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Owners of pet rodents, especially rats, will often travel long distances to see a knowledgeable veterinarian, as many clinicians are unfamiliar with their diseases. Although a great deal of information has been accumulated on wild and laboratory rodents, very little of this information pertains to pet rodents.
The prevalence and type of mouse and rat diseases seen in practice are quite different from those seen in a research setting. The diagnosis and treatment of pet mice and rats involves evaluation and care of an individual animal from a household, not the health management of rodents from a research colony. Diseases likely to be seen in practice include trauma-induced injuries, infectious diseases, and problems related to nutrition and aging. Natural infections that would be considered rare in a laboratory animal colony (eg, mycoplasmosis) are common in pet rats and mice. The most frequent problems in mice and rats are dermatopathies, respiratory infections, and neoplasia.
Male rats are sexually mature by 6–10 wk; female rats are sexually mature by 8–12 wk. The breeding life of rats is 9–12 mo. Estrous cycle length in female rats is 4–5 days, and estrous lasts 10–20 hr. Female rats ovulate ∼10–20 eggs. Gestation lasts 21–23 days; pseudopregnancy from sterile matings lasts 12 days. Typical litter size is 8–18 pups. Weaning takes place around 21 days.
Male and female mice are sexually mature by 6–8 wk. The breeding life of mice is 9 mo. Estrous cycle length in female mice is 4–5 days, and estrus lasts 10–20 hr. Female mice ovulate ∼6–10 eggs. Gestation lasts 19–21 days; pseudopregnancy from sterile matings lasts 12 days. Typical litter size is 5–12 pups. Weaning takes place around 21 days.
Male mice and rats are sexually mature at a similar age to females, but produce a small amount of sperm daily at puberty (eg, 40–50 days in a rat). It is not until 75–100 days that optimal sperm production and reserve occur in rats. While male rodents show a constant libido after sexual maturity, females are receptive to copulation only during estrus. Males cannot fertilize females until 6–8 wk after reaching puberty.
The typical lifespan is 18–24 mo in mice and 18–36 mo in rats. Restricting the number of calories, without compromising overall nutrition, increases lifespan. Obesity in pets rats and mice is common, and calorie-restricted pets live significantly longer lives.
The best cages are made of a material that is easy to clean and deodorize and is indestructible to rodent chewing or digging in the corners. The cage floor should be waterproof and easy to clean. Wire mesh floors are not recommended because rats and mice can trap their feet and especially hindlimbs in the openings, resulting in fractures and injuries.
Cage bedding is described based on its use (eg, contact, noncontact, and enrichment bedding) or the material from which it is made (eg, wood-based, paper-based, corn, cellulose, and vermiculite). The purpose of bedding is to keep animals dry and clean. Pet owners generally choose bedding based on cost and availability, while laboratory veterinarians choose bedding based on cost and water-holding capacity. Some pet bedding contains lemon and chlorophyll to give it a pleasant scent. This type of bedding irritates pet rodents, and the coloring agents can stain white rats or mice. Traditionally, owners prefer paper and softwood chips, such as pine or aspen, to straw because fewer bedding changes are required. Although cedar and other wood chip shavings can reduce ectoparasite problems and have a pleasant scent, such bedding is not recommended due to emission of toxic aromatic hydrocarbons that increase the incidence of cancer in animals and cause mouse and rat pup mortality.
Owners must combine frequent bedding changes with good husbandry such as regular cage cleaning, low animal density, and low environmental temperature and humidity. This will reduce the buildup of toxic or odor-causing gases such as ammonia due to bacterial breakdown of urine. Aquariums are not suitable cages for rats and mice because of inadequate air circulation and subsequent ammonia buildup. Environmental temperature and relative humidity can depend on husbandry and housing design and may differ considerably between the cage and room. Factors that contribute to variation in temperature and humidity include cage material and construction, number of animals per cage, frequency of bedding changes, and bedding type.
Size and manipulability of bedding material are the main determinants of mice and rats' preferences. Mice and rats prefer bedding consisting of large, fibrous particles. When exposed to different types of nesting materials such as paper strips; cornhusks; sawdust; and wood shavings, peelings, and chips, rats choose long strips of soft paper. Rats also select opaque or semiopaque nest boxes to transparent nest boxes. Mice show no preference between paper and wood-derived materials, but show a clear preference for materials that they can manipulate such as paper tissues; string; and wood shavings, peelings, and chips. Many mice will combine 2 preferred nesting materials to make complex nests.
In environmentally enriched cages with hollow tubes, mice have no overwhelming preference for shape, opacity, or openness of tubes and prefer to sleep in sawdust when it is available. Mice will sleep in hollow tubes only after the sawdust is removed. Then they use short, wide tubes more frequently than long or short narrow tubes.
Mice and rats are optimally maintained at a temperature of 64–79°F (18–26°C). An acceptable range of relative humidity is 30–70%. Both temperature and humidity regulation are important to prevent ringtail and exacerbation of respiratory disease. Avascular necrosis of the tail, or ringtail, occurs primarily in young rats in low-humidity environments. Excess heat and humidity cause heat stroke and indirectly cause decompensation of chronic respiratory disease, resulting in death.
Mouse and rat owners should check water bottles daily. If mice are deprived of water for only a short time, and experience dramatic fluctuations in the surrounding temperature, especially over 99°F (37°C), they die. In contrast, healthy rats tolerate water deprivation and temperature fluctuations better. They can live for up to a week without water, in temperatures of 64–79°F, although they may lose up to 65% of their body weight.
Minimal space allocations of 23 in.2 (58 cm2) are recommended for individual rats weighing ≤200 g, and 60 in.2 (152 cm2) for rats weighing ≥ 500 g. For mice, minimal space allocations of 15 in.2 (38 cm2) for individual mice weighing >25 g are recommended. These are small surface areas, and clinicians should advocate that owners provide larger space for their pets.
Most rodent enrichment studies focus on modifying the area inside the enclosure rather than the size of an enclosure. However, rats prefer larger cages and experimental studies suggest rats should have a larger space that allows sharing of the environment with up to 4 other rats.
The minimum recommended height of cages should take into account typical postures of a rat or mouse. This includes the animal standing fully erect on its hind legs, and vertical movements such as stretching upward and possibly climbing. Consequently, minimal cage heights of 12–15 in. (30–38 cm) for rats and 7–8 in. (18–20 cm) for mice are recommended.
Environmental enrichment is important. For example, suspended cloth hammocks are popular with rats, and suspended (plastic or stainless steel) shower-hooks fitted into one another can be used to make a swinging chain. Rats will use more enrichment devices than mice. However, they stop using the devices 3–4 days after introduction. Rotation of enrichment toys and introduction of novel devices increase use of items. Food treats are also valuable enrichment items. These can range from simple, inexpensive treats such as a daily piece of a breakfast cereal to formulated nutritious or calorie-free treats. Rats love chocolate, and it is not toxic in this species when fed in small amounts. Pet rodents accustomed to handling will eat food treats out of the owner's hand. This daily routine can enable detection of subtle changes in the pet's behavior. Sick rodents are very good at hiding signs of disease. Sick rats do not show the same interest in their daily treat, and this can alert the owner early to disease when it is still treatable.
Housing male and female rodents together will result in mating and subsequent litters. Mice and rats experience postpar-turient estrus, and fertilization can take place. However, implantation of the resulting blastocysts is delayed during lactation and occurs at weaning, ensuring that the next litter is not born until the earlier one has been weaned. Unless opposite-sex rodents housed together are separated or neutered, having a new litter every 3–5 wk is possible.
Rats and mice are not strict herbivores like rabbits, guinea pigs, or chinchillas. They are omnivores and will eat food of both plant and animal origin. In the wild, rats and mice eat a wide variety of seeds, grains, and other plant material as well as invertebrates, small vertebrates, and carrion. Their ability to scavenge partly accounts for their successful colonization of diverse geographic regions.
Specially formulated diets for laboratory rodents that come as pellets are convenient and nutritionally balanced sources of nourishment for early life and reproduction. These diets are relatively high in fat and low in fiber. When provided ad libitum, they cause pathologic obesity. Consequently, the amount of pelleted diet owners provide daily should be limited. Owners should supplement their pet's diet with feeds high in fiber such as vegetables, limited amounts of fruit, and occasional treats.
Coprophagy is a normal behavior in rats and mice. Unlike rabbits, which eat cecal feces from their anus, mice and rats eat fecal pellets on the floor of their caging. The amount of feces eaten varies based on the type of rodent, age, physiologic status (eg, in pregnancy coprophagy increases), and diet. On a nutritionally complete diet, rats eat ~10% of their feces. When rats are housed together, they ingest each other's feces. The unique odor of a colony is due to ingestion of feces and the group scent enables distinction between members and nonmembers. Mice perform coprophagy ∼6 times/day. Growing mice show vigorous coprophagia, eating 13 pellets/day. However, it gradually decreases to 2 pellets at 1.5 yr and 1.5 pellets at 2 yr of age.
Owners should house different species of rodents separately to prevent interspecies disease transmission. For example, rats carry Streptobacillus moniliformis, a cause of fatal septicemia in mice, as part of the normal nasopharyngeal bacterial flora. Rodents of the same species should be housed in such a way to protect vulnerable animals from more aggressive members of their group. This includes separating young animals from older animals. Female rodents are generally compatible when housed in the same cage, unless one female has lived much of her life alone. Male rats are generally compatible, especially if raised together. However, owners should never house strange male rats in the same cage because they will fight. Male mice generally fight if housed together, unless they are littermates raised together without females present. Male mice are best housed singly or with female mice.
Rats are social animals, and grooming is a socially affiliative behavior. Singly housed rats may develop isolated-rat stress syndrome if left alone without human contact or environmental enrichment. Isolation-reared rats will experience fighting, physical injuries, and weight loss when placed into a colony of socially experienced rats. Young rats should be housed together to develop social affiliation. Owners should be warned not to put singly housed rats together. Enrichment and human contact with pet rats increases production of growth factors and structural reorganization in areas of the brain involved in cognitive function.
Observing the condition of the rodent's living quarters provides useful information. Information obtained from a physical examination is often limited because of the mouse or rat's size. The pet mouse or rat can be watched in its cage for activity, condition of grooming, and the presence of a head tilt or discharges. If dyspnea or depression is seen, extreme care should be taken when handling the animal, as it is probably very sick and could die from the stress of a physical examination.
Pet rodents that have been frequently and gently handled usually require only minimal restraint. Less cooperative patients must be more firmly restrained, and the use of a towel or even heavy gloves may be required. Weight should be recorded, as it is essential for calculating appropriate dosages of medications and provides an opportunity for gauging the rodent's temperament before the rest of the physical examination.
The head, ears, eyes, and nose should be examined for discharges and the oral cavity for dentition. Lymph nodes and glands of the head can be observed for size and palpated for consistency. Assessment of the head is probably the most time-consuming part of the examination. The abdomen can be palpated for consistency and the presence of unusual masses. Overzealous palpation can result in visceral rupture. The anogenital region should be examined for discharges and staining of the fur or skin. When a rodent is picked up, it generally urinates and defecates. A dipstick should be ready for performing an immediate urinalysis; feces can be caught in a small tube and examined later. The limb should be palpated for tenderness or fractures, with special attention given to the paws, noting the condition of the nails and the footpads.
Respirations and heart rate are difficult to measure in mice and rats because they are rapid. Signs of dyspnea may provide an indication of respiratory or cardiac issues. Some respiratory infections, such as mycoplasmosis, are clinically silent. These diseases can be better heard than seen; abnormal sounds called "snuffling" in rats and "chattering" in mice are noticeable without a stethoscope.
Respiratory disease caused by infectious agents is the most common health problem in rats. Three major respiratory pathogens cause overt clinical disease: Mycoplasma pulmonis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Corynebacterium kutscheri. Other organisms such as Sendai virus (a paramyxovirus), pneumonia virus of mice (a paramyxovirus), rat respiratory virus (a hantavirus), cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus, and Haemophilus spp are minor respiratory pathogens that rarely cause overt clinical disease by themselves. However, the minor respiratory pathogens interact synergistically with the major respiratory pathogens to produce 2 major clinical syndromes: chronic respiratory disease (CRD; also called murine respiratory mycoplasmosis) and bacterial pneumonia.
CRD is the best-understood multifactorial respiratory infection in rats. M pulmonis is the major component of CRD. Rats may live 2–3 yr with CRD. Clinical signs are highly variable. Initial infection commonly occurs without any clinical signs; early signs involve both the upper and lower respiratory tracts and may include snuffling, nasal discharge, polypnea, weight loss, hunched posture, ruffled coat, head tilt, and red tears. Respiratory mycoplasmosis varies greatly in disease expression because of environmental, host, and organism factors that influence the host-pathogen relationship. Examples of such factors include intracage ammonia levels; concurrent Sendai virus, coronavirus (sialodacryoadenitis virus), pneumonia virus of mice, rat respiratory virus, and/or CAR bacillus infection; the genetic susceptibility of the host; the virulence of the Mycoplasma strain; and vitamin A or E deficiency.
