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WEST CARTHAGE While the construction schedule for Meadowbrook Terrace has shifted, the 60-bed assisted living facility is on track to open early next month.
Administrator Joseph W. Millard said in November that construction was supposed to be complete by Dec. 21, but now there is no definitive date. Feb. 1 remains the target opening date.
Were doing things in sections of the building versus doing everything else at once, he said. It was too overwhelming to do everything at once.
Mr. Millard said contractors have been working to complete the K-shaped building at 21957 Cole Road. Crews are working on minor interior projects, such as carpeting, lights and other finishing details.
Forty-eight 322-square-foot studio apartments and 12 one-bedroom, 433-square-foot apartments will be constructed, as well as an ice cream parlor, a store, a lounge area, a utility room, a data room, an activity room, a chapel and an employee work area in the one-level facility. One-bedroom apartments will be for people who require more help than those who use the studio apartments, but all residents should be able to move around and have some level of independence in the 42,000-square-foot building.
The facility, which will accept those on Medicaid as well as those who pay privately, will offer therapy services, health and wellness programs, and staff to help with daily living activities.
Some Carthage Area Hospital employees have shown interest in working at Meadowbrook Terrace, which would open jobs at the hospital, 1001 West Street Road, Carthage. Upwards of 40 positions are expected to help run the facility.
Weve hired everyone except two or three people, Mr. Millard said. They wont begin until were open.
The project was designed by Nelson Associates, Clinton. Murnane Building Construction, Whitesboro, is the general contractor. The nearly 10-acre property was purchased by Carthage Area Hospital for $1,066,000. Mr. Millard said there is plenty of space for expansion if needed.
Carthage Area Hospital will put up $500,000 for the $9.5 million project, and the remaining funds will come from a state grant. Samaritan Medical Center, Watertown, is the lead agency on the $34 million Health Care Efficiency and Affordability Law for New Yorkers grant, of which $9 million is to go to Carthage Area Hospital for construction of Meadowbrook Terrace. The remaining $25 million is helping Samaritan construct a 288-bed assisted-living and nursing home complex behind Washington Summit, off Washington Street, Watertown.
For more information, call Mr. Millard at 493-3300.
Thousands of readers like you have made Northern New York Newspapers the number one ranked website* for local news and sports coverage in the north country.
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Sunday's Division II Super Bowl game between unbeaten (in league play) Tolman and defending champion Woonsocket needs no hype from the media. These two teams stand on their own merits.
Still, it's going to be fun to talk about what may transpire until the opening kickoff occurs at high noon on Sunday. We have three days to sit around and let the tension build among the players. This game is, after all, about the players. This will be the most memorable day of their football lives for many of them, except perhaps for the few Woonsocket players who played key roles in last year's Super Bowl conquest of Mount Hope.
Tolman coach Dave Caito, who has guided the Tigers into their fourth Super Bowl over the past six seasons, was asked on Wednesday to talk about the regular season game between the two teams. Tolman prevailed back on Sept. 24 by a narrow 6-0 margin at Barry Field.
"That was a great, entertaining high school game," Caito recalled. "I remember Woonsocket had the ball and was driving in the fourth quarter. They had a kid wide open and he dropped the ball. Then our defense forced them to give the ball up on downs. It was a great game for the fans to see. For coaches, it's a game where you want to rip your hair out. If that kid had caught the ball, and they kicked the extra point, we probably lose the game."
Tolman and Woonsocket only got better after that game. Neither team lost to a Division II-B opponent. Tolman finished 7-0 in league play. Woonsocket remained on the Tigers' heels with a 6-1 mark. Both teams won their two playoff games to reach the Super Bowl. Neither victory came easy. Tolman rallied from a 12-7 halftime deficit to beat St. Raphael Academy, 25-12, on Tuesday night. Woonsocket trailed 7-0 at halftime before pulling away from Chariho, 21-7.
"The Saints game was a gut-check for our offensive line," Caito said. "We challenged them at halftime. We needed them to become more physical. We also ran a few more belly plays in the second half where our guards would kick out their tackle and we could get at the linebackers. I think it just came down to us executing better in the second half."
Tolman's O-Line opened big holes for halfback Ousmane Samb (17 carries for 165 yards) and quarterback Joselito Knapp (15-83). The Tigers ended up rushing for 283 yards, 220 of them in the second half. Samb and Knapp are fearless runners but they rely on their blockers: tackles Jared Battersby and Dion Rubio, guards Zach Delmar and Daniel Stubbs, and center Devan Bullard.
"Stubbs is a freshman," Caito said, speaking of his young right guard.
Knapp only threw one pass in the game and it fell incomplete.
"We're not afraid to throw the ball," Caito said. "Josey threw the ball pretty well against Shea last week. We're definitely a team that leans on the running game. What we try to do is give our quarterback a run-pass option. Josey has a choice to make when he drops back. If he sees an opening, he's going to run the ball."
Woonsocket presents a more balanced offense. QB Kevin Reyes threw the ball 18 times against a physical Chariho defense, completing nine for 148 yards and one touchdown. He was also picked off three times.
Woonsocket played the game without elusive wide receiver Jesse Charette, out with a sore shoulder. Charette hopes to play Sunday against Tolman.
"Woonsocket is the defending champion," Caito said. "I think it's going to be a great game again. We know they can throw the ball."
Caito was still reflecting on Tuesday night's win over St. Raphael before an estimated 1,200 fans at Max Read Field.
"The crowd last night was really amazing," the coach said. "The best part for me is that there were no incidents in the stands after the game ended. The players on both teams were very cordial to each other and shook hands. This is a long rivalry with a lot of history. I thought the kids on both teams did a great job of upholding the tradition. These were two good teams that played a hard, physical game and then shook hands afterwards."
The same thing figures to happen on Sunday when Tolman and Woonsocket meet for the Division II Super Bowl championship. Two tough football teams are going to play a hard, physical game and then shake hands afterwards. That's about all we know for sure right now.

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tekenaars Artist: Giuseppe Ferrario
Artist Giuseppe Ferrario
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"Giuseppe Ferrario is the main artist and art director of 'Prezzemolo' at Gaghi Editrice since 1995. The dragon Prezzemolo was a co-creation of Ferrario and scriptwriter Lorenzo de Pretto. Ferrario has also made the album 'Entraversant la Nuit' with Bargellini. From 1997, he has also done..." [ Lees meer ]


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text: Emily Pawlowski is a high school senior and a girl scout who volunteered at Vive, Inc., a refugee shelter in Buffalo. When she saw an opportunity to help, she spent the balance of her summer vacation building a gazebo. Her outstanding volunteer work makes her a strong candidate for girl scouts' highest honor, the Gold award. Click the video to see her work!


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It's not often that we get so upset that we yell at our television sets, but events surrounding the death of actor Christopher Reeve brought about one such episode. On Sunday, October 10, 2004—the day that Mr. Reeve died—the television show "20/20" featured a memorial tribute to him and his courage. Barbara Walters interviewed friends, and showed clips from previous interviews with the actor-turned-activist. At one point during the hour-long program, Walters turned to the topic of embryonic stem-cell research. Clips from the 2004 presidential debates were played, in which just days earlier John Kerry had hailed Christopher Reeve as a friend, and had spoken boldly about the promises of embryonic stem-cell research. The entire segment on stem-cell research was extremely political in nature, and cast a dim shadow on U.S. President George W. Bush for his unwillingness to allow more embryonic stem-cell lines to be produced. But the clip that made us speak out to a lifeless cathode ray tube was a previously taped segment that featured Barbara Walters asking Reeve if he thought he would be well enough to walk if President Bush had not limited embryonic stem-cell research. Reeve believed that he would. In fact, the manner in which senator Kerry campaigned made it seem almost like a vote for him would instantaneously cure practically every ailment known to modern man, thanks to his desire to allow and fund embryonic stem-cell research. Mr. Kerry's vice presidential running mate, John Edwards, even went so far as to state: "If we do the work that we can do in this country, the work that we will do when John Kerry is president, people like Christopher Reeve will get up out of that wheelchair and walk again" ("Frist Knocks Edwards…," 2004).
And yet, in an article in the October 2004 issue of Reader's Digest, Christopher Reeve was asked: "What's your position on embryonic stem-cell research?" His response was completely different from the one he took in his interview with Barbara Walters. He stated: "I advocate it because I think scientists should be free to pursue every possible avenue. It appears though, at the moment, that embryonic stem cells are effective in treating acute injuries and are not able to do much about chronic injuries" (as quoted in Nash, 2004, emp. added). Ultimately, Christopher Reeve knew that embryonic stem cells were not the magic bullet that he, and many others, had hoped they would be. And he's not the only one. The Senate Majority Leader, Bill Frist (a heart surgeon, and the only medical doctor in the Senate), responded to John Edwards' comments that "people like Christopher Reeve will get up out of that wheelchair and walk again" when he said:
I find it opportunistic to use the death of someone like Christopher Reeve—I think it is shameful—in order to mislead the American people. We should be offering people hope, but neither physicians, scientists, public servants or trial lawyers like John Edwards should be offering hype. It is cruel to people who have disabilities and chronic diseases, and, on top of that, it's dishonest. It's giving false hope to people, and I can tell you as a physician who's treated scores of thousands of patients that you don't give them false hope ("First Knocks Edwards…," 2004).
I find it opportunistic to use the death of someone like Christopher Reeve—I think it is shameful—in order to mislead the American people. We should be offering people hope, but neither physicians, scientists, public servants or trial lawyers like John Edwards should be offering hype. It is cruel to people who have disabilities and chronic diseases, and, on top of that, it's dishonest. It's giving false hope to people, and I can tell you as a physician who's treated scores of thousands of patients that you don't give them false hope ("First Knocks Edwards…," 2004).
