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Cory Booker
Chester Higgins Jr./The New York Times
News about Cory Booker, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
Chronology of Coverage
Sep. 4, 2015
Sen Cory A Booker of New Jersey announces his support for Pres Obama's nuclear agreement with Iran; accord already has enough votes in Senate to thwart Republican disapproval of resolution. MORE
Aug. 16, 2015
Excerpts from interview with David Simon, creator of HBO mini-series Show Me a Hero, and Sen Cory Booker, Democrat of New Jersey, who discuss issues of race, housing and urban policy explored in show. MORE
Apr. 10, 2015
Sen Cory A Booker of New Jersey comes forth as staunch defender of Sen Robert Menendez, who stands accused of bribery charges; Booker, who relied on Menendez for guidance since becoming senator in 2013, has cast himself as uncorrupted outsider but now finds himself defending maligned member of Democratic establishment. MORE
Mar. 11, 2015
Editorial supports bill introduced by Sens Cory Booker, Kirsten Gillibrand and Rand Paul that will make number of necessary changes to federal marijuana policies, including reclassifying marijuana as Schedule II drug so it can be used for medical purposes in states where it is legal; suggests that, given medical consensus and polls showing majority approval, medical marijuana should be legalized. MORE
May. 15, 2014
Election of Newark's new mayor Ras Baraka is seen by many as rebuke of both Cory A Booker, now a senator, and charter schools; Baraka had run campaign ads casting his opponent Shavar Jeffries, also a Democrat, as puppet of Wall Street groups that support charter schools. MORE
May. 9, 2014
Mayoral race in Newark between Ras Baraka and Shavar Jeffries is seen as referendum against Cory A Booker, now senator, who defined city for decade as celebrity mayor; Booker elevated Newark's profile nationally, but was never able to shake accusations that he was only a visitor on his way to higher office, leaving unresolved debates over education and gentrification. MORE
Mar. 4, 2014
Michael Powell Gotham column observes that Sen Cory A Booker of New Jersey talks often in speeches about his regard for Newark, sharing a splendid narrative of his time serving city as mayor; holds that Booker's speeches do not tell the whole story of his tenure, citing state audit revelation that Newark Watershed Conservation and Development Corp, which Booker championed, was pilfering from city's coffers. MORE
Nov. 1, 2013
Cory A Booker is sworn in as New Jersey's junior United States senator; Booker, who won seat in special election following death of Sen Frank R Lautenberg, is first African-American to be elected to US Senate since Barack Obama in 2004. MORE
Oct. 17, 2013
Mayor Cory A Booker of Newark easily wins New Jersey's special Senate election; defeats Republican opponent Steve Lonegan to take seat that Sen Frank R Lautenberg held until his death, finally giving Booker rise to office that measures up to his national profile. MORE
Oct. 16, 2013
Race between Cory A Booker and Steve Lonegan to fill New Jersey's open seat in United States Senate is causing confusion because balloting is not being held on a Tuesday, but Wednesday. MORE
Oct. 16, 2013
Editorial reminds New Jersey voters that the special election to replace the late United States Senator Frank Lautenberg is being held on Oct 16, and that The Times endorses Democrat Cory Booker. MORE
Oct. 13, 2013
Sarah Palin endorses Republican candidate Steve Lonegan in New Jersey Senate race; polls show Lonegan gaining ground on Democratic rival Cory A Booker, surprising many. MORE
Oct. 12, 2013
Gail Collins Op-Ed column analyzes special Senate election in New Jersey, which pits Newark Mayor Cory Booker against Steve Lonegan; argues that Booker is immeasurably better suited to the office than Lonegan. MORE
Oct. 11, 2013
Final stretch of United States Senate campaign in New Jersey, already more unpredictable than expected, is jolted again by death of father of Democratic candidate Mayor Cory A Booker of Newark; Cary Booker, 76, died in Las Vegas after long illness. MORE
Oct. 10, 2013
Editorial endorses Newark Mayor Cory Booker over his opponent Steven Lonegan in special election to fill the New Jersey Senate seat held by the late Frank Lautenberg; contends Booker has the pragmatism and commitment to those in need that will make him a necessary and effective voice in Washington. MORE
Oct. 7, 2013
Supporters of Newark Mayor Cory A Booker, unnerved by missteps in his Senate campaign, are rushing to shore up what was supposed to be a seamless entry onto the national stage for political star; opponent and Tea Party member Steve Lonegan has gained significant ground following negative ad campaign and debate victory; billionaire supporter Mayor Michael R Bloomberg will spend more than $1 million to broadcast television commercials on Booker's behalf. MORE
Sep. 26, 2013
Lynsie Lee, 26-year-old stripper from Oregon, reveals Twitter correspondence with Newark, NJ, Mayor Cory A Booker; Booker is currently running for United States Senate; exchange was published on BuzzFeed. MORE
Sep. 7, 2013
Newark Mayor Cory A Booker is cutting all ties to Waywire, Internet start-up that he founded with money from well-connected figures in Silicon Valley and elsewhere; association and attendant criticism have become embarrassment for Booker as he seeks Democratic nomination for United States Senate in New Jersey. MORE
Aug. 30, 2013
Steve Lonegan, Newark Mayor Cory A Booker's opponent in race for United States Senate seat, questions mayor's sexuality and speaks of what it means to be a man in recent interview; New Jersey Gov Chris Christie, Republican who has endorsed Lonegan and who is running for re-election, distances himself from the comments, saying they do not agree on every issue. MORE
Aug. 28, 2013
Steve Lonegan is waging long-shot campaign to be first Republican in 40 years elected to United States Senate from New Jersey, and he has no intention of letting it be dull; election to replace late Sen Frank R Lautenberg presents stark contrast, with Democratic contender Cory A Booker inviting comparisons to Pres Obama and Lonegan clearly stating his intentions to get to Washington and dismantle the Obama agenda. MORE
Aug. 14, 2013
Newark Mayor Cory A Booker easily wins Democratic nomination for United States Senate, and is heavy favorite to win October general election in an overwhelmingly Democratic state that has not elected a Republican senator in four decades; if Booker does win, he will become nation's only elected black senator; Steven M Lonegan wins Republican primary. MORE
Aug. 13, 2013
New Jersey residents are preparing to vote in a primary to fill a seat in the United States Senate, and candidates are traveling around the state to make their final pitches; much of the attention, both positive and negative, has focused on Mayor Cory A Booker of Newark, who has built a national reputation as a rising star for Democrats. MORE
Aug. 10, 2013
Waywire, Internet start-up owned in large part by Newark Mayor Cory A Booker, is racing to find buyer; push comes with recognition that company is not making progress and amid fears that Booker's potential election to United States Senate could strip moribund venture of his presence and its main asset. MORE
Aug. 9, 2013
Democratic hopefuls complain about being overshadowed by Newark Mayor Cory A Booker in special election to fill United States Senate seat left open by death of Frank R Lautenberg in June; Booker has raised far more money than the other candidates, pulling in $2.1 million in July alone, and has been endorsed by the state's major newspapers. MORE
Aug. 8, 2013
Andrew Zucker, 15-year-old son of CNN president Jeff Zucker, resigns from board that advises Internet start-up Waywire, founded by Newark Mayor Cory A Booker; goal of Booker's site is to make it easier to collect, curate and share videos from the Web. MORE
Aug. 8, 2013
Editorial asserts Newark Mayor Cory Booker, who is running for the Senate, has obligation to give a full and personal accounting of his involvement in an Internet start-up that he formed with the help of several high-powered investors from Silicon Valley; warns Booker that he must make certain his connections do not create a conflict or an appearance of conflict should he win the senate campaign. MORE
Aug. 7, 2013
Newark Mayor Cory A Booker has close ties to Silicon Valley and personally has obtained money from influential investors, like Google executive chairman Eric E Schmidt, for Booker's Internet start-up company Waywire; Booker's involvement in powerful world of high-tech underscores perception of him as an ascendent politician who understands the potential of digital world being shaped around globe. MORE
Aug. 6, 2013
New Jersey State Assembly Speaker Sheila Oliver, Newark Mayor Cory A Booker and Reps Frank Pallone Jr and Rush D Holt participate in first Democratic debate in race for United State Senate seat vacated by death of Frank R Lautenberg. MORE
Aug. 3, 2013
Editorial endorses Newark Mayor Cory Booker as Democratic candidate in race to replace New Jersey Sen Frank Lautenberg, who died in June; argues that Booker will be able to use his political star status to continue to fight for neglected and powerless in New Jersey and nationally. MORE
