text:
Trial of Lycopene/Ateronon for Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
The purpose of this study is to determine whether Ateronon, a nutritional supplement that contains lycopene from tomatoes has a favorable effect on carotid atherosclerosis, lipid levels, and other biomarkers of coronary heart disease.
The trial was stopped early due to insufficient financial support from the initial study collaborator, Cambridge Theranostics Ltd. Collected patient data are sufficient for final trial-based analyses to be conducted with financial support from the new study collaborator, CamNutra Ltd. The data will still be analyzed according to the original study aims.
Coronary Heart Disease
Drug: Ateronon
Drug: Placebo
Phase 3
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Allocation: Randomized
Endpoint Classification: Efficacy Study
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double Blind (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Primary Purpose: Treatment
|Official Title:
|Trial of Ateronon for Carotid Atherosclerosis and Biomarkers in Patients With Stable Coronary Heart Disease
- Carotid intima-media thickness [ Time Frame: Baseline, 6 months, and 12 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Biomarkers for coronary heart disease [ Time Frame: Baseline, 6 months, and 12 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
|Study Start Date:
|July 2009
|Study Completion Date:
|May 2011
|Primary Completion Date:
|May 2011 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|Assigned Interventions
Experimental: Active Ateronon
7 mg lycopene dietary supplement supplied as one Ateronon capsule taken daily
Drug: Ateronon
7 mg lycopene dietary supplement supplied as one Ateronon capsule taken daily
Placebo Comparator: Placebo
placebo dietary supplement supplied as one capsule taken daily
|Drug: Placebo
Detailed Description:
Lycopene, a carotenoid mainly found in tomato-based food products, has strong antioxidant properties relative to other carotenoids and has been postulated to play a role in the prevention of coronary heart disease through a variety of mechanisms. Lycopene cooked and consumed in oil mediums is optimal for not only its efficient absorption, but also its potential clinical effectiveness. Studies have also linked serum lycopene with the early stages of atherosclerosis, as measured by carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), a noninvasive ultrasound examination of the carotid arteries and potential surrogate endpoint for subsequent cardiovascular morbidity and mortality used in previous clinical trials of vitamin supplements. Short-term intervention studies of lycopene supplements are limited, having explored mechanisms through which lycopene or its readily absorbable food sources may increase plasma lycopene or induce changes in other relevant biochemical markers impacting the subsequent risk of coronary heart disease. Ateronon is a lycopene supplement developed with the understanding that the potential clinical effectiveness of lycopene is impacted by its bioavailability. A single daily 7 mg tablet of Ateronon provides more bioavailable lycopene than diet alone, is absorbed efficiently, and completely inhibits the atherogenic lipid oxidation processes in subjects. Clinical studies suggest that short-term treatment with Ateronon among those with coronary heart disease leads to favorable reductions in lipid levels, lipoprotein oxidation, blood pressure, and Rose-Blackburn scores. Therefore, we will conduct a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 7 mg Ateronon taken daily for 1 year among 200 patients aged ≥50 years with stable coronary heart disease. This clinical trial is a collaborative effort between the Division of Preventive Medicine and the Vascular Medicine Program in the Division of Cardiology. Our primary aim is whether taking Ateronon for 1 year is associated with favorable changes in carotid IMT. Secondary aims expand to whether Ateronon leads to favorable 1-year changes in coronary biomarkers related to oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction; blood pressure; plasma carotenoids; AtheroAbzyme levels; and other traditional coronary biomarkers. This clinical trial of Ateronon seeks to improve our understanding of various mechanisms through which Ateronon, a concentrated and highly bioavailable form of lycopene, may reduce the risk of developing coronary heart disease.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|50 Years and older
|Genders Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
Brigham and Women's Hospital Cardiology Clinic patients with history of coronary heart disease occurring at least 6 months ago:
- history of myocardial infarction (MI) confirmed by medical records AND/OR
- history of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG)
- Compliance during run-in as demonstrated by taking at least 66% of study medications
- Ability and willingness to complete questionnaires concerning medical history, concomitant medication use, coronary heart disease risk factors, potential adverse events, and diet
Exclusion Criteria:
- History of carotid stent, carotid endarterectomy, or carotid artery surgery
- History of diagnosed congestive heart failure meeting New York Association Functional Classification III or IV criteria
- Any initiation or change in statin use or other lipid-lowering treatment within 3 months of randomization
- Lactose intolerance
- Allergies to whey protein
- Allergies to soy protein
- History of active cancer diagnosis (except non-melanoma skin cancer) within last 3 years
- Life expectancy < 1 year
- Women who are pregnant, nursing, or intend pregnancy during the period of treatment
- Plan to relocate out of Boston area within the next year
- Inability to provide informed consent
- Carotid artery occlusion or dissection at baseline carotid IMT assessment
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00939237
|United States, Massachusetts
|Brigham and Women's Hospital
|Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02115
|Principal Investigator:
|Howard D. Sesso, ScD, MPH
|Brigham and Women's Hospital
No publications provided
|Responsible Party:
|Howard D. Sesso, ScD, MPH, Associate Epidemiologist, Brigham and Women's Hospital
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00939237 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|July 13, 2009
|Last Updated:
|August 15, 2014
|Health Authority:
|United States: Food and Drug Administration
Keywords provided by Brigham and Women's Hospital:
Coronary heart disease
Carotid intima-media thickness
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary Disease
Heart Diseases
Myocardial Ischemia
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Cardiovascular Diseases
Vascular Diseases
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on October 09, 2015


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
alter_specification] ...] [
table_options| ADD [COLUMN]
column_definition[FIRST | AFTER
col_name] | ADD [COLUMN] (
column_definition,...) | ADD {INDEX|KEY} [
index_name] [
index_type] (
index_col_name,...) [
index_option] ... | ADD [CONSTRAINT [
symbol]] PRIMARY KEY [
index_type] (
index_col_name,...) [
index_option] ... | ADD [CONSTRAINT [
symbol]] UNIQUE [INDEX|KEY] [
index_name] [
index_type] (
index_col_name,...) [
index_option] ... | ADD FULLTEXT [INDEX|KEY] [
index_name] (
index_col_name,...) [
index_option] ... | ADD SPATIAL [INDEX|KEY] [
index_name] (
index_col_name,...) [
index_option] ... | ADD [CONSTRAINT [
symbol]] FOREIGN KEY [
index_name] (
reference_definition| ALTER [COLUMN]
col_name{SET DEFAULT
literal| DROP DEFAULT} | CHANGE [COLUMN]
col_name] | MODIFY [COLUMN]
column_definition[FIRST | AFTER
col_name] | DROP [COLUMN]
col_name| DROP PRIMARY KEY | DROP {INDEX|KEY}
index_name| DROP FOREIGN KEY
fk_symbol| DISABLE KEYS | ENABLE KEYS | RENAME [TO|AS]
new_tbl_name| ORDER BY
col_name] ... | CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET
collation_name] | [DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET [=]
charset_name[COLLATE [=]
collation_name] | DISCARD TABLESPACE | IMPORT TABLESPACE | ADD PARTITION (
partition_definition) | DROP PARTITION
partition_names| COALESCE PARTITION
number| REORGANIZE PARTITION [
partition_namesINTO (
partition_definitions)] | ANALYZE PARTITION {
partition_names| ALL} | CHECK PARTITION {
partition_names| ALL} | OPTIMIZE PARTITION {
partition_names| ALL} | REBUILD PARTITION {
partition_names| ALL} | REPAIR PARTITION {
partition_names| ALL} | PARTITION BY
partitioning_expression| REMOVE PARTITIONING
length)] [ASC | DESC]
index_type: USING {BTREE | HASH}
index_option: KEY_BLOCK_SIZE [=]
index_type| WITH PARSER
table_option] ... (see
CREATE TABLEoptions)
partition_options: (see
CREATE TABLEoptions)
ALTER TABLE changes the structure
of a table. For example, you can add or delete columns, create or
destroy indexes, change the type of existing columns, or rename
columns or the table itself. You can also change characteristics
such as the storage engine used for the table or the table
Following the table name, specify the alterations to be made. If
none are given,
ALTER TABLE does
The syntax for many of the permissible alterations is similar to
clauses of the
statement. See Section 13.1.17, "CREATE TABLE Syntax", for more
table_options signifies table options
of the kind that can be used in the
TABLE statement, such as
MAX_ROWS, or
ROW_FORMAT. For a list of all table options and
a description of each, see Section 13.1.17, "CREATE TABLE Syntax".
ALTER TABLE ignores the
DATA DIRECTORY and
DIRECTORY table options.
partition_options signifies options
that can be used with partitioned tables. A number of
partitioning-related extensions to
TABLE were added in MySQL 5.1.5. These can be used with
partitioned tables for repartitioning, for adding, dropping,
merging, and splitting partitions, and for performing partitioning
maintenance. It is possible for an
TABLE statement to contain a
BY or
REMOVE PARTITIONING clause in
an addition to other alter specifications, but the
PARTITION BY or
PARTITIONING clause must be specified last after any
other specifications. The
PARTITION, and
options cannot be combined with other alter specifications in a
ALTER TABLE, since the options just
listed act on individual partitions. For a list of partition
options and a description of each, see
Section 13.1.17, "CREATE TABLE Syntax". For additional information, see
Section 126.96.36.199, "ALTER TABLE Partition Operations".
Some operations may result in warnings if attempted on a table for
which the storage engine does not support the operation. These
warnings can be displayed with
WARNINGS. See Section 22.214.171.124, "SHOW WARNINGS Syntax".
For information on troubleshooting
TABLE, see Section B.5.7.1, "Problems with ALTER TABLE".
