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The Price River has been named as one of the nation's most endangered waterways by two state and federal organizations.
The American and Utah rivers councils made the announcement on Wednesday, citing plans to build a dam and reservoir in the headwaters.
The 20th annual America's endangered rivers report highlights waterways with what the groups feel have the most uncertain futures rather than the worst chronic problems.
The river conservation councils have called on the United States Bureau of Reclamation to reject Sanpete's proposal to construct the project and the U.S. Forest Service to strengthen watershed protections in the Price River system.
"Nobody has too much money or too much clean water," said Rebbeca Wodder, president of American Rivers. "The Gooseberry-Narrows dam would waste both to grow more alfalfa in the desert."
The Sanpete Water Conservancy District is asking BOR to build a dam on Gooseberry Creek, a major Price River tributary.
The proposal calls for constructing 17,000 acre-foot reservoir and piping one-third of the water across the Wasatch Plateau to irrigators in Sanpete County, noted the groups.
The approximately 250 irrigators would use most of the water to grow a third cutting of alfalfa, pointed out the groups. And it is likely that one day the water would be transferred to municipal use.
According to the council members, the dam would drown valuable habitat upstream and deplete the downstream.
The organizations report that more than four miles of streams and 100 acres of valuable wetlands habitat would be flooded under the reservoir.
Downstream, lower flows would reduce water levels for many miles. Reportedly, portions of Gooseberry Creek could drop by as much as 74 percent and Fish Creek could drop by as much as 24 percent.
The lower flows could lead to decreased water levels in Scofield Reservoir and reduce the amount of water for Carbon County residents to meet their basic needs. Lower flows in Gooseberry and Fish creeks could damage popular fisheries of rainbow and cutthroat trout making the areas less attractive to anglers, boaters and campers.
"The proposed Gooseberry Narrows Dam would siphon water from Carbon County and money from the public purse," said Merritt Frey, executive director of the Utah Rivers Council. "Even at the conservative estimate for construction costs of $25 million, providing this water will cost taxpayers more than $4,500 per acre-foot."
The Price River and its tributaries, Gooseberry and Fish creeks, are surrounded by the scenic canyons of the Wasatch Plateau and are home to a variety of fish and wildlife. The Price River watershed, wild enough to qualify for a National Wild and Scenic designation, offers rafting, hiking, fishing, and horseback riding opportunities. Recreation and tourism play an increasingly large role in the economy along the Price River.
"The communities in the Price River watershed can ill-afford to have their valuable natural assets drowned or depleted to provide water for interests that have other water supply options," states the councils.
The Sanpete Water Conservancy District is asking the Bureau of Reclamation to advance the dam proposal and release its findings for public comments. Conservation groups have called on the Bureau of Reclamation to reject the proposal and act on recommendations developed by community groups that propose meeting Sanpete County's need by improving the efficiency of existing water delivery and irrigation systems.
When contacted, Richard Lee, president of the Carbon Water Conservancy District said they had no comment on the release because they had not seen it yet.
This summer, the Forest Service will release its management plans for the Manti-La Sal National Forest which contains Gooseberry and Fish creeks. The groups urged the agency to recommend the Lower Gooseberry and Fish creeks for National Wild and Scenic Rivers designation. The designation would end this and any future prospects of dam construction on the creeks.


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Exploratory Study of Iocide Oral Rinse in a Diabetic Population (Diabetes)
- Full Text View
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- No Study Results Posted
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- How to Read a Study Record
The goals of this exploratory study are to 1)examine an investigational oral rinse as an adjunctive agent to scaling and root planing in treating chronic periodontitis in a periodontitis-susceptible diabetes population, and 2) evaluate its effect on glycemic control and biomarkers of systemic inflammation.
Diabetes Type 2
Drug: Frio Mouth Rinse Placebo
Drug: Frio Mouth Rinse
Phase 1
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Allocation: Randomized
Endpoint Classification: Safety/Efficacy Study
Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
Masking: Double Blind (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Primary Purpose: Prevention
|Official Title:
|Exploratory Study of Iocide Oral Rinse in a Diabetic Population
- The primary study endpoints are periodontal evaluation including clinical attachment level, pocket depth, plaque index, suppuration and gingival index score. [ Time Frame: 6 Months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
- Secondary endpoints include glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and systemic biomarkers (LPS, TNF-a, CRP, IL-6, serum insulin and glucose). Tertiary outcome measures include staining, calculus, opportunistic Candida infection, and patient satisfaction. [ Time Frame: 6 Months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
|Study Start Date:
|December 2008
|Study Completion Date:
|June 2010
|Primary Completion Date:
|April 2010 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|Assigned Interventions
Experimental: Frio Oral Rinse
Prescription Mouth Rinse. Rinse with 15ml twice daily then expectorate.
Drug: Frio Mouth Rinse
Prescription Mouth Rinse. Rinse with 15ml twice daily then expectorate.
Experimental: Placebo
Prescription Mouth Rinse. Rinse with 15ml twice daily then expectorate.
Drug: Frio Mouth Rinse Placebo
Prescription Mouth Rinse. Rinse with 15ml twice daily then expectorate.
Detailed Description:
This double-blind prospective pilot study will evaluate the effects of an investigational oral rinse as an adjunctive agent to non-surgical periodontal intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Approximately thirty (30) adult (35 years or older) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with untreated chronic periodontitis of moderate or worse severity will be enrolled in the 6-month study to provide 24 evaluable subjects (12 per group). All subjects enrolled in the trial will receive standard periodontal therapy including scaling and root planing (SRP). Half will be randomized to receive the investigational oral rinse adjunctively twice daily; the other half will receive placebo rinse twice daily. Study participants will be treated with either Iocide or placebo rinse for the first 90 days of the study only. Follow up examinations will be performed at six months. Evaluation of biological markers associated with systemic inflammation and diabetes will be performed at baseline, three months, and six months. The primary study outcome is clinical measurement of chronic periodontitis (gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, clinical attachment level). Secondary outcomes are change in HbA1c and markers of systemic inflammation measured by serum C-reactive protein, plasma TNF-a, and IL-6.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|35 Years and older
|Genders Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- Have self-reported type 2 diabetes of more than three months duration.
- A current HbA1c value between 7.0% and 12%.
- Report no change in diabetes-related medications during the three months prior to enrollment.
- Be at least 35 years of age.
- Have at least 16 natural teeth.
- Have moderate to severe chronic periodontitis, defined by loss of clinical attachment of >5 mm on two seperate teeth, and no treatment within six months.
- Able and willing to comply with study requirements including following instructions on study treatment and returning for follow-up visits as required by the protocol
- Have full understanding of all elements of, and signature and dating of the written informed consent prior to the initiation of protocol specified procedures
- Females with childbearing potential must have a negative pregnancy test before and during the study period. Sexually active females must be using an effective form of birth control. These methods include oral contraceptives ("the pill"), an intrauterine device (IUD), levonogestrol implants (Norplant®), medroxyprogesterone acetate injections (Depo-provera®) or contraceptive foam with a condom.
Exclusion Criteria:
- History, or current evidence, of any significant acute or chronic medical or psychiatric condition that, in the opinion of the Investigator, would render examination difficult or invalid or prevent the subject from active study participation
- TPOab positive
- Baseline serum level of TSH <0.35 or >5.5
- Treatment with antibiotic within the three (3) month period prior to the screening examination
- Presence of valvular disease, prosthetic implant, or any other systemic condition requiring antibiotic premedication
- History of thyroid disease
- Purported sensitivity or allergy to iodine
- Known sensitivity or allergy to shellfish
- History of autoimmune disease, or chronic infections such as HIV or hepatitis
- History of cardiovascular disease (heart attack or procedure within the past three months, stroke or history/treatment for transient ischemic attacks in the past three months, or documented history of pulmonary embolus in past six months), unstable angina pectoris or angina pectoris at rest,
- History of renal disease: serum creatinine exceeding 1.4 mg/dl (women) or 1.5 mg/dl (men), or currently receiving dialysis.
- Gross oral pathology (periodontal disease, rampant caries, tissue damage created by poor oral care or treatment, soft or hard tissue tumors) that, in the opinion of the Investigator, could alter the treatment needs during the study
- Current signs or symptoms of mucosal tissue ulcerations or inflammation, or canker sores
- Presence of orthodontic appliances or any removable appliance that impinges on the oral tissues being assessed
- History of or current alcohol abuse that, in the opinion of the Investigator, could influence the outcome of the study
- History of, or current drug abuse
- Use of concomitant medication that, in the opinion of the Investigator, might interfere with the outcome of the study (e.g. antibiotics, immuno-suppressants, steroids, or therapeutic doses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, phenytoin, calcium antagonists, cyclosporine or coumadin)
- Concomitant therapy with another investigational drug or device without prior approval from the Sponsor within four weeks prior to Visit 2 (Study Day 1)
- Concomitant endodontic or periodontal therapy other than prophylaxis in the past six (6) months
- Females with childbearing potential with a positive pregnancy test, pregnant or nursing mothers, suspected pregnancy, or intention to become pregnant during the study
- Residence in the same household as a subject already enrolled in the study (inclusion may create blinding and/or compliance issues)
- Unable and unwilling to comply with the informed consent process, to meet study requirements including following instructions on study treatment, and to return for follow-up visits as required by the protocol.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00801164
|United States, Texas
|The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Dental School
|San Antonio, Texas, United States, 78229
|Principal Investigator:
|Thomas W. Oates, DMD, Ph.D.
|University of Texas
No publications provided
|Responsible Party:
|Biomedical Development Corporation
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00801164 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|December 2, 2008
|Last Updated:
|February 1, 2012
|Health Authority:
|United States: Food and Drug Administration
Keywords provided by Biomedical Development Corporation:
Diabetes Type 2
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus
Endocrine System Diseases
Glucose Metabolism Disorders
Metabolic Diseases
Mouth Diseases
Periodontal Diseases
Stomatognathic Diseases
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on October 06, 2015

