text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|14 Aug 2008
|Filing date
|16 Apr 2008
|Priority date
|27 Sep 2004
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Clarence Chui
|Original Assignee
|Idc, Llc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (4), Classifications (6), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a divisional of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/174,220, filed Jul. 1, 2005, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/613,376, filed Sep. 27, 2004. The disclosures of the foregoing applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
1. Field
The field of the invention relates to microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and the packaging of such systems. More specifically, the field of the Invention relates to interferometric modulators and methods of fabricating such interferometric modulators on a pre-patterned substrate.
2. Description of the Related Technology
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) include micro mechanical elements, actuators, and electronics. Micromechanical elements may be created using deposition, etching, and or other micromachining processes that etch away parts of substrates and/or deposited material layers or that add layers to form electrical and electromechanical devices. One type of MEMS device is called an interferometric modulator. As used herein, the term interferometric modulator or interferometric light modulator refers to a device that selectively absorbs and/or reflects light using the principles of optical interference. In certain embodiments, an interferometric modulator may comprise a pair of conductive plates, one or both of which may be transparent and/or reflective in whole or part and capable of relative motion upon application of an appropriate electrical signal. In a particular embodiment, one plate may comprise a stationary layer deposited on a substrate and the other plate may comprise a metallic membrane separated from the stationary layer by an air gap or cavity. As described herein in more detail, the position of one plate in relation to another can change the optical interference of light incident on the interferometric modulator. Such devices have a wide range of applications, and it would be beneficial in the art to utilize and/or modify the characteristics of these types of devices so that their features can be exploited in improving existing products and creating new products that have not yet been developed.
The system, method, and devices of the invention each have several aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for its desirable attributes. Without limiting the scope of this invention, its more prominent features will now be discussed briefly. After considering this discussion, and particularly after reading the section entitled "Detailed Description of Certain Embodiments" one will understand how the features of this invention provide advantages over other display devices. The embodiments described herein provide a package structure and a method of manufacturing a package structure in ambient conditions.
An embodiment provides a method of making a microelectromechanical systems device. A substrate having a plurality of trenches in a top surface of the substrate is provided. A first electrode layer is deposited over the top surface of the substrate and onto bottom surfaces of the trenches. The first electrode layer as deposited is discontinuous between the bottom surfaces of the trenches and the top surface of the substrate. A second electrode is formed over the first electrode. The first electrode layer and the second electrode have a first cavity therebetween.
According to another embodiment, a display device is provided, comprising a substrate having a plurality of grooves formed therein, a first electrode formed over a top surface of the substrate and a second electrode, a semi-reflective layer, and a transparent material formed over the chromium layer. The first electrode and the second electrode are insulated from each other and separated by a first cavity. The semi-reflective layer separated from the second electrode by a second cavity.
According to yet another embodiment, a method of forming a microelectromechanical systems device is provided. A substrate having a top surface is provided, wherein a plurality of grooves is formed in the top surface. At least one layer is deposited over the substrate, wherein the at least one layer comprises a first conductive material and is discontinuous at the grooves forming rows of the layer on the top surface. A second conductive material is deposited over the at least one layer, wherein the second conductive material is oriented orthogonally to the first conductive material on the top surface.
In accordance with another embodiment, a display device is provided. The display device comprises a substrate having a plurality of grooves formed therein, a first reflecting means for reflecting light formed over a top surface of the substrate and a second reflecting means for reflecting light, a semi-reflective layer separated from the second reflecting means by a second cavity, and a viewing means for transmitting light. The first reflecting means and the second reflecting means are insulated from each other and separated by a first cavity, and the viewing means formed over the semi-reflective layer.
These and other aspects of the invention will be readily apparent from the following description and from the appended drawings (not to scale), which are meant to illustrate and not to limit the invention, and wherein:
The following detailed description is directed to certain specific embodiments of the invention. However, the invention can be embodied in a multitude of different ways. In this description, reference is made to the drawings wherein like parts are designated with like numerals throughout. As will be apparent from the following description, the embodiments may be implemented in any device that is configured to display an image, whether in motion (e.g., video) or stationary (e.g., still image), and whether textual or pictorial. More particularly, it is contemplated that the embodiments may be implemented in or associated with a variety of electronic devices such as, but not limited to, mobile telephones, wireless devices, personal data assistants (PDAs), hand-held or portable computers, GPS receivers/navigators, cameras, MP3 players, camcorders, game consoles, wrist watches, clocks, calculators, television monitors, flat panel displays, computer monitors, auto displays (e.g., odometer display, etc.), cockpit controls and/or displays, display of camera views (e.g., display of a rear view camera in a vehicle), electronic photographs, electronic billboards or signs, projectors, architectural structures, packaging, and aesthetic structures (e.g., display of images on a piece of jewelry). MEMS devices of similar structure to those described herein can also be used in non-display applications such as in electronic switching devices.
One interferometric modulator display embodiment comprising an interferometric MEMS display element is illustrated in
The depicted portion of the pixel array in
The optical stacks 16 a and 16 b (collectively referred to as optical stack 16), as referenced herein, typically comprise of several fused layers, which can include an electrode layer, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), a partially reflective layer, such as chromium, and a transparent dielectric. The optical stack 16 is thus electrically conductive, partially transparent and partially reflective, and may be fabricated, for example, by depositing one or more of the above layers onto a transparent substrate 20. In some embodiments, the layers are patterned into parallel strips, and may form row electrodes in a display device as described further below. The movable reflective layers 14 a, 14 b may be formed as a series of parallel strips of a deposited metal layer or layers (orthogonal to the row electrodes of 16 a, 16 b) deposited on top of posts 18 and an intervening sacrificial material deposited between the posts 18. When the sacrificial material is etched away, the movable reflective layers 14 a, 14 b are separated from the optical stacks 16 a, 16 b by a defined gap 19. A highly conductive and reflective material such as aluminum may be used for the reflective layers 14, and these strips may form column electrodes in a display device.
With no applied voltage, the cavity 19 remains between the movable reflective layer 14 a and optical stack 16 a, with the movable reflective layer 14 a in a mechanically relaxed state, as illustrated by the pixel 12 a in
In one embodiment, the processor 21 is also configured to communicate with an array driver 22. In one embodiment, the array driver 22 includes a row driver circuit 24 and a column driver circuit 26 that provide signals to a display array or panel 30. The cross section of the array illustrated in
In typical applications, a display frame may be created by asserting the set of column electrodes in accordance with the desired set of actuated pixels in the first row. A row pulse is then applied to the row 1 electrode, actuating the pixels corresponding to the asserted column lines. The asserted set of column electrodes is then changed to correspond to the desired set of actuated pixels in the second row. A pulse is then applied to the row 2 electrode, actuating the appropriate pixels in row 2 in accordance with the asserted column electrodes. The row 1 pixels are unaffected by the row 2 pulse, and remain in the state they were set to during the row 1 pulse. This may be repeated for the entire series of rows in a sequential fashion to produce the frame. Generally, the frames are refreshed and/or updated with new display data by continually repeating this process at some desired number of frames per second. A wide variety of protocols for driving row and column electrodes of pixel arrays to produce display frames are also well known and may be used in conjunction with the present invention.
In the
The display device 40 includes a housing 41, a display 30, an antenna 43, a speaker 44, an input device 48, and a microphone 46. The housing 41 is generally formed from any of a variety of manufacturing processes as are well known to those of skill in the art, including injection molding, and vacuum forming. In addition, the housing 41 may be made from any of a variety of materials, including but not limited to plastic, metal, glass, rubber, and ceramic, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment the housing 41 includes removable portions (not shown) that may be interchanged with other removable portions of different color, or containing different logos, pictures, or symbols.
The display 30 of exemplary display device 40 may be any of a variety of displays, including a bi-stable display, as described herein. In other embodiments, the display 30 includes a flat-panel display, such as plasma, EL, OLED, STN LCD, or TFT LCD as described above, or a non-flat-panel display, such as a CRT or other tube device, as is well known to those of skill in the art. However, for purposes of describing the present embodiment, the display 30 includes an interferometric modulator display, as described herein.
The components of one embodiment of exemplary display device 40 are schematically illustrated in
The network interface 27 includes the antenna 43 and the transceiver 47 so that the exemplary display device 40 can communicate with one or more devices over a network. In one embodiment the network interface 27 may also have some processing capabilities to relieve requirements of the processor 21. The antenna 43 is any antenna known to those of skill in the art for transmitting and receiving signals. In one embodiment, the antenna transmits and receives RF signals according to the IEEE 802.11 standard, including IEEE 802.11(a), (b), or (g). In another embodiment, the antenna transmits and receives RF signals according to the BLUETOOTH standard. In the case of a cellular telephone, the antenna is designed to receive CDMA, GSM, AMPS or other known signals that are used to communicate within a wireless cell phone network. The transceiver 47 pre-processes the signals received from the antenna 43 so that they may be received by and further manipulated by the processor 21. The transceiver 47 also processes signals received from the processor 21 so that they may be transmitted from the exemplary display device 40 via the antenna 43.
In an alternative embodiment, the transceiver 47 can be replaced by a receiver. In yet another alternative embodiment, network interface 27 can be replaced by an image source, which can store or generate image data to be sent to the processor 21. For example, the image source can be a digital video disc (DVD) or a hard-disc drive that contains image data, or a software module that generates image data.
Processor 21 generally controls the overall operation of the exemplary display device 40. The processor 21 receives data, such as compressed image data from the network interface 27 or an image source, and processes the data into raw image data or into a format that is readily processed into raw image data. The processor 21 then sends the processed data to the driver controller 29 or to frame buffer 28 for storage. Raw data typically refers to the information that identifies the image characteristics at each location within an image. For example, such image characteristics can include color, saturation, and gray-scale level.
In one embodiment, the processor 21 includes a microcontroller, CPU, or logic unit to control operation of the exemplary display device 40. Conditioning hardware 52 generally includes amplifiers and filters for transmitting signals to the speaker 45, and for receiving signals from the microphone 46. Conditioning hardware 52 may be discrete components within the exemplary display device 40, or may be incorporated within the processor 21 or other components.
The driver controller 29 takes the raw image data generated by the processor 21 either directly from the processor 21 or from the frame buffer 28 and reformats the raw image data appropriately for high speed transmission to the array driver 22. Specifically, the driver controller 29 reformats the raw image data into a data flow having a raster-like format, such that it has a time order suitable for scanning across the display array 30. Then the driver controller 29 sends the formatted information to the array driver 22. Although a driver controller 29, such as a LCD controller, is often associated with the system processor 21 as a stand-alone Integrated Circuit (IC), such controllers may be implemented in many ways. They may be embedded in the processor 21 as hardware, embedded in the processor 21 as software, or fully integrated in hardware with the array driver 22.
Typically, the array driver 22 receives the formatted information from the driver controller 29 and reformats the video data into a parallel set of waveforms that are applied many times per second to the hundreds and sometimes thousands of leads coming from the display's x-y matrix of pixels.
In one embodiment, the driver controller 29, array driver 22, and display array 30 are appropriate for any of the types of displays described herein. For example, in one embodiment, driver controller 29 is a conventional display controller or a bi-stable display controller (e.g., an interferometric modulator controller). In another embodiment, array driver 22 is a conventional driver or a bi-stable display driver (e.g., an interferometric modulator display). In one embodiment, a driver controller 29 is integrated with the array driver 22. Such an embodiment is common in highly integrated systems such as cellular phones, watches, and other small area displays. In yet another embodiment, display array 30 is a typical display array or a bi-stable display array (e.g., a display including an array of interferometric modulators).
The input device 48 allows a user to control the operation of the exemplary display device 40. In one embodiment, input device 48 includes a keypad, such as a QWERTY keyboard or a telephone keypad, a button, a switch, a touch-sensitive screen, a pressure- or heat-sensitive membrane. In one embodiment, the microphone 46 is an input device for the exemplary display device 40. When the microphone 46 is used to input data to the device, voice commands may be provided by a user for controlling operations of the exemplary display device 40.
Power supply 50 can include a variety of energy storage devices as are well known in the art. For example, in one embodiment, power supply 50 is a rechargeable battery, such as a nickel-cadmium battery or a lithium ion battery. In another embodiment, power supply 50 is a renewable energy source, a capacitor, or a solar cell, including a plastic solar cell, and solar-cell paint. In another embodiment, power supply 50 is configured to receive power from a wall outlet.
In some implementations control programmability resides, as described above, in a driver controller which can be located in several places in the electronic display system. In some cases control programmability resides in the array driver 22. Those of skill in the art will recognize that the above-described optimization may be implemented in any number of hardware and/or software components and in various configurations.
The details of the structure of interferometric modulators that operate in accordance with the principles set forth above may vary widely. For example,
In embodiments such as those shown in
As discussed above, the interferometric modulator is configured to reflect light through the transparent substrate and includes moving parts, such as the movable mirrors 14 a, 14 b. Therefore, to allow such moving parts to move, a gap or cavity is preferably created to allow the mechanical parts, such as the movable mirrors 14 a, 14 b, of the interferometric modulator to move.
According to the embodiment shown in
The substrate 505 may be formed from a preferably non-transparent polymer material having a series of embossed, appropriately spaced grooves or trenches 507 running in one direction along the substrate surface. These grooves 507 may be embossed using known techniques in a variety of conventional materials to preferably have a reentrant profile with tapering sides, as shown in
When material is deposited on such a surface structure, some material will be deposited and settle into the grooves 507, and some material will be deposited and settle on the top surface of the substrate 505 between the grooves 507. The material is preferably deposited by conventional deposition techniques, such as some form of sputtering, physical vapor deposition, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). As shown in
The lower electrode 502 is preferably formed of aluminum. In other embodiments, the lower electrode 502 may comprise other highly reflective metals, such as, for example, silver (Ag) or gold (Au). Alternatively, the lower electrode 502 may be a stack of metals configured to give the proper optical and mechanical properties.
A dielectric layer 508 is preferably deposited over the lower electrode 502. In a preferred embodiment, the dielectric material is silicon dioxide (SiO2). A sacrificial layer 510 is preferably deposited (and later removed) over the structure to create a resonant optical cavity between the lower electrode 502 and an upper electrode or reflecting means 506 that will be deposited over the sacrificial layer 510 to form the movable layer, as shown in
As shown in
Orthogonal upper electrode strips 506 are preferably deposited over the sacrificial layer 510, followed by strips of a second or upper sacrificial material 520 separated by posts 522. This upper electrode 506 is deposited as strips in rows orthogonal to the lower electrode 502 rows to create the row/column array described above. The upper electrode 506 and sacrificial material 520 may be deposited as strips in their desired patterns, preferably using a shadow mask deposition technique. The posts 522 are formed of insulating materials, preferably a polymer or dielectric material.
A thin, preferably 50-100 angstrom, semi-reflective layer 530 is then preferably deposited over the upper sacrificial layer 520. In a preferred embodiment, the semi-reflective layer 530 is chromium. As shown in
The transparent material 535 and semi-reflective layer 530 are preferably etched with openings or holes (not shown) so that the etch gas used for sacrificial layer removal can reach the sacrificial material of layers 510 and 520. Alternatively, the transparent material 535 may be pre-patterned with openings or holes that are pre-etched or embossed. It will be understood that, as part of the overall packaging process, the interferometric modulators are sealed and protected from the environment surrounding the package containing the interferometric modulators. Preferably, the holes or openings have a diameter as small as the photolithographic system will permit, and more preferably about 2.4 microns. The skilled artisan will understand that the size, spacing, and number of openings will affect the rate of removal of the sacrificial layers 510, 520.
The sacrificial layers 510, 520 are removed, preferably using a selective gas etching process, to create the optical cavity around the movable electrode 506. Standard etching techniques may be used to remove the sacrificial layers 510, 520. The particular gas etching process will depend on the material to be removed. For example, xenon diflouride (XeF2) may be used as the release gas for removing a silicon sacrificial layer. It will be understood that the etching process is a selective etching process that does not etch any dielectric, semi-reflecting, or electrode materials.
The final structure of the interferometric modulator is shown in
In the embodiment shown in
The skilled artisan will appreciate that, in the embodiment shown in
As mentioned above, transparent pre-patterned substrates made from transparent materials, such as polymers, may be used to create an interferometric modulator similar to that shown in
As shown in
While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointed out novel features of the invention as applied to various embodiments, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the device or process illustrated may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. As will be recognized, the present invention may be embodied within a form that does not provide all of the features and benefits set forth herein, as some features may be used or practiced separately from others.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|23 Jan 2007
|26 Jan 2010
|Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc.
|MEMS device with integrated optical element
|20 Dec 2006
|27 Apr 2010
|Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc.
|MEMS device and interconnects for same
|27 Sep 2007
|18 May 2010
|Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc.
|MEMS structures, methods of fabricating MEMS components on separate substrates and assembly of same
|27 Mar 2009
|4 Jan 2011
|Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc.
|Post-release adjustment of interferometric modulator reflectivity
|U.S. Classification
|359/295, 438/50
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|28 Oct 2009
Owner name: QUALCOMM MEMS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.,CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:IDC, LLC;REEL/FRAME:023435/0918
Effective date: 20090925
|20 May 2010
Owner name: IDC, LLC,CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CHUI, CLARENCE;REEL/FRAME:024420/0657
Effective date: 20050701
Owner name: IDC, LLC, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CHUI, CLARENCE;REEL/FRAME:024420/0657
Effective date: 20050701
|20 Jul 2010
|Certificate of correction
|18 Mar 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