Jul. 5, 2013
Relationship between Cory Booker and New Jersey Gov Chris Christie is based on a genuine fondness; with Booker seeking the Democratic nomination for the late Sen Frank R Lautenberg's seat, however, opponents are signaling plans to make Booker's ties to Republican governor a major theme in primary, arguing that it is emblematic of the complicated relationship the mayor has with his own party, particularly its liberal base. MORE
Jun. 13, 2013
Newark Mayor Cory A Booker seems poised to step into a position that matches his much-discussed political promise as he enters race for United States Senate seat left vacant by the death of Sen Frank R Lautenberg; Booker is heavy favorite, with 40-point advantage in early polls. MORE
Jun. 9, 2013
Cory A Booker officially declares his campaign for United States Senate; Booker, who has become national celebrity as mayor of Newark and enters race heavily favored, says he will run in special election to fill seat vacated when Sen Frank Lautenberg died. MORE
Jun. 8, 2013
Field of candidates for United States Senate seat in New Jersey begins to take final shape, with Steven M Lonegan presenting himself as sole Republican so far; Mayor Cory A Booker of Newark will most likely face long-serving Congressmen Frank Pallone Jr and Rush D Holt Jr in Democratic primary. MORE
May. 18, 2013
Newark Mayor Cory A Booker, now a Senate candidate, reports that he earned $1.3 million in speaking fees over the last four and a half years; says he paid $476,156 in taxes and donated $619,253 to charity. MORE
Mar. 5, 2013
Mayor Cory A Booker of Newark, NJ, who is preparing to run for US Senate seat, says he earned about $1 million from public speaking engagements in his seven years in office, but that he donated almost all of the outside earnings to charity; pledges to put forth a full accounting of his earnings beyond his roughly $135,000 annual salary. MORE
Feb. 14, 2013
Newark Mayor Cory A Booker denounces not only three men charged with forcing another man to strip naked before savagely whipping him, but also those who knew of the attack, which was posted on YouTube, and did not tell police; Ahmad Holt, Raheem Clark and Jamaar Gray are charged with armed robbery and aggravated assault and face up to 20 years in prison if convicted. MORE
Feb. 13, 2013
Democratic Senator Frank R Lautenberg of New Jersey has embraced his job with new vigor, even as Cory A Booker, the mayor of Newark, has said that he will seek the seat; most in his inner circle say the 89-year-old will ultimately decide to retire as oldest member of the Senate, but some say he is convincing when he talks about another campaign. MORE
Jan. 12, 2013
Mayor Cory A Booker of Newark takes first official step toward running for United States Senate in 2014; registers his campaign committee to pursue the seat long held by fellow Democrat Frank R Lautenberg, who has yet to say whether he will run for re-election next year. MORE
Dec. 21, 2012
Newark, NJ, Mayor Corey A Booker says he will not challenge Gov Chris Christie for reelection, deciding instead to complete his full term and then focus on making a bid for United States Senate in 2014. MORE
Dec. 14, 2012
Newark Mayor Cory A Booker, whose accomplishments in troubled city fall short of what residents hoped for, weighs run for New Jersey governor; growing complaints that he is better marketer than mayor has even some fellow Democrats arguing that he should run for Senate seat in 2014 instead. MORE
Dec. 13, 2012
Newark, NJ, Mayor Cory A Booker appears on Comedy Central's The Daily Show with Jon Stewart; appearance, promoted among Booker's 1.3 million Twitter followers, earns Booker praise from Stewart, who refers to him as 'the superhero mayor of Newark'. MORE
Nov. 22, 2012
Newark, NJ, City Council meeting explodes into a melee as Mayor Cory A Booker, following controversial parliamentary maneuvering, successfully installs a candidate into a vacant council seat who is allied with the city's biggest political boss; residents rush elected officials on the dais, and police officers in riot helmets use pepper spray to restrain the crowd. MORE
May. 21, 2012
Newark Mayor Cory A Booker sharply criticizes Pres Obama's campaign for attacking Mitt Romney's work at the private equity firm Bain Capital; argues that one of the campaign's television advertisements unfairly portrayed private equity as a job-killing industry. MORE
Apr. 14, 2012
Newark, NJ, Mayor Cory A Booker holds press conference to answer questions about his experience rescuing a neighbor from her burning home. MORE
Apr. 13, 2012
Mayor Cory A Booker of Newark, NJ, rescues a neighbor from her burning house; both are taken to a local hospital, where Booker is treated for smoke inhalation. MORE
Oct. 25, 2011
Michael Powell Gotham column argues that there is considerable dissonance between Newark Mayor Cory A Booker's national and local reputations; holds that narrative of his heroic, self-sacrificing campaign to redeem a city plagued by violence and poverty has been tarnished at the local level by scandal, layoffs, rising crime and a broken budget. MORE
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A Series
The Hard Part
Articles in this series are chronicling Mayor Cory A. Booker's tenure in Newark's City Hall.
Highlights From the Archives
Promise vs. Reality in Newark on Mayor's Watch
As Cory A. Booker weighs a run for New Jersey governor, many residents complain that his apparent focus on the national stage may have shortchanged his efforts to solve the city's problems.December 14, 2012 nyregionNews
Mayor Booker Favored, but Newark Is in No Mood to Celebrate This Year
Cory Booker, the darling of the press and reformers, won 72 percent of the vote in 2006, but the current fight looks closer.May 10, 2010 nyregionNews
Zuckerberg's Expensive Lesson
What happened to the Facebook founder's $100 million gift to Newark's schools?
September 8, 2015, Tuesday
Cory Booker, New Jersey Senator, Backs Iran Nuclear Deal
Mr. Booker joins 36 other Senate Democrats who have endorsed the accord.
September 4, 2015, Friday
Chris Christie Pushes Cory Booker to Oppose Iran Deal
Gov. Chris Christie of New Jersey urges Senator Cory Booker to oppose President Obama's deal to curtail Iran's nuclear program.
August 25, 2015, Tuesday
Transportation Secretary and New Jersey Officials Meet to Discuss Hudson River Rail Tunnels
Anthony Foxx met with Gov. Chris Christie and New Jersey's two senators on Tuesday to discuss a proposal to build new tunnels, and, more important, how to pay for it.
August 19, 2015, Wednesday
David Simon and Cory Booker on 'Show Me a Hero' and the Future of Cities
Mr. Simon, the creator of HBO's "Show Me a Hero," about the court-ordered desegregation of Yonkers, and Senator Booker, Democrat of New Jersey, discuss the mini-series, housing, race and urban policy.
August 16, 2015, Sunday
Schools Chief in Newark Says Debate Lost Its Focus
Cami Anderson, in an interview one day after she resigned as schools superintendent, lamented that the fight over education reform had become "personalized."
June 24, 2015, Wednesday
A Victory for Medical Marijuana
In an important step, a Senate committee has voted to let Veterans Affairs doctors sign recommendation forms for medical marijuana.
May 22, 2015, Friday
Booker, Mentored by Menendez, Assumes Role as His Defender During Legal Fight
Cory Booker, who has leaned on a fellow New Jersey Democrat, Robert Menendez, since joining the Senate in 2013, is now standing by him as he faces bribery charges.
April 10, 2015, Friday
Good News for Medical Marijuana
Sen. Barbara Boxer's support will lend political heft to a bill that would permit the medicinal use of marijuana in states that allow it.
March 18, 2015, Wednesday
For Blacks in the U.S., Much Work Remains
Since the Voting Rights Act was signed in 1965, African-Americans have made powerful strides, but recent unrest shows that the road ahead will be tough.
March 16, 2015, Monday
Cory Booker Navigator
A list of resources from around the Web about Hillary Rodham Clinton as selected by researchers and editors of The New York Times.
Related Sites
Other Coverage
Cory Booker: Newark's Mayor Fights for a Revival U.S. News and World Report, Oct. 22, 2009
Why Cory Booker Likes Being Mayor of Newark Time, July 27, 2009
Booker's First Year a Wearying Journey, The Star-Ledger (Newark, New Jersey), July 1, 2007
The Status of the Mayor's Agenda, The Star-Ledger (Newark, New Jersey), July 1, 2007
The Guy in the Thick of It, U.S. World & News Report, April 24, 2006
Face Time With the Mayor
Mayor Cory A. Booker of Newark makes himself available to all comers during his "office hours."
Walking the Boulevard
Take a tour of Newark's historic Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard with Clement Price, professor of history at Rutgers University.
100 Days In
Images from Cory A. Booker's first 100 days as mayor of Newark.
Video: Cory Booker
The candidate for mayor of Newark revisits his failed bid in 2002 and highlights what he thinks has prepared him to be a mayor.
Times Minute | Newark's Next Mayor
Also on the Minute, new privacy protections in Europe and developing bird-safe glass.