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Print Page
Nicole Lee (left) checks out at the newly christened Fresh Market in Price. The Fresh Market brand is a new chain run out of Salt Lake and has around 34 stores in operation to date.
Fresh Market Grocery is now open in Price and will offer Associated Foods brands. The market is located in the former Albertson's store by 100 N. The change in ownership has not resulted in any job losses. Although the building is still labeled as Albertson's, according to store director, Dick Raich, the transition has been smooth and is nearly complete.
The Fresh Market brand is a new chain that is based and owned in Utah. In terms of a business plan, specifics are not available.
"We're happy to be able to bring a new value to the Price market," said Raich. "It's been a complete product line change. We've extended the Western Family brands to the area, increasing specialty foods with our new suppliers."
Across Utah, the Fresh Market brand has 34 stores, many of them former Albertson's. The brand is managed in Salt Lake. While Associated Foods services over 500 stores, Fresh Market is a coordinated group. The store hopes to provide new items in the deli market, as well as meals that are ready to eat.
"Our intent is to be a locally- operated grocery and RX store that provides great service to our area," said Raich.
Associated Foods was founded as a company in 1940. It is based in Salt Lake and operates primarily in the western United States.
According to the company, "Associated Food Stores champions the cause of independent supermarket owners and is the only independent wholesale distributor headquartered in the intermountain west, employing over 1,400 people and shipping over 750 truckloads of groceries each week."
|Print Page


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Cables & Connectors - DVI14 years of bringing you savings on name brand Cables & Connectors - DVI, including Cables To Go, Belkin Components, Dynex, and more.30 Day Return Policy. Order Online or Call Toll Free 866-880-1230
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Stan B. - Sep 30th 2015


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Nate McLouth is in Tampa and is starting in LF for the O's tonight and Endy Chavez has been DFAd.
Looks like a bunch of posters just got their wish.
Jordan Tuwiner wrote:I feel like they will give McLouth a shot and if he struggles they will turn back to Avery or maybe even Hoes.
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We'll respond shortly.
Engine Yard has made some changes to their ssh-key setup:
…any non-approved keys will be removed from the root user's
authorized_keys file. It should be noted that customers should not log
in directly as root but rather should log in as their user and use
sudo for any commands that need super user privilege. If you are
currently using the root user to log in and have your key in roots
authorized_keys file it will be removed when this change is made.
If you are having any ssh problems, contact them.


text:
special offers and discounts
Our collection of Steelers jerseys features three styles of Nike NFL jerseys: Elite, Limited, and Game Replica. We also feature Mitchell & Ness Steelers throwback jerseys. Browse through our catalog to find womens' jerseys and kids' jerseys as well. Whether you're looking for your favorite player, or your own name on a custom jersey, you can find it at the Official Pittsburgh Steelers Shop.


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Rocky Ride Insulated Waterproof Wellington Boots
Select a Color : BROWN
Select a Width :
Select a Size : 11
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Rocky Ride Insulated Waterproof Wellington Boots
Select a Color : BROWN
Select a Width :
Select a Size : 11
Product Actions
Additional Information
While glancing at the list of bullet points, you may have started to think that this pair of pull-on boots sounds like an urban myth. This Rocky Ride boot is meant to be worn, not just pulled out of the closet for special holidays. It's essential that the boot is made with everything that you'll need throughout the years. With that in mind; this Ride boot has been assembled with durable construction, is covered in hardy materials, provides comfort and delivers dryness protection and warmth.
To produce a boot this durable and hardy, Rocky blended together full-grain leather (on the foot and trim) and 1,000 denier nylon (extremely strong and resistant to abrasions) on the upper.
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More often than not, you don't want your feet to get cold or wet. In these Ride boots, that will not be a concern for you. These men's boots have been built with 200 grams of Thinsulate™ Insulation and Rocky waterproof construction, so you will have the warmth and dryness protection that you desire.
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- Removable, dual-density polyurethane Ride footbed with heel stabilizer
- 10 Inches in height


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BUFFALO, NY-Buffalo firefighters were called out downtown to rescue a man after the Bobcat he was working in tipped over.
It happened shortly before noon in the loading dock area behind the Main Place Mall on Pearl St.
The man was trying to pick lift a load of salt from a truck when the load shifted, pulling him forward, smashing the windshield, and trapping him inside.
He was rescued after about 20 minutes and fortunately, was not hurt.


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You can now start browsing either by your desired destination across Asia, Australasia, Americas, Africa, Europe, Indian Ocean and the Middle East or by your choice of experience - from safaris and cruises to exciting tours or ski and winter holidays.
Emirates award-winning frequent flyer programme, Skywards opens a world of rewards and privileges, personal recognition, mileage earning opportunities and special offers.
Emirates Holidays offers the finest selection of destinations and attractions to tailor-make your perfect getaway. From exploring the lush green tropical forests of Australia and historic cities of Europe, to escaping on a romantic honeymoon aboard a luxury cruise liner or simply just lounging on a tropical island, our wide range of holiday programmes and destinations provide you with the right degree of flexibility to tailor-make your dream holiday.
Whatever destination you select, Emirates Holidays offers a wealth of advice and assistance about things to do and see whilst you are there as well as providing you with the best local tips to get the most out of your stay. What's more, you'll travel to all our offered destinations on Emirates, the award-winning airline, allowing you to relax and unwind before your holiday even starts.
When you book with Emirates Holidays, you are buying total peace of mind. We can say this because we know the destinations we offer. We have been there and checked every last detail, carefully. From choosing the right partners to handle your needs from the moment you arrive, to selecting the right hotels to ensure you are comfortable throughout your stay, everything has been taken care of so that all you have to do is sit back and enjoy your holiday.
Emirates flies to over 100 destinations across six continents and is one of the fastest growing airlines in the world. Our young fleet is among the most technologically advanced and environmentally friendly in the sky and complementing this modern fleet is a highly trained, international cabin crew, delivering a service that is designed to pamper you from the moment your journey begins.


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By KAREN BASSOSports writer
The Lady Eagles basketball team at the College of Eastern Utah prepare to compete in the final two games of the regular season this weekend.
Before entering the final stages of the season however, the Eagles competed in two games this past weekend.
The team started the weekend off by traveling to Rangley, Colo. to take on the Colorado Northwestern Spartans.
The Eagles felt that this would be an easy game to win considering the fact that the Spartans have not captured a victory yet this season against Scenic West Athletic Conference teams.
The Eagles were determined not to be the team that would be the first to fall to the struggling Colorado team. They accomplished this goal quite easily as they defeated the Spartans, 70-55.
The following night, the Eagles returned home to host the Utah Valley State College Wolverines. The Eagles knew this would be a challenging game, but the team came out ready for action.
The Wolverines came out strong as the Eagles struggled from the field, shooting only 30 percent in the first half. The Wolverines on the other hand shot 57 percent from the field in the half.
By the halftime, the Eagles trailed UVSC, 41-29.
The Eagles bounced back however in the second half as they played well on the defensive end of the court.
The shooting problems continued to plague the team however as they shot only 31 percent from the field compared to the Wolverines 56 percent.
By the time that the final buzzer sounded, the Eagles had lost to the Wolverines, 75-58 thus, dropping their record to 6-8 against SWAC opponents and 15-13 overall.
Leading scorer for the Eagles was Cassie Warburton who finished the game with 12 points. Kasey Mills followed with 11 points of her own.
The Eagles will look to better their final record this week as the team competes in its final two games of the regular season.
Thursday evening, the Eagles will host Southern Idaho beginning at 6 p.m.
The team will then bounce back and compete Saturday at home against the Salt Lake Community College Bruins in the final game of the regular season.


text:
Women's Casual Pants
Don't worry, ladies, casual doesn't mean you lose performance. It simply means that when you head out to walk the dog, you don't look like you're about to complete the AT. Rock/Creek carries women's casual pants that you can you grab when you've got the urge to spend the day at the park and want to stay comfortable without loosing style points. Choose from trusted names like North Face, Exofficio, Prana and Patagonia to stay comfortable wherever your day takes you.
The products in the Women's Casual Pants category have an average rating of 4.3 of 5 from 29 customer reviews.


text:
A trip they probably won't forget
Thursday, April 29, 2010 - 6:30pm
"United Nations peacekeepers in Congo have used helicopters to airlift endangered baby gorillas to a sanctuary after they were rescued in a conflict zone where they faced being captured or eaten." The gorillas are part of a reintroduction effort. Read the full article in Reuters India.


