text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|24 May 2007
|Filing date
|10 Oct 2006
|Priority date
|5 Mar 1999
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Thomas Breen, Alexander Smith, Christopher Rossano
|Original Assignee
|Breen Thomas J, Smith Alexander E, Rossano Christopher F
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (9), Classifications (15), Legal Events (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/492,711, filed Jul. 25, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference; This application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/429,926, filed on May 8, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference; This application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/343,079, filed on Jan. 30, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference; This application is also a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/342,289 filed Jan. 28, 2006 and incorporated herein by reference; This application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/209,030, filed on Aug. 22, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference; This application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/257,416, filed on Oct. 24, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference; This application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/203,823 filed Aug. 15, 2005 and incorporated herein by reference; This application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 1/145,170 filed on Jun. 6, 2006 and incorporated herein by reference; This application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/743,042 filed Dec. 23, 2003 and incorporated herein by reference; application Ser. No. 10/743,042 is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/638,524 filed Aug. 12, 2003 and incorporated herein by reference; application Ser. No. 10/638,524 is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/516,215 filed Feb. 29, 2000 and incorporated herein by reference; application Ser. No. 09/516,215 claims is a Non Prov. of Provisional U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/123,170 filed Mar. 5, 1999 and incorporated herein by reference; application Ser. No. 10/743,042 is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/319,725 filed Dec. 16, 2002 and incorporated herein by reference. Application Ser. No. 10/743,042 is a Non Prov. of Provisional U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/440,618 filed Jan. 17, 2003 and incorporated herein by reference.
The invention relates to the field of aircraft and ground vehicle tracking and surveillance. The present invention is directed toward methods, techniques and apparatus to extend the positive identification and tracking of aircraft from movement areas into the non-movement areas.
Prior Art air traffic control systems are geared up to track planes in the air and on runway surface areas to optimize efficiency and provide safety. Safety is assured by "separation" whereby air traffic controllers employ various procedures and technologies to make sure that aircraft are physically separated by a minimum distance. At most airports, the responsibility of air traffic control starts and stops at the entrance or exit to the runway movement areas, which are taxiways and runways.
This is a practical matter, and in the non-movement areas, such as hangers, ramps, and aprons, aircraft movements and separation are no longer the responsibility of air traffic control, but is the responsibility of other parties such as the airport itself, airlines, or other parties. The use of tracking technologies for air traffic control is therefore focused on the movement areas, not the non-movement areas, where there are limitations in aircraft tracking. Furthermore, many of the aircraft transmitting devices are switched off in non-movement areas exacerbating tracking problems in these areas.
Airport airside operations are conducted on movement areas and non-movement areas. Movement areas refer to the airport's runways and taxiways and non-movement areas refer to the aprons, ramps, maintenance facilities, de icing facilities and other areas. One of the main differences between movement and non-movement areas is that usually Air Traffic Control (ATC) is responsible for separation and safety of aircraft in the movement areas, whereas the airport or other organization is responsible for operations in the non-movement areas. This is exemplified at a typical airport where the airport's ramp management will authorize an aircraft for push back, and the aircraft will taxi to a point at the edge of the controlled movement area, and the pilot will then contact ATC by radio to request clearance to proceed into the movement area for departure.
Movement and non-movement areas are described the RNP report Development of Airport Surface Required Navigation Performance (RNP), by Rick Cassell, Alex Smith, and Dan Hicok, Rannoch Corporation, Alexandria, Va. (NASA/CR-1999-209109, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va. 23681-2199, Prepared for Langley Research Center under Contract NAS1-19214), incorporated herein by reference.
Since Air Traffic Control (ATC) is responsible for the movement areas, the air traffic control infrastructure is optimized to provide communications, navigation, and surveillance in the movement areas, not the non-movement areas. Therefore at a typical larger airport there exists aircraft tracking and identification systems providing generally good coverage over the movement parts of an airport, but generally not throughout the non-movement areas.
The technologies that are currently used at airports for tracking in the movement areas are classified as cooperative, primary active, and passive. Cooperative technologies interact with devices on the aircraft, primary active technologies do not interact but use a form of transmission to reflect signals from aircraft, and passive technologies are receive only. Passive can include reception of any electromagnetic, radio, or radar transmission from an aircraft including, but not limited to those for communication, navigation, and surveillance, including signals that may be reflected from the aircraft.
Cooperative technologies include transponder-based systems such as ADS-B and multilateration as described in the following papers, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
In 2000, in the United States, the FAA awarded a contract to Sensis for a surface multilateration system under the program name of ASDE X. The Airport Surface Detection Equipment-Model X (ASDE-X) program was initiated in 1999 and Sensis Corporation was selected as the vendor in the year 2000. The Senate Committee on Appropriations, in its report on FAA's fiscal year (FY) 2006 appropriations, expressed concern about the pace of ASDE-X deployment and reported the FAA has not yet deployed systems to more than half of the planned sites due to changes in system design and additional requirements.
The FAA originally planned to complete ASDE-X deployment to second-tier airports (e.g., Orlando International Airport and Milwaukee General Mitchell International Airport) by FY 2007 as a low-cost alternative to Airport Surface Detection Equipment-3 (ASDE-3) radar systems, which are deployed at larger, high-volume airports. However, the FAA now plans to complete deployment by FY 2009, a two-year delay. While the FAA has already procured 36 out of 38 ASDE-X systems, only 3 systems have been commissioned for operational use as of late 2005. As of 2005, the FAA has invested about $250 million in ASDE-X and expects to spend a total of $505 million to complete the program. A map of planned ASDE-X installations (from www.asdex.net, see http://www.sensis.com/docs/128/) as well as upgrades to the older ASDE-3 systems is illustrated in
Primary technologies include Radar systems such as X-Band radar (see www.terma.com, incorporated herein by reference), as well as millimeter wave radar (see www.flight-refuelling.com, www.qinetic.com, and www.transtech-solutions.com, incorporated herein by reference). Some companies also use a combination of active sensors for detecting items on airport surfaces, for example debris. Roke Manor has a mobile system as detailed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/494,271, Publication No. 20050046569, entitled "Detection of undesired objects on surfaces" published Mar. 3, 2005 and incorporated herein by reference. Qinetiq has an active system slated for Vancouver Airport to detect runway debris (See, www.qinetic.com, incorporated herein by reference).
Passive technologies include inductive loops buried in the surface as well as camera technology, both of which are described in the following papers, both of which are incorporated herein by reference:
Existing techniques for runway occupancy determination include the use of zones as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,927,701, entitled "Runway occupancy monitoring and warning," issued Aug. 9, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference. Techniques for passive tracking using "bounced" signals include Roke Manor's triangulation techniques as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,930,638, entitled "Passive moving object detection system and method using signals transmitted by a mobile telephone station," issued Aug. 16, 2005, and also incorporated herein by reference.
Given the delays in the rollout of the ASDE-X program, as well as questions as to its operability, other techniques may be required to insure that aircraft can be accurately tracked throughout an airport, in movement and non-movement areas. Collisions between aircraft and other aircraft, service vehicles, buildings, or the like, can have devastating consequences, even at taxiing speeds. Moreover, even minor damage caused by such collisions may require expensive repairs and delay flights considerably. A system is needed which can accurately track aircraft in both movement and non-movement areas, which does not necessarily rely upon a single signal or technology. Such a system should be robust, redundant, inexpensive, and easy to install.
Cell phones, PDAs and other personal communication devices may soon have no limits on their use on airplanes. If regulations allow, cell phones and other radio devices may be approved for in-flight use during most or all phases of flight. If this use is allowed, then an additional set of radio signals may be emitting from an aircraft. In addition, some phones have added a GPS chip to aid in determining their locations and for compliance with the enhanced 911 requirements.
Air France is slated to trial OnAir passenger mobile phone use. Air France will take delivery of an A318 fitted with OnAir equipment in early 2007 that will enable the use of passenger mobile phones in-flight. The airline will then use the aircraft to conduct a six-month commercial trial using the new service on short-haul flights within Europe and to and from North Africa.