Booker Campaign Ad
Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg will start spending more than $1 million on Monday to broadcast this television commercial on Cory A. Booker's behalf.
Who Is Cory Booker?
A look at the career of Cory A. Booker, the mayor of Newark and Democratic nominee for the United States Senate, who has achieved star status in his party.
Booker Wins New Jersey Nomination
Cory A. Booker, the mayor of Newark and a charismatic star in the Democratic Party, swept the Democratic nomination for United States Senate in New Jersey Tuesday night.
New Jersey's $24 Million Election
A breakdown of the costs involved in the special election to choose a replacement for the late Senator Frank R. Lautenberg.
Rss Feeds On Cory Booker
Subscribe to an RSS feed on this topic. What is RSS?
Get Alerts On Cory Booker
Receive My Alerts e-mails on topics covered on this page.More Alerts >>


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subset: commoncrawl


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Upholding faith - Easter is marked by area churches
Catholics from Hooksett and Allenstown joined together for Palm Sunday. At Holy Rosary Church in Hooksett on Friday, March 22, the confirmation class of ninth-graders presented a passion play. (Leslie Thomas Photo)
A jubilant celebration at Holy Rosary Parish in Hooksett signified the ending of Lent and the beginning of Holy Week. On Friday, March 22, the confirmation class of ninth-graders presented a live re-enactment of the stages of Christ called the "Passion Play."
For many churches, the Sunday before Easter, known as Palm Sunday or Passion Sunday is a celebration that Christians believe to be the day of Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem. At the 8:30 morning Mass on March 23, visitors and members picked up their blessed palm frond and filled the pews.
As the service started, several children walked the aisles in the sanctuary waving their palms. For Christians, this sacred service invites them to celebrate Jesus' life and focuses on the importance of the ministry.
"I still have my palms from when I was younger," said Sarah White, 14, who has been attending church services since she was 3. "Palm Sunday has always been a day that is a part of me and a family tradition."
The service was led by the Rev. Edmund Crowley. Every pew was packed, leaving several worshipers to stand along the back wall, where they listened intently to his words and the choir music that echoed throughout the church service.
Denise McFetridge longstanding member of St. John the Baptist parish, said her children enjoy going every year to the Easter celebration for children.
"They love making crafts, and this year they created the jelly bean prayer," she said.
"This week," Crowley said, "is the most solemn week of the year."
Holy Week continues with Holy Thursday, March 28, (Mass of the Last Supper) at 7 p.m., in Suncook at St. John the Baptist Church.
During that Mass, "We will wash the feet of 12 people representing the process," said Crowley.
On Good Friday, March 29, there will be Stations of the Cross in Hooksett at 3 p.m., and an evening Mass at 7 p.m. On Saturday, March 30, there will be an Easter Vigil Mass at 7 p.m. at St John the Baptist Church. They will commemorate the resurrection of Christ and the readings will focus on creation and new life.
"You will find that the church builds nature around us, with animals being born resembling the resurrection.The Easter season happens in the spring when everything is coming back to life," said Crowley.
Easter Sunday services will be at 8:30 a.m. and 11:30 a.m. at Holy Rosary Church in Hooksett and a 10 a.m. Mass at St. John the Baptist Church in Allenstown.
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Application for Permit to Mine Coal
Under Utah Coal Mining Regulations R645
Carbon Resources, LLC
Carbon County, Utah
Notice is hereby given that Carbon Resources, LLC., P.O. Box 954,
Sandia Park, New Mexico 87047 with Ronald C. Barker as Resident Agent,
2870 S. State Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84225-3624, has filed an
application with the Utah Department of National Resources, Division
of Oil, Gas and Mining for a Permit to mine coal pursuant to R645 of
the Utah Coal Program Regulations. The permit area is shown on the
Scofield U.S. Geologic Survey 7.5-minute Quadrangle map.
The permit area affected is located in Carbon County, Utah as follows:
Township 12 South, Range 7 East, Salt Lake Base & Meridian
Section 32
Section 33
Township 13 South, Range 7 East,
Salt Lake Base & Meridian
Section 4
Copies of the application can be reviewed at the following locations:
Carbon County Recorder's Office
120 East Main Street
Price, Utah 84501
Utah Department of Natural Resources
Division of Oil, Gas and Mining
1594 West North Temple, Suite 1210
Salt Lake City, Utah 84116
Mining operations will be conducted within 100 feet of Utah Highway
Written comments, objections, or requests for informal conferences on
the application may be submitted to the Division of Oil, Gas and
Mining at the address above.
Closing date for submission of such comments, objections and requests
for an infornal conference on this proposal must be submitted by
August 1, 2010.
Published in the Sun Advocate June 10, 17, 24 and July 1, 2010


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About Greg
Greg Howlett is a Christian concert pianist, educator, and recording artist. He has produced six CDs and two live concert projects which are currently airing around the world.
In addition to his performance work, Greg has helped thousands of pianists with skills such as playing by ear, reharmonization, arranging, theory and much more.


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Most everyone enjoys a good joke, but no one wants to be the victim of a bad one. More often than not, it's hard to know where to draw the line. read more
Page 76 of 103
Patrick Morley: Christians Should Never 'Normalize' Any Sin
Jesus calls us to be uncompromising about the truth, but to be humble about how we use it. read more
Don't Allow Your 'Yes' to be 'Maybe'
The truth of Jesus is transformational. Living a transformed life is not an optional calling. read more
Men, Guard Your Hearts From Perversion
In an age where pornography and sexual sin is rampant, Christian men need to utilize the ultimate weapon to stay pure. read more
The Three Things Men Want
Manhood is more than not being a girl. Discover three basic desires Patrick Morley says a Christian man craves. read more
Warriors Please God, Not Posers
Don't shrink back in times of trouble. Be a man and be prepared. read more
Sarcasm Can Destroy A Marriage
If you apologize for your sarcastic, biting words, it is likely that your mate will, too. Loving language encourages loving language in another. read more
Infants: Extreme Birth Control
Have you ever looked forward to a night of romance with your wife, only to have it interrupted by your baby? Find out how Dave Meurer learned to overcome those frustrations. read more
10 Ways to Joyfully Keep Your Marriage Vows
Marriage is more than a piece of paper. It's a framework designed to facilitate giving you the best possible experience in a committed relationship. read more
How Far Would a Good Dad Go to Limit His Child's Media Access?
Short of hiring a virtual assassin or bribing your child to give up time online, you can—and should—place appropriate boundaries where necessary. read more


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On Sunday before Election Day, the Pew Research Center released its final prediction on the outcome of the election: President Obama would win, beating Republican Party candidate Mitt Romney, 50 percent to 47 percent. When all votes were tallied, Obama beat Romney, 50.6 percent to 47.8 percent.
Pew acknowledged that the president's virtual takeover of the media in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy just before the election persuaded some who were undecided to vote for the president. According to Pew:
Obama's handling of the storm's aftermath may have contributed to his improved showing. Fully 69% of all likely voters approve of the way Obama is handling the storm's impact.
Even a plurality of Romney supporters (46%) approve of Obama's handling of the situation; more important, so too do 63% of swing voters.
In its final pre-election survey of 2,709 voters conducted from October 31 through November 3, Pew began to see how the electorate was moving. Thirty-nine percent of likely voters supported Obama strongly, whereas just a third of them strongly supported Romney. Noted Pew: "In past elections … the candidate with the higher percentage of strong support has usually gone on to win the popular vote."
Among women voters, Pew noted the most dramatic shift towards Obama, favoring him 53 percent to just 40 percent for Romney — a 13-point margin and a six-point improvement from just a week before.
Meanwhile, Pew noted that among voters age 65 and older, Romney's support began to fade down the home stretch. Romney's 19-point lead in Pew's previous poll had declined to just nine points in the latest one.
On Wednesday, November 7, Pew released its post-election analysis and noted that its prediction was spot-on, with women, young people, and minorities breaking strongly for Obama, overcoming the advantage Romney held among older white voters. Here's how Pew described the shift:
Click here to read the entire article.
Photo of President Barack Obama: AP Images


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Pat-a-PanEarlene Rentz - Earlene Rentz Publications
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42 U.S. Code § 7511b - Federal ozone measures
(a) Control techniques guidelines for VOC sources
Within 3 years after November 15, 1990, the Administrator shall issue control techniques guidelines, in accordance with section 7408 of this title, for 11 categories of stationary sources of VOC emissions for which such guidelines have not been issued as of November 15, 1990, not including the categories referred to in paragraphs (3) and (4) of subsection (b) of this section. The Administrator may issue such additional control techniques guidelines as the Administrator deems necessary.
