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Opinion | Features
The millennial stereotype: tackling generation generalisationThe communications industry is very fond of generalisations especially when it comes to particular generation/demographic but Ben Thomas argues its time to revise some of the perceptions, particularly the 'millennial' stereotype. It's 3:30 in the office at any media agency; that time of day when the consumption of chocolate increases dramatically, as do vacant stares, and the number of screens showing obscure Buzzfeed quizzes.
Here's why the Rugby World Cup 2015 man of the match Twitter voting system doesn't workRugby fans have been left bemused by some of the man of the match awards at this year's Rugby World Cup. In this guest post David Hickey explains why the #MOTM hashtag voting is throwing up these results. As a global provider of social media intelligence, I was stoked that the man of the match system for Rugby World Cup 2015 has a social media element to it.
How Facebook Reactions will change social mediaIn this guest post Con Frantzeskos looks at what Facebook's new 'reactions' emoticons will change brands' experience of social media. Facebook has confirmed it's now testing a new Reactions feature in Ireland and Spain which may be soon rolled out worldwide. Essentially the Reactions feature is similar to the traditional 'Like' button but it provides users with a spectrum of emotional responses. The new addition will allow users to Like, Love, Haha, Yay, Wow, Sad or Angry a post.
The sustainable development goals - why marketing and business need to be across themAhead of November's UN climate conference in Paris, Andrew Woodward argues the marketing, advertising, communications and corporate affairs industries need to be more across the sustainable development goals and what they will mean for business globally. Over the last few years, the United Nations (UN), governments globally an increasing number of big businesses have been looking at the future of the planet and its inhabitants. They have been asking a few basic questions, like "How's it going?" and "How's it looking?".
With great power comes great responsibility: Why we've updated the ADMA Code of PracticeToday ADMA is releasing a new Code of Practice for its members. Here CEO Jodie Sangster explains why. In 2006 John Howard was Prime Minister. The iPhone was a year away from its consumer release, Twitter had just launched and the NBN was merely an opposition policy platform. It was also the year that ADMA (then The Australian Direct Marketing Association) last updated its Code of Practice.
To win on social media you need fauxthenticityIn this guest post Parnell Palme McGuinness argues Westpac and Airbnb fell foul of social media by trying to be too human and forgetting they are brands. People demand authenticity on social media. I can confidently say this, because I have heard it said ad nauseam by the gurus and high priests of social. The only problem is, it's not true.
Three ways journalists annoy PR professionalsIn this response to a Fairfax Media article about three things that annoy journalists David Satterthwaite bemoans the annoying behaviours of journalists in their interactions with PR professionals. Your computer *pings*. It's an email from a journalist you contacted days before and you open it eagerly, hoping they've read the information you sent and want to write an awesome story about it.
What can we do about community manager burnout?In the run up to World Mental Health Day Julie Delaforce argues businesses need to give more backup to community managers or risk burnout. Do you know what happens when you're in the middle of giving birth and your midwife's shift finishes? She goes home. The same is true for almost any professional whose work operates 24/7. Yet in the world of community and social media management managers lament that they are "always on", "the job never ends", and "the Internet doesn't sleep".
'Does Social Media advertising work?' makes very little sense as a question. Now it's been answeredIn this guest post Simon Veksner argues social media has well and truly proven itself as an advertising channel. Not long ago, it was quite common for marketers to question whether social media advertising "works". It's actually a bit of a strange question, if you think about it.
Fighting a new wave of ad-fraud: how to recognise ghost sites?So-called ghost sites are part of a new wave of fraudulent websites argues Timothy Whitfield. How do marketers and agencies spot and avoid them? If I needed money for a new kidney then I would get into ad-fraud! It's lucrative, easy and completely legal.
Creating an 'Innovation Economy' will be an evolution, not a revolutionIn this guest post Sam Court argues Australia's bid to become an innovation hub will need a mindshift from everyone about what innovation really is. If Australia truly wants to become a global hub for innovation, we need to not only look at funding mechanisms for high-risk start-ups, but also at giving better incentives for established brands to make calculated investments.
No wonder Big Coal say they're losing the PR battleIn this guest post Tony Jaques argues the mining industry doesn't need to fight a losing PR battle but rather needs a targeted issue management strategy. The Australian coal boss of the world's largest mining company has warned that the industry is losing the PR battle against environmental activists who are trying to shut down fossil fuels.
Who won the social media battle between AFL and NRL?With the AFL and NRL grand finals taking place over the weekend Claire Waddington looks at which code won the battle for social media attention. Like many great rivalries – Coke or Pepsi, Uber or taxis, Netflix or Stan – shifts in popular opinion muddy the debate, but according to media intelligence agency, Isentia, there was a clear winner in the longstanding AFL or NRL tug-of-war over the weekend.
It's time for agencies to cut the shit and embrace the hybridAgencies need to start embracing people with across-the-board experience in advertising rather than siloed specialists to become sustainable argues Andrew Cornale. Coming from a diverse digital background, I've been in a number of different agencies (creative, advertising and marketing) and have seen how they operate. Some experiences were good, some not so good but one thing that I picked up is that the industry is filled with so much bullshit, it's unbelievable.
Three steps to growing your agency without destroying its soul
In this guest post Ryan Bonnici outlines three steps most agencies can take towards sustainable growth.
Most owners of growing agencies are pretty focused on generating as much new business as their agency can handle.
With a growing whip-smart team and the promise of a long-awaited payday, shiny new client opportunities are the things that dreams are made of. But have you ever had a massive client opportunity come your way that didn't quite feel right?
OMD appoints HR manager Carolyn Maloney to executive team
OMD has placed an HR professional on its national executive team for the first time, with the promotion of Carolyn Maloney, the agency's director of people management.
In addition, OMD Australia has poached Nick Barbour from Aegis Media\Mitchell & Partners to fill the role of people and development manager. Barbour will report to Maloney.
Maloney was appointed director of people management at OMD Australia in 2006, and took on the same role for Omnicom sister agency PHD in 2009.
Peter Horgan, CEO of OMD Australia, said: "It is testament to the great work that Carolyn has done in driving people development, evangelising the importance of focusing on our staff, and driving fame and PR for OMD as being a top employer, not only within the communications industry, but also on a wider stage."
"It's a logical step that the person charged with driving the development of our people, should sit at the centre of the community charged with the strategic direction for our business".
Maloney started her career as an account executive at Mattingly Melbourne in 1988, and took on her first HR role at DDB Sydney in 1999.
Barbour, a graduate of HR management/industrial relations at Charles Stuart University, was previously HR Advisor at Mitchells.
16 Jun 11
9:43 am
nick williams
17 Jun 11
1:51 pm
18 Jun 11
10:37 am
and well deserved! Congrats Carolyn.
congratulations Carolyn. this is very well deserved
Congrats Carolyn
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Friends Plaza Book Loft
About the Friends Plaza Book Loft
The Friends Plaza Book Loft is located on the upper floor of the library building. Use the lobby stairs or elevator to visit, or enter from the plaza just south of City Hall. The store offers a variety of used books, as well as new items such as greeting cards, bookmarks, book bags and gift items.
The Plaza Book Loft is operated by the Friends Foundation and their volunteers. All proceeds benefit the library.
Store Hours
The Friends Plaza Book Loft is open during most hours of library operation as volunteers are available.
- Monday through Friday 9:30 am - 4:30 pm
- Saturday 10:00 am - 4:00 pm
Book Donations
Book donations may be left on the donation cart in the lobby of the library, left of the elevator:
- Monday through Wednesday 8:30 am - 8:00 pm
- Thursday through Saturday 8:30 am - 5:00 pm
Donations are sorted by staff and volunteers. Some titles are added to the book collection of the library, but most titles are priced for sale in the Friends Plaza Book Loft.
For more information, please call the Glendora Public Library at (626) 852-4891.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
You Gave
You're a pretty big deal at Ithaca College. Your generosity, your commitment, your investment in the lives of our students, in a word: WOW.
And the best part is . . . there are others out there just like you. People who know the value of an IC experience, the greatness of the education found on our campus.
So take a few minutes. Click through the links in the following pages and find your name. Find your friends' names. Your coworkers, your family members, your old professors.
You're keeping some good company -- and you're all aces in our book.


text:
Artists Artist: Jack Manini
Artist Jack Manini
Available series in store category "Comic books"
Jack Manini in the
"Jack Manini studied fine arts in Paris. His first work was published in Pilote, and he later collaborated on Circus, Charlie and Chic. He created such albums at Futuropolis as 'Je Swingue!' and 'Les Morts de Rire'. He also created 'Le Cobaye' at Albin Michel and 'L'Archimage Robert' with..." [ Read more ]


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Measuring the unintended consequences of drones
Jonathan Zittrain
Interview with
May 1, 2013 What are the unintended consequences of pilotless drone aircraft used to kill suspected terrorists overseas?
