Honestly, waiting until the night before to get work done. This tactic adds pressure, and an immediately impending due date motivates me to finish my work in a timely fashion. I try to no longer kid myself that I will finish work early if I start it early.
What's the best piece of advice you've ever received? Elite talent needs elite goals. Colonel Venable, USAF (retired) said something along these lines at this past Leadership Conference. There are many elite men and women at this school, and if they are not given elite goals to live up to, then they will live down to a lower standard. If you are not moving forward you are moving back because the rest of the world is leaving you behind; there is no such thing as staying stagnant.What every day thing are you better at than anyone else? Keeping a smile on my face. It makes me feel better and others feel better.


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Metering system ensures proper functionality, even in tough environments.
Ensures a consistent, leak-proof seal all the way up to 175 psi (12,0 Bar).
Choose from various styles to meet any installation requirement.
One valve for all site specific needs.
Ensures reliable opening and closing.
Select your printing preference
Toro offers a wide variety of financing solutions through our participating independent dealers.
Get great yard care tips from how to build, maintain or restore a lawn, choose grasses, and proper water care.
Download the latest written specifications and detail drawings for Toro irrigation products.
The efficient use of water is an important issue for us and we proudly do our part in preserving our water resources.
Find the latest user manuals for your Toro irrigation products.
Download a copy of Toro's Res/Com Irrigation Specification Catalog in PDF format.


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To embed, copy and paste the code into your website or blog:
In December 2004, Apple filed a lawsuit in Santa Clara county against unnamed individuals who allegedly leaked information about new Apple products to several online news sites, including AppleInsider and PowerPage. The articles at issue concerned a FireWire audio interface for GarageBand, codenamed "Asteroid" or "Q7." In addition, Apple filed a separate trade secret suit against Think Secret on January 4, 2004.
Apple is seeking information from these news sites regarding the identities of the sites' sources, and has subpoenaed Nfox.com, the email service provider for PowerPage, for email messages that may identify the confidential source.
EFF, along with co-counsel Thomas Moore III and Richard Wiebe, are representing the online journalists to protect their anonymous sources.
EFF opposes Apple's discovery because the confidentiality of the media's sources and unpublished information are critical means for journalists of all stripes to acquire information and communicate it to the public. Because today's online journalists frequently depend on confidential sources to gather material, their ability to promise confidentiality is essential to maintaining the strength of independent media. Furthermore, the protections required by the First Amendment are necessary regardless of whether the journalist uses a third party for communications.
This is the amicus brief of Genentech, Inc. in support of real party in interest, Apple Computer, Inc.
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Reference Info:Appellate Brief | State, 9th Circuit, California | United States
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Whether you're hosting a kid's birthday party, a baby shower, or a holiday event, Party City Canada offers the party supplies for every season, occasion, and theme — and at a price you can afford.
With the biggest online selection of boys and girls birthday party supplies, holiday party supplies, theme party supplies, and costumes for Halloween, and with over 30 stores nationwide, we're one of Canada's largest retailers of party supplies.
Though new to Canada, the Party City Corporation has been in business for nearly 30 years is still growing fast, thanks to an ongoing commitment to value and service, and to a loyal customer base.
Unlike many of our competitors, we test all our costumes, decorations, and party supplies for quality and safety to ensure the best possible customer experience.
If a product doesn't pass muster, we refuse to sell it — plain and simple.
We want you to be happy with your purchase, and we're here to help in any way.
If you need party ideas, if you can't find the right party supplies for your get together, or if you have a question about a product, our Customer Service representatives are on call from 7 to 10 Eastern Timed most business days to handle your questions and concerns.
They'll answer your email request or phone call promptly and even place your order for you, if need be!
So start your birthday, holiday, and Halloween shopping at Party City, where the party supplies are always plentiful and affordable, and where fun is always the order of the day!
Here are some ideas to get you going:
Angry Birds Party Supplies
Hello Kitty Party Supplies
Monster High Party Supplies,
PAW Patrol Party Supplies,
Disney Cars Party Supplies


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The sweet Birdie multicolor 10 piece crib set includes a comforter, 2 fitted crib sheets, dust ruffle, diaper stacker, valance, mobile and 3 piece wall hanging set. The comforter is reversible, featuring pink fabric with an adorable embroidered bird on one side and solid green on the other side. Bright pink chording and rounded corners give this comforter a quality feel. This soft 100% cotton comforter with a lofty polyester fill is machine washable.
Birdie Baby Bedding Cotton shell with polyester fill where required