text:
By RICHARD SHAWSun Advocate publisher
The world didn't end on Dec. 21, although some who were predicting it are now saying that they were wrong because they forgot to take into account the difference in how the Mayans calculated time. Now they are saying the end will come sometime later this year instead.
The country didn't fall off the fiscal cliff either, because in part (a very little part) Congress acted to keep it from being such a precipitous fall. Now we are just driving real fast down a steep hill, out of control.
The dire predictions didn't happen, but you probably still got a fruitcake for the holidays.
At least there is something sure in life.
I have never really seen the problem people have with fruitcakes; like any other food they have their detractors and their champions. The problem is that people really only make them once a year, and they don't get to practice getting them right. And guinea pigs to test their recipes on, are everywhere.
Now my mother used to make a fruitcake that I loved. My wife also makes that same fruitcake, but this year we didn't put one together.
Unfortunately, many people's fruitcakes are not what one would call delicious. And the ones you buy in the cans or wrapped in plastic from the store usually just don't make if far before they end up in the hog trough or garbage can.
So each person reading this probably has some version of a fruitcake still in their house. Many don't dare throw it away (because it is food, in a fashion) or they fear that the person that gave it to them might see it poking out of the top of their garbage can before the trash day truck can arrive.
Because fruitcakes so often end up not where they were intended by the giver, it seems that people also like to ask about the fruitcakes they gave away.
"Did you like that fruitcake I gave you for Christmas?" they ask. Then they continue. "I put in all this good stuff. It has every kind of nut in the world in it, special fruit from the tropics, cheese from Sheyboygan, Wis., old tires from the Utah County Landfill, rocks from Death Valley,. etc. etc. etc."
What to do. You may not be able to eat it (literally because it is so hard or figuratively because it tastes bad), but there must be something that can be done with it that could be productive.
Well we at the Sun Advocate have come up with something you can use that old fruitcake for. On Jan. 26, we will be having a fruitcake extravaganza.
The idea came from the little known fact that Jan. 3 is (or now was) national Fruitcake Toss Day. We just couldn't get organized that quickly after the end of the year and besides we wanted to honor the fruitcake in all its glory on a Saturday so a lot of people could come and pay homage to that lowly loaf of yuk.
So on Jan. 26, in Sutherlands parking lot in Price the store and our paper are having a contest that will consist of three events.
The first is a hand fruitcake toss. We will be awarding a pretty good prize to the person who can throw the fruitcake they bring with them the farthest. There will be some rules for how this will be done published in next weeks edition of the paper.
Next will be a fruitcake relay race. We will time the event as teams of four people run a 100 yard course with a fruitcake on a bread board (both of which we will supply for consistency) through a survival course without dropping the fruitcake on the ground. There will be no touching it with your fingers or any other body part either. Each of member of the winning four person team will be awarded a prize.
Third, bring your own fruitcake art. Whatever creation you can come up with a fruitcake (or fruitcakes) as the center of an art piece. our contest team will judge. Prizes will be given for the top two pieces of art as is determined by the judges.
And for those of you who just want to watch the goings on, you can also bring fruitcakes and use them to get $10 off a yearly, in-county subscription on the spot. This applies to both new subscriptions and renewals.
The extravaganza will take place between Noon and 3 p.m. If the weather is bad (we mean snow and wind, not just the cold) we will delay it until the next week on Feb. 2. Preregistration forms for the events will be in the paper next week.
So heres the chance for you to get rid of those holiday fruitcakes and if you win you can tell the person that gave it to you that it was so good you were able to trade it for a top notch prize.
If you lose, well we will be discreet about how it is disposed of.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
In August, we shared details about Allure magazine's use of Microsoft Tag in its August Free Stuff Giveaway. In past years, Allure used its website as the entry point for the annual giveaway, but this year the magazine switched to Tag and mobile phones. The results were astounding, with more than 400,000 scans of the contest Tags and a 38% increase in entries.
How Tag was used
Allure's August 2010 issue included 39 Microsoft Tags that allowed readers to enter any of the 159 giveaways of beauty products worth $725,000.
Readers registered for the contest by scanning a Microsoft Tag in Allure's July and August issues. Once registered via their mobile phones, readers could enter to win prizes by scanning any Tag in the August issue. Tags were shown throughout the magazine next to items that were up for grabs. Readers could also scan a master Microsoft Tag to be entered, allowing users to carry one Tag with them on the road instead of having to keep the entire magazine handy. Text messages prompted readers to enter 15 minutes before an item became available. They could then scan a Tag or enter via the web to try and win that prize.
Campaign results
Were you one of the nearly 450,000 readers to scan a Tag and enter to win Allure's Free Stuff Giveaway? Let us know in the Comments below or on Tag's Facebook or Twitter pages.
Type the code from the image
Design Tags that scan easily and offer an engaging mobile experience
Capture customers in the moment and bring printed materials to life
Tag lets you engage people anytime, anywhere, from magazine ads to store aisles
Monday, Oct 11, 2010 at 1:00 PM
Tuesday, Sep 21, 2010 at 10:00 AM
Wednesday, Sep 15, 2010 at 11:00 AM
Friday, Aug 27, 2010 at 4:00 PM
Monday, Aug 09, 2010 at 10:00 AM
Download the Tag app
at http://gettag.mobi
and scan this Tag.