In most cases,
ALTER TABLE makes a
temporary copy of the original table. MySQL waits for other
operations that are modifying the table, then proceeds. It
incorporates the alteration into the copy, deletes the original
table, and renames the new one. While
TABLE is executing, the original table is readable by
other sessions. Updates and writes to the table that begin after
ALTER TABLE operation begins
are stalled until the new table is ready, then are automatically
redirected to the new table without any failed updates. The
temporary copy of the original table is created in the database
directory of the new table. This can differ from the database
directory of the original table for
TABLE operations that rename the table to a different
MyISAM tables, you can speed up index
re-creation (the slowest part of the alteration process) by
setting the
myisam_sort_buffer_size system
variable to a high value.
For some operations, an in-place
TABLE is possible that does not require a temporary
without any other options, MySQL simply renames any files that
correspond to the table
without making a copy. (You can also use the
RENAME TABLE statement to
rename tables. See Section 13.1.33, "RENAME TABLE Syntax".) Any
privileges granted specifically for the renamed table are not
migrated to the new name. They must be changed manually.
Alterations that modify only table metadata and not table data
are immediate because the server only needs to alter the table
.frm file, not touch table contents. The
following changes are fast alterations that can be made this
Renaming a column, except for the
InnoDB storage engine.
Changing the default value of a column (except for
NDB tables; see
NDBCLUSTER online
Changing the definition of an
ENUM or
SET column by adding new
enumeration or set members to the end
of the list of valid member values, as long as the storage
size of the data type does not change. For example, adding
a member to a
SET column
that has 8 members changes the required storage per value
from 1 byte to 2 bytes; this will require a table copy.
Adding members in the middle of the list causes
renumbering of existing members, which requires a table
ALTER TABLE with
PARTITION, or
PARTITION does not create any temporary tables
(except when used with
tables); however, these operations can and do create temporary
partition files.
ADD or
DROP operations
RANGE or
partitions are immediate operations or nearly so.
ADD or
operations for
HASH or
KEY partitions copy data between all
partitions, unless
LINEAR HASH or
LINEAR KEY was used; this is effectively
the same as creating a new table, although the
ADD or
operation is performed partition by partition.
REORGANIZE operations copy only changed
partitions and do not touch unchanged ones.
Renaming an index, except for
Adding or dropping an index, for
InnoDB (if
Plugin is used) and
You can force an
ALTER TABLE operation that
would otherwise not require a table copy to use the temporary
table method (as supported in MySQL 5.0) by setting the
old_alter_table system variable
NDBCLUSTER tables, operations
that add and drop indexes on variable-width columns occur online,
without any table copying and without blocking concurrent DML
actions for most of their duration. See
Section 188.8.131.52, "ALTER TABLE Online Operations in MySQL Cluster".
To use
ALTER TABLE, you need
CREATE, and
INSERT privileges for the
table. Renaming a table requires
ALTER and
DROP on the old table,
CREATE, and
INSERT on the new table.
IGNORE is a MySQL extension to standard
SQL. It controls how
TABLE works if there are duplicates on unique keys
in the new table or if warnings occur when strict mode is
enabled. If
IGNORE is not specified, the
copy is aborted and rolled back if duplicate-key errors occur.
IGNORE is specified, only one row is
used of rows with duplicates on a unique key. The other
conflicting rows are deleted. Incorrect values are truncated
to the closest matching acceptable value.
statements are lost if a table is write locked and
ALTER TABLE is used to modify
the table structure.
table_options signifies table
options of the kind that can be used in the
CREATE TABLE statement, such as
MAX_ROWS, or
For a list of all table options and a description of each, see
Section 13.1.17, "CREATE TABLE Syntax". However,
ALTER TABLE ignores the
DATA DIRECTORY and
DIRECTORY table options.
For example, to convert a table to be an
InnoDB table, use this statement:
ALTER TABLE t1 ENGINE = InnoDB;
See Section 220.127.116.11, "Converting Tables from MyISAM to InnoDB" for
considerations when switching tables to the
InnoDB storage engine.
When you specify an
ENGINE clause,
ALTER TABLE rebuilds the table.
This is true even if the table already has the specified
storage engine.
The outcome of attempting to change a table's storage engine
is affected by whether the desired storage engine is available
and the setting of the
mode, as described in Section 5.1.7, "Server SQL Modes".
As of MySQL 5.1.11, to prevent inadvertent loss of data,
ALTER TABLE cannot be used to
change the storage engine of a table to
MERGE or
To change the value of the
counter to be used for new rows, do this:
ALTER TABLE t2 AUTO_INCREMENT =
You cannot reset the counter to a value less than or equal to
any that have already been used. For
MyISAM, if the value is less than or equal
to the maximum value currently in the
AUTO_INCREMENT column, the value is reset
to the current maximum plus one. For
InnoDB, if the value is less than
the current maximum value in the column, no error occurs and
the current sequence value is not changed.
You can issue multiple
DROP, and
CHANGE clauses in a single
ALTER TABLE statement,
separated by commas. This is a MySQL extension to standard
SQL, which permits only one of each clause per
ALTER TABLE statement. For
example, to drop multiple columns in a single statement, do
ALTER TABLE t2 DROP COLUMN c, DROP COLUMN d;
DROP INDEX are MySQL extensions to
standard SQL.
The word
COLUMN is optional and can be
column_definition clauses use the
same syntax for
ADD and
CHANGE as for
TABLE. See Section 13.1.17, "CREATE TABLE Syntax".
You can rename a column using a
To do so, specify the old and new column names and the
definition that the column currently has. For example, to
rename an
INTEGER column from
a to
b, you can do this:
ALTER TABLE t1 CHANGE a b INTEGER;
To change a column's type but not the name,
CHANGE syntax still requires an old and new
column name, even if they are the same. For example:
ALTER TABLE t1 CHANGE b b BIGINT NOT NULL;
You can also use
MODIFY to change a
column's type without renaming it:
ALTER TABLE t1 MODIFY b BIGINT NOT NULL;
MODIFY is an extension to
ALTER TABLE for Oracle
When you use
CHANGE or
column_definition must include the
data type and all attributes that should apply to the new
column, other than index attributes such as
KEY or
UNIQUE. Attributes present
in the original definition but not specified for the new
definition are not carried forward. Suppose that a column
col1 is defined as
DEFAULT 1 COMMENT 'my column' and you modify the
column as follows:
ALTER TABLE t1 MODIFY col1 BIGINT;
The resulting column will be defined as
BIGINT, but will not include the attributes
UNSIGNED DEFAULT 1 COMMENT 'my column'. To
retain them, the statement should be:
ALTER TABLE t1 MODIFY col1 BIGINT UNSIGNED DEFAULT 1 COMMENT 'my column';
When you change a data type using
CHANGE or
MODIFY, MySQL tries to convert existing
column values to the new type as well as possible.
This conversion may result in alteration of data. For
example, if you shorten a string column, values may be
truncated. To prevent the operation from succeeding if
conversions to the new data type would result in loss of
data, enable strict SQL mode before using
ALTER TABLE (see
Section 5.1.7, "Server SQL Modes").
To add a column at a specific position within a table row, use
FIRST or
. The default is
to add the column last. You can also use
FIRST and
AFTER in
CHANGE or
operations to reorder columns within a table.
ALTER ... SET DEFAULT or
DROP DEFAULT specify a new default value for a
column or remove the old default value, respectively. If the
old default is removed and the column can be
NULL, the new default is
NULL. If the column cannot be
NULL, MySQL assigns a default value as
described in Section 11.6, "Data Type Default Values".
DROP INDEX removes an index.
This is a MySQL extension to standard SQL. See
Section 13.1.24, "DROP INDEX Syntax". If you are unsure of the index
name, use
If columns are dropped from a table, the columns are also
removed from any index of which they are a part. If all
columns that make up an index are dropped, the index is
dropped as well. If you use
CHANGE or
MODIFY to shorten a column for which an
index exists on the column, and the resulting column length is
less than the index length, MySQL shortens the index
If a table contains only one column, the column cannot be
dropped. If what you intend is to remove the table, use
DROP TABLE instead.
DROP PRIMARY KEY drops the
primary key. If there
is no primary key, an error occurs. For information about the
performance characteristics of primary keys, especially for
InnoDB tables, see
Section 8.3.2, "Using Primary Keys".
If you add a
UNIQUE INDEX or
PRIMARY KEY to a table, MySQL stores it
before any nonunique index to permit detection of duplicate
keys as early as possible.
Some storage engines permit you to specify an index type when
creating an index. The syntax for the
index_type specifier is
For details about
USING, see
Section 13.1.13, "CREATE INDEX Syntax". Before MySQL 5.1.10,
USING can be given only before the index
column list. As of 5.1.10, the preferred position is after the
column list. Support for use of the option before the column
list will be removed in a future MySQL release.
index_option values specify
additional options for an index.
USING is
one such option. For details about permissible
index_option values, see
Section 13.1.13, "CREATE INDEX Syntax".
After an
ALTER TABLE statement,
it may be necessary to run
TABLE to update index cardinality information. See
Section 220.127.116.11, "SHOW INDEX Syntax".
ORDER BY enables you to create the new
table with the rows in a specific order. This option is useful
primarily when you know that you are mostly to query the rows
in a certain order most of the time. By using this option
after major changes to the table, you might be able to get
higher performance. In some cases, it might make sorting
easier for MySQL if the table is in order by the column that
you want to order it by later.
The table does not remain in the specified order after inserts and deletes.
ORDER BY syntax permits one or more column
names to be specified for sorting, each of which optionally
can be followed by
ASC or
DESC to indicate ascending or descending
sort order, respectively. The default is ascending order. Only
column names are permitted as sort criteria; arbitrary
expressions are not permitted. This clause should be given
last after any other clauses.
ORDER BY does not make sense for
InnoDB tables because
InnoDB always orders table rows according
to the clustered
When used on a partitioned table,
ORDER BY orders rows within each partition only.
If you use
ALTER TABLE on a
MyISAM table, all nonunique indexes are
created in a separate batch (as for
REPAIR TABLE). This should make
ALTER TABLE much faster when
you have many indexes.
MyISAM tables, key updating can be
controlled explicitly. Use
KEYS to tell MySQL to stop updating nonunique
indexes. Then use
KEYS to re-create missing indexes.