The OnAir service will allow Air France passengers to use their own GSM (global system for mobile communications) phones and GPRS (general packet radio service)-enabled devices such as the Blackberry or Treo, to make and receive voice calls or to send and receive SMS (short message service) communications, or emails during the flight, without inferring with critical aircraft systems.
The present invention is directed toward methods, techniques and apparatus to extend the positive identification and tracking of aircraft from movement areas into the non-movement areas. By using the data fusion process pioneered by Rannoch Corporation, assignee of the present application, a number of different signal sources may be used to provide aircraft tracking information for both movement and non-movement areas in and near an airport (as well as in flight). Such a system does not need to rely upon a single signal source, such as a transponder. Thus, if a pilot turns off a transponder upon landing, the system may still be able to track such an aircraft on the ground, using other signals emanating from, or reflected by, the aircraft.
In one aspect of the present invention, a system or systems, for determining an aircraft's position and/or identification, composed of the following data sources and combinations of these sources:
Logs include registration number and time from which landing or departure time could be determined.
The comparison of one, or a combination of the sources above would result in a dynamic performance assessment of the accuracy of any of the sources relative to the others or known good source or sources. Such a system could be used to rate how well an identification is known and those not well known could be submitted for human intervention.
Prevalent aircraft and commercial technologies rely on analog and digital communications from the aircraft and other sources at the airport. For example, it was reported in the Journal of Air Traffic Control in 2005 that a possible source of surface accidents was due to proximate communicating with ATC and airport authorities on separate discrete analog frequencies, known to various parties at the airport but unknown to each other. In one embodiment of the present invention, by monitoring frequency use around an airport, it is possible to identify, on automated basis, if aircraft, within the same zone, are using different communications frequencies and therefore possibly unaware of one another. In addition to VHF analog or digital communications, possible channels of communication include reception of various communications signals emanating from the aircraft including ACARS and CPDLC.
In another embodiment of the present invention, commercial cell phones and other personal communication devices provide another source of aircraft position information in the non-movement area. Depending on the aviation authority, cell phones are permitted for use at the gate, the non-movement area, or the movement areas. It is anticipated that that cell phones may shortly be approved for use in all phases of flight.
Presently, however, at the very least, cell phones become active when an aircraft's wheels touch down in the movement area. By correlating an aircraft ID and at least one onboard cell phone on board (the aircraft and cell phone have the same position, speed, and direction) before the aircraft's transponder is turned off, it can be tracked all the way to the gate by following the cell phone, even if the aircraft turns off its transponder. This form of cell phone tracking can be used as a backup to other tracking techniques, as there may be situations where no cell phones are active on a given aircraft during taxiing. Logic may be used to associate a group of cell phones being tracked with an aircraft. Cell phones may be associated with aircraft based on multiple parameters such as location, time, speed, direction, and other factors.
The use of cell phones in an aircraft tracking system extends the ability to track the aircraft by 1) determining which airplane a given cell phone is on by using the fusion of multiple tracking sources; 2) tagging that aircraft with the aircraft identification information for the duration of the flight; and 3) using constantly updated cell phone tracking services and systems to maintain GPS track of aircraft from gate to gate.
For example, some phones have added a GPS chip to aid in determining their locations and for compliance with the enhanced 911 requirements. The cell phone companies or the services that access their data may get updates from a number of these types of phones while they are operating from the airplanes. This data may provide a highly accurate flight track of the aircraft via the cell phone network for the entire flight and all ground movements. The technology used to transmit the cell phone calls from on board the plane will be transmitting for the entire flight to maintain the service. Multilateration techniques may be used to track this known source even after the 1090 MHz transponder has been turned off in the non-movement or gate areas.
The enhanced 911 system requirements have spawned a lot of investment in cell phone location systems. Some are based on embedded GPS chips in the phones while others use triangulation/multilateration. There are a number of companies that provide location services by contracting with the cell phone providers and many state transportation systems are using this type of system to identify traffic backups based on the cell phones. This information may be used to track aircraft in the present invention. Likewise other devices using various transmissions such as 80211 devices may be tracked and associated with an aircraft.
An example of third party cell location service provider is illustrated at http://www.cell-loc.com/how_tech.htrnl, incorporated herein by reference.
Note that in the cell phone tracking embodiment of the present invention, idea, it is not necessary to track any particular or known individual (in most instances), only to determine the anonymous location, speed, direction of as many phones as possible that are tracking together, indicating they are all on the same vehicle, or those that are tracking along with the know location of a vehicle. This applies to the tracking on the surface as well as in the air. The present invention may operate interactively with cell phone tracking systems to discover coincident targets and assign an identification based on the location and identification data from other independent sources. This track would be maintained as long as possible or until a certain condition was met. Thus, privacy concerns of individual cell phone users are protected.
For example, once it is determined that a number of phones are tracking together and/or those particular phones are located at the same location and have the same speed and direction as a vehicle identified by the system through other means, those phones are assigned to that vehicle and their positional information and any available vehicle identification information is grouped, tracked, and stored in the system. In the case of an airplane, the system could be set to terminate the tracking when phones were no longer on the same vehicle or the location of the vehicle was determined to be at the terminus of its travels.
Other passive tracking technologies useful for tracking aircraft on the ground as part of the transition from movement to non-movement areas are described in Super-Radar, Done Dirt Cheap, http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03—42/b3854113.htm Business Week Online, Oct. 20, 2003, incorporated herein by reference. This technology is not able to determine the details of the aircraft it is tracking, but once this data is integrated into the present invention the aircraft may be tagged up with its identification information from our other sources.
Aircraft also continuously emit signals from on-board navigation devices such as Distance Measurement Equipment (DME). While these signals do not identify a specific aircraft they do contribute to the overall track update. Once an aircraft has been identified by other signals (e.g., transponder or any other emissions from the aircraft or reflected by the aircraft) and a track established, these other signals, such as DME signals, can be used to maintain the track, even if the transponder is turned off. Information on the operation of DME is provided in http://www.faa.gov/ATpubs/AIM/, incorporated herein by reference.
In another embodiment of the present invention, aircraft may be tracked using reflected cell phone signals. Some organizations have researched the use of passive cell phone Radar. For example, Roke Manor Research, has developed a system (called CellDar as a trade mark by Roke Manor) for tracking cars on highways as documented in the flowing web pages, all of which are incorporated herein by reference:
In one embodiment of the present invention passive cell phone radar is applied as another aircraft source of position and velocity of the aircraft, which may be combined with other data to produce an aircraft track.
Optical systems have been employed to identify and track aircraft, with limited success. One of the issues with optical systems is the accuracy of the system, taking into account the many variables in terms of tail number size, placement, dynamic position with regard to camera, lighting, weather and other issues. Therefore, many vendors of these systems require that a human be in loop to do the identification or verify the automatic identification in cases where the computer was not able to do recognize the registration number with a high probability.
Using a combination of Mode S decoding, through ADS, multilateration, single sensor, ETMS, ASDI, broadband multilateration or airport systems such as gate management systems, it is possible to simultaneously decode an aircraft's tail number using multiple flight tracking and optical techniques. For those aircraft equipped with Mode S, the complete and integrated system can track its own performance by comparing the electronic decode of registration number to the optical decode. The integration of multiple tracking sources, with an optical system also allows the optimization of the optical system and reduces the cost of such a system by minimizing the amount of human intervention required. Only those aircraft not already recognized by the other methods and not automatically recognized by the optical tracking system would require the expense of human involvement.
For example, a Mode S equipped aircraft departs from a particular airport. That aircraft's registration number is easily recognized and tracked by the MLAT or ADS systems. The optical system also detects the aircraft and but might not automatically recognize the registration number with a high degree of accuracy. In an optical only system, this aircraft ID would be flagged as missed or low confidence and a human operator would then have to physically look at the pictures to try to determine the registration number. If the optical system were integrated with other tracking sources that did make a positive identification, this aircraft would not be flagged by the system and no human would be required to manually read the registration number. This embodiment significantly improves the efficiency and capacity of an operator who would have wasted time to visually review photographic data for an aircraft that was already positively identified by other means.