Standard treatment for rats is enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg, PO, bid for 7 days) in combination with doxycycline hyclate (5 mg/kg, PO, bid for 7 days). Although Mycoplasma and CAR bacillus will respond to this antibiotic therapy, the respiratory viruses will not. Antibiotic treatment does not cure CRD but may alleviate clinical signs. Despite high antibody titers to Mycoplasma and high antibiotic tissue levels, M pulmonis typically persists in affected animals. Signs of chronic infection often include middle ear infection (via the Eustachian tube), ciliostasis and subsequent buildup of lysozyme-rich inflammatory exudate in airways, and eventually bronchiectasis and bronchiolectasis from inflammatory damage to the bronchiolar membranes. In advanced cases, scattered areas of abscessation in one or both lungs may occur. Reduction of ammonia levels in cages by removal of bedding and use of clean paper daily and administration of bronchodilators and low levels of short-acting corticosteroids also sometimes help reduce clinical signs in advanced cases of CRD.
Bacterial pneumonia is nearly always caused by S pneumoniae, usually in combination with M pulmonis, Sendai virus, and/or CAR bacillus. Infection with C kutscheri also results in pneumonia but only in conjunction with debilitation or immunosuppression. C kutscheri pneumonia is rare in pet rats. Pneumonia caused by S pneumoniae can be of sudden onset. Young rats are more severely affected, and often the only sign they exhibit is sudden death. Mature rats may demonstrate dyspnea, snuffling, and abdominal breathing. A purulent exudate may be seen around the nares and on the front paws from wiping of the nostrils. A tentative diagnosis is based on the identification of numerous gram-positive diplococci on a Gram's stain of the exudate or in a sample submitted for cytologic examination. Severe bacteremia is an important consequence of advanced disease and results in multiorgan abscesses and infarction. Treatment must be aggressive, and the use of β-lactamase-resistant penicillins such as cloxacillin, oxacillin, and dicloxacillin, all of which can be administered orally, is recommended.
Ulcerative dermatitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection results from self-trauma associated with fur mite infestation or, more commonly, from scratching of the skin over an inflamed salivary gland. Rats have a remarkable ability to resist infection with S aureus. Treatment consists of clipping the toenails of the hindpaws, cleaning the ulcerated skin, and applying a topical antibiotic. Systemic treatment is rarely necessary.
The two most common causes of clinical respiratory disease in mice are Sendai virus and M pulmonis. Sendai virus is associated with an acute respiratory infection in which mice display chattering and mild respiratory distress. Neonates and weanlings may die. Adults generally recover within 2 mo. When the disease expression exceeds this pattern, the cause is most likely concurrent mycoplasmal infection. M pulmonis is the cause of chronic pneumonia, suppurative rhinitis, and occasionally otitis media. Chattering and dyspnea are caused by accumulations of purulent exudate in inflamed and thickened nasal passages. Survivors develop chronic bronchopneumonia and bronchiectasis and may develop pulmonary abscesses. (This seldom occurs in rats.) Antibiotic therapy may alleviate clinical signs but does not eliminate the infection.
Viral diseases of mice and rats are common. However, most diseases are subclinical and are more significant in laboratory animals where they have the potential to affect research.
Sialodacryoadenitis virus, a coronavirus, causes inflammation and edema of the cervical salivary glands in rats. Owners of infected rats often describe their pets as having mumps. Sialodacryoadenitis virus infection is highly contagious. It initially causes rhinitis followed by epithelial necrosis and inflammatory swelling of the salivary and lacrimal glands. Cervical lymph nodes become enlarged. There is no treatment for this disease. Glandular healing follows within 7–10 days, and clinical signs subside within 30 days, with minimal residual lesions remaining. During acute inflammation, affected rats are at high risk of anesthesia-related mortality because of the decreased diameter of the upper respiratory tract lumen. Ocular lesions such as conjunctivitis, keratitis, corneal ulcers, synechia, and hyphema can occur secondary to lacrimal dysfunction. The eye lesions usually resolve but occasionally progress to chronic keratitis and megaglobus.
Sialodacryoadenitis, rat
Destruction of ductal epithelial cells, parotid salivary gland, rat
Endoparasites are relatively common in mice. However, only 2 parasites regularly encountered in the digestive tract, the protozoan parasites Spironucleus muris and Giardia muris, are considered pathogenic, even though they are not associated with clinical signs in immunocompetent hosts. Diagnosis is based on the demonstration of characteristic trophozoites in wet mounts of fresh intestinal contents or feces. Treatment is the addition of metronidazole to the drinking water (0.04–0.10% for 14 days); however, this does not completely eliminate the infection.
Pinworms are ubiquitous and considered nonpathogenic in mice. Two are commonly encountered: Syphacia obvelata and Aspicularis tetraptera. Often, the only indication of pinworm infestation is rectal prolapse due to straining. To establish a diagnosis of S obvelata infestation, a clear cellophane tape impression of the perianal skin can be made. Adult S obvelata females deposit ova around the anus. A tetraptera does not deposit its ova in this area, and fecal smear or flotation is required to confirm a diagnosis. Ivermectin (2.0 mg/kg, PO, given twice at a 10-day interval) eliminates pinworms from mice. The recommended label dosage for mice with ectoparasites (0.2 mg/kg given twice at a 10-day interval) does not eliminate pinworms.
Eggs of Aspicularis tetraptera (pinworms)
Egg of Syphacia muris
Most infectious causes of alopecia and dermatitis in mice are associated with fur mites. Generalized thinning of the hair, especially on difficult-to-groom areas such as the head and trunk, is seen. The coat often has a greasy appearance and, in cases of heavy infestation, noticeable pruritus and self-inflicted dermal ulceration may occur. Three mites are commonly seen: Myobia musculi, Myocoptes musculinus, and Radfordia affinis. M musculi is the most clinically significant mouse mite. Infestations are usually caused by more than one species. Mites are spread by direct contact with infected mice or infested bedding. Diagnosis is based on the identification of adult mites, nymphs, or eggs on hair shafts with the use of a hand lens or stereoscopic microscope. Adults and nymphs appear pearly white and elongate; eggs are oval and can be seen attached to the base of hairs or inside mature females. Mite infestations are treated with ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg, SC or PO, twice at 10-day intervals). Alternatively, a few drops of ivermectin solution (diluted to 1:100 in equal parts of water and propylene glycol for 3 treatments) can be placed on the mouse's head to allow spread by grooming and ingestion.
Myobia musculi lesions, mouse
Ectoparasitic infestation is less common in rats than in mice. Occasionally, the fur mite Radfordia ensifera is seen. Although R ensifera infestation produces few ill effects, heavy infestation may lead to self-trauma and ulcerative dermatitis.
Dermatophytosis is uncommon in pet mice and rats. It is caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Lesions, when present, are most common on the face, head, neck, and tail. The lesions have a ragged appearance, with patchy areas of alopecia and variable degrees of erythema and crusting. Pruritus is usually minimal to absent, and the lesions do not fluoresce under ultraviolet light. Mice are important as carriers of dermatophytes and represent an important zoonosis, especially for children with pet mice. T mentagrophytes can be isolated from the fur of clinically normal mice but is rare in rats.
The most common subcutaneous tumor in the rat is fibroadenoma of the mammary glands. The distribution of the mammary tissue is extensive, and the tumors can occur anywhere from the neck to inguinal region. Tumors can reach 8–10 cm in diameter and occur in both males and females. The surgical technique for tumor removal is straightforward, and survival following mastectomy has been reported to be good if the tumor is benign. The prevalence of mammary tumors, as well as that of pituitary tumors, is significantly lower in ovariectomized rats than in sexually intact rats. However, the recurrence of fibroadenomas is common in uninvolved mammary tissue, and often several surgeries are needed.
In contrast, mammary tumors in mice are nearly always malignant and often are not amenable to surgical removal. The most common spontaneous tumors associated with the skin are mammary adenocarcinomas, followed by fibrosarcomas. The incidence of mammary tumors varies according to the mouse strain and the presence or absence of mouse mammary tumor viruses; the incidence is as high as 70% in some strains. In wild and outbred mice, the incidence of fibrosarcomas is 1–6%.
Subcutaneous tumors are nearly always malignant and often have ulcerated by the time a diagnosis is made. Tumors can be treated by surgical excision, but the chance of recurrence is high and the prognosis is poor.
Dental problems are common in pet mice and rats because of their continually erupting teeth. Overgrown incisors are seen most frequently in rats and mice, in contrast with molar occlusion seen in guinea pigs and chinchillas. Overgrowth is easily treated with a high-speed drill that cuts through the overgrown incisors without splitting or splintering them, leaving a clean, smooth surface. Cutting the teeth with rongeurs does not produce good longterm results. The incisor may fracture longitudinally; the fracture may reach the apex and cause the animal discomfort. Bacteria can enter the fractured tooth, track down to the apex, and cause an apical abscess. Extraction of the incisors is an alternative to trimming; however, this procedure is difficult because of the incisor's long roots.
Avascular necrosis of the tail, or ringtail, occurs primarily in young rats, and occasionally in young mice, kept in low-humidity environments. If ringtail is diagnosed, treatment involves amputation of the tail below the necrotic annular constriction.
Ringtail, rat
Chronic progressive nephrosis is a common age-related disease in rats. The kidneys are enlarged, pale, and have a pitted, mottled surface that often contains pinpoint cysts. Lesions consist of a progressive glomerulosclerosis and widespread tubulointerstitial disease, primarily involving the proximal convoluted tubule. Proteinuria often is >10 mg/day. The disease occurs earlier and is of greater severity in males than in females. Dietary factors appear to play a role in the progression of renal disease. Caloric restriction, the feeding of low-protein diets (4–7%), and limiting the source of dietary protein reduce the incidence and severity of the disease. Treatment is supportive and involves feeding a low-protein diet.
Most of the diseases seen in pet mice are associated with the skin and represent >25% of all cases. Behavioral disorders, husbandry-related problems, microbiologic parasitic infections, and idiopathic skin diseases are seen. Behavioral, husbandry-related and infectious causes of skin disease are relatively straightforward to diagnose and treat. However, many skin diseases characterized by chronic or ulcerated skin (often secondarily colonized by bacteria) are diagnosed as idiopathic. This group is commonly unresponsive to treatment, topical or systemic, and affected mice are often euthanized.
Barbering and fighting are consequences of the social rank of an individual mouse in a group. Barbering is a unique condition seen in group-housed mice in which the dominant mouse nibbles off the whiskers and hair around the muzzle and eyes of cagemates. There are no other lesions, and only one mouse, the dominant individual, retains all of its fur. Removal of the dominant mouse stops barbering; however, another mouse may assume the dominant role. Barbering is often seen in female mice caged together. Male mice, except littermates raised together from birth, are more likely to fight and may inflict severe bite wounds on one another, especially over the rump, tail, and shoulders.
Mechanical abrasion resulting from self-trauma on cage equipment is a form of husbandry-related alopecia. Small patches of alopecia appear on the lateral surfaces of the muzzle. They result from chafing on metal feeders, poorly constructed watering device openings, and metal cage tops. Unlike barbering, dermatitis may also be associated with alopecia. Treatment consists of replacing the poorly constructed equipment with non-abrading equipment. Individually housed mice can display aberrant stereotypic behavior such as polydipsia and bar chewing that results in mechanical abrasion and alopecia. In such cases, replacing the cage equipment does not help. Instead, environmental enrichment toys such as running wheels or hollow tubes should be provided. Nursing mice often have ventral abdominal and thoracic alopecia; this is normal and is nearly always associated with the extensive distribution of mammary glands.
Sometimes a pet mouse presents with clinical signs of mite infestation but no evidence of mites and no known history of recent exposure to other animals. Biopsy samples may be useful in these cases to distinguish active acariasis from dermal hypersensitivity to mites or other allergens such as timber chip bedding. Mus musculus dermal hypersensitivity is well described in certain inbred strains of mice and is characterized by severe pruritus, the presence of fine dandruff all over the body, and occasionally ulcerative dermatitis.
Idiopathic skin disease is characterized by ulcerative dermatitis with pruritus in mice that are negative for primary ectoparasitic, bacterial, or mycotic infections. Histopathologic examination and immuno-fluorescent microscopy of selected inbred strains of mice have revealed an underlying vasculitis attributed to immune complex deposition on dermal vessels. Dietary factors and dysregulated fatty acid metabolism have been implicated in the development of the ulcerative dermatitis in these mice. This common disease of mice of the C57BL6 strain is caused by an underlying immune-mediated vasculitis, and the severity appears to be modulated by dietary fat and vitamin E content. Topical treatment twice daily with 0.2% cyclosporine in 2% lidocaine gel supplemented with gentamicin 50 μg/mL results in either complete healing or near-complete healing of the ulcerated skin, regardless of the size of the ulceration.
Skin swellings in mice are usually tumors or abscesses. Needle biopsy often reveals the nature of the contents and allows diagnosis. Three opportunistic pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Pasteurella pneumotropica, and Streptococcus pyogenes, are isolated frequently and can cause abscesses in other organs. Antibiotic therapy with penicillins or cephalosporins, concurrent with drainage and debridement of the abscess, is effective.
The Harderian glands of rats are located behind the eyes and secrete various porphyrins that give the tears a reddish color. Harderian gland secretion is increased in response to stress and disease; the tears dry around the eyes and external nares, resembling crusts of blood. Owners often describe it as hemorrhage from the eyes and nose of their rats. The porphyrins can be readily differentiated from blood with a Wood's lamp as they fluoresce under ultraviolet light. While chromodacryorrhea is not pathologic, it is a consequence of acute-onset stress such as that caused by pain, illness, or restraint. It is usually an indication of a chronic underlying disease.
Chromodacryorrhea ("red tears"), rat
Last full review/revision July 2011 by Thomas M. Donnelly, BVSc, DACLAM
Mice and Rats as Laboratory Animals