We couldn't agree more. Such statements as those by senator Edwards are indeed "opportunistic," and they do "offer false hope."
To most people, he was known simply as "Superman"—a role he played, beginning in 1978. Sadly, on May 27, 1995, we learned that Christopher Reeve was, in fact, human. The accident occurred during a three-day equestrian competition, in Culpepper County, Virginia. Dressed in a protective vest and helmet, Reeve was riding his trained thoroughbred horse, Eastern Express. As his horse went over the third jump, it stopped suddenly, and Reeve went flying over the horse and landed on his head, breaking his neck between the first and second vertebrae. He was knocked unconscious, and when he woke up, he was paralyzed from the neck down. Little did anyone ever expect that "Superman" would be permanently confined to a motorized wheelchair. His accident and subsequent injuries immediately propelled him into the spotlight as a spokesman for various types of scientific research. Since that fateful day in 1995, an enormous amount of money and man-hours have been spent researching the brain and the neurons that compose it. A great deal of interest has been given to the events surrounding traumatic injury to the brain and spinal cord—and the possibility that embryonic stem cells would represent a cure-all.
Reeve's attitude (and the political machine behind it) that President Bush somehow was preventing him from walking, reveals just how successful the media have been at duping the general public regarding embryonic stem cells. We have a news flash for John Kerry, John Edwards, Barbara Walters, CBS, NBC, CNN, and Time magazine: Embryonic stem cells are by no means a guaranteed "cure all." In fact, in the studies performed thus far in humans, they have done more harm than good!
If these individuals are truly interested in human welfare, and not just in promoting/sustaining/defending the personal pro-choice agendas, then why not look at the scientific information with an open mind? If you really want to cure people like Christopher Reeve, why not look at the scientific studies that have been peer reviewed and printed in reputable scientific journals? The answer is that it is much easier to make President Bush look like an ogre who single-handedly is responsible for all the death and disease we see around us today. And quite frankly, most media outlets do not want to talk about what many scientists have already admitted: adult stem cells work better!
In February 2001, President Bush received a letter signed by eighty Nobel laureates, urging him not to block federal funding for research using embryonic stem cells. At the time, newspapers around the country hyped the document as proof that the world's intellectually elite were at odds with the conservative, "uneducated" president. The media would like us to think that these Nobel laureates "know what is best." They forget that the president and his staff are extremely well briefed on the truth regarding stem-cell research. In fact, the letter signed by those Nobel laureates would have created less support for embryonic stem-cell research—if the truth had been reported in a fair and balanced manner. The letter sent to the president discussed the fact that "insulin-secreting cells have normalized blood glucose in diabetic mice." The only studies (like those mentioned by the Nobel laureates) that have "normalized" blood glucose involved adult stem cells—not embryonic stem cells. While it is true that embryonic stem cells have been successful at the apparent conversion of mouse embryonic stem cells into insulin-producing pancreatic islet cells (see Lumelsky, et al., 2001; Vogel, 2001), the Nobel laureates failed to mention that a better study utilizing adult stem cells had been conducted just one year earlier. The mouse embryonic stem cells secreted only 1/50th the normal amount of insulin, and when the cells were implanted into diabetic mice, the animals' blood sugar did not return to normal—and the animals died! Yet, a similar study using adult stem cells achieved full insulin expression from the differentiated adult stem cells, including full ability to protect from diabetes, once transplanted back into the mice (Ramiya, et al., 2000).
We truly regret the death of Christopher Reeve. One of us [BH] remembers sitting just a few rows away as Mr. Reeve was rolled out onto the stage during the 2000 convention of the Society for Neuroscience. His pleas for researchers to "do something—anything," reminded all of us in the audience that this was an individual who had suffered tremendously, and who desperately needed some relief. We can sympathize with his wife Dana, regarding having a loved one affected with a condition that is debilitating. It is our hope that she finds some peace and support in the coming days. She certainly is to be commended for standing by her husband "through sickness and health." And we are terribly saddened that their children no longer have a father figure in their lives.
However, as tragic as Christopher Reeve's story is, it does not change the fact that curing one individual by exterminating human embryos is not an acceptable, ethical answer. It is, quite simply, murdering some for the benefit of others. What John Kerry and Barbara Walters do not fully grasp is that stem cells are not the magic bullets that the media have painted them to be. In late 2004, an article in the journal Science began by admitting: "Unlocking the therapeutic potential of embryonic stem (ES) cells has remained a tantalizing but elusive goal" (Chien, et al., 2004, 306:239, emp. added). Elusive indeed! The authors went on to admit:
There are numerous hurdles to using ES cells as therapeutic tools. These include the need for reliable ES cell differentiation protocols for different cell lineages, purification techniques for the differentiated progeny, as well as ways to circumvent the immunological rejection of transplanted cells. Given the complexity of these multiple steps, it is not surprising that there are few clear examples of in vivo ES cell therapy for treating disease-related phenotypes (306:239-240, emp. added).
There are numerous hurdles to using ES cells as therapeutic tools. These include the need for reliable ES cell differentiation protocols for different cell lineages, purification techniques for the differentiated progeny, as well as ways to circumvent the immunological rejection of transplanted cells. Given the complexity of these multiple steps, it is not surprising that there are few clear examples of in vivo ES cell therapy for treating disease-related phenotypes (306:239-240, emp. added).
Christopher Reeve was gravely mistaken in thinking that he would have walked if President Bush agreed to fund the slaughter of thousands of more embryos so that embryonic stem cells could be used in federally funded research. Truth be told, it very likely would have done him more harm than good!
In an article titled "Strike Two for Transplants," Gretchen Vogel lamented: "For the second time, cells transplanted from fetuses into brains of Parkinson's patients have failed to show a significant effect." She went on to note that the double-blind study "failed to produce significant improvements in patients' movement, but caused serious side effects in more than half the patients" (2003, emp. added). Not only did the aborted fetus tissue not help, it actually was harmful in some cases!
C. Warren Olanow and his colleagues conducted the collaborative study (which consisted of thirty-four patients), in an effort to determine the effects of transplanting fetal nigral neurons (nerve cells) into Parkinson's patients. Parkinson's patients, ranging in age from 30 to 75, received tissue transplants that were obtained from one to four aborted fetuses. Thus, in twelve cases, the tissue from four aborted fetuses was required to try and "cure" one Parkinson patient. Are we ready to murder four human beings in an effort to save one? All told, 59 aborted fetuses were used in this study.
So what was the end result after using the nigral cells from 59 aborted babies? The authors observed that "there was no overall treatment effect" (2003, 54:405). They then concluded: "Furthermore, unanticipated and potentially disabling off-medication dyskinesias [difficulty moving—BH/BT] developed in greater than 50% of the patients. We cannot therefore recommend fetal nigral transplantation as a therapy for PD [Parkinson's disease—BH/BT] at this time" (p. 413, emp. added). Ms. Vogel went on to note that this was not the first time this type of procedure has failed. She wrote: "The first major study of the technique, led by Curt Freed of the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center in Denver, ended in controversy when it failed to help patients overall, and left some with frightening uncontrollable movements" (as reported in Science, March 16, 2001, p. 2060) [Vogel, 2003]. So we now have multiple clinical trials that show conclusively no effect (and even detrimental effects) of having used fetal tissues.
Forget the media hype, and flush the political mantra. What is the truth regarding stem-cell research? Truth be told, adult stem cells have shown far greater promise—without the tumors, mutations, and rejection problems. The common argument is that only embryonic stem cells are "pluripotent"—meaning only embryonic stem cells have not yet differentiated, and thus can become almost any cell in the body. The embryonic stem-cell advocates have successfully convinced the majority of Americans that adult stem cells cannot be expanded in a laboratory culture without losing developmental potential. Peer-reviewed research has proven otherwise. If senator Kerry and those who think like him had done their homework, they would have learned that in 2001, scientists already had successfully purified pluripotent adult neural stem cells from brain tissue (Rietze, et al., 2001, 412:736).
It is clear that human embryonic stem cells are not what is needed to "rescue" everyone—they are not a magic bullet that, when employed, miraculously heal people. Research involving the destruction of human embryos is not only unethical but, as the documentation provided below proves, unnecessary. Is this something with which taxpayers should concern themselves? It certainly is, since the destruction of human life involved and tax dollars are being touted to fund it. The federal government should not bow to the whims of researchers who are so hungry to discover the next "rainmaker" that they have become totally insensitive to the moral foundations of the country in which they are living. Is this a political issue? Most definitely! Is it also an ethical/moral issue? Absolutely.
John Kerry and John Edwards should have known that the continued use of embryonic stem cells is not essential in order for science to continue making advancements in healing or preventative procedures. They should have known that embryonic stem cells have proven harmful in several research trials. They should have known that saving one human at the expense of another is not an acceptable answer. They should have known that situation ethics is an unacceptable philosophy. They should have known about the genuine promise of adult stem cells. And finally, they should be held accountable for considering themselves "religious," but people who are pro-choice and quick to vote for legislation that murders millions of innocent babies through either abortion or embryonic stem-cell research. [Interestingly, in October 2004, the same month that senator John Edwards began speaking out strongly in favor of additional human embryonic stem-cell research, California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger announced a $3 billion bond measure that he is proposing for his home state, aimed at funding just such research. Schwarzenegger himself is a strong supporter of embryonic stem-cell research (see "Schwarzenegger Backs Stem-cell Research," 2004).]
While the following items that we are referencing may not be exactly what you would call "exciting" reading, the scientific discoveries that they discuss expose in a very vivid fashion the truth behind the smoke and mirrors of embryonic stem-cell research. We list them here for your consideration. They are arranged by the scientific field in which the research was conducted (e.g., mouth, heart, central nervous system, etc.) We encourage you to be well informed on this controversial and important issue.