The system may also be used to detect cases when the aircraft was squawking a registration number that was different than that painted on the side of the aircraft. Warnings would be automatically generated and sent to the owner/operator or to the authorities.
Comparison of the different registration number acquisition techniques at a particular airport during a specific time period, during specific conditions (weather, lighting, etc.) may show that the optical system operates with a high performance for the known Mode S aircraft it may be practical to skip or reduce the level of human-in-the-loop review for non Mode S aircraft during these particular periods. This measured confidence in the optical recognition system may vary as conditions changed and when the confidence fell below a certain level, the system may automatically call for more human intervention. This kind of dynamic performance measurement allows the operator to focus on other tasks and increase the efficiency and capacity of that operator. The converse is also true. During bad visual conditions, the dynamic performance measurement results will indicate a poor performance from the optical system. This feedback would warn the optical system that its performance was degrading and different optimizations could be tried until the percent positively recognized, as calibrated against known good identifications from the flight tracking system, improved.
A history of performance for each device under each condition will also help determine where and when to improve the system. For instance, some optical devices may work perfectly with high accuracy where others do not. Different systems could be fitted until the performance was improved and verified in real world conditions through comparison with the flight-tracking database.
An integrated system that can positively track the arrival and/or departure of a high percentage of aircraft can be used to reliably monitor the activity of an individual aircraft. The integration of aircraft ID and tracking systems with logs of fuel use and filed flight plans will allow the system to automatically detect and identify discrepancies in the data based on the know performance characteristics of an individual aircraft.
The system may also be used to wam/notify the operator that an aircraft of interest is landing or departing. This is useful for catching scofflaws, slow payers, non-payers, or any aircraft operator of interest based on the information in the system. Using multiple installations and fusing ETMS data, billing data, FBO data etc., the system can tell where an aircraft went, if it went were it was supposed to, if it used an appropriate amount of fuel to get there, and the like. Applications include law enforcement, security, on the spot debt collection and the like.
For example, through its various data sources, the system determines a particular aircraft is about to land or take off. The operator/owner of this aircraft is over due with a use fee payment. The system may automatically warn on-field operations that this aircraft was active and the debt could be collected immediately while still on the field. This warning message may be sent by electronic means or voice commands and could include the amount of the debt and the aircraft's exact location.
Security applications may include the detection of aircraft whose fuel use, as determined through acquisition of the fuel use figures from the airport's fuel supplier, did not match the origin destination as filed on their flight plan. This would indicate that the aircraft deviated from the flight plan, possibly for illicit purposes.
The following references, all of which are incorporated herein by reference, are related to acoustic and vibration tracking of aircraft in the air and on the ground:
The output from these types of systems, when combined and fused with the other sources of aircraft tracking information already included in the AirScene™ system, provides another independent source of positional information that can be compared and contrasted with the tracking data from other sources to improve the capability of the system to track aircraft. Seismic tracking should be mentioned along with acoustic tracking. They are related to each other and to the multilateration techniques used by the AirScene™ and VERA-E systems to determine an aircraft's location by tracking the energy it emits or reflects.
Depending on the airport, Mode S identification can positively identify between 10% and 99% of the aircraft operating at or in the vicinity of the airport. Those not able to be positively identified by Mode S include aircraft squawking the wrong data, aircraft not equipped with Mode S technology (such as general aviation aircraft), foreign aircraft, and the like. But even these non Mode S aircraft are tracked by the multilateration system and stored as tracks with an unknown or non unique identification.
Utilizing the Mode S identification and tracking system to optimize the optical identification process was discussed previously but that such a system can also be used to augment identification data for the non Mode S aircraft tracked by the multilateration system. If an unidentified, but tracked aircraft, is also captured and identified by an optical tracking system or other system or method, the identification data can be positively associated to the flight track based on factors such as, but not limited to, time, location, speed, and runway. This feed back of identification data back into the multilateration system can significantly increase the identification capture rate and accuracy of the multilateration or other electronic aircraft tracking system.
Such a system can work in real time or in a post processing mode, depending on the time required for the non real-time tracking and identification system to determine the identification of the aircraft and for that data to be processed and associated with a captured flight track. The use of such a system significantly improves the tracking of non Mode S aircraft and would be especially useful at small airports, general aviation airports, or military airports where there is a higher percentage of non Mode S aircraft.
Other aircraft tracking systems also benefit from this method of identifying aircraft. Systems that track aircraft using methods that have no means of identifying an aircraft may benefit significantly from identification data supplied by these other means. Systems such as VERA-E system manufactured by ERA in the Czech Republic, track aircraft using passive broad band emissions that may not include any identification data.
The system also allows higher positive identification at airports where foreign aircraft operate. The Mode S identification relies on the ability of the system to resolve the aircraft registration number from the Mode S data being transmitted by that aircraft. Certain countries (United States, Australia, and Germany) have known algorithms that allow the system to compute the registration number where as others use a database that may not be available or is difficult or impossible to acquire. Utilizing an image capture system in combination with a multilateration, or other passive flight tracking system, allows the system to associate the electronically received Mode S identification with the actual registration number from the aircraft.
As the aircraft transitions from the movement area to the non-movement area, a combination of unique signals may be used for tracking, such as navigation signals (DME), cell phone data, airport video or any other electromagnetic radiation broadcast from the aircraft 120 thus providing the aircraft's ground track 130.
As the aircraft moves from the movement area into the non-movement area the ID already established is transferred with the track of the aircraft, and may be verified by optical camera recognition, or through data link information, such as ACARS or CPDLC 220, 230. Together, these data provide a complete air traffic picture with position and identification, all the way to the aircraft gate 300.
If the aircraft transitions before the overlapping tracking and identification data can be solidly established, the probable ID can be established based on last known position, probable taxi route, optical camera recognition, parking or gate location, type of aircraft, airline, time of day, or gate management system input from an integrating gate management system data.
While the preferred embodiment and various alternative embodiments of the invention have been disclosed and described in detail herein, it may be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|24 Nov 2008
|8 Nov 2011
|Lockheed Martin Corporation
|Precision registration for radar
|20 Jul 2010
|22 Nov 2011
|Saab Sensis Corporation
|System and method for providing timing services and DME aided multilateration for ground surveillance
|8 Oct 2009
|20 Mar 2012
|Raytheon Company
|Tracking air and ground vehicles
|5 Apr 2013
|2 Jun 2015
|System for aiding the guidance of an aircraft travelling around an airport zone
|8 Jun 2009
|16 Jun 2011
|Saab Ab
|Validity check of vehicle position information transmitted over a time-synchronized data link
|5 Apr 2013
|4 Sep 2014
|System for aiding the guidance of an aircraft travelling around an airport zone
|4 Aug 2011
|25 Jan 2012
|Enhanced airport scene monitoring system
|20 Jul 2010
|27 Jan 2011
|Sensis Corporation
|System and method for providing timing services and dme aided multilateration for ground surveillance
|9 Mar 2011
|15 Dec 2011
|Sensis Corporation
|Runway clearance advisor
|U.S. Classification
|342/29, 342/30, 342/32, 342/37, 342/36
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|29 Jan 2007
Owner name: RANNOCH CORPORATION,VIRGINIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BREEN, THOMAS J., MR.;SMITH, ALEXANDER E., MR.;ROSSANO, CHRISTOPHER F., MR.;SIGNING DATES FROM 20061215 TO 20070125;REEL/FRAME:018818/0204
|28 Mar 2008
Owner name: ERA SYSTEMS CORPORATION,VIRGINIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:RANNOCH CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:020717/0908
Effective date: 20080110
|4 Oct 2013
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|23 Feb 2014
|Reinstatement after maintenance fee payment confirmed
|23 Feb 2014
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|7 Apr 2014
|Patent reinstated due to the acceptance of a late maintenance fee
Effective date: 20140409
|9 Apr 2014
|Surcharge for late payment
|9 Apr 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|15 Apr 2014
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20140223
|27 Mar 2015
Owner name: SRA INTERNATIONAL, INC., VIRGINIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ERA SYSTEMS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:035330/0362
Effective date: 20150326