A chart of how much time Barack Obama spends in economic meetings and on vacation
Chau Tu
Apr 29, 2013 Comparing the hours President Obama spent in meetings about the economy, and on golf outings, in 2012.
A tale of two paycuts
Sarah Gardner
Apr 3, 2013 One was voluntary, the other was not.
Obama's economic challenges, part two
Dan Bobkoff
Jan 22, 2013 The crises Obama inherited have passed. But to push his new agenda, he'll have to tackle thorny budget and debt issues constraining the economy.
Obama uses campaign machine to push agenda
Jeff Tyler
Jan 21, 2013 President Obama will use a deep campaign database and volunteer network in a new nonprofit. Some are concerned because it can take corporate money.
A Data-Mining Inauguration App, and a 3D printed Smartphone Case
David Brancaccio
Jan 21, 2013 A new app from the Presidential Inauguration Committee seems like a handy tool for people visiting Washington, D.C. to watch President Obama take his second (public) Oath of Office. But critics say the app is data-mining for political purposes.
Born on Inauguration Day: Health care hits home
Catherine Green
Jan 19, 2013 As chaplain at a children's hospital in downtown Chicago, the daughter of a stage-four cancer survivor, and an Inauguration-Day baby, this coming January 20th holds special significance for Ashley-Anne Masters.
Born on Inauguration Day: Growing up with presidents
Paige Brettingen
Jan 18, 2013 24-year-old Larry Sequino isn't sure when he first realized his birthday fell on Inauguration Day -- he was born during George H.W. Bush's inauguration -- but he's been proud of it ever since.
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Jan 17, 2013 The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms hasn't had a permanent director in six years. President Obama called for confirmation of his nominee as part of his gun-safety proposals.
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Jan 17, 2013 Poet Tracy K. Smith offers her perspective on Barack Obama's campaign message of hope four years later.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|24 Jul 2008
|Filing date
|24 Jan 2007
|Priority date
|24 Jan 2007
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Dmitri Alperovitch, Sven Krasser, Paul Judge, Lamar Lorenzo Willis
|Original Assignee
|Secure Computing Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (19), Classifications (10), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application incorporates by reference, in their entirety and for all purposes, commonly assigned U.S. patent applications:
Filing Date
"Systems and Methods for Enhancing Electronic
Mar. 8, 2002
Communication Security"
"Systems and Methods for Automated Whitelisting in
Feb. 7, 2003
Monitored Communications"
"Systems and Methods for Upstream Threat Pushback"
Feb. 24, 2003
"Systems and Methods for Secure Communication Delivery"
Mar. 6, 2003
"Message Profiling Systems and Methods"
Jun. 2, 2005
"Systems and Methods for Classification of Messaging Entities"
Jun. 2, 2005
"Systems and Methods for Message Threat
Mar. 24, 2006
"Systems And Methods For Adaptive Message
Jul. 11, 2006
Interrogation Through Multiple Queues"
"Systems and Methods For Anomaly Detection in
Jul. 11, 2006
Patterns of Monitored Communications"
"Systems and Methods for Identifying Potentially
Jun. 9, 2006
Malicious Messages"
"Systems and Methods For Message Threat
Jul. 12, 2006
"Systems and Methods For Message Threat
Jul. 12, 2006
"Systems and Methods for Graphically Displaying
Jun. 9, 2006
Messaging Traffic"
"Content-Based Policy Compliance Systems and Methods"
May 15, 2006
"Methods and Systems for Exposing Messaging
Jun. 9, 2006
Reputation to an End User"
This application incorporates by reference, in their entirety and for all purposes, commonly assigned U.S. patents:
U.S. Pat.
Filing Date
"Systems and Methods for Adaptive Message
Mar. 8, 2002
Interrogation through Multiple Queues"
"Systems and Methods for Adaptive Message
Sep. 2, 2005
Interrogation through Multiple Queues"
"Systems and Methods for Message Threat
Feb. 7, 2003
"Systems and Methods for Anomaly Detection
Mar. 8, 2002
in Patterns of Monitored Communications"
This document relates generally to systems and methods for processing communications and more particularly to systems and methods for classifying entities associated with communications.
In the anti-spam industry, spammers use various creative means for evading detection by spam filters. As such, the entity from which a communication originated can provide another indication of whether a given communication should be allowed into an enterprise network environment.
However, current tools for message sender analysis include internet protocol (IP) blacklists (sometimes called real-time blacklists (RBLs)) and IP whitelists (real-time whitelists (RWLs)). Whitelists and blacklists certainly add value to the spam classification process; however, whitelists and blacklists are inherently limited to providing a binary-type (YES/NO) response to each query. Moreover, blacklists and whitelists treat entities independently, and overlook the evidence provided by various attributes associated with the entities.
Systems and methods for a reputation based network security system are provided. A reputation based network security system can include a communications interface, a communication analyzer, a reputation engine and a security engine. The communications interface can receive incoming and outgoing communications associated with a network. The communication analyzer can derive an external entity associated with a communication. The reputation engine can derive a reputation vector associated with the external entity. The security engine can receive the reputation vector and send the communication to interrogation engines, wherein the security engine determines which of the interrogation engines interrogate the communication based upon the reputation vector.
Other reputation based network security systems can include a communications interface, a communications analyzer, a reputation engine and a security engine. The communications interface can receive incoming and outgoing communications associated with a network. The communication analyzer can derive an external entity associated with a communication. The reputation engine can derive a reputation associated with the external entity. The security engine assigns priority information to a communication, wherein the security engine can assign a high priority to communications where the external entity is a reputable entity and can assign a low priority to communications where the external entity is a non-reputable entity, whereby the priority information is used by one or more interrogation engines to improve quality of service for reputable entities.
Methods of efficiently processing communication based on reputation for security threats can include: receiving a communication associated with an external entity based upon origination or destination information associated with the communication; identifying the external entity associated with the received communication; deriving a reputation associated with the external entity based upon reputable and non-reputable criteria associated with the external entity; assigning a priority to the communication based upon the derived reputation associated with the external entity; executing one or more tests on the communication based upon the priority assigned to the communication.
Methods of efficiently processing communication based on reputation can include: receiving a communication associated with an external entity based upon origination or destination information associated with the communication; identifying the external entity associated with the received hypertext transfer protocol communication; deriving a reputation associated with the external entity based upon reputable and non-reputable criteria associated with the external entity; assigning the communication to one or more interrogation engines selected from among a plurality of interrogation engines, the selection of the one or more interrogation engines being based upon the derived reputation associated with the external entity and capacity of the interrogation engines; and, executing said one or more interrogation engines on the communication.
The security agent 100 monitors communications entering and exiting the network 110. These communications are typically received through the internet 120 from many entities 130 a-f that are connected to the internet 120. One or more of the entities 130 a-f can be legitimate originators of communications traffic. However, one or more of the entities 130 a-f can also be non-reputable entities originating unwanted communications. As such, the security agent 100 includes a reputation engine. The reputation engine can inspect a communication and to determine a reputation associated with an entity that originated the communication. The security agent 100 then performs an action on the communication based upon the reputation of the originating entity. If the reputation indicates that the originator of the communication is reputable, for example, the security agent can forward the communication to the recipient of the communication. However, if the reputation indicates that the originator of the communication is non-reputable, for example, the security agent can quarantine the communication, perform more tests on the message, or require authentication from the message originator, among many others. Reputation engines are described in detail in United States Patent Publication No. 2006/0015942, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
While such systems provide some protection for a network they typically do not address application level security threats. For example, hackers often attempt to use various network-type applications (e.g., e-mail, web, instant messaging (IM), etc.) to create a pre-textual connection with the networks 110 a-n in order to exploit security holes created by these various applications using entities 130 a-e. However, not all entities 130 a-e imply threats to the network 110 a-n. Some entities 130 a-e originate legitimate traffic, allowing the employees of a company to communicate with business associates more efficiently. While examining the communications for potential threats is useful, it can be difficult to maintain current threat information because attacks are being continually modified to account for the latest filtering techniques. Thus, security agents 100 a-n can run multiple tests on a communication to determine whether the communication is legitimate.
Furthermore, sender information included in the communication can be used to help determine whether or not a communication is legitimate. As such, sophisticated security agents 100 a-n can track entities and analyze the characteristics of the entities to help determine whether to allow a communication to enter a network 110 a-n. The entities 110 a-n can then be assigned a reputation. Decisions on a communication can take into account the reputation of an entity 130 a-e that originated the communication. Moreover one or more central systems 200 can collect information on entities 120 a-e and distribute the collected data to other central systems 200 and/or the security agents 100 a-n.