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George Washington & Jefferson National Forests
Contact Information
Forest Supervisor's Office
5162 Valleypointe Parkway
Roanoke, VA 24019
Open Monday-Friday, 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Closed Saturday, Sunday, and all federal holidays.
PLEASE NOTE: The Forest Supervisor's Office is an information and administrative office located in Roanoke, VA. This office is NOT located in the forest.
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Your youngster was born an Illinois fanatic – thanks to you! Get your little fan a Classic Fighting Illini look with this adjustable hat from Nike. It features a bold Illinois wordmark embroidered on the crown with the team nickname embroidered on the back strap. This cap will be the perfect addition to your youngster's countless supply of Fighting Illini gear.
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Are you tired of trying cram all of your skis and toys in the backseat? No worries, we have ski and snowboard rack systems that will allow you to properly attach your stuff to your ride. So whether you prefer a ski/snowboard rack or a hard-shelled cargo box, we can help you choose the system that best fits your needs. We carry Yakima and Thule, both provide excellent options that allow you to choose either kind of rack systems. Feel free to call our gear experts if you have any questions about outfitting your car or truck.
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Advertising and Design - Louie
from Ringling College Catalog
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Advertising and Design - Born of Crunch
Advertising Design, 2014
DigitalFilm CheesyPickUp
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English Butler (Masala Chai)
In this comedy of errors, Vivek Kharbanda (Sachin Sharma) is a U.S. Real Estate Tycoon who remains fiercely proud of his Indian heritage. But this pride goes hand-in-hand with his resentment of the British and their two-hundred year rule over India. So when Vivek's daughter Vidhi (Tara Joshi) becomes romantically involved with Harry William II (Geoff Hymers), a Theater Major and descendant of British royalty, she lies and tells her father that her boyfriend is Indian.
Cast: Liam Card, Tara Joshi, Sachin Sharma, Tony Sierra, Geoff Hymers
Produced by: Maneesh Malhotra, Sachin Sharma
Directed by: Maneesh Malhotra
Written by: Maneesh Malhotra, Sachin Sharma
Running time: 2hr 25min
Opens: Apr 30, 2010 Toronto
|Theaters for Today
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A Critical History of Doctor Who on Television examines the ideas, philosophies, morals, cinematography and special effects of the Doctor Who series.
Soft backed with more than 438 pages some black and white photographs.Glossy full colour cover.Written by John Kenneth Muir.
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text: I'm a drilling reserve O3E in the Coast Guard and have applied for my states National Guard so I can have the opportunity to drill closer to home (currently traveling 3 states away). The officer recruiter that is helping me has said he's submitted a package to the NGB to try and bring me in as an MP officer because of my civilian experience. We've been waiting to hear a decision from them for several months now. Has anyone else done an interservice transfer to the NG and if so, how long did it take?


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My long-time favorite wild rice soup recipe, creamy and hearty, but 'light' in calories. It's absolutely delicious, a great way to really take advantage of the lovely nuttiness of wild rice.
"...this was an awesome recipe." ~ Amanda
"It was very good! " ~ acr
"This is a delicious soup recipe." ~ Edith
Home cooks recognize the usual method to make a cream soup – with cream – although the diet- and health-conscious may use lower-fat milk, even non-fat skim milk.
Another method is to use puréed cream-textured vegetables, in this low-calorie CREAMY WILD RICE SOUP, potatoes and parsnips.
The root vegetables do add today's verboten carbs but also fiber, vitamins and minerals with a minimum of saturated fat. Watch for recipes, especially soups, that use vegetables rather than dairy products to produce creaminess – without cream.
Time to table: 35 – 65 minutes
Makes 8 cups
- 2-1/4 cups water
- 1/2 - 1 cup wild rice, native or cultivated (wild rice photo comparison)
- 1 tablespoon butter
- 2 cups sliced leeks, white and light green parts only (about 4 leeks)
- 2 cups chopped celery (about 4 ribs)
- 1 tablespoon chopped fresh parsley
- 1 clove garlic, minced
- 5 cups no-fat chicken broth or Homemade Chicken Stock
- 2 cups red potatoes, skins on, chopped (about five small potatoes)
- 2 cups parsnips, peeled and chopped (about 3 medium)
- Additional chopped parsley
Bring water to a boil in a medium saucepan. Add wild rice and simmer until al dente and nut-flavored, about 25 minutes for native wild rice and 60 for cultivated.
Meanwhile, heat a four-quart Dutch oven and melt butter. Add leeks and celery, sauté on medium high until soft and just beginning to brown. Add parsley and garlic, sauté another minute or two. Add chicken broth and bring to a boil. Add potatoes and parsnips and return to a boil. Reduce heat and simmer 20 – 30 minutes or until potatoes and parsnips are soft.
With a standard or immersion blender, purée (using small batches and extra care with a standard blender) hot vegetable broth, leaving some chunks. Stir in wild rice and serve. Season to taste and serve garnished with additional parsley.
2006 | I now suggest cooking a whole cup of wild rice, up from the specified 1/2 cup.
2007 | For an Objiway legend about wild rice, see my recipe for Wild Rice Salad.
2011 | Parsnips aren't always easy to come by. For a recent batch, I substituted less-expensive rutabagas. Any root vegetable would also work, think carrots and turnips, so would cubes of butternut squash.
Originally published 2005, republished online 2011
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I just tried tonight but added some sliced chicken breast since my partner is a certified carnivore.
I've always liked soup that was creamy from vegetables and not dairy products, so this was an awesome recipe.
Thanks again!
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Thank you for taking a moment to write! I read each and every comment, for each and every recipe. If you have a specific question, it's nearly always answered quick-quick. But I also love hearing your reactions, your curiosity, even your concerns! When you've made a recipe, I especially love to know how it turned out, what variations you made, what you'll do differently the next time. ~ Alanna


text: Many local people are not even aware that a recreational vehicle "dump site" is available at no cost across the street from the Price River Water Improvement District offices on Fairgrounds Road. On this day a motor home from Quebec towing an auto was using the site as a way station. The people were actually kind of camped there while the washer in their motorhome washed their clothes and they dried them on racks attached to the vehicle. The site allows people with campers, trailers, motor homes or boats with holding tanks to dump the refuse. There is culinary H2O at the station as well to wash out tanks and to fill fresh water tanks. Almost anytime of the day (and sometimes the night) at least one vehicle can be seen using the facility. The station has a capacity for two rigs at a time and sometimes on busy weekends units are lined up.


