text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 5, 2007
|Filing date
|Oct 13, 2006
|Priority date
|May 9, 2001
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Candice Brown Elliott, Michael Higgins
|Original Assignee
|Clairvoyante, Inc
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|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (4), Classifications (27), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation, and claims the benefit of the filing date, of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/051,612, entitled "Conversion of a Sub-Pixel Format Data to Another Sub-Pixel Data Format", filed on Jan. 16, 2002, and which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/051,612 claimed the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/290,086, entitled "Conversion of RGB Pixel Format Data to Pentile Matrix Sub-Pixel Data Format", filed on May 9, 2001, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/290,087, entitled "Calculating Filter Kernel Values for Different Scaled Modes", filed on May 9, 2001, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/290,143, entitled "Scaling Sub-Pixel Rendering on Pentile Matrix", filed on May 9, 2001, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/313,054, entitled "RGB Stripe Sub-Pixel Rendering Detection", filed on Aug. 16, 2001, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
The present application relates to the conversion of graphics data formats from one form to another, and specifically to the conversion of (red-green-blue) RGB graphics to improved color pixel arrangements used in displays.
The present state of the art of color single plane imaging matrix, for flat panel displays, use the RGB color triad or a single color in a vertical stripe as shown in prior art
Graphic rendering techniques have been developed to improve the image quality of prior art panels. Benzschawel, et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,341,153 teach how to reduce an image of a larger size down to a smaller panel. In so doing, Benzschawel, et al. teach how to improve the image quality using a technique now known in the art as "sub-pixel rendering". More recently Hill, et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,188,385 teach how to improve text quality by reducing a virtual image of text, one character at a time, using the very same sub-pixel rendering technique.
The above prior art pay inadequate attention to how human vision operates. The prior art's reconstruction of the image by the display device is poorly matched to human vision.
The dominant model used in sampling, or generating, and then storing the image for these displays is the RGB pixel (or three-color pixel element), in which the red, green, and blue values are on an orthogonal equal spatial resolution grid and are co-incident. One of the consequences of using this image format is that it is a poor match both to the real image reconstruction panel, with its spaced apart, non-coincident, color emitters, and to human vision. This effectively results in redundant, or wasted, information in the image.
Martinez-Uriegas, et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,398,066 and Peters, et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,541,653 teach a technique to convert and store images from RGB pixel format to a format that is very much like that taught by Bayer in U.S. Pat. No. 3,971,065 for a color filter array for imaging devices for cameras. The advantage of the Martinez-Uriegas, et al. format is that it both captures and stores the individual color component data with similar spatial sampling frequencies as human vision. However, a first disadvantage is that the Martinez-Uriegas, et al. format is not a good match for practical color display panels. For this reason, Martinez-Uriegas, et al. also teach how to convert the image back into RGB pixel format. Another disadvantage of the Martinez-Uriegas, et al. format is that one of the color components, in this case the red, is not regularly sampled. There are missing samples in the array, reducing the accuracy of the reconstruction of the image when displayed.
Full color perception is produced in the eye by three-color receptor nerve cell types called cones. The three types are sensitive to different wave lengths of light: long, medium, and short ("red", "green", and "blue", respectively). The relative density of the three wavelengths differs significantly from one another. There are slightly more red receptors than green receptors. There are very few blue receptors compared to red or green receptors. In addition to the color receptors, there are relative wavelength insensitive receptors called rods that contribute to monochrome night vision.
The human vision system processes the information detected by the eye in several perceptual channels: luminance, chromanance, and motion. Motion is only important for flicker threshold to the imaging system designer. The luminance channel takes the input from only the red and green receptors. It is "color blind". It processes the information in such a manner that the contrast of edges is enhanced. The chromanance channel does not have edge contrast enhancement. Since the luminance channel uses and enhances every red and green receptor, the resolution of the luminance channel is several times higher than the chromanance channel. The blue receptor contribution to luminance perception is negligible. Thus, the error introduced by lowering the blue resolution by one octave will be barely noticeable by the most perceptive viewer, if at all, as experiments at Xerox and NASA, Ames Research Center (R. Martin, J. Gille, J. Larimer, Detectability of Reduced Blue Pixel Count in Projection Displays, SID Digest 1993) have demonstrated.
Color perception is influenced by a process called "assimilation" or the Von Bezold color blending effect. This is what allows separate color pixels (or sub-pixels or emitters) of a display to be perceived as the mixed color. This blending effect happens over a given angular distance in the field of view. Because of the relatively scarce blue receptors, this blending happens over a greater angle for blue than for red or green. This distance is approximately 0.25�. for blue, while for red or green it is approximately 0.12�. At a viewing distance of twelve inches, 0.25�subtends 50 mils (1,270 μ) on a display. Thus, if the blue sub-pixel pitch is less than half (625 μ) of this blending pitch, the colors will blend without loss of picture quality.
Sub-pixel rendering, in its most simplistic implementation, operates by using the sub-pixels as approximately equal brightness pixels perceived by the luminance channel. This allows the sub-pixels to serve as sampled image reconstruction points as opposed to using the combined sub-pixels as part of a 'true' pixel. By using sub-pixel rendering, the spatial sampling is increased, reducing the phase error.
If the color of the image were to be ignored, then each sub-pixel may serve as a though it were a monochrome pixel, each equal. However, as color is nearly always important (and why else would one use a color display?), then color balance of a given image is important at each location. Thus, the sub-pixel rendering algorithm must maintain color balance by ensuring that high spatial frequency information in the luminance component of the image to be rendered does not alias with the color sub-pixels to introduce color errors. The approaches taken by Benzschawel, et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,341,153, and Hill, et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,188,385, are similar to a common anti-aliasing technique that applies displaced decimation filters to each separate color component of a higher resolution virtual image. This ensures that the luminance information does not alias within each color channel.
If the arrangement of the sub-pixels were optimal for sub-pixel rendering, sub-pixel rendering would provide an increase in both spatial addressability to lower phase error and in Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) high spatial frequency resolution in both axes.
Examining the conventional RGB stripe display in
The prior art arrangements of three-color pixel elements are shown to be both a poor match to human vision and to the generalized technique of sub-pixel rendering. Likewise, the prior art image formats and conversion methods are a poor match to both human vision and practicable color emitter arrangements.
The drawbacks and disadvantages of the prior art are overcome by the conversion of RGB pixel format data to PenTile™ matrix sub-pixel data format.
A method of converting a source pixel data of a first format for a display of a second format having a plurality of three-color pixel elements is disclosed. The method comprises determining implied sample areas for each data point of each color in the source pixel data of the first format. The resample areas for each emitter of each color in the display is also determined. A set of fractions for each resample area is formed. The denominators are a function of the resample area and the numerators are the function of an area of each of the implied sample areas that at least partially overlaps the resample areas. The data values for each implied sample area is multiplied by its respective fraction and all products are added together to obtain luminance values for each resample area.
A method of determining implied sample areas for each data point of each color in a source pixel data of a first format for a display of a second format having a plurality of three-color pixel elements is also disclosed. The method comprises determining a geometric center of each emitter of each of the three-color pixel element of the first format to define sampling points. Then defining each of the implied sample area by lines that are formed equidistant between the geometric center of the emitter of one the three-color pixel element and the geometric center of another same color the emitter of a neighboring three-color pixel element and forming a grid of the lines.
A method of limiting filter kernel divisors in a filter kernel to a value designed to simplify hardware implementations is also disclosed. The method comprises calculating areas for filter coefficients using floating point arithmetic and then dividing each filter coefficient by a total area of a rendering area to receive a first product. Then multiplying the first product by a divisor to produce a filter sum, completing a binary search to find a round off point for the filter sum, and converting the filter sum to integers.
Referring now to the figures, wherein like elements are numbered alike:
Those of ordinary skill in the art will realize that the following description of the present invention is illustrative only and not in any way limiting. Other embodiments of the invention will readily suggest themselves to such skilled persons.
A real world image is captured and stored in a memory device. The image that is stored was created with some known data arrangement. The stored image can be rendered onto a display device using an array that provides an improved resolution of color displays. The array is comprised of a plurality of three-color pixel elements having at least a blue emitter (or sub-pixel), a red emitter, and a green emitter, which when illuminated can blend to create all other colors to the human eye.
To determine the values for each emitter, first one must create transform equations that take the form of filter kernels. The filter kernels are generated by determining the relative area overlaps of both the original data set sample areas and target display sample areas. The ratio of overlap determines the coefficient values to be used in the filter kernel array.
To render the stored image onto the display device, the reconstruction points are determined in each three-color pixel element. The center of each reconstruction point will also be the source of sample points used to reconstruct the stored image. Similarly, the sample points of the image data set is determined. Each reconstruction point is located at the center of the emitters (e.g., in the center of a red emitter). In placing the reconstruction points in the center of the emitter, a grid of boundary lines is formed equidistant from the centers of the reconstruction points, creating sample areas (in which the sample points are at the center). The grid that is formed creates a tiling pattern. The shapes that can be utilized in the tiling pattern can include, but is not limited to, squares, rectangles, triangles, hexagons, octagons, diamonds, staggered squares, staggered rectangles, staggered triangles, staggered diamonds, Penrose tiles, rhombuses, distorted rhombuses, and the like, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing shapes.
The sample points and sample areas for both the image data and the target display having been determined, the two are overlaid. The overlay creates sub-areas wherein the output sample areas overlap several input sample areas. The area ratios of input to output is determined by either inspection or calculation and stored as coefficients in filter kernels, the value of which is used to weight the input value to output value to determine the proper value for each emitter.
When sufficiently high scaling ratio is used, the subpixel arrangement and rendering method disclosed herein provides better image quality, measured in information addressability and reconstructed image modulation transfer function (MTF), than prior art displays.
The array is repeated across a panel to complete a device with a desired matrix resolution. The repeating three-color pixel elements form a "checker board" of alternating red 24 and green 26 emitters with blue emitters 22 distributed evenly across the device, but at half the resolution of the red 24 and green 26 emitters. Every other column of blue emitters is staggered, or shifted by half of its length, as represented by emitter 28. To accommodate this and because of edge effects, some of the blue emitters are half-sized blue emitters 28 at the edges.
The array is repeated across a panel to complete a device with a desired matrix resolution. The repeating three-color pixels form a "checker board" of alternating red 34 and green 36 emitters with blue emitters 32 distributed evenly across the device, but at half the resolution of the red 34 and green 36 emitters. Red emitters 34 a and 34 b will be discussed further herein.
One advantage of the three-color pixel element array is an improved resolution of color displays. This occurs since only the red and green emitters contribute significantly to the perception of high resolution in the luminance channel. Thus, reducing the number of blue emitters and replacing some with red and green emitters improves resolution by more closely matching to human vision.
Dividing the red and green emitters in half in the vertical axis to increase spatial addressability is an improvement over the conventional vertical single color stripe of the prior art. An alternating "checker board" of red and green emitters allows high spatial frequency resolution, to increase in both the horizontal and the vertical axes.
In order to reconstruct the image of the first data format onto the display of the second data format, sample areas need to be defined by isolating reconstruction points in the geometric center of each emitter and creating a sampling grid.