Reputation engines can assist in identifying the bulk of the malicious communications without extensive and potentially costly local analysis of the content of the communication. Reputation engines can also help to identify legitimate communications and prioritize their delivery and reduce the risk of misclassifying a legitimate communication. Moreover, reputation engines can provide a dynamic and predictive approaches to the problem of identifying malicious, as well as legitimate, transactions in physical or virtual worlds. Examples include the process of filtering malicious communications in an email, instant messaging, VoIP, SMS or other communication protocol system using analysis of the reputation of sender and content. A security agent 100 a-n can then apply a global or local policy to determine what action to perform with respect to the communication (such as deny, quarantine, load balance, deliver with assigned priority, analyze locally with additional scrutiny) to the reputation result.
However, the entities 130 a-e can connect to the internet in a variety of methods. As should be understood, an entity 130 a-e can have multiple identifiers (such as, for example, e-mail addresses, IP addresses, identifier documentation, etc) at the same time or over a period of time. For example, a mail server with changing IP addresses can have multiple identities over time. Moreover, one identifier can be associated with multiple entities, such as, for example, when an IP address is shared by an organization with many users behind it. Moreover, the specific method used to connect to the internet can obscure the identification of the entity 130 a-e. For example, an entity 130 b may connect to the internet using an internet service provider (ISP) 200. Many ISPs 200 use dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) to assign IP addresses dynamically to entities 130 b requesting a connection. Entities 130 a-e can also disguise their identity by spoofing a legitimate entity. Thus, collecting data on the characteristics of each entity 130 a-e can help to categorize an entity 130 a-e and determine how to handle a communication.
The ease of creation and spoofing of identities in both virtual and physical world can create an incentive for users to act maliciously without bearing the consequences of that act. For example, a stolen IP address on the Internet (or a stolen passport in the physical world) of a legitimate entity by a criminal can enable that criminal to participate in malicious activity with relative ease by assuming the stolen identity. However, by assigning a reputation to the physical and virtual entities and recognizing the multiple identities that they can employ, reputation systems can influence reputable and non-reputable entities to operate responsibly for fear of becoming non-reputable, and being unable to correspond or interact with other network entities.
As shown in
Furthermore, it should be understood that this data can be collected from communications 330 a-c (e.g., e-mail) typically include some identifiers and attributes of the entity that originated the communication. Thus, the communications 330 a-c provide a transport for communicating information about the entity to the security agents 100 a, 100 b. These attributes can be detected by the security agents 100 a, 100 b through examination of the header information included in the message, analysis of the content of the message, as well as through aggregation of information previously collected by the security agents 100 a, 100 b (e.g., totaling the volume of communications received from an entity).
The data from multiple security agents 100 a, 100 b can be aggregated and mined. For example, the data can be aggregated and mined by a central system which receives identifiers and attributes associated with all entities 300 a-c for which the security agents 100 a, 100 b have received communications. Alternatively, the security agents 100 a, 100 b can operate as a distributed system, communicating identifier and attribute information about entities 300 a-c with each other. The process of mining the data can correlate the attributes of entities 300 a-c with each other, thereby determining relationships between entities 300 a-c (such as for example, correlations between an event occurrence, volume, and/or other determining factors).
These relationships can then be used to establish a multi-dimensional reputation "vector" for all identifiers based on the correlation of attributes that have been associated with each identifier. For example, if a non-reputable entity 300 a with a known reputation for being non-reputable sends a message 330 a with a first set of attributes 350 a, and then an unknown entity 300 b sends a message 330 b with a second set of attributes 350 b, the security agent 100 a can determine whether all or a portion of the first set of attributes 350 a matched all or a portion of the second set of attributes 350 b. When some portion of the first set of attributes 350 a matches some portion of the second set of attributes 330 b, a relationship can be created depending upon the particular identifier 320 a, 320 b that included the matching attributes 330 a, 330 b. The particular identifiers 340 a, 340 b which are found to have matching attributes can be used to determine a strength associated with the relationship between the entities 300 a, 300 b. The strength of the relationship can help to determine how much of the non-reputable qualities of the non-reputable entity 300 a are attributed to the reputation of the unknown entity 300 b.
However, it should also be recognized that the unknown entity 300 b may originate a communication 330 c which includes attributes 350 c that match some attributes 350 d of a communication 330 d originating from a known reputable entity 300 c. The particular identifiers 340 c, 340 d which are found to have matching attributes can be used to determine a strength associated with the relationship between the entities 300 b, 300 c. The strength of the relationship can help to determine how much of the reputable qualities of reputable entity 300 c are attributed to the reputation of the unknown entity 300 b.
A distributed reputation engine also allows for real-time collaborative sharing of global intelligence about the latest threat landscape, providing instant protection benefits to the local analysis that can be performed by a filtering or risk analysis system., as well as identify malicious sources of potential new threats before they even occur. Using sensors positioned at many different geographical locations information about new threats can be quickly and shared with the central system 200, or with the distributed security agents 100 a, 100 b. As should be understood, such distributed sensors can include the local security agents 100 a, 100 b, as well as local reputation clients, traffic monitors, or any other device suitable for collecting communication data (e.g., switches, routers, servers, etc.).
For example, security agents 100 a, 100 b can communicate with a central system 200 to provide sharing of threat and reputation information. Alternatively, the security agents 100 a, 100 b can communicate threat and reputation information between each other to provide up to date and accurate threat information. In the example of
The system attempts to assign reputations (reflecting a general disposition and/or categorization) to physical entities, such as individuals or automated systems performing transactions. In the virtual world, entities are represented by identifiers (ex. IPs, URLs, content) that are tied to those entities in the specific transactions (such as sending a message or transferring money out of a bank account) that the entities are performing. Reputation can thus be assigned to those identifiers based on their overall behavioral and historical patterns as well as their relationship to other identifiers, such as the relationship of IPs sending messages and URLs included in those messages. A "bad" reputation for a single identifier can cause the reputation of other neighboring identifiers to worsen, if there is a strong correlation between the identifiers. For example, an IP that is sending URLs which have a bad reputation will worsen its own reputation because of the reputation of the URLs. Finally, the individual identifier reputations can be aggregated into a single reputation (risk score) for the entity that is associated with those identifiers.
It should be noted that attributes can fall into a number of categories. For example, evidentiary attributes can represent physical, digital, or digitized physical data about an entity. This data can be attributed to a single known or unknown entity, or shared between multiple entities (forming entity relationships). Examples of evidentiary attributes relevant to messaging security include IP (internet protocol) address, known domain names, URLs digital fingerprints or signatures used by the entity, TCP signatures, and etcetera.
As another example, behavioral attributes can represent human or machine-assigned observations about either an entity or an evidentiary attribute. Such attributes may include one, many, or all attributes from one or more behavioral profiles. For example, a behavioral attribute generically associated with a spammer may by a high volume of communications being sent from that entity.
A number of behavioral attributes for a particular type of behavior can be combined to derive a behavioral profile. A behavioral profile can contain a set of predefined behavioral attributes. The attributive properties assigned to these profiles include behavioral events relevant to defining the disposition of an entity matching the profile. Examples of behavioral profiles relevant to messaging security might include, "Spammer", "Scammer", and "Legitimate Sender". Events and/or evidentiary attributes relevant to each profile define appropriate entities to which a profile should be assigned. This may include a specific set of sending patterns, blacklist events, or specific attributes of the evidentiary data. Some examples include: Sender/Receiver Identification; Time Interval and sending patterns; Severity and disposition of payload; Message construction; Message quality; Protocols and related signatures; Communications medium.
It should be understood that entities sharing some or all of the same evidentiary attributes have an evidentiary relationship. Similarly, entities sharing behavioral attributes have a behavioral relationship. These relationships help form logical groups of related profiles, which can then be applied adaptively to enhance the profile or identify entities slightly more or less standard with the profiles assigned.
At step 420 identifiers are associated with the collected data (e.g., communication data). Step 420 can be performed by a security agent 100 or by a central system 200 operable to aggregate data from a number of sensor devices, including, for example, one or more security agents 100. Alternatively, step 420 can be performed by the security agents 100 themselves. The identifiers can be based upon the type of communication received. For example, an e-mail can include one set of information (e.g., IP address of originator and destination, text content, attachment, etc.), while a VoIP communication can include a different set of information (e.g., originating phone number (or IP address if originating from a VoIP client), receiving phone number (or IP address if destined for a VoIP phone), voice content, etc.). Step 420 can also include assigning the attributes of the communication with the associated identifiers.