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Beloit, WI -- The Beloit College Men's Lacrosse team completed their first season on Friday night at Strong Stadium in grand style, fighting off the cold and occasional snow and sleet for an 18-8 win over Milwaukee School of Engineering.
The win puts the Bucs' final record at 6-6.
Ryan Hazuka scored nine goals while Jacob Pritscher added four. Liam O'Connor had four assists and Aidan Whinnery three.
Beloit jumped on top with the first four goals of the game, two by Whinnery, before the Raiders scored twice in the final 2:17 to make it 4-2 thru one. The Bucs got it going again in the second period with another four-goal run, two by Hazuka, before MSOE again tacked on their third and fourth of the game. With under two minutes left before the break goaltender Trevor Kenahan decided to get in on the scoring and ran the length of the field virtually untouched to score unassisted at the 1:41 mark to give the Buccaneers a 10-4 lead at halftime.
Beloit opened the third quarter with three goals in 2:15, two more by Hazuka, before MSOE broke the string. The teams traded the next four goals before O'Connor scored with 40 seconds left to make it 16-6 after three. The Raiders scored the first two goals of the fourth period before two tallies from Hazuka and the final one from Pritscher with 4:36 remaining closed it out.
Jace Hodder got the win in goal, making five saves. Kenahan had two saves and Jacob Mayer four.


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Amish Handcrafted End Table Dog Crate (Poplar)
Low Cost Flat Rate Shipping!
We issue product merchandise credit as a rule. Merchandise credit may not be combined with other coupon codes or offers, and it must be used in in its entirety (no partial credit). Excessive returns (merchandise in excess of $500) in new, unused condition receive 70% product merchandise store credit and returns in excess of $750 receive 60% store credit. Items received after 30 days of date of purchase will be refused.
Please send your return to the following address:
Please note that we do not pay for return shipping. We recommend that you insure your return, in case your item is lost in the mail.
Refunds To Your Credit Card
Requests for credit card refunds will be honored at our discretion. Please note that all credit card refunds will be assessed a 20% restocking fee. Sorry, no exceptions.
This stunning end table doubles as a roomy, luxurious top of the line designer dog crate.
An amazing design from the folks at Dynamic Accents, this superior quality end table/dog crate comes in two sizes (medium and large) and three finishes (mahogany, black or artisan bronze).
Handcrafted in the U.S.A., this pet crate/end table combo is a great way to give your pet a place of their own, without sacrificing your interior design. Beautiful hardwood (poplar)construction with top quality mortise and tenon joinery. Quick connect hardware makes assembly a breeze, and the easy to clean Extra waterproof floor material eliminates absorption of liquids or odors.
The Amish Handcrafted Pet Crate End Table has non-marking furniture glide feet to protect your floors. The fashionable door latch securely confines pets, and all fours side of the end table crate have ample ventilation. Perfect for pets and perfect for your living room, den, bedroom or dining room!
Please measure your pet before ordering to ensure your pet's comfort and safety. Medium interior dimensions are 18 inches wide by 24 inches deep and 26 inches high. Large interior dimensions are 24 inches wide by 36 inches deep by 26 inches high. Medium exterior dimensions are 27 inches high by 21 inches wide by 26 1/2 inches deep. Large exterior dimensions are 27 inches high by 27 inches wide by 38 1/2 inches deep.