[*Special thanks to Dr. Pia Francesca de Solemni at the Family
Research Council for assistance in assembling this information]
(1) "Molecular and Cellular Characterisation of Highly Purified Stromal Stem Cells Derived from Human Bone Marrow"
Journal of Cell Science, 2003, 116:1827-1835, doi: 10.1242/jcs.00369
Lead researcher: Stan Gronthos, Melbourne University
Researchers in Australia have developed a regenerative technique that may benefit people whoa re suffering from arthritis, in need of hip replacement surgeries, or reparations from motor-neuron accidents. Implanting populations of adult bone stromal marrow stem cells into mice and sheep models caused bone and cartilage regeneration to occur in targeted areas of joint inflammation or damage. These differentiated stem-cell groups formed up to one-third of a bone in the same amount of time that it would take for a fracture to heal by regular reparatory means (about three months). Clinical trials to further test this stem-cell procedure are expected to occur promptly.
(2) "HGF, SDF-1, and MMP-9 are involved in stress-induced human CD34+ stem cell recruitment to the liver"
Journal of Clinical Investigation, July 15, 2003, 112[2]:160-169, doi: 10.1172/JCI200317902; http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=164291andrendertype= abstract
Lead researcher: Orit Kollet, Weizmann Institute
New discoveries regarding cellular behavior and plasticity have been uncovered in a mouse model study by researchers at the Weizmann Institute. When a liver becomes damaged, signals are sent to the bone marrow's stem cells, which respond by mobilizing and differentiating into liver cells. Thus, plasticity capabilities within the body may be ignited on account of the body's own stress signals. This mechanism for tissue targeting and repair represents a major development for researchers.
(3) "Induction of Stem Cell-like Plasticity in Mononuclear Cells Derived from Unmobilised Adult Human Peripheral Blood"
Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2003; 19[5]: 355-375
Lead researcher: Saleh Abuljadayel, TriStem Corporation, London
For the first time, researchers proved that adult circulating blood cells were capable of being transformed into other types of stem cells. Circulating white blood cells were taken from patients, and were grown in culture with monoclonal antibody CR3/43. New cells of all sorts were then produced, including red and white blood cells, nerve cells, and heart muscle. Researchers watched as the groups of heart muscle cells even started to beat in culture.
(4) "Transplantation of Porcine Umbilical Cord Matrix Cells into the Rat Brain"
Experimental Neurology, August 2003, 182[2]:288-299, doi:10.1016/S0014-4886(03)001287-6
Lead researcher: Mark L. Weiss, Kansas State University
The exceptional capacity for adult stem cells to be used in xenotransplantations (cross-species transplantation) without need for therapy to prevent rejection by the immune system has been recently documented. Researchers extracted stem cells from pigs' umbilical cords, and implanted them into rats' brains, seeing minimal survival rates of six weeks without being attacked by the host's immune system.
(5) "Oct-4-expressing Cells in Human Amniotic Fluid: a New Source for Stem Cell Research"
Human Reproduction, 2003, 18[7]:1489-1493
Lead researcher: Markus Hengstschldger, University of Vienna, Austria
Amniotic fluid given by pregnant women may be a new source for stem cells, according to preliminary experiments conducted at the University of Vienna. This new source for adult stem cells expressing Oct-4, a protein essential to their maintenance, will aid development of therapeutic methods to treat a wide variety of diseases. The full scope of the differentiating abilities of these stem cells is unknown, but nerve cells are proving to be the most common productions.
(6) "Overexpression of CXCR4 on Human CD34+ Progenitors Increases Their Proliferation Migration, and NOD/SCOD Repopulation"
American Society of Hematology, 2003, doi: 10.1182/blood-2003-07-2607
Lead researcher: Dan Gazit, Hebrew University, Jerusalem
Adult stem cells can respond successfully to homing signals in damaged organ tissue. Dr. Gazit's team implanted human bone marrow stem cells into diseased bone marrow of mice models. Two different types of mice models were used in the procedure: SCID (severe combined immuno-deficiency) and NOD (non-obese diabetic) mice. Genetic engineering facilitated high-level growth in the stem cells for both model types, which then responded to homing signals to repair the damaged tissue. This marks another regenerative success for adult stem cell procedures.
(7) "Transfer of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Encoding Autoantigen Prevents Autoimmune Diabetes"
Journal of Clinical Investigation, May 2003, 111:1357-1363
Lead researchers: Raymond J. Steptoe and Leonard C. Harrison, the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
The prevention of diabetes may lie in stem-cell implantations to the bone marrow. Stem cells were extracted from mice bone marrow and genetically re-engineered to express an autoantigen that would signal the immune system not to attack insulin-producing cells. Results from the procedure found that type 1 diabetes was almost entirely avoided in the non-obese diabetic mice used in the study.
(8) "SHED: Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth"
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, May 13, 2003, 100[10]:5807-5812; http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/10/5807?view=abstract
Lead researcher: Songtao Shi, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
Scientists discovered that dental pulp contained in baby teeth (those that already have fallen out of a child's mouth) provides an ample source of stem cells. This live pulp, combined with various growth factors, differentiated into neural, fat, and tooth-forming cells. This discovery may improve oral surgery methods, repair damaged teeth, or treat neural injuries.
(9) "A Human Peripheral Blood Monocyte-derived Subset Acts as Pluripotent Stem Cells"
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, March 4, 2003, 100[5]:2426-2431; http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/5/2426?view=abstract
Lead researcher: Eliezer Huberman, Argonne National Laboratory
New studies have proven that adult stem cells extracted from peripheral blood monocytes can differentiate into liver and nerve cells. Since these cells can be easily gathered from the patient's own blood supply and subsequently stored in liquid nitrogen, they are good source for therapeutic research.
(10) "Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow-derived Cells into Buccal Epithelial Cells In Vivo: A Molecular Analytical Study"
The Lancet, March 29, 2003, vol. 361, no. 9363
Lead researcher: Eva Mezey, National Institute of Health
A clinical study with five women patients helped prove the validity of the adult stem cell differentiation process. Some scientists argued that the differentiation process had not occurred in other previous stem-cell experiments. In actuality, cellular fusion accounted for previous successes, they claimed. However, Dr. Mezey's study showed otherwise. The women in the study had received bone-marrow transplants from their brothers, and the presence of Y chromosomes in the new cheek cells established that differentiation, not cellular fusion, had occurred.
(11) "Adult Neural Stem Cells: Plasticity and Developmental Potential"
PubMed, 2002, 171[1]:64-76. PMID: 12021492 [PubMed—indexed for MEDLINE]; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieveanddb=PubMedandlist _uids=12021492anddopt=Abstract
Lead researchers: A. Gritti and R. Galli, Institute for Cell Research
Evidence continues to mount in demonstrating that adult stem cells have greater capacities to differentiate beyond their initial cell lineage. This study using mouse models proved that adult neural stem cells can differentiate into a broad array of cell types, both central nervous system (CNS) and non-CNS, such as skeletal muscle and blood cells.
(12) "Transplantation of Nasal Olfactory Tissue Promotes Partial Recovery in Paraplegic Adult Rats"
Brain Research Interactive, 2001, 880:344-357
Lead researchers: Jike Lu and Phil M.E. Waite, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Recent studies have confirmed the substantial plasticity capabilities of nasal stem cells. Nasal stem cells are easier and less painful to extract than bone-marrow stem cells, and have differentiated into kidney, liver, heart and nerve tissues in mice models. This study, carried out by researchers in Sydney, Australia, implanted nasal stem cells into mice with severe spinal cord injuries. Significant recovery of movement followed the differentiative process, demonstrating that the process may be useful in treating human paraplegics as well.
(13) "Matrix Cells from Wharton's Jelly from Neurons and Glia"
Stem Cells, 2003, 21:50-60
Lead researchers: Kathy E. Mitchell and Mark L. Weiss, Kansas State University
Researchers identified an abundant new source for primitive adult stem cells—Wharton's jelly, a cushioning substance within the umbilical cord. These cells developed into neuron-like cells in vitro, and expressed all the necessary proteins of such cells.
(14) "The Use of In Situ Bone Marrow Stem Cells for the Treatment of Various Degenerative Diseases"
Medical Hypotheses, 2002, 59[4]:422-428, doi:10.1016/S0306-9877(02)00147-0
Lead researcher: Christian Drapeau, Desert Lake Technologies
A different, less-invasive method to tissue regeneration was proposed in this study. Instead of an in vitro method, therapeutic tools were used to stimulate bone marrow stem cells in situ (in place) to migrate to target organs where regeneration was needed. It was shown that these stem cells differentiated successfully, and that the process could be used in treatments including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's, stroke, liver degeneration, cardiac infarct, diabetes, brain injury, diabetes, and multiple sclerosis.
(1) (a) "Neuroectodermal Differentiation from Mouse Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells"
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, September 30, 2003, 100[Suppl.]:1:11854; http://intl.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/suppl_1/11854
Lead researcher: Catherine Verfaillie, University of Minnesota
(b) "Neural Differentiation and Incorporation of Bone Marrow-Derived Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells After Single Cell Transplantation into Blastocyst Stage Mouse Embryos"
Journal of Cell Transplantation, 2003, 12:201-213
Lead researcher: Walter C. Low, University of Minnesota
Verfaillie's research project succeeded in the differentiation of MAPCs (multiple adult progenitor cells), commonly known as adult stem cells, into different types of cells when grown in tissue culture. Low's project expanded upon this success, proving that these same stem cells could differentiate into neuron-like cells in the brain of mice that had experienced strokes. This is a potential new source of cells for treating central nervous system disorders such as Parkinson's disease.
(2) "Retrograde Viral Delivery of IGF-1 Prolongs Survival in a Mouse ALS Model"
Science, August 8, 2003, vol. 301
Lead researcher: Fred H. Gage, the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
A new genetic engineering of muscle tissue resulted in positive developments for treatment of Amyotophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), a motor nerve disease commonly known as Lou Gehrig's Disease. The muscle tissue of rodent models was infected with an adeno-associated virus, which then traveled up the nerve or motor neuron. The study concluded that the lives of the mice were prolonged and that the ALS disease was delayed.