MyISAM does this with a special algorithm
that is much faster than inserting keys one by one, so
disabling keys before performing bulk insert operations should
give a considerable speedup. Using
DISABLE KEYS requires the
INDEX privilege in addition to
the privileges mentioned earlier.
While the nonunique indexes are disabled, they are ignored for
statements such as
SELECT and
EXPLAIN that otherwise would
use them.
ENABLE KEYS and
KEYS were not supported for partitioned tables prior
to MySQL 5.1.11.
ALTER TABLE for an
InnoDB table results in changes to column
values (for example, because a column is truncated),
constraint checks do not notice possible violations caused by
changing the values.
FOREIGN KEY and
REFERENCES clauses are supported by the
InnoDB storage engine, which implements
ADD [CONSTRAINT [. See
Section 18.104.22.168, "InnoDB and FOREIGN KEY Constraints". For other
storage engines, the clauses are parsed but ignored. The
index_name] (...)
CHECK clause is parsed but ignored by all
storage engines. See Section 13.1.17, "CREATE TABLE Syntax". The
reason for accepting but ignoring syntax clauses is for
compatibility, to make it easier to port code from other SQL
servers, and to run applications that create tables with
references. See Section 1.8.2, "MySQL Differences from Standard SQL".
ALTER TABLE, unlike
FOREIGN KEY ignores
index_name if given and uses an
automatically generated foreign key name. As a workaround,
include the
CONSTRAINT clause to specify
the foreign key name:
name FOREIGN KEY (....) ...
The inline
REFERENCES specifications
where the references are defined as part of the column
specification are silently ignored by
InnoDB. InnoDB only accepts
REFERENCES clauses defined as part of a
FOREIGN KEY specification.
InnoDB tables do not support
foreign keys. See
Section 18.5.2, "Partitioning Limitations Relating to Storage Engines",
for more information.
InnoDB supports the use of
ALTER TABLE to drop foreign
tbl_nameDROP FOREIGN KEY
For more information, see Section 220.127.116.11, "InnoDB and FOREIGN KEY Constraints".
Adding and dropping a foreign key in separate clauses of a
ALTER TABLE statement
may be problematic in some cases and is therefore unsupported.
Use separate statements for each operation.
For an
InnoDB table that is created with
its own tablespace in an
.ibd file, that
file can be discarded and imported. To discard the
.ibd file, use this statement:
tbl_name DISCARD TABLESPACE;
This deletes the current
.ibd file, so be
sure that you have a backup first. Attempting to access the
table while the tablespace file is discarded results in an
To import the backup
.ibd file back into
the table, copy it into the database directory, and then issue
this statement:
tbl_name IMPORT TABLESPACE;
The tablespace file must have been created on the server into which it is imported later.
... IMPORT TABLESPACE feature does not enforce
foreign key constraints on imported data.
To change the table default character set and all character
columns (
TEXT) to a new character set,
use a statement like this:
tbl_nameCONVERT TO CHARACTER SET
The statement also changes the collation of all character
columns. If you specify no
COLLATE clause
to indicate which collation to use, the statement uses default
collation for the character set. If this collation is
inappropriate for the intended table use (for example, if it
would change from a case-sensitive collation to a
case-insensitive collation), specify a collation explicitly.
For a column that has a data type of
VARCHAR or one of the
TEXT types,
CHARACTER SET will change the data type as necessary
to ensure that the new column is long enough to store as many
characters as the original column. For example, a
TEXT column has two length
bytes, which store the byte-length of values in the column, up
to a maximum of 65,535. For a
TEXT column, each character
requires a single byte, so the column can store up to 65,535
characters. If the column is converted to
utf8, each character might require up to
three bytes, for a maximum possible length of 3 × 65,535
= 196,605 bytes. That length will not fit in a
TEXT column's length bytes, so
MySQL will convert the data type to
MEDIUMTEXT, which is the
smallest string type for which the length bytes can record a
value of 196,605. Similarly, a
VARCHAR column might be
converted to
To avoid data type changes of the type just described, do not
CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET. Instead, use
MODIFY to change individual columns. For
ALTER TABLE t MODIFY latin1_text_col TEXT CHARACTER SET utf8;
ALTER TABLE t MODIFY latin1_varchar_col VARCHAR(
M) CHARACTER SET utf8;
If you specify
binary, the
VARCHAR, and
TEXT columns are converted to
their corresponding binary string types
BLOB). This means that the
columns no longer will have a character set and a subsequent
CONVERT TO operation will not apply to
charset_name is
DEFAULT, the database character set is
CONVERT TO operation converts column
values between the character sets. This is
not what you want if you have a column
in one character set (like
latin1) but
the stored values actually use some other, incompatible
character set (like
utf8). In this case,
you have to do the following for each such column:
ALTER TABLE t1 CHANGE c1 c1 BLOB; ALTER TABLE t1 CHANGE c1 c1 TEXT CHARACTER SET utf8;
The reason this works is that there is no conversion when
you convert to or from
To change only the default character set for a table, use this statement:
tbl_nameDEFAULT CHARACTER SET
The word
DEFAULT is optional. The default
character set is the character set that is used if you do not
specify the character set for columns that you add to a table
later (for example, with
foreign_key_checks is
enabled, which is the default setting, character set
conversion is not permitted on tables that include a character
string column used in a foreign key constraint. The workaround
is to disable
foreign_key_checks before
performing the character set conversion. You must perform the
conversion on both tables involved in the foreign key
constraint before re-enabling
foreign_key_checks. If you
after converting only one of the tables, an
CASCADE or
operation could corrupt data in the referencing table due to
implicit conversion that occurs during these operations (Bug
#45290, Bug #74816).
With the
mysql_info() C API
function, you can find out how many rows were copied by
ALTER TABLE, and (when
IGNORE is used) how many rows were deleted due
to duplication of unique key values. See
Section 22.214.171.124, "mysql_info()".
|Posted by Tom S on December 18 2002 3:27pm
|[Delete] [Edit]
IF you want to change a SET or ENUM column you may
not want to use the ALTER TABLE ... MODIFY
It tries to keep the actual string values and not
the integer representation of the values, even
though they are stored as integers.
For example, if you just want to make a change in
spelling of the values in your enum column or your
set column, consider doing it like this:
ALTER TABLE table ADD new_column ...;
UPDATE table SET new_column = old_column + 0;
ALTER TABLE table DROP old_column;
|Posted by David Bell on August 15 2003 1:08am
|[Delete] [Edit]
You can use Alter Table to optimise a table without locking out selects (only writes), by altering a column to be the same as it's current definition. This is better than using repair table which obtains a read/write lock.
mysql> describe Temp_Table;
+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
| ID | int(10) unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
|Posted by Mark Mackay on July 9 2004 6:11am
|[Delete] [Edit]
If you are just changing a column name on a MyISAM table and want to avoid duplicating the entire table, try the following (no warranty provided but worked for me):
For peace-of-mind -- try this with some dummy data first!
1. Backup the <original_table>.frm file from your master table (and the data if you can, but you're probably reading this because you can't).
2. create table with the identical schema to the one you want to alter (type "show create table <tablename> and just change the name to something). Lets say you called the table "rename_temp1"
3. execute the "alter table <rename_temp1> change <old_column_name> <new_column_name> char(128) not null" [substituting your the old definition -- ensuring you keep column type the same]
3. Ensuring you a have made a copy of your original .frm file -- copy the <rename_temp1>.frm file to <original_table>.frm.
4. voila -- all going well your column should be renamed without a full copy in/out (very useful for 140G tables...)
5. probably best to run a myisamchck on the table before making live again
|Posted by Hadi Rastgou on July 13 2005 7:14am
|[Delete] [Edit]
When you want to drop a UNIQUE KEY in an InnoDb table, have to pay attention not to occure this situation:
Please check that columns used in the UNIQUE KEY are not used as FOREIGN KEY (each of them).
If so, must to drop that Forign keys first.
See Example below please.
UNIQUE KEY `unique` (`id1`, `id2`),
CONSTRAINT `fk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`id1`) REFERENCES `tbl1` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,
CONSTRAINT `fk_2` FOREIGN KEY (`id2`) REFERENCES `tbl2` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE
In this situation, you have to drop both FOREIGN KEYs first, in order to can drop the UNIQUE KEY.
|Posted by Flemming Funch on November 5 2005 11:44pm
|[Delete] [Edit]
If you're trying to convert a whole database to a different character set, and you thought you might have to change the fields one by one, this kind of command is really handy:
ALTER TABLE tablename CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci;
However, after using it on a lot of tables I made the grim discovery that for older myisam tables that didn't have any character set, it mangled the length of most varchar fields. Specifically, it divided their length with 3. Bizarrely, it didn't lose the existing data, even though it was longer than the field lengths, but it was a problem with new records and with indexes.
So, if you're going to do a character set converstion, make sure the table already has a character set. That it doesn't might not be immediately obvious, as tools like phpMyAdmin will show the default character set, if the table or the field doesn't have one set.
|Posted by Daniel Cottrell on November 21 2005 4:50pm
|[Delete] [Edit]
TO ADD A FOREIGN KEY TO AN EXISTING TABLE (I couldn't see a good example) you can do this:
alter table users add foreign key(favGenre) references products_genre(gid);
Where favgenre is the column of the table that has the foreign key and products_genre(gid) is the table and primary key you are referencing.
|Posted by Duane Hitz on March 31 2006 8:19am
|[Delete] [Edit]
Attempting to "ALTER TABLE ... DROP PRIMARY KEY" on a table when an AUTO_INCREMENT column exists in the key generates an error:
ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key.