These arrangements of emitters and their resulting sample points and areas would best be used by graphics software directly to generate high quality images, converting graphics primitives or vectors to offset color sample planes, combining prior art sampling techniques with the sampling points and areas. Complete graphics display systems, such as portable electronics, laptop and desktop computers, and television/video systems, would benefit from using flat panel displays and these data formats. The types of displays utilized can include, but is not limited to, liquid crystal displays, subtractive displays, plasma panel displays, electro-luminecence (EL) displays, electrophoretic displays, field emitter displays, discrete light emitting diode displays, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) displays, projectors, cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, and the like, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing displays. However, much of the installed base of graphics and graphics software uses a legacy data sample format originally based on the use of CRTs as the reconstruction display.
In contrast, the incoming RGB data of the present application is treated as three planes over lying each other. To covert the data from the RGB format, each plane is treated separately. Displaying information from the original prior art format on the more efficient sub-pixel arrangements of the present application requires a conversion of the data format via resampling. The data is resampled in such a fashion that the output of each sample point is a weighting function of the input data. Depending on the spatial frequency of the respective data samples, the weighting function may be the same, or different, at each output sample point, as will be described below.
For the red reconstruction points 35 on the edges and their five sided sample areas 50, the coincident input sample area 72 is completely covered as in the case described above, but only three surrounding input sample areas 85, 86, and 92 are overlapped. One of the overlapped input sample areas 85 represents one eighth of the output sample area 50. The neighboring input sample areas 86 and 92 along the edge represent three sixteenths ( 3/16=0.1875) of the output area each. As before, the weighted values of the input values 74 from the overlapped sample areas 72 are added to give the value for red reconstruction point 35 in sample area 50.
The corners and "near" corners are treated the same. Since the areas of the image that the corner sample areas 53 and "near" corner sample areas 54 cover are different than the central sample areas 52 and edge sample areas 50, the weighting of the relevant input sample areas will be different than those previously described. For the smaller corner output sample areas 53, the coincident input sample area 72 covers four sevenths (or about 0.5714) of output sample area 53. The neighboring input sample areas 96 cover three fourteenths (or about 0.2143) of the output sample area 53. For the "near" corner sample areas 54, the coincident input sample area 72 covers eight seventeenths (or about 0.4706) of the output sample area 54. The inward neighboring sample area 98 covers two seventeenths (or about 0.1176) of the output sample area 54. The edge wise neighboring input sample area 95 covers three seventeenths (or about 0.1765) of the output sample area 54. The corner input sample area 97 covers four seventeenths (or about 0.2353) of the output sample area 54. As before, the weighted values of the input values 74 from the overlapped sample areas 72 are added to give the value for red reconstruction point 35.
The calculation for the resampling of the green color plane proceeds in a similar manner, but the output sample array is rotated by 180�.
To restate, the calculations for the red sample point 35 and green sample point 37 values, Vout, are as follows
Central Areas:
V out(C x R y)=0.5— V in(C x R y)+0.125— V in(Cx−1 R y)+0.125— V in(C x R y+1)+0.125— V in(C x+1 R y)+0.125— V in(C x R y−1)
Lower Edge:
V out(C x R y)=0.5— V in(C x R y)+0.1875— V in(C x−1 R y)+0.1875— V in(C x R y+1)+0.125— V in(C x+1 R y)
Upper Edge:
V out(C x R 1)=0.5— V in(C x R 1)+0.1875— V in(C x−1 R1)+0.125— V in(C x R 2)+0.1875— V in(C x+1 R1)
Right Edge:
V out(C x R y)=0.5— V in(C x R y)+0.125— V in(C x−1 R y)+0.1875— V in(C x R y+1)+0.1875— V in(C x R y−1)
Left Edge
V out(C 1 R y)=0.5— V in(C 1 R y)+0.1875— V in(C 1 R y+1)+0.125— V in(C 2 R y)+0.1875— V in(C 1 R y−1)
Upper Right Hand Corner:
V out(C x R y)=0.5714— V in(C x R y)+0.2143— V in(C x−1 R y)+0.2143— V in(C x R y+1)
Upper Left Hand Corner:
V out(C 1 R 1)=0.5714— V in(C 1 R 1)+0.2143— V in(C 1 R 2)+0.2143— V in(C 2 R 1)
Lower Left Hand Corner:
V out(C x R y)=0.5714— V in(C x R y)+0.2143— V in(C x−1 R y)+0.2143— V in(C x R y−1)
Lower Right Hand Corner:
V out(C x R y)=0.5714— V in(C x R y)+0.2143— V in(C x−1 R y)+0.2143— V in(C x R y−1)
Upper Edge, Left Hand Near Corner:
V out(C 2 R 1)=0.4706— V in(C 2 R 1)+0.2353— V in(C 1 R 1)+0.1176— V in(C 2 R 2)+0.1765— V in(C 3 R 1)
Left Edge, Upper Near Corner:
V out(C 1 R 2)=0.4706— V in(C 1 R 2)+0.1765— V in(C 1 R 3)+0.1176— V in(C 2 R 2)+0.2353— V in(C1 R 1)
Left Edge Lower Near Corner:
V out(C 1 R y)=0.4706— V in(C 1 R y)+0.2353— V in(C 1 R y+1)+0.1176— V in(C 2 R y)+0.1765— V in(C 1 R y−1)
Lower Edge, Left Hand Near Corner:
V out(C 2 R y)=0.4706— V in(C 2 R y)+0.2353— V in(C 1 R y)+0.1765— V in(C 3 R y)+0.1176— V in(C 2 R y−1)+0.125— V in(C x R y−1)
Lower Edge, Right Hand Near Corner:
V out(C x R y)=0.4706— V in(C x R y)+0.1765— V in(C x−1 R y)+0.2353— V in(C x+1 R y)+0.1176— V in(C x R y−1)
Right Edge, Lower Near Corner:
V out(C x R y)=0.4706— V in(C x R y)+0.1176—i V in(C x−1 R y)+0.2353— V in(C x R y+1)+0.1765— V in(C x R y−1)
Right Edge, Upper Near Corner:
V out(C x R 2)=0.4706— V in(C x R 2)+0.1176— V in(C x−1 R 2)+0.1765— V in(C x R 3)+0.2353— V in(C x R 1)
Upper Edge, Right Hand Near Corner:
V out(C x R 1)=0.4706— V in(C x R 1)+0.1765— V in(C x−1 R 1)+0.1176— V in(C x R 2)+0.2353— V in(C x+1 R 1)
where Vin are the chrominance values for only the color of the sub-pixel at CxRy (Cx represents the xth column of red 34 and green 36 sub-pixels and Ry represents the yth row of red 34 and green 36 sub-pixels, thus CxRy represents the red 34 or green 36 sub-pixel emitter at the xth column and yth row of the display panel, starting with the upper left-hand corner, as is conventionally done).It is important to note that the total of the coefficient weights in each equation add up to a value of one. Although there are seventeen equations to calculate the full image conversion, because of the symmetry there are only four sets of coefficients. This reduces the complexity when implemented.
As stated earlier,
The blue output value, Vout, of a blue sampling point 46 is calculated as follows:
V out(C x+
where Vin are the blue chromanance values of the surrounding input sample points 74; Cx represents the xth column of sample points 74; and Ry represents the yth row of sample points 74, starting with the upper left-hand corner, as is conventionally done.
For the blue sub-pixel calculation, x and y numbers must be odd, as there is only one blue sub-pixel per pairs of red and green sub-pixels. Again, the total of the coefficient weights is equal to a value of one.
The weighting of the coefficients of the central area equation for the red sample point 35, which affects most of the image created, and applying to the central resample areas 52 is the process of binary shift division, where 0.5 is a one bit shift to the "right", 0.25 is a two bit shift to the "right", and 0.125 is a three bit shift to the "right". Thus, the algorithm is extremely simple and fast, involving simple shift division and addition. For greatest accuracy and speed, the addition of the surrounding pixels should be completed first, followed by a single three bit shift to the right, and then the single bit shifted central value is added. However, the latter equations for the red and green sample areas at the edges and the corners involve more complex multiplications. On a small display (e.g., a display having few total pixels), a more complex equation may be needed to ensure good image quality display. For large images or displays, where a small error at the edges and corner may matter very little, a simplification may be made. For the simplification, the first equation for the red and green planes is applied at the edges and corners with the "missing" input data sample points over the edge of the image, such that input sample points 74 are set to equal the coincident input sample point 74. Alternatively, the "missing" values may be set to black. This algorithm may be implemented with ease in software, firmware, or hardware.
It is important that the chromanance values be linearly additive, meaning that the sub-pixel rendering must be completed before gamma correction. The outputs of the above algorithm may feed into the gamma correction tables. If gamma correction is performed before sub-pixel rendering, unexpected chromanance errors are likely to occur.
The method for calculating the coefficients proceeds as described above. The proportional overlap of output sample areas 123 in that overlap each input sample area 72 of
A practitioner skilled in the art can find ways to perform these calculations rapidly. For example, the coefficient 0.015625 is equivalent to a 6 bit shift to the right. In the case where sample points 74 of
The alternative effective output sample area 124 arrangement 31 of
V out(C x+
As usual, the above calculations for
Turning now to
In this arrangement of
For example, the commercial standard display color image format called "VGA" (which used to stand for Video Graphics Adapter but now it simply means 640�480) has 640 columns and 480 rows. This format needs to be re-sampled or scaled to be displayed onto a panel of the arrangement shown in
The following is an example describing how the coefficients are calculated, using the geometric method described above.
where P is the odd width and height of the repeat cell, and Nfilts is the minimum number of filters required.
where P is the even width and height of the repeat cell, and Neven is the minimum number of filters required.
Returning to
� � � �
The coefficients for sub-pixel 218 in
0 ⅛ 0 ⅛ 11/16 1/32 0 1/32 0
Sub-pixel 232 from
1/64 17/64 0 7/64 37/64 2/64 0 0 0
Sub-pixel 234 from
4/64 14/64 0 14/64 32/64 0 0 0 0
Sub-pixel 228 from
4/64 27/64 1/64 4/64 27/64 1/64 0 0 0
Finally, sub-pixel 236 from
9/64 23/64 0 9/64 23/64 0 0 0 0
This concludes all the minimum number of calculations necessary for the example with a pixel to sub-pixel ratio of 4:5. All the rest of the 25 coefficient sets can be constructed by flipping the above six filter kernels on different axes, as described with
For the purposes of scaling the filter kernels must always sum to one or they will effect the brightness of the output image. This is true of all six filter kernels above. However, if the kernels were actually used in this form the coefficients values would all be fractions and require floating point arithmetic. It is common in the industry to multiply all the coefficients by some value that converts them all to integers. Then integer arithmetic can be used to multiply input sample values by the filter kernel coefficients, as long as the total is divided by the same value later. Examining the filter kernels above, it appears that 64 would be a good number to multiply all the coefficients by. This would result in the following filter kernel for sub-pixel 218 from
0 8 0 8 44 2 0 2 0
(divided by 64.)
All the other filter kernels in this case can be similarly modified to convert them to integers for ease of calculation. It is especially convenient when the divisor is a power of two, which it is in this case. A division by a power of two can be completed rapidly in software or hardware by shifting the result to the right. In this case, a shift to the right by 6 bits will divide by 64.
In contrast, a commercial standard display color image format called XGA (which used to stand for Xtended Graphics Adapter but now simply means 1024�768) has 1024 columns and 768 rows. This format can be scaled to display on an arrangement 38 of
The first step that the filter generating program must complete is calculating the scaling ratio and the size of the repeat cell. This is completed by dividing the number of input pixels and the number of output sub-pixels by their GCD (Greatest Common Denominator). This can also be accomplished in a small doubly nested loop. The outer loop tests the two numbers against a series of prime numbers. This loop should run until it has tested primes as high as the square root of the smaller of the two pixel counts. In practice with typical screen sizes it should never be necessary to test against primes larger than 41. Conversely, since this algorithm is intended for generating filter kernels "offline" ahead of time, the outer loop could simply run for all numbers from 2 to some ridiculously large number, primes and non-primes. This may be wasteful of CPU time, because it would do more tests than necessary, but the code would only be run once for a particular combination of input and output screen sizes.
An inner loop tests the two pixel counts against the current prime. If both counts are evenly divisible by the prime, then they are both divided by that prime and the inner loop continues until it is not possible to divide one of the two numbers by that prime again. When the outer loop terminates, the remaining small numbers will have effectively been divided by the GCD. The two numbers will be the "scale ratio" of the two pixel counts.
These ratios will be referred to as the pixel to sub-pixel or P:S ratio, where P is the input pixel numerator and S is the sub-pixel denominator of the ratio. The number of filter kernels needed across or down a repeat cell is S in these ratios. The total number of kernels needed is the product of the horizontal and vertical S values. In almost all the common VGA derived screen sizes the horizontal and vertical repeat pattern sizes will turn out to be identical and the number of filters required will be S2. From the table above, a 640�480 image being scaled to a 1024�768 PenTile matrix has a P:S ratio of 5:8 and would require 8�8 or 64 different filter kernels (before taking symmetries into account).
In a theoretical environment, fractional values that add up to one are used in a filter kernel. In practice, as mentioned above, filter kernels are often calculated as integer values with a divisor that is applied afterwards to normalize the total back to one. It is important to start by calculating the weight values as accurately as possible, so the rendering areas can be calculated in a co-ordinate system large enough to assure all the calculations are integers. Experience has shown that the correct co-ordinate system to use in image scaling situations is one where the size of an input pixel is equal to the number of output sub pixels across a repeat cell, which makes the size of an output pixel equal the number of input pixels across a repeat cell. This is counter-intuitive and seems backwards. For example, in the case of scaling 512 input pixels to 640 with a 4:5 P:S ratio, you can plot the input pixels on graph paper as 5�5 squares and the output pixels on top of them as 4�4 squares. This is the smallest scale at which both pixels can be drawn, while keeping all the numbers integers. In this co-ordinate system, the area of the diamond shaped rendering areas centered over the output sub-pixels is always equal to twice the area of an output pixel or 2*P2. This is the minimum integer value that can be used as the denominator of filter weight values.