text:
"....However, as with all things, you will encounter the odd retard and or asshole."
-------(New Video!)------------------------(New Post!)[4/12]----------(Updated for ArcheAge!)[4/28]
Youtube Channel | Twitch | Gaming Blog | Amitabha Gaming Guild
oh CST not EST >.<
I really hope I'll somewhat enjoy this test because I was itching for a new MMO to try out.
But looking at it realistically, I think I'll get bored after about an hour or two, close the game and never open it again.
Would really like it if the game proves me wrong on that one though!
The nature tribe starting map is so highly detailed , looks amazing . So much grass and tree types . Leaves and flower petals floating in the air . I just love the graphics .
Didn't get in unfortunately. If anyone has a spare key or just a key they are not going to use. Please share with us lovely ONRPG folk <3
NVM had to use my email to log in xD
If anyone has a extra key/key they will not use please pm me =]
Wheres the privileged merchant ? ... To get my lvl 10 purple weapon
A friend of mine got in and offered me his key. If it wasn't for the fact that I'd rather play what I have already I'd actually be interested in seeing this trainwreck in action.


text:
WASHINGTON – The D.C. government wants to know what you're saying about its services.
The government is paying hundreds of thousands of dollars to gather comments on Facebook, Twitter and other social media.
The feedback is being used to give agencies grades.
The Wall Street Journal reports the residents gave the Department of Motor Vehicles a "B" grade in November.
You can see the grades at grade.DC.gov.
@WTOP on Twitter.
(Copyright 2012 by WTOP. All Rights Reserved.)
The hurricane missed the region, but heavy rain is still expected.


text:
Smith Optics
Pivlock V2 Max Sunglasses
Out of Stock Product Number: 38492
The PivLock V2 Max will take you from the start line to the podium. The larger "Max" lens profile adds that little extra coverage for high speeds or larger faces. Features like our new 3 size adjustable nose and performance-proven interchangeable lenses have the competition feeling nervous. Additionally, the sport-driven frame design is upgraded with our new slide on temple ends for first class comfort. Truly race ready.
- Medium Fit / Medium Coverage
- Carbonic TLT Lenses (Proprietary high impact lens material on the MIL-SPEC styles that meets ANSI Z87.1 and MIL-PRF-31013 standard for impact)
- Hydrophobic Lens Coating
- 3-Position Adjustable Nose Pads
- Slide-On Temple Tips
- Hydrophilic Megol Nose and Temple Pads
- 7 Base Lens Curvature
- Frame Measurements 135–n/a–120
Gender: Unisex
Season: F13
Vendor ProductId: VWMPCGYMBL
Review ProductId: 38492


text:
Roadrunner & Artist News
Spiderman Breaks Box Office
Posted on February 12, 2008RECORD BREAKING... Spider-Man has become the first film to hit 100 million dollars (about £71 million) in its first weekend in America. The live-action adaptation starring Tobey Maguire as the Marvel Comics web-slinger shattered box-office records with a $114 million debut, surpassing the previous best of $90.3 million taken in by Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone during its first three days last autumn. With £39.3 million on Friday and $43.7 million on Saturday, director Sam Raimi's Spider-Man also beat the single-day record of $33.5 million set by Harry Potter in its second day, according to studio figures today. "Not in our wildest expectations or dreams" did the filmmakers anticipate such demand for "Spider-Man," said Amy Pascal, head of Sony's Columbia Pictures, which released the film. "I don't think there's a distribution record in history that hasn't been shattered," said Jeff Blake, Sony president of worldwide marketing and distribution. "That 100 million dollars opening weekend has always been sort of a great white whale of the movie business. To have Spider-Man capture it is just thrilling." Source: www.ananova.com
Keep an eye out on MTV & MTV2 from Monday for they will be exclusively showing the video for Hero until Friday! The song is also playlisted in the UK by Virgin and Total Rock Radio!
While you're surfing, be sure to check out the official Spiderman movie website at www.spiderman-themovie.co.uk.
Like this song? Wanna help us promote it? Live in England, Wales, Scotland, or Ireland? Join our Chad Kroeger e-team! For more info and to sign up go to our STREET TEAM section.
Comments & Sharing
More Headlines