text:
Moderator: All Things Mods
The Black Spot wrote:LOCAL BUSINESSMAN BUILDS ARK
Concerned by the torrential rain and flooding sweeping the British Isles, local businessman Kevin Throttlepipe has funded the construction of a gigantic wooden vessel.
"Mark my words, a deluge is coming" said Mr Throttlepipe. "This is the first of many ships that will be built to save the animals from the waters. With ships like this, we can save the wonders of nature for many generations to come."
At the dockside, wellwishers whooped and cheered as the first ark, commanded by Captain Cronan, set sail with its cargo of dodos, sabre-toothed tigers and mammoths.
ChowMein wrote:BIG RON ANNOUNCES SALE of INVENTORY !
Indeed this reporter can see Dodo eggs for 2 shillings a doz , Giant Auks 7 pence per lb. and PassengARR pigeons for one crown each , average weight @ 2 1/2 lb.
" Hurry before day rot even moor ", said Big Ron
Users browsing this forum: Bing [Bot] and 2 guests

subset: commoncrawl


text:
From ancient jungle ruins to modern beach resorts, Mexico truly has something for everyone. When planning your flights to Mexico for your next vacation, don't be afraid to go off the beaten trail.
Mexico's Must-See Attractions
- Many tourists frequent the Baja Península on the Pacific coast. Here you'll find beach resorts, shopping and plenty of sunshine. Cozumel is a popular destination for scuba diving and snorkeling
- Celebrate 'Día de los Muertos' ("Day of the Dead") in Oaxaca, which is one of the most exciting festivals during this holiday. Tombs are decorated with flowers and candles and families leave offerings
- History buffs will enjoy exploring Palenque, an ancient ruin built by the Mayans. Structures date back to 600 A.D.
Discover Mexico
Purchase tickets to Mexico for the whole family and take them to Mazatlán for a fun and cultural experience. Visit the beaches, stroll through the city's historic downtown area, or explore the open-air museum at Las Labradas. For those who prefer solitude, take a plunge into a 'cenote' on the Yucatan Peninsula. These natural swimming holes are filled with beautiful turquoise waters.
Mexico's Pleasures
Mexico is home to some very unique cuisine. Challenge yourself to taste a spicy cooked grasshopper during your visit. Try diving with the sharks in Honduras' Bay. You will find cheap hotels in Mexico all year round.
Plan Your Mexico Holiday
You'll discover a range of climates in Mexico, from warm beaches to snowy mountains. Find flight deals to Mexico during the fall and winter, when tourism sees a small decline. Enjoy the beaches and water sports best during the spring and summer months. When you're ready to fly to Mexico, airberlin will be waiting with affordable air tickets and exceptional service.