Unfortunately, as the diamond falls across several input pixels, it can be chopped into triangular shapes. The area of a triangle is the width times the height divided by two and this can result in non-integer values again. Calculating twice the area solves this problem, so the program calculates areas multiplied by two. This makes the minimum useful integer filter denominator equal to 4*P2.
Next it is necessary to decide how large each filter kernel must be. In the example completed by hand above, some of the filter kernels were 2�2, some were 3�2 and others were 3�3. The relative sizes of the input and output pixels, and how the diamond shaped rendering areas can cross each other, determine the maximum filter kernel size needed. When scaling images from sources that have more than two output sub-pixels across for each input pixel (e.g., 100:201 or 1:3), a 2�2 filter kernel becomes possible. This would require less hardware to implement. Further the image quality is better than prior art scaling since the resulting image captures the "square-ness" of the implied target pixel, retaining spatial frequencies as best as is possible, represented by the sharp edges of many flat panel displays. These spatial frequencies are used by font and icon designers to improve the apparent resolution, cheating the Nyquist limit well known in the art. Prior art scaling algorithms either limited the scaled spatial frequencies to the Nyquist limit using interpolation, or kept the sharpness, but created objectionable phase error.
When scaling down there are more input pixels than output sub-pixels. At any scale factor greater than 1:1 (e.g., 101:100 or 2:1) the filter size becomes 4�4 or larger. It will be difficult to convince hardware manufacturers to add more line buffers to implement this. However, staying within the range of 1:1 and 1:2 has the advantage that the kernel size stays at a constant 3�3 filter. Fortunately, most of the cases that will have to be implemented in hardware fall within this range and it is reasonable to write the program to simply generate 3�3 kernels. In some special cases, like the example done above by hand, some of the filter kernels will be smaller than 3�3. In other special cases, even though it is theoretically possible for the filter to become 3�3, it turns out that every filter is only 2�2. However, it is easier to calculate the kernels for the general case and easier to implement hardware with a fixed kernel size.
Finally, calculating the kernel filter weight values is now merely a task of calculating the areas (times two) of the 3�3 input pixels that intersect the output diamond shapes at each unique (non symmetrical) location in the repeat cell. This is a very straightforward "rendering" task that is well known in the industry. For each filter kernel, 3�3 or nine coefficients are calculated. To calculate each of the coefficients, a vector description of the diamond shaped rendering area is generated. This shape is clipped against the input pixel area edges. Polygon clipping algorithms that are well known in the industry are used. Finally, the area (times two) of the clipped polygon is calculated. The resulting area is the coefficient for the corresponding cell of the filter kernel. A sample output from this program is shown below:
Source pixel resolution 1024
Destination sub-pixel resolution 1280
Scaling ratio is 4:5
Filter numbers are all divided by 256
Minimum filters needed (with symmetries): 6
Number of filters generated here (no symmetry): 25
0 32 0 4 28 0 16 16 0 28 4 0 0 32 0 32 176 8 68 148 0 108 108 0 148 68 0 8 176 32 0 8 0 0 8 0 4 4 0 8 0 0 0 8 0 4 68 0 16 56 0 36 36 0 56 16 0 0 68 4 28 148 8 56 128 0 92 92 0 128 56 0 8 148 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 108 4 36 92 0 64 64 0 92 36 0 4 108 16 16 108 4 36 92 0 64 64 0 92 36 0 4 108 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 148 8 56 128 0 92 92 0 128 56 0 8 148 28 4 68 0 16 56 0 36 36 0 56 16 0 0 68 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 8 0 4 4 0 8 0 0 0 8 0 32 176 8 68 148 0 108 108 0 148 68 0 8 176 32 0 32 0 4 28 0 16 16 0 28 4 0 0 32 0
In the above sample output, all 25 of the filter kernels necessary for this case are calculated, without taking symmetry into account. This allows for the examination of the coefficients and to verify visually that there is a horizontal, vertical, and diagonal symmetry in the filter kernels in these repeat cells. As before, edges and corners of the image may be treated uniquely or may be approximated by filling in the "missing" input sample with the value of either the average of the others, the most significant single contributor, or black. Each set of coefficients is used in a filter kernel, as is well known in the art. Keeping track of the positions and symmetry operators is a task for the software or hardware designer using modulo math techniques, which are also well known in the art. The task of generating the coefficients is a simple matter of calculating the proportional overlap areas of the input sample area 120 to output sample area 52 for each sample corresponding output sample point 35, using means known in the art
The preceding has examined the RGB format for CRT. A conventional RGB flat panel display arrangement 10 has red 4, green 6, and blue 2 emitters arranged in a three-color pixel element 8, as in prior art
A transform equation calculation can be generated from the prior art arrangements presented in
In more complicated cases, a computer program is used to generate blue filter kernels. This program turns out to be very similar to the program for generating red and green filter kernels. The blue sub-pixel sample points 33 in
Therefore, the only modifications necessary to take the red and green filter kernel program and make it generate blue filter kernels was to double the numerator of the P:S ratio and change the rendering area to a square instead of a diamond.
Now consider the arrangement 20 of
1) Generate a repeat cell set of filter kernels as if the blue sample points are not staggered, as described above. Label the columns and rows of the table of filters for the repeat cell with numbers starting with zero and ending at the repeat cell size minus one.
2) On the even columns in the output image, the filters in the repeat cell are correct as is. The modulo in the repeat cell size of the output Y co-ordinate selects which row of the filter kernel set to use, the modulo in the repeat cell size of the X co-ordinate selects a column and tells which filter in the Y selected row to use.
3) On the odd output columns, subtract one from the Y co-ordinate before taking the modulo of it (in the repeat cell size). The X co-ordinate is treated the same as the even columns. This will pick a filter kernel that is correct for the staggered case of
In some cases, it is possible to perform the modulo calculations in advance and pre-stagger the table of filter kernels. Unfortunately this only works in the case of a repeat cell with an even number of columns. If the repeat cell has an odd number of columns, the modulo arithmetic chooses the even columns half the time and the odd ones the other half of the time. Therefore, the calculation of which column to stagger must be made at the time that the table is used, not beforehand.
Finally, consider the arrangement 20 of
Filter kernels for these hexagonal sampling areas 123 can be generated in the same geometrical way as was described above, with diamonds for red and green or squares for blue. The rendering areas are simply hexagons and the area of overlap of these hexagons with the surrounding input pixels is measured. Unfortunately, when using the slightly wider hexagonal sampling areas 123, the size of the filter kernels sometimes exceeds a 3.times.3 filter, even when staying between the scaling ratios of 1:1 and 1:2. Analysis shows that if the scaling ratio is between 1:1 and 4:5 the kernel size will be 4�3. Between scaling ratios of 4:5 and 1:2, the filter kernel size will remain 3�3. (Note that because the hexagonal sampling areas 123 are the same height as the square sampling areas 276 the vertical size of the filter kernels remains the same).
Designing hardware for a wider filter kernel is not as difficult as it is to build hardware to process taller filter kernels, so it is not unreasonable to make 4�3 filters a requirement for hardware based sub-pixel rendering/scaling systems. However, another solution is possible. When the scaling ratio is between 1:1 and 4:5 the square sampling areas 124 of
Like the square sampling areas of
In the case of the diamond shaped rendering areas of
1) Calculate the areas for the filter coefficients using floating point arithmetic. Since this operation is done off-line beforehand, this does not increase the cost of the hardware that uses the resulting tables.
2) Divide each coefficient by the known total area of the rendering area, then multiply by 256. This will make the filter sum to 256 if all arithmetic is done in floating point, but more steps are necessary to build integer tables.
3) Do a binary search to find the round off point (between 0.0 and 1.0) that makes the filter total a sum of 256 when converted to integers. A binary search is a common algorithm well known in the industry. If this search succeeds, you are done. A binary search can fail to converge and this can be detected by testing for the loop running an excessive number of times.
4) If the binary search fails, find a reasonably large coefficient in the filter kernel and add or subtract a small number to force the filter to sum to 256.
5) Check the filter for the special case of a single value of 256. This value will not fit in a table of 8-bit bytes where the largest possible number is 255. In this special case, set the single value to 255 (256−1) and add 1 to one of the surrounding coefficients to guarantee that the filter still sums to 256.
By resampling, via subpixel rendering, an already sub-pixel rendered image onto another sub-pixelated display with a different arrangement of subpixels, much of the improved image quality of the original is retained. According to one embodiment, it is desirable to generate a transform from this sub-pixel rendered image to the arrangements disclosed herein. Referring to
In a case for the green color plane, illustrated in
When applications that use subpixel rendered text are included along-side non-subpixel rendered graphics and photographs, it would be advantageous to detect the subpixel rendering and switch on the alternative spatial sampling filter described above, but switch back to the regular, for that scaling ratio, spatial sampling filter for non-subpixel rendered areas, also described in the above. To build such a detector we first must understand what subpixel rendered text looks like, what its detectable features are, and what sets it apart from non-subpixel rendered images. First, the pixels at the edges of black and white subpixel rendered fonts will not be locally color neutral: That is R≠G. However, over several pixels the color will be neutral; That is R≡G. With non-subpixel rendered images or text, these two conditions together do not happen. Thus, we have our detector, test for local R≠G and R≡G over several pixels.
Since subpixel rendering on an RGB stripe panel is one dimensional, along the horizontal axis, row by row, the test is one dimensional. Shown below is one such test:
If Rx≠Gx and
If Rx−2+Rx−1+Rx+Rx+1+Rx+2≅Gx−2+Gx−1+Gx+Gx+1+Gx+2
If Rx−1+Rx+Rx+1+Rx+2≅Gx−2+Gx−1+Gx+Gx+1
Then apply alternative spatial filter for sub-pixel rendering input,
Else apply regular spatial filter.
For the case where the text is colored there will be a relationship between the red and green components of the form Rx=aGx, where "a" is a constant. For black and white text "a" has the value of one. The test can be expanded to detect colored as well as black and white text:
If Rx≠Gx and
If Rx−2+Rx−1+Rx+Rx+1+Rx+2≅a(Gx−2+Gx−1+Gx+Gx+1+Gx+2)
If Rx−1+Rx+Rx+1+Rx+2≅a(Gx−2+Gx−1+Gx+Gx+1)
Then apply alternative spatial filter for subpixel rendering input
Else apply regular spatial filter.
Rx and Gx represent the values of the red and green components at the "x" pixel column coordinate.
There may be a threshold test to determine if R≡G close enough. The value of which may be adjusted for best results. The length of terms, the span of the test may be adjusted for best results, but will generally follow the form above.
For scaling ratios above approximately 2:3 and higher, the subpixel rendered resampled data set for the PenTile™ matrix arrangements of subpixels is more efficient at representing the resulting image. If an image to be stored and/or transmitted is expected to be displayed onto a PenTile™ display and the scaling ratio is 2:3 or higher, it is advantageous to perform the resampling before storage and/or transmission to save on memory storage space and/or bandwidth. Such an image that has been resampled is called "prerendered". This prerendering thus serves as an effectively lossless compression algorithm.
The advantages of this invention are being able to take most any stored image and rerender it onto any practicable color subpixel arrangement.
While the invention has been described with reference to an exemplary embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings without departing from the essential scope thereof Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 11, 2006
|Mar 30, 2010
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Conversion of a sub-pixel format data to another sub-pixel data format
|Oct 16, 2008
|Feb 15, 2011
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Conversion of a sub-pixel format data to another sub-pixel data format
|Feb 11, 2010
|Mar 29, 2011
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Conversion of a sub-pixel format data to another sub-pixel data format
|Feb 4, 2011
|Jul 17, 2012
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Conversion of a sub-pixel format data
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 22, 2007
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text:
By MICHAEL OVERSONSun Advocate reporter
Workmen's Market in Helper was locked down as a result of a shoplifting attempt gone awry last Thursday.
Late in the morning Carbon County Sheriff's Department responded on to a call from Brandon Giacoletto reporting an attempted shoplifting. Giacoletto was keeping an eye on the front of the store near the registers when he reportedly noticed that the suspect had removed a lighter from a display. He waited patiently until the customer had paid and then asked for his lighter back.
The man attempted to pull a slight of hand move but Giacoletto wasn't impressed. Giacoletto then called police and the suspect tried to push past him so the staff locked the doors to the store so no one could get out.
At that point the suspect reportedly made a threat on Giacoletto's life.
The Sheriff's Department responded quickly and took the suspect into custody. As they were arresting him he made the comment that he wanted to press charges of assault since he was being arrested.
Giacoletto pointed out during an interview later that day that no one was injured during the ordeal.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Submission Massive mining company dumps Vmware and Cisco->
littlekorea writes: Australia's Fortescue Metals has ported its applications off VMware vSphere and replaced all of its Cisco switches and routers to protest against licensing price hikes. The company's outspoken CIO is encouraging other tech buyers to revolt whenever vendors can't deliver on service promises.
Link to Original Source
Link to Original Source