(3) "Retinal Stem Cells in the Adult Mammalian Eye"
Science, March 17, 2000, pp. 2032-2036
Lead researcher: Derek Van der Kooy, University of Toronto
Preceding Michael Young's studies, research conducted by Canadian Derek Van der Kooy laid the foundations for stem-cell transplantation into the retinal area. Blind patients' own stem cells were cultivated in vitro, and became effective photoreceptor cells.
(4) "Neural Progenitor Cells Lack Immunogenicity and Resist Destruction as Allografts"
Stem Cells, 2003, 21:405-416; www.Stemcells.com
Lead researcher: Michael Young, Schepens Eye Research Institute
Experiments using mice proved that certain brain stem cells have special immunity privileges, meaning that the host environment to which they are transmitted will not reject or mount an autoimmune attack against them. This may help to increase the success of retinal transplants for people suffering from eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, or retinitis pigmentosa (loss of night and peripheral vision).
(5) "Axonal Plasticity and Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury in Mice Deficient in Both Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Vimentin Genes"
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, July 22, 2003, 100[15]:8999-9004
Lead researcher: Alain Privat, Languedoc University, France
Researchers made breakthroughs in repairing spinal nerve cells by removing certain proteins that hitherto have prevented the spinal cord's re-growth. Major steps forward in the battle against paralysis could ensue. But because the work was done on mice, scientists still are working on applications to this genetic treatment in humans.
(6) (a) "Intravenous Administration of Human Umbilical Cord Blood Cells in a Mouse Model of AML: Distribution, Migration, and Differentiation"
(b) "Human Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells Infusion in Spinal Cord Injury: Engraftment and Beneficial Influence on Behavior"
Journal of Hematotherapy and Stem Cell Research, 2003, 12:255-270, http://www.liebertpub.com/JHT/JHTarticle1.pdf
Lead researcher: Alison Willing, University of South Florida
In a study led by Dr. Alison Willing, stem-like cells extracted from human bone marrow were injected into rats that had experienced severe strokes. After just 24 hours, these rats showed notable behavioral improvement atypical of normal stroke victims. Conclusions from this study demonstrate optimism regarding the use of stem-cell transplants to treat central nervous system disorders including, but not limited to, strokes.
(7) "Injections of Adult Neurospheres Induces Recovery in a Chronic Model of Multiple Sclerosis"
Nature, 2003, 422:688-694
Lead researchers: Gianvito Martino and Angelo L. Vescovi, San Raffaele Hospital, Stem-cell Research Institute, Milan, Italy
Researchers injected neural stem cells into the brains and/or blood streams of mice models with an experimental form of multiple sclerosis (MS), and found reparation of nerve damage, as well as significant alleviation of symptoms associated with MS. This may mean advancement in new approaches toward the treatment of MS or other demyleinating disorders.
(8) "Acute Treatment of Focal cerebral Ischemia in Rats with Intracarotid Administration of Human Umbilical Cord Blood Cells"
Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology, Honolulu, Hawaii, April 2003
Leading researcher: Yi Pan, St. Louis University School of Medicine
Stem cells extracted from human umbilical cords were injected into the necks of rat models that had experienced strokes. This was done in order to determine whether or not these stem cells could ultimately replace injured brain cells after the strokes. Although the rat models experienced alleviation of symptoms, most of the transmitted stem cells eventually died. Despite their death, these stem cells aided recovery at the time by secreting hormones or proteins that helped reparation. Dr. Pan concluded that there are still uncertainties in the procedure as it may be applied to humans.
(9) "Stem Cells from Placenta Differentiate into Neural Cells In Vitro"
Cytotherapy, April 2003, vol. 5, no. 2, http://www.celltherapy.org/nmscAbs/posterpres/p49_2002.htm
Lead researcher: Jia-Lun Wang
In 2002, a groundbreaking study confirmed the efficacy of what was at the time a new source for neural replacement therapy: adult stem cells extracted from the human placenta. These extracted cells morphed into neural cells, and were found to contain special proteins useful for therapy in cases for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and spinal-cord trauma.
(10) "Research to be Presented Suggesting Reversal of Lou Gehrig's Disease May Now be Possible"
Neuroregeneron Company (www.healingresearch.org); Annual Meeting of the American Injury Association
Lead researcher: George R. Schwartz
A clinical study approved by the FDA showed successful results involving a patient suffering from Lou Gehrig's disease. Dr. George R. Schwartz headed the study, in which hormones excreted from both the thyroid and liver were used to regenerate endogenous stem cells in the central nervous system. This suggests the possibility that spinal-cord injuries can be reversed.
(11) U.S. Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space: July 14, 2004
Testimony of Michel F. Levesque, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles
Testimony of Dennis Turner, clinical patient
Lead physician: Michael Levesque, Celmed Biosciences, Inc., Montreal, Canada
A study involving the auto-transplantation of neural stem cells extracted from the same human brain was conducted in a clinical study in 2001. The patient, Mr. Dennis Turner, was a 52-year-old man suffering from Parkinson's disease, who now takes no prescription medicines for his disease and whose current symptoms have been reduced by more than 80% as a result of the procedure. Researchers see the pivotal success of this single case experiment as establishing the validity of such procedures involving adult stem cells and regeneration. Dr. Levesque may likely need to repeat this procedure in the patient, however, since only the left half of the patient's brain was originally treated. Mr. Turner reported in his July 14 testimony that he is experiencing recurrence of mild symptoms and would like to have the procedure repeated upon him in the future. While scientists still struggle with identifying the cause of Parkinson's, adult stem cell transplants have proven to be an effective treatment.
(12) "Identification and Isolation of Multipotent Neural Progenitor Cells from the Subcortial White Matter of the Adult Human Brain"
Nature Medicine, April 2003, vol. 9, no. 4
Lead researcher: Steven A. Goldman
This study suggested the possibility of a new source for adult stem cells: glia progenitor cells, which are located in the white matter of the brain. These stem cells differentiated into neurons and other glia cells, which would be an "abundant pool of...competent" stem cells, researchers say.
(13) "Olfactory Tissue Transplantation for Spinal Cord Injury"
http://www.cloninginformation.org/congressional_testimony/peduzzi- nelson_02-04-10.htm
Lead researcher: Carlos Lima
U.S. Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space: July 14, 2004:
Testimony of Jean Peduzzi-Nelson, University of Alabama at Birmingham
Testimony of Laura Dominguez, clinical patient
Testimony of Susan Fajt, clinical patient
Portuguese researcher Carlos Lima has been a major contributor in the field of spinal cord reparation through successful clinical studies. Stem cells taken from the nose may be implanted into the spinal cord in order to treat injuries to that region. This study relied on previous research done by Jike Lu and colleagues, confirming that nasal stem cells showed successful plasticity capacities. Dr. Lima's patients were discharged from the hospital after 4-7 days, and recovered significantly greater muscle control in rehabilitation in comparison to other patients with their symptoms. Two American young women who had been patients of Dr. Lima's testified before the Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space, reporting their successes with a joyful hope in the promises of adult stem cell research. Their stories can be read on the FRC's Bioethics website. In addition, researcher Dr. Laura Peduzzi-Nelson testifies to the successes of her life's work with rodent models and adult stem-cell research.
(14) "Direct Brain Infusion of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Parkinson's Disease"
Nature Medicine, May 2003, 9[5]:589-595, doi:10.1038/nm850; http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nm/journal/v9/n5/full/nm850.html
Lead researcher: Steven S. Gill
A potential new treatment for Parkinson's disease was affirmed by a recent study. The physicians used catheters to implant glia progenitor cells (located in the brain's white matter) called GDNF into the brain of patients suffering from Parkinson's. This transplant regenerated brain cells, and caused them to produce more chemicals necessary for normal movement in Parkinson's patients.
(15) "Transplantation of Porcine Umbilical Cord Matrix Cells into the Rat Brain"
The exceptional capacity for adult stem cells to be xenotransplanted (cross-animal transplantation) without need for therapy to prevent rejection by the immune system has been recently proven. Researchers extracted stem cells from pigs' umbilical cords and implanted them into rats' brains, seeing minimal survival rates of six weeks without being attacked by the immune system.
(16) "Oct-4-expressing Cells in Human Amniotic Fluid: A New Source for Stem-cell Research"
(17) "SHED: Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth"
Scientists discovered that dental pulp contained in baby teeth (those already fallen out of a child's mouth) provides an ample source of stem cells. This live pulp, combined with various growth factors, differentiated into neural, fat, and tooth-forming cells. This discovery may improve oral surgery methods, repair damaged teeth, or treat neural injuries.
(18) "A Human Peripheral Blood Monocyte-derived Subset Acts as Pluripotent Stem Cells"
New studies have proven that adult stem cells extracted from peripheral blood monocytes can differentiate into liver and nerve cells. Since these cells can be easily gathered from the patient's own blood supply and stored in liquid nitrogen, they are good source for therapeutic research.
(1) "Mesenchymal Stem Cells Modified with Akt Prevent Remodeling and Restore Performance of Infarcted Hearts"
Nature Medicine Journal, September 2003, 9[9]:1195-1201, doi:10.1038/nm912
Lead researcher: Victor Dzau, Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston
Researchers used stem cells extracted from bone marrow, transmitted them to the heart, and saw successful results in rat models that had experienced heart attacks. These stem cells were reengineered to increase their survival capabilities after the transplant, and were shown to improve the heart's pumping capacities by 80%.