text:
these pages you can learn about our Undergraduate and Graduate Programs, Course Offerings, Faculty
and Staff, and requirements for new Freshman and Transfer Students.
While exploring our site, you will discover that the department offers
two undergraduate majors; one in Mathematics, and another in Actuarial Science.
On the graduate level, we offer a Master of Science in Financial Engineering (MFE).
The major in mathematics can include a wide range of courses geared
to your interests. Our Actuarial Science major includes courses in
the Zicklin School of Business along with a strong mathematics curriculum.
We encourage you
to consider these majors and to visit and talk with our mathematics
advisors, or any member of our department concerning these majors.
The Master of Science Program will provide the students with the mathematical
background required for modeling and solving problems that arise in
the financial services industry. The program combines a rigorous treatment
of the underlying
mathematical concepts with a strong emphasis on computational techniques
and their practical application in finance.


text:
Look up the word Brontosaurus in any dinosaur book prior to 1989, and you will see a picture of a gigantic creature possessing an unusually long neck and tail. This animal frequently is drawn with an outstretched neck, munching on leaves in the tops of trees. The only problem is that Brontosaurus—one of the world's best-known and most widely recognized dinosaurs—never really existed! The bones that were used to "reconstruct" this giant actually were derived from more than one dinosaur. An article published in the April 30, 1999 issue of Science demonstrates just how mistaken evolutionists were about this gigantic creature (Stevens and Parrish, 1999). The report used three-dimensional models of dinosaur skeletons and demonstrated that Brontosaurus kept its head down and was a "ground feeder." Previously, this animal had been considered a "high browser" (i.e., eating out of treetops), but this new evidence demonstrates that the animal actually was better at placing its head at ground level than at higher elevations. So how is it that several generations of children could have been taught the name and characteristics of this nonexistent dinosaur? Let's look at the chain of events surrounding the now-famous Brontosaurus (for a more in-depth discussion of these matters, see Thompson, 1997).
In the late 1870s, two paleontologists, Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh, were bitter rivals searching for dinosaur skeletons in the western United States. Sadly, on occasion their rush to receive scientific acclaim (in what came to be known as the "Bone Wars") caused them to get sloppy. Such was the case with Brontosaurus. Marsh was a professor of paleontology at Yale when, in 1877, he discovered in Colorado a juvenile dinosaur without a head. In his scientific article discussing the find, he labeled the creature as Apatosaurus. Later, in 1879, his crew (working at Como Bluff in Wyoming) found a spectacular dinosaur. It was the largest dinosaur ever found up until that time, and was nearly complete. All it lacked was a head, feet, and a sizable portion of the tail. Due to the size difference, and some variances in the way bones had fused, Marsh thought that the second find was an entirely different species. He named it Brontosaurus (which means thunder lizard). Marsh decided to mount the whole skeleton at Yale's Peabody Museum, but it still needed a head, feet, and a tail. He therefore decided to use feet (which seemed to fit fairly well) that had been found in the same quarry, and he "manufactured" the tail to look like he thought it should appear. Evolutionist and dinosaur expert Robert Bakker speculated on how Marsh decided to use a skull that he had collected from another quarry for Brontosaurus' head.
Marsh left no notes about how he handled the head-body problem. His thinking might've gone like this: "Brontosaurus has the biggest, most massive body, so it should have the biggest, most massive head." Makes sense. So Marsh rejected a Diplodocus-type head for Brontosaurus because diplos had delicate heads with elegantly tapered snouts. And diplo teeth were incredibly thin and pencil-shaped, hardly the biting apparatus fit for a Thunder Lizard. Instead, he chose the biggest, thickest, strongest skull bones, lower jaws and tooth crowns from three different quarries, concocting what he thought was a Brontosaurus cranium complete with Brontosaurus teeth. The theory seemed so logical that for nearly a century most Brontosaurus reconstructions followed Marsh's lead (1994, p. 29).
Dr. Bakker interrupted his story about Marsh's headless skeletons to discuss two different types of brontosaurians—what he termed "Tall Shoulders" and "Whip Tails." The descriptive terms are fairly self-explanatory. Those in the Tall Shoulder group possessed torsos that were more massive, with much higher shoulders and generally shorter tails. Those in the Whip Tail group possessed much shorter shoulders and much longer tails. These two groups, Bakker suggested, would have "walked differently, fed differently, fought differently.... If you dug up a single piece of backbone, you usually could tell with one glance which of the two tribes the bone belonged to" (1994, p. 30). Furthermore, Bakker declared, "...since Whip Tails and Tall Shoulders used unique blueprints for building body parts, then they must've had unique cranial trademarks. One should be able to tell the heads apart with ease" (1994, p. 30).
Unfortunately, Marsh either did not see, or ignored, these differences, and instead used the "massive body/massive head" theory in ordering museum technicians to construct a head for his Brontosaurus. Bakker noted:
To manufacture a head for the Yale Bronto, Marsh had chosen heads and teeth from three Tall Shoulder Clan species. He'd used bits and pieces from Morosaurus, Camarasaurus and Haplocanthosaurus. New York and Pittsburgh had done the same, using most Camarasaurus spare parts for their Brontosaurus heads. All this would have been fine if Brontosaurus itself were a bona fide Tall Shoulder, because most clan members had big teeth and jaws. But bronto wasn't a Tall Shoulder at all. It was a Whip Tail, a close cousin of Diplodocus (1994, p. 30).
So, picture in your mind a skeleton of a large adult dinosaur, with a skull and feet from another dinosaur, and a tail fabricated by imagination. [This would be the equivalent of the modern-day "jackelope" that taxidermists create by using the body of a jackrabbit and the horns of an antelope or deer.] And imagine how terribly embarrassing it must have been when scientists learned, to put it in the words of one one renowned dinosaur expert, that "although everyone has heard of Brontosaurus, it never actually existed!" (Norman, 1993, p. 168). Even after some of the evidence came to light, Marsh was not alone in promoting this dinosaurian equivalent of a "jackelope." Henry Fairfield Osborn of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City also had a Brontosaur to mount. After examining Marsh's Apatosaurus and Brontosaurus, he concluded that they were the same animal, and that the first name (Apatosaurus) should take precedence. However, Osborn still believed that the head was right, and so he mounted his skeleton like the one at Yale.
The problem almost was solved in 1909—almost. Financier Andrew Carnegie was disappointed that the museums in other cities had better exhibits than those in the museum of his favorite city, Pittsburgh. He provided the equivalent of $10 million to the museum for the sole purpose of finding a Brontosaurus.
In 1909, Carnegie's crew found just the right one near Jensen, Utah. It was the largest, heaviest brontosaur ever discovered up to that time, and became known as Apatosaurus louisae (yes, Carnegie's wife was named Louise!). In addition, workmen at the site had discovered a head a short distance from where the skeleton had been found. The head's ball joint fit perfectly with the neck's socket, leading the foreman to believe that they finally had found the head and body of a brontosaur together. But, as Bakker lamented, when the museum technicians began to assemble the brontosaur for public viewing, they rejected the head as being far too small for the body.
Unfortunately, when the specimen was shipped back to Pittsburgh, the savants poured cold water on the foreman's ideas. "No, no, no," they said emphatically. "It can't be a Brontosaurus head. It looks too much like a Diplodocus head!" That's right. The head found with Louise's bronto was a perfectly good head from the diplo family, just slightly bigger than that of the average Diplodocus carnegiei. That's why the Pittsburgh professors refused to believe it was a Brontosaurus head: The tradition of using big, boxy cam or haplo heads was too strong. So the head sat forgotten on a basement shelf for forty years until [Jack] McIntosh got it out, dusted it off and reunited it with its rightful Brontosaurus body at last (1994, p. 33).
In 1915, Earl Douglas of the Carnegie Museum entered the picture to try and unravel some of the confusion. He worked at the Carnegie Quarry in Utah (now known as Dinosaur National Monument). While there, he managed to find an Apatosaurus skull just a few feet away from the neck of an Apatosaurus skeleton. His finds also possessed feet and a tail, and so for the first time scientists finally had a complete picture of what the animal looked like. Douglas teamed with Walter Holland, director of the Carnegie Museum, and began the process of mounting the Apatosaurus skeleton. However, Dr. Osborn was so convinced that Brontosaurus possessed the other type of skull that he "dared" Holland to mount that head on the Apatosaurus. Lacking sufficient courage, Dr. Holland decided to mount the skeleton headless. After his death, an old-style Brontosaurus head (which actually was the head of a Camarasaurus) was placed on the skeleton, thus ensuring that the wrong head remained on the Apatasaurus skeleton for additional 40 years. [Ironically, all the while the correct head was sitting in a museum storage room.]
Eventually, in the late 1950s John S. ("Jack") McIntosh and David S. Berman began to reexamine all the field notes and broken pieces of skull fragments from the sites of the initial finds. They found that the skull fragments identified as Brontosaurus actually were those of Camarasaurus. In 1975, Jack McIntosh of Yale published his research, showing that the heads on the Brontosaurus exhibits in museums around the world were completely wrong. Marsh had erred in his assumptions, and, following his lead, so had his colleagues for the next hundred years. As Bakker went on to note:
Not only did Brontosaurus have the head of the wrong species, it had the head of the wrong genus, and not only the wrong genus but the wrong family. And not only the wrong family, but the wrong family of families. In fact, the head given to Brontosaurus for a hundred years was just about as wrong as you could get and still be within the grand order of brontosaurians. To make a mistake of the same magnitude today, you'd have to put the head of a giraffe on the body of a goat (1994, p. 29).
Marsh no doubt meant well. And his logic seemed sound. But the bottom line is that from 1879 until 1975, museums had the wrong dinosaur head on the wrong dinosaur body, because their assumptions were invalid and their logic was unsound. A century has passed since the initial find of this animal, and additional knowledge of the true anatomy, posture, and feeding habits of this giant creature is just coming to light. Hopefully, the lesson of the Brontosaurus brouhaha has not been missed. There is a vast difference between the actual evidence and what evolutionists speculate "might" be true. Kind of makes you think, doesn't it?
Bakker, Robert (1994), "The Bite of the Bronto," Earth, pp. 26-33, November.
Norman, David (1993), "A to Z of Dinosaurs," Dinosaurs (Durham, CT: Atlas Editions Partworks).
Steven, Kent A., and J. Michael Parrish (1999), "Neck Posture and Feeding Habits of Two Jurassic Sauropod Dinosaurs," Science, 284:798-800, April 30.
Thompson, Bert (1997), "Special Issue: Questions and Answers," Reason & Revelation, 17:65-69, September.