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I'd suggest you do a PET and put it in PET section. I don't know how to do that on OpenFree though so you might want to ask Peter for it.
I personally prefer PostNuke but that's just me.
I noticed some people having trouble with installing phpBB 2 on their home servers. I didn't find any good linux tutorials for this, only some Windows ones. So I decided to write my own. This is a tutorial for Ubuntu, but it should also work well with other distros.
WARNING: this tutorial does NOT provide hints for security, you can even say it's unsecure. If you care for your security or aren't a home user, don't use this tutorial or change it a way that IS secure.
Good luck and have fun!
Apache 2.x
phpBB 2.19
MySQL 4.1
Server dir: /var/www/
NOTE: phpBB 2 is optimized for php 4. It is possible to get it run on php 5, but this goes behind the scope of this tutorial
1) First, you have to install all the packages. Use the following commands on the CLI or use you GUI package manager:
sudo apt-get install apache2 libapache2-mod-php4 php4-mysql mysql-server-4.1
2) Go to http://localhost and check if you get the apache test page. If not, enable your server in system>administration>services or in the commandline:
apache2ctl start
3) Now time to create the database. Get into the mysql prompt with (on the command line):
mysql -u root
Create the database with:
mysql> CREATE DATABASE phpBB2;
Set the permissions with:
mysql> GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, INDEX, ALTER, CREATE, DROP ON phpBB2.* TO 'namehere'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'enteryourpasswordhere';
Substitute namehere and enteryourpasswordhere with things that you want. Please note that I keep using this examples, so make sure you include the same name/password in the installation of phpBB2
This reprocesses the password, only do this in MySQL 4.1/5.0 with PHP 4.x
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'namehere'@'localhost' = OLD_PASSWORD('enteryourpasswordhere');
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
mysql> quit;
4) The scariest part of the install is now done. Now get the latest phpBB version for their website: www.phpbb.com. Unpack it in /var/www/forum/ (in this configuration)
5) Set permissions on 777 on install.php and config.php
6) Run in your browser: localhost/forum/
7) Fill in the fields.
Basic Configuration
Default board language: English
Database Type: MySQL 4.x/5
Choose your installation method: Install
Database Configuration
Database Server Hostname / DSN: localhost
Your Database Name: phpBB2
Database Username: namehere
Database Password: enteryourpasswordhere
Prefix for tables in database: phpbb_
Admin Configuration
Script path: /forum/
Fill the rest in the way you like
8) Press install...
9) If you have problems, suggestions or corrections please post them!
a) When I do apt-get it says the packages are not found
solution: go to apt-get.org, search for the package, and add the repo (warning: only on debian-based distros, like ubuntu)
Last edited by AljoshaNL; 02-05-2006 at 10:41 AM.
Eat your l33t skillz!
My home page: http://www.inter.nl.net/users/alexeif/
I'd suggest you do a PET and put it in PET section. I don't know how to do that on OpenFree though so you might want to ask Peter for it.
I personally prefer PostNuke but that's just me.
LinuxVillage - The truely community run Linux/Floss forum !
No IT BS !!
Please take a look at this link on PETs and let me know what you think.
I used to use phpBB on these forums and decided to move away from it. The primary reason was its email management. Once you get above about 1000 users, the administrator can't send an email to all members on the forum. phpBB puts all the addresses in the BCC field of the email, and when you reach a large number of recipients sendmail fails with an error in /var/log/maillog stating that the email header is too large.
I had to resort to using phplist, and then I started testing a homegrown PERL script to get around the problem. This made me have to consider special documentation to remind me about what to do each timeemail needed to be sent. I like to keep things simple and limit customizations to make a forum manageable.
The subforums feature of vBulletin is good because it can help limit the clutter on the forum's home page.
I don't have that problem. I made a forum for my class, so we could talk about school, provide homework help etc. We won't get more than 30 users so I don't have to worry about mass email. I, however, have another serious problem. We want to open up some forums for the entire second form, but keep some private forums. We should need 2 groups, like our class and the rest. This, as far as I know, isn't possible on phpBB. is it possible on vB?Originally Posted by peter
If so, expect an vB PET
Eat your l33t skillz!
My home page: http://www.inter.nl.net/users/alexeif/
I copied/pasted the commands you put (changing the obvious usernames, etc.) and still got:
An error has occurred during installation
The PHP configuration on your server doesn't support the database type that you chose
Any ideas how I can get this to work? Thanks!