(2) "Transendocardial, Autologous Bone Marrow Cell Transplantation for Severe, Chronic Ischemic Heart Failure"
American Heart Association Journal, April 21, 2003, Circulation, 2003, 107:r75-r83; http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/short/107/18/2294
Lead researchers: Hans Fernando Rocha Dohmann and Emerson C. Perin
Clinical studies in both Brazil and Texas demonstrated successful results for patients with heart disease. Stem cells taken from the patients' own bone marrow were transmitted to the left valve of their hearts, allowing them to improve blood supply. These successes are important in the treatment of heart disease, and may ultimately reduce the number of heart transplants necessary for such patients.
(3) "Human Arteries Engineered In Vitro"
Journal of European Molecular Biological Organization (EMBO) June 6, 2003
Lead researchers: Laura E. Niklason and Chris Counter
Difficulties of previous attempts to use adult stem cell transplantations to cure diseases in human arteries of the heart have been recently overcome. Duke University researchers introduced a special gene, known as hTERT and that is related to chromosomal growth and life, into stem cells, and grew four healthy human arteries. The success of this experiment suggests that scientists now possess the ability to grow human arteries with a regular lifespan, and that can later be implanted into patients with heart diseases. This technique may prove to be a more successful treatment than current surgical bypass techniques.
(4) (a) "Doctors Use Bone Marrow Stem Cells to Repair a Heart" by Nicholas Wade
New York Times, March 7, 2003
(b) "Muscle Stem Cells May Treat Heart Attack Damage" by Amy Norton
The Lancet, 2003; 361:491-492
(c) "Stem Cells May Improve Perfusion of Infarcted Myocardium"
The Lancet, 2003; 361:11-12,45-49
The spring of 2003 marked the successes of historic clinical studies involving the transfusion of adult stem cells into the hearts of patients suffering from heart damage and/or disease. These studies parallel the research done at Duke University's Medical School. In America, the patients were one 16-year-old boy and another 72-year-old man who had suffered a heart attack. In Europe, similar clinical trials were effectively conducted upon hundreds of heart-attack patients. The patients' own stem cells were used for the injection process in these studies, thereby increasing the validity of the safety of the procedure.
(5) "Mobilized Bone Marrow Cells Repair the Infarcted Heart, Improving Function and Survival"
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, August 28, 2001, 98[18]:10344-10349; http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.181177898
Lead researcher: Bernardo Nadal-Ginard
A new technique using adult stem cells to repair damage caused by heart attack has been discovered by Dr. Nadal-Ginard. Instead of using stem cells taken from other parts of the body such as the bone marrow (as has been the previous practice), in his animal study, Nadal-Ginard stimulated cells already present in the heart.
Martin N Wijkstrom's Testimony before American Transplant Congress, 2003
American Journal of Transplantation, "Advances in Xenotransplantation Reported," May 2003, [s5]:3,49-150
Researchers: Immerge Bio Therapeutics, Biotransplant, Inc.
A non-human study recently helped treat diabetic monkeys. Purified islets extracted from the pancreata (the plural form of pancreas) of adult pigs were implanted into the pancreata of monkeys suffering from diabetes. When treated with immunosuppressants, all of the moneys became either insulin independent or returned to normal levels of glucose. None showed rejection of the implanted stem cells.
(2) "In Vivo Derivation of Glucose-competent Pancreatic Endocrine Cells from Bone Marrow without Evidence of Cell Fusion"
Journal of Clinical Investigation, March 2003, vol. 111, no. 6
Lead researcher: Mehbood A. Hussain, New York University
A study at the New York University School of Medicine confirmed that adult stem cells extracted from the bone marrow can be successfully transplanted into the pancreas, and can morph into insulin-producing beta islet cells. Upon measuring the insulin production levels in the mice, Hussain's team discovered a significant increase. Researchers hope this procedure will help people with type 1 diabetes live without daily injections of insulin. This represents a new approach to the treatment of diabetes. Yet, there are problems associated with the procedure, one being that recipients would have to take immune suppressants and endure the significant side effects throughout their lifetimes in order to sustain the implant's efficacy.
(3) "Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (1-37) Converts Intestinal Epithelial Cells into Insulin-Producing Cells"
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 10.1073/pnas.0936260100
Lead researcher: Atsushi Suzuki University of Tsukuba Institute of Clinical Medicine
Paralleling the work done by Hussain's team, this study found that adult stem cells extracted from the small intestine with GLP-1-(1-37) were successfully converted into insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreases of diabetic mice.
(4) "Islet Regeneration During the Reversal of Autoimmune diabetes in NOD Mice"
Science, November 14, 2003, 302:1123-1127
Lead researcher: Denise Faustman, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Immunobiology Laboratory
Experiments with mice models show that spleen cells may differentiate into insulin-producing pancreatic islet cells, a breakthrough finding that could yield a potential cure for type 1 diabetes. The spleen was found to be a substantial source for adult stem cells.
(5) "Transfer of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Encoding Autoantigen Prevents Autoimmune Diabetes"
The prevention of diabetes may lie in stem cell implantations to the bone marrow. Stem cells were extracted from mice bone marrow and genetically re-engineered to express an autoantigen that would signal the immune system not to attack insulin-producing cells. Results from the procedure found that type 1 diabetes was almost entirely avoided in the non-obese diabetic mice used in the study.
(1) "Skeletal Muscle Repair by Adult Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells"
The Journal of Cell Biology, 160[6]:909-918
Lead researcher: Cosimo De Bari, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Researchers in Belgium transplanted adult stem cells from synovial membranes (the cavity tissues found in joints) in vivo to mice models suffering from skeletal muscle damage. These host stem cells helped the reparation process by differentiating into functional satellite cells. This provides evidence of their usefulness in the skeletal repair often needed for treatment of diseases such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), a lethal genetic disorder relating to muscle degeneration among children.
(2) "Adult Neural Stem Cells: Plasticity and Developmental Potential"
PubMed, 2002, 171[1]:64-76 PMID: 12021492 [PubMed—indexed for MEDLINE]; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieveanddb=PubMedandlist_ uids=12021492anddopt=Abstract
Evidence continues to mount, demonstrating that adult stem cells have greater capacities to differentiate beyond their initial cell lineage. This study using mouse models proved that adult neural stem cells can differentiate into a broad array of cell types, both CNS and non-CNS, such as skeletal muscle and blood cells.
"Measuring Stem-cell Frequency in Epidermis: A Quantitative In Vivo Functional Assay for Long-term Repopulating Cells"
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, September 30, 2003
Lead researcher: Ruby Ghadially, San Francisco V.A. Medical Center
Researchers created a new method for accurately counting the number of stem cells extracted from given amounts of skin cell tissue. Using mice models, it was found that 1 out of every 10,000 basal epidermal cells is a stem cell. Previous techniques could only be applied to the blood. Therefore, this enumerative method will be helpful in using adult stem cells extracted from the epidermis to treat wounded or burned skin.
(1) "Human Pulmonary Chimerism After Hematopoietic Stem-cell Transplantation"
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2003, 168:318-322; http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/168/3/318
Lead researcher: Benjamin Suratt, University of Vermont College of Medicine
Lung tissue was once thought to be only locally regenerative, but current research confirms otherwise. Female mice models received male donor bone marrow stem cells, showing that stem cells could make significant amounts of new lung tissue (near 40% of the total amount of tissues). This research makes headway for new treatment possibilities to combat lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis and emphysema.
(2) "Marrow-Derived Cells as Vehicles for Delivery of Gene Therapy to Pulmonary Epithelium"
American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 2002, 27:645-651; doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0056RC; http://ajrcmb.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/27/6/645
Lead researcher: Diane S. Krause, Yale University School of Medicine
Stem cells derived from bone marrow of male mice were transplanted into female mice models. These stem cells differentiated into epithelial cells in their lungs, while maintaining long-term transgene expression.
(3) "Differentiation, Cell Fusion, and Nuclear Fusion during Ex Vivo Repair of Epithelium by Human Adult Stem Cells from Bone Marrow Stroma"
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, March 4, 2003, 120[5]:2397-2402; http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/5/2397
(4) "Adult Stem Cells (hMSCs) Repair Small-Airway Epithelia Ex Vivo"
NMSC 2002 Abstracts www.celltherapy.org
Lead researcher: J.L. Spees, Center for Gene Therapy, Tulane Health Sciences Center
Confirming previous studies, Dr. Spees' research documented that stem cells derived from adult bone-marrow are capable of differentiating into epithelial-like cells in the lung using an ex vivo culture system. Such reports of rebuilding lung layers and tissue demonstrate progress being made in the field of lung damage reparations.
(5) "Lung Stem Cells: New Paradigms"
Experimental Hematology, April 2004, 32[4]:340-343
Lead researcher: D.N. Kotton, Boston University School of Medicine
New research has shed light upon previous limitations on data relating to stem cells found in the lung. Bone-marrow cells can engraft as differentiated cells within various organs and tissues, providing a model for future lung stem-cell work to be done.
"Math 1 Gene Transfer Generates New Cochlear Hair Cells in Mature Guinea Pigs In Vivo"
Journal of Neuroscience, June 1, 2003, 23[11]:4395-4400
Lead researcher: Yehoash Raphael, University of Michigan Medical School
Scientists made headway in combating hearing loss caused by damage done to hair cells in the inner ear's cochlea. A human adenovirus was genetically engineered to include the Math 1 gene, which is believed to help with hair growth. This adenovirus was implanted in vivo into the inner ear of a guinea pig, and ignited the transformation of other cells into hair producers. The production increased the hearing of the pigs. The regenerative method shows promise in the treatment of hearing loss.
(1) "High-Dose Chemotherapy with Hematopoietic Stem-cell Rescue for Multiple Myeloma"
New England Journal of Medicine, 2003, 348:1875-83
Lead researchers: J. Anthony Child and Gareth J. Morgan
London-based researchers conducted a clinical trial using different methods to treat multiple myeloma, a cancer involving plasma cells of bone marrow. One group of subjects received standard chemotherapy treatments, while the other was treated with higher chemotherapy doses and an additional stem-cell procedure. Stem cells were extracted from the patients' own bone marrow, genetically reengineered, and re-implanted in order to replace the cells destroyed by the chemotherapy. Results showed that this latter group, using stem-cell methods, extended survival by an approximate average of 12 months longer than the control group.