At step 430 the attributes associated with the entities are analyzed to determine whether any relationships exist between entities for which communications information has been collected. Step 430 can be performed, for example, by a central system 200 or one or more distributed security agents 100. The analysis can include comparing attributes related to different entities to find relationships between the entities. Moreover, based upon the particular attribute which serves as the basis for the relationship, a strength can be associated with the relationship.
At step 440 a risk vector is assigned to the entities. As an example, the risk vector can be assigned by the central system 200 or by one or more security agents 100. The risk vector assigned to an entity 130 (
At step 450, an action can be performed based upon the risk vector. The action can be performed, for example, by a security agent 100. The action can be performed on a received communication associated with an entity for which a risk vector has been assigned. The action can include any of allow, deny, quarantine, load balance, deliver with assigned priority, or analyze locally with additional scrutiny, among many others. However, it should be understood that a reputation vector can be derived separately.
However, these stored derived reputations can be inconsistent between reputation engines, because each of the reputation engines may observe different types of traffic. For example, reputation engine 1 510 a may include a reputation that indicates a particular entity is reputable, while reputation engine 2 510 b may include a reputation that indicates that the same entity is non-reputable. These local reputational inconsistencies can be based upon different traffic received from the entity. Alternatively, the inconsistencies can be based upon the feedback from a user of local reputation engine 1 510 a indicating a communication is legitimate, while a user of local reputation engine 2 510 b provides feedback indicating that the same communication is not legitimate.
The server 530 receives reputation information from the local reputation engines 510 a-e. However, as noted above, some of the local reputation information may be inconsistent with other local reputation information. The server 530 can arbitrate between the local reputations 500 a-e to determine a global reputation 520 based upon the local reputation information 500 a-e. In some examples, the global reputation information 520 can then be provided back to the local reputation engines 510 a-e to provide these local engines 510 a-e with up-to-date reputational information. Alternative, the local reputation engines 510 a-e can be operable to query the server 530 for reputation information. In some examples, the server 530 responds to the query with global reputation information 520.
In other examples, the server 530 applies a local reputation bias to the global reputation 520. The local reputation bias can perform a transform on the global reputation to provide the local reputation engines 510 a-e with a global reputation vector that is biased based upon the preferences of the particular local reputation engine 510 a-e which originated the query. Thus, a local reputation engine 510 a with an administrator or user(s) that has indicated a high tolerance for spam messages can receive a global reputation vector that accounts for an indicated tolerance. The particular components of the reputation vector returns to the reputation engine 510 a might include portions of the reputation vector that are deemphasized with relationship to the rest of the reputation vector. Likewise, a local reputation engine 510 b that has indicated, for example, a low tolerance communications from entities with reputations for originating viruses may receive a reputation vector that amplifies the components of the reputation vector that relate to virus reputation.
The server 620 is operable to respond to the query with a global reputation determination. The central server 620 can derive the global reputation using a global reputation aggregation engine 630. The global reputation aggregation engine 630 is operable to receive a plurality of local reputations 640 from a respective plurality of local reputation engines. In some examples, the plurality of local reputations 640 can be periodically sent by the reputation engines to the server 620. Alternatively, the plurality of local reputations 640 can be retrieved by the server upon receiving a query from one of the local reputation engines 600.
The local reputations can be combined using confidence values related to each of the local reputation engines and then accumulating the results. The confidence value can indicate the confidence associated with a local reputation produced by an associated reputation engine. Reputation engines associated with individuals, for example, can receive a lower weighting in the global reputation determination. In contrast, local reputations associated with reputation engines operating on large networks can receive greater weight in the global reputation determination based upon the confidence value associated with that reputation engine.
In some examples, the confidence values 650 can be based upon feedback received from users. For example, a reputation engine that receives a lot of feedback indicating that communications were not properly handled because local reputation information 640 associated with the communication indicated the wrong action can be assigned low confidence values 650 for local reputations 640 associated with those reputation engines. Similarly, reputation engines that receive feedback indicating that the communications were handled correctly based upon local reputation information 640 associated with the communication indicated the correct action can be assigned a high confidence value 650 for local reputations 640 associated with the reputation engine. Adjustment of the confidence values associated with the various reputation engines can be accomplished using a tuner 660, which is operable to receive input information and to adjust the confidence values based upon the received input. In some examples, the confidence values 650 can be provided to the server 620 by the reputation engine itself based upon stored statistics for incorrectly classified entities. In other examples, information used to weight the local reputation information can be communicated to the server 620.
In some examples, a bias 670 can be applied to the resulting global reputation vector. The bias 670 can normalize the reputation vector to provide a normalized global reputation vector to a reputation engine 600. Alternatively, the bias 670 can be applied to account for local preferences associated with the reputation engine 600 originating the reputation query. Thus, a reputation engine 600 can receive a global reputation vector matching the defined preferences of the querying reputation engine 600. The reputation engine 600 can take an action on the communication based upon the global reputation vector received from the server 620.
The server 720 uses the information received from the query to determine a global reputation based upon a configuration 725 of the server 720. The configuration 725 can include a plurality of reputation information, including both information indicating that a queried entity is non-reputable 730 and information indicating that a queried entity is reputable 735. The configuration 725 can also apply a weighting 740 to each of the aggregated reputations 730, 735. A reputation score determinator 745 can provide the engine for weighting 740 the aggregated reputation information 730, 735 and producing a global reputation vector.
The local security agent 700 then sends a query to a local reputation engine at 706. The local reputation engine 708 performs a determination of the local reputation and returns a local reputation vector at 710. The local security agent 700 also receives a response to the reputation query sent to the server 720 in the form of a global reputation vector. The local security agent 700 then mixes the local and global reputation vectors together at 712. An action is then taken with respect to the received message at 714.
In some examples, the categories 810 can be divided into two or more types of categories. For example, the categories 810 of
Moreover, while categories 810 of "Policy Settings" type 830 can be adjusted freely based upon the user's own judgment, categories of "Security Settings" type 820 can be limited to adjustment within a range. This distinction can be made in order to prevent a user from altering the security settings of the security agent beyond an acceptable range. For example, a disgruntled employee could attempt to lower the security settings, thereby leaving an enterprise network vulnerable to attack. Thus, the ranges 850 placed on categories 810 in the "Security Settings" type 820 are operable to keep security at a minimum level to prevent the network from being compromised. However, as should be noted, the "Policy Settings" type 830 categories 810 are those types of categories 810 that would not compromise the security of a network, but might only inconvenience the user or the enterprise if the settings were lowered.
Furthermore, it should be recognized that in various examples, range limits 850 can be placed upon all of the categories 810. Thus, the local security agent would prevent users from setting the mixer bar representation 840 outside of the provided range 850. It should also be noted, that in some examples, the ranges may not be shown on the graphical user interface 800. Instead, the range 850 would be abstracted out of the graphical user interface 800 and all of the settings would be relative settings. Thus, the category 810 could display and appear to allow a full range of settings, while transforming the setting into a setting within the provided range. For example, the "Virus" category 810 range 850 is provided in this example as being between level markers 8 and 13. If the graphical user interface 800 were set to abstract the allowable range 850 out of the graphical user interface 800, the "Virus" category 810 would allow setting of the mixer bar representation 840 anywhere between 0 and 14. However, the graphical user interface 800 could transform the 0-14 setting to a setting within the 8 to 13 range 850. Thus, if a user requested a setting of midway between 0 and 14, the graphical user interface could transform that setting into a setting of midway between 8 and 13.
Upon establishing a VoIP call, the originating IP phone has established a connection to the local network 930. This connection can be exploited similarly to the way e-mail, web, instant messaging, or other internet applications can be exploited for providing unregulated connect to a network. Thus, a connection to a receiving IP phone can be exploited, thereby putting computers 940, 950 operating on the local network 930 at risk for intrusion, viruses, trojan horses, worms, and various other types of attacks based upon the established connection. Moreover, because of the time sensitive nature of VoIP communications, these communications are typically not examined to ensure that the connection is not being misused. For example, voice conversations occur in real-time. If a few packets of a voice conversation are delayed, the conversation becomes stilted and difficult to understand. Thus, the contents of the packets typically cannot be examined once a connection is established.
However, a local security agent 960 can use reputation information received from a reputation engine or server 970 to determine a reputation associated with the originating IP phone. The local security agent 960 can use the reputation of the originating entity to determine whether to allow a connection to the originating entity. Thus, the security agent 960 can prevent connections to non-reputable entities, as indicated by reputations that do not comply with the policy of the local security agent 960.