(b) Existing and new CTGS
(1) Within 36 months after November 15, 1990, and periodically thereafter, the Administrator shall review and, if necessary, update control technique guidance issued under section 7408 of this title before November 15, 1990.
(2) In issuing the guidelines the Administrator shall give priority to those categories which the Administrator considers to make the most significant contribution to the formation of ozone air pollution in ozone nonattainment areas, including hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities which are permitted under subtitle C of the Solid Waste Disposal Act [42 U.S.C. 6921 et seq.]. Thereafter the Administrator shall periodically review and, if necessary, revise such guidelines.
(3) Within 3 years after November 15, 1990, the Administrator shall issue control techniques guidelines in accordance with section 7408 of this title to reduce the aggregate emissions of volatile organic compounds into the ambient air from aerospace coatings and solvents. Such control techniques guidelines shall, at a minimum, be adequate to reduce aggregate emissions of volatile organic compounds into the ambient air from the application of such coatings and solvents to such level as the Administrator determines may be achieved through the adoption of best available control measures. Such control technology guidance shall provide for such reductions in such increments and on such schedules as the Administrator determines to be reasonable, but in no event later than 10 years after the final issuance of such control technology guidance. In developing control technology guidance under this subsection, the Administrator shall consult with the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Transportation, and the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration with regard to the establishment of specifications for such coatings. In evaluating VOC reduction strategies, the guidance shall take into account the applicable requirements of section 7412 of this title and the need to protect stratospheric ozone.
(4) Within 3 years after November 15, 1990, the Administrator shall issue control techniques guidelines in accordance with section 7408 of this title to reduce the aggregate emissions of volatile organic compounds and PM–10 into the ambient air from paints, coatings, and solvents used in shipbuilding operations and ship repair. Such control techniques guidelines shall, at a minimum, be adequate to reduce aggregate emissions of volatile organic compounds and PM–10 into the ambient air from the removal or application of such paints, coatings, and solvents to such level as the Administrator determines may be achieved through the adoption of the best available control measures. Such control techniques guidelines shall provide for such reductions in such increments and on such schedules as the Administrator determines to be reasonable, but in no event later than 10 years after the final issuance of such control technology guidance. In developing control techniques guidelines under this subsection, the Administrator shall consult with the appropriate Federal agencies.
(c) Alternative control techniques
Within 3 years after November 15, 1990, the Administrator shall issue technical documents which identify alternative controls for all categories of stationary sources of volatile organic compounds and oxides of nitrogen which emit, or have the potential to emit 25 tons per year or more of such air pollutant. The Administrator shall revise and update such documents as the Administrator determines necessary.
(d) Guidance for evaluating cost-effectiveness
Within 1 year after November 15, 1990, the Administrator shall provide guidance to the States to be used in evaluating the relative cost-effectiveness of various options for the control of emissions from existing stationary sources of air pollutants which contribute to nonattainment of the national ambient air quality standards for ozone.
(e) Control of emissions from certain sources
(1) Definitions
For purposes of this subsection—
(A) Best available controls
The term "best available controls" means the degree of emissions reduction that the Administrator determines, on the basis of technological and economic feasibility, health, environmental, and energy impacts, is achievable through the application of the most effective equipment, measures, processes, methods, systems or techniques, including chemical reformulation, product or feedstock substitution, repackaging, and directions for use, consumption, storage, or disposal.
(B) Consumer or commercial product
The term "consumer or commercial product" means any substance, product (including paints, coatings, and solvents), or article (including any container or packaging) held by any person, the use, consumption, storage, disposal, destruction, or decomposition of which may result in the release of volatile organic compounds. The term does not include fuels or fuel additives regulated under section 7545 of this title, or motor vehicles, non-road vehicles, and non-road engines as defined under section 7550 of this title.
(C) Regulated entities
The term "regulated entities" means—
(i) manufacturers, processors, wholesale distributors, or importers of consumer or commercial products for sale or distribution in interstate commerce in the United States; or
(2) Study and report
(A) Study
The Administrator shall conduct a study of the emissions of volatile organic compounds into the ambient air from consumer and commercial products (or any combination thereof) in order to—
(i) determine their potential to contribute to ozone levels which violate the national ambient air quality standard for ozone; and
(ii) establish criteria for regulating consumer and commercial products or classes or categories thereof which shall be subject to control under this subsection.
The study shall be completed and a report submitted to Congress not later than 3 years after November 15, 1990.
(B) Consideration of certain factors
In establishing the criteria under subparagraph (A)(ii), the Administrator shall take into consideration each of the following:
(iii) Those consumer and commercial products which emit highly reactive volatile organic compounds into the ambient air.
(3) Regulations to require emission reductions
(A) In general
Upon submission of the final report under paragraph (2), the Administrator shall list those categories of consumer or commercial products that the Administrator determines, based on the study, account for at least 80 percent of the VOC emissions, on a reactivity-adjusted basis, from consumer or commercial products in areas that violate the NAAQS for ozone. Credit toward the 80 percent emissions calculation shall be given for emission reductions from consumer or commercial products made after November 15, 1990. At such time, the Administrator shall divide the list into 4 groups establishing priorities for regulation based on the criteria established in paragraph (2). Every 2 years after promulgating such list, the Administrator shall regulate one group of categories until all 4 groups are regulated. The regulations shall require best available controls as defined in this section. Such regulations may exempt health use products for which the Administrator determines there is no suitable substitute. In order to carry out this section, the Administrator may, by regulation, control or prohibit any activity, including the manufacture or introduction into commerce, offering for sale, or sale of any consumer or commercial product which results in emission of volatile organic compounds into the ambient air.
(B) Regulated entities
Regulations under this subsection may be imposed only with respect to regulated entities.
(C) Use of CTGS
For any consumer or commercial product the Administrator may issue control techniques guidelines under this chapter in lieu of regulations required under subparagraph (A) if the Administrator determines that such guidance will be substantially as effective as regulations in reducing emissions of volatile organic compounds which contribute to ozone levels in areas which violate the national ambient air quality standard for ozone.
(4) Systems of regulation
The regulations under this subsection may include any system or systems of regulation as the Administrator may deem appropriate, including requirements for registration and labeling, self-monitoring and reporting, prohibitions, limitations, or economic incentives (including marketable permits and auctions of emissions rights) concerning the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, consumption, or disposal of the product.
(5) Special fund
Any amounts collected by the Administrator under such regulations shall be deposited in a special fund in the United States Treasury for licensing and other services, which thereafter shall be available until expended, subject to annual appropriation Acts, solely to carry out the activities of the Administrator for which such fees, charges, or collections are established or made.
(6) Enforcement
(7) State administration
Each State may develop and submit to the Administrator a procedure under State law for implementing and enforcing regulations promulgated under this subsection. If the Administrator finds the State procedure is adequate, the Administrator shall approve such procedure. Nothing in this paragraph shall prohibit the Administrator from enforcing any applicable regulations under this subsection.
(8) Size, etc.
No regulations regarding the size, shape, or labeling of a product may be promulgated, unless the Administrator determines such regulations to be useful in meeting any national ambient air quality standard.
(9) State consultation
Any State which proposes regulations other than those adopted under this subsection shall consult with the Administrator regarding whether any other State or local subdivision has promulgated or is promulgating regulations on any products covered under this part. The Administrator shall establish a clearinghouse of information, studies, and regulations proposed and promulgated regarding products covered under this subsection and disseminate such information collected as requested by State or local subdivisions.
(f) Tank vessel standards
(1) Schedule for standards
(A) Within 2 years after November 15, 1990, the Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of the Department in which the Coast Guard is operating, shall promulgate standards applicable to the emission of VOCs and any other air pollutant from loading and unloading of tank vessels (as that term is defined in section 2101 of title 46) which the Administrator finds causes, or contributes to, air pollution that may be reasonably anticipated to endanger public health or welfare. Such standards shall require the application of reasonably available control technology, considering costs, any nonair-quality benefits, environmental impacts, energy requirements and safety factors associated with alternative control techniques. To the extent practicable such standards shall apply to loading and unloading facilities and not to tank vessels.
(B) Any regulation prescribed under this subsection (and any revision thereof) shall take effect after such period as the Administrator finds (after consultation with the Secretary of the department [1] in which the Coast Guard is operating) necessary to permit the development and application of the requisite technology, giving appropriate consideration to the cost of compliance within such period, except that the effective date shall not be more than 2 years after promulgation of such regulations.
(2) Regulations on equipment safety
Within 6 months after November 15, 1990, the Secretary of the Department in which the Coast Guard is operating shall issue regulations to ensure the safety of the equipment and operations which are to control emissions from the loading and unloading of tank vessels, under section 3703 of title 46 and section 1225 of title 33. The standards promulgated by the Administrator under paragraph (1) and the regulations issued by a State or political subdivision regarding emissions from the loading and unloading of tank vessels shall be consistent with the regulations regarding safety of the Department in which the Coast Guard is operating.