text:
Mafate Trail Running Shoe (Men's)
Out of Stock Product Number: 29810
The Mafate trail running shoe by Hoka One One is an innovative, feather-light shoe which utilizes 30% softer EVA, a 13cm rockering profile and increased outsole. They will make running uphill as much fun as running downhill.
* This product does not qualify for shipping to all countries.
- EVA 30% softer and increasing its total volume to 2.5 times that of a typical trail running shoe
- More cushioning than any other shoe on the market today, dissipating up to 80% of the shock associated with heal striking when running
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- 40mm high sole design enabled to design a 13cm rockering profile , representing 50% of the sole length
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- 15% lighter than reference trail running shoes
- 50% more surface area than the typical trail running shoe and 35% more rubber crampons
- With a foot recessed into the midsole, you've never run as confidently as you will in a pair of Hoka's
Gender: Men's
Weight: 320 grams (size 8UK, per pair)
Season: S11
Vendor ProductId: 3010400202
Review ProductId: 26094
Hoka One One trail running shoes are now available at Rock/Creek
"Rock/Creek Race Team member Randy Whorton was skeptical... he immediately took them out for a 20-mile run, followed by a hard 6-miler on the most technical trails in the Chattanooga area. Thrilled with the results to that point, he decided to wear them while running the Black Mountain 50k. Here's what he wrote after the race..."
REVIEW SNAPSHOT®by PowerReviews
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Reviewed by 5 customers
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Comments about Hoka Mafate Trail Running Shoe (Men's):
I was diagnosed with Hip arthritis in September of 2011.Prior to the diagnoses I was an avide half-maraton runner who had also run my first marathon. The doctor told me to stop running and pretty much "get fitted for a rocking chair", I am 44. I had not run in 5 months due to pain in both hips. I did some eliptical training and waling to stay in shape. A friend told me about this shoe. He has had double hip replacement and a year since his sugery he runs in them religiously. On December 6, 2012 I will have my right hip replaced with the left not far behind. I ordered the shoes and recieved them on the November 21, 2012. I signed up to run a Thanksgiving 10 miler the next day even though I new I wasn't prepared. I must say I ran the the 10 miles with "zero" pain. This shoes is amazing!
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- No
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Comments about Hoka Mafate Trail Running Shoe (Men's):
Awesome shoe with huge amounts of cushion! The barrel is large enough to hold my insole without binding the top of my foot, which is a big plus. This shoe is like running on a cloud...the design produces a healthier foot strike without forcing you unnaturally onto your toes. Given the significant amount of cushion, it lasts and lasts and lasts! In fact, the only thing that stopped me from wearing my old ones was the stench (got 600+ miles out of 'em). The most amazing part of the shoe is the weight...the eyeball test would lead you to believe it weighs a ton, but when you pick it up, it easily is comparative to the weight of many other brands. GET YOU SOME HOKAS AND LOVE EM!!!!
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They look funny, but you will not be sorry after taking the first run in years. Your feet will thank you. No worries about turning your ankle, as you spring back into place on each step. They look like shape-ups, and the folks in the grocery will look at you funny. Love these shoes, great for running and I cant wait to try them on an ultralight fast pack trip.
- Black is great color
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- Bit awkward walking
- They will get noticed
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Comments about Hoka Mafate Trail Running Shoe (Men's):
Hokas might look funny and they surely go against the minimalist trend gaining strength these days but they sure seem to work well. If you enjoy long trail runs, tend to have a heavy foot strike, and want to reduce wear and tear on your feet and knees, then you might want to consider them. They seem better the farther you go in them and perform better on rocky, rooty stretches rather than smooth trails. For all the cushion you get they are feather light and comfortable. I can't explain why they are so good on rocky decents but it is the first time I've felt stable enough on some of my favorite decents to relax and really run. Yes you will get noticed and asked about them but one of the benefits of running is meeting new folks and the social interactions so consider the unique look of these shoes as a built in ice breaker and take advantage of it.
- Cushioning
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Comments about Hoka Mafate Trail Running Shoe (Men's):
At first look. I was more than a little skeptical. I love the idea of extra cushion, but due to the technical trails I run here in eastern Tennessee, stability must take precedent.
I acquired a loaner pair of the Mafate, and ran 20 miles on Saturday and then a hard 6 miles on Wednesday on the most technical trails I could find. Then I ran the Black Warrior 50K the next Sat, which was the most gentle, non-technical trail anywhere around... but perhaps the muddiest, wettest trail in the region! So, for a one week test, I was certainly able to subject the shoe to a broad variety of terrain, distance and speed.
First, about the stability: not once in the 57 miles did I roll a foot or even felt at risk. What seems to happen is, with the combination of the wide base and soft rubber, when you land on the edge of a rock or root the shoe just conforms to the landscape and the force of your foot just stays in the one direction. Let's call it "the marshmallow effect!"
I used to be a big heel striker, until I studied the barefoot running technique (quietly land on the forefoot while your foot is just starting it's travel backwards, no braking...as if you were running barefoot). The only problem I have found with this technique is that, now, the ball of the foot is taking a greater impact; with most shoes that I have found, especially the lighter
models which I prefer, I do not have much protection from the rocks in that part of the shoe.
On most of my runs over 20 miles or so, my feet start to tell me to pay more attention to the smaller rocks, and certainly after the run (and the next day) my feet are sore. With the Hokas, this problem just disappears. Also, after hard long runs, like a 50K race, my knees and hips usually take a beating and it takes me several days to work the kinks out of the joints... but I am writing this at 9 AM the day after running a 50K in the Hoka Mafate, and the only soreness I can feel is in the muscle.
Always, the day after a long run, we go out for 2-4 easy miles. We call it a "healing run" and usually we have to use some will power to make this happen. Today, I am looking forward to it.
About water: in deep water, the shoes expel the water out of the shoe no better or worse
than any other. What is noticeable is that you can run through about twice the water depth
and not take on water, compared to the typical trail shoe of the same weight.
One final noticeable improvement over the traditional trail shoe is this "rocker" concept at the toe. The traditional shoe would not be
able to pull off this amount of curve, because they don't have the luxury of the additional space under the forefoot. What this does is
exaggerate the roll forward once the foot begins to roll onto the toes.
With the combination of the light weight and this added roll up at the toe, this shoe does make you run faster and the added cushion does reduces the joint impact. At this point, I don't know why I would run in any other shoe.
More to come on whether they actually last 700 miles as advertised. Regardless of the longevity, these shoes are the real deal and well worth the extra few bucks they cost.