(2) "Induction of Stem-cell-like Plasticity in Mononuclear Cells Derived from Unmobilised Adult Human Peripheral Blood"
Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2003, 19[5]:355-375
For the first time, researchers proved that adult circulating blood cells were capable of being transformed into other types of stem cells. Circulating white blood cells were taken from patients and grown in culture with monoclonal antibody CR3/43. New cells of all sorts were then produced, including red and white blood cells, nerve cells, and heart muscle. Researchers watched as the groups of heart muscle cells even started to beat in culture.
(1) (a) "Cell Fusion is the Principal Source of Bone Marrow-derived Hepatocytes"
Nature, March 30, 2003, doi:10.1038/nature01531 published online
Lead researcher: Xin Wang, Oregon Health and Science University
(b) "Transplanted Bone Marrow Regenerates Liver by Cell Fusion"
Nature, doi:10.1038/nature01539
Lead researcher: George Vassilopoulos, Division of Hematology, University of Washington
In Dr. Wang's study, adult stem cells extracted from female mice donors' bone marrow were transplanted into male mice models suffering from liver diseases. This technique produced regenerating liver nodules in abundant quantities, which then repopulated the livers to correct the diseases. Researchers concluded that cell fusion between host and donor, and not stem-cell differentiation, occurred in this process. A similar study conducted by Dr. Vassilopoulos at the University of Washington in Seattle achieved concurring results.
(2) "HGF, SDF-1, and MMP-9 Are Involved in Stress-induced Human CD34+ Stem-cell Recruitment to the Liver"
(3) "A Human Peripheral Blood Monocyte-derived Subset Acts as Pluripotent Stem Cells"
New studies have documented that adult stem cells extracted from peripheral blood monocytes can differentiate into liver and nerve cells. Since these cells can be easily gathered from the patient's own blood supply and then stored in liquid nitrogen, they are good source for therapeutic research.
"Bone Marrow Stem Cells Contribute to Repair of the Ischemically Injured Renal Tubule"
Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2003, 112:42-49, doi:10.1172/JCI200317856.; http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/full/112/1/42
Lead researcher: Sujata Kale, Yale University
Adult stem cells extracted from mice bone marrow were successfully mobilized and transmitted into the kidney's tubule cells, showing promise toward improvement of such deliveries. This research may prove helpful in the treatment of acute tubular necrosis, a damaging kidney disorder.
(1) "Development of Cultivated Mucosal Epithelial Sheet Transplantation for Ocular Surface Reconstruction"
Ingenta Artificial Organs, January 2004, 28[1]: 22-27, doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2004.07319.x; http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2856541.stm
Lead researcher: Shigeru Kinoshita, M.D.
Nine patients in Japan participated in a clinical trial using adult stem-cell research methods. Researchers implanted stem cells extracted from the patients' own mouths into their cornea, and observed positive results in differentiation. Eight out of nine patients recovered their sight through the treatment. Previous scientific treatments had utilized only corneal tissue grafts, often creating rejection difficulties and necessitating the patients' use of unpleasant immunosuppressant drugs.
(2) "Long-term Deprivation Affects Visual Perception and Cortex"
Nature Neuroscience, August 24, 2003, doi: 10.1038/nn1102
Lead researchers: Ione Fine and Donald MacLeod, University of San Diego
Through a clinical trial using adult stem cells conducted by researchers in San Diego, California, patient Mike May regained his sight after living with 40 years of blindness. Stem cells were extracted from Mr. May's own limbus (a part of the eye outside the cornea), and differentiated into corneal epithelial cells upon reimplantation. Approximately two years following the successful surgery, Mr. May was able to see form, color, and motion almost normally.
(3) "Stem Cell Transplants Offer New Hope in Some Cases of Blindness"
New York Times, April 15, 2003
Cases of blindness are now frequently treated in the U.S. and abroad with a procedure that regenerates the cornea using adult stem cells. The New York Times reported on April 15, 2003, that an estimated 300 such procedures occur annually. Reports of successful clinical studies abound, including several soldiers wounded in Iraq from mustard gas attacks.
"Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow-derived Cells into Buccal Epithelial Cells In Vivo: A Molecular Analytical Study"
Chien, Kenneth R. Alessandra Moretti, and Karl-Ludwig Laugwitz (2004), "ES Cells to the Rescue," Science, 306:239-240, October 8.
"Frist Knocks Edwards Over Stem-cell Comment" (2004), CNN.com, [On-line], URL: http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/10/12/edwards.stem.cell/.
Lumelsky, N., et al., (2001), "Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells to Insulin-Secreting Structures Similar to Pancreatic Islets," Science, 292:1389-94, 2001.
Nash, Alanna (2004), "A Hero Onscreen and Off," Reader's Digest, October.
Olanow, C. W., Christopher Goetz, et al., (2003), "A Double-blind Controlled Trial of Bilateral Fetal Nigral Transplantation in Parkinson's Disease," Annals of Neurology, 54[3]:403-414, September.
Ramiya, V.K. M. Maraist, K.E. Arfors, D.A. Schatz, A.B. Peck, and J.G. Cornelius (2000), "Reversal of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Using Islets Generated In Vitro from Pancreatic Stem Cells," Nature Medicine 6, pp. 278-282, March.
Rietze, Rodney L. Helen Valcanis, Gordon F. Brooker, Tim Thomas, Anne K.Voss, and Perry F. Bartlett (2001), "Purification of a Pluripotent Neural Stem Cell from the Adult Mouse Brain," Nature, 412:736-738.
"Schwarzenegger Backs Stem-cell Plan" (2004), CNN.com, [On-line], URL: http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/10/19/Schwarzenegger.stem.ap/index.html.
Science Daily (2004), "Macrophages, not Stem Cells, Correct Liver Disease by Fusion," [On-line], URL: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/07/040708014035.htm.
Willenbring, Holger, Alexis S. Bailey, Mark Foster, Yassmine Akkari, Craig Dorrell, Susan Olson, Milton Finegold, William H. Fleming, and Markus Grompe (2004), "Myelomonocytic Cells are Sufficient for Therapeutic Cell Fusion in Liver," Nature Medicine, 10[7]:744-748, July.
Vogel, Gretchen (2001), "Stem Cells are Coaxed to Produce Insulin," Science, 292:615-617, April 27.
Vogel, Gretchen (2003), "Strike Two for Transplants," Science Now, [On-line], URL: http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2003/827/1


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David Dixon '10
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Admission territory: Adult degree programs and Master of Education program.
David Dixon '10
I joined the Oglethorpe family first as a student in 2007, then as Admission Assistant in 2008, and I currently serve as Assistant Director of Admission. I like to tell people I am "Florida born, Georgia raised," which simply means that I was born in Ft. Lauderdale but have lived in Atlanta since I was three years old. Graduating from the Marist School in 2000, I started college by returning to south Florida and attending the University of Miami, but life led me back to Atlanta. Little did I know, the best place for me to thrive was in my backyard the whole time! During my time as a student at Oglethorpe, I was a member of the varsity track team and was nominated to the Honor Council. I earned placement on the Dean's List for Academic Achievement while working full-time as a member of the admission team. I am currently on the next leg of my educational journey at the Georgia State University College of Law.
In the office, I am responsible for adult applicants, both for the adult programs leading to a bachelor's degree and for the Master of Education in global education. I also support traditional undergraduate admission in various roles including our International Baccalaureate relationships.
In my personal life, I am a seasoned traveler having gone as far west as Hawaii, as far east as Thailand, and touching over 15 countries in between. When not at work I enjoy cooking, playing basketball, watching movies, practicing yoga, getting muddy in off-road obstacle courses like Spartan Race, relaxing with my dog Sensae, playing with my two year old nephew, and spending time with my wife, Dosia, who earned a B.A. in Communication and Rhetoric Studies with a minor in Psychology from Oglethorpe. Go Petrels!
Favorite spot on campus: Sitting in an adirondack chair under the giant oak tree watching the sun set behind Lowry Hall. Also doubles as the best classroom on campus!
Favorite OU tradition: Stomp the Lawn (giant inflatables, mechanical surf boards, and sumo wrestling suits, live music, hot dogs, cotton candy and funnel cake!).
Favorite OU
trivia: Dr. Thornwell Jacobs's quotations inscribed in the stone above campus doorways. See if you can find this one: "No man is ever greater than his god. Up from the night the self-same path they trod. One moves not farther than the other can. No god is ever greater than his man."
Favorite Atlanta restaurant: Downwind Café at the Peachtree DeKalb Airport.
Favorite books: The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien, and Conversations with God by Neale Donald Walsch.
Most interesting place I've been: Thailand, including Phuket and Bangkok, for eighteen days on our honeymoon.


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The Division of Wildlife Services has announced several changes regarding hunting permits and areas which will be open to public hunting. Some of the changes that will appear this year on proclamations include the following.
2002 antlerless permits.
For the 2002 season, DWR is proposing a significant decrease in doe deer permits and a big increase in cow moose permits.
Under division proposals, the total number of doe deer permits would decrease from 5,680 offered in 2001, to 3,685 this fall. "In general, the number of deer fawns across the state this spring is down," explained Steve Cranney, big game coordinator for DWR. "Several years of drought have affected many of the deer herds in the southern and northeastern regions, and these are the areas where we're proposing most of the permit decreases. The northern region was also hit with a significant winter and biologists are still in the field evaluating the extent of deer losses there. In some of these areas the herds have been at or over their population objective and we've had to offer quite a few doe deer permits the past couple of years to keep the herds in line with approved numbers," Cranney continued. "Now that we have them there, we can cut back on the number of permits we need to offer."