(3) Agency authority
(A) The Administrator shall ensure compliance with the tank vessel emission standards prescribed under paragraph (1)(A). The Secretary of the Department in which the Coast Guard is operating shall also ensure compliance with the tank vessel standards prescribed under paragraph (1)(A).
(4) State or local standards
After the Administrator promulgates standards under this section, no State or political subdivision thereof may adopt or attempt to enforce any standard respecting emissions from tank vessels subject to regulation under paragraph (1) unless such standard is no less stringent than the standards promulgated under paragraph (1).
(g) Ozone design value study
The Administrator shall conduct a study of whether the methodology in use by the Environmental Protection Agency as of November 15, 1990, for establishing a design value for ozone provides a reasonable indicator of the ozone air quality of ozone nonattainment areas. The Administrator shall obtain input from States, local subdivisions thereof, and others. The study shall be completed and a report submitted to Congress not later than 3 years after November 15, 1990. The results of the study shall be subject to peer and public review before submitting it to Congress.
(h) Vehicles entering ozone nonattainment areas
(1) Authority regarding ozone inspection and maintenance testing
(A) In general
No noncommercial motor vehicle registered in a foreign country and operated by a United States citizen or by an alien who is a permanent resident of the United States, or who holds a visa for the purposes of employment or educational study in the United States, may enter a covered ozone nonattainment area from a foreign country bordering the United States and contiguous to the nonattainment area more than twice in a single calendar-month period, if State law has requirements for the inspection and maintenance of such vehicles under the applicable implementation plan in the nonattainment area.
(B) Applicability
Subparagraph (A) shall not apply if the operator presents documentation at the United States border entry point establishing that the vehicle has complied with such inspection and maintenance requirements as are in effect and are applicable to motor vehicles of the same type and model year.
(2) Sanctions for violations
The President may impose and collect from the operator of any motor vehicle who violates, or attempts to violate, paragraph (1) a civil penalty of not more than $200 for the second violation or attempted violation and $400 for the third and each subsequent violation or attempted violation.
(3) State election
The prohibition set forth in paragraph (1) shall not apply in any State that elects to be exempt from the prohibition. Such an election shall take effect upon the President's receipt of written notice from the Governor of the State notifying the President of such election.
(4) Alternative approach
The prohibition set forth in paragraph (1) shall not apply in a State, and the President may implement an alternative approach, if—
(A) the Governor of the State submits to the President a written description of an alternative approach to facilitate the compliance, by some or all foreign-registered motor vehicles, with the motor vehicle inspection and maintenance requirements that are—
(ii) in effect under the applicable implementation plan in the covered ozone nonattainment area; and
(5) Definition of covered ozone nonattainment area
In this section, the term "covered ozone nonattainment area" means a Serious Area, as classified under section 7511 of this title as of October 27, 1998.
[1] So in original. Probably should be capitalized.
Source(July 14, 1955, ch. 360, title I, § 183, as added Pub. L. 101–549, title I, § 103,Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2443; amended Pub. L. 105–286, § 2,Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2773.)
References in Text
The Solid Waste Disposal Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is title II of Pub. L. 89–272, Oct. 20, 1965, 79 Stat. 997, as amended generally by Pub. L. 94–580, § 2,Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2795. Subtitle C of the Act is classified generally to subchapter III (§ 6921 et seq.) of chapter 82 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 6901 of this title and Tables.
1998—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 105–286added subsec. (h).
Effective Date of 1998 Amendment; Publication of Prohibition
Pub. L. 105–286, § 3,Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2774, provided that:
"(a) In General.—The amendment made by section 2 [amending this section] takes effect 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 27, 1998]. Nothing in that amendment shall require action that is inconsistent with the obligations of the United States under any international agreement.
"(b) Information.—As soon as practicable after the date of the enactment of this Act, the appropriate agency of the United States shall distribute information to publicize the prohibition set forth in the amendment made by section 2."
Transfer of Functions
For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 468 (b), 551 (d), 552 (d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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SEURAT-1 meeting showcases new results and challenges in alternative methods to animal testing Publicado el: 18/02/2014, Última actualización: 24/06/2015
The 4th Annual Meeting of the SEURAT-1 cluster, recently held in Barcelona (5-6 February 2014), was the largest so far, attracting more than 150 participants. With the collective aim of ultimately replacing in vivo repeated dose systemic toxicity testing with animal-free solutions, SEURAT-1 is the largest EU initiative ever undertaken on alternative methods to animal testing.
All the projects are well advanced in their work programmes and a wide variety of new methodologies and tools for mechanistic-based toxicology were unveiled at the meeting. Results on development of complex bioreactors, imaging human tissues, innovative 'omics' technics, differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and modelling tools were presented. The launch of the public COSMOS database, a one-stop-repository of chronic toxicity data, was announced.
A main subject of the meeting was dedicated to the Proof-of-Concepts of the SEURAT-1 strategy, i.e. to develop complementary theoretical, computational and experimental (in vitro) models to predict toxicity in human and apply the predictions in safety assessment of chemicals.


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Carry this color and show your support for breast cancer research. Learn more about the Vera Bradley Foundation for Breast Cancer.
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text:
Public Garden Career Center - View Job
Foreman of Gardeners/ Peggy Rockefeller Rose Garden Head Gardener
Category: Horticulture
The New York Botanical Garden
Bronx, New York
Posted: Friday, March 15, 2013
The New York Botanical Garden
Foreman of Gardeners/
Peggy Rockefeller Rose Garden Head Gardener
The New York Botanical Garden, a National Historic Landmark and one of NYC's premier cultural institutions, seeks a full-time Foreman of Gardeners/Peggy Rockefeller Rose Garden Head Gardener to join their Horticulture department.
The application deadline for this position is 3/31/2013.
Selected applicants will receive a letter of invitation to take a written exam in April.
Summary of Responsibilities:
The Foreman of Gardeners/Head Gardener, working with the Director of Outdoor Gardens and other senior staff members, will maintain the highest level of horticultural care in the Peggy Rockefeller Rose Garden. He/She will perform all necessary tasks and supervise other staff members as well as volunteers in the daily maintenance and long term care of the Rose Garden and its rose collections. He/She will also perform and supervise care of the Earth-Kind Trial Beds and rose plants in other gardens and areas as required.
- Perform daily work in the Peggy Rockefeller Rose Garden and organize, supervise, and train staff and volunteers in these skills and tasks, including planting, pruning, deadheading, weeding, mulching, cutting back, raking, and cleaning of beds and paths. Organize and provide all tools and equipment necessary for these tasks.
- Monitor the irrigation system and watering needs of the Rose Garden and recommend and carry out adjustments and watering as necessary. Maintain and repair irrigation as necessary.
- Monitor the health and vigor of the plants in the Rose Garden. Recommend and carry out fertilization and soil improvements as required.
- Monitor for insects and diseases. Recommend and carry out plant health treatments as required.
- Working with the Senior Advisor and other staff, evaluate roses in the Rose Garden and make recommendations for additions and replacements.
- Care for tools and equipment used in the Rose Garden; report the need for repair and replacement, and keep maintenance and inventory records of such.
- Be responsible for the performance of subordinates in completing assigned tasks and for the use of all necessary tools and equipment.
- Maintain and submit daily work logs when requested.
- Four years of college education qualifying for a bachelor's degree or its equivalent plus an additional 2 to 5 years of experience in horticulture with an emphasis on the care of roses and rose gardens.
- Skill in all aspects of general horticulture including planting and maintenance, the use of all necessary tools and equipment, and specific knowledge and experience in the care of roses and rose gardens.
- The ability to train and direct others in all aspects of general horticulture relating to roses and rose gardens.
- Must have supervisory skills and be responsible for the performance of subordinates in completing assigned tasks.
- Ability to communicate clearly and understand written and verbal communication.
- Must have NYS Pesticide Applicator's Certification Category 3A, or be able to obtain one within 90 days of employment, and a valid Driver's License.
- Some overtime and weekend work will be required.
Annual Salary: $52,675.
We offer excellent benefits.
To Apply:
The application deadline for this position is: March 31, 2013
Please indicate Foreman of Gardeners/Peggy Rockefeller Rose Garden Head Gardener, H-1528 on cover letter and e-mail along with a resume to or visit our website at http://www.nybg.org/employment/.