text:
|Print Page
Fishing is a favorite pastime for southeastern Utah residents. Tourists from across the nation also come to eastern Utah to participate in the outdoor sport.
A variety of waterways give anglers an opportunity to fish for various species.
Fishing holes, reservoirs, rivers and creeks are located throughout this vast area and allow anglers to fish using just about any technique.
The one thing which potential anglers must remember is that a current Utah fishing license must be obtained before casting the first line.
A permit may be obtained from Utah Division of Wildlife Resource offices throughout the state. An online application is also available at www.wildlife.utah.gov and merchants throughout the state are licensed through the wildlife division and are able to provide permits to the public.
Anglers are also encouraged to pick up a current Utah fishing proclamation for information regarding tackle and catch limits.
An updated fishing report for southeastern Utah is printed weekly in the Sun Advocate sports section and is also available on the wildlife division's Internet website.
Anglers must also remember the importance of reading all posted signs at Utah waterways. These signs will specify trout limits and proper facility usage.
Fishing is an inexpensive recreation and is easily available throughout Utah.
|Print Page


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The Benchwarmers coverCopyright by respective production studio and/or distributor. Intended for editorial use only.
Directed by: Dennis Dugan
Cast: Tim Meadows, Rob Schneider, Jon Heder, Nick Swardson, Jon Lovitz, David Spade, Terry Crews, Craig Kilborn, Molly Sims, Jackie Sandler, Matt Weinberg, Amaury Nolasco, Bill Romanowski


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Live on Letterman - Train
About the Band:
Train is Pat Monahan (vocals), Jimmy Stafford (guitar) and Scott Underwood (drums). The multi-platinum band made its mark on music history with the GRAMMY Award-winning song "Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)," from their second album of the same name, as well as chart-topping singles like "Meet Virginia" and "Calling All Angels." Train earned their third GRAMMY in 2011 for the worldwide smash "Hey, Soul Sister" from Save Me, San Francisco. The top-selling single of 2010, "Hey, Soul Sister," hit #1 on radio in the U.S. and in 15 countries abroad, while Save Me, San Francisco has sold more than one million albums worldwide and more than 10 million tracks. The band released California 37 in April 2012, featuring the lead single "Drive By," and is on tour in the U.S. through September to support the album.
Train's official website – http://savemesanfrancisco.com/main -- has the latest news about the band, plus videos, music tracks, an official store and links to their multiple social media sites, among other features. Their August through September touring schedule is posted here: http://savemesanfrancisco.com/tour.


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Department of Teacher Education
College of Education & Human Services
Shippen Hall 214
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The Curriculum and Instruction Master's Degree Program for elementary education and middle school teachers is designed to enhance teaching and learning through exploration of theoretical principles and practical applications to educational settings. The program is intended for individuals who possess a teaching certificate. The 36 credit program consists of a core of 18 credits that focus on four critical areas embedded in effective teaching: Curriculum and Assessment; effective teaching and leadership; the Learner; and Research. Additional courses in the elementary education and middle school clusters (18 credits) are designed to provide students with a course of study tailored to their personal teaching interests and/or situations. These clusters include elementary school or middle school content, an internship, a research component, and a selection of electives to complete the program's requirements.
Admission into the Curriculum and Instruction Master's Program for Elementary Education and Middle School teachers is offered three times during each academic year. Applications are reviewed in September for admission in spring semester, February for admission in the summer sessions, and June for admission in fall semester.
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By By KEVIN SCANNELLSun Advocate sports reporter
The USU Eastern volleyball team came so close to coming away with two important Scenic West Athletic Conference wins. Despite their efforts, Salt Lake Community College and Snow College came away with wins on Friday and Saturday in Price.
Such is the way of life as a team competing in the SWAC. Nothing comes easy.
The Lady Eagles fell to Salt Lake CC (18-25, 16-25, 23-25) on Friday and to Snow College (16-25, 25-27, 25-18, 16-25) on Saturday.
Now, the Lady Eagles (11-14, 2-6 SWAC) must travel north to play both Southern Idaho and North Idaho College on Thursday and Saturday.
The SWAC playoffs will take place on Nov. 2-3. USU is currently in fifth place in the conference.


text:
5 U.S. Code § 302 - Delegation of authority
(a) For the purpose of this section, "agency" has the meaning given it by section 5721 of this title.
(b) In addition to the authority to delegate conferred by other law, the head of an agency may delegate to subordinate officials the authority vested in him—
(1) by law to take final action on matters pertaining to the employment, direction, and general administration of personnel under his agency; and
Source(Pub. L. 89–554, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 379; Pub. L. 94–183, § 2(1),Dec. 31, 1975, 89 Stat. 1057.)
|U.S. Code
|Revised Statutes and Statutes at Large
|5 U.S.C. 22a.
|Aug. 2, 1946, ch. 744, § 12, 60 Stat. 809.
Clause (2) of former section 22a is omitted because of the repeal of R.S. § 3683 (31 U.S.C. 675) by the Act of Sept. 12, 1950, ch. 946, § 301(76),64 Stat. 843.
The word "agency" is substituted for "department" and defined to conform to the definition of "department" in section 18 of the Act of Aug. 2, 1946, ch. 744, 60 Stat. 811.
In subsection (b), the words "In addition to the authority to delegate conferred by other law," are added for clarity and in recognition of the various reorganization plans which generally have transferred all functions of the departments and agencies to the heads thereof and have authorized them to delegate the functions to subordinates.
Standard changes are made to conform with the definitions applicable and the style of this title as outlined in the preface to the report.
1975—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 94–183substituted "3702" for "324".
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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Teaching Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century French Women Writers
Editor(s): Faith E. Beasley
Pages: xii & 379 pp.
Published: 2011
ISBN: 9781603290968 (paperback)
ISBN: 9781603290951 (cloth)
"This collection of essays provides a wealth of information on how to teach women authors in a variety of courses. The usefulness and the fascinating content of this book realize the true potential of the Options for Teaching series."
Roland Racevskis, University of Iowa
Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century France has been celebrated as the period of conversation. Salons flourished and became an important social force. Women and men worked together, in dialogue with their contemporaries, other texts, and their culture to create novels, political satire, drama, poetry, fairy tales, travel narratives, and philosophy. Yet the inclusion of women's contributions, only recently recovered, changes the way we conceive of the period that constitutes one of the building blocks of French national identity and Western civilization, and teachers are often unsure how and where to incorporate the texts into their courses.
Teaching Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century French Women Writers
attempts to reconstruct these conversations by integrating women's work into classrooms across the curriculum.
The works of French women writers are crucial to courses on the early modern period and enliven many others--whether on literature, history, women's history, the history of science, philosophy, women's and gender studies, or European civilization. The essays included in part 1 provide necessary background and help instructors identify places in their courses that could be enriched by taking women's participation into account. Contributors in part 2 focus on some of the central writers and genres of the period, including Lafayette, Charrière, and Graffigny, the epistolary novel, convent writing, and memoirs. The essays in part 3 offer concrete descriptions of courses that place women's texts in dialogue with those of their male colleagues or with historical issues.
Lisa Beckstrand
Mary Ellen Birkett
Thomas M. Carr, Jr.
Juliette Cherbuliez
Suzan van Dijk
Perry Gethner
Elizabeth C. Goldsmith
Claire Goldstein
Henriette Goldwyn
Richard E. Goodkin
David Harrison
Chloé Hogg
Louise K. Horowitz
Katharine Ann Jensen
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5 questions for career self assessment
Submitted by:
Sgt. Betsy Brantner Smith
In our leadership classes for women, we always start by asking students to take a few minutes a do a "career self assessment." It's nothing fancy, it's just a quick way to internally check in and ask a few pertinent questions:
• What do I expect? (Of myself, of the agency, of my career)
Print out these five questions and spend some time answering them. Be honest with yourself; understand that as our lives change so do our goals, our beliefs and our idea of what it means to be success.
Once you've answered them, write them down and put them somewhere prominent, and then reassess them in a year.
Don't just let your career "happen" to you, take control of what you can and don't obsess about what you can't. Make sure you're working toward your idea of success and happiness, not someone else's.
Be flexible, be realistic, and enjoy this wonderful adventure that is law enforcement!
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- Northern New York Newspapers
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CANTON The St. Lawrence County Board of Legislators is expected to appoint an interim public health director Monday.
Lorraine Kourofsky, a former employee of Franklin County Public Health, has accepted the countys offer to take the job at an annual salary of $84,417 until a replacement for Susan J. Hathaway, who retired, is found.
Ms. Kourofsky worked for Franklin County for 28 years as a nurse mostly in the Preventive Services division of Public Health, County Administrator Karen M. St. Hilaire said.
She also served as interim director of the Franklin County Public Health agency when it was looking for a director, Ms. St. Hilaire said.
St. Lawrence County Legislators wanted to name an interim director before beginning the search for a permanent replacement because of the length of time it may take, Ms. St. Hilaire said.
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The Obama administration is being heavily criticized over its response to the ongoing crisis surrounding American diplomatic missions in the Middle East and North Africa, turmoil that has seen Islamist mobs attack multiple embassies and has already claimed the life of U.S. Ambassador to Libya Christopher Stevens. Among other elements, critics slammed the president's failure to vigorously defend free speech rights and explain it to the world.
Even before the mob violence in Cairo on September 11 culminated in Islamists scaling the U.S. embassy walls, American officials were issuing statements condemning a crude YouTube video depicting the Islamic Prophet Mohammed as a murderous pedophile. Incredibly, the administration, instead of preparing to defend U.S. diplomatic missions, repeatedly referred to the exercise of free speech in a way that some may find offensive as an "abuse" of that right.
"The Embassy of the United States in Cairo condemns the continuing efforts by misguided individuals to hurt the religious feelings of Muslims," the U.S. Embassy in Egypt said in an official statement before being overrun by a frenzied mob, which burned the American flag and replaced it with an Islamist banner used by extremists worldwide. "We firmly reject the actions by those who abuse the universal right of free speech to hurt the religious beliefs of others."
After the embassy was breached, it released another statement on Twitter: "This morning's condemnation (issued before protest began) still stands."
Click here to read the entire article.
Photo: In this Sept. 12, 2012 file photo, President Barack Obama speaks in the Rose Garden of the White House in Washington: AP Images