Cow moose permits would increase under division proposals, from a total of 28 last year, to 55 this year. Most of the increases would be along the populated areas of the Wasatch Front, where moose populations are at all-time highs.
Cow elk permits would decrease about 15 percent, from 12,500 last year to 10,679 this year. Doe pronghorn permits would increase slightly, from 284 last year to 296 this fall.
Areas closed to spike bull elk hunts.
Two of Utah's popular spike bull elk hunting areas will be closed to general spike bull elk hunting this fall. At its April 9 meeting in Salt Lake City, the Utah Wildlife Board voted to close the Fishlake and Thousand Lake portions of the Plateau unit to archery, rifle and muzzleloader spike bull elk hunting this fall. The areas are located mostly on the Fishlake National Forest in south-central Utah.
Closing the areas will shift hunters who usually hunt them to other areas. To prevent increased hunting pressure on Utah's remaining spike bull elk hunting units, the board also voted to lower the number of general spike bull elk permits by 2,400 from what was sold in 2001. The 2,400 figure represents the number of spike bull elk hunters who hunted the two areas last fall.
Spike bull elk permits for this fall's hunts will go on sale, on a first-come, first-served basis, beginning July 18.
The closure request was brought to the board by the Southern Regional Advisory Council and citizens in attendance at the April 9 board meeting who were concerned about the low number of elk counted recently in the area.
DWR biologists conducted a helicopter survey of the areas recently and estimate the total number of elk in the area to be less than 2,000. The management objective for the two areas is 4,800. Because of the low numbers, the division will recommend that no antlerless elk hunting permits be offered for the units this fall. It will make this recommendation at upcoming public RAC meetings. "Eliminating antlerless elk harvest will help put these units in a recovery mode," explained Cranney.
The DWR aerial survey also found an average of 30 bulls per 100 cows. "There's still a good bull elk population in the areas, but drought conditions have reduced the number of elk calves this past year," Cranney continued. "Eliminating spike elk hunting on the areas this fall will help assure that sufficient spike bulls make it to a mature age."
The Division will conduct another aerial survey of the area this winter.
For further information regarding changes to hunting permits and area closures, contact the Division of Wildlife Resources.


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i'm learning php and need to strip all the bbcode from a guestbook entry before it's posted to a flat file - i had one snippet, a small one, but i couldn't make it work wherever i put it in the script...
my write function is
$Input = "$message";
/* This combines the new data (the html code from above) with the old data (what was already in the .txt file. */
$New = "$Input";
/* This writes everything to the .txt file and then closes up the script. */
$filename = "caption.txt";
$fp = fopen( $filename,"w");
fwrite($fp, $New, 80000);
fclose( $fp );
if you could tell me where the strip function needs to be placed, also...
thanks whoever can help...


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Our vision, guided by Marquette's Catholic Jesuit mission, is to engage students in transformational, inclusive education; to help students navigate barriers to learning; and to encourage the holistic development of every student:
preparing students to become reflective, conscientious leaders in their communities.
The Division of Student Affairs advances the Catholic Jesuit mission of Marquette University. The Division is comprised of innovative educators who create an inclusive community designed to transform the lives of students through classroom and out of class experiences. These experiences provide a supportive learning environment that encourages all students to participate in thoughtful self-reflection and dialogue, preparing them to fulfill the Jesuit mission throughout their lives. In collaboration with the entire University community, we will commit to this mission in four ways:
|Goal I – Holistic development of students
|Goal II – Student and Staff Engagement
|Goal III – Inclusivity
|Goal IV – Collaboration
|Goal V – Physical campus environment
|Goal VI – Assessment of Progress
Diversity advocates


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About the Fellowships
Named after our founder, Dr. Terry Rynne, the Rynne Research Fellowship acknowledges that peacemaking covers a wide array of disciplines and topics ranging from interpersonal to international. The awards are intended to fund work for a two-month period during the summer. Faculty and administrators are encouraged to submit a research proposal of their choice or a topic in one of the Center's priority research areas.
The Center for Peacemaking announces an award of two $2,500 research grants to two Marquette faculty or administrators to advance research on an aspect of nonviolent peacemaking.


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Warring Punjab Congress leaders share stage at Rahul's rally
Warring leaders of the Congress' Punjab unit shared a platform Thursday at a public rally addressed by the Congress vice president Rahul Gandhi near this Punjab town.
Former chief ministers Amarinder Singh and Rajinder Kaur Bhattal, state Congress president Pratap Singh Bajwa, Leader of Opposition Sunil Kumar Jakhar and former MP Jagmeet Singh Brar and others were present at the rally.
The event, at this town, 130 km from Chandigarh, was preceded by some controversy as Amarinder Singh, reportedly unhappy at his name not being there in the list of dignitaries to share the stage with Gandhi, tried to excuse himself, saying that he had a court case to attend.
The game of upmanship between Amarinder Singh and Bajwa, who succeeded him as the state Congress chief, has been going on for the last few months.
Union ministers Manish Tewari, Santosh Chaudhary and Preneet Kaur - the wife of Amarinder Singh, former union ministers Ambika Soni and Ashwani Kumar, and Sangrur MP Vijay Inder Singla were also present.
(Posted on 10-10-2013)


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|App Grad featured on Appalachian Perspectives
|Written by Lauren Ohnesorge
|Wednesday, 04 July 2007 20:00
Nutritionist Boitshepo Giyose, a senior food and nutrition security advisor for the African Union's New Partnership for Africa's Development, is scheduled to appear on "Appalachian Perspective" through mid-July in an episode entitled "Nutrition in Africa."
In the episode, Giyose talks about the importance of good nutrition to the African people's education and economic development, as well as prevention and maintenance of HIV and AIDS. A 1989 graduate of Appalachian, Giyose received last spring's Appalachian Alumni Association's Distinguished Alumna Award for her achievements and dedication to improving nutrition in her homeland of Botswana.The 30-minute interview is hosted by Chancellor Kenneth E. Peacock and airs in Watauga County on Charter Communication Channel 21 and MTN's Channel 18. Check your local listings for showtimes.
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X2Roy wrote:If you ask me eaglex > teebird, but its all personal preference.
dgdave wrote:If you're lookin for teebird flight, closest thing I've found is a seasoned Teerex or a domey stable Orc. Other than that, the best option I've found is throw a Teebird farther
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|Three Pioneers Invited To State Games
|Written by Mike Kelly
|Monday, 11 April 2011 14:39
Watauga High baseball players Max Linville, Ryan Turner and Matt Proffitt will represent the Pioneers at the North Carolina State Games in June.
Linville, Turner and Proffitt will play for the District 7 All-Stars, who will be coached by Mike McCann of Starmount High School. The State Games in baseball will be hosted by Wake Forest at BB&T Ball Park and Forsyth Country Day. The tournament will be held June 15-19.
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|"Anonymous Gallery is proud to combine three generations of prolific artists whose work has been influenced by, or has directly influenced popular culture, design, and the urban environment." NYC
I'm not sure how many people are lucky enough to have The San Francisco Giants 3 World Series trophies put on display at their work for the company's employees to enjoy during their lunch break, but that's what happened the other day at Deluxe. So great.


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Moderator: All Things Mods
jdogmoney wrote:About Flying Spaghetti Monsterism, that is?
I'm a Pastafarian myself; this is for a school project wherein I have to interview two people of different religions. I've already wrangled a Christian of some sort, but I'd also like to give equal light to the one true faith.
So, basically, I'd like you to tell me a couple of things about yourself, and, as you know, you should answer in a nautical dialect.
First, some basic stuff:
What's your age, where are you originally from, how were you introduced to Pastafarianism, and why are you talking like a pirate?
[This is for a school project, after all.]
[And if this is the wrong place for this, I apologize, but the thing's due tomorrow and I was running out of options.]
With all due respect,
EarthRise wrote:19; Memphis; heard about it in the news; Yarr, because the FSM says it to be so
PirateGuy wrote:Earthrise is just playing a "part" for you. While I genuinely believe in the FSM, He thinks that it is a fake religion!
Earthrise, why do you put on airs for the public at large?
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|Morgan Named to USTFCCCA all-Academic Track and Field Team
|Written by Courtney Burchett
|Tuesday, 10 August 2010 10:21
Appalachian State University men's track and field standout Patrick Morgan (Danville, Ky./Furman) was named to the prestigious United States Track and Field and Cross Country Coaches Association all-Academic track and field team announced the USTFCCCA office Tuesday morning. Morgan, a graduate student at ASU posted a 3.55 GPA during the 2009-10 academic year, while earning a master's degree in clinical cardio-pulmonary rehab.
The Danville, Ky. native put together a stellar 2009-10 indoor campaign for the Black and Gold, and helped ASU capture its second consecutive Southern Conference indoor title and seventh since 2000.
Morgan won the 2010 conference crown in the mile run, and scored crucial points for the Mountaineers by taking home a fourth place finish in the 3,000m run and a fifth place finish in the 5,000m run at the indoor championships.
His finest showing of the season however came at the Akron Invitational, when he placed second in the gold division of the mile run, finishing with a time of 4:01.75 to break a 25-year old Appalachian school record in the event. The mark was also good enough to meet an NCAA provisional qualifying standard.
The graduate student also competed at Furman while earning his undergraduate degree and now holds the indoor school record in the mile at both Appalachian and Furman.
Morgan was the lone Mountaineer to be named to the squad and just one of three total student-athletes on the 357-member list from the Southern Conference. Morgan was joined by Lee Gilmer of Furman and Thomas Oliver of Samford from other conference schools.