The New York Botanical Garden is an Equal Opportunity Employer


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- Your wireless service provider might not support the blocked calling feature. For more information, contact your wireless service provider.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 28, 2008
|Filing date
|Feb 4, 2008
|Priority date
|Jun 29, 2001
|Also published as
|Publication number
|John F. Boylan, Orlando M. Padilla, Christopher J. Tarapata
|Original Assignee
|Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (8), Classifications (8), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to filtering devices and systems which can be used when an interventional procedure is being performed in a stenosed or occluded region of a body vessel to capture embolic material that may be created and released into the vessel during the procedure. The present invention is more particularly directed to an embolic filtering device with a strut assembly having varying wall thickness and strut widths. The present invention is particularly useful when an interventional procedure, such as balloon angioplasty, stenting procedures, laser angioplasty or atherectomy, is being performed in a critical body vessel, such as the carotid arteries, where the release of embolic debris into the bloodstream can occlude the flow of oxygenated blood to the brain, resulting in grave consequences to the patient. While the present invention is particularly useful in carotid procedures, the invention can be used in conjunction with any vascular interventional procedure in which an embolic risk is present.
Numerous procedures have been developed for treating occluded blood vessels to allow blood to flow without obstruction. Such procedures usually involve the percutaneous introduction of the interventional device into the lumen of the artery, usually through a catheter. One widely known and medically accepted procedure is balloon angioplasty in which an inflatable balloon is introduced within the stenosed region of the blood vessel to dilate the occluded vessel. The balloon catheter is initially inserted into the patient's arterial system and is advanced and manipulated into the area of stenosis in the artery. The balloon is inflated to compress the plaque and press the vessel wall radially outward to increase the diameter of the blood vessel, resulting in increased blood flow. The balloon is then deflated to a small profile so that the dilatation catheter can be withdrawn from the patient's vasculature and the blood flow resumed through the dilated artery. As should be appreciated by those skilled in the art, while the above-described procedure is typical, it is not the only method used in angioplasty.
Another procedure is laser angioplasty which utilizes a laser to ablate the stenosis by super heating and vaporizing the deposited plaque. Atherectomy is yet another method of treating a stenosed blood vessel in which cutting blades are rotated to shave the deposited plaque from the arterial wall. A vacuum catheter is usually used to capture the shaved plaque or thrombus from the blood stream during this procedure.
In the procedures of the kind referenced above, abrupt reclosure may occur or restenosis of the artery may develop over time, which may require another angioplasty procedure, a surgical bypass operation, or some other method of repairing or strengthening the area. To reduce the likelihood of the occurrence of abrupt reclosure and to strengthen the area, a physician can implant an intravascular prosthesis for maintaining vascular patency, commonly known as a stent, inside the artery across the lesion. The stent can be crimped tightly onto the balloon portion of the catheter and transported in its delivery diameter through the patient's vasculature. At the deployment site, the stent is expanded to a larger diameter, often by inflating the balloon portion of the catheter.
The above non-surgical interventional procedures, when successful, avoid the necessity of major surgical operations. However, there is one common problem which can become associated with all of these non-surgical procedures, namely, the potential release of embolic debris into the bloodstream that can occlude distal vasculature and cause significant health problems to the patient. For example, during deployment of a stent, it is possible that the metal struts of the stent can cut into the stenosis and shear off pieces of plaque which become embolic debris that can travel downstream and lodge somewhere in the patient's vascular system. Pieces of plaque material can sometimes dislodge from the stenosis during a balloon angioplasty procedure and become released into the bloodstream. Additionally, while complete vaporization of plaque is the intended goal during laser angioplasty, sometimes particles are not fully vaporized and thus enter the bloodstream. Likewise, not all of the emboli created during an atherectomy procedure may be drawn into the vacuum catheter and, as a result, enter the bloodstream as well.
When any of the above-described procedures are performed in the carotid arteries, the release of emboli into the circulatory system can be extremely dangerous and sometimes fatal to the patient. Debris that is carried by the bloodstream to distal vessels of the brain can cause these cerebral vessels to occlude, resulting in a stroke, and in some cases, death. Therefore, although cerebral percutaneous transluminal angioplasty has been performed in the past, the number of procedures performed has been limited due to the justifiable fear of causing an embolic stroke should embolic debris enter the bloodstream and block vital downstream blood passages.
Medical devices have been developed to attempt to deal with the problem created when debris or fragments enter the circulatory system following vessel treatment utilizing any one of the above-identified procedures. One approach which has been attempted is the cutting of any debris into minute sizes which pose little chance of becoming occluded in major vessels within the patient's vasculature. However, it is often difficult to control the size of the fragments which are formed, and the potential risk of vessel occlusion still exists, making such a procedure in the carotid arteries a high-risk proposition.
Other techniques include the use of catheters with a vacuum source which provides temporary suction to remove embolic debris from the bloodstream. However, as mentioned above, there can be complications associated with such systems if the vacuum catheter does not remove all of the embolic material from the bloodstream. Also, a powerful suction could cause trauma to the patient's vasculature.
Still other techniques which have had some limited success include the placement of a filter or trap downstream from the treatment site to capture embolic debris before it reaches the smaller blood vessels downstream. The placement of a filter in the patient's vasculature during treatment of the vascular lesion can reduce the presence of the embolic debris in the bloodstream. Such embolic filters are usually delivered in a collapsed position through the patient's vasculature and then expanded to trap the embolic debris. Some of these embolic filters are self expanding and utilize a restraining sheath which maintains the expandable filter in a collapsed position until it is ready to be expanded within the patient's vasculature. The physician can retract the proximal end of the restraining sheath to expose the expandable filter, causing the filter to expand at the desired location. Once the procedure is completed, the filter can be collapsed, and the filter (with the trapped embolic debris) can then be removed from the vessel. While a filter can be effective in capturing embolic material, the filter still needs to be collapsed and removed from the vessel. During this step, there is a possibility that trapped embolic debris can backflow through the inlet opening of the filter and enter the bloodstream as the filtering system is being collapsed and removed from the patient. Therefore, it is important that any captured embolic debris remain trapped within this filter so that particles are not released back into the body vessel. Additionally, the recovery apparatus should be relatively flexible to avoid straightening of the body vessel. Recovery devices which are too stiff can cause trauma to the vessel walls as the filter is being collapsed and removed from the vasculature.
Some prior art expandable filters are attached to the distal end of a guide wire or guide wire-like tubing that allows the filtering device to be placed in the patient's vasculature as the guide wire is steered by the physician. Once the guide wire is in proper position in the vasculature, the embolic filter can be deployed to capture embolic debris. Some embolic filter devices which utilize a guide wire for positioning also utilize the restraining sheath to maintain the expandable filter in a collapsed position. Once the proximal end of the restraining sheath is retracted by the physician, the expandable filter will move into its fully expanded position within the patient's vasculature. The restraining sheath can then be removed from the guide wire allowing the guide wire to be used by the physician to deliver interventional devices, such as a balloon angioplasty dilatation catheter or a stent delivery catheter, into the area of treatment. After the interventional procedure is completed, a recovery sheath can be delivered over the guide wire using over-the-wire techniques to collapse the expanded filter for removal from the patient's vasculature. As mentioned above, the recovery device, i.e., the recovery sheath, should be relatively flexible to track over the guide wire and to avoid straightening the body vessel once it is in place.
When a combination of an expandable filter and guide wire is utilized, it is important that the expandable filter remains flexible in order to negotiate the often tortuous anatomy through which it is being delivered. An expandable filter which is too stiff could prevent the device from reaching the desired deployment position within the patient's vasculature. As a result, there is a need to increase the flexibility of the expandable filter without compromising its structural integrity once in position within the patient's body vessel. Additionally, a fluoroscope is currently the most widely used instrument to visualize the filter during deployment and as such, requires an expandable filter having sufficient radiopacity to produce an identifiable image.
Expandable filters can be provided with high flexibility by forming the struts of the filter assembly from relatively thin material. However, the use of thin material often can reduce the radiopacity of the expandable filter, often making it difficult for the physician to visualize the filter during deployment. Conversely, the use of thicker materials, which can promote radiopacity of the expandable filter, usually reduces its flexibility, which may impair the deliverability of the expandable filter within the patient. Since some expandable filter assemblies are made from nickel titanium alloys, which provide the self-expansion characteristics to the filter assembly, there may be a need for increasing radiopacity since nickel titanium generally has a low degree of radiopacity. Moreover, the radiopacity of an expandable filtering assembly which utilizes nickel titanium can be greatly reduced if the struts of the filter assembly are formed thinner in order to increase the flexibility of the filter assembly. Therefore, there is a need for a careful balance between achieving high flexibility in the filter assembly while maintaining sufficient radiopacity to allow the device to be visualized using current visualization equipment. What has been needed is an expandable filter assembly having high flexibility with sufficient strength and radiopacity to be successfully deployed within a patient's vasculature to collect embolic debris which may be released into the patient's vasculature. The present invention disclosed herein satisfies these and other needs.