text:
Allegiant to begin Phoenix-Provo, Utah service
PROVO, Utah — Allegiant has announced it will be offering nonstop jet
service between Provo, Utah, and Phoenix starting in February.
Twice-weekly flights between Provo and Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport begin Feb.
15, and officials with the airline said ticket prices will start as low as $50 each way.
Wednesday's news comes three months after Frontier Airlines announced it would
discontinue flights to and from Provo in January.
Provo Mayor John Curtis said at the time that the change came as Frontier
reduced its fleet of smaller aircraft.


text:
MATLAB and Simulink resources for Arduino, LEGO, and Raspberry PiLearn more
Opportunities for recent engineering grads.Apply Today
New to MATLAB?
This solution is locked. To view this solution, you need to provide a solution of the same size or smaller.
1 Comment
%% x = 'You want to go shopping with me, right?'; y_correct = 'yes'; assert(isequal(wiferightagain(x),y_correct))
%% ready = 'Will you be ready soon?'; when_she_said = 'In a couple minutes'; when_really = 'An hour if you''re lucky'; y_correct = 'yes'; assert(isequal(wiferightagain(ready,when_she_said,when_really),y_correct))


text:
Anderson Oliveira
Manchester United's Brazilian midfielder Anderson runs with the ball... News PhotoAnderson Oliveira,Ball,Competition Round,England,English Football Association,Full Length,Greater Manchester,Manchester United F.C.,Match - Sport,Midfielder,Motion,Old Trafford,Portrait,Reading F.C.,Running,Soccer,Soccer Player,Sport,Stadium,UK,VerticalPhotographer PAUL ELLISCollection: AFP 2013 AFPManchester United's Brazilian midfielder Anderson runs with the ball during the English FA Cup fifth round football match between Manchester United and Reading at Old Trafford in Manchester, north west England, on February 18, 2013. AFP PHOTO / PAUL ELLIS RESTRICTED TO EDITORIAL USE. No use with unauthorized audio, video, data, fixture lists, club/league logos or "live" services. Online in-match use limited to 45 images, no video emulation. No use in betting, games or single club/league/player publications. (Photo credit should read PAUL ELLIS/AFP/Getty Images)