To make this work without erroring, drop and re-add the new primary key in a single statement, e.g.:
ALTER TABLE mytable DROP PRIMARY KEY, ADD PRIMARY KEY(col1,col2);
|Posted by Rachel McConnell on September 7 2006 11:15pm
|[Delete] [Edit]
You can't drop a NOT NULL constraint on a column the way you can a foreign key or an index, or a default. Instead, just use the 'change' or 'modify' syntax and leave off the NOT NULL bit:
alter table table_name modify col_name bigint default null;
Any pre-existing indexes or foreign keys on the column are not affected.
|Posted by Geoffrey Hoffman on June 17 2007 8:58pm
|[Delete] [Edit]
If you are trying to change the case of a table name using the ALTER TABLE syntax and it appears to fail silently,
or if you try to RENAME TABLE something TO soMeThiNg and get a 'table already exists' error,
or if you try to CREATE TABLE MixedCaseTableName and get a table named mixedcasetablename, these are not bugs:
See: Identifier Case Sensitivity
If your development environment has MySQL5 and you're hosting on MySQL4 you can get 'table not found' errors based on the case of the table names.
|Posted by Cengiz Gunay on November 27 2007 11:20pm
|[Delete] [Edit]
As mentioned above, ALTER TABLE is going to make a temporary copy of the whole table data (.MYD) in the same directory as the original table and not in the temporary directories given to MySQL.
In some cases a third copy of the table (.TMD) is made. This means you must have up to three copies of free space in that directory. Unfortunately MySQL does not break the files into pieces if it runs out of space.
As a table grows larger this process becomes more expensive. Therefore, keys and indices must be added as early as possible to large tables in spite of the update cost that comes with each insert.
|Posted by Reinhard Vielhaber on March 14 2008 10:33am
|[Delete] [Edit]
For moving a table from one database to another just do:
use db_old;
alter table tab_name rename db_new.tab_name;
|Posted by John Walker on May 16 2008 9:36pm
|[Delete] [Edit]
There seem to any number of convoluted methods (not to mention some finger wagging by purists questioning the practice, even here) for altering the sequence of fields in a MySQL table but ALTER does the job as prescribed. It isn't completely self-evident from the description above so here's what worked for me:
ALTER TABLE tablex CHANGE colx colx colxtype AFTER coly.
That is, you're not changing the name of the column but still need to specify 'oldname newname' as 'oldname oldname'
|Posted by Nadav Kavalerchik on March 26 2009 6:20pm
|[Delete] [Edit]
|Posted by federico cattozzi on April 10 2009 10:39am
|[Delete] [Edit]
If you want to change the table's engine for all tables, you can use this code to generate your sql script.
From MyISAM engine to InnoDB engine: set db_name and db_username then copy and paste the follow lines on a Linux/MacOSX shell.
mysql --user=db_username -p --execute="USE information_schema; SELECT CONCAT(\"ALTER TABLE \`\", TABLE_SCHEMA,\"\`.\`\", TABLE_NAME, \"\` TYPE = InnoDB;\") as MySQLCMD from TABLES where TABLE_SCHEMA = \""${DB_NAME}"\";" > ${DB_NAME}-temp.sql;
#delete first line
sed '/MySQLCMD/d' ${DB_NAME}-temp.sql > ${DB_NAME}-innodb.sql;
mysql --user=db_username -p < ${DB_NAME}-innodb.sql;
rm ${DB_NAME}-temp.sql;
rm ${DB_NAME}-innodb.sql;
You can customize the code above for your OS.
I used code from here:
|Posted by John45 G on May 18 2009 4:43pm
|[Delete] [Edit]
Found some good alter table here:
|Posted by David Friedman on May 7 2010 8:39pm
|[Delete] [Edit]
It is okay to add two or more columns in the same query where the before and after clauses refer to newly created columns:
ALTER TABLE mytable ADD COLUMN dummy1 VARCHAR(40) AFTER id ADD COLUMN dummy2 VARCHAR(12) AFTER dummy1;
|Posted by Bill Vogel on May 27 2010 11:59pm
|[Delete] [Edit]
If you use "ALTER TABLE mytable AUTO_INCREMENT = N" the MySQL server will create a new table, copy all the data from the old table to the new, delete the old and then rename the new one even though there is no structural change to the table. The server response will show that all the rows have been "affected", like this:
mysql> alter table mytable auto_increment=1000000;
Query OK, 512691 rows affected (1 min 4.55 sec)
Records: 512691 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
There are potential issues that may arise from the table copy, especially if you didn't expect it! I.e. is there a sufficient amount of free disk space for the second copy of the data, etc., etc..
The bottom line for me is to go back to the "old fashioned way" - just insert a dummy row and explicitly set the AUTO_INCREMENT column to N - 1, then immediately delete the dummy row. The next row that is inserted will start at N and go from there.
|Posted by nabeel khan on June 13 2010 9:01pm
|[Delete] [Edit]
none of the alter code sql queries were working for me in phpmyadmin
however after digging much, finally found something that may help you all.
use this query code:
ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY column_to_move column_type AFTER column_to_reference
have explained it with example here:
|Posted by Karen Sanasaryan on August 11 2010 9:15am
|[Delete] [Edit]
If you need copy big MYISAM tables, just create a new table with same structure (SHOW CREATE TABLE table_to_copy; CREATE TABLE new_table %old table structure%), then copy old table's .frm, .MYD and .MYI files, rename copied files from old_name.* to new_name.*, then run ANALYZE TABLE new_name. No need to restart MySql.
|Posted by Ayden Bissessar on December 6 2010 4:28pm
|[Delete] [Edit]
If you want to ALTER a table and set the default value to CURRENT_TIMESTAMP for a timestamp column, the listed syntax of "ALTER TABLE foo ALTER COLUMN ts SET DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP" will NOT work.
Instead, the syntax below will work. You also need to put the column name twice, I don't know why, it just works.
"ALTER TABLE tablename CHANGE columnname columnname TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;"
|Posted by Arthur Liu on February 8 2011 12:16am
|[Delete] [Edit]
When adding a new column to a table, and making it a foreign key, if you get
ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails
please check :
1, The new column must be an index column,
2, All value in the new column must be valid foreign keys.
Here are correct steps:
(Suppose you have author in volumes table, but want to add it to books table.)
ALTER TABLE books ADD COLUMN `author` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL ;
ALTER TABLE books ADD INDEX (author) ;
UPDATE books SET author = ( SELECT author FROM volumes WHERE volumes.id = books.volume_id ) ;
ALTER TABLE books ADD FOREIGN KEY (author) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ;
|Posted by Claude Warren on March 22 2011 1:54pm
|[Delete] [Edit]
It is not possible to change a column name on an InnoDB table if the column participates in a foreign key without first dropping the foreign key. It does not matter if the column is used to reference another table or if it is referenced by another table in the foreign key.
|Posted by Lincoln Rickwood on June 24 2011 3:44pm
|[Delete] [Edit]
Stored procedure to add a column (sorry about the lack of indentation, the comment box seems to strip leading spaces.)
delimiter //
drop procedure if exists AddTableColumn //
create procedure AddTableColumn
( in schemaName varchar(128) -- If null use name of current schema;
, in tableName varchar(128) -- If null an exception will be thrown.
, in columnName varchar(128) -- If null an exception will be thrown.
, in columnDefinition varchar(1024) -- E.g. 'int not null default 1' (Can include comment here if columnComment is null.)
, in columnComment varchar(1024) -- E.g. 'comment about column.' Can be null. (If null then the comment can be included in columnDefinition.)
, in ifPresent enum('leaveUnchanged', 'dropAndReplace', 'modifyExisting') -- null=leaveUnchanged.
, out outcome tinyint(1) -- 0=unchanged, 1=replaced, 2=modified, 4=added.
declare doDrop tinyint(1) default null;
declare doAdd tinyint(1) default null;
declare doModify tinyint(1) default null;
declare tmpSql varchar(4096) default '';
set schemaName = coalesce(schemaName, schema());
set ifPresent = coalesce(ifPresent, 'leaveUnchanged');
-- select schemaName, ifPresent;
if exists
(select *
from `information_schema`.`COLUMNS`
where `COLUMN_NAME` = columnName
and `TABLE_NAME` = tableName
and `TABLE_SCHEMA` = schemaName
-- select 'exists';
if (ifPresent = 'leaveUnchanged')
set doDrop = 0;
set doAdd = 0;
set doModify = 0;
set outcome = 0;
elseif (ifPresent = 'dropAndReplace')
set doDrop = 1;
set doAdd = 1;
set doModify = 0;
set outcome = 1;
elseif (ifPresent = 'modifyExisting')
set doDrop = 0;
set doAdd = 0;
set doModify = 1;
set outcome = 2;
end if;
-- select 'not-exists';
set doDrop = 0;
set doAdd = 1;
set doModify = 0;
set outcome = 4;
end if;
-- select doDrop, doAdd, doModify, outcome;
if (doDrop = 1)
set tmpSql = concat( 'alter table `', schemaName, '`.`', tableName, '` drop column `', columnName, '` ');
set @sql = tmpSql;
prepare tmp_stmt from @sql;
execute tmp_stmt;
deallocate prepare tmp_stmt;
end if;
if (doAdd = 1)
set tmpSql = concat( 'alter table `', schemaName, '`.`', tableName, '` add column `', columnName, '` ', columnDefinition);
if (columnComment is not null)
set tmpSql = concat(tmpSql, ' comment "', columnComment, '"');
end if;
set @sql = tmpSql;
prepare tmp_stmt from @sql;
execute tmp_stmt;
deallocate prepare tmp_stmt;
end if;
if (doModify = 1)
set tmpSql = concat( 'alter table `', schemaName, '`.`', tableName, '` modify column `', columnName, '` ', columnDefinition);
if (columnComment is not null)
set tmpSql = concat(tmpSql, ' comment "', columnComment, '"');
end if;
set @sql = tmpSql;
prepare tmp_stmt from @sql;
execute tmp_stmt;
deallocate prepare tmp_stmt;
end if;
end; //
|Posted by Pavel Tishkin on September 8 2011 3:59pm
|[Delete] [Edit]
CREATE PROCEDURE `clone_table`(IN tablex TEXT)
DECLARE sqls,tablexs,cols TEXT;
DECLARE done INT DEFAULT 0;
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR SQLSTATE '02000' SET done=1;
SET tablexs = CONCAT(tablex,'_tmp');
SET @sql=CONCAT('ALTER TABLE `',tablex,'` RENAME TO `',tablexs,'`');
PREPARE stmt1 FROM @sql;
EXECUTE stmt1;
DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt1;
SET @sql=CONCAT('CREATE TABLE ',tablex,' LIKE ',tablexs);
PREPARE stmt1 FROM @sql;
EXECUTE stmt1;
DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt1;
SELECT column_name INTO cols
FROM `information_schema`.`COLUMNS`
WHERE table_name=tablexs
AND table_schema=DATABASE()
AND column_key='pri' AND extra='auto_increment';
IF NOT done THEN
SELECT `auto_increment` INTO @id
FROM `information_schema`.`TABLES`
WHERE table_name=tablexs
AND table_schema=DATABASE();
SET @sql=CONCAT('ALTER TABLE `',tablex,'` AUTO_INCREMENT=',@id);
PREPARE stmt1 FROM @sql;
EXECUTE stmt1;
DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt1;
CREATE PROCEDURE `clone_table_sync`(IN table_namex VARCHAR(100), IN idx INT)
DECLARE done, ids INT DEFAULT 0;
DECLARE table_namexs TEXT;
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR SQLSTATE '02000' SET done=1;
SET table_namexs = CONCAT(table_namex,'_tmp');
SELECT `auto_increment` INTO ids
FROM `information_schema`.`TABLES`
WHERE table_name=table_namexs
AND table_schema=DATABASE();
WHILE ids>idx DO
SET @sql=CONCAT('INSERT IGNORE INTO `',table_namex,'` SELECT * FROM `',table_namexs,
'` WHERE i_id>',idx,' AND i_id<=',(idx+5000));
PREPARE stmt1 FROM @sql;
EXECUTE stmt1;
DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt1;
-- SELECT SLEEP(1) INTO @tmp2;
SET idx=idx+5000;
|Posted by Jonathan Evans on December 3 2011 11:27am
|[Delete] [Edit]
An addition to John Walker's example above for reordering the columns in a table.