In some examples, the local security agent 960 can include a connection throttling engine operable to control the flow rate of packets being transmitted using the connection established between the originating IP phone 900 and the receiving IP phone 910. Thus, an originating entities 900 with a non-reputable reputation can be allowed to make a connection to the receiving IP phone 910. However, the packet throughput will be capped, thereby preventing the originating entity 900 from exploiting the connection to attack the local network 930. Alternatively, the throttling of the connection can be accomplished by performing a detailed inspection of any packets originating from non-reputable entities. As discussed above, the detailed inspection of all VoIP packets is not efficient. Thus, quality of service (QoS) can be maximized for connections associated with reputable entities, while reducing the QoS associated with connections to non-reputable entities. Standard communication interrogation techniques can be performed on connections associated with non-reputable entities in order to discover whether any of the transmitted packets received from the originating entity comprise a threat to the network 930. Various interrogation techniques and systems are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,941,467, U.S. Pat. No. 7,089,590, U.S. Pat. No. 7,096,498, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,124,438 and in U.S. Patent Application Nos. 2006/0015942, 2006/0015563, 2003/0172302, 2003/0172294, 2003/0172291, and 2003/0172166, which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The reputation engine 1030 is operable to provide the load balancer with a reputation vector. The reputation vector can indicate the reputation of the entity 1010, 1020 associated with the communication in a variety of different categories. For example, the reputation vector might indicate a good reputation for an entity 1010, 1020 with respect to the entity 1010, 1020 originating spam, while also indicating a poor reputation for the same entity 1010, 1020 with respect to that entity 1010, 1020 originating viruses.
The load balancer 1000 can use the reputation vector to determine what action to perform with respect to a communication associated with that entity 1010, 1020. In situations where a reputable entity 1010 is associated with the communication, the message is sent to a message transfer agent (MTA) 1050 and delivered to a recipient 1060.
In situations where a non-reputable entity 1020 has a reputation for viruses, but does not have a reputation for other types of non-reputable activity, the communication is forwarded to one of a plurality of virus detectors 1070. The load balancer 1000 is operable to determine which of the plurality of virus detectors 1070 to use based upon the current capacity of the virus detectors and the reputation of the originating entity. For example, the load balancer 1000 could send the communication to the least utilized virus detector. In other examples, the load balancer 1000 might determine a degree of non-reputability associated with the originating entity and send slightly non-reputable communications to the least utilized virus detectors, while sending highly non-reputable communications to a highly utilized virus detector, thereby throttling the QoS of a connection associated with a highly non-reputable entity.
Similarly, in situations where a non-reputable entity 1020 has a reputation for originating spam communications, but no other types of non-reputable activities, the load balancer can send the communication to specialized spam detectors 1080 to the exclusion of other types of testing. It should be understood that in situations where a communication is associated with a non-reputable entity 1020 that originates multiple types of non-reputable activity, the communication can be sent to be tested for each of the types of non-reputable activity that the entity 1020 is known to display, while avoiding tests associated with non-reputable activity that the entity 1020 is not known to display.
In some examples, every communication can receive routine testing for multiple types of non-legitimate content. However, when an entity 1020 associated with the communication shows a reputation for certain types of activity, the communication can also be quarantined for detailed testing for the content that the entity shows a reputation for originating.
In yet further examples, every communication may receive the same type of testing. However, communications associated with reputable entities 1010 is sent to the testing modules with the shortest queue or to testing modules with spare processing capacity. On the other hand, communications associated with non-reputable entities 1020 is sent to testing modules 1070, 1080 with the longest queue. Therefore, communications associated with reputable entities 1010 can receive priority in delivery over communications associated, with non-reputable entities. Quality of service is therefore maximized for reputable entities 1010, while being reduced for non-reputable entities 1020. Thus, reputation based load balancing can protect the network from exposure to attack by reducing the ability of a non-reputable entity to connect to the network 930.
However, if the username and password do match a legitimate username/password combination, the origin of the login attempt is ascertained at step 1130. The origin of the login attempt can be determined by a local security agent 100 as described in
Alternatively, if the actual origin does not match statistical expectations for the origin, further processing is performed in step 1150. It should be understood that further processing can include requesting further information from the user to verify his or her authenticity. Such information can include, for example, home address, mother's maiden name, place of birth, or any other piece of information known about the user (e.g., secret question). Other examples of additional processing can include searching previous login attempts to determine whether the location of the current login attempt is truly anomalous or merely coincidental. Furthermore, a reputation associated with the entity originating the login attempt can be derived and used to determine whether to allow the login.
However, if the username and password do match a legitimate username/password combination, the origin of the login attempt is ascertained at step 1170. The origin of the login attempt can be determined by a local security agent 100 as described in
Alternatively, if the originating entity is non-reputable, further processing is performed in step 1190. It should be understood that further processing can include requesting further information from the user to verify his or her authenticity. Such information can include, for example, home address, mother's maiden name, place of birth, or any other piece of information known about the user (e.g., secret question). Other examples of additional processing can include searching previous login attempts to determine whether the location of the current login attempt is truly anomalous or merely coincidental.
Thus, it should be understood that reputation systems can be applied to identifying fraud in financial transactions. The reputation system can raise the risk score of a transaction depending on the reputation of the transaction originator or the data in the actual transaction (source, destination, amount, etc). In such situations, the financial institution can better determine the probability that a particular transaction is fraudulent based upon the reputation of the originating entity.
If the communications are associated with a new entity, a dynamic quarantine counter is initialized in step 1215. Communications received from the new entity are then sent to a dynamic quarantined at step 1220. The counter is then checked to determine whether the counter has elapsed in step 1225. If the counter has not elapsed, the counter is decremented in step 1230. The behavior of the entity as well as the quarantined communications can be analyzed in step 1235. A determination is made whether the quarantined communications or behavior of the entity is anomalous in step 1240. If there is no anomaly found, the operational scenario returns to step 1220, where new communications are quarantined.
However, if the communications or behavior of the entity are found to be anomalous in step 1240, a non-reputable reputation is assigned to the entity in step 1245. The process ends by sending notification to an administrator or recipients of communications sent by the originating entity.
Returning to step 1220, the process of quarantining and examining communications and entity behavior continues until anomalous behavior is discovered, or until the dynamic quarantine counter elapses in step 1225. If the dynamic quarantine counter elapses, a reputation is assigned to the entity at step 1255. Alternatively, in situations where the entity is not an unknown entity, the reputation would be updated in steps 1245 or 1255. The operational scenario ends at step 1260 by releasing the dynamic quarantine where the dynamic quarantine counter has elapsed without discovery of an anomaly in the communications or in the originating entity behavior.
The process begins at step 1400 with analysis of the communication. Step 1400 typically includes analyzing the communication to determine whether the communication includes an image that is subject to image spam processing. At step 1410, the operational scenario performs a structural analysis of the communication to determine whether the image comprises spam. The header of the image is then analyzed in step 1420. Analysis of the image header allows the system to determine whether anomalies exist with respect to the image format itself (e.g., protocol errors, corruption, etc.). The features of the image are analyzed in step 1430. The feature analysis is intended to determine whether any of the features of the image are anomalous.
The image can be normalized in step 1440. Normalization of an image typically includes removal of random noise that might be added by a spammer to avoid image fingerprinting techniques. Image normalization is intended to convert the image into a format that can be easily compared among images. A fingerprint analysis can be performed on the normalized image to determine whether the image matches images from previously received known image span.
The operational scenario then includes image detection at step 1515. The image detection can include partitioning the image into a plurality of pieces and performing fingerprinting on the pieces to determine whether the fingerprints match pieces of previously received images.
One of the features extracted by the operational scenario can include the number of histogram modes of the image, as show at step 1525. The number of modes is yielded by an examination of spectral intensity of the image. As should be understood, artificial images will typically include fewer modes than natural images, because natural image colors are typically spread through a broad spectrum.
As described above, the features extracted from the image can be used to identify anomalies. In some examples, anomalies can include analyzing the characteristics of a message to determine a level of similarity of a number of features to the features of stored unwanted images. Alternatively, in some examples, the image features can also be analyzed for comparison with known reputable images to determine similarity to reputable images. It should be understood that none of the extracted features alone are determinative of a classification. For example, a specific feature might be associated with 60% of unwanted messages, while also being associated with 40% of wanted messages. Moreover, as the value associated with the feature changed, there might be a change in the probability that the message is wanted or unwanted. There are many features that can indicate a slight tendency. If each of these features are combined the image spam detection system can make classification decision.
The aspect ratio is then examined in step 1530 to determine whether there are any anomalies with respect to the image size or aspect. Such anomalies in the aspect ratio could be indicated by similarity of the image size or aspect ratio to known sizes or aspect ratios which are column to known image spam. For example, image spam can come in specific sizes to make the image spam look more like common e-mail. Messages that include images which share a common size with known spam images are more likely to be spam themselves. Alternatively, there are image sizes which are not conducive to spam (e.g., a 1″�1″ square image might be difficult to read if a spammer inserted a message into the image). Messages that include images which are known to be non-conducive to spam insertion are less likely to be image spam. Thus, the aspect ratio of a message can be compared to common aspect ratios used in image spam to determine a probability that the image is an unwanted image or that the image is a reputable image.