text:
He was born Sept. 11, 1943, in Walhalla, S.C., to William C. and Lila Hood Duckworth.
Bud was preceded in death by his father and a son, Charles Dennis.
In addition to his mother, he is survived by: his wife, Mary Sussie Roane Duckworth; a son, Sidney R. Dennis of Modoc, S.C.; a brother, Donald Duckworth of Seneca, S.C.; two sisters, Judy Davis and Mildred Brooks, both of Seneca; and a granddaughter.
Bud was retired from the National Guard and served his country faithfully in Vietnam. He was a member of the DAV, VFW and the American Legion. He worked for many years at Whittaker Oil Company and for the Rabun County Recycling Department. He was a member of Tiger Baptist Church. He loved the outdoors and was an avid reader of westerns.
The family received friends Jan. 3 at Beck Funeral Home. Following visitation, a graveside service with full military honors was held at Roane Cemetery in Clayton.
Memorial donations in Bud's memory may be made to the Roane Cemetery Maintenance Fund, P.O. Box 71, Tiger, GA 30576.
Beck Funeral Home was in charge of arrangements. An online guestbook is available at http://www.beckfuneralhome.com.


text:
Madeira Beach, Fla.- Roy McLaughlin says he and his family were out for a night of fishing under the John's Pass Bridge when something horrible happened.
"You hear glass falling, we just thought someone had tossed a bag of trash over the side," said McLaughlin.
Instead, it was a person, 31-year-old Joseph Schleg, who'd fallen an estimated 25 feet straight down from the bridge above.
"He didn't realize there was no concrete there to support him so when he jumped he just fell. And unfortunately, he fell head first on his right side."
"All I could think in my head was like 'Help! Help!' and I started screaming it, too," said Roy's 12-year-old daughter, Alexia.
The McLaughlin's immediately called 911. Emergency crews arrived to airlift Schleg by helicopter to Bayfront Medical Center with a fractured skull and multiple broken bones.
"He was not conscious, he was breathing, but very labored breathing. He was very bloody and he had blood coming from his eye, nose, and ear," said Alexia's father.
Witnesses say Schleg and his girlfriend had just come from John's Pass Village and were trying to cross over the two spans instead of using the provided catwalk and stairs. It was a near deadly decision, one that could have injured the McLaughlins had they been fishing just a few feet over.
"180 to 200 pounds, falling from that height, had he hit one of us [it]could have broke her neck, her back, or really hurt us," said Roy.
It's not the first time someone has fallen from the bridge and, looking west, it's easy to see why. The northbound span is several feet higher, making it appear the two bridges are connected.
"In my mind, there should be some kind of netting to prevent this from happening again."
Sunday morning, Schleg is still critical at Bayfront Medical Center.


text:
Sung by pirates after a bit o' grog!
Does yar beard be angin' low,
Be it wobblin' to an' fro,
Can ye be tyin' it in a knot,
Can ye be tyin' it in a bow?
Does ye be gettin' a funny feelin' when ye be angin' it from a ceilin?
Ye can always be a pirate,
If yar beard be angin' low!


text:
Thule Car Racks
In Stock Product Number: 31738
Get maximum frame protection with this upright roof-mounted bike carrier as it makes contact with wheel only.
* This product does not qualify for shipping to all countries.
- SecureHook holds the bike by grabbing the front wheel – no frame contact is made
- Ratcheting wheel strap quickly secures back wheel to tray
- Versatile design accommodates bikes with disc brakes, thru-axles and other non-traditional frame designs
- Corrosion resistant double-wall aluminum tray provides maximum strength and rigidity
- Fits 20" to 29" wheel diameter bicycles with tires up to 2.6" wide
- 2 One-Key lock cylinders (sold separately) lock the bike to carrier and carrier to rack
- Fits Thule rack systems, round bars and most factory racks
Gender: Unisex
Season: F12
Vendor ProductId: 594XT
Review ProductId: 31738


text:
The composition is created by Veronique Nyberg. Top notes include pink grapefruit aromas, red fruits and violet leaf and lead to heart of Sambac jasmine, orchid and tiare flower. The base features patchouli, vanilla and benzoin.
how to use it
Recommended for daytime causal wear. Apply on neck, back of the ears or pulse points after bathing or before going out.
country of origin


text:
City of Lincoln/Lancaster County
Tips to Avoid Fraud
September 2009
Thanks to The Chief's Corner for these things to remember to avoid scams.
The grandson scam was perpetuated again against an 80-year-old woman. She wired $5,400 to him for medical and vehicle expenses purportedly incurred in an accident with the promise that he'd pay her back when he received the insurance money. The man wasn't her grandson. Several other potential victims sensed something was wrong and didn't bite on various scams.


text:
PORTLAND, Maine (NEWS CENTER) -- The Barbara Bush Children's Hospital has a new ambulance, and it is quite a set of wheels.
It's a Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Ambulance.
It's designed specifically to transport sick or injured children or infants.
This ambulance replaces one of two North East Mobile Health Services uses to help the Children's Hospital.
It's a $300-thousand truck, funded completely by money raised in the community.
It's the largest ambulance they've ever had, and will allow some breathing room; each transport requires an EMT, ambulance driver, respiratory therapist, critical care nurse, and a neonatal nurse practitioner or physician.
Maine Medical Center has two ambulances dedicated to neonatal transport, and they stay busy. In the last 6 years, they've put about 2-million miles on the road.