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Your story about Debbie Pappas and Debbie Sartori's work with the red tail hawk that was shot down by some dastardly person was a fine Christmas present for me.
As I thought about it, I wonder if it would be possible to require all gun owners to take and pass a test about all endangered fish, fowl and animals? It might help.
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- Society of Illustrators Student Scholarship Competition Awards Ringling College the Most Awards in 3 Years!
Society of Illustrators Student Scholarship Competition Awards Ringling College the Most Awards in 3 Years!
Society of Illustrators Student Scholarship Competition Awards Ringling College the Most Awards in 3 Years!
February 18, 2010 - The Society of Illustrators has once again chosen a number of illustrations submitted by Ringling College students for inclusion in the 2010 Student Scholarship exhibition in New York City.
This year's 20 illustrations marks a total of 81 entries admitted to the exhibition in the last 3 years for Ringling College - 24 more than any other college!
Entries were chosen out of pieces submitted by colleges throughout the country. Only 195 total pieces were awarded a spot in the exhibition - and 20 of those went to Ringling College students for their works submitted from 2009.
According to the Society, the Student Scholarship Competition is the most competitive and prestigious of juried shows. Since its inception in 1981, the Society has awarded more than $1.5 million to deserving students. Selected by a celebrated jury, this exhibit features the most mature, sophisticated and well crafted illustration of the year from art schools around the country.
See how Ringling Stacks up to Other Colleges
Congratulations to these winning Ringling College students and their instructors (listed alphabetically by last name):
Note: You can view the pieces by clicking on the title in the winners list below, or see the entire Ringling College gallery here.
by Keith Alvarado
Instructor: Don Brandes
by Jordie Bellaire
Instructor: Reagan Dunnick
Astro Boy
by Alex Berki
Instructor: Joe Thiel
by Trey Bryan
Instructor: George Pratt
by Mirald Cake
Instructor: George Pratt
Soul Searchers
by Charles Chaisson
Instructor: Mike Hodges
by Christina Ellis
Instructor: Joe Thiel
Office Romance
by Jessy Gould
Instructor: Mike Hodges
Dragon Falls
by Kyle Hall
Instructor: Regan Dunnick
Closet Monsters
by Michelle Housel
Instructor: Joe Thiel
by Charlotte Larrazabal
Instructor: George Pratt
The Hitchicker
by Lamar Mathurin
Instructor: Patrick Fiore
Acrobatic Fog
by Cassandra Piedra
Instructor: Mike Hodges
Last Stand
by Patrick Richardson
Instructor: Joe Thiel
Sketchbook Page Spread
by Nicholas Sirotich
Instructor: George Pratt
Senior Class Photo
by John Starr
Instructor: Mike Hodges
White Johns, Red Johns
by John Starr
Instructor: Octavio Perez
Story Time
by Leslie Strock
Instructor: Don Brandes
Bubble Boy
by Justin Volz
Instructor: Caleb Prochnow
by Jace Wallace
Instructor: Reagan Dunnick


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|Flooding Consequences Continue
|Written by Steve Frank
|Tuesday, 07 May 2013 05:47
There are still consequences to the weekend deluge that spilled over into Monday morning. The N.C. Department of Transportation has closed a section of N.C. 90 in Collettsville, north of Lenoir, to repair a slope next to the highway damaged due to the storm. The repairs began at 8 a.m. yesterday,
and should be completed by 3:30 p.m. tomorrow—weather permitting. Flooding and runoff from heavy rains loosened the soil next to the road between Adako Road and Old Johns River Road. Crews will haul in large rocks to rebuild the embankment and repair the southbound lane of N.C. 90. While the closure is in place, motorists have few detour options, the one suggested by the DOT takes motorist on Globe Mountain Road to Mulberry Creek Road back to N.C. 90.
Even as the rains abated yesterday, rising water forced the National Guard to move all their trucks from the back lot on their property on Hunting Hills Lane. It was late in the day before a number of area roads were reopened, including Deerfield just past Watauga Medical Center and Bamboo near the airport. It was also late in the afternoon before all BREMCO service was restored, with a number of new outages cropping up across their service area during the day, finally restored late in the afternoon. Mid afternoon there were well over 800 customers without power, but the largest outage of the storm came after a tree fell on a power line in Watauga County Sunday night affecting more than 5,000 members from around 7:15 p.m. to 8:30 p.m.
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Quality CareFind out why Mayo Clinic is the right place for your health care. Make an appointment.
Meet the StaffFind a directory of doctors and departments at all Mayo Clinic campuses. Visit now.
Research and Clinical TrialsSee how Mayo Clinic research and clinical trials advance the science of medicine and improve patient care. Explore now.
Visit Our SchoolsEducators at Mayo Clinic train tomorrow's leaders to deliver compassionate, high-value, safe patient care. Choose a degree.
Professional ServicesExplore Mayo Clinic's many resources and see jobs available for medical professionals. Get updates.
Give to Mayo ClinicHelp set a new world standard in care for people everywhere. Give now.
Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System locations.
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Stomach polyps are masses of cells that form on the inside lining of your stomach. Stomach polyps, also called gastric polyps, are rare.
Stomach polyps usually don't cause any signs or symptoms. The polyps are most often discovered when your doctor is examining you for some other reason.
Most stomach polyps don't become cancerous, but certain types can increase your risk of stomach cancer in the future. For this reason, some stomach polyps are removed and others are not treated.
Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. Proceeds from website advertising help support our mission. Mayo Clinic does not endorse non-Mayo products and services.
Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic.
Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below.
A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.
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California Casualty Thomas R. Brown Athletics Grant Program.
California Casualty's Thomas R. Brown Athletics Grant program will receive requests for grants from its $100,000 pool of funding September 15, 2013 through January 15, 2014. Guidelines and application forms can be found at www.calcasathleticsgrant.com.
California Casualty School Lounge Makeover - download a flyer here
Over the next year, two winning schools will each receive a makeover valued at $7,500.
Enter California Casualty's school lounge makeover at schoolloungemakeover.com/NEA


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11 U.S. Code § 324 - Removal of trustee or examiner
(a) The court, after notice and a hearing, may remove a trustee, other than the United States trustee, or an examiner, for cause.
Source(Pub. L. 95–598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2562; Pub. L. 99–554, title II, § 208,Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3098.)
Historical and Revision Notes
senate report no. 95–989
This section permits the court, after notice and a hearing, to remove a trustee for cause.
1986—Pub. L. 99–554amended section generally, designating existing provisions as subsec. (a), substituting "a trustee, other than the United States trustee, or an examiner" for "a trustee or an examiner", and adding subsec. (b).
Effective Date of 1986 Amendment
Effective date and applicability of amendment by Pub. L. 99–554dependent upon the judicial district involved, see section 302(d), (e) ofPub. L. 99–554, set out as a note under section 581 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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With such spectacular beauty, Thailand is easily captured on both film and video; these galleries of images for you computer, maps and brochures for learning about the country, and e-cards for sharing with friends is a multimedia paradise.
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All the travel information regarding products, services and travel deals on the website is provided by the suppliers of the particular products and services. The information may change without notice; therefore, check the accuracy of the information with the relevant supplier before making use of it.