At step 1535, the frequency distribution of the image is examined. Typically, natural pictures have uniform frequency distribution with a relative scarcity of sharp frequency gradations. On the other hand, image spam typically includes a choppy frequency distribution as a result of black letters being placed on a dark background. Thus, such non-uniform frequency distribution can indicate image spam.
At step 1540, the signal to noise ratio can be analyzed. A high signal to noise ratio might indicate that a spammer may be trying to evade fingerprinting techniques by introducing noise into the image. Increasing noise levels can thereby indicate an increasing probability that the image is an unwanted image.
It should be understood that some features can be extracted on the scale of the entire image, while other features can be extracted from subparts of the image. For example, the image can be subdivided into a plurality of subparts. Each of the rectangles can be transformed into a frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). In the transformed image, the predominance of frequencies in a plurality of directions can be extracted as features. These subparts of the transformed image can also be examined to determine the amount of high frequencies and low frequencies. In the transformed image, the points that are further away from the origin represent higher frequencies. Similarly to the other extracted features, these features can then be compared to knowing legitimate and unwanted images to determine which characteristics the unknown image shares with each type of known image. Moreover, the transformed (e.g., frequency domain) image can also be divided into subparts (e.g., slices, rectangles, concentric circles, etc.) and compared against data from known images (e.g., both known unwanted images and known legitimate images).
An edge detection algorithm can be run on the normalized image at step 1550. In some examples, the edge detected image can be used provided to an optical character recognition engine to convert the edge detected image to text. The edge detection can be used to remove unnecessary detail from the picture which can cause inefficiency in processing the image again other images.
At step 1555, median filtering can be applied. The median filtering is applied to remove random pixel noise. Such random pixels can cause problems to content analysis of the image. The median filtering can help to remove single pixel type of noise introduced by spammers. It should be understood that single pixel noise is introduced by spammers using an image editor to alter one or more pixels in the image, which can make the image appear grainy in some areas, thereby making the image more difficult to detect.
At step 1560, the image is quantized. Quantizing of the image remove unnecessary color information. The color information typically requires more processing and is unrelated to the attempted propagation of the spam. Moreover, spammers could vary the color scheme in an image slightly and again vary the hash such that known image spam hashes would not match the derived hash from the color variant image spam.
At step 1565, contrast stretching is performed. Using contrast stretching the color scale in the image is maximized from black to white, even if the colors only vary through shades of gray. The lightest shade of the image is assigned a white value, while the darkest shade in the image is assigned a black value. All other shades are assigned their relative position in the spectrum in comparison to the lightest and darkest shades in the original image. Contrast stretching helps to define details in an image that may not make full use of the available spectrum and therefore can help to prevent spammers from using different pieces of the spectrum to avoid fingerprinting techniques. Spammers sometimes intentionally shift the intensity range of an image to defeat some types of feature identification engines. Contrast stretching can also help normalize an image such that it can be compared to other images to identify common features contained in the images.
As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of "a." "an," and "the" includes plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Also, as used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of "in" includes "in" and "on" unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Finally, as used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meanings of "and" and "or" include both the conjunctive and disjunctive and may be used interchangeably unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
Ranges may be expressed herein as from "about" one particular value, and/or to "about" another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent "about," it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint.
A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|8 Nov 2007
|25 Oct 2011
|Mcafee, Inc.
|Prioritizing network traffic
|24 Jan 2007
|3 Jul 2012
|Mcafee, Inc.
|Multi-dimensional reputation scoring
|19 Jul 2011
|1 Oct 2013
|Mcafee, Inc.
|Systems and methods for classification of messaging entities
|24 Jan 2007
|15 Oct 2013
|Mcafee, Inc.
|Web reputation scoring
|16 Aug 2010
|5 Nov 2013
|Mcafee, Inc.
|Reputation based load balancing
|9 Jun 2006
|5 Nov 2013
|Mcafee, Inc.
|Systems and methods for identifying potentially malicious messages
|2 Apr 2009
|19 Nov 2013
|Mcafee, Inc.
|Prioritizing network traffic
|15 Dec 2011
|10 Dec 2013
|Mcafee, Inc.
|Prioritizing network traffic
|1 May 2012
|31 Dec 2013
|Mcafee, Inc.
|Adjusting filter or classification control settings
|16 May 2011
|31 Dec 2013
|Mcafee, Inc.
|Systems and methods for classification of messaging entities
|25 Jan 2008
|21 Jan 2014
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|Reputation based message processing
|4 Jun 2012
|24 Jun 2014
|Mcafee, Inc.
|Multi-dimensional reputation scoring
|24 Jan 2007
|24 Jun 2014
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|Detecting image spam
|27 Nov 2007
|30 Sep 2014
|Yahoo! Inc.
|Real-time asynchronous event aggregation systems
|10 Apr 2012
|6 Jan 2015
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|System and method for determining and using local reputations of users and hosts to protect information in a network environment
|4 Jun 2012
|14 Apr 2015
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|System and method for protocol fingerprinting and reputation correlation
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|Real-time asynchronous event aggregation systems
|U.S. Classification
|726/2, 726/22
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|27 Jul 2007
Owner name: SECURE COMPUTING CORPORATION, MINNESOTA
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Owner name: SECURE COMPUTING CORPORATION, MINNESOTA
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text:
Sherrie LevineAmerican (Hazelton, Pennsylvania, 1947)
Fashion Collage: 3
1979collage | collage on paper
Not on view at this time; find out where you can see works from our collection at locations around the Bay Area while our building is closed for expansion
24 in. x 18 in. (60.96 cm x 45.72 cm)
Acquired 1995
Collection SFMOMA
Ruth and Moses Lasky Fund purchase
© Sherrie Levine


text:
Forza Horizon is the ultimate "get in the car and go" action racing game. Combining the legendary Forza authenticity with a killer music festival vibe, Horizon takes freedom of the open road to the next level. Explore vast and diverse driving playgrounds. Team up or compete with friends and rivals online. Show off your stylish driving and become the star of the world's most rocking motorsport party.
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Long Sleeve Del Mar (Men's) (out-of-stock)
Out of Stock Product Number: 30369
Hemingway summed it up this way: "He felt the gentle touch on the line and he was happy." The men's Marmot Long Sleeve Del Mar is a solid addition to any waterman's tackle. The 40 UPF Del Mar is made from abrasion-resistant nylon supplex fabric that's quick-wicking and drying. Under arm gusset won't lock up when you've got a fish on. Secure chest pocket with zip closure.
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Gender: Men's
Weight: 6.4oz (181.4g)
Material: 100% Nylon Supplex 2.5 oz/yd
Fit: Regular Fit
Season: F12
Vendor ProductId: 62790
Review ProductId: 30369


text:
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Woodcraft Front Axle Sliders Yamaha FZ-09 / FJ-09
Woodcraft axle sliders are designed for racers with a focus on ease of use and practicality. Woodcraft axle sliders help to protect the valuable fork lowers and swingarm on your bike in the case of a crash. Woodcraft has worked long and hard on their axle slider design to ensure they ONLY ADD 5 SECONDS TO A WHEEL CHANGE! No more dealing with through rods, simply pull the quick release pin and you're ready for a wheel change. The slider pucks receive the perpendicular mount passed down from their patented frame sliders to provide a solid sliding surface, maximizing puck life.
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|Woodcraft Front Axle Sliders Yamaha FZ-09 / FJ-09
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text:
(Also see the "Skin Allergy" section of this Web site.)
What is Contact Dermatitis?
If you develop redness, heat, swelling and pain on your skin when you come in contact with certain substances, you may have what is known as "contact dermatitis."
Contact dermatitis is caused either by an allergy or a sensitivity (a non-allergic response) to common substances. About 80 percent of skin reactions are caused by direct contact with an irritating, harsh or dangerous chemical. Household cleaners, dish detergent and soap are everyday examples of products that also can cause irritant contact dermatitis in many people, especially with longtime use. Battery acid, drain cleaner and turpentine are chemicals that cause irritant contact dermatitis in everyone.
What is Allergic Contact Dermatitis?
Your skin is one of the first places where allergy symptoms can appear. In people who have a skin allergy—allergic contact dermatitis—the immune system overreacts to normally harmless substances that come in direct contact with the skin. These substances are referred to as "allergens."
Is Eczema the Same as Allergic Contact Dermatitis?