ALTER TABLE tablex CHANGE colx colx colxtype AFTER coly
Not only do you need to specify 'oldname newname' as 'oldname oldname', you also need to respecify the type of 'oldname' as 'colxtype' (or change it of course) for the statement to work.
|Posted by Ferdous Khan on January 12 2012 6:46pm
|[Delete] [Edit]
ALTER TABLE sales.order ADD UNIQUE(order_ref);
This command will update 'sales' databases 'order' tables 'order_ref' column to become uniquely indexed. If the column already have some duplicate data, an error message will be prompted.
|Posted by Robert Kline on August 12 2014 3:25pm
|[Delete] [Edit]
Note that if you include 'UNIQUE' as part of the column definition in an ALTER TABLE MODIFY COLUMN ... statement for a column which was original defined as UNIQUE, MySQL will create a second UNIQUE index. What you need to do if you don't want that second index (any why would you? as it does nothing but slow things down), and you're dealing with scripted changes which you have to give to a separate DBA team who won't accept any instructions which involve manual work (so they won't examine the results of the ALTER TABLE statement to find out the name of the extra index which needs to be dropped), on a server over which you don't have administrative privileges, is to leave out the UNIQUE keyword from the column definition, knowing that MySQL will leave the UNIQUE constraint in place. It's as if MySQL doesn't consider 'UNIQUE' as part of the column definition (even though the syntax rules include it as part of column_definition).
|Posted by Saif Ullah on September 6 2014 5:46pm
|[Delete] [Edit]
If you are just changing a column name on a MyISAM table and want to avoid duplicating the entire table, try the following (no warranty provided but worked for me for my website http://techleaks.us/ . I wasted my 4 days looking and searching all around this..):
For peace-of-mind -- try this with some dummy data first!
1. Backup the <original_table>.frm file from your master table (and the data if you can, but you're probably reading this because you can't).
2. create table with the identical schema to the one you want to alter (type "show create table <tablename> and just change the name to something). Lets say you called the table "rename_temp1"
3. execute the "alter table <rename_temp1> change <old_column_name> <new_column_name> char(128) not null" [substituting your the old definition -- ensuring you keep column type the same]
3. Ensuring you a have made a copy of your original .frm file -- copy the <rename_temp1>.frm file to <original_table>.frm.
4. voila -- all going well your column should be renamed without a full copy in/out (very useful for 140G tables...)
5. probably best to run a myisamchck on the table before making live again


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- Northern New York Newspapers
- Watertown
- Ogdensburg
- Massena-Potsdam
- Lowville
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- NNY Business
- NNY Living
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Barbara Richmond Moran dreamed of running the Boston Marathon before she lost her life to breast cancer last Feb. 6.
A friend will be running on Mrs. Morans behalf April 15, and with each stride also will be raising money for the cancer center where Mrs. Moran was treated for 14 years.
Former South Jefferson Central School athlete Penny Richmond Ruhm, who was a classmate of Mrs. Moran, is running to raise money as part of the Dana-Farber Marathon Challenge program. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston is a world leader in adult and pediatric cancer treatment and research. Its Dana-Farber Marathon Challenge program directs 100 percent of funds raised to the Claudia Adams Barr Program in Innovative Basic Cancer Research. To date, the program has raised more than $56 million.
Since 2011, members of Mrs. Morans family have taken part in the challenge to support her fight, raising $37,000.
Others can join the fundraising cause in memory of Mrs. Moran, who had the nickname Bullet and died at age 51. At 1 p.m. Sunday in the gym at the former Sacred Heart Daycare Center, 320 W. Lynde St., there will be a Boston for Bullet Zumba event to benefit the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.
Mrs. Ruhm, who plans to attend the Zumba benefit, has a goal of raising $10,000 for Dana-Farber and its patients.
In her fundraising letter to supporters, Mrs. Ruhm, who is a program manager at Adirondack Health Institute in Glens Falls, listed several reasons why running the marathon in Mrs. Morans memory is important to her. Among them:
She got me off the couch and out for a run when I was out of work and out of shape after college; played happy birthday via phone on her trumpet every year on my big day and outran everyone on the block, but never made you feel bad about it.
Barb was the ultimate motivator, said Mrs. Ruhm, a 1979 graduate of South Jefferson Central.
The upcoming Dana-Farber Challenge will be Mrs. Ruhms third marathon.
I never particularly enjoyed running, she said.
But she added that Mrs. Moran loved it, and her memory is still motivating her to put on the miles.
Theres no way I would be doing another marathon without this connection, she said. Its hard, and its a lot of work.
In 1988, the pair, who shared the last name Richmond but were not related, motivated each other when they took part in the American Lung Associations second annual TransAmerica Bicycle Trek. It was a 3,500-mile trip from Seattle, Wash., to Atlantic City, N.J.
Mrs. Moran, a 1978 graduate of South Jefferson, taught physical education at General Brown Central School and was a certified personal trainer.
In September, Mrs. Moran was posthumously awarded the Henry Coffeen Memorial Award, which is presented annually to South Jefferson graduates who were stellar athletes and demonstrated exceptional leadership and character. Mrs. Morans father, Dr. John E. Richmond, accepted the award on his youngest childs behalf. He died in November.
It was a joyous moment when he said he would tell Barb about the award when he got to heaven, said Vicki A. Phillips, who is helping to organize the Zumba benefit.
Mrs. Phillips also grew up with Mrs. Moran in Adams.
She gave herself to everyone and never expected anything in return, Mrs. Phillips said. She loved life and thats why so many friends and colleagues had a hard time with her death.
Thousands of readers like you have made Northern New York Newspapers the number one ranked website* for local news and sports coverage in the north country.
You can continue on to this article in a few seconds, or you can visit one of our websites:


text:
The Viper SmartStart system is one of the cooler apps on the market for the iPhone. Viper SmartStart, the automobile security system company, has recently become famous for their iPhone app that allows you to unlock, lock and start your car from anywhere in the world. You also have the ability to pop the trunk and hit the panic button all from your iPhone. All of these features can be added to your car for a mere $500.
However, up until this point you only had the ability to talk to your car and give it commands via the iPhone on whether to open the doors or start the car. Now your car can essentially talk back to you. Viper just released an update for the iPhone that now includes push notifications. When your car alarm goes off you will be able to receive a message from the Viper SmartStart system alerting you that your alarm has been activated.
While all of this technology may see a bit over the line and unnecessary it is still a pretty cool feature to include. If you live in a cold winter state the ability to remotely start your car to heat it up from your iPhone might just sound too good to be true. Likewise if you are constantly worried about the safety of your vehicle and any potential items you may have inside knowing that your car as the ability to alert you when the alarm is set off could be worth the $500 and $30 a year fee for iPhone users to have that peace of mind. All in all I think the Viper SmartStart system and corresponding iPhone app are some of the most interesting pieces of technology on the market today.


text:
The anticipated Christmas release date for the new "Pleasure and Pain" DVD has been pushed back until after the new year. No exact release date has been set as of yet. In related news, the latest issue of quarterly magazine The FADER (Winter 2001 / Issue 10) features an interview with veteran rock photographer and "Pleasure and Pain" director Danny Clinch. Check it out on newsstands now. more»
If you're in the New York area on December 10th, make sure to check out the sculptures of Peter Harper, Ben's youngest brother. His new and growing site at peterharperart.com features the New York event details, bio and more.
On November 12 in Hollywood, CA, Innocent Criminal percussionist Leon Mobley partook in the 12th Annual NAACP Theatre Award for Best Play in Los Angeles for his work with the Robey Theatre Company in "For the Love of Freedom", a musical about Toussaint L'Overture. He also
was nominated for Best Musical Director. Congratulations Leon! more»


text:
Collection of Blood Samples From HIV Infected People
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
The purpose of this study is to collect blood samples from HIV infected individuals for use in future genetic studies.