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Vanity Fair Campaign Hollywood 2013 - D.J. Night With L'Oreal Paris
Actor Will Smith and Trey Smith aka DJ AcE attend Vanity Fair and... News PhotoActor,Arts Culture and Entertainment,Attending,California,City Of Los Angeles,Freida Pinto,Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel,Horizontal,Males,Son,Trey Smith,USA,Vanity Fair,Will Smith - Actor - Born 1968Photographer Lester CohenCollection: Getty Images Entertainment 2013 Lester CohenLOS ANGELES, CA - FEBRUARY 19: (L-R) Actor Will Smith and Trey Smith aka DJ AcE attend Vanity Fair and LOréal Paris-hosted D.J. Night with Freida Pinto in support of 10 x 10 and 'Girl Rising' at Teddys at The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel on February 19, 2013 in Los Angeles, California. (Photo by Lester Cohen/Getty Images for VF)


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Quality CareFind out why Mayo Clinic is the right place for your health care. Make an appointment.
Meet the StaffFind a directory of doctors and departments at all Mayo Clinic campuses. Visit now.
Research and Clinical TrialsSee how Mayo Clinic research and clinical trials advance the science of medicine and improve patient care. Explore now.
Visit Our SchoolsEducators at Mayo Clinic train tomorrow's leaders to deliver compassionate, high-value, safe patient care. Choose a degree.
Professional ServicesExplore Mayo Clinic's many resources and see jobs available for medical professionals. Get updates.
Give to Mayo ClinicHelp set a new world standard in care for people everywhere. Give now.
Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System locations.
Subscribe to Housecall
Our general interest e-newsletter keeps you up to date on a wide variety of health topics.
At Mayo Clinic, we take the time to listen, to find answers and to provide you the best care.
Mayo Clinic in Minnesota is has been recognized as one of the top hospitals in Ear, Nose & Throat in the nation for 2015-2016 by U.S. News & World Report.
Mouth cancer refers to cancer that develops in any of the parts that make up the mouth. Mouth cancer can occur on the:
Cancer that occurs on the inside of the mouth is sometimes called oral cancer or oral cavity cancer.
Mouth cancer is one of several types of cancer grouped in a category called head and neck cancers. Mouth cancer and other head and neck cancers are often treated similarly.
Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. Proceeds from website advertising help support our mission. Mayo Clinic does not endorse non-Mayo products and services.
Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic.
Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below.
A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.
We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here.


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AATA Online is a comprehensive database of over 100,000 abstracts of international literature related to the preservation and conservation of material cultural heritage. Coverage is broad and global, and includes works of art, cultural objects, museum collections, archives and library materials, architecture, historic sites, and archaeology. Publications covered include over 150 current and over 300 historic journals in the field of conservation, monographic series, and conference proceedings. Occasional papers, theses, digital, and audiovisual resources are also included.
An artist's book is a work of art that takes the form of a book. But what does that mean? And what counts as a book, anyway? Is it a bunch of pages that have been bound together, or is there more to it than that?
These are the kinds of questions that artists' books try to answer. They play with both the form and the function of books as objects, encouraging onlookers to question traditional conceptualizations of "books." They are usually handmade, often unique, and all different from one another. Because most artist's books are hand-made and only crafted in small, limited runs, they offer artists a special opportunity to create books that are intensely personal.
All of the books featured in this exhibit are part of Miami University's Walter Havighurst Special Collections. The materials on display reflect a concentrated effort to build a diverse, provocative collection that will challenge students to reconsider their notion of "books" while also paying tribute to the creativity and innovation of book artists across the globe.
Classic Catalog | OhioLINK | Lane Public | WorldCat |
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Week 6 Spotify playlist: Staff recommendations
A new Spotify playlist: Guide to the Midpoint Music Festival 2015
This week's Spotify playlist: Ohio bands
Making a Book into a Video


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Since 2010, Adrian den Hartog has been leading the field marketing efforts for Cisco Data Center Solutions into the US Commercial Select segment.
Adrian began his career at HP in Germany after receiving a bachelor's degree in technical communications from Coventry University, UK. He spent 17 years with HP in various pre-sales technical support, product, program marketing and marketing management roles. In 1999 he moved to Silicon Valley.
As private pilot and general aviation enthusiast, Adrian takes to the skies as often as time and weather permits.
About Unleashing IT
Unleashing IT is your technology-focused resource that helps inform by bringing industry relevant thought-leadership insight directly to you. Custom content featured in Unleashing IT includes Cisco Data Center customer profiles, solutions, and technology trend discussions. Stay informed, and subscribe now.
Check back in for bi-weekly blogs with insightful information and links to Unleashing IT featured content.


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Advances in Social Work
Indiana Health Law Review
The Indiana Health Law Review publishes articles submitted by academics, practitioners, and students on the topics of health law and policy. The scope includes bioethics, malpractice liability, managed care, anti-trust, health care organizations, medical-legal research, legal medicine, and food and drug law.
Indiana International & Comparative Law Review
The Indiana International & Comparative Law Review is a student-edited law Journal devoted to the study and analysis of current international legal issues and events.
Indiana Law Review
This collection begins with volume 7, number 1 1973.
The Indiana Law Review is a legal periodical edited and managed by students of Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law. The primary objective of the Law Review is to serve as an informational resource for practitioners, members of the judiciary, legal scholars, and law students.
This freely accessible, public archive was made possilbe through generous support from:
Please visit the Indiana Law Review homepage for information about current and future issues of review.
Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law
Sloan Foundation via Lyrasis
Indiana Libraries
INTESOL Journal
The INTESOL Journal, a professional, refereed journal, encourages submission of previously unpublished articles on topics of significance to individuals concerned with language teaching and learning. As a publication that represents a variety of cross-disciplinary interests, both theoretical and practical, the INTESOL Journal invites manuscripts on a wide range of topics.
Journal of Civic Literacy
This journal invites research going well beyond simple measurements of the elements of civic literacy. We are interested in the causes and consequences of low levels of literacy, the role of public education, the comparative efficacy of available curricula and programs (what is working? why and how?), the connections between the current media environment and deficient civic understandings, and the role of civic literacy in defining ethical and trustworthy public service.
Please read the issues for free by clicking on the issue cover or its Table of Contents link.
Journal of Teaching Writing
The Journal of Teaching Writing publishes articles of interest to teachers at all grade levels, from preschool through university, that address the practices and theories which bear on our knowledge of how people learn and communicate through writing. Whether the focus of such articles is on language development, the composing process, discourse theory, or writing theory, the content should clearly reflect the spirit of inquiry which characterizes the revelation we sometimes experience when we reflect on our teaching; the stimulating conversation we have had with colleagues; the insight we have gained through an effective presentation at a professional conference; or the proposition we have entertained from a professional journal or book. In short, it should enable the reader to make a connection between what happens or could happen in class and what he or she has heard, read, or wondered about in the profession. We especially welcome articles written by classroom teachers, whether they are first-time writers or well-established authors.
Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science
The Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science is the official refereed journal of the Indiana Academy of Science. It has been in circulation since 1885. Prior to 1990 (Vol. 99), the journal was produced as an annual publication, with many of the volumes hard bound. Since 1990 it has been published semiannually, with all issues being paper bound.
Proceedings of the Indianapolis Common Council and City-County Council
This collection contains proceedings of the Indianapolis Common Council and the Indianapolis City-County Council dating from 1839-2003. It chronicles the growth of Indianapolis from a time when it was a town of less than 3,000 people to its present status as a city of over 800,000.
The proceedings have had several titles over the years. They began as the Proceedings of the Common Council of the City of Indianapolis (through April 1877). For a brief time they were called Proceedings of the Common Council, Board of Aldermen, and the Joint Conventions of Said Bodies (May 1877-May 1882) and later carried the title Journals of the Common Council, Board of Aldermen, and the Joint Conventions of Said Bodies (June 1882-1891). The title changed again to Journals of the Common Council of the City of Indianapolis (1892-Jan. 1914) and then underwent a slight change to Journal of the Common Council of the city of Indianapolis, Indiana (1914-1969). After Indianapolis consolidated with the government of Marion County in 1970, the proceedings were called Journal of Proceedings of the City-County Council of Indianapolis-Marion County, State of Indiana.
We are excited to introduce to you a new online SPEA journal. This will be a forum for students to connect with practitioners in the Midwest area. This journal will bring to light issues from your area of study, discuss realistic application, and share best practices as well as lessons learned with local practitioners. In addition to student-submitted articles, the journal may include interviews of local public figures, job postings, and serve as a resource for networking opportunities, local events, presentations, and trainings in your area of interest. Please visit our SPEA website as well at www.spea.iupui.edu/publicinreview
Umbrella is an art journal that began publication by Judith Hoffberg in 1978. The journal covers news and reviews of artist books, mail art and contemporary art and photography tradebooks. It includes interviews with leading book artists, alternative spaces as well as Fluxus artists. The journal ended print-copy publication in 2005 and moved to an online edition, 2006-2008.