text:
|Numéro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numéro de demande
|Date de publication
|5 sept. 2002
|Date de dépôt
|2 mars 2001
|Date de priorité
|1 mars 2001
|Autre référence de publication
|Numéro de publication
|David Majercak, Hikmat Hojeibane, Robert Burgermeister
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Majercak David C., Hikmat Hojeibane, Robert Burgermeister
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (5), Référencé par (10), Classifications (15), Événements juridiques (3)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
[0001] A stent is commonly used as a tubular structure left inside the lumen of a duct to relieve an obstruction. Commonly, stents are inserted into the lumen in a non-expanded form and are then expanded autonomously (or with the aid of a second device) in situ. A typical method of expansion occurs through the use of a catheter mounted angioplasty balloon, which is inflated within the stenosed vessel or body passageway, in order to shear and disrupt the obstructions associated with the wall components of the vessel and to obtain an enlarged lumen.
[0002] In the absence of a stent, restenosis may occur as a result of elastic recoil of the stenotic lesion. Although a number of stent designs have been reported, these designs have suffered from a number of limitations. These include restrictions on the dimension of the stent.
[0003] Other stents are described as longitudinally flexible but consist of a plurality of cylindrical elements connected together. This design has at least one important disadvantage, for example, according to this design, protruding edges occur when the stent is flexed around a curve raising the possibility of inadvertent retention of the stent on plaque deposited on arterial walls. This may cause the stent to form emboli or move out of position and further cause damage to the interior lining of healthy vessels.
[0004] Thus, stents are known in the art. Such stents may be expanded during or just after balloon angioplasty. As a general rule, the manufacture of a stent will need to compromise axial flexibility in order to permit expansion and provide overall structural integrity.
[0005] Prior stents have had a first end and a second end with an intermediate section between the two ends. The stent further has a longitudinal axis and comprises a plurality of longitudinally disposed bands, wherein each band defines a generally continuous wave along a line segment parallel to the longitudinal axis. A plurality of links maintains the bands in a tubular structure. In a further embodiment of the invention, each longitudinally disposed band of the stent is connected, at a plurality of periodic locations, by a short circumferential link to an adjacent band. The wave associated with each of the bands has approximately the same fundamental spatial frequency in the intermediate section, and the bands are so disposed that the waves associated with them are spatially aligned so as to be generally in phase with one another. The spatial aligned bands are connected, at a plurality of periodic locations, by a short circumferential link to an adjacent band.
[0006] In particular, at each one of a first group of common axial positions, there is a circumferential link between each of a first set of adjacent pairs of bands.
[0007] At each one of a second group of common axial positions, there is a circumferential link between each of a second set of adjacent rows of bands, wherein, along the longitudinal axis, a common axial position occurs alternately in the first group and in the second group, and the first and second sets are selected so that a given band is linked to a neighboring band at only one of the first and second groups of common axial positions.
[0008] Furthermore, this stent can be modified to provide for bifurcated access, whereas the stent itself is uniform throughout. If the manufacturer designs such a stent to have an large enough opening, then it is possible to place the stent such that a pair of stents can be placed one through the other. In this fashion, the stents are capable of being placed at a bifurcation, without any welding or any special attachments. An interlocking mechanism can be incorporated into the stent design to cause the stent to interlock at the desired position during assembly of the device.
[0009] Further, a metallic stent has been designed which contains a repeating closed loop feature. The stent is designed such that the closed loop does not change dimensions during expansion. The composite stent is created by filling the area enclosed by the loops with a material that enhances clinical performance of the stent. The material may be a ceramic or a polymer, and may be permanent or absorbable, porous or nonporous and may contain one or more of the following: a therapeutic agent, a radio-opaque dye, a radioactive material, or a material capable of releasing a therapeutic agent, such as rapamycin, cladribine, heparin, nitrous oxide or any other know drugs, either alone or in combination.
[0010] It has been seen, however, that it may be desirable to provide for stents that have both flexibility to navigate a tortuous lesion as well as increased column strength to maintain the rigidity necessary after emplacement into the lumen of the body. The preferred designs tend to provide the flexibility via undulating longitudinal connectors. The rigidity is generally provided via the mechanism of slotted tubular stents. It is perceived that there may be mechanisms capable of enhancing the characteristics of these types of stents. Such a stent would be both flexible in delivery and rigid upon emplacement.
[0011] Furthermore, it is desirable to be able to produce stents in which the cross-sectional profile of either the struts or the connecting members is tapered (or variable) in size. In addition, it may be desirable to modify stents to have non-rectangular cross-sections. In both these cases, different manufacturing methods may aid in the creation of such stents.
[0012] It is an object of the invention to provide a stent having has relatively little foreshortening.
[0013] It is an object of the invention to provide a stent having an enhanced degree of flexibility.
[0014] It is an object of the invention to provide such a stent while diminishing any compromise in the stent's structural rigidity upon expansion.
[0015] It is a further object of the invention to provide a novel method for manufacturing stents.
[0016] These and other objects of the invention are described in the following specification. As described herein, a preferred embodiment of a stent provides for a device that contains a flexible section and a folded strut section. The folded strut section opens (like a flower) upon expansion. This folded strut section provides both structural rigidity and reduction in foreshortening of the stent mechanism. The flexible section provides flexibility for delivery of the stent mechanism.
[0017] In a second embodiment of the device, there is a columnar section and a flexible section. The columnar section provides for a device that lengthens in the longitudinal direction upon expansion. The flexible section provides for a section that shortens somewhat in the longitudinal direction upon expansion. As a result, there is no shortening or lengthening of the stent during expansion. The flexible section columns are angled, one with respect to the other, and also with respect to the longitudinal axis of the stent, in order to provide flexibility during delivery. This arrangement also to also provide additional resistance to the balloon to prevent "dogboning" of the stent on the balloon during delivery and slippage of the balloon along the stent. These relatively flexible sections are oppositely phased with respect to one another in order to negate any torsion along their length. These flexible sections can further be crimped onto the balloon catheter with a generally smaller profile than prior stent, so that the retention of the stent on the balloon is increased.
[0018] In yet another embodiment of the stent of the present invention, the flexible connector can take on an undulating shape (like an "N"), but such that the longitudinal axis of the connector is not parallel with the longitudinal axis of the stent. In this fashion, the flexibility is controlled in a pre-selected axis, which is not the longitudinal axis of the stent. Such an arrangement may be desired, for instance, when one chooses to place a stent in a particularly configured vasculature that has been predetermined by known means, such as intravascular ultrasound ("IVUS.")
[0019] In still a further embodiment of the present invention, there are provided "living hinge" connectors, which connect the generally flexible connectors to the stronger radial strut members. These living hinges accomplish a number of the same characteristics found in the prior embodiments disclosed herein. First, because the living hinges tend to expand upon inflation, foreshortening of the length of the stent is further reduced. Second, there is a combined radial strength provided at the intersection between the living hinges and the radial strut members. This creates a small "hoop," which is further resistant to kinking or collapse in situ. Third, as a corollary to the second attribute described above, the living hinge connectors provide for reduced strain along an equivalent length of stent.
[0020] In yet another preferred embodiment of the stent of the present invention, the connection point between the radial members and the connector members is moved to a position along the length of a radial strut. Typically, the connection may be placed at a position somewhere midway along the length of the strut. By moving the connection point of the flex connectors closer to the midpoint of the radial ring one can address foreshortening in an controlled fashion. In fact, balloon interaction aside, the connector does not have to stretch to compensate for foreshortening. When the flex connectors are connected at the midpoint of the radial ring, the distance/length through the middle portion of the stent between radial rings will remain unchanged. This is because the midpoint stays relativiely in the same position while the radial arcs of each strut move closer to the midpoint from both sides. By moving the location of the flex connector attachment beyond the mid-point of a strut, to the opposing side, one can actually capitilize on the strut moving closer to the midpoint and thus lengthen the stent upon expansion.
[0021] In addition, in the present embodiment described, adjacent radially rings start out of phase in the unexpanded state. Due to the diagonal oreintation of the connection points of the flexible connectors, upon expansion the radial rings tend to align themselves ("in" phase.) This results in more uniform cell space and thus improved scaffolding of the vessel. Further, there is described a "wavy" strut configuration, thereby facilitating both a reduced crimp profile for attaching the flexible connectors at or near a strut mid-point and reduced strain upon expansion, due to the strut itself contributing to a portion of the expansion.
[0022] Finally, a new method is disclosed for making stents. In this method there is novel photochemical machining of a cylindrical tube. The method consists of performing a standard photochemical machining process of cutting, cleaning and coating the tube with a photoresist. However, unlike former methods, the photoresist image is developed on the surface of the cylindrical metallic tube, which results in a controlled variable etching rate at selected sites on the cylindrical metallic tube during the etching process. The photoresist image consists of a series of circular regions of photoresist of varying diameters configured at varying distances along the stent. As the diameter of the circular photoresist pattern decreases and the distance between the circular photoresist patterns along the stent increases, the etch rate of the device increases. The photoresist pattern variation results in a variation in the metal removed during the etching process.
[0023] This process can be used to locally change the geometry of the cylindrical metallic tube. An advantage seen by this process is the ability to manufacture a tapered strut along the stent. Further, struts of cylindrical or other non-rectangular cross-section can be manufactured. In addition, surface contours can be placed on the stent, for instance, to allow for a reservoir to be placed in the stent to deliver drugs.
[0024] These and further objects of the invention will be seen from the following drawings and Detailed Description of the Invention.
[0025]FIG. 1 is a plan view of a stent embodying the invention;
[0026]FIGS. 2 and 3 are plan views of an alternative embodiment of a stent of the invention;
[0027]FIG. 4 is a plan view of yet another embodiment of a stent of the invention;
[0028]FIG. 5 is a close up of the identified section of FIG. 4 taken along lines b-b of FIG. 4;
[0029]FIG. 6 is a schematic of a photoresist pattern formed on the stent in order to perform a method for making the stent as described in the invention;
[0030]FIG. 7 is a plan view of yet another alternate embodiment of the present invention;
[0031]FIG. 8 is a plan view of a further alternate embodiment of the present invention; and
[0032]FIGS. 9 and 10 are schematics of the theory behind expansion of the stent of FIG. 8.
[0033] As can be seen in FIG. 1, there is described a cylindrical stent 10 which has a series of folded strut sections 20 connected by a series of flexible sections 30. The folded strut sections 20 comprise a generally folded strut member 25 having a pair of ends 24, 26. Each of the pair of ends 24, 26 is connected to another folded strut member 25 and also to the end of a flexible member 35. Thus, each end 34, 36 of a flexible member 35 is connected to two ends 24, 26 of a folded strut 25 section member.
[0034] Each of the folded struts 25 takes on a generally irregular pattern. On the other hand, each of the flexible sections 35 takes on a generally undulating pattern. The folded strut sections 20 wrap circumferentially around the cylindrical shape of the stent 10. Each flexible section 30 also connects to a folded strut section 20 around the circumference of the stent. It will be noticed that each adjacent flexible section 30 is positioned 180° out of phase with each other.
[0035] The longitudinal lengths of the folded struts 20 are short enough to give a smooth profile when the stent is bent. The folded strut 20 allows for a large diametrical expansion range upon expansion. So, upon expansion, the folded struts 20 expand circumferentially and become hoop-like so that maximum radial strength is achieved. The flexible members 30 placed between the folded struts improve the stent deliverability in the unexpanded dimension of the stent 10. These flexible members are longitudinally compliant so that foreshortening is minimized upon expansion.
[0036] In use, therefore, the stent 10 of the present invention is placed on a balloon catheter and is snaked through the vasculature to be placed into a lesion site in an artery, typically a coronary artery. Because the flexible sections 30 are so substantially flexible, they are able to navigate tortuous lesions with relative ease. Once in place, the balloon catheter is expanded by conventional means. Upon expansion, the struts 25 in the folded strut sections 20 expand to obtain a hoop-like shape. In addition, these members expand longitudinally, so that any reduction in foreshortening is negated. Of course, upon expansion, the flexible members 35 straighten so that there is further strength achieved by the stent in the straightened and rigid positions.
[0037] A variation of the present invention can be seen in the stent 50 of FIGS. 2 ("angled" version) and 3 ("straight" version). There, the radial strength sections 120 are achieved with generally straight members 115, although these members do not have folded struts. Connection between generally straight members 115 is made by connecting the generally straight members 115 to the more flexible members 125, much like the connection made involving the connecting members of the first embodiment of FIG. 1.
[0038] The members that reduce foreshortening are angled members 130 which are seen to be 180° out of phase with one another. The connection between the flexible members is made at the end of a particular relatively non-flexible member and at the distal end of a particular angled canted member 130. Now, when the columns comprised of relatively rigid members 115 expand, the length of these members 130 shorten. But, the longitudinal lengths of the canted members 130 are placed at an angle compared to the longitudinal axis of the stent 50. So, upon expansion, these canted members 130 actually lengthen with respect to the longitudinal axis of the stent 50. The net result is that no foreshortening occurs upon expansion of stent 50.
[0039] The canted members 130 are angled in order to both: increase flexibility; and to provide additional resistance on the balloon surface. This arrangement helps prevent what is known as "dogboning" or exposure of leading edge of any of the strut members 75 contained at either end of the stent 50. In addition, this configuration also prevents slippage of the stent along the balloon surface. The canted members 130 are canted in opposite phase (i.e., with a phase change of 180°) to one another, in order to negate any torsional effects on the struts 75,85 along the length of the stent. These particular members can be crimped to a lower profile than the more rigid members, in order to ensure increased retention of the stent on the surface of a balloon catheter. Further the configuration described herein has a uniquely folded configuration reducing any risk of "flaring" of the edges of struts 75, 85 during traversal of the lumen.
[0040] It is to be noticed that the longitudinal position (the "order") of the columns can be changed if one desires a smaller initial profile. That is, if one desires that the profile be smaller, it is possible to remove the more rigid sections 120 (or a portion thereof,) and replace them with the generally canted sections 130.
[0041] It is also to be noticed that the wave amplitudes of the struts in a particular column are not kept constant. The wave amplitudes, defined herein as "W," can be lengthened where permitted by the geometry. For instance, notice the space S created between one set of strut members A and a second set of strut members B. This particular configuration allows an increased expansion range around the unexpanded circumference of the stent, while maintaining an appropriate expansion area associated with the metallic struts placed around of the circumference of the stent. Such optimization of the strut surface area is important to ensure adequate coverage of the lesion upon expansion of the stent.
[0042] The stent 50 of this particular embodiment is expanded in much the same way as the stent 10 of FIG. 1. When expansion occurs via the balloon catheter, the canted members 130 tend to lengthen and prevent foreshortening of the stent 50; the relatively rigid members 120 tend to shorten in the longitudinal direction, but in so doing provide a greater rigidity for the fully expanded stent. It is to be understood however, that in the expansion of both stents 10, 50 the ability to flexibly navigate the vasculature is enhanced from configuration of either stent 10, 50, as the case may be. All the while, the likelihood of stent foreshortening upon expansion is greatly reduced.
[0043] As can be seen in FIG. 4, one can also provide for a stent 175 that does not contain canted sections. Yet, the stent 175 expands with decreased foreshortening along its length due to the unique geometry of the stent 175. Here, the stent struts 180, 190 provide for a relatively constant length along the longitudinal axis. (In other words, the longitudinal dimension of the struts 180, 190 in combination remains relatively constant, whether in the expanded or unexpanded condition.) In this fashion, upon expansion, the stent 175 maintains a generally constant length in any of its expanded, unexpanded or partially expanded conditions.
[0044]FIGS. 4 and 5 show yet another embodiment of the design of a similar stent 200. Here, the connector 250 is shaped like an "N," much after the same fashion of "N"-shaped connectors found commercially in the Bx Velocity.® stent sold by Cordis Corporation, Miami Lakes Fla. and which is at least somewhat characterized in Ser. No. 09/192,101, filed Nov. 13, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,190,403 B1, and Ser. No. 09/636,071, filed Aug. 10, 2000, both of which are assigned to Cordis Corporation, and incorporated herein by reference.
[0045] In the stent 200, the relatively rigid sections R contain unequal struts 210, 220 of lengths a, b, as can best be seen in FIG. 4. Moreover, as can be seen in FIG. 5, this strut pattern is formed so that the attachment points a at the end of the flexible connectors 250 can be located at any point along the struts 210, 220 rigid section. In this fashion, when the stent is expanded, the relatively more rigid section R "holds" the connector 250 along the surface of the lesion, so that tenacity of the stent, and its concomitant support are both maintained to a high degree at the situs of the lesion. Yet, in the unexpanded configuration, the "N"-shaped flexible connectors 250 are able to guide the stent 200 around the curvature of generally any tortuous vessel, including tortuous coronary arteries.
[0046] As can be seen from FIGS. 4 and 5, the alternative embodiment stent 200 is also capable of reducing foreshortening along its entire length. This stent contains relatively rigid sections R and relatively flexible sections F containing connectors 250. (The flexible sections F are in the form of undulating longitudinal connectors 250.) The relatively rigid sections R generally contain a slotted form, created with struts 210, 220 around a slot S. The relatively rigid sections R contain these interlaced struts 210, 220, which are of varying longitudinal dimensional length.
[0047] As can be seen from the figures, in some radial positions, the struts 210 are made longer. In other radial positions, the struts 220 are made shorter. However, the shorter struts 220 are of a constant length b in the longitudinal dimension, and in the fashion in which they connect to the relatively flexible connectors 250. Also, as described above, the relatively more rigid sections R maintain the relatively more flexible sections F at a generally constant longitudinal length due to the friction maintained by the relatively more rigid sections R on a balloon portion of an angioplasty type balloon catheter. Accordingly, upon expansion, the constant length b, in conjunction with the generally constant length of the relatively flexible connector 250, causes the stent 200 to maintain a relatively constant longitudinal dimension L in any diameter to which it is expanded. As can be appreciated, the maintenance of a constant length is desirable from the perspective of secure, repeatable placement of the stent within the vasculature.
[0048] Continuing to describe the stent 200 of FIGS. 4 and 5, the flexible sections F operate with the behavior of the flexible connectors 250 acting in the fashion of "N"-shaped flexible connectors of similar type. That is, the flexibility of the stent 200 is focused in this area F so that one is able to traverse tighter lesions using such a configuration. The relatively stronger sections R are capable of expansion to a stronger plastically deformed dimension, so that in this fashion the stent 200 is capable of supporting the arterial wall. Even though the longitudinal dimensions of the struts 210, 220 in the relatively stronger sections R are of unequal length, such a configuration does not diminish radial support in the expanded condition. Accordingly, it can be appreciated that a stent of this shape will adequately support the arterial walls at the lesion site, while maintaining radial flexibility, and longitudinal length.
[0049] As can be best seen in FIG. 7, yet another alternate embodiment of the present invention is described. In FIG. 7, there is contained a stent 300 much like the Bx Velocity ® stent sold by Cordis Corporation, Miami Lakes, Fla. In FIG. 7 there is contained on the stent 300 generally flexible connector members 310 connected to generally rigid radial strut members 320. The connector members 320 are generally formed in the shape of the letter "N", and the struts 310 are generally slots formed in a radial fashion around the circumference of the stent. The connection made between the flexible connectors 320 and the radial strut members 310 is formed from a living hinge 330. This living hinge 330 contains outer radial arc 332 and an inner radial arc 334. In the expanded configuration, the radial arcs 332, 334 move away one from the other, so that the overall length of the living hinge 330 actually increases upon expansion.
[0050] Known conventional means, such as angioplasty balloons, or the balloon on a stent delivery system expands the stent 300 of the present invention. Upon expansion, there are provided a number of benefits by the stent 300 of the present invention. First, as explained above, there is reduced foreshortening of the stent 300, since the outer radial arc 332 in fact does not foreshorten. Since it lengthens slightly, the overall length of the stent 300 is maintained to its general nominal length. There is also provided increased radial strength since the radial arcs 332, 334 at their connection between the flexible and radial struts 320, 310, (both inner and outer radial arcs 334, 332) combine to give superior strength in the arcs' section; the radial strut 310 provides for optimal strength in the radial direction since it is parallel to the loading direction of the stent 300, thereby creating a "hoop" a circumference C of the stent. Also, because the radial arcs are able to accept greater forces, there is reduced strain for the equivalent strength designed for a stents. In all, the stent 300 of this embodiment provides for at least equivalent radial strength, less foreshortening and reduced strain when compared to current stents.
[0051] As can be seen from FIGS. 8, 9 and 10, there is provided yet another embodiment of the stent 400 in the present invention. Again, the stent 400 provides for generally stronger radial sections R comprising radial struts 410, which are generally slotted in alternating fashion around the circumference of the stent. The flexible connector members 420 are similar to the flexible connector members as seen in FIG. 7, and also to the flexible connector members of the Bx Velocity ® stent. However, these flexible connector members 420 are connected to the radial struts generally somewhere near the midpoint of the radial struts 410. In this fashion, upon expansion the length of the connector members 420 remains independent of the shortening or lengthening of the radial struts 410. In this way, the overall length of the stent is maintained, as seen from the schematics in FIGS. 9 and 10.
[0052] Due to this overall ability to maintain the length of stent 400, the radial struts 410 provide for radial strength only, and do not contribute in one way or another to any foreshortening of the stent. Also, the radial struts 410 are formed from a generally "wavy" pattern. This wavy pattern is useful in helping to reduce the crimp profile of the stent 400 on the balloon. This results from the relative smooth attachment of the radial struts 410 to the flexible connectors 420. Further, having such an arrangement reduces the strain placed on the struts 420 upon expansion. This reduced strain is achieved due to the location of the connection of the struts 420 to the struts 410. Because there is relatively little movement of the struts 420 in the longitudinal direction, there is relatively little strain placed on these struts during expansion. The radial arcs 415 of struts 410 can be ideally placed in a "shifted" configuration so that the stent is easier to crimp on a balloon.
[0053] Further, this can be seen from FIG. 8, that the radial strut members 410 are attached to the flexible connectors 420 so that the flexible connectors 420 generally proceed along a "spiral" pattern S around the length of the stent 400. The connection points 422 of the flexible connectors 420 are placed in a diagonal fashion on struts 410 so as to enhance flexibility. Generally connectors 422 are located on a midpoint of a strut 410. When the connectors 422 are placed past the midpoint of strut 410 (i.e., farther from the midpoint of strut 410 than from the direction of connector 420), the nominal stent strength should increase upon expansion when compared to the above described stent. This arrangement reduces foreshortening, as described above. Further, the arrangement in no wise affects any torsion on the stent as it is applied to the lumen by the balloon catheter. Friction of the balloon to struts 410 maintains the struts 410 (and their opposite struts 420) in the same general radial position throughout expansion. By reducing any concern of stent torsion, there is also a reduced concern of overall slippage of the balloon. Even though the connector members 420 are not aligned with one another, they are maintained in their respective positions on the balloon surface, Upon expansion, struts 420 lock into place, as the stent 400 is placed, giving an increased strength in the lumen.
[0054] From FIGS. 8 and 9, we see that the midpoint of a connector 420 is important to maintaining length. The greater the distance from connector 420 to the midpoint M, on the side of the connection between struts 410, 420, the greater the potential for shortening of the stent. This creates a need to solve any shortening by other means, absent the solution described herein.
[0055] It is to be understood that various modifications to the stent 400 of FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 are possible without departure from the invention herein. For instance, the connectors 420 can be placed intermittently about the stent 400 circumference, and not at every incidence of a radial strut 410. Also, while the radial struts 410 are generally 900 out of phase between one series of struts 410 a and the next 410 b, it is foreseeable to place them between 30° to 150° out of place. When so placed, the struts 410 can be "encouraged" to bend in a particular fashion, which may be preferential in the design of a particularly intended stent.
[0056] These stents can be manufactured by know conventional means, such as laser etching, electrical discharge machining (EDM), photochemical etching, etc. However, there is also disclosed in the invention herein a novel method of performing photochemical resistance etching of the tube from which the stent is to be made. This novel method allows one to produce a stent with variable geometry in the three dimensions of the strut, that is, along its length, across the circumferential dimension, and along its depth (or radial dimension.) This method starts with a standard photochemical machining process.
[0057] The new process consists of cutting the stent using photochemical etching, cleaning it, and then coating it with a photoresist. The photoresist coating is applied in circular shapes 290, as can be appreciated from FIG. 6. These shapes 290 are intentionally figured to be of varying dimension in their radius. Then, a photoresist image is developed on the surface of the cylindrical metallic tube T from which the stent starts. This photoresist image is developed in a controlled fashion using known means. The development of the photoresist in this fashion allows a controlled variable etching rate at select positions along the cylindrical metallic tube.
[0058] As previously stated, the novel photoresist image can be seen in FIG. 6. This photoresist image consists of a series of circular regions of photoresist material 310, which are shaped in a variable diameter as desired for manufacture. These photoresist images 310 are configured at variable distances D from one another. As the diameter of the circular photoresist pattern 310 decreases, and its distance from other photoresist patterns 310 increases, the etching rate of that area of the stent increases. Thus, by strategically placing the photoresist patterns 310 on the stent, one can produce any variable dimension in any direction along the stent.
[0059] This photoresist pattern 310 variation results in a variation in the metal of the stent removed during the etching process. This process can be used to locally change the geometry of the metallic tube.
[0060] In this fashion, one can envision making a stent of variable circumferential width, radial depth or longitudinal length. As such, one can impart varying flexibilities along the stent longitude, as well as varying strengths so that a stent can be configured for emplacement at various locations within the body.
|Brevet cité
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|13 mars 2013
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|Classification aux États-Unis
|Classification internationale
|Classification coopérative
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|21 mai 2001
Owner name: CORDIS CORPORATION, FLORIDA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:MAJERCAK, DAVID C.;HOJEIBANE, HIKMAT;BURGERMEISTER, ROBERT;REEL/FRAME:011835/0379
Effective date: 20010518
|18 mars 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|6 mars 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