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Add your own review
Rating: 5 / 5
I love my NeoAir (size regular). It is light, comfy, and packs small.I agree that for the price a patch kit should be included, but I don't miss the stuff sack. I have been using a ziploc bag and after 40 nights or I have found that to work fine. The ziploc is cheap, light, and holding up fine.
Rating: 1 / 5
I would second or endorse all of the enthusiastic comments concerning the comfort and warmth of the Thermarest Neo-Air, but unfortunately this is irrelevant, as I cannot keep air in the thing over the course of a night. There is a slow leak somewhere, and I have never been able to locate it. Therefore despite the initial comfort and warmth, the pad is functionally useless to me.
Rating: 4 / 5
I have two neo-airs. One small size that I got when they first were introduced. Another reg size I got last year. The reg size has been fine so far. The small side has developed slow leaks on the bottom side welds. I could hardly find them in my swimming pool, but the pad lost about 1/3 of the air every night. The leaks were all on the welds which are recessed, so it is definitely not from wear. I called cust support and they are replacing it. I love the pad, so hope the new one is fine.
i love mine. perfect for southeast 3/4 season. it has gone from luxury item to necessity. it has kept me and my long cozy down bag high and dry on may occasions when mother nature reared her ugly head and the tent got a little leakage by morning. you could probably use it to pack raft a lake or class 1 river in emergency. if you are 6'0-6'4, welcome to heaven. I am 6'0 and almost feel too spoiled!
I used a prolite 3 for years (12-13 oz) and thought it was comfortable enough until I got a neoair. I love that I don't have to fuss anymore about clearing every stick and stone before i set up camp. I got a short (9 oz.) for 50 at a rei used gear sale and was kind of hesitant because the new one I checked out was noisy like laying on layers of potato chip bags so I don't know what a new one is like. My buddy got has one now too that he got used but in newer condition and his is pretty quiet as well.
I've been using the Thermarest NeoAir Small one and I have been very happy. Very Very warm and comfortable. I am upset that the stuff sack costs extra since the cost of this is so high already. But over all I am very pleased with this product.
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Sherman County District Court Traffic Tickets
Sherman County, KS
The traffic violation lawyers named on our site regularly appear in the Sherman County District Court and are happy to answer questions concerning speeding summonses, red light tickets, DUIs, driver license suspensions and all other driving and license related matters. When you contact a TicketHELP.com attorney there is never any obligation or consultation fee and all is completely confidential.
Our Service
If you have been issued a traffic ticket answerable to the Sherman County District Court or have a related legal matter in the Sherman County District Court, TicketHELP will enable you to quickly and easily connect with a lawyer who considers traffic law defense to be a significant part of their business and who has specific experience with Sherman County District Court traffic matters. You can call directly, submit a simple inquiry or connect right to the firm website of a traffic ticket attorney and get immediate feedback on your matter in the Sherman County District Court. It's a great way to make sure you understand the potential consequences and are making good, informed decisions with respect to your case.
Free Consultation
Our goal is to enable TicketHELP users to consult for free with a local Sherman County District Court traffic ticket lawyer who is willing to provide free advice and information. We feel this type of consultation is a necessary first step as you discover the options available to you and understand what steps can be taken to fight and beat your Sherman County District Court speeding ticket or other traffic ticket. Whether you are handling a matter in the Sherman County District Court or elsewhere in Kansas, TicketHELP is a great place to start.
Lawyers serving Sherman County District Court - Sherman County, KS
Gigstad Law Office LLC
Robert Gigstad
Overland Park, KS
Gigstad Law Office LLC, Robert C. Gigstad, Attorney at Law. Office in Overland Park, Kansas. We handle speeding tickets, traffic tickets, DUI Defense, and Criminal Defense. Call our office today to speak with an attorney or lawyer about your case and receive a free 30 minute consultation. (913)735-9529
Kane Law Office, LLC
Brandon Kane
Kansas City, MO
At KCTicketLaw, our goal is to make the process Simple and Easy for you, Cost Effective, and Expedient, all while giving you the professional attention and friendly service that you deserve, resulting in the optimal outcome for you while protecting your driving record. We can represent you with: Speeding Tickets, DUI/DWI charges, no insurance, and almost all other traffic violations. Please contact us today at (816) 229-2708, by email at email@example.com, or visit us at www.kcticketlaw.com.
Law Office of Brandan Davies LLC
Brandan Davies
Overland Park, KS
Need help with a Speeding or Traffic ticket? If you have received a speeding ticket or a traffic ticket, it may cost you more than you think. Traffic tickets will be discovered by your insurance carrier and your premiums will increase. Additionally, traffic tickets or speeding tickets can cost you more than money. A tarnished driving record can cost you a potentially lucrative job. If tickets go completely unaddressed they could cost you your freedom altogether. I am a licensed attorney and I can take care of your traffic problems at an absolute minimum cost to you.
Our Attorneys advertise with TicketHELP.com free of charge. Listed attorneys consider traffic ticket defense a significant part of their legal practice.
Traffic Ticket Attorneys interested in participating? Click here for more info.
Under no circumstances does contacting either a TicketHELP attorney establish any type of attorney-client relationship with TicketHELP.com. TicketHELP is not a law firm and does not offer legal advice or representation. TicketHELP makes no guarantees about the accuracy of the information contained in an attorney profile or obtained via a consultation with any of our listed attorneys.