subset: commoncrawl


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Community Information Database
You are browsing the Subject Heading Alternative Schools which contains 8 record(s)
- Alternative Education Programs Santa Cruz County Office of Education
Our programs are student-centered and adapt to meet individual needs. Staff works collaboratively to facilitate learning and change. Dedicated teachers assist students to achieve social, interpersonal... [Full Record] [Add to Personal List]
- Branciforte Small Schools Campus
BSSC is a Coalition of Essential Schools campus. The Coalition of Essential Schools (CES) is at the forefront of creating and sustaining personalized, equitable, and intellectually challenging schools... [Full Record] [Add to Personal List]
- Pajaro Valley Unified School District
ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS: ** Amesti, 25 Amesti Road, Watsonville: 728-6250 ** Ann Soldo, 1140 Menasco Drive, Watsonville: 786-1310 ** Bradley, 321 Corralitos Road, Watsonville: 728-6366 ** Calabasas, 20... [Full Record] [Add to Personal List]
- Santa Cruz City Schools
Santa Cruz City Schools is comprised of an elementary and a secondary district governed by one Board of Education. Elementary District: Bay View Elementary 1231 Bay St. 429-3991 DeLaveaga Elem... [Full Record] [Add to Personal List]
- Santa Cruz County Office of Education
At the intermediate level of the public education system, the 58 county offices in California provide a support infrastructure for local schools and districts. They also must fulfill State mandates to... [Full Record] [Add to Personal List]
- Watsonville Community School TAP Program
The purpose of this program is to enable teen parents to attend and graduate from high school as parents of young children. It is a priority of this program to teach parenting through modeling and ins... [Full Record] [Add to Personal List]
- William James Association
The William James Association is a nonprofit, community service corporation founded in 1973 by Page Smith and Paul Lee. The association is named for the American philosopher, William James, who was de... [Full Record] [Add to Personal List]
- Youth Services
Watsonville location: 241 E. Lake Avenue Watsonville, CA 95076 Phone: 831-688-8856 Youth Services offers a broad spectrum of services that help heal and nurture the mental and social well-being... [Full Record] [Add to Personal List]