text:
Built for Skiers. The Atomic Skiwear Lookbook 14/15.
Before the race is after the race. When Marcel Hirscher is still inspecting the World Cup slope before the first run of a race, his bags are already ready for departure. Professional skiing requires a lot of material. Perfect logistics and well-planned packing concern any professional racer. We are packing bags and car trunks with Marcel Hirscher, Philipp Schörghofer, Joachim Puchner, Mario Scheiber and their Atomic ski-tech crew.
1,045 kilometers from Zagreb via the ATOMIC home-base in Altenmarkt to Adelboden or 2,024 kilometers from Altenmarkt up north to Kvitfjell – all of this with a fully-packed red Racing Van. The ski-techs are collecting destination points on Europe's roads along their way through the World Cup. "During the North America tour, we have to fly. But it would be too inconvenient and expensive to transport the material by plane in Europe – so this is why we take the Mini-Van", Tom Bürgler, ski-tech of the speed specialists Scheiber, Puchner, Kramer and others, explains. 30 pairs of skis, sticks, boots, workbench and special tools – every single millimeter of space in the Van is used. Hirscher ski-tech Edi Unterberger, "The load is delicate, we have to make sure not to harm the edges or the coating. We always wrap up the racing skis especially well." NO SPACE FOR COWBELLS When the athletes travel to the races, they also have to plan well what to pack. "I have to plan well in advance: what do I pack in my backpack? From the choice of the right lenses to the best boot cover to keep the feet warm", giant slalom racer Philipp Schörghofer explains. According to speed specialist Joachim Puchner, assumed odds and ends are important, "I always take two ATOMIC goggles and various lenses in different colors with me. Under changing weather and lighting conditions, the choice of the right lens makes a great difference." What else is there to find in a racer's luggage? Only little time ago, Marcel Hirscher impressively revealed this secret to amazed press representatives in the press center of Adelboden. He unpacked his backpack and himself, changed and then carefully put his race overall, carbon protectors, back protector, ATOMIC helmet and goggles into the backpack. "Everything a racer needs to make sure he won't catch a cold when he gets to a press conference soaked with sweat", he said winking at the media representatives. However, there was no space left in his backpack for the big cowbell, the traditional trophy of Adelboden.


text:
Your satisfaction with our products and services is our utmost concern and Victorinox Swiss Army strives to provide a high level of service. By selecting one of our authorized dealers you can be confident of receiving an authentic quality product with the full Victorinox Swiss Army 3 year's limited warranty and the service you expect.
This requires Victorinox Swiss Army to preserve your interests by warning you against unauthorized dealers and internet sales offering timepieces of dubious origin, second hand product and any risk of fraud, particularly relating to counterfeits.
Thank you for choosing one of our Authorized Dealers
Item #: 53931
Color : Vx Red
Your Price: $49.00
|Item Number
|: 53931
Ideal for outdoor recreation, the versatile Fieldmaster works just as well outside as it does on projects indoors. Featuring 15 implements, from reamer to wire stripper, the Fieldmaster will certainly be a multi-tool you'll use multiple times day!
For the coordinating pouch, click here
To see a full list of the implements this Swiss Army Knife has to offer, please scroll down. Once you scroll down click on the "Tools" tab located on the right side of the screen
The 3 1/2" Fieldmaster offers more than enough tools for you next excursion! This compact pocket tool carries an impressive 15 implements and has everything from blades to an F-key ring. Like all Swiss Army Knives, the Fieldmaster has a lifetime warranty, stainless steel implements and Swiss-made quality and durability.
(See Tools tab for full list of implements.)
Lifetime warranty against defects in materials and workmanship.
- screwdriver
- large blade
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- small blade
- multi-purpose hook (parcel carrier)
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|Vx Red
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|Multi tool
|91 mm
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|Cellidor polished
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text:
Prices and availability are subject to change from the time and date that you print this page.
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The Story
Cleverly designed, multi-purpose tub includes a strainer-drain at the base, making it easy to release contents without heavy lifting or blocking sinks and drains. The removable plug can be set to strain to trap food or debris particles when washing dishes or mopping, while steep sides keep sudsy water safely inside. It's also great for icing down beverages, letting the melted water drain away. Tub is outfitted with side handles for easy transport.
View all Joseph Joseph products
Details and Dimensions
Dish Tub with Drain. 12.5"Wx12"Dx8"H
- Polypropylene
- Set-to-strain plug
- Hand wash
- By Joseph Joseph
- Made in China
Item Number: 85063
Overall DimensionsWidth: 12.5" Depth: 12" Height: 8"
Return/Exchange Policy
We will accept returns and exchanges of non-furniture items if:
- Non-furniture items are returned within 90 days of customer receipt.
- A valid proof of purchase is provided (see below).
- Non-furniture items are returned in good condition—unused and unwashed.
If you discover an item has a manufacturer's defect or was damaged during transit, we will accept the item for return or exchange with proof of purchase. Without proof of purchase, the item can be exchanged only for the same item. A valid photo ID is required.
We are unable to accept any items for return or exchange without proof of purchase. Items purchased as final sale cannot be returned, exchanged or repaired.
Items must be returned to the store brand where the purchase originated or by mail (if the item was ordered online or by phone and received by mail). Purchases made outside the U.S. may only be returned to the purchase location.


text:
- Northern New York Newspapers
- Watertown
- Ogdensburg
- Massena-Potsdam
- Lowville
- Carthage
- Malone
- NNY Business
- NNY Living
- NNY Ads
CANTON St. Lawrence County is expected to take title to the former Jones & Laughlin Steel Co. site today. All of the legal proceedings are complete, County Attorney Michael C. Crowe reported to the county Board of Legislators Monday.
Ownership by the county will enable it to subdivide 18 acres from the 54-acre site in the town of Clifton so they can be marketed for development. The remainder of the property, which is heavily contaminated, may become a Superfund site.
The county also will be reimbursed for all of the money it paid consultant Camp, Dresser, McKee, Cambridge, Mass., for work it did at the site, which had been in dispute with the state Department of Environmental Conservation.
Thousands of readers like you have made Northern New York Newspapers the number one ranked website* for local news and sports coverage in the north country.
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Members of the 2005 Helper Arts Festival's 5th annual Youth Art Competition are busy collecting and accepting art from the students of the area.
Each year all youth ages preschool through high school from Carbon and Emery counties are encouraged to submit all types of art for the Youth Art Competition and Exhibit. Held in conjunction with the Helper Arts Festival, the Youth Art Competition will accept artwork until June 1. Awards will be given and the exhibit held during the Helper Arts Festival, August 19-21 during a special reception at the Helper Civic Auditorium. The work remains on display throughout the three day Arts Festival so that all can enjoy it.
"This is a great way to showcase the talents of the children and youth of Carbon and Emery counties" said Aimee Lauritsen, a member of the Youth Art Competition committee. "I am hopeful that all teachers and parents will encourage the youth to participate in the competition this year."
Lauritsen explained that this year there will be special categories for the Castle Valley Center and preschools, groups that haven't been targeted before.
"We also encourage home schooled children to enter" she said. The competition, started in 2000 by local artists Thomas Elmo Williams and David Richey Johnsen, has grown each year. Last year 135 youth from the area participated showcasing all kinds of art, from sculpture to painting. Peter Mantas won Best of Show while Shawn Hight won Most Promising student. Many other students walked away with ribbons for being the best in their age group.
"It's a real ego booster for the kids, and something they never forget" Lauritsen said. Although the artwork has generally been picked up from the schools in the past, parents can make sure their child's work is included by contacting Lauritsen directly.
"We don't want to leave even one child out" she said. "Our children are the artists of tomorrow." Parents and teachers can contact Lauritsen for pickup and drop off information. 637-1771 or 613-5646


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Amanda Ohlis caught her very first fish, a 14 inch sheepshead, in Estero Bay with Captain Dan Leonard.
John-John Brossard with the five-foot bull shark he caught, tagged and released on Saturday, March 10 out of Marco Island.
Derick Swank of Naples caught this 15 pound permit fish using shrimp as bait, out about 10 miles in the Gulf. While reeling it in, a 10 foot bullhead shark bit the tail off of the fish. He was fishing with Capt. Jimbo Hail in the Gulf.
Ken Ford with his catch, a black tip shark.
Jasmine Ford holding a sheepshead that she caught in March.
Captain Mark Yimin, of fishingchartersfortmyersfl.com, with a snook that he caught using fresh, live pilchards for bait.
Kevin Weber, with a 40 pound amberjack caught onboard the Getsnookerd fishing team's Contender 54 miles west of Gordon's Pass using a butterfly jig.
Jack Terria holding a sheepshead that he caught in March.
Cheri Coyner of Estero, Florida, caught this 25 inch redfish in Estero Bay with live shrimp.
Jason Ulrich with a 30 inch, 10 pound snook caught in Estero Bay on Sunday, March 11, 2012.
Mark Williams with a 26 inch, seven-pound sea trout that he caught in Estero Bay on Sunday, March 11, 2012.
John Johnson caught this black drum off Seagate Beach on March 11.
Mitchell Stone, of Tampa, with a 15 pound snook he caught and released on March 12, 2012.
Margaret Smith with a 13 pound redfish, caught and released on March 8, 2012.
Roger Bill of Pouch Cove, Newfoundland, caught this 33 pound black drum using live shrimp for bait. Bill, a member of the Boat Club of Naples, caught the drum west of channel marker #71 in Dollar Bay.
Alex Cabada caught this 33 inch redfish with a thread.
Nick Chickering, of Team Smile Maker, landed this 33 pound kingfish while fishing 25 miles off the coast of Naples. It ate a live bluerunner, slow trolled off the downrigger.
Brody Buczko caught this 21 inch, five-pound largemouth bass in a lake behind his house while fishing with his brother, Beau Buczko.
Beau Buczko caught this five-pound largemouth bass in a lake behind his house while fishing with his brother, Brody Buczko.