The present invention provides an expandable strut assembly and methods for making the same which can be used to create an embolic filtering device for capturing embolic debris created during the performance of a therapeutic interventional procedure, such as a balloon angioplasty or stenting procedure, in a body vessel. The present invention is particularly useful when an interventional procedure is being performed in critical arteries, such as the carotid arteries, in which vital downstream blood vessels can easily become blocked with embolic debris, including the main blood vessels leading to the brain. The present invention provides the physician with a flexible embolic filtering device which is sufficiently flexible to be steered through tortuous anatomy, but yet possesses sufficient strength to hold open a filtering element against the wall of the body vessel for capturing embolic debris. Moreover, the present invention provides sufficient flexibility without compromising the radiopacity characteristics of the filtering device. As a result, an embolic filtering device made in accordance with the present invention is relatively easy to deploy, has enhanced visibility under flouroscopy, and has good flexibility and conformable to the patient's anatomy.
An embolic filter assembly of the present invention utilizes an expandable strut assembly made from a self-expanding material, for example, nickel titanium (NiTi) or spring steel, and includes a number of outwardly extending struts capable of expanding from a collapsed position having a first delivery diameter to an expanded or deployed position having a second implanted diameter. A filter element made from an embolic-capturing material can be attached to the expandable strut assembly to move between the collapsed position and the deployed position with expandable struts.
The struts of the strut assembly can be set to remain in the expanded, deployed position until an external force is placed over the struts to collapse and move the struts to the collapsed position. One way of accomplishing this is through the use of a restraining sheath, for example, which can be placed over the filtering device in a coaxial fashion to contact the strut assembly and move the assembly into the collapsed position. The embolic filtering device can be implanted in the patient's vasculature and remain implanted for a period of time or can be attached to the distal end of an elongated member, such as a guide wire, for temporary placement in the vasculature. A guide wire is used in conjunction with the filtering device when embolic debris is to be filtered during an interventional procedure. In this manner, the guide wire and filtering assembly, with the restraining sheath placed over the filter assembly, can be placed into the patient's vasculature. Once the physician properly manipulates the guide wire into the target area, the restraining sheath can be retracted to deploy the strut assembly into the expanded position. This can be easily performed by the physician by simply retracting the proximal end of the restraining sheath (located outside of the patient). Once the restraining sheath is retracted, the self-expanding properties of the strut assembly cause each strut to move in a outward, radial fashion away from the guide wire to contact the wall of the body vessel. As the struts expand radially, so does the filter element which will now be maintained in place to collect any embolic debris that may be released into the bloodstream as the physician performs the interventional procedure. The guide wire is used by the physician to deliver the necessary interventional device into the are of treatment. The deployed filter element captures embolic debris which may be created and released into the body vessel during the procedure.
The strut assembly which forms pare of the filtering assembly includes portions in which the struts flex during delivery and recovery of the device within the patient's vasculature. Also, there are portions of the strut assembly which will remain relatively stable (i.e., largely undeformed or not flexed) during the travel through the sometimes tortuous pathway of the patient's vasculature. For example, as the embolic filtering device is being delivered through the patient's vasculature, it will bend longitudinally in order to cross and navigate the curves of the vasculature. When the strut assembly passes through such curved portions of the vasculature, the flexing portions of the strut assembly will resiliently flex while the stable portions remain largely unflexed or undeformed, even when the filtering assembly as a whole is being delivered through extremely tight turns. Thus, the strut assembly of the embolic filtering assembly can be thought of having both flexing portions and stable portions which cooperate with each other in order to provide a composite assembly having both the necessary flexibility and strength to create an effective embolic filtering device.
The flexibility of the strut assembly is largely derived from those portion of the struts which actually flex, without substantial assistance from the stable portions of the assembly. Those stable portions are usually not subject to sufficient loads to cause bending when the composite device is delivered across curved portions of the anatomy since the flexing portions delivering the flexibility need to negotiate the turns. Accordingly, the stable portions of the strut assembly will remain substantially stiff and will not undergo substantial bending or flexing. As a result, these stable portions provide strength to the strut assembly which will be later needed when the strut assembly is expanded in the body vessel to maintain the filter element in its deployed position in the body vessel. Accordingly, the thickness or width of the stable portions of the strut assembly will not materially impact the overall flexibility or ease of delivering the embolic filtering assembly through the patient's vasculature.
The flexing portions of the strut assembly, on the other hand, can have reduced strut thickness or strut width to increase the strut assembly's overall ability to flex or bend as it is being delivered through the curved portions of the anatomy. Thus, in order to provide an optimal range of strength, flexibility and radiopacity, the present invention provides a strut assembly having thinner areas which promote flexibility, with greater strut thickness and/or widths in select stable areas to promote greater strength. This use of thicker and/or wider struts provides enhanced visibility by increasing the radiopacity in those select areas. By increasing the amount of material in the stable areas of the strut assembly, overall flexibility should not be impacted by the thicker or wider struts in the stable portions. On the other hand, a thinner and/or narrower strut can be utilized in the flexing portions to achieve the needed overall flexibility for the strut assembly. Again, the stable portions could utilize thicker struts or wider struts for increased radiopacity while the thinner, narrower struts in the flexing portions would create preferential bending points leading to enhanced conformability and flexibility.
Additionally, in embolic filtering devices which utilize a restraining sheath to deploy the self-expanding filter assembly, the surface area of the strut assembly in contact with the sheath can be decreased thereby reducing the amount of friction created between restraining sheath and strut assembly as the sheath is being retracted over the struts. As a result, it should be easier to retract the restraining sheath once the filter assembly is to be deployed in the patient's vasculature. The combination of these properties lead to an embolic filtering device which can be easy to deploy, is more visible under a fluoroscope, and has increased flexibility and conformability with the patient's anatomy. The present invention is also directed to various methods for making such an expandable strut assembly/filtering device.
It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited by the embodiments described herein. The present invention can be used in arteries, veins, and other body vessels. Other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the invention, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying exemplary drawings.
Turning now to the drawings, in which like reference numerals represent like or corresponding elements in the drawings,
It should be appreciated that the embolic filtering device 10 depicted herein is just one example of the numerous designs which can be used to create an embolic protection device made in accordance with the present invention. An obturator 22 affixed to the distal end of the filter assembly 12 can be implemented to prevent possible "snowplowing" of the embolic protection device as it is being delivered through the vasculature. The obturator can be made from a soft polymeric material, such as Pebax D 40, and has a smooth surface to help the embolic filtering device travel through the vasculature and cross lesions while preventing the distal end of the restraining sheath 20 from "digging" or "snowplowing" into the wall of the body vessel. Additional details regarding the particular structure and shape of the various elements making up the filter assembly 12 are provided below.
The strut assembly 14 includes self-expanding struts 32 which, upon release from the restraining sheath 20, expand the filter element 16 into its deployed position within the artery (
The ability of the embolic filtering device to negotiate the sometime tortuous anatomy of the patient results from the flexibility associated with the strut assembly 14 which forms part of the filter assembly 12. Referring specifically now to
The struts 32 which form the strut assembly 14 shown in
The flexibility of the strut assembly 14 is largely derived from the flexing portions 36 of the strut, without substantial assistance from the stable portions 38 of the assembly, even though stable portions 38 are subjected to some bending forces when the device is being delivered across curved portions of the anatomy. Accordingly, the stable portions 38 will remain substantially straight and will not undergo substantial bending or flexing. These stable portions 38 do have sufficient strength to provide the structural integrity needed to maintain the filter assembly 12 in its expanded position once placed in the artery. The strong stable portions 38 also provide additional metal to the strut assembly which allows the embolic filtering device 10 to become more visible utilizing equipment, such as a fluoroscope, to determine the location of the device within the patient's anatomy. As can be seen in
The stable portion 38 may also include struts which have greater strut widths than the struts which are located in the flexing portions 36 of the strut assembly 14. In
The current invention provides additional strut thickness and/or width to all or part of the stable portions of the strut assembly.
The preparation of a strut assembly in accordance with the present invention can be accomplished in a variety of ways. An initial step would be to select a particular pattern for the struts and identify stable portions and flexing portions. The identification of stable portions can be accomplished using many different techniques. For example, a computer base modeling of a strut pattern can be performed that models the embolic protection device during bending of the strut assembly. Alternatively, a physical model or actual embolic protection device bearing the particular strut pattern could be prepared and subject to bending, so that flexing and stable portions of the strut assembly could be identified through inspection of the physical device. Other approaches for identifying the flexing portions and stable portions would be well-known in the art and are within the scope of the present invention.