text:
Best of News
This photo taken on January 11, 2013 shows a panic button in case of... News PhotoArranging,Bridge - Man Made Structure,Government,Horizontal,Mapo Bridge,Photography,River Han,Seoul,Showing,Social Issues,South Korea,Suicide,TerrifiedPhotographer PEDRO UGARTECollection: AFP 2013 AFPThis photo taken on January 11, 2013 shows a panic button in case of suicides placed by the government at Mapo Bridge -a common site for suicides- over Seoul's Han river. The South Korean capital has installed anti-suicide monitoring devices on bridges over the city after 196 people jumped to their deaths on 2012 according to South Korean officials. The new initiative -- in a country with the highest suicide rate among leading developed nations -- incorporates closed-circuit television cameras programmed to recognize motions that suggest somebody might be preparing to jump from a bridge. AFP PHOTO / Pedro UGARTE (Photo credit should read PEDRO UGARTE/AFP/Getty Images)


text:
VIDEO: Steve Staios Levels Max TalbotCalling Mr. Shanahan?
With four minutes to go in last night's game against the Flyers, Steve Staios laid out Philadelphia's Max Talbot along the side boards. The referees did not assess a penalty on the play and explained to coach Peter Laviolette that they didn't think the head was the principal point of contact. By the looks of it, this should at least make it to Brendan Shanahan's desk even if there isn't a penalty levied against Staios.
Talbot would stay in the game — didn't even go to the locker room — so I wonder if there's going to be some questions about protocol following from the league. Clean or not, Talbot clearly got hit in the "upper body area" and stayed down for a good amount of time. That should require a precautionary trip to the quiet room which did not occur.
Of course, Talbot isn't going to be getting much sympathy around Islander Country. As a Penguin last season he laid out the departed Blake Comeau numerous times and was a general thorn in the Islanders side every time they played the Penguins over the past few seasons.
(Here's the Flyers' feed of the hit, if you're curious)
It's hard to tell from these replays exactly what happened but it seems pretty obvious to me that Staios makes contact with Talbot's head. I can't tell if that was through an elbow or shoulder though. The way these things go, I think Staios will get one game in the press box for the hit. As a first time offender, that should keep Shanahan's ban to a minimum.


text:
WHEN: Thursday, Oct. 17 from 4 ŌĆō 6:30 p.m.
WHERE: WNED studios, 140 Lower Terrace, Buffalo
WHO: First Book ŌĆō Western New York, WNED ŪĆ WBFO Buffalo Toronto; community educators, businesses, parents who believe and support first Books initiative to end illiteracy in Western New York
WHY: First Book® is a nonprofit organization with a single mission: to give children from low-income families the opportunity to read and own their first new books. With more than 100 million books distributed to children in thousands of communities around the country, First Book is a leader in sharing the magic of reading with children in need.
The First Book grants will be awarded to programs that are changing the lives of children in the WNY Region. There will be Literacy Corners of programs in the community that focuses on math, science, technology, history, theater and arts, and volunteering. There will also be local authors, businesses and teachers in the community that support First Books initiative to end illiteracy in Western New York.


text:
Artist John Daly
Beschikbare series in de webshop categorie "Stripboeken"
John Daly in the
"John Daly worked as an advertising artist during the 1920s, and worked in American comic books through Funnies Inc in the 1940s. He created features like 'Masked Rider' and 'The Rio Kid' for Better Publications, 'Rock Wayburn' for Centaur and 'Bull's Eye Bill' for Novelty Comics. He also..." [ Lees meer ]


text:
The Ohio State University Medical Center's Diabetes Research Center (DRC), is dedicated to advancing diabetes research, education and patient care. Through our innovative research using personalized health care, we are working toward prevention, and ultimately the cure, of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Our vision is to create a world in which diabetes does not exist.
Our Center's research team has been a leader in improving patient outcomes by using advances in medicine to deliver the most effective treatments that are personalized to the individual patients' needs. We have been at the forefront of developing different modes of insulin delivery and islet cell implantation devices, as well as ways to improve methods of prevention and management of diabetes.
Learn more about the advances in research, education and patient care at Ohio State's Diabetes Research Center.