HIV Infections
|Study Type:
|Official Title:
|Collection and Use of Blood For Genetic and Other Related Analyses (The GENOMICS Protocol)
Whole blood
|Study Start Date:
|January 2005
|Study Completion Date:
|September 2007
|Primary Completion Date:
|September 2007 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
Genetic differences among people with HIV may account for differences in disease progression and response to antiretroviral therapy. The Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA) was created to conduct studies in HIV infected communities and particularly in people of color, women, and injection drug users. This study will collect whole blood samples from HIV infected individuals. The samples will be used in future CPCRA studies comparing human genetic factors with clinical data from other CPCRA studies.
|Genders Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
|Sampling Method:
|Non-Probability Sample
Study participants will be selected from those who have given informed consent for participation in a qualifying CPCRA clinical trial.
Inclusion Criteria:
- Presently participating, previously participated in, or has given informed consent for participation in a qualifying CPCRA clinical trial
- Signed informed consent
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00096772
Show 83 Study Locations
|Study Chair:
|Jonathan Uy, MD
|AIDS Research Alliance Chicago (ARAC), University of Illinois at Chicago
Additional Information:
|Responsible Party:
|National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00096772 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|November 15, 2004
|Last Updated:
|May 16, 2014
|Health Authority:
|United States: Federal Government
Keywords provided by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID):
Genetic Testing
Human Genetic Factors
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on October 09, 2015


text:
It wasn't pretty and if not for Henrik Lundqvist we would be
sitting here talking about the blown opportunity the New York Rangers had; but
thanks to the man the fans call "King" the Rangers are up 2-0 after a 3-1 win.
Henrik Lundqvist earned every penny of his new contract extension with his play
in the first period alone stopping 13 out of the 14 shots he faced.
Let us not kid ourselves here as Montreal by all rights
should have had a 4-1 lead if Henrik Lundqvist had just an average period. The
Montreal Canadiens were getting scoring chances from right in the slot and in a
couple of cases 2-3 of them at a time. The Rangers were simply not able to
handle the Montreal attack and were allowing them to swarm the net and in a
couple of cases run into Lundqvist.
Montreal's first goal was well earned as they forced the
Rangers into 2 turnovers on the same play; the first by Zuccarello right in
front of Lundqvist and then Lundqvist himself missing on a poke check as Max
Pacioretty was able to score giving Montreal a 1-0 lead.
But Montreal then killed their own momentum and fan support
when on the very next shift they allowed the Rangers to get the puck in deep
and then they worked the puck back up the boards to Ryan McDonagh who fired the
puck towards the net but it hit Josh Gorges in the rear end and deflected into
the net for the tying goal just 17 seconds after Montreal had scored theirs.
It is a shame that Dom Moore doesn't get any credit for his
hard work on this goal as he was the one who did all the dirty work, carrying
the puck into the offensive zone, chipping it deeper into the corner and then
outskating the Canadiens to the puck where he wins the battle for the puck and
gets it back to McDonagh.
The goal took some steam out of the Montreal attack and
honestly it really looked as if Montreal was playing to win the game in the
first period. They were throwing everything and anything at Henrik as well as
taking the puck right to him.
That attack was also their undoing as with just over a
minute left in the period the Rangers got an odd man rush into the Canadiens
zone where Chris Kreider would hit a wide open Rick Nash with a perfect pass
that Nash "one times" past a late Dustin Tokarski for a 2-1 Ranger lead that
would prove to be the game winning goal. Nash's 2nd goal of the series and an almost carbon copy of his game
1 goal, on the attack facing the goal. That is how Rick Nash should be shooting
the puck and if he keeps doing this then he will have several more goals before
this series is over. But now Nash need to start shooting the puck more because
1-2 shots a game is not going to score multiple goals in a game.
In the 2nd period the Rangers began to regain
their brand of hockey as their defense improved and they were not playing a
scramble defense. Lundqvist still had to come up with a couple of solid saves
but the tide of this game was starting to change.
In the 3rd period, the Rangers finally took
control thanks to 2 early shifts; first the 4th line using a strong
forecheck kept Montreal scrambling in their defensive zone and unable to
attack. Montreal would get the puck as far as the Ranger blueline but the
Rangers went right back into Montreal's defensive zone where the 3rd line repeated the efforts of the 4th line.
No the Rangers did not score on either shift but they were
able to establish the tempo that they wanted to play as well as getting into
their 30 second shift pattern. Montreal had a lot of trouble adapting to the
constant Ranger line changes as the Rangers by keeping fresh legs on the ice
were disrupting the Montreal attack.
Alain Vigneault continued his use of mixing up his lines in
the 3rd period and you could see Montreal was very much off-balanced
by this tactic. Vigneault has been coaching like a mad man during the Ranger's
5 game winning streak.
It was pretty much smooth sailing for the Rangers until
Benoit Pouliot took a really stupid penalty in the offensive zone. Pouliot took
a boarding call that could have just as been called a major penalty as it was
just a minor but Pouliot for all that he does for the 3rd line hurts
the team with his bad penalties. The Rangers weathered the storm and finished off the Canadiens 3-1 and now head
to what should be a very loud Madison Square Garden for a pivotal game 3 on
Thursday. Imagine that the Rangers will get 2 days off between games.
My Heroes: Henrik Lundqvist for reasons plain to see, Brian
Boyle whose play at center has gotten better led Rangers with a 8-3 faceoff
stat and Ryan McDonagh who by next season will be established an one of the NHL's
elite defensemen.


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Product Details
Volkswagen Jetta 1992, Custom Style Rear Spoiler with Light by Remin®. Give the back of your car a more dynamic look with this Custom Rear Spoiler. Its distinctive shape will set your car apart from similar models and at the same time complement your car's factory styling. Inexpensive and easy to install, for a little time and money you can improve your car's appearance and aerodynamics.
- Unique custom style
- Improves aerodynamics and fuel mileage
- Made from automotive-grade ABS plastic
- Installs easily with screws and gaskets
- Incorporates 3rd brake light
- Available painted and unpainted
- Comes with all necessary mounting hardware and instructions
- 3-year, 30,000 mile warranty
- Made in the USA
At very high speeds, a rear spoiler prevents airflow separation, decreases drag and improves fuel economy. You'll probably never drive fast enough to realize a spoiler's functional benefits, but you can always enjoy the image of speed it brings to your car's appearance. This Custom Style Rear Spoiler will give the back of your car a subtle race car look, without looking like an add-on afterthought.
Made from high from high quality material such as automotive-grade ABS plastic, and custom designed for each application, for perfect fit and finish. It also includes a 3rd brake light for increased safety. The spoiler is secured with screws and comes with all necessary mounting hardware and comprehensive instructions.
And although it can be ordered unpainted, we strongly encourage you to select the painted option. Our computerized paint mixing system enables us to guarantee that your spoiler will match your factory paint, and it's unlikely that a local body shop will be able to paint your spoiler for less than the price difference.108.55 158.65
Brand: Remin Part Numbers:
Remin® has been designing dash kits since the 1990s and grown organically to be one of the major players in the automotive trim market. The company has invested heavily in cutting edge technology, with CNC lasers for perfect fitment and the latest equipment for color and pattern matching, to achieve exact matches to factory colors and grain patterns. Remin has over the years built an extensive digital library of dashboard patterns for just about every car marketed in the US since the 80s. Remin dash kits are the only kits on the market that are manufactured in the USA Having the production in house (Roselle Park, NJ) makes it possible to for Remin's design team to bring kits for new vehicle models to market faster than the competition. Having created a firm customer base and a loyal following, Remin is now adding new product lines, with spoilers being the latest addition. The company is well positioned for its projected expansion. Quality, superior styling and first class customer service constitutes the stable base upon which the continued success of Remin is being built.
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You will never pay more with CARiD! Not only will we match prices from any competitor's website or other reputable source, we will continue to honor that promise for up to one year after your purchase.
We'll match the price at time of purchase, or refund you the difference if done after the purchase. Either way, we are totally committed to providing you the best online shopping experience.
We're car and truck enthusiasts, just like you! And it's enthusiasts we hire in our Sales and Service Centers. Many of our staff are ASE certified and have spent years in the retail auto business.
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With hundreds of vendors, and tens of thousands of components for sale, we put tremendous effort into coordinating our data with our vendors' data in order to guarantee that you get the correct part.
Our huge database is regularly cross-checked to keep it current and optimized. At times, our thoroughness makes our data even more accurate than our suppliers! This rigorous process means that you can always order with confidence.


text:
'Sometimes it looks like the nipple is raised, but there's nothing there'
VENETA, Ore. - Tina Bryson doesn't have what some would consider a normal job.
"I feel I was gifted the ability to do this, and so it's my way of giving back," said the cosmetic tattoo artist.
Breast cancer survivors like Jackie Madden come to Bryson after losing their nipples during a mastectomy.
"It's a loss of femininity to a woman," Madden said, "and when you get it back, it makes a world of difference to you."
Madden was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2006. She had a mastectomy and breast reconstruction a year later.
"They looked normal," she said, "but they had nothing on them."
That is where Bryon comes in.
"I tattoo a nipple on there," she said. "It's called repigmentation at the nipple, or areola reconstruction."
Bryson takes a washers like you would buy at the hardware store and uses them to trace a design on her clients.
"The outside would be the aerola, and the inside would be the nipple nodule depending on how they want it to be," Bryson said.
She then tattoos the faux nipple on the breast - free of charge.
"It's very natural looking," she said. "Sometimes it looks like the nipple is raised, but there's nothing there. It's just ink."
For survivors like Madden, it means getting a piece of herself back.
"It's like bam! Cancer, I finally got rid of you," she said. "I finally took back everything you took away from me."


text:
Aquabound Paddles
Manta Ray Aluminum Shaft Kayak Paddle
In Stock Product Number: 3423
The Aquqabound Manta Ray Aluminum kayak paddle has more horsepower for big boats, high-angle paddlers and moving water. Featuring our abXII blades with a corrosion resistant, anodized shaft, this is a quality recreational paddle with a low price tag.