No. Eczema—also called atopic dermatitis—is a skin disorder in which an allergic response especially to foods has a role in some people, especially children. Eczema is most common in infants and children. Although all eczema is not allergy-related, people with eczema usually have a family history of one or more allergic conditions such as asthma, hay fever, hives or allergic rhinitis (runny, stuffy nose). Nonallergic factors also play a role in eczema. (See AAFA's Asthma and Allergy Answers fact sheet on, "Atopic Dermatitis" (Eczema).)
What Causes Allergic Contact Dermatitis?
An allergic response on the skin may be the result of exposure to chemicals found in many different products and plants, including:
Dye for your hair, clothing, leather, furs
Nail care products, cosmetics, sunscreen
Fragrances, perfumes
Rubber compounds
Topical medications
Poison ivy, other plants
Detergents, cleaning products
Metals, especially nickel
Allergic contact dermatitis occurs when you become "sensitized" to a specific substance. If you are allergic to something, you may have an allergic response to it on first contact and allergy symptoms will appear within 10 days. At this point, you have become "sensitized" to that particular substance. Once you develop a specific sensitivity, even brief contact with that allergen may cause your allergic contact dermatitis to reappear within 24-48 hours.
What are the Signs and Symptoms of Contact Dermatitis?
Symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis are similar and can range from mild to severe. Telltale signs are a red, itchy, swollen area or rash that may or may not have blisters. Cracking or peeling skin may follow. Symptoms usually appear on the area of the skin that has been exposed.
How is Allergic Contact Dermatitis Diagnosed?
A skin "patch" test is used to determine the most likely substances that are causing you to have an allergic response on your skin. A complete physical and history, along with test results, will assist your doctor in making a diagnosis. To help your doctor make the most accurate diagnosis, keep a log with details related to your skin reactions such as:
What you were doing in the 24-48 hours prior to your skin outbreak?
Where the activity occurred (In a wooded area? Working on a hobby or handicraft project? At the beach? After cleaning the house?)
How much of product were you using? How often?
Where did the substance touch your skin (even places with no signs of outbreak)?
What are your usual symptoms?
Any previous skin reactions? To what products or situations?
How is Contact Dermatitis Treated?
You can treat milder cases of contact dermatitis yourself. Over-the-counter medications such as calamine lotion, antihistamines or cortisone creams and ointments usually will relieve your discomfort. Talk with the pharmacist about recommended products.
If you have frequent and/or severe outbreaks of contact dermatitis, consult a physician. A proper diagnosis along with identification of key allergens and stronger prescription medications will help you manage your skin allergy effectively.
Are there Common Sources for Contact Dermatitis?
Thousands of common products contain substances that can trigger an allergic response on your skin. Many times these substances can be "hidden" components of a product you are using, so be sure to read labels!
Here is a list of materials that often cause allergic contact dermatitis, along with tips to help protect against an outbreak if you have a known allergy.
FRAGRANCES and PERFUMES are found in soaps, deodorants, body creams, cosmetics, tissues (scented toilet paper!) and products whose contents include the word "fragrance." To avoid problems, use fragrance-free products. Hypoallergenic products may be helpful, but could still contain fragrance. Unscented products also may contain small amounts of fragrance, which is used to mask natural odors found in the product.
NICKEL is an element in many metal alloys. Nickel is used to coat hundreds of everyday objects such as buttons, costume jewelry and kitchen utensils. Even 14k and 18k gold contains nickel that can be drawn out by sweating, water or detergent.
To help manage nickel allergies, cover nickel-containing objects that touch your skin with clear nail polish or special sprays available from your health care provider. Your dermatologist also can provide you with a kit that allows you to test items for nickel.
Ear piercing (and body piercing) that employs earrings with nickel posts actually can set off a lifetime of nickel sensitivity. For nickel-sensitive individuals, new rashes can appear in other areas of the body whenever objects containing nickel are touched! Always use surgical steel posts to avoid developing nickel sensitivity.
People who are highly allergic to nickel should not eat foods containing traces of nickel: nuts, chocolate, beer, tea, coffee and apricots all contain nickel.
LATEX is the stretchy material used in hundreds of items that come in direct contact with the body. Waistbands, bras, condoms, surgical gloves, toys and radial tire dust particles are some of the most common places where latex is found. Because latex is used in so many products today, there are increasing reports of latex sensitivity. Besides irritating the skin, latex exposure can trigger hives, hay fever or asthma symptoms, and even life-threatening anaphylactic shock.( See the Asthma and Allergy Answer fact sheet on Latex Allergy).
If you are sensitive to latex, avoid or cover clothes that have exposed rubber. Use a lambskin and a latex condom together: layer the condoms so that the partner sensitive to latex is only exposed to lambskin. (Remember: lambskin condoms do not protect against HIV.) Be sure to tell your health care providers if you have a serious allergy to latex before they put on gloves or use other rubber and latex products!
Some fruits cross-react to latex. If you have an allergic reaction to latex or rubber, you could also react to certain fruits, including banana, avocado or chestnuts.
NAIL CARE PRODUCTS usually contain a formaldehyde resin, and many people are allergic to it. Nail polishes, nail hardeners and artificial nails can all set off an allergic reaction when hands with the wet nail product come in contact with skin. Many women experience contact dermatitis on their eyelids, face and neck because their hands touch these areas before the nail product is dry. If you use nail care products, be sure to keep your hands away from your face and neck until your nails are completely dry; use a nail-drying machine to speed up drying time.
THE SUN can be a culprit in causing skin allergies. Harmless chemicals applied to the skin are converted into "photocontact allergens" by ultraviolet rays. Alone, neither the sun nor the substance cause a reaction. But together, they produce an allergic response. Photocontact allergens often are found in topical antibiotics, cosmetics, perfumes and even sunscreen products!
You can confirm sun sensitivity with a photopatch test. Also ask your physician if any medications you are taking could cause photosensitivity. If you are allergic to sunscreen products themselves, you need to find a substitute. Look for non-PABA containing products if you are allergic to PABA or its derivatives; chemical-free sunscreens also are available.
SOURCE: This information should not substitute for seeking responsible, professional medical care. First created 1995; fully updated 1998; most recently updated 2005.
© Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America (AAFA) Editorial Board


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Cruise ships transpose the comforts of home to the open sea, where the basement is supposed to be flooded with man-eating sharks. Let the plumber handle it with this Groupon.
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The cruise includes:
- Accommodations in a Category 4 ocean-view cabin
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- See the two-night cruise itinerary<p>
Celebration Cruise Line
Every other day of the week, a Celebration Cruise Line ship cuts through the sparkling turquoise waters of the Caribbean Sea, bound for Grand Bahama Island. The company's two-night Bahamas cruises include cozy accommodations in interior or ocean-view rooms, which feature panoramic vistas of blue skies, lapping waves, and the occasional ocean water-polo tournament.
On board, there are numerous amenities that are both kid-friendly or adults-only, including a top-deck pool with tiki bars, full-service spa, Las Vegas-style casino, and live entertainment. Four restaurants are onsite, including elegant five-course dining and casual Italian. After the ship docks in Grand Bahama Island, customers can purchase additional excursions, such as a glass-bottom-boat tour, a snorkel adventure, or a dolphin swim.
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"It ended up better than I thought it would as we ended up visiting Bimini instead of Freeport."
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The Mig - Retro Steel Industrial Pendant - Green
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A classic twist to an old industrial favorite, acetylene tank tops have taken the form of industrial lighting. Removed from their original use, but still performing an industrial task, these re-purposed and eco-friendly tops are sure to add a "green" look your industrial loft, farm house and retro setting.
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12 U.S. Code § 4905 - Disclosure requirements for lender paid mortgage insurance
(a) Definitions
For purposes of this section—
(1) the term "borrower paid mortgage insurance" means private mortgage insurance that is required in connection with a residential mortgage transaction, payments for which are made by the borrower;
(2) the term "lender paid mortgage insurance" means private mortgage insurance that is required in connection with a residential mortgage transaction, payments for which are made by a person other than the borrower; and
(b) Exclusion
(c) Notices to mortgagor
In the case of lender paid mortgage insurance that is required in connection with a residential mortgage transaction—
(1) not later than the date on which a loan commitment is made for the residential mortgage transaction, the prospective mortgagee shall provide to the prospective mortgagor a written notice—
(A) that lender paid mortgage insurance differs from borrower paid mortgage insurance, in that lender paid mortgage insurance may not be canceled by the mortgagor, while borrower paid mortgage insurance could be cancelable by the mortgagor in accordance with section 4902 (a) of this title, and could automatically terminate on the termination date in accordance with section 4902 (b) of this title;
(B) that lender paid mortgage insurance—
(i) usually results in a residential mortgage having a higher interest rate than it would in the case of borrower paid mortgage insurance; and
(C) that lender paid mortgage insurance and borrower paid mortgage insurance both have benefits and disadvantages, including a generic analysis of the differing costs and benefits of a residential mortgage in the case lender paid mortgage insurance versus borrower paid mortgage insurance over a 10-year period, assuming prevailing interest and property appreciation rates;
(2) not later than 30 days after the termination date that would apply in the case of borrower paid mortgage insurance, the servicer shall provide to the mortgagor a written notice indicating that the mortgagor may wish to review financing options that could eliminate the requirement for private mortgage insurance in connection with the residential mortgage transaction.