text:
- 800.878.7323
List price:
Used Trade Paper
Ships in 1 to 3 days
More copies of this ISBN
This title in other editions
Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincolnby Doris Kearns Goodwin
Synopses & Reviews
Publisher Comments:
On May 18, 1860, William H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase, Edward Bates, and Abraham Lincoln waited in their hometowns for the results from the Republican National Convention in Chicago. When Lincoln emerged as the victor, his rivals were dismayed and angry.
Throughout the turbulent 1850s, each had energetically sought the presidency as the conflict over slavery was leading inexorably to secession and civil war. That Lincoln succeeded was the result of a character that had been forged by life experiences that raised him above his more privileged and accomplished rivals. He won because he possessed an extraordinary ability to put himself in the place of other men, to experience what they were feeling, to understand their motives and desires.
This capacity enabled President Lincoln to bring his disgruntled opponents together, create the most unusual cabinet in history, and marshal their talents to preserve the Union and win the war.
"Pulitzer Prize-winner Goodwin (No Ordinary Time) seeks to illuminate what she interprets as a miraculous event: Lincoln's smooth (and, in her view, rather sudden) transition from underwhelming one-term congressman and prairie lawyer to robust chief executive during a time of crisis. Goodwin marvels at Lincoln's ability to co-opt three better-born, better-educated rivals — each of whom had challenged Lincoln for the 1860 Republican nomination. The three were New York senator William H. Seward, who became secretary of state; Ohio senator Salmon P. Chase, who signed on as secretary of the treasury and later was nominated by Lincoln to be chief justice of the Supreme Court; and Missouri's 'distinguished elder statesman' Edward Bates, who served as attorney general. This is the 'team of rivals' Goodwin's title refers to. The problem with this interpretation is that the metamorphosis of Lincoln to Machiavellian master of men that Goodwin presupposes did not in fact occur overnight only as he approached the grim reality of his presidency. The press had labeled candidate Lincoln 'a fourth-rate lecturer, who cannot speak good grammar.' But East Coast railroad executives, who had long employed Lincoln at huge prices to defend their interests as attorney and lobbyist, knew better. Lincoln was a shrewd political operator and insider long before he entered the White House — a fact Goodwin underplays. On another front, Goodwin's spotlighting of the president's three former rivals tends to undercut that Lincoln's most essential Cabinet-level contacts were not with Seward, Chase and Bates, but rather with secretaries of war Simon Cameron and Edwin Stanton, and Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles. These criticisms aside, Goodwin supplies capable biographies of the gentlemen on whom she has chosen to focus, and ably highlights the sometimes tangled dynamics of their 'team' within the larger assemblage of Lincoln's full war cabinet. Agent, Amanda Urban. 400,000 first printing; BOMC, History Book Club main selection; film rights to Steven Spielberg/DreamWorld Entertainment. (Nov.)" Publishers Weekly (Copyright Reed Business Information, Inc.)
"Illuminating and well-written, as are all of Goodwin's presidential studies; a welcome addition to Lincolniana." Kirkus Reviews
"[Ms.Goodwin] argues that Lincoln's success in winning the election and in building an exceptionally effective administration lay in his extraordinary ability to empathize with his rivals." Library Journal
"An elegant, incisive study....Goodwin has brilliantly described how Lincoln forged a team that preserved a nation and freed America from the curse of slavery." James M. McPherson, The New York Times Book Review
"Goodwin's narrative abilities...are on full display here, and she does an enthralling job of dramatizing...crucial moments in Lincoln's life....A portrait of Lincoln as a virtuosic politician and managerial genius." Michiko Kakutani, The New York Times
"Splendid, beautifully written....Goodwin has brilliantly woven scores of contemporary accounts...into a fluid narrative....This is the most richly detailed account of the Civil War presidency to appear in many years." Los Angeles Times
Winner of the Lincoln Prize
This brilliant multiple biography is centered on Lincoln's mastery of men and how it shaped the most significant presidency in the nation's history.
Soon to be a major motion picture, Lincoln, from Steven Spielberg, with a screenplay by Pulitzer Prize- and Tony Award-winning writer Tony Kushner, and starring Daniel Day-Lewis as the President and Sally Field as Mary Todd Lincoln.
In this mega bestseller, the acclaimed historian Doris Kearns Goodwin illuminates Lincoln's political genius in a highly original work, as the one-term congressman and prairie lawyer rises from obscurity to prevail over three gifted rivals of national reputation to become president.
On May 18, 1860, William H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase, Edward Bates, and Abraham Lincoln waited in their hometowns for the results from the Republican National Convention in Chicago. When Lincoln emerged as the victor, his rivals were dismayed and angry.
Throughout the turbulent 1850s, each had energetically sought the presidency. Lincoln succeeded because he possessed an extraordinary ability to put himself in the place of other men, to experience what they were feeling, to understand their motives and desires.
It was this capacity that enabled Lincoln as president to bring his opponents together, create the most unusual cabinet in history, and marshal their talents to the task of preserving the Union and winning the war.
This brilliant multiple biography is centered on Lincoln's mastery of men and how it shaped the most significant presidency in the nation's history.
About the Author
Doris Kearns Goodwin is an award-winning author and historian. She won the Pulitzer Prize in 1995.
Table of Contents
Maps and Diagrams
Part I THE RIVALS
1 Four Men Waiting
2 The "Longing to Rise"
3 The Lure of Politics
4 "Plunder and Conquest"
5 The Turbulent Fifties
6 The Gathering Storm
7 Countdown to the Nomination
8 Showdown in Chicago
9 "A Man Knows His Own Name"
10 "An Intensified Crossword Puzzle"
11 "I Am Now Public Property"
Part II MASTER AMONG MEN
12 "Mystic Chords of Memory": Spring 1861
13 "The Ball Has Opened": Summer 1861
14 "I Do Not Intend to Be Sacrificed": Fall 1861
15 "My Boy Is Gone": Winter 1862
16 "He Was Simply Out-Generaled": Spring 1862
17 "We Are in the Depths": Summer 1862
18 "My Word Is Out": Fall 1862
19 "Fire in the Rear": Winter-Spring 1863
20 "The Tycoon Is in Fine Whack": Summer 1863
21 "I Feel Trouble in the Air": Summer-Fall 1863
22 "Still in Wild Water": Fall 1863
23 "There's a Man in It!": Winter-Spring 1864
24 "Atlanta Is Ours": Summer-Fall 1864
25 "A Sacred Effort": Winter 1864-1865
26 The Final Weeks: Spring 1865
What Our Readers Are Saying
Add a comment for a chance to win!
Average customer rating based on 23 comments:
View all 23 comments
Product Details
Other books you might like
Related Subjects
Biography » Historical
Biography » Political
Biography » Presidents and Heads of State
Featured Titles » General
Featured Titles » History and Social Science
Featured Titles » Miscellaneous Award Winners
History and Social Science » US History » General
History and Social Science » US History » Presidents » Lincoln, Abraham
History and Social Science » US History » US Presidency
History and Social Science » World History » General
Metaphysics » Magic Witchcraft and Paganism


text:
Audrey Velveteen Slim Leg Pants by JG Hook®: The perfect pant for the season, the always-flattering Audrey in plush velveteen with a hint of stretch for a comfortable fit. The Audrey Fit features a straight fit through the hips and our modern rise.
Read what customers are saying about this product:
Rating: 4.67 out of 3 votes cast
Great pants
Fits very well and looks good. Love the color.
Lumberton, NC
Runs big
This ran big for me. I needed to return, but loved the color.
Great Pants
I bought these pants 1 size up, thought they'd be to snug for an office holiday party. Not needed they were loose, so I got my reg size on sale. Very nice,rich looking great with matching blazer. Both well made. Blazer is also awesome. Got many compliments !!!
Wendy The walker
Oxford CT
Click here to read all of this product's reviews


text:
Anger is one of a person's most destructive traits. It harms us (and others) spiritually, physically, emotionally, and socially.
Anger can also serve as out teacher, however. It shows us who we are, what is important to us, our level of self-mastery, and how we cope with adversity and frustration.
In Anger: The Inner Teacher, Rabbi Pliskin presents a nine-step program to help us purge anger from ourselves. The author draws on Torah literature and his extensive counseling experience to build a comprehensive approach for coping with anger.
|More from Rabbi Zelig Pliskin
|(see all)
|Related Items


text:
You have been studying way tooooooooo long!
Exhausting was the consensus when we took it. I have no idea about the penguin torts. However, I do know that the religious affiliation of the rabbi and the priest are not admissible under evidence to enhance their character.
Page created in 0.165 seconds with 19 queries.