The list represented 118 institutions across the country, with Stanford leading all squads, as 12 earned all-Academic status. Minnesota and BYU followed with 10 mentions, and the Pac-10 led the conference order with 45, with the Big Ten coming in next at 37.
To qualify for the USTFCCCA all-Academic track and field team, a student-athlete must have compiled a cumulative grade point average of 3.25 and have met either the NCAA Division I Indoor automatic or provisional qualifying standard or participated in the NCAA Division I Outdoor Championships (including preliminary rounds) in their respective event.
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King's Bane
Defeat King Ymiron in Utgarde Pinnacle on Heroic Difficulty without anyone in the party triggering Bane.
|Quick Facts
The Wowhead Client is a little application we use to keep our database up to date, and to provide you with some nifty extra functionality on the website!
It serves 2 main purposes:
You can also use it to keep track of your completed quests, recipes, mounts, companion pets, and titles!
So, what are you waiting for? Download the client and get started.


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Posts tagged with the category Mark Craemer
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5 Things Managers Should Say to Employees
Now that the economy is beginning to pick up, it's becoming harder to retain quality employees. And just because your company may offer many attractive benefits and good wages, doesn't mean you'll be able to hold on to your best performers. Research has found that people join a company due to its reputation, but they leave...
What Personality Types Support Good Leadership?
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is often used to improve overall performance in organizations. This tool can help workers gain self-awareness, improve emotional intelligence, and better understand how they—as well as those around them—operate in the workplace. No one of the 16 types identified in the MBTI are better than...
Listening Into Others to Gain Influence
No matter what line of work you are in, you are likely seeking ways to be more productive and successful. And, regardless of the profession, how effective you interact with and influence other people can greatly determine your fate. That's because it is all about relationship, and relationships should always be about the long term. We now...
Do the Work to be Lucky in Your Career
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Is risk encouraged or discouraged in your organization? What happens when someone makes a mistake? When I talk with a potential client with regard to his or her organization, these are questions I like to ask because they provide me with an indication of just how much of a learning organization it may or may not be. Peter M. Senge describes this...
Intention: Vital to Effective Action
"He who has a why can bear almost any how." -- Friedrich Nietzsche We all know intention without action leads to nothing, but what about action without intention? When we focus on accomplishing something before fully considering the purpose behind it, the action can be a wasted effort. Your intention is important because you gain...
Microsoft's New CEO Signals Radical Shift
Though Wall Street may not thoroughly rally around Satya Nadella to succeed Steve Ballmer as CEO at Microsoft, I believe this so-called "safe choice" is a compelling one because it signals a radical shift in management style at the company. Nadella is described as smart, persuasive and likeable. He's also known as a great...
Great Leadership Requires Asking Questions
So often we look to leaders to provide answers to the most challenging problems we face, whether in politics or business. In fact, great leaders are those who instead ask the right questions and engage others to arrive at the best answers together. The media overly promotes a single businessman, politician or sports star as responsible for overall...
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42 U.S. Code § 18301 - Findings
prev | next
Congress makes the following findings:
(1) The United States human space flight program has, since the first Mercury flight on May 5, 1961, been a source of pride and inspiration for the Nation.
(2) The establishment of and commitment to human exploration goals is essential for providing the necessary long term focus and programmatic consistency and robustness of the United States civilian space program.
(3) The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is and should remain a multi-mission agency with a balanced and robust set of core missions in science, aeronautics, and human space flight and exploration.
(4) In the 50 years since the establishment of NASA, the arena of space has evolved substantially. As the uses and users of space continue to expand, the issues and operations in the regions closest to Earth have become increasingly complex, with a growing number of overlaps between civil, commercial and national security activities. These developments present opportunities and challenges to the space activities of NASA and the United States.
(5) The extraordinary challenges of achieving access to space both motivated and accelerated the development of technologies and industrial capabilities that have had widespread applications which have contributed to the technological excellence of the United States. It is essential to tie space activity to human challenges ranging from enhancing the influence, relationships, security, economic development, and commerce of the United States to improving the overall human condition.
(6) It is essential to the economic well-being of the United States that the aerospace industrial capacity, highly skilled workforce, and embedded expertise remain engaged in demanding, challenging, and exciting efforts that ensure United States leadership in space exploration and related activities.
(7) Crewmembers provide the essential component to ensure the return on investment from and the growth and safe operation of the ISS. The Russian Soyuz vehicle has allowed continued human presence on the ISS for United States crewmembers with its ability to serve as both a routine and backup capability for crew delivery, rescue, and return. With the impending retirement of the Space Shuttle, the United States will find itself with no national crew delivery and return system. Without any other system, the United States and all the ISS partners will have no redundant system for human access to and from the ISS. It is therefore essential that a United States capability be developed as soon as possible.
(8) Existing and emerging United States commercial launch capabilities and emerging launch capabilities offer the potential for providing crew support assets. New capabilities for human crew access to the ISS should be developed in a manner that ensures ISS mission assurance and safety. Commercial services offer the potential to broaden the availability and access to space at lower costs.
(9) While commercial transportation systems have the promise to contribute valuable services, it is in the United States national interest to maintain a government operated space transportation system for crew and cargo delivery to space.
(10) Congress restates its commitment, expressed in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2005 [1] (Public Law 109–155) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2008 [1] (Public Law 110–422), to the development of commercially developed launch and delivery systems to the ISS for crew and cargo missions. Congress reaffirms that NASA shall make use of United States commercially provided ISS crew transfer and crew rescue services to the maximum extent practicable.
(11) It is critical to identify an appropriate combination of NASA and related United States Government programs, while providing a framework that allows partnering, leveraging and stimulation of the existing and emerging commercial and international efforts in both near Earth space and the regions beyond.
(12) The designation of the United States segment of the ISS as a National Laboratory, as provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2005 [1] and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2008, [1] provides an opportunity for multiple United States Government agencies, university-based researchers, research organizations, and others to utilize the unique environment of microgravity for fundamental scientific research and potential economic development.
(13) For some potential replacement elements necessary for ISS sustainability, the Space Shuttle may represent the only vehicle, existing or planned, capable of carrying those elements to the ISS in the near term. Additional or alternative transportation capabilities must be identified as contingency delivery options, and accompanied by an independent analysis of projected availability of such capabilities.
(14) The United States must develop, as rapidly as possible, replacement vehicles capable of providing both human and cargo launch capability to low-Earth orbit and to destinations beyond low-Earth orbit.
(15) There is a need for national space and export control policies that protect the national security of the United States while also enabling the United States and its aerospace industry to undertake cooperative programs in science and human space flight in an effective and efficient manner and to compete effectively in the global market place.
[1] See References in Text note below.
Source(Pub. L. 111–267, § 2,Oct. 11, 2010, 124 Stat. 2807.)
References in Text
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2005, referred to in pars. (10) and (12), is Pub. L. 109–155, Dec. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2895, which was classified principally to chapter 150 (§ 16601 et seq.) of this title, and was substantially repealed and restated in chapters 305 (§ 30501 et seq.), 401 (§ 40101 et seq.), 603 (§ 60301 et seq.) and 707 (§ 70701 et seq.) and sections 20301, 20302, 30103 (a), (b), 30104, 30306, 30703, 30704, 30902, 31301, 31501, 40701, 40904 to 40909, 50505, 50116, 60505, 70501 to 70503, and 70902 to 70905 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, by Pub. L. 111–314, §§ 3, 6,Dec. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 3328, 3444. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2005 Act note set out under section 10101 of Title 51 and Tables.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2008, referred to in pars. (10) and (12), is Pub. L. 110–422, Oct. 15, 2008, 122 Stat. 4779, which was classified principally to chapter 155 (§ 17701 et seq.) of this title, and was substantially repealed and restated as chapters 711 (§ 71101 et seq.) and 713 (§ 71301 et seq.) and sections 20305, 30305, 30310, 31302, 31502 to 31505, 40104, 40311, 40702 to 40704, 40903 (d), 50111 (b), 60501 to 60504, 60506, 70504 to 70508, 70906, and 70907 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, by Pub. L. 111–314, §§ 3, 6,Dec. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 3328, 3444. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2008 Act note set out under section 10101 of Title 51 and Tables.
Short Title
Pub. L. 111–267, § 1(a),Oct. 11, 2010, 124 Stat. 2805, provided that: "This Act [enacting this chapter] may be cited as the 'National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2010'."
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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Located on the shores of the Red Sea and boasting 1,100 meters of private golden sand beach, the Hilton Hurghada Long Beach Resort in Hurghada, Egypt features six swimming pools, 12 bars and four dining options for Guests to enjoy. Less than 14 km from the airport, Hilton Hurghada Long Beach Resort offers couples and families alike a wealth of opportunity to discover adventure or simply relax and unwind in the sun.
Enjoy a casual dining atmosphere with a kids corner at our two main restaurants, Lotus and Al Dente. Experience fine dining and show cooking at our elegant Podium restaurant. With a diving center on the property, seasoned and beginner scuba divers can explore the underwater delights of the Red Sea. Sip cocktails at one of 12 bars located throughout the resort. Take a swim in any of the six swimming pools, or unwind on the private beach.
The year round sunshine, sandy beach, turquoise water and wide range of water sports make Hilton Hurghada Long Beach Resort an ideal vacation option. Visit the stunning Safaga and Al Qusir beaches or Giftun Island for tropical delights under the sea. Make the most of your time in Egypt and take a day trip to Luxor to see the famous Valley of the Kings. Visit the ancient city of Cairo and witness spectacular visions such as the Great Pyramids, the Sphinx and Tutankhamon's treasures. Snorkeling, scuba diving and wind surfing are readily available from the hotel's private beach. Join a snorkeling expedition and go off shore by boat. Enjoy the delights on land with 4X4 Jeep Safari desert excursions, camel rides and stunning golf courses. Shoppers can delight in the traditional Egyptian bazaar at El Dahar in the old part of Hurghada.
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