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Welcome to Atlantic Digestive Specialists, a group of highly experienced, board-certified gastroenterologists, dedicated to providing you with the most attentive digestive health care. We offer the latest in both diagnostic and treatment capabilities and technologies, combined with personalized, one-on-one care you'd expect from a hometown practice. To better serve you, we are affiliated with Portsmouth Regional Hospital, Wentworth-Douglass Hospital, Frisbie Memorial Hospital, Exeter Hospital, and York Hospital.
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text:
|Alfonso Cuarón
|Clive Owen, Michael Caine, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Julianne Moore
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|Age Policy
18 and up; Children 6 and up will be allowed only with a parent guardian. No children under the age of 6 will be allowed.
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The future's a thing of the past. If you're the last one to die, please turn out the lights.
In the year 2027, women are infertile. No children. No future. No hope. But all that can change in a heartbeat. As humankind faces it's own extinction an unexpected discovery of a lone pregnant woman inpires hope as Theo Faron (Clive Owen) is tasked with the desperate journey to deliver her to safety and restore faith for a future.
In 2006, Alfonso Cuarón made the best sci-fi film of the past twenty years and the world failed to take notice. Banking $35 million against a budget of $76 was hardly a justified success but given the amount of time between then and now the film has proven to be an indisputable classic. Nominated for three Academy Awards and winner of none, Cuarón created one of the most heartbreakingly real and frightening depictions of the future. Anchored by an all-star cast and featuring some of the most spectacular single-shot chase sequences in the history of cinema, CHILDREN OF MEN demands to be seen in a theater. In a time of over-sequelized fluff and bombastic CGI, Cuarón crafted an intelligent film of sorrowful beauty and exhilirating action. This isn't a film designed to make you fall in love or make you squirm, this is a film about bringing hope to the hopeless. In a year of futility and despair with pirates, Supermen and talking cars, Alfonso Cuarón did the unthinkable and created a movie about faith and restored belief in an audience about what a good movie should be. (Greg MacLennan)