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By CHARI JELSMASun Advocate reporter
The New Heights Clubhouse aids Carbon County's struggling mental health patients in achieving the goal to go back to work.
The clubhouse is sponsored in part by Four Corners Mental Health and various other grants. The clubhouse also has several small fundraisers a year. But the program does not make enough money to fund the clubhouse.
The clubhouse model provides a community with a healthy environment for a person who is struggling with mental illness, pointed out the mental health agency.
All members have an opportunity to benefit from support. Together, they work to accomplish many functions that a paid staff member would do elsewhere.
The program is helping many local residents. But due to the limited number of positions and employers the clubhouse has, the program cannot place many members in employment positions, explained the mental health agency.
The major focus of the clubhouse is transitional employment placement. The TEP program aids members of the clubhouse in finding work and adding skills along with experience to employment resumes.
Through the local business community's cooperation, New Heights is able to offer members work.
The TEP program assists members in meeting goals such as returning to a productive role in the local community, developing independence and preparing the participants for full-time employment.
Positions in the program are part-time entry level jobs that members will work at for six to nine months.
The residents participating in the TEP program will then rotated into different positions.
The clubhouse model has three levels of programming.
The first level is the opportunity to practice working in the day work program at the clubhouse.
Participants are expected to help run the clubhouse and learn how to act in a work environment. Examples of the lessons include what to wear, how to work with others and what it is like to report to a job on a daily basis.
Work completed by participants reduces expenses for the clubhouse because fewer staff members are necessary to run it.
The work done by members at the clubhouse is unpaid, but by working in the program, the participants develop skills along with the confidence needed to be successful with future employment.
The second level is the transitional employment program, where the staff members train participants at an employment site.
Members of the staff first go in unpaid and train for the position by the business, then train the participant.
The process benefits the business since, while the member is trained by the staff, the operation receives two workers for the price of one.
Participants in the program can work in three or four positions and learn different skills.
The experience enables a member to acquire a permanent position by building up a resume, indicated the mental health agency.
The third level is competitive employment.
New Heights Clubhouse staff aids members in finding permanent employment, usually a full- time position, and provide the necessary training for the position.
When working, the clubhouse members are more likely to maintain their mental health, according to the agency.
Many of the individuals participating in the program can leave the mental health system, and gain coverage on employers benefit plan.
Clubhouses can also help members find and maintain low income housing.
The New Heights Clubhouse also provides a social program outside of the business.
Participants develop friendships and learn to participate in social activities.
The program helps participants develop a support system outside of the clubhouse, making the members feel more comfortable when they are ready to leave the program.


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Hyundai Repair in Solana Beach
Our master mechanics identify the best Hyundai repair shops in Solana Beach. Edit search×
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With over 50 years of collective experience, we are proud to be your local Auto Repair experts. As the premier auto repair shop in Encinitas, our highly trained automotive technicians take pride in all of their Auto Repair efforts.
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- Battery Replacement and Service
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Oil, lube and filter service. Factory scheduled maintenance (30K, 60K, 90K, 105K). Fuel injection cleaning and service. Preventive maintenance and fluid flushes. Heating & air conditioning service.
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Performance Automotive of San Diego is a complete automotive service and repair facility where all makes and models - foreign and domestic can be serviced and repaired. We utilize the latest in automotive technology to keep your vehicle operating at its best performance. Experience and knowledge combine to make Performance Automotive of San Diego a successful operation; one that gives honest, quality service to each customer.
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Real Customer Review(s)
"Pacific Auto Service" is a friendly :-) family owned business with "AAA" and "BBB" certifications. Customers enjoy Nationwide Warranty of Service through the "Napa Auto Care Center" network.
Over the years the shop developed a clientele of faithful "Yelp" members but also "AAA" and "BBB" customers. They also service multiple local and national commercial fleets.
Their customers enjoy fair pricing and good ethics and many refer their friends and family.
After 15 years on Miramar Road, Pacific Auto Service moved to a more confortable and larger location at 7451 Trade Street, which is about a mile North of Miramar Road, via Camino Santa Fe.
There are 30 Hyundai service shops and mechanics in Solana Beach. Edit searchSee other Hyundai repair shops and dealerships
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Hyundai repair shops and dealerships near Solana Beach.
"Moved to the area 6 years ago and have found these guys to be the most honest and competent mechanics and charge reas..."
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Easy white bread
Cooking timePrep: 20 mins Cook: 25 mins - 30 mins Plus 2 hours proving
Skill levelEasy
ServingsMakes 1 loaf
A great recipe for an electric breadmaker - or do it the traditional way
Nutrition and extra info
- Freezable
- kcalories
- 204
- protein
- 6g
- carbs
- 38g
- fat
- 4g
- saturates
- 1g
- fibre
- 2g
- sugar
- 0g
- salt
- 1g
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Saving time
A dough's first rising can be done in the fridge overnight. This slows down the time it takes to rise to double its size, giving it a deeper flavour. It's also a great timesaver, as you can start it the night before, then finish it off the next day.
- Mix the flour, salt and yeast in a large bowl. Make a well in the centre, then add the oil and water, and mix well. If the dough seems a little stiff, add 1-2 tbsp water, mix well then tip onto a lightly floured work surface and knead. Once the dough is satin-smooth, place it in a lightly oiled bowl. Leave to rise for 1 hour until doubled in size or place in the fridge overnight.
- Line a baking tray with baking parchment. Knock back the dough, then gently mould the dough into a ball. Place it on the baking parchment to prove for a further hour until doubled in size.
- Heat oven to 220C/fan 200C/gas 7. Dust the loaf with flour and cut a cross about 6cm long into the top of the loaf with a sharp knife. Bake for 25-30 mins until golden brown and the loaf sounds hollow when tapped underneath. Cool on a wire rack.
Recipe from Good Food magazine, October 2005
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Comments, questions and tips
If I could give this more than five stars I would! It is by far the best bread recipe I have found - makes perfect perfect perfect every time. I now use about 2/3 of the dough to make a loaf in a 2lb tin, and the rest to make four bread rolls (separating and moulding these at the end of the first rise). We here also like a nice soft crust, and so picked up the following tips : put an empty deep sided baking tray in base of oven whilst pre-heating, then fill with cold water once bread in. This creates a steam bath which helps prevent a deep crust from forming. Then, when cooling down on a rack, I drape a (clean!) dry tea towel over it. Like I say - perfect every time!
Excellent and great. So yummy and delicious. This is very nice one site. Thanks for sharing some recipes here. Keep sharing. Looking forward for more.
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I tried making this recipe as a complete bread-making novice. It was inedible. Two teaspoons of salt is way too much and the middle of the loaf was a dense oily mass. I don't think you should put oil in bread? I didn't use a breadmaker but it says you can do it the traditional way so it should have been OK. Also, the recipe assumes you know how long to knead it and also what 'knock back' means. I had to look it up. The following day I tried another Good Food bread recipe and it was perfect. (No oil in this one and only one tsp of salt!)
this recipes look like yummy.. i will try at my home. Thanks guys for your recipes article.
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Have been using bread maker for years however decided to try making bread by hand as recently loaves not rising so well & hubby used to be a baker! Result is a much softer, beautifully risen loaf although slightly salty, just reduce amount you add. Hubby has enjoyed making a loaf every couple of days as it doesn't last long. Made a batch into rolls for packed lunches & they worked out really well, freeze good too. Dough also freezes well.
Absolutely amazing recipe. My first attempt at a bread loaf and it looked, tasted and smelled great. Here's my blog post with pictures if you're interested :) http://pinksugar-goodies.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/simple-bread-loaf.html
Not being that confident making bread I followed this recipe exactly which as some people have mentioned before is a little bit of a mistake. Whilst most of the recipe is perfectly fine, the salt recommended is way too high.I placed the salt far away from the yeast, and kneaded the dough and left to prove the first time, and the salt even impacted the rise. I will be halving the salt when I make it again, which I hope will work better.
Apart from this slight issue, it seems to be a good recipe.
I made this recipe following the amounts given and the bread was perfect and not at all salty. Maybe elleipsis misread tbs for tsp? I take the minimum of salt in food for health reasons so I notice salt, but with 2 level teaspoons it came out well. If you want an unsalted loaf just leave out the salt altogether!
This is looking so awesome.I have never tried making breads ever but will surely try out this recipe now.Just have to make sure the dough is good.Thanks for the recipe.
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I adore this recipe. The bread comes out amazing every time and I impress my friends/housemates/parents with my baking skills. I tell them the recipe is easy and they should just try it for themselves, but I secretly like them thinking it is down to my skill! I follow what it says always, but I am going to start trying variations like substituting wholemeal flour or adding sundried tomatoes as suggested below.
I like how simple it is to follow (it took me two minutes to write it in my handwritten recipe collection) and although on my first try I had to look up techniques on kneading and knocking back (for those looking for help here - just look up kneading or knocking back on the search bar on the good food website - I found some helpful videos - sometimes it is better to see how it is done than to just read about it!), I now know it off by heart and I appreciate the simplicity (no one wants to read an essay when they are consulting a recipe they have used many times before!). Thank you Good Food!!