Source(Pub. L. 105–216, § 6,July 29, 1998, 112 Stat. 904; Pub. L. 106–569, title IV, §§ 403(c), 406(a),Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 2957, 2959.)
References in Text
The Truth in Lending Act, referred to in subsec.(c)(1)(B)(ii), is title I of Pub. L. 90–321, May 29, 1968, 82 Stat. 146, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (§ 1601 et seq.) of chapter 41 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1601 of Title 15 and Tables.
2000—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–569, § 403(c)(1)(A), struck out "a residential mortgage or" before "a residential mortgage transaction" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (c)(1)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 106–569, § 406(a), inserted "(under the meaning given such term in the regulations issued by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to carry out the Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.))" after "refinanced".
Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 106–569, § 403(c)(1)(B), inserted "transaction" before period at end.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–569, § 403(c)(2), inserted "transaction" after "residential mortgage".
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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To the Editor:
Gay and lesbian people who commit their lives to one another want to marry for the same reasons as everyone else – to build a life and home together, start a family and be there to love and protect one another for life.
As a Rhode Islander and member of the Human Rights Campaign, I urge our State Senate to pass Senate Bill 38 and allow all Rhode Island's loving, committed couples to marry in the state they call home. No one should have to leave the state they call home to be treated equally.
David Turley
Civil marriage equality is now a reality in RI! Happy day!
Good Job!


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The resemblance between gas and politics
The other day I heard that in some places in the country Shell Oil has gasoline stations where the gas pumps are interactive. Because of that they are taking a presidential poll, to see who is ahead....
Guest column: No one profits more from gas than the government
With the average price of gas in America hovering around $3.50 per gallon for regular unleaded, it costs more than $50 to fill a typical car's 15-gallon tank.
Guest Column: This Halloween: Be afraid
This Halloween, if you haven't said yes to organ donation, be afraid, very afraid.
Where is Joe the plumber when you need him?
Four years ago, a chance encounter between Barack Obama and Samuel "Joe the Plumber" Wurzelbacher injected inequality right into the heart of the 2008 presidential race.
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Rock Craft Shorts (Women's)
Out of Stock Product Number: 32198
The approach to the Elephant's Perch in Idaho's Sawtooth Wilderness requires a boat ride, several creek crossings and a long, steep hike - that's why we designed the Women's Rock Craft Shorts. Stretchy, fast drying 4.5-oz nylon/spandex glides over sweaty skin and holds its shape after a hand washing and wringing. There are four useful, low-profile pockets, a metal-snap closure and zip fly. You'll live in these technical shorts, whether it's enjoying the perfectly flat granite slab tent spots at the Perch or fishing for brown trout for breakfast. Oh, and there's a Beckey Route, too. Inseam is 5".
* This product does not qualify for shipping to all countries.
- Lightweight climbing and trekking shorts made of stretchy nylon, with a DWR (durable water repellent) finish and 40-UPF sun protection
- Waistband has belt loops, metal snap, hidden drawcord, and zippered fly
- Gusset for mobility
- Two front drop-in pockets; two back drop-in pockets with VELCRO closures
- 5˝ inseam
- 4.5-oz 96% nylon/4% spandex, with a DWR (durable water repellent) finish and 40-UPF sun protection
Gender: Women's
Weight: 5.1 (oz.)
Material: Nylon, spandex, DWR, 40-UPF
Fit: Regular Fit
Season: S14
Vendor ProductId: 57396
Review ProductId: 32198


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I have been working on a proyect since last year using php 4.0... and i have no problems until i update to PHP 4.2.1... This version come with great security improvements like Global_variables = OFF , $_SESSION, $_POST, $_GET , etc.
Actually i was passing values from a page to other in two ways :
1) using forms ... and post the values to other pages
2) using links
After the actualization i have to correct my code to adapt it to $_POST in forms ..and it works perfectly..
However the link way doesn't work under GLOBAL_VARIABLES = OFF...
for example i use:
<a href="page2.php?var=<? echo $value1;?>">EVALUATE! </a>
so i could use $var in page 2 with the value = $value1
however , with GLOBAL_VARIABLES OFF it doesn't work... is there another way for passing values beetween pages not using forms way ?
Which is the best way, for correct this situation under PHP 4.2.1 or 4.2.2 ?
THANKS :cry:


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Lejazzetal is a small independent record company established in 1994, based in London and aligned to the tour production company Lejazzetal. The catalogue includes international swing jazz, swing Manouche, and world music artists such as Evan Christopher, Fapy Lafertin, Tcha Limberger. [more >]
Conceived by New Orleans clarinetist Evan Christopher with Australian musicians Dave Blenkhorn and Sebastien Girardot, and Dave Kelbie from the UK. [more >]
Csardas, Verbunk and Laments from the Budapest 'Magyar Nota' Gypsy orchestra tradition of the 19th and early 20th centuries with the beautiful voice and playing of blind violinist Tcha Limberger and his incredible band! In true Hungarian Gypsy Band style they switch between soaring intensity and smoldering pathos delivering a passion and technical virtuosity that is astounding. [more >]
Fapy Lafertin – the most celebrated gypsy guitarist of the last 30 years and widely recognised as the heir to Django Reinhardt's crown. The much loved Manouche guitarist from Holland Fapy Lafertin, remembered worldwide as the lead guitarist with the Belgian band Waso, UK-based Quartet Lejazz, and countless other lineups is back on the road in European concerts in 2014/2015. [more >]
Remastered double CD of the two iconic albums by Fapy Lafertin and Quartet Lejazz, 'Swing Guitars' 1994 and 'Hungaria' 1996. Viewed by many as the best Gypsy jazz albums since the last recorded releases of Quintet of the Hot Club of France. [more >]
This trio featuring the violin playing of Tcha Limberger showcases specifically the folk music played by Gypsies in a small area of Transylvania called Kalotaszeg. There are three main repertoires played, Hungarian, Romanian, and Gypsy (a mixture of both) [more >]
Seva Venet presents The Storyville Stringband of New Orleans. The Storyville Stringband led by guitarist Seva Venet is a New Orleans Traditional Jazz band that performs on strings rather than horns. The music pulls from the same repertoire, rhythms and spirit as the funky down home sound of a brass band but without the brass. Instrumentation includes steel (slide) guitar, acoustic rhythm guitar, mandolin, violin, tenor guitar, electric guitar and acoustic upright bass. [more >]
For the first time the royalty of western European Gypsy music share the stage on tour in the UK. A quintet which brings together on tour for the first time three giants of Western European Gypsy music. Fapy Lafertin and Lollo Meier are arguably the two true ambassadors of the legacy of Django Reinhardt and have seduced audiences worldwide with their interpretation of Django's music. [more >]
One of the finest violinists in the jazz world and Inspired by Jazz swing legends such as Charlie Christian Benny Goodman and blues artists like BB King. [more >]
George Washing Machine - He's got it pegged...! When it comes to knuckle-busting feats on a violin, George doesn't play second fiddle to anyone [more >]
Now celebrating it's 12th year together, John Etheridge's Sweet Chorus was originally formed as a personal tribute by John to his mentor and inspiration Stephane Grappelli with whom he worked for 5 years in the 70's and early 80's. [more >]


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Top 10 Love Songs By Jennifer Hudson (page 4)
June 3, 2011 5:26 PM
7. "Love You, I Do" from Dreamgirls
The beginning to this clip from Dreamgirls is so cute it had us cracking up at work. The song is a nice showcase for Hudson's sassy soulful singing style, as well:
Never met a man/Quite like you/Doin' all he can/Makin' my dreams come true/You're strong and you're smart/You've taken my heart/And I'll give you the rest of me too/You're the perfect man for me/I love you, I do/Mmmmm I love ya


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Authentic WW II Flying Gloves. Hardd to find summer flying gloves. Reproductions of the originals. Brown leather gloves short gauntlet style, insides are marked as the originals with USAAF logo and typed "ARMY AIR FORCES". Made of Capeskin, imported.Learn More
RAF 1941 Pattern Slant Zip Gloves
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