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CLARENCE, N.Y. - Homeowners in one of the top-ranked school districts in the region are facing a nearly double-digit tax increase.
When it comes to public schools, Clarence has long had some of the region's finest, yet even in this relatively affluent, second-ring suburb, a financial storm appears to be gathering.
"It has become increasingly difficult to continue to make reductions," Clarence Superintendent Geoffrey Hicks said to a packed auditorium of students, parents, and property-tax payers Monday night. "We think we've reached the limit this year."
Hicks said that unfunded state and federal mandates are squeezing the district's finances tighter and tighter. Consequently, his proposed budget calls for the elimination of nearly 30 teaching positions as well as certain school programs like family and consumer sciences. Plus, it calls for a tax levy hike of about 10 percent (9.8%).
Students pleaded with the board to stop the cuts.
"Cutting these teachers is a huge mistake," said one student whose remarks were followed by applause. "I really hope that you can offer retirement incentives for our current teachers because it's just such a shame to see them go."
But the size of the proposed tax increase infuriated some homeowners.
"Ten percent increase is outrageous," one woman said. "There are a lot of people out there who are on fixed incomes and who don't have the luxury of having their salary increased every year."
A 10 percent hike means Clarence would have to override the state's property tax cap. To override the cap, more than 60 percent of Clarence voters must approve the board's current budget. If the budget does not pass, the board will likely have to cut an additional 30-60 teachers and staffers.
The problems are likely far worse in less affluent districts. Clarence is just the latest of several in this region where officials say they've run out of room to cut without drastically affecting the quality of education.
New York State Assemblyman Ray Walter, R-Amherst, said something must give.
REPORTER: How concerned are you and others about these school districts, particularly with the property tax cap?
WALTER: I think that there is going to become such a critical mass of push back from the school districts that there is going to have be some sort of mandate relief in order for them to provide the services that the people of the State of New York expect when educating their children.
Walter and Assemblyman Dennis Gabryszak, D-Cheektowaga, have suggested diverting even more state lottery revenue to school districts if state lawmakers refuse to start eliminating certain mandates.
"If we cannot do something to relieve the costs of the mandates, we ought to take some of that money in helping to relieve some of the tax burden on the resident," Gabryszak said.