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16 U.S. Code § 2103a - Forest Stewardship Program
(a) Establishment
The Secretary, in consultation with State foresters or equivalent State officials, shall establish a Forest Stewardship Program (hereafter referred to in this section as the "Program") to encourage the long-term stewardship of nonindustrial private forest lands by assisting owners of such lands to more actively manage their forest and related resources by utilizing existing State, Federal, and private sector resource management expertise and assistance programs.
(b) Goal
The goal of the Program shall be to enter at least 25,000,000 acres of nonindustrial private forest lands in the Program by December 31, 1995.
(c) "Nonindustrial private forest lands" defined
For the purposes of this section, the term "nonindustrial private forest lands" means rural, as determined by the Secretary, lands with existing tree cover, or suitable for growing trees, and owned by any private individual, group, association, corporation, Indian tribe, or other private legal entity.
(d) Implementation
In carrying out the Program the Secretary, in consultation with State foresters or equivalent State officials, shall provide financial, technical, educational, and related assistance to State foresters or equivalent State officials, including assistance to help such State foresters or equivalent officials to provide financial assistance to other State and local natural resource entities, both public and private, and land-grant universities for the delivery of information and professional assistance to owners of nonindustrial private forest lands. Such information and assistance shall be directed to help such owners understand and evaluate alternative actions they might take, including—
(1) managing and enhancing the productivity of timber, fish and wildlife habitat, water quality, wetlands, recreational resources, and the aesthetic value of forest lands;
(2) investing in practices to protect, maintain, and enhance the resources identified in paragraph (1);
(3) ensuring that afforestation, reforestation, improvement of poorly stocked stands, timber stand improvement, practices necessary to improve seedling growth and survival, and growth enhancement practices occur where needed to enhance and sustain the long-term productivity of timber and nontimber forest resources to help meet future public demand for all forest resources and provide the environmental benefits that result; and
(e) Eligibility
All nonindustrial private forest lands that are not in management under Federal, State, or private sector financial and technical assistance programs existing on November 28, 1990, are eligible for assistance under the Program. Nonindustrial private forest lands that are managed under such existing programs are eligible for assistance under the Program if forest management activities are expanded and enhanced and the landowner agrees to meet the requirements of this chapter.
(f) Duties of owners
To enter forest land into the Program, landowners shall—
(1) prepare and submit to the State forester or equivalent State official a forest stewardship plan that meets the requirements of this section and that—
(B) identifies and describes actions to be taken by the landowner to protect soil, water, range, aesthetic quality, recreation, timber, water, and fish and wildlife resources on such land in a manner that is compatible with the objectives of the landowner; and
(g) Stewardship recognition
The Secretary, in consultation with State foresters or equivalent State officials, is encouraged to develop an appropriate recognition program for landowners who practice stewardship management on their lands, with an appropriate, special recognition symbol and title.
Source(Pub. L. 95–313, § 5, as added Pub. L. 101–624, title XII, § 1215(2),Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3525; amended Pub. L. 102–237, title X, § 1018(a)(1),Dec. 13, 1991, 105 Stat. 1905.)
Prior Provisions
A prior section 5 ofPub. L. 95–313was renumbered section 8 and is classified to section 2104 of this title.
1991—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 102–237substituted "State foresters" for "State Foresters" wherever appearing in introductory provisions.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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Quick Reference Guide
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BlackBerry Theme Builder workspace
When you start the BlackBerry® Theme Builder, the workspace displays a preview image of the BlackBerry device that you created the theme for, a toolbar, and the collapsed view of the Inspector panel.
The workspace is customizable. You can show the tools that you use most often and hide the ones that you don't use. For example, if you prefer to work in the preview area of the canvas, you can show the Quick Edit bar and you can hide the Inspector by clicking the arrow on the header of the Inspector. You can move the project tools to any part of the workspace, and you can undock any of the tools from the workspace. The BlackBerry Theme Builder saves the customizations that you make to the workspace for the next time that you open the BlackBerry Theme Builder.
The canvas displays the preview area. You can move the preview area around the canvas.
You can use the toolbar in the BlackBerry Theme Builder to access actions you use on a regular basis. After you select a screen to change, the toolbar shows only the buttons that apply to the screen you selected.
Preview area of the canvas
The preview area of the canvas displays a preview image of the device that you created the theme for. You can click the device element on the preview area of the canvas and make changes to the element on the Quick Edit bar. You can change the size of the preview image by using the Zoom buttons that are below the preview image.
Quick Edit bar
The Quick Edit bar displays the options that you can use to change an element. You must first click an element in the preview area of the canvas to see the options on the Quick Edit bar.
The Inspector includes the buttons that you can use to select a screen and the elements for each screen that you can change. You can expand the Inspector to show all the elements and make the changes to them on the Inspector. If you prefer, you can hide the elements in the Inspector and use the Quick Edit bar to make changes to the elements.
Catalog panel
The Catalog panel stores images and colors for use in your themes. You can drag images and colors from the Catalog to the Quick Edit bar or to the Inspector.
Alignment panel
The Alignment panel allows you to select multiple objects on specific screens and change the alignment of the objects.


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Members of the Chamber of Commerce stand as Sutherland's manager Wayne Clausing cuts the ribbon to open their new store at the east end of Price on Highway 55. Sutherlands carries a complete line of building materials, tools, garden supplies and appliances.
The Carbon Family Resource Center opened this last month as Moira Prichard cuts the ribbon to open the facility. The center is open to everyone and has a free lending library which includes books, toys and videos.
The Castleview Dialysis Center opened its doors recently as Jeff Manley and the operations manager Linda Deeter stand with a group of chamber members. A satellite operation of the University of Utah's dialysis program, the center will offer services to those who live in the Castle Valley area.


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The Pioneer BDR-101A Blu-ray Disc/DVD writer is expected to revolutionize digital and high-definition media storage. The BDR-101A allows professional users to test & author high-definition Blu-ray Disc content while also delivering the ability for high-capacity data storage. The drive can read BD-ROM discs, read/write single layer BD-R & BD-RE discs, read DVD-ROM, and read/write most DVD recordable media formats.
The BDR-101A offers many industry-leading technologies including:
Privacy Policy | Terms Of Use | Sitemap Copyright © 2014 Pioneer Electronics (USA) Inc.


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Cartoons of the Week: August 11–17
Obama puts Biden in the corner, and Romney puts Ryan front and center
Obama puts Biden in the corner, and Romney puts Ryan front and center
Adidas adiPower Howard 2 Home White Blue Shoes For Men
Adidas ClimaCool Ride Mens Running Orange Black Shoes
Adidas Daroga TWO 11 CC Mens Blue Grey Shoes
Adidas Climacool Oscillation Black Red White Shoes 2013
Adidas ClimaCool Ride Mens Running Blue Shoes
What does this cartoon say about 53-year old women? That they should stay off stage at home with their children? That they should not be sexual beings? That flashing boob is more offensive and newsworthy than gays in Uganda being named and targeted for murder in newspapers?
Madonna has always been a provocateur who pushes the edge of conventional concepts of acceptability and in doing so exposes the hypocrisy of the powerful. In a world where women are still expected to put everyone else above them, I find that sexy. And so do many millions of young people throughout the world.