After identification of the stable and flexing portions has occurred, a strut assembly can be prepared having the desired strut pattern, with the variations in the strut thickness and/or strut widths associated with the flexing portions and stable portions. Various techniques could be utilized to manufacture the strut assembly. For example, the strut assembly could be prepared from a tubular member having a nominal thickness with the strut pattern being laser cut or otherwise cut to create a rough pattern. Additional material could then be added to the surface of the cut strut pattern on selected stable portions until the selected stable portions reach the desired greater-than-nominal strut depth or greater-than-nominal width, depending again, on the particular pattern which is to be utilized. Various techniques could be used to add the additional material, including sputter coating, electroplating, or chemical vapor deposition.
Referring now to
Due to manufacturing and other considerations, it may be desirable to start with a tubular member having a desired larger than nominal thickness, and then selectively reduce the thickness of desired portions, such as the flexing portions, to create a nominal thickness or even a less-than-nominal thickness. In this particular manner, the tubular member shown in
In addition to the physical machining methods discussed above, the reduction in strut thickness could also be achieved through a variety of other methods, including ablating selected surface areas. The ablation could be formed through various methods, including chemical and/or laser ablation. This step may also be formed as part of the process of cutting the strut pattern into the tubular member. For example, where laser cutting is used to cut the strut pattern, the laser might also be used to thin desired portions of the tubular member. Such thinning using a laser might involve changing the focus depth of the laser, changing laser power, or using the laser to tangentially "shave" across the surface of the tubular member thereby removing a layer of material.
The strut assembly of the present invention can be made in many ways. However, the one particular method of making the strut assembly is to cut a thin-walled tubular member, such as nickel-titanium hypotube, to remove portions of the tubing in the desired pattern for each strut, leaving relatively untouched the portions of the tubing which are to form each strut. The tubing may be cut into the desired pattern by means of a machine-controlled laser. Prior to laser cutting the strut pattern, the tubular member could be formed with varying wall thicknesses which will be used to create the stable and flexing portions of the strut assembly.
The tubing used to make the strut assembly could possible be made of suitable biocompatible material such as stainless steel. The stainless steel tube may be alloy-type: 316L SS, Special Chemistry per ASTM F138-92 or ASTM F139-92 grade 2. Special Chemistry of type 316L per ASTM F138-92 or ASTM F139-92 Stainless Steel for Surgical Implants in weight percent.
The strut size is usually very small, so the tubing from which it is made must necessarily also have a small diameter. Typically, the tubing has an outer diameter on the order of about 0.020-0.040 inches in the unexpanded condition. The greater-than-nominal wall thickness of the tubing is usually about 0.076 mm (0.003-0.006 inches). As can be appreciated, the nominal strut depth in the flexing portions will be less. For strut assemblies implanted in body lumens, such as PTA applications, the dimensions of the tubing may be correspondingly larger. While it is preferred that the strut assembly be made from laser cut tubing, those skilled in the art will realize that the strut assembly can be laser cut from a flat sheet and then rolled up in a cylindrical configuration with the longitudinal edges welded to form a cylindrical member.
Generally, the hypotube is put in a rotatable collet fixture of a machine-controlled apparatus for positioning the tubing relative to a laser. According to machine-encoded instructions, the tubing is then rotated and moved longitudinally relative to the laser which is also machine-controlled. The laser selectively removes the material from the tubing by ablation and a pattern is cut into the tube. The tube is therefore cut into the discrete pattern of the finished struts. The strut assembly can thus be laser cut much like a stent is laser cut. Details on how the tubing can be cut by a laser are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,759,192 (Saunders) and 5,780,807 (Saunders), which have been assigned to Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc.
The process of cutting a pattern for the strut assembly into the tubing generally is automated except for loading and unloading the length of tubing. For example, a pattern can be cut in tubing using a CNC-opposing collet fixture for axial rotation of the length of tubing, in conjunction with CNC X/Y table to move the length of tubing axially relative to a machine-controlled laser as described. The entire space between collets can be patterned using the CO2 or Nd:YAG laser set-up. The program for control of the apparatus is dependent on the particular configuration used and the pattern to be ablated in the coding.
A suitable composition of nickel-titanium which can be used to manufacture the strut assembly of the present invention is approximately 55% nickel and 45% titanium (by weight) with trace amounts of other elements making up about 0.5% of the composition. The austenite finish transformation temperature is between about 0� C. and 20� C. in order to achieve superelasticity. The austenite finish temperature is measured by the bend and free recovery tangent method. The upper plateau strength is about a minimum of 60,000 psi with an ultimate tensile strength of a minimum of about 155,000 psi. The permanent set (after applying 8% strain and unloading), is approximately 0.5%. The breaking elongation is a minimum of 10%. It should be appreciated that other compositions of nickel-titanium can be utilized, as can other self-expanding alloys, to obtain the same features of a self-expanding stent made in accordance with the present invention.
The strut assembly of the present invention can be laser cut from a tube of nickel-titanium (Nitinol) whose transformation temperature is below body temperature. After the strut pattern is cut into the hypotube, the tubing is expanded and heat treated to be stable at the desired final diameter. The heat treatment also controls the transformation temperature of the strut assembly such that it is super elastic at body temperature. The transformation temperature is at or below body temperature so that the stent is superelastic at body temperature. The strut assembly is usually implanted into the target vessel which is smaller than the diameter if the strut assembly in the expanded position so that the struts apply a force to the vessel wall to maintain the filter element in the expanded position. It should be appreciated that the strut assembly can be made from either superelastic, stress-induced martensite NiTi or shape-memory NiTi.
One way of making the strut assemblies of the present device is to utilize a shape-memory material, such as nickel titanium, which has the struts cut utilizing a machine-controlled laser. A tubular piece of material could be utilized in this process. The strut assembly could be manufactured to remain in its open position while at body temperature and would move to its collapsed position upon application of a low temperature. One suitable method to allow the strut assembly to assume a phase change which would facilitate the strut and filter assembly being mounted into the restraining sheath include chilling the filter assembly in a cooling chamber maintained at a temperature below the martensite finish temperature through the use of liquid nitrogen. Once the strut assembly is placed in its collapsed state, the restraining sheath can be placed over the device to prevent the device from expanding once the temperature is brought up to body temperature. Thereafter, once the device is to be utilized, the restraining sheath is simply retracted to allow the filter assembly/strut assembly to move to its expanded position within the patient's vasculature. If superelastic NiTi is used, the strut assembly/filter assembly can be simply back loaded into the restraining sheath. The strut assembly would be "set" to the expanded position.
The polymeric material which can be utilized to create the filtering element include, but is not limited to, polyurethane and Gortex, a commercially available material. Other possible suitable materials include ePTFE. The material can be elastic or non-elastic. The wall thickness of the filtering element can be about 0.00050-0.0050 inches. The wall thickness may vary depending on the particular material selected. The material can be made into a cone or similarly sized shape utilizing blow-mold technology. The perfusion openings can be any different shape or size. A laser, a heated rod or other process can be utilized to create to perfusion openings in the filter material. The holes, would of course be properly sized to catch the particular size of embolic debris of interest. Holes can be lazed in a spiral pattern with some similar pattern which will aid in the re-wrapping of the media during closure of the device. Additionally, the filter material can have a "set" put in it much like the "set" used in dilatation balloons to make the filter element re-wrap more easily when placed in the collapsed position.
The materials which can be utilized for the restraining sheath and recovery sheath can be made from polymeric material such as cross-linked HDPE. These sheaths can alternatively be made from a material such as polyolifin which has sufficient strength to hold the compressed strut assembly and has relatively low frictional characteristics to minimize any friction between the filtering assembly and the sheath. Friction can be further reduced by applying a coat of silicone lubricant, such as Microglide�, to the inside surface of the restraining sheath before the sheaths are placed over the filtering assembly.
Further modifications and improvements may additionally be made to the device and method disclosed herein without departing from the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited, except as by the appended claims.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 8, 2010
|Jan 22, 2013
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|Feb 4, 2011
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|Jul 8, 2009
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|Embolic obstruction retrieval devices and methods
|Oct 5, 2009
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|Aug 8, 2013
|Jun 2, 2015
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|Feb 3, 2012
|Jul 7, 2015
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|Vascular and bodily duct treatment devices and methods
|Feb 3, 2012
|Aug 9, 2012
|Concentric Medical, Inc.
|Vascular and bodily duct treatment devices and methods
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Mountain States
Health Alliance is the region's largest health care system with 13
hospitals, serving 29 counties in Tennessee, Virginia, Kentucky and North Carolina. Our integrated health care delivery
system includes primary/preventive care centers and numerous outpatient care sites. Mountain States Health Alliance is
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