text:
a place for zinesters - writers and readers
It's a crowd source funding place, you can present your case for needing funds to complete a project, they have a zines category and an art category. Money needed can be as low as $200, and if you don't get enough pledged then no money is transferred.
I've been considering it for a while but don't have my act in gear yet to get everything together for the printer, so haven't taken the first step on this.
Just wondering what others' experiences are with using the site. I know there's also another similar site that's now up and running since spring of this year, Indiegogo?
Views: 182
We did one very early on when kickstarter was new and novel- we barely made our goal of $2500 which kept us printing for a year. It seems like it's a lot harder for small campaigns to succeed- now they mostly promote the really big ones.
The key is promoting the HELL out of it- you really need to guilt your friends into donating, or it won't work. Kinda sucks that way.
I have supported a few kickstarters
The ones that seem to do the best are like this one, (http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/433544158/year-one) where most of the folks who supported it basically PRE-ORDERED the finished product.
It also did not hurt that Ramsey is a veteran ziner with a good contact list from years of zining and running the Chicago zine fest.
Most of the support will most likely come from your own personal network.
If anyone is thinking about doing this, make sure you stay in contact with your supporters especially if your project will take a while to complete. There is nothing worse then not hearing from a Kickstarter after they have taken your money.
As far as running your own campaign, they are all or nothing, so make sure you do not ask for more then you need and remember that kickstarter takes 5% and amazon also takes 5%, plus you have the expenses of fufilling all of your rewards.
Kickstarters are a lot of work, so do not think that we are going to spend an hour setting it up then sit back and wait for the money to roll in. Less than half kickstarters meet the minimum goal.
And make sure you have a video
I think like Ricardo says if you don't have some campaign behind you mainly use it to bug the hell out of your friends for donations. We tried (and failed) to do one a while ago for a 500 print run bimonthly, and those that pledged to donate would have done so if we'd approached them in the street, probably. It's easier to have a donate button on your web page I think.
That's...... dissapointing to hear.
I am doing a campaign on Indiegogo right now. It is for the expansion of the distro and paying for hosting for a year, which doesn't fit very well with Kickstarter's rules-- or I would have gone with Kickstarter.
Indiegogo requires a minimum goal of $500 which I don't get. I wanted to go with something lower-- and more achievable for my small distro. It sort of makes it look like I can't ever reach my goal :)
I have liked Indiegogo in general-- but my only contributers I think have been folks I know. People aren't finding my campaign or contributing when they "browse" Indiegogo. I think Kickstarter is better for that but I'm not sure.
I've used Kickstarter to raise the funds to print two of my zines--my newest one, Further Distractions, that just came out last week (yay!), and the comic zine I made with Frey Anya, Everything Good and Beautiful. Both times I made my goal. Both times I promoted the hell out of it. As others have mentioned, it definitely helps to have friends, although about half of the donations for both zines came from people I'd never heard of. I would recommend reading the advice that Kickstarter gives on their site. I followed all of it--make a good video, promote the shit out of it, do it for 30 days, offer a reward for... blah blah blah. They've done a lot of research to find out the common denominators of successful projects. You can take a look at mine for ideas: http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/581941944/further-distractions


text:
- Northern New York Newspapers
- Watertown
- Ogdensburg
- Massena-Potsdam
- Lowville
- Carthage
- Malone
- NNY Business
- NNY Living
- NNY Ads
CANTON St. Lawrence County Legislator Alex A. MacKinnon, R-Fowler, did not want to skip meetings while vacationing in Florida, so he is in attendance in image, although not in body.
Mr. MacKinnon is coming to meetings via Skype, a service that connects people via webcam, an Internet connection and a computer.
I think it worked very well, he said. It was easy to do. It doesnt cost anything. So far, our total investment, other than the time invested by IT, is zero.
Mr. MacKinnon said he wanted to try remote participation to stay informed and to test the kind of technology that might make some criminal court appearances less costly in the future.
The county is exploring how electronics could help make its far-flung court system more manageable. Defendants have the right to appear physically in court, but the state Legislature is talking about amendments to criminal procedure law that would permit some electronic court appearances.
If allowed, the virtual world could benefit police, district attorneys and public defenders who travel from court to court.
I think some of the judges may find it a lot easier, Mr. MacKinnon said. I think it has implications for a lot of things.
Mr. MacKinnons online attendance is legal as it counts as a videoconference covered by the states statutory definition of a meeting, County Attorney Michael C. Crowe said.
The Open Meetings Law includes provisions that permit meetings of public bodies to be conducted by means of videoconferencing that enables members of a public body, as well as any others who may be present at a location in which a member is participating, to observe and hear the participants, Robert J. Freeman, executive director of the Committee on Open Government, wrote in 2011.
If a meeting includes videoconferencing, the notice for the session must tell the public that it will be used, identify the locations, and state that the public has the right to attend the meeting at any of the locations, according to Mr. Freemans memo.
That would mean anyone in St. Augustine, where Mr. MacKinnon is vacationing, could join him there for the meeting.
There were a few logistical problems at a recent committee meeting attended by Mr. MacKinnon remotely. He could not see the entire room at once, raising questions about whether he could legally vote.
Its possible to see everybody by twisting the cameras, Mr. MacKinnon said. Those are the details you have to work out.
The computer monitor bearing Mr. MacKinnons image was behind the committee chairman so Mr. MacKinnon could not be seen easily if he wished to speak.
The computer turned off at one point but quickly rebooted. Hearing everyone was a minor problem, Mr. MacKinnon said.
Thousands of readers like you have made Northern New York Newspapers the number one ranked website* for local news and sports coverage in the north country.
You can continue on to this article in a few seconds, or you can visit one of our websites:


text:
READ: Peter Ceresnak Is Excited About Peterborough
2011 sixth round pick Peter Ceresnak was introduced in Peterborough after being selected fourth overall in the CHL Import Draft last week.
The Peterborough Examiner, via Buzzing the Net, quoted Ceresnak as saying he likes to play like fellow Slovak defenseman Zdeno Chara.
The 6-3, 209lb Ceresnak said that Peterborough reminded him of his home in Slovakia.
I am always intrigued by late round European draft picks, and it does say something about him that he was chosen fourth overall in the import draft. Maybe he can be an NHL defenseman down the line, but I wouldn't put him into any lineups in the near future. It will be interesting to see how he plays in North America, and not playing more in Slovakia or going somewhere else to play in Europe. Surely it will be easier for the Rangers to follow him and track his development in the OHL.
Update: 5:37PM:
OHL Prospects isn't a big fan of Ceresnak and quote a source as saying, "not really smart positionally, doesn't read the play well in own zone, could be beaten 1 on 1 down low and gets out of position looking for hit. Not instinctive or creative player offensively, lacks ability to lead PP from point. Shot is heavy but release is a bit slow."


text:
Video: Lepage comments spark controversy
PORTLAND, Maine (NEWS CENTER) -- Rachel Talbot Ross, the State Director for the NAACP, says Governor Paul LePage's comments at a meeting in Sanford on Friday, made her "sad for all Mainers."
LePage has declined to participate in events marking Martin Luther King Day. When asked Friday morning if not participating in the MLK events was a pattern, LePage told the reporter to, "Tell 'em to kiss my butt."
Talbot Ross said she felt, "How horrific of a man who is supposed to lead the state of Maine to make such divisive comments. I feel sad for all Mainers because I know this is not just about the NAACP."
National NAACP President and CEO Benjamin Todd Jealous responded LePage's comments by saying, "Governor LePage's decision to inflame racial tension on the eve of the King holiday denigrates his office," stated Jealous. "His words are a reminder of the worst aspects of Maine's history and out of touch with our nation's deep yearning for increased civility and racial healing."
Jealous' father is from Maine and his family has been in New England since 1636.
Jealous' father is from Maine and his family has been in New England since 1636.
The organization has asked LePage to attend not only the MLK events, but also numerous forums and functions both as a candidate and as a governor, and he has declined each time.
She says NAACP members just want some reassurance that he does plan to meet with them -- and they're concerned that he has declined so many invitations.
Talbot Ross said, "It cannot be just about an invitation to a dinner. What the governor did today was expose a lot of the feeling and the animosity he has for people who engage in human civil rights advocacy."
"The NAACP understands that there are a lot of demands on [Gov. LePage's] time and we respect the fact that he is very busy and people want to get out and meet him and have him at their events. We are no different than that," she added. "What this is about is [making sure] that we're not misinterpreting any messages.... We hope this is not a message."
Related stories
- Video: Maine Gov. LePage on NAACP: "Tell 'em to kiss my butt."
- NAACP refutes LePage's version of prison invitation