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Mason Winters of Vernal represented College of Eastern Utah and the United States in Ireland's International Skills Competition. This competition pitted the best student welders in Ireland against the best from the U.S. Winters beat Ireland's best welder by three points to win their country's welding competition.
Winters started welding at Uintah High School in Vernal where he grew up. He began taking welding classes and decided that it was something that he enjoyed. He started entering competitions and competed in state Skills USA competition, winning gold. Since then, he has won three state championships, one national championship, and the U.S. Open Welding competition. That victory led him to the Irish competition. He needs to win one more competition to compete for the world championships this summer in Canada.
Every day, including weekends, Winters works anywhere between eight and 10 hours to improve his already outstanding welding skills. An amazing amount of time and money go into supporting and supplying his efforts. Mason believes that it is worth the sacrifice.
The competition in Ireland truly tested Winters' skills. The 19-hour trip from Utah to Ireland was only the beginning. The first day Winters met the instructors and other competitors. Winters and the others were up for more than 36 hours without sleep. Over the next three days the competitors would spend a total of 22 hours in intense competition.
Another factor that tried but also proved Winters' skill was the use of foreign equipment. Not only were the tools and machines different from any others that he had ever used, but the materials were different as well. Winters proved that he was up to the challenge.
Besides Winters, there were one other U.S. contestant and four from Ireland. In this competition, the competitors were tested on different techniques such as manual metal arc welding, metal arc gas shielded welding, flux-cored welding and others. All that was given to the competitors to guide them through the tests was a packet of papers showing a diagram of the project, the appropriate measurements and sizes, and the instructions and steps required. The most challenging of the tests and probably the most significant, was the fabrication of a pressure vessel. This was accomplished by using a combination of the previously tested techniques.
This trip was funded by the American Welding Society, as well as other private donors.
"Much of the material used in the competition was purchased through the donations of interested businesses and individuals," said CEU welding instructor Mike Tryon. "We could not have entered Mason in this competition without their generosity."
Tryon said Winters is the best student he has ever taught. "He works hard, has natural talent and welds like a robot."
His next competition is in Kansas City, Kansas, where he will compete in the Skills USA championship. The winner will receive a $40,000 scholarship to continue their education.
"Few people in the world can do the quality of welds Mason does. He is phenomenal at every weld," said Tryon.


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- Northern New York Newspapers
- Watertown
- Ogdensburg
- Massena-Potsdam
- Lowville
- Carthage
- Malone
- NNY Business
- NNY Living
- NNY Ads
Organizers of the annual Great Outdoor Family Expo hope new vendors will help entice thousands of people to attend the show, which begins today at the Fairgrounds Y.
New this year is a mechanical bull, Army Reserve members offering childrens activities, and seminars on food plots and wildlife habitat and fishing techniques on Lake Ontario.
Its kind of evolved from a true outdoors show to having activities, sports and stuff for everyday living, said Howard W. Ganter, event chairman.
A total 76 vendors will utilize nearly 15,000 square feet of space at the Y, 585 Rand Drive. Mr. Ganter said the show would not be possible if it werent for sponsorship from Waite Toyota.
The show is open from 4 to 8 p.m. today, 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. Saturday and 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. Sunday.
Vendors will showcase products and services ranging from hunting and fishing to dog treats and scuba diving. Mr. Ganter said the mechanical bull ride will cost $5 for two attempts, and rides will be tailored to individual riders, depending on age. Representatives from the Fort Drum Fish and Wildlife Management Program will also be there to issue hunting and fishing permits for Fort Drum.
As much interest about gun control and the NYSAFE Act as there has been, Mr. Ganter said, those issues shouldnt come up during the show because there will be no gun dealers there. Those dealers typically attend a similar Rotary-sponsored show in Clayton each year.
Proceeds of the outdoor show will benefit several of Watertown Noon Rotarys projects, including tree planting, scholarships to Jefferson Community College, revamping the fitness trail at Thompson Park, interactive clubs at local high schools, and international projects such as building wells, providing shelter boxes and helping the One World Foundation.
The show raised $16,941 last year, which was about $4,000 less than in 2011. Mr. Ganter said that was attributed to smaller attendance due to good weather, basketball tournaments and early fishing. He said hes hoping the cold, snowy weather attracts more people to go indoors for the outdoor expo, as the 2013 shows goal is to raise $18,000.
Admission to Watertown Noon Rotarys largest fundraiser is $4 for people ages 12 and up. There is no charge for children ages 11 and under. As an Operation Yellow Ribbon event, there will be a discount for military members.
For more information, visit the shows website, www.greatoutdoorexpo.com.
Thousands of readers like you have made Northern New York Newspapers the number one ranked website* for local news and sports coverage in the north country.
You can continue on to this article in a few seconds, or you can visit one of our websites:


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YogaWorks 500-Hour Teacher Training, YogaWorks Certified, A member of the Teacher Training faculty, Anatomy Intensive 75-Hour
focused, fun, athletic
Learning about yoga is endless and I always want to know more.
I enjoy organizing a process in which people are given an opportunity to make their own discoveries and uncover their own potential. My favorite teachers do this and I hope to give as they do.
My husband, my two furry cat children - Cobweb and Mustardseed


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Desperado Socks with HydroCuff
In Stock Product Number: 29908
Say goodbye to cold, bruised, battered feet and ankles. The NRS Desperado Sock lets you stuff your tootsies into even the smallest kayak, but still provides the warmth and protection you need.
- 3-mm Terreprene™ neoprene with a stretchy spandex exterior ensures your feet will be warm and comfortable.
- Extra padding in the toe and heel gives superior in-the-boat protection and a ToughTex™ wear patch adds durability.
- 1.5-mm textured rubber sole won't add bulk, and still protects your feet both in and out of the boat.
- Neoprene HydroCuff™ grips your ankle, helping keep water out and warmth in.
- Bungee pull-cord at the ankle helps secure the sock, so they'll stay on if you swim.
- These shoes are running snug - If you are in between sizes or have wide feet you may want to consider the next size larger.
- Available in whole sizes only.
- Women order one size smaller
- 1/2 sizes order one size larger.
- Neoprene: 3-mm Terraprene neoprene upper
- Sole: 1.5-mm rubber sole
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- Closure System: Hydrocuff with elastic pull cord
- ToughTex wear patch
Gender: Unisex
Season: S13
Vendor ProductId: 30017.02
Review ProductId: 29908