* This product does not qualify for shipping to all countries.
- Ovalized Shaft: Aluminum, Standard
- Blade: 18" x7" (LxW)
- Blade Surface Area: 104 sq.in.
- Paddle Construction: 2pc, 4pc
- Blade Material - abX II Resin-This paddle features Aqua-Bound's new, exclusive abX II resin. This material is lighter than the previous generation of abX material, and 22% stronger. The blades are gas-assist plastic injection molded, reinforced with fiberglass fibers. All the better to keep you on the water and out of trouble.
- Ferrule Options - 3-hole Snap Button- This Aqua-Bound recreational paddle comes with a standard 3-hole snap button ferrule system, with 0 and 60-degree RHC and LHC feathered positions. Quiet and precise, it won't squeak or wiggle.Shaft Material - Aluminum-The aluminum shaft has a corrosion-resistant, anodized shaft and carries the lowest price tag.
Gender: Unisex
Weight: Paddle Weight: 37.75 oz
Dimensions: Blade: 18" x7" (LxW)
Season: S12
Vendor ProductId: YELLOW BLADES
Review ProductId: 3423


text:
Role of Altered CD40-Ligand Gene Transcription in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Recruitment status was Recruiting
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an often devastating autoimmune disease which affects 1 in 2,000 women in the United States. Recently, several research laboratories have reported that a protein, named CD40-ligand (CD154), is overexpressed by a subset of white blood cells, called lymphocytes, in patients with lupus. Expression of CD154 appears critical to the generation of antibodies that cause disease in lupus. Blocking CD154 interactions in the immune system has been shown to decrease disease activity in animal models of lupus. We propose to study the regulation of CD154 in patients with lupus in hopes of inhibiting its abnormal and deleterious expression.
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Observational Model: Case Control
|Official Title:
|Role of Altered CD40-Ligand Gene Transcription in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|13 Years and older
|Genders Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
A diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00008749
|Contact: Randy Q Cron, MD, Ph.D.
|United States, Pennsylvania
|Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104-4318
|Contact: Randy Q Cron, M.D., Ph.D. 215-590-1844
No publications provided
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00008749 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|January 16, 2001
|Last Updated:
|June 23, 2005
|Health Authority:
|United States: Federal Government
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
Autoimmune Diseases
Connective Tissue Diseases
Immune System Diseases
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on October 13, 2015


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DaytonView Residential Housing
Contact: email@example.com
United Theological Seminary currently has residential units available for student rental at three DaytonView Community addresses: 1101 Salem Avenue, 1127 Salem Avenue, and 3115 Salem Avenue. The characteristics of each address differ, and are described below. As described, each student unit will be rented for $495 per month (per student or family unit). This includes all utilities (heat, electric, water/sewer and trash pick up), security alarm, TV and Internet service, and off-street parking. A signed lease agreement, first month's rent, a security deposit of $495 and a key deposit of $25 is required prior to occupancy. Six-month leases are available on these properties. These properties are likely to be in high demand, so prompt action advisable.
1101 Salem Avenue (Two Apartments)
Apartment #1 [1 Unit]
· Bedroom (13' x 17')
· Living Room (15' x 17')
· Kitchen (8' x 11')
· Bath (7' x 9')
· 2 Large Closets
This one-bedroom apartment is ideal for one student, or one student and a spouse. It can also work for two students. The large living room easily provides office space. This unit looks out patio doors upon an upstairs porch and inward to a closed central atrium with fig trees. Electric range and refrigerator are provided, as well as central heating and air conditioning. Washer and dryer are provided in downstairs laundry room. (Though unfurnished, some furniture may be available upon request, as indicated by the pictures of the Unit.)
Apartment #2 [1 Unit]
· Bedroom (12' x 13')
· Living Room (13'x 14')
· Office (8' x 14')
· Kitchen (6' x 9')
· Bath (7' x 9')
· 2 Large Closets
This one-bedroom apartment is ideal for one student, or one student and a spouse. It can work for two students in the right situation. This unit is completely furnished and looks out upon a spacious front lawn and inward to a closed central atrium with fig trees. This unit has an efficiency kitchen including a mini-refrigerator, dishwasher, microwave, toaster oven, double-burner, and coffee maker. Central heating and air conditioning are provided, and washer and dryer are provided in downstairs laundry room.
1127 Salem Avenue (House to be shared by three students
· Living Room (15' x 20')
· Dining Room (13' x 15')
· Kitchen (13' x 19')
· Pantry (6' x 8')
· Bath (9' x 9')
· ½ Bath (4' x 5')
· Bedroom 1 (10 x 12')
· Bedroom 2 (10'x 12')
· Bedroom 3 (13' x 13')
· 2nd Floor Community Space (14' x 20')
· Bath (8' x 10')
· 3rd Floor Community Space (12' x 18')
· Full Basement
· Adjacent Parking Lot
This spacious 12-room house is ideal for three students. With private bedrooms, 2 ½ baths, large kitchen, and ample common space, this home provides opportunities for privacy, as well as entertaining guests. The large kitchen is suitable for eat-in and includes side-by-side refrigerator, built-in oven, and electric cook-top. The kitchen cabinetry and the pantry, which is accessed easily from the kitchen, provide numerous storage options. Washer and dryer are located in the full basement, which also offers storage solutions. Central heating and air conditioning are provided. (Though unfurnished, some furniture may be available upon request, as indicated by the pictures of this 3-Unit option.)
Ministry House at Sulphur Grove UMC
Contact: email@example.com
Ministry House at Sulphur Grove UMC
Ministry House is more than a house; it is an intentional community available to United Theological Seminary students. Those living in Ministry House will create a rule of life, spiritually forming them in their walk with the Lord through prayer, the reading of scripture, neighborhood ministry, and celebration. Ministry House serves as an excellent opportunity for United students, as it offers affordable housing, a contextual ministry placement, and a way to be a part of an intentional community.
Salem Woods Apartments
Salem Woods Apartments
Salem Woods are lovely apartments in a wooded area, located approximately one mile from the campus. Leasing opportunities include one- and two-bedroom garden apartments, and two- and three-bedroom townhouse apartments.
All apartments have a separate full kitchen, bedroom, a full bath and a living area. Furniture is not included with these apartments. Laundry facilities are centrally located and some units have laundry facilities within the apartment building.
Two pools, a fitness center, tennis courts, children's play area, and clubhouse are available to the residents.
See the Salem Woods web site for photos, floor plans, and more information about this. Leasing agreements at Salem Woods are arranged directly by the student so please contact Salem Woods for more information.


text:
Big or small, physical or digital, we can help you create lasting impact with your customers.See How
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text:
- Northern New York Newspapers
- Watertown
- Ogdensburg
- Massena-Potsdam
- Lowville
- Carthage
- Malone
- NNY Business
- NNY Living
- NNY Ads
City of Watertown officials are considering a sweeping new tax exemption program for mixed-use developments that would avoid developers having to go through the sometimes turbulent payment-in-lieu-of-taxes process.
On Monday night, the City Council discussed the proposal first brought up a few months ago by Councilman Jeffrey M. Smith and now supported by Mayor Jeffrey E. Graham. No action was taken.
Although the mayor insisted it is too early to know whether COR Development Co. would take advantage of the program, the Syracuse-area developers $65 million to $70 million project probably would qualify, other council members said.
COR has announced plans to demolish the former Mercy Hospital and replace it with 168 residential upper-floor units and 42,000 square feet of commercial space on the ground floor.
If the city eventually adopts the tax exemption program, developers of mixed-use projects no longer would have to approach the other two taxing jurisdictions, Jefferson County and the Watertown City School District, to negotiate tax deals.
Instead, the program, called 485-a of the states Real Property Law, would allow qualified mixed commercial and residential projects to receive 100 percent exemption for the first eight years and then partial exemptions phasing out over the next four years. Developers still would have to apply for the program, but eligibility would be based on established criteria.
The program would have to be approved before demolition, which COR is expected to begin this fall.
Under the existing program, terms of a PILOT can change from project to project, depending on the whims of council members and the economic times.
The tax deals also have caused angst and confusion for the Board of Education in recent years, especially in regard to a pair of large apartment complexes now under construction in the town of Watertown.
Even though it was their first discussion, council members Monday debated the merits of the tax exemption program for about 30 minutes. A majority of the council appeared to support the idea, but Councilwoman Roxanne M. Burns cautioned that the city still needs to persuade the school board and county to allow it. The Jefferson County Legislature and the city school board must agree to it before the city can implement it, she noted.
But the mayor said he told the two other taxing jurisdictions that the subject would be coming up at Monday nights council meeting.
I dont believe every developer has to get something to invest in our area, Ms. Burns said.
The program would not only help big developers, but people who want to make investments in smaller projects, said Councilwoman Teresa R. Macaluso.
I think its a step in the right direction, for sure, Ms. Macaluso said.
Council members mentioned specific downtown buildings the planned Lincoln Building restoration project on Public Square and the vacant Empsall Plaza and Berow & Monroe Shoes building on Court Street that could benefit from such an exemption program.
In other business, the City Council:
n Tabled a plan to establish a $50 vending fee to sell goods at Thompson Park, Kostyk Fields, Marble Fields and the North Side Athletic Fields. Council members told the Parks and Recreation Department to work out some kinks in the proposal and bring it back next year.
n Tabled approving a $69,905 state Division of Homeland Security grant for the Watertown Fire Department to purchase a large four-passenger pickup truck with towing capabilities. Council members objected that the vehicle would not only be used for the city Fire Department but also for Jefferson County.
Thousands of readers like you have made Northern New York Newspapers the number one ranked website* for local news and sports coverage in the north country.
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text:
Where am I?