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R.A. Dickey named a finalist for the NL Cy Young Award
The Baseball Writers Association has announced that R.A. Dickey has been names a finalist for the 2012 National league Cy Young Award.
Dickey led the National League in strikeouts with 230 strikeouts, 233.2 innings pitched, five complete games and three shutouts. He was second in the National League with 20 wins and a 2.73 ERA while leading the major leagues with 27 quality starts.
Clayton Kershaw and Gio Gonzalez were also named finalists – the award will be announced on November 14.
Michael Baron, ContributorPosted Nov. 2: Dickey was the best pitcher in baseball from start to finish in 2012. He led the league in strikeouts, innings pitched, WHIP, complete games, shutouts, was second in ERA and wins but had 26 percent of the team's wins, had an incredible 4.25:1 strikeouts to walk ratio…the list goes on. He was also the most consistent starting pitcher from start to finish, pitched the entire year with a torn abdominal muscle, and was flat out dominant in most of his starts.
Put it this way: If Dickey doesn't win the Cy Young Award, it would be a complete injustice and very disappointing.


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In conjunction with San Diego radio station 91X, Toys For Tots and Yahoo! Auctions, BenHarper.net is auctioning off one pair of tickets to the upcoming "Frosty The Show, Man" on December 9th. The proceeds from the auction will benefit Toys For Tots. Click here for the auction.
The new benefit CD from Boulder, CO radio station KBCO featuring a live performance of "Burn To Shine" sold out today. Check out the cover art in the Discography.
Jack Johnson, professional surfer and musician, is scheduled to open for Ben and the Innocent Criminals on their upcoming North American tour next February. Johnson wrote and played on the G. Love & Special Sauce hit "Rodeo Clowns." His new album "Brushfire Fairytales", set for a mid-December release, was produced by JP Plunier and features Harper on one track. The final tour schedule is still in the works, but we've got a few dates for you in Tour Dates.


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Gordon Skrede has nearly 5 acres devoted to grapes that are native to Florida, and they're some of the most nutritious grapes known. Harriet Howard Heithaus/Staff
Southern Home grapes like these Gordon Skrede grows are even delicious before they're ripe. "They have sort of a Granny Smith apple taste and texture," Skreded says. Harriet Howard Heithaus/Staff
Various Fry grapes ripen in colors from copper to a nearly black purple. Gordon Skrede grows a number of varieties to see which will bear the most fruit and have the best flavor. He's constantly propagating and nurturing in his Golden Gate Estates vineyard. Harriet Howard Heithaus/Staff
A poultice of human hair repels deer, which would otherwise nibble off tasty leaves. Harriet Howard Heithaus/Staff
"I see so many people out there older than I am and they have nothing to do. They watch TV. I can't do that," recently retired Gordon Skrede said. Skrede, who worked as a city engineer, has turned five acres at his Golden Gate Estates home into a garden full of fruits rare to Southwest Florida, including apples, blackberries and grapes.
Gordon Skrede plucks a female Muscadine grape off of the vine to show the different colors of the fruit. Male Muscadine grapes will produce grapes when planted alone, but females must be planted with a male to produce fruit. Skrede first started planting grapes after attending a information session with the Collier County Fruit Growers Club.
After a brief storm, water drips from Muscadine grapes on the vine at Gordon Skrede's Garden of Eaton. Skrede provides grapes at different farmer's markets, and even allows guests to pick their own at his home in Golden Gate Estates.
Gordon Skrede unloads mulch from under a cypress tree in his Garden of Eaton at his home in Golden Gate Estates. Skrede said that the mulch he uses retains water better than the soil in Southwest Florida so that his acre-and-a-half of brazos blackberries can flourish. He also said it is the only commercially grown blackberries in South Florida. "There is a sense of pride in this," Skrede said.
Gordon Skrede started his Garden of Eaton in 1996. He bought the house in 1990 and was clearing brush when he discovered blackberries growing in his yard. Skrede called the Collier County Extension Office to ask advice only to be told that it wasn't possible for blackberries to grow in Southwest Florida. Skrede took that as a sign that he had something special.
Gordon Skrede shovels mulch onto his blackberries on Tuesday. Skrede has about 200 blackberry plants on his property along with grapevines, and many other types of fruit.


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Consumer Reports has just finished testing the iPhone 5. With 4G, it's now as fast as the fastest Android phones, but there are still plenty of differences.
In TV commercials, Samsung makes fun of Apple fans - claiming that Android phones have had better features and capabilities than the iPhone 5 for ages. Consumer Reports put the phones through their paces, assessing each one's features and options.
"Voice-control is another area of competition," says Consumer Reports' Mike Gikas. "Here, Android capabilities are quite good, though they're no match for Siri, who can understand and execute more complex commands."
As for navigation:
"Android has more detailed maps, better traffic info, and more customization," Gikas says. "Apple has a few glitches, and until those are worked out, Android carries the day."
With everyone using their phone to take pictures, how do the cameras affect your Apple-or-Android choice? While both the iPhone and some Android phones have the ability to take panoramic stills, Consumer Reports finds when it comes to photo and video quality, the iPhone 5 outperforms the Android competition.
What if you want to talk on the phone and connect to the Internet over the cellular network at the same time? All 4G phones can do that, but not the iPhone 5 on Verizon or Sprint. So while the iPhone 5 gets many things right, so do a lot of the top-rated Android phones - making them worth consideration.
Due to significant improvements over the iPhone 4S, the new iPhone 5 is now among Consumer Reports' top-rated phones, up with the Samsung Galaxy S-3 and the Motorola Razr.


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Hand & Wrist Chart
Printed directly onto styrene, this durable plastic chart is approximately 1/16" thick and has metal eyelets in top corners for convenient wall hanging; markable (wipe on/wipe off). Styrene charts are UV coated, latex free and feature bold and bright colors. The chart will remain upright on an easel for presentations and will stand up to heavy use in the office or classroom. Charts can be displayed with chart stands, anatomical charts measure 20" W x 26" H.Shows muscle and tendon anatomy of the hand and wrist. Illustrates dorsal view of bones and palmar view of carpal bones. Shows extension, flexion and range of movement of thumb. Provides views of cross-section of wrist, carpal tunnel syndrome, various types of fractures and tendon avulsion injuries. Non-returnable.
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Wrestling - NAIA North Regional Tournament
Saturday, February 20, 2016 - 9:00am to 5:00pm
Seward, Neb.
An opportunity to gather over lunch and enter into conversation around three central questions. What does it mean to be human? What is the universe and how do we fit in? How shall we live our lives? Students, staff, and faculty are encouraged to come together from across disciplines to consider just what it means to be human.


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How to Influence Without Authority
Ever had to get people to contribute to a project, even though you're not actually their manager? Tough job, isn't it? Managing people without being i...>
Nontraditional College Students Are the New Normal
The landscape of higher education is changing. Online learning options, the high cost of tuition, fading tenure programs for professors – today's coll...>
Apply the Bechdel Test at Your Next Meeting to Evaluate Gender Diversity at Work
China's President Xi Jinping recent visit to Seattle was big news for what it signified about the city's rising prominence as a global tech hotspot. B...>
Tell us about your current job and your skillset, and we'll let you know how much employers are paying in your area.