text:
tekenaars Artist: Elzie Crisler Segar Walker
Artist Elzie Crisler Segar Walker
Beschikbare series in de webshop categorie "Stripboeken"
Elzie Crisler Segar in the
" Elzie Crisler Segar was one of the classic American cartoonists of the 1920s and 1930s, best known for creating the world famous sailor 'Popeye'. Born and raised in Chester, Illinois, he held several odd jobs before turning to cartooning. He worked as a house painter..." [ Lees meer ]


text:
We're sorry!
The property you tried to view does not seem to exist. This could be because the property has left market and entered a Sold or Pending state. If this is a New Listing, we may be in the process of updating our listing data from the MLS. Please try again later. If you would like more information about properties similar to the one you were trying to find, please Contact Kerry Endsley.
You can also try performing a New Search!
Data services provided by IDX Broker
Admin Log-in | Site developed by Speakeasy Studios.Sotheby's International Realty® is a registered trademark licensed to Sotheby's International Realty Affiliates LLC. Each office is independently owned and operated.


text:
|Home | TSLA Online Catalog | Visitor Info. | Contact Us | About TSLA | Site Map
|Featured Exhibit
John T. Majors: A Tennessee Football Legend As Player and Coach
Majors Children, ca. 1945
A young John Majors with his brothers and sister. From left: Larry, Shirley Ann, Bill, Joe, and John Majors. Missing is youngest brother Bob, who was born when Majors was fourteen years old.
From You Can Go Home, by Johnny Majors with Ben Byrd, 1986.
|Tennessee State Library
and Archives
403 Seventh Avenue North
Nashville, TN 37243
Phone: 615.741.2764 Fax: 615.532.2472
Web Policies


text: Within 48 hours of the vandalism by unknown persons, the rest room facilities at the top of the Spring Canyon trail look almost new again. As soon as the graffiti was discovered, Carbon County Recreation sprang into action and repainted the building. Below is a photo of the facilities that appeared in the Oct. 20 issue of the Sun Advocate, the day the vandalism was reported. The repainting and repair was costly. The Helper police are still looking for the vandals and urge anyone who might know something about it to call their office at 472-3719.


text:
|Print Page
Carbon County loves its baseball and after a long winter the wait is over. All over the county the youth baseball and softball programs are underway.
On Saturday, May 14 the Price Cal Ripkin and Babe Ruth baseball and softball teams will parade through the downtown to kick off their regular season of play. The teams have been encouraged to decorate floats and really liven things up this year. It will be the first time their has been softball teams included in this event.
This weekend there will be many tournaments going on through out the county. Two include the Babe Ruth Single Elimination Ice Breaker that begins this Wednesday and concludes with the Championship game at 7 p.m. on Saturday on the North Price Fields.
The Price Cal Ripkin League will hold their opening day tournament on May 14 on the North Price Fields.
Helper will have their parade on Friday May 13 at 5 p.m. and then proceed over to the Walt Borla Field for opening ceremonies.
Wellington baseball will not hold a parade, but will kick their season off with a breakfast in the park on Saturday May 14. The public is welcome with proceeds going to help defray the costs of the league. Games will start at 10 a.m. for the opening day tournament.
This Saturday on the County Fairgrounds fields will be a Girl's Fast Pitch tournament. The traveling U-12 fast pitch team from Price called the Dino Crackers will be playing in that with teams from all over the state and Nevada.
Price and Wellington Cal Ripkin teams will compete in a tournament that will be the week of May 16 through May 20. Those games will be played on fields in both North Price and South Price and Wellington.
|Print Page


text:
White on Yellow Large Polka Dot Fabric
100% Cotton Poplin
By Rose & Hubble
22mm Spot
115cm wide
Made in the UK
£4.99 per metre
Please note: To order this fabric in anything other than whole metres, please call our sales team * If you would like a sample of this product please click here
Here at Fabric-World we understand the importance of efficient delivery services, which is why we aim to get all orders placed before 15.00 despatched the same day (Monday - Friday).
Should we be short of stock for any reason we will always contact you as it our priority to ensure that we get your order out to you as quickly as possible.
Please note: For further details on postage, please refer to our deliveries page.
Here at Fabric-World we want to be 100% happy with your order from us. If for some reason you are not satisfied with your order, please don't hesitate to contact us and a member of our sales team will advise on what we can do for you. All we ask is that your items are returned to us in the condition you received them in within 14 days from the sale date.
Please Note: Certain items are non-refundable. These include materials that are 'cut-off' to each individual order and items that are 'special order' only. This does nota ffect your statutaory rights in any way.
For returned orders, we do NOT refund P&P costs. All refunds processed will be minus the postage costs.
We also accept exchanges on goods. All you need to do is simply send back the original order in the condition it was sent to you in, with a covering note explaining what it is you would like in exchange. As with Returns, we cannot offer exchanges on cut fabrics or items that are special order.
Please note: When returning goods back to us for a Refund or an Exchange, please ensure that you retain your proof of postage as we cannot be held responsible for items that are damaged or lost in the post.
All of our orders are packaged accordingly to withstand the rigours of the postage system, however it can be the case that damage may still occur. If you receive your parcel and items are damaged or defective, please retain all of you original packaging and contact us within 7 days of receipt so we can arrange for a replacement to be sent out to you. If this should occur, please inform our sales team who will be able to offer the best advice on what we can do to resolve any problems for you.
Fabric World
Units 14-16 Clayhill Industrial Estate
Tel: 0151 336 3939
Fax: 0151 353 8367
We Currently do not have any reviews for this product
Follow Us On:
SEO By UK SEO Agency©2015 Calico Laine Textiles Ltd - Company Number: 07521903 - Vat Registration Number: 482 4812 35


text:
It was 19 years ago that something extraordinary in recent U.S. history took place: The United States won a war.
On Feb. 27, 1991, then-President George Bush (George W's father) went on national television to proclaim, "Kuwait is liberated. Iraq's army is defeated."
He continued, "I am pleased to announce that at midnight tonight, exactly 100 hours since ground operations began and six weeks since the start of Operation Desert Storm, all U.S. and coalition forces will suspend offensive combat operations."
Yes, you read that right. The entire war effort lasted less than a month and a half. Actual ground operations took four days and four hours, with relatively few U.S. casualties. I can still remember watching with amazement on live TV as our "smart bombs" hit such specific targets that we could watch our missiles go through windows and down elevator shafts.
Unfortunately, the aggressor—Iraq's dictator Saddam Hussein—was allowed to withdraw his troops from Kuwait. He was neither punished nor pursued. Had he been, events since then in that war-torn region might be substantially different.