Student, Faculty Art Work and Alumni Sites
The fine arts department offers a wide variety of art classes. Drawing, sculpture, painting, ceramics and photography are offered along with speciality classes like anatomy, life size drawing and painting, illustration, bookmaking and Chinese brush. In sculpture, students can work in wax and then bronze small sculptures. In anatomy, students start at the bone and work their way out through the muscles to the skin. Bookmaking students can use their imagination to make a book from cover to cover, building a book of memories or a story they have wanted to tell using graphics, drawings and photos. Please look over some of the work students have produced.
Fontbonne's fine art department has many excellent and well-known instructors, both full-time and part-time, who exhibit their work nationwide. Faculty Exhibit Fall 2012 and Fall 2015.
Full-time instructors include:
Mark Douglas is both a photographer and graphic artist. He has shown his work throughout the United States and combines his love of black and white photography with his computer skills, bringing our students his knowledge in the old and new mediums.
Tim Liddy has a unique style that has evolved over the years. As a craftsperson and draftsman, he encourages his students to grow in their own style while being sure they have the basics down. His anatomy class is intense, and students take it more than once.
David Newton our newest faculty member is a classically trained sculptor in he European tradition. His sculptures offer a "refined yet modern interpretation of the human experience".
Catherine Talasek is a well-known ceramic artist who had her students build a salt kiln as a group project and has participated in shows through out the United Sates and Taiwan. Her classes are filled with students who love working in clay, and whether they are art or English majors, they come back for more.
Victor Wang recently wrote his first book, "Three Major Traditional Techniques of Oil Painting," and the techniques he talks about in his book are techniques he has been teaching his students since he started teaching at Fontbonne. His life size drawing and painting class reflect his interest in the figure.
We also have a wonderful group of adjunct faculty who bring in their own talents and knowledge to round out our students class room experience.
Retired 2013 - Hank Knickmeyer earned his Master Smith stamp in the American Bladesmith Society in 1994 and is a nationally known knife maker and blacksmith.
Thesis Shows are an important part of graduating. We have Fall and Spring thesis shows and all of our graduating students participate. To see the most recent thesis show please check out the image gallery.
Some Fontbonne Art Alumni
Cathy Einspanier Moore, BFA 1982
Leslie Nichols (Reuther), BFA 2001
Linda Baxter-Simonic, MFA 2005
Current Students


text:
Science Friday® is produced by the Science Friday Initiative, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.
Science Friday® and SciFri® are registered service marks of Science Friday, Inc. Site design by Pentagram; engineering by Mediapolis.
|The head of the National Hurricane Center is out, put on leave this Monday following calls from employees at the center for his removal. Bill Proenza, the ousted director, had been quite vocal about what he saw as dangerous gaps in the center's capabilities, including the potential failure of an aging satellite used for forecasting. Also this week, Dr Richard Carmona, the former Surgeon General, accused the Bush Administration of pressuring him to censor or delay scientific reports that disagreed with the administration's policies. Is it war on science, or politics as usual? Join Ira Flatow on Science Friday for a conversation with Seed magazine's Chris Mooney about this week's events.


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There is nothing like the bright light of fireworks shining in kids eyes.
That is until the light goes out.
Firework safety is no joke, and in recent years looser restrictions on fireworks in many areas have increased injuries to both children and adults.
Americans love to celebrate with fireworks, but while they used to be a tradition mostly on the Fourth of July, in many parts of the country, fireworks are now a mainstay of weddings, birthday parties, picnics and any other occasion of celebration. In Utah there is particularly one other celebration where fireworks are used and that is Pioneer Day, July 24. That puts fireworks being used right in the middle of the fire season and over the years dozens of home and wildfires have been started by fireworks being used on that state holiday.
In reality the injury rate on legal fireworks has declined over 84 percent since the Consumer Products Safety Commission began to closely monitor the fireworks industry a number of years ago. While usage continues to expand on an annual basis, the injury rate drops every year.
However that doesn't mean things are all hunky dorry with fireworks. As with almost every type of human endeavor, people push the envelope on what they can legally do and in this case they sometimes literally get burned.
In many cases emergency room workers can tell when fireworks stands go up in an area; the number of injuries that come in go up in number and the cases are usually related to burns, eye damage and sometimes missing digits.
The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) monitors a sample of hospital rooms and produces annual injury estimates associated with a number of consumer products based upon the injuries that are recorded on these selected hospitals.
CPSC emphasizes that estimates are based on injuries relating to fireworks, but it is incorrect to say that injuries were caused by the product. Also, the figure covers injury reports associated with all types of fireworks, including accidents involving homemade items and large, illegal explosive devices.
In 1976, CPSC enacted national standards for family-type fireworks in response to a petition calling on CPSC to ban all fireworks except for licensed public displays. All fireworks now legally available for sale to consumers must comply with the CPSC rules. Since the adoption of these regulations, the amount of fireworks used each year has doubled, suggesting that the injury rate in terms of injuries per one million pounds of fireworks ignited has declined significantly.
A recent report prepared by CPSC analyzed injury data collected over a seven year period. The study concluded, "In instances where legal types of fireworks were involved in accidents, either from misuse or malfunction, the resulting injuries were relatively minor and did not require hospitalization."
The CPSC study also noted that a majority of the injuries from the "consumer" or family-type fireworks involved misuse rather than malfunction.
Illegal fireworks continue to be a serious problem. Over the past 10 years, 30-33 percent of the injuries associated with fireworks have typically been caused by illegal explosives or homemade fireworks. In Utah it has been common practice for people to travel to Wyoming to buy fireworks that are legal there, but illegal in the Beehive State. Another source is also Nevada. People will travel to Las Vegas or Mesquite to gamble throughout the year and buy fireworks during their trip, bring them home and save them for celebrations.
Other fireworks that people obtain through the black market or even on the internet are legal in few areas. One of the most famous fireworks is the M-80 firecracker (firecrackers of all kinds are legal in only a few states and those are of limited power). The M-80 is actually a mini-grenade. It has great explosive power, and can be thrown in water because of it's special fuse and will still go off. A favorite thing for those who use these to do is to put them in a can and watch it explode.
However, the M-80 is basically a bomb and the shrapnel that can be flung from the exploding device inside a can may end the sight of whoever is watching.
However, today's legal consumer fireworks are primarily noted from their beautiful visual effects rather than explosive noise. With the enactment of rigid safety standards for consumer fireworks, a safe, enjoyable backyard fireworks display is now possible.
Yet despite the fireworks industries attempts to make their products more user friendly has also resulted in more and more people handling them, including those who know little about the dangers.
According to the latest statistics from the CPSC, fireworks accounted for approximately 9,300 injuries in 2003 with nearly 14% of those eye related. These figures do not take into account those who were left untreated, injuries that occur anonymously to children and bystanders in the backyards of America. This is of great concern to Scott Barnes, OD, Clinical Director of TLC Laser Eye Care Center, Salt Lake City.
"Every year, I hear about or see those whose eyesight has been greatly compromised or lost due to carelessness when handling fireworks. The consensus among eye care professionals is not to play with fire - literally. Leave the fireworks to the festivals and fairs in your area. They organize and plan the best displays and charge little or nothing for you to enjoy."
Barnes goes on to say that people often believe they are handling so- called "safe" alternatives when they buy sparklers, bottle rockets or other less volatile pyrotechnics. He says they are mistaken. "Sparklers are responsible for a majority of the injuries to children under five. They can burn at 1800 degrees Fahrenheit, enough to rob a child of their eyesight. Enough to melt gold," warns Barnes.
Those who wish to use fireworks with family and friends are urged to wear eye protection. Safety goggles and eyeglasses are readily available at nearby hardware store.
In some counties, fireworks are heavily regulated due to the Federal Hazardous Substances Act or are illegal. And in some places they are illegal as well. In many camping spots fireworks are not allowed due to the high fire danger at some times of the year, particularly in July when the growth of plants is mature and often dried out.
While it seems there is a lot of common sense that should be used each year when using fireworks, that aspect of human behavior seems to go right out the door sometimes.
For instance, every year injuries and sometimes death result from individuals carelessly using fireworks inside automobiles. Operating an automobile takes concentration. Using fireworks takes concentration. The NCFS urges people to never to mix these two tasks.
Ralph Apel, President of the NCFS, said that fireworks should never be used in an automobile or thrown from a vehicle. Fireworks should always be used outdoors in a clear area, away from buildings and combustibles
"When handled properly and used responsibly, consumer fireworks provide enjoyment and recreation for families across the country. Every year, however, preventable tragedies occur," said Apel.
Here are some important safety tips about fireworks.
Observe Local Laws and use Common Sense. Fireworks are not toys. They don't mix with alcohol. They should never be ignited in a closed area, including vehicles. Don't smoke around fireworks. Use them wisely.
Only adults should use fireworks. Never give fireworks to young children. Accidents happen when fireworks fall into the wrong hands.
Be responsible. Accidents can be prevented.
Never point or throw fireworks at another person. Always think safety first.
Throwing fireworks from cars invites tragedy. Use only Outdoors, away from buildings and vehicles. Never use fireworks in a confined space.
Light only one firework at a time. After lighting, step back from the device. Do not try to re light a "dud". Never look into a firework tube or mortar
Do not experiment with home made fireworks. Making fireworks is extremely risky and dangerous.
About Firework Safety
* Do not rub the eye. Rubbing the eye may increase bleeding or make the injury worse.
* Do not attempt to rinse out the eye. This can be even more damaging than rubbing.
* Do not apply pressure to the eye itself. Holding or taping a foam cup or the bottom of a juice carton to the eye are just two tips. Protecting the eye from further contact with any item, including the child's hand, is the goal.
* Do not stop for medicine! Over-the-counter pain relievers will not do much to relieve pain. Aspirin (should never be given to children) and ibuprofen can thin the blood, increasing bleeding. Take the child to the emergency room at once - this is more important than stopping for a pain reliever.
* Do not apply ointment. Ointment, which may not be sterile, makes the area around the eye slippery and harder for the doctor to examine.
* Do not let your child play with fireworks, even if his/her friends are setting them off. Sparklers burn at 1800 degrees Fahrenheit and bottle rockets can stray off course or throw shrapnel when they explode.