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Wedding Planners near slidell,tx
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|Wedding Ceremony Music (188)
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|Wedding Dress & Attire (438)
|Wedding Event Rentals (330)
|Wedding Favors & Gifts (194)
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|Wedding Invitations (407)
|Wedding Jewelry (398)
|Wedding Lighting & Decor (99)
|Wedding Officiant (372)
|Wedding Photography (2177)
|Wedding Planning (886)
|Wedding Rehearsal Dinner (172)
|Wedding Transportation (154)
|Wedding Travel Agents (109)
|Wedding Venue (1326)
|Wedding Videography (339)
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0 Vendors Selected. Select up to 5 vendors to compare in one of the following categories: Venues, Bands, Catering, Photography or Videographers.
Sue Kelson Events16 Reviews
Plano, TX | 972-447-8300
A well-established Wedding Event Planning firm that prides itself on details, organization and perfection. Your wedding is one of the most...(more)
Each & Every Detail, LLC52 Reviews
Your Key to Wedding Planning
McKinney, TX | 214-542-1317
Our Mission: To champion our clientele and be their key resource to inspired events. It's simple. Each & Every Detail is your key to wedding...(more)
Exceptional Events26 Reviews
Making Every Event Exceptional
Dallas, TX | 214-803-2374
Professional Event Planning and Wedding Consulting, tailored to your personal needs. We are here to help you every step of the way with anything...(more)
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Mention WeddingWire and receive a 10% Discount off your entire Wedding Consulting Services!
Chic Fleur Weddings + Events9 Reviews
Dallas, TX | 214-448-0204
At Chic Fleur Weddings & Events, we believe perfect weddings do exist. We believe that planning your wedding should be a joyous and pleasant...(more)
The Creative Touch, Events by Lauren39 Reviews
creating an experience that's YOURS
Dallas, TX | 972-822-3842
At The Creative Touch, Events by Lauren, the sky's the limit. If you can dream it, we can achieve it! It is our mission to make your vision come to...(more)
Events by Jules15 Reviews
It's Your Event, We Simply Make It Perfect!
Dallas, TX | 817-946-3861
We are a boutique event design and planning firm. Our goal is to create weddings and events that speak uniquely to each couple we work with....(more)
Birds of a Feather Events32 Reviews
Purveyors of Pretty
Dallas, TX | 469-530-0616
Specializing in carefully curated, vibrant, eclectic and natural wedding design. Every event we do is highly detailed and personalized. Meetings...(more)
Divine Wedding Details66 Reviews
Wedding Day Management, Full Service Coordination, Hourly planning, linens, decor, invitations
Dallas, TX | 972-849-2265
Divine Wedding Details is a bride and groom's creative partner from full service planning to Wedding Day Management. Through professionally...(more)
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Receive 10% off your services when you mention you found us on Wedding Wire!
Precisely As Planned36 Reviews
Your wedding should be...Precisely As Planned
Dallas, TX | 682-233-2165
Precisely As Planned is here to help you plan your wedding, stress-free and on-budget! From engagement and planning to wedding through reception...(more)
Contact Us Website
Our initial consultation has always been free, however we have added a signing bonus. If you should book our services at the initial consultation we will take $100 off the package of your choice.
Weddings and Events by Ruth27 Reviews
"Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm"
Dallas, TX | 972-386-4519
Weddings and Events by Ruth is an event production company owned and managed by Ruth Spirer, Certified Wedding Consultant in Dallas, Texas. Ruth is...(more)
One Love Events5 Reviews
Frisco, TX | 972-277-1663
One Love Events is a wedding & event planning company that provides services in the Dallas / Ft. Worth area and the Orlando / Central Florida area....(more)
MK Event Boutique8 Reviews
Wedding/Event Planning & Custom Invitations
Dallas, TX | 214-733-7206
You can go to anyone, but wouldn't you want to have a team of experts on your side? With over 16 years of worldwide combined experience, we are...(more)
KS Events17 Reviews
making dreams a reality
Dallas/Fort Worth, TX | 469-247-4651
Here at KS Events we provide 5 star service for the bride on a budget! We take your vision and bring it to life! Let us help make your day picture...(more)
Rachel Events73 Reviews
Uniquely Fabulous Luxury Weddings & Events ~ Dallas & Fort Worth, Tx
Dallas, TX | 214-676-3141
Welcome to Rachel Events - We are so excited to meet you!! See the BLING {of course} and get started with your fabulous wedding plans. We are a...(more)
Foster Blue21 Reviews
Grand Prairie, TX | 214-793-2141
Happiness; Zest; Captured BluePrints: Foster Blue's philosophy is to help our clients to develope their own unique wedding journey. Foster Blue...(more)
Altar Ego Weddings52 Reviews
Wedding Planning in Austin, Hill Country & Dallas-Fort Worth
Austin, Hill Country & Dallas-Fort Worth, TX | 972-742-6407
Welcome to Altar Ego Weddings! Congratulations on your engagement! We look forward to working with you by either helping you create the wedding...(more)
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Altar Ego Weddings offers a free intial consultation for the bride! We are excited to meet with you to discuss your wedding plans and how we can help!
Ricardo Tomas Weddings36 Reviews
"Dallas' very own David Tutera!" quoted from my bridal couples
Dallas, TX | 214-908-3830
I plan for things to go wrong, I don't plan for things to go right, meaning I am ready to make professional decisions due to any unplanned...(more)
Query Events22 Reviews
Fort Worth, TX | 817-773-8175
Query Events was founded on the notions of a bride's uncertainties. What's your "Query," what's your question? Come to Query Events with all of...(more)
Pretty Little Planners and Vintage Rentals4 Reviews
Event Design, Coordination, and Shabby Chic Rentals
Frisco, TX | 903-331-5623
Pretty Little Planners is a unique Event Design, Coordination, and Rental Company located in North Dallas. We specialize in working closely with...(more)
Southern Charm Events6 Reviews
Dallas , TX | 214-870-9366
MISSION STATEMENT Southern Charm Events is based in the Oklahoma and Dallas/Ft. Worth area. SCE bases our pricing upon YOUR budget. We...(more)


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Today is October 10, 2015
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March 6, 2008
Price fire officials respond to close call near college campus
Residents reminded to watch for deer in the road as spring nears
One-hour clock adjustment accompanies arrival of daylight saving time
Residents advised to consider tax rule changes before filing returns
County Planning Panel Reviews Proposed SR-10 Improvements
Special service district board revisits Sunnyside concession stand request
Carbon County news briefs
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For Rectangular Pool Size: 35 feet x 75 feet. Cover Size: 41 feet x 81 feet. Water tubes and pillows for installation are sold separately.
When you protect your pool this winter you'll be mighty glad you did next spring! When combined with a proper winterizing program, the GLI Solid Winter Cover will protect your pool from the wear and tear of freezing winter weather and eliminate costly maintenance and spring cleanup.
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Keeps your pool water clean and free from dirt, leaves and debris.Stops chemical loss through evaporation.Prevents algae growth.Protects pool from the wear and tear of winter.Eliminates costly maintenance and spring cleanup.
Limited 20-Year Warranty. Full 3-Year Warranty.


text: Looking for new shoes but still unsure on the style? Look no further, we've got your new-season shoes sussed. From casual trainers reworked in sporty styles to classic suede desert boots, chunky-soled brogues and cool nineties-inspired slip-ons, invest in a laid-back pair to see you through Spring / Summer in style.


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Transition: Resumés & Cover Letters
Cultivate great first impressions with well-written documents
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Your resume and cover letter are self-marketing tools that outline your unique value to an employer and can be the key to landing the job interview. Take the time to craft these documents carefully. Remember to translate your military experience into terms that civilian employers can understand, and convey a positive first impression.
Military Resumes and Cover Letters
10 ways to civilianize your resume
Job Titles: Military to Civilian, www.transitionmanagement.US
Out of uniform - resume tips for making the transition
Writing Military-to-Civilian Resumes: Make Your Resume Interviewable
How To Write A Damn Good Military-to-Civilian Resume, Yana Parker
Military to Civilian Resume Sample
Effective Federal Government resume
Private Industry vs. Federal Job Resumes: Apples and Oranges
Cover Letter Checklist, Military.com
Cover Letter Tips for Veterans, AOL's Homepage for Veterans
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Science Friday® is produced by the Science Friday Initiative, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.
Science Friday® and SciFri® are registered service marks of Science Friday, Inc. Site design by Pentagram; engineering by Mediapolis.
In our monthly series on the words of science, we'll talk about how the word 'genome' came to be. Howard Markel, a a physician, medical educator, and historian of medicine at the University of Michigan, explains:


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- Northern New York Newspapers
- Watertown
- Ogdensburg
- Massena-Potsdam
- Lowville
- Carthage
- Malone
- NNY Business
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A Syracuse law firm is preparing to do battle with the New York Power Authority on behalf of the St. Lawrence Local Government Task Force to get St. Lawrence River communities due compensation from the state-controlled power-producing agency.
The task force has initiated a 10-year review of a 2003 settlement NYPA reached with St. Lawrence River communities, school districts and St. Lawrence County to renew a 50-year license to operate the St. Lawrence-FDR power dam in Massena. Task force members believe the settlement significantly shortchanged the north country. Shortly after the $115 million settlement was reached, NYPA forged two deals totaling $973 million with the city of Buffalo and Erie and Niagara counties for a 50-year license to operate the Niagara power project in Lewiston.
The Wladis Law Firm has been retained by the Local Government Task Force to facilitate the 10-year review. Its attorneys and task force members are slated to meet with NYPA representatives Feb. 5 to make sure all parties understand their respective positions, Wladis attorney Kevin C. Murphy said Friday.
Mr. Murphy said NYPA has already indicated that it feels it has held up its commitments under the settlement, and that the Niagara and St. Lawrence settlements are equitable based on the number of people affected by those projects, the power generated at each facility and a number of other factors.
How they suggest the two things are equivalent, I dont know, Mr. Murphy said.
He said NYPAs claims that the Niagara project generates eight times more power than the St. Lawrence project are based on maximum production capacity in optimum conditions and grossly overstate actual generation, which is less than twice the power generated in Massena. He also points to the amount of land each project encompasses 33,649 acres at St. Lawrence versus 3,546 acres at Niagara, in addition to St. Lawrence easements totaling 569 acres and Niagara easements totaling 312 acres.
Mr. Murphy also said that some recreational improvements NYPA promised are yet to be finished, including boat launch work at Little Sucker Brook and drainage improvements at Whittaker Park in Waddington, and dike rehabilitation and wildlife management improvements at Wilson Hill in the town of Louisville.
The economic landscape has also changed since 2003, with the bankruptcy of General Motors Powertrain in Massena and the recent announcement by Alcoa that it was closing its two potlines at its East Plant in Massena.
In a 2001 letter to former state Sen. James W. Wright of Watertown, former NYPA Chairman and CEO Joseph J. Seymour said that if either plant were to close, I can assure you we will work cooperatively with you and the governor to bring new jobs to the north country with low-cost NYPA power. Mr. Murphy said that to his knowledge, NYPA has not done anything to offset the job losses at either plant.
Meanwhile, Mr. Murphy said, NYPA has remitted $1.16 billion to the states general fund in the past decade, according to information from the state Comptrollers Office, and has budgeted future annual transfers to the state of $65 million, or 2 percent of its annual budget.
He said he is not surprised by NYPAs stance that it has lived up to its end of the bargain, and he is prepared to outline the task forces response at the meeting next week.
Everyone agrees Niagara is the issue, he said.
That being said, Mr. Murphy said the task force has no desire to take away from the Niagara settlement, and is merely looking for St. Lawrence communities to be compensated fairly.
They dont consider how much land they took and how much of it is under water, he said. We are trying to generate a list of demands that has some basis in reality that we can hang a number on.
Task force Chairman Joseph D. Gray declined comment Friday, saying he is reserving statements until after next weeks meeting.
We have agreed to not negotiate in public, and I have been given no reason by NYPA to not observe those ground rules, he said.
NYPA spokeswoman Connie M. Cullen also declined comment, citing ongoing negotiations.
It was agreed upon with the task force, at the initial meeting on the 10-year review of the St. Lawrence settlement, that it was in everyones best interest that the discussion remain confidential among those present until such time as a public announcement is appropriate, she said in an emailed statement. The Power Authority looks forward to continuing the dialogue with those on the Task Force.
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By C.J. MCMANUSSun Advocate reporter
As long as the junction of U.S. Highway 6 and State Road 123 has existed, motorists have complained about the intersection's lack of lighting and just how dangerous the absence of light is. Recently, the Utah Department of Transportation took notice and agreed to install solar lamps at heavily traveled intersection. Case closed? Maybe not. While UDOT has agreed to erect the light, its maintenance falls to the county and, according to East Carbon Mayor Orlando LaFontaine, the Carbon County Commission has declined to pay.
"We have people continuously getting into accidents at that junction," said LaFontaine during East Carbon's council session on Feb. 12. "We endure all of the coal trucks traveling that area and I myself have gone passed the junction on my way home. Well we finally got a commitment from UDOT to have a solar light placed in that area."
LaFontaine then passed out UDOT's bylaws which stipulate that while they can place the light, they can only operate and maintain lights on a main interstate highway. Anything besides an interstate, the local agency has to maintain the equipment.
"Being as this is within Carbon County's jurisdiction, we now have a problem because the commissioners have refused to take this on," he said. "I am being told by UDOT that the cost here is about $1,000 for operation and maintenance. We would pick up the cost but as it's outside of our city limits, I don't know if we even can legally pay for it. I have a real problem with this. Aren't our residents also residents of Carbon County?"
Council member David Maggio also took umbrage with the county's decision.
"I would be more than happy to go down and talk to the county commissioners and tell them, 'I understand you already got elected and now you don't know where we live until the next election but this has to be taken care of,'" he said. "This is a large safety issue for 1,500 county residents not to mention all those trucks.
While the item has not been discussed formally by the commission, East Carbon officials were encouraged to put themselves on the county's agenda when they were ready to discuss the issue.
Council member Barbara Robinett was able to contact the commission prior to the city session and relayed their feelings concerning the lamps.
"I spoke to two commissioners and their reasoning revolves around not wanting to set a precedent. They said if they do something to maintain a light for East Carbon junction, then they would be setting a precedent that they would have to also maintain the lights for Ridge Road in Wellington," said Robinett. "Or for Helper at the interchange, their cities pay for those. I brought up to the commissioners that this light would not be in East Carbon City, that it would be placed on a major highway. They told me, well it's still to benefit the residents of East Carbon City."
According to the Mayor, the county has been making money hand over fist from Westridge Mine for a lot of years. Even though East Carbon pays for the water they use.
"East Carbon City doesn't collect those taxes," he said.
Additional issues were also raised by the council.
"Who pays for the lights at that rest area at the end of Hwy. 124 and Highway 6?" asked council member Maggio. "They have got eight down there. Do we need to put a toilet at the junction to get lights? These people are talking about buying a lease for a goldfish. There is no community at the end of Ridge Road, Hiawatha is gone


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Comments On Jul 18, 2015:Needed for uncorking the WR450.
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Comments On Feb 22, 2015:Made all the difference in the world, if you own a wr you need this kit to wake it up!
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Comments On Jul 15, 2014:Yes, this kit did exactly as described. The added leak jet is a great addition as well.
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Comments On Jun 26, 2014:After receiving this part, I ended up using only the air cleaner vacuum plug and the YZ throttle screw. The AIS feed pip gasket, plug, hose clamp did not seal even after following the directions of re-tightening the hose clamp after letting the bike cool down. I ended up welding the stock AIS feed pipe shut. After 4 hard trail rides, this has worked for me.
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Comments On Sep 25, 2012:This kit does exactly what it says it does: allows you to remove the AIS from your bike.
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The French Institute Alliance Française in New York City is pleased to announce, for its inaugural show at its new gallery, the exhibition of a portfolio of 82 photographs by Arman. These photographs, in both color and black and white, were taken in '60s and '70s, and are being shown for the first time in the United States.
Arman settled down in New York City at a time when the art world was taking a new turn with the Pop Art, Minimalism and Conceptual Art movements. He quickly befriended many of the major artists on the scene: Roy Lichtenstein, George Segal, Frank Stella and Andy Warhol, to only name a few. Marcel Duchamp was his chess game partner. These historic photographs provide a rare glimpse into that world.
"ARMAN: Accumulation of Friends" will be on view at the FI:AF Gallery, 22 East 60th Street (between Madison and Park Avenue) through May 15th, 2007
"Arman the Omnivore," an essay by Tom Bishop
Click to read articles about the Fiaf Gallery opening


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Small but clean room & bathroom. Air conditioned and sliding glass door to open for fresh air. Casusal 'Beachy' feel. Great staff person at the front desk. Nice breakfast in their basement dining area. Good Cafe and Pizza restaurant connected to the hotel
WiFi was acting up in the room but we were able to connect in the lobby area (only a minor inconveninece). No safes in the rooms but you can use the hotel safe if you need to. We had no theft problems.
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