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Consumer Electronics Show Highlights Newest Technology
Network President and CEO Joe Clayton and DISH Networks mascot Hopper... News Photo2013,Arrival,Business,Consumer Electronics Show,Corporate Business,Event,Finance,Full Length,Horizontal,Las Vegas,Mandalay Bay Convention Center,Mascot,Merchandise,Nevada,President,Retail,Technology,USAPhotographer David BeckerCollection: Getty Images News 2013 Getty ImagesLAS VEGAS, NV - JANUARY 07: DISH Network President and CEO Joe Clayton (R) and DISH Networks mascot Hopper arrive at a press event at the Mandalay Bay Convention Center for the 2013 International CES on January 7, 2013 in Las Vegas, Nevada. CES, the world's largest annual consumer technology trade show, runs from January 8-11 and is expected to feature 3,100 exhibitors showing off their latest products and services to about 150,000 attendees. (Photo by David Becker/Getty Images)


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Roadrunner & Artist News
Killswitch Engage Coming To The UK
Posted on February 12, 2008And so we reveal the first of the new official Killswitch Engage photos - including new singer Howard Jones. More photos are on the way in the near future. So what's new with the band? Getting set to go on tour some more in the US, although Lacuna Coil has dropped off the planned tour to be replaced by Dark Tranquility, tells Mike. And then coming to Europe for the first time, on the Roadrage tour - kicking off very soon! The band are excited, he says, "we can't wait!" Tickets are on sale now - and damn cheap too.
LYRICALLY YOURS... Ever wonder about the lyrics on the album? What they really mean to the person who wrote them? We've just uploaded an mp3 of Jesse talking about what the songs mean to him, shortly before he left the band. You can download it in the music section. All will be revealed...
The band are coming to the UK. Check out the Roadrage microsite for tour details, competitions, downloads, and a whole lot more!
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Sunnyside city has sworn in its councilmembers and new mayor Doug Parson then they started the new year by paying a few expenses from the previous one. First the council agreed to bill East Carbon City for 1/3 of the new public safety building's expenses, which include utilities, maintenance and insurance. It then took care of the city's payables which came to a total of $16,235,16.
"I think it would be easier if we let them (East Carbon City) know they are paying a third of it every month," said councilwoman Sheri Madrid on the subject of how often the bill should go out.
Currently according to the city, Sunnyside pays 2/3 of the new building's above expenses and will now start billing East Carbon City monthly for the remainder.
The council also went forward and appointed councilwoman Nola Porter to oversee Community Daze. The event was hosted last year in East Carbon, but the council has full intentions of bringing it to Sunnyside for 2010.
"It's our turn to host Community Daze and we will go ahead with it," said Mayor Parson.
The mayor also appointed duties to councilmembers for his term. Tony Riffle will oversee the fire department, Froy Garcia will look after parks and recreation, Nola Porter will do planning and zoning and Sheri Madrid will take over the mayor's position in his absence.
Finally the council will be looking into civic and criminal cases that are handled through the East Carbon Justice court. It was brought up that the city has the right to go through a professional collections agency except for small claims which must go through the East Carbon justice court. The council wants to know if it is necessary for the agencies to attend the local court since they far off.
"There are collection agencies in Salt Lake and Provo, we need some clarification," said Councilwoman Madrid.
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try inserting the modules needed at boot time in an initalition - like /etc/rc.local
add the line
modprobe parport_pc at the end of this file and see what happens. You need to be user root
I'm running Mandrake 8.2, which has worked fine until now.
I have 2 printers connected, HP with network connection and a Lexmark connected to the parallell port. Printing system is CUPS.
One day Lexmark doesn't print, running printtool and choose "add printer" I get the message:
"rmmod: module parport_probe is not loaded
modprobe: Can't locate module parport_probe"
I believe this means that my parallell port is not installed properly (no IRQ assigned either).
I have tried "alias parport_lowlevel parport_pc"
but parport_lowlevel can't be found.
What do I do now? The printer has worked, no change in configuration - oh yes, one thing:
I installed OpenOffice 1.0.
I think the problem started before this, though I'm not sure.
I ran printtool again, chose to change settings for printer Lexmark, selected lp0 (where it was already installed).
Now the printer works again - but only until I shut down the computer.
So what's wrong?
I can't find any logs or text outputs from printtool telling me what's being done, if I could the problem would be solved I think?
try inserting the modules needed at boot time in an initalition - like /etc/rc.local
add the line
modprobe parport_pc at the end of this file and see what happens. You need to be user root
Did as you suggested, it didn't help.
Only thing now is I can't get printer to work at all - though all programs including printerdrake tells me it is active.
So I removed your line, no difference.
I checked the module-dir, I do have the modules (though all modules are compressed).
Tried unpacking them, not leaving original *.gz there.
Interesting: at bootup I get a message parallell port can not be installed - parport_pc.o doesn't exist. So I copy back the original modules *.gz, and run printtool.
Now printtool activates my printer!
But after reboot no printer again.
ps -e gives me one thing that might be of interrest:
2311 ? modprobe (defunct)
This process can't be killed. It is a child to devfs.
Another thing: using GIMP, when I choose "print" I get the name of my printer - but it wants to use postscript level2, not foomatic + ghostscript ? (That's what's used, and shown, by other programs.) Doesn't GIMP simply use the installed printer & driver? (The same printing problem from any application, though.)
I really wonder what has happened - the printer has worked perfectly for several months?
It's things like this that made me leave Windows, I have a strong feeling I'm gonna leave Mandrake too.. >
But I don't have the time right now - and it might be educational to get that printer working again.
(Btw: printer still works running Win98, I do believe this is a parallell port problem.)
ya know at this point i would remove cups - then reinstall it with defaults. i am not sure what would have caused this.
Did you try removing open office? I know that at least in Drake 9 when you set up printers theres another part that sets up printing for gimp, staroffice/openoffice, etc.
I would do like pbharris said, run rpmdrake, remove cups and all the printing stuff, and try to reinstall them.....Really weird that it just stopped working...


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22 U.S. Code § 2348c - Administrative authorities
Source(Pub. L. 87–195, pt. II, § 553, formerly § 554, as added Pub. L. 95–384, § 12(a),Sept. 26, 1978, 92 Stat. 737; renumbered § 553,Pub. L. 96–533, title I, § 116(b),Dec. 16, 1980, 94 Stat. 3140.)
References to Subchapter I Deemed To Include Certain Parts of Subchapter II, and References to Subchapter II Deemed To Exclude Such Parts
References to subchapter I of this chapter are deemed to include parts IV (§ 2346 et seq.) and VIII (§ 2349aa et seq.) of subchapter II of this chapter, and references to subchapter II are deemed to exclude such parts. See section 202(b) ofPub. L. 92–226, set out as a note under section 2346 of this title, and section 2349aa–5 of this title.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


text:
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(Jan 31, 2013) On January 29, 2013, a Resolution (Resolução CONTRAN No. 432 de 23 de Janeiro de 2013, DENATRAN (Brazilian Department of Transportation website)) issued by the National Council of Transit (Conselho Nacional de Trânsito – CONTRAN) entered into force. It regulates Law No. 12,760 of December 20, 2012 (Lei No. 12,760 de 20 de Dezembro de 2012, PLANALTO.GOV.BR), which amended the Brazilian Traffic Code (Código de Trânsito Brasileiro,Lei No. 9,503, de 23 de Setembro de 1997, PLANALTO.GOV.BR).
The purpose of Law No. 12,760 was to reduce the level of alcohol tolerated in the blood of motor vehicle drivers to almost zero and to establish new means to prove that a driver was driving drunk. (Law No. 12,760.)
Resolution No. 432 defines the procedures to be adopted by traffic authorities and their agents during inspection of drivers to verify that they have consumed alcohol or other psychoactive substances, for the enforcement of articles165, 276, 277 and 306 of the Traffic Code (art. 1).
According to the Resolution, violation of article 165 of the Brazilian Traffic Code is established when the driver of a motor vehicle has a blood level with any concentration of alcohol or breath alcohol level higher than 0.05 miligrams per liter of air (amounts below that are with in the margin of error of the equipment). In such cases, article 165 of the Code determines that the driver is subject to a fine (currently, R$1,915,00, about US$957.50) and the loss of the right to drive for 12 months. (Resolution CONTRAN No. 432, art. 6.)
Article 6 of the Resolution also applies, when appropriate, the provisions of article 306 of the Code that criminalize driving amotor vehicle with altered psychomotor ability due to the influenceof alcohol or other psychoactive substance. The punishment for such conduct is imprisonment for six months to three years, a fine, and the suspension of the license to drive or a prohibition on obtaining such a license. (Traffic Code, art. 306.)
Article 5 of the Resolution establishes the type of evidence that a traffic agent may consider to prove the drunkenness of the driver when the person refuses to do the breathalyzer test or a blood test. (André de Souza, CONTRAN Endurece Lei Seca e Reduz Tolerância de Álcool no Bafômetro, O GLOBO (Jan. 29, 2013).)
|Eduardo Soares More by this author
|Driving while intoxicated More on this topic
|Brazil More about this jurisdiction
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Last updated: 01/31/2013


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2010 Suzuki Grand Vitara Key Emergency Blade
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This high quality 2010 Suzuki Grand Vitara emergency key will fit your key fob or Smart Key. The emergency key needs to be cut before it can be used on your car. To cut this key, please contact a local automotive locksmith or hardware store. The price for a key cutting service may vary depending on your location. The 2010 Suzuki Grand Vitara emergency key will only unlock the car and will not start the vehicle.