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Going After Cacciatoby Tim O'Brien
Synopses & Reviews
Publisher Comments:
"To call Going After Cacciato a novel about war is like calling Moby-Dick a novel about whales."
So wrote the New York Times of Tim O'Brien's now-classic novel of Vietnam. Winner of the 1979 National Book Award, Going After Cacciato captures the peculiar mixture of horror and hallucination that marked this strangest of wars.
In a blend of reality and fantasy, this novel tells the story of a young soldier who one day lays down his rifle and sets off on a quixotic journey from the jungles of Indochina to the streets of Paris. In its memorable evocation of men both fleeing from and meeting the demands of battle, Going After Cacciato stands as much more than just a great war novel. Ultimately it's about the forces of fear and heroism that do battle in the hearts of us all.
"This war novel, dealing with our military involvement in Indochina, is in the great tradition of The Red Badge of Courage, All Quiet on the Western Front, From Here to Eternity, and Catch 22. Read it even if you may have some trouble with the indigenous patois of the American G. I. and the Vietnamese refugee." Reviewed by Andrew Witmer, Virginia Quarterly Review (Copyright 2006 Virginia Quarterly Review)
In the jungles of Indochina, Private Cacciato decides to lay down his rifle and embark on a quixotic walk to Paris, leaving in his wake a trail of M&M candies and a platoon intent on bringing him back to the war — and to reality.
"To call Going After Cacciato a novel about war is like calling Moby-Dick a novel about whales."
So wrote The New York Times of Tim O'Brien's now classic novel of Vietnam. Winner of the 1979 National Book Award, Going After Cacciato captures the peculiar mixture of horror and hallucination that marked this strangest of wars.
In a blend of reality and fantasy, this novel tells the story of a young soldier who one day lays down his rifle and sets off on a quixotic journey from the jungles of Indochina to the streets of Paris. In its memorable evocation of men both fleeing from and meeting the demands of battle, Going After Cacciato stands as much more than just a great war novel. Ultimately it's about the forces of fear and heroism that do battle in the hearts of us all.
It was a bad time. Billy Boy Watkins was dead, and so was Frenchie Tucker. Billy Boy had died of fright, scared to death on the field of battle, and Frenchie Tucker had been shot through the nose. Bernie Lynn and Lieutenant Sidney Martin had died in tunnels. Pederson was dead and Rudy Chassler was dead. Buff was dead. Ready Mix was dead. They were all among the dead. The rain fed fungus that grew in the men's boots and socks, and their socks rotted, and their feet turned white and soft so that the skin could be scraped off with a fingernail, and Stink Harris woke up screaming one night with a leech on his tongue. When it was not raining, a low mist moved across the paddies, blending the elements into a single gray element, and the war was cold and pasty and rotten. Lieutenant Corson, who came to replace Lieutenant Sidney Martin, contracted the dysentery. The tripflares were useless. The ammunition corroded and the foxholes filled with mud and water during the nights, and in the mornings there was always the next village, and the war was always the same. The monsoons were part of the war. In early September Vaught caught an infection. He'd been showing Oscar Johnson the sharp edge on his bayonet, drawing it swiftly along his forearm to peel off a layer of mushy skin. "Like a Gillette Blue Blade," Vaught had said proudly. There was no blood, but in two days the bacteria soaked in and the arm turned yellow, so they bundled him up and called in a dustoff, and Vaught left the war. He never came back. Later they had a letter from him that described Japan as smoky and full of slopes, but in the enclosed snapshot Vaught looked happy enough, posing with two sightly nurses, a wine bottle rising from between his thighs. It was a shock to learn he'd lost the arm. Soon afterward Ben Nystrom shot himself through the foot, but he did not die, and he wrote no letters. These were all things to joke about. The rain, too. And the cold. Oscar Johnson said it made him think of Detroit in the month of May. "Lootin' weather," he liked to say. "The dark an' gloom, just right for rape an' lootin'." Then someone would say that Oscar had a swell imagination for a darkie.
That was one of the jokes. There was a joke about Oscar. There were many jokes about Billy Boy Watkins, the way he'd collapsed of fright on the field of battle. Another joke was about the lieutenant's dysentery, and another was about Paul Berlin's purple biles. There were jokes about the postcard pictures of Christ that Jim Pederson used to carry, and Stink's ringworm, and the way Buff's helmet filled with life after death. Some of the jokes were about Cacciato. Dumb as a bullet, Stink said. Dumb as a month-old oyster fart, said Harold Murphy.
In October, near the end of the month, Cacciato left the war.
"He's gone away," said Doc Peret. "Split, departed."
Lieutenant Corson did not seem to hear. He was too old to be a lieutenant. The veins in his nose and cheeks were broken. His back was weak. Once he had been a captain on the way to becoming a major, but whiskey and the fourteen dull years between Korea and Vietnam had ended all that, and now he was just an old lieutenant with the dysentery.
He lay on his back in the pagoda, naked except for green socks and green undershorts.
"Cacciato," Doc repeated. "The kid's left us. Split for parts unknown."
The lieutenant did not sit up. With one hand he cupped his belly, with the other he guarded a red glow. The surfaces of his eyes were moist.
"Gone to Paris," Doc said.
The lieutenant put the glow to his lips. Inhaling, his chest did not move. There were no vital signs in the wrists or thick stomach.
"Paris," Doc Peret repeated. "That's what he tells Paul Berlin, and that's what Berlin tells me, and that's what I'm telling you. The chain of command, a truly splendid instrument. Anyhow, the guy's definitely gone. Packed up and retired."
The lieutenant exhaled. Blue gunpowder haze produced musical sighs in the gloom, a stirring at the base of Buddha's clay feet. "Lovely," a voice said. Someone else sighed. The lieutenant blinked, coughed, and handed the spent roach to Oscar Johnson, who extinguished it against his toenail.
"Paree?" the lieutenant said softly. "Gay Paree?"
Doc nodded. "That's what he told Paul Berlin and that's what I'm telling you. Ought to cover up, sir."
Sighing, swallowing hard, Lieutenant Corson pushed himself up and sat stiffly before a can of Sterno. He lit the Sterno and placed his hands behind the flame and bent forward to draw in heat. Outside, the rain was steady. "So," the old man said. "Let's figure this out." He gazed at the flame. "Trick is to think things clear. Step by step. You said Paree?"
"Affirm, sir. That's what he told Paul Berlin, and that's--"
"Right here, sir. This one."
The lieutenant looked up. His eyes were bright blue and wet. Paul Berlin pretended to smile.
"Jeez," the old man said, shaking his head. "I thought you were Vaught."
"I thought he was you. How . . . how do you like that? Mixed up, I guess. How do you like that?"
"Fine, sir."
The lieutenant shook his head sadly. He held a boot to dry over the burning Sterno. Behind him in shadows was the crosslegged Buddha, smiling from its elevated stone perch. The pagoda was cold. Dank from a month of rain, the place smelled of clays and silicates and dope and old incense. It was a single square room built like a pillbox with stone walls and a flat ceiling that forced the men to stoop or kneel. Once it might have been a fine house of worship, neatly tiled and painted, but now it was junk. Sandbags blocked the windows. Bits of broken pottery lay under chipped pedestals. The Buddha's right arm was missing but the smile was intact. Head cocked, the statue seemed interested in the lieutenant's long sigh. "So. Cacciato, he's gone. Is that it?"
"There it is," Doc said. "You've got it."
Paul Berlin nodded.
"Gone to gay Paree. Am I right? Cacciato's left us in favor of Paree in France." The lieutenant seemed to consider this gravely. Then he giggled. "Still raining?"
"A bitch, sir."
"I never seen rain like this. You ever? I mean, ever?"
"No," Paul Berlin said. "Not since yesterday."
"And I guess you're Cacciato's buddy. Is that the story?"
"No, sir," Paul Berlin said. "Sometimes he'd tag along. Not really."
"Who's his buddy?"
"Nobody. Maybe Vaught. I guess Vaught was, sometimes."
"Well," the lieutenant murmured. He paused, dropping his nose inside the boot to sniff the sweating leather. "Well, I reckon we better get Mister Vaught in here. Maybe he can straighten this shit out."
"Vaught's gone, sir. He's the one--"
"Mother of Mercy."
Doc draped a poncho over Lieutenant Corson's shoulders. The rain was steady and thunderless and undramatic. It was mid-morning, but the feeling was of endless dusk.
The lieutenant picked up the second boot and began drying it. For a time he did not speak. Then, as if amused by something he saw in the flame, he giggled again and blinked. "Paree," he said. "So Cacciato's gone off to gay Paree--bare ass and Frogs everywhere, the Follies Brassiere." He glanced up at Doc Peret. "What's wrong with him?"
"Just dumb. He's just awful dumb, that's all."
"And he's walking. You say he's walking to gay Paree?"
"That's what he claims, sir, but you can't trust--"
"Paree! Jesus Christ, does he know how far it is? I mean, does he know?"
Paul Berlin tried not to smile. "Eight thousand six hundred statute miles, sir. That's what he told me--eight thousand six hundred on the nose. He had it down pretty good. Rations, fresh water, a compass, and maps and stuff."
"Maps," the lieutenant said. "Maps, flaps, schnaps." He coughed and spat, then grinned. "And I guess he'll just float himself across the ocean on his maps, right? Am I right?"
"Well, not exactly," said Paul Berlin. He looked at Doc Peret, who shrugged. "No, sir. He showed me how . . . See, he says he's going up through Laos, then into Burma, and then some other country, I forget, and then India and Iran and Turkey, and then Greece, and the rest is easy. That's what he said. The rest is easy, he said. He had it all doped out."
"In other words," the lieutenant said, and hesitated. "In other words, fuckin AWOL."
About the Author
Tim O'Brien received the 1979 National Book Award in Fiction for Going After Cacciato. His novel The Things They CarriedChicago Tribune Heartland Prize. His two most recent novels, In the Lake of the Woods and Tomcat in Love, were national bestsellers.
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Man breaks into Phoenix home, ties up woman
PHOENIX — Phoenix police are trying to identify a man who apparently broke into a home and tied up a woman inside.
Police said a neighbor called and said they saw a person hiding in the bushes
and then heard a window break early Friday.
Sgt. Steve Martos said arriving officers found a home near Chandler Boulevard
and 32nd Street with a broken window. When no one opened the door they went in
through the window.
Once inside they found a woman tied up on her bed. She was unable to tell
officers what happened.
Martos said the only description of the suspect is a man in his mid-20s.


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BIRT Exchange DevShare Contest Winner for July 2010 Selected
The winner of the DevShare Contributor of the Month Contest for July 2010 is Ren? Mertins for his contribution to BIRT Exchange titled: Birt Report Thumbnails.
Ren? tells us, "This article is the result of research for a customer project, in which I am the leading software architect. The project goal is to provide a customer extranet for a medical analytics company where we will show a lot of Birt-Reports. One of the requirements was to show realtime thumbnails of all reports on an overview page. Depending on this requirement I developed this solution."
Ren? is the Head of Software Development at DE PAOLI Ltd in Hamburg Germany, specializing in webtechnologies and Java especially Java EE and Eclipse Ecosystem. Depending on various customer needs, DE PAOLI has used BIRT for several years — starting with a billing printing process for their in-house ERP System. Currently DE PAOLI is using BIRT for two projects. One is already in production where BIRT shows user statistics about application and resource usage. The second is the one for which Ren? wrote this article and invented his solution.
Ren? chose the BIRT Books for his award.
It's not too late… to get your own DevShare article posted in time for the next month's contest which closes on August 31st. If you"ve cooked up something that you can share with the BIRT Exchange community, please post it soon! You can create a tutorial, build a BIRT application, template or component, or write up some of the tips and solutions to problems you've run into during the past — anything that"s helped you use BIRT more effectively will probably be useful to others too. And don't forget the BIRT Exchange Open Marketplace. Your code-based DevShare submission could also be a great candidate for the Marketplace.
The monthly DevShare contest rules and list of previous winners can be found here.


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Civic Democratic Party
The Velvet Surrender
September 17, 2010
Václav Klaus, the president of the Czech Republic, is legendary for his lack of manners. When his country assumed the rotating presidency of the European Union in 2009, Klaus—a stocky and vigorous man with close-cropped white hair and a fastidiously trimmed moustache—got into a scrap with a group of European politicians because he had refused to fly the EU flag above his office in Prague Castle. Nicolas Sarkozy pronounced the snub "hurtful," yet Klaus was anything but contrite. Instead, he used his first address to the European Parliament to compare the EU to the Soviet Union.


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Hi everyone. I'm currently living in Alaska, and I've owned a total of 5 pit bull type dogs, 4 APBT''s and an American Bulldog.
4 year old male American Bulldog. He might be an American Bulldog/APBT mix, those aren't normal bulldog colors. We've never really cared enough either way to check.
4 year old female APBT. We unfortunately had to find her a new home. She developed some pretty serious dog aggression, and we had 3 other dogs in the house.
7 year old female APBT. We got her from the shelter I was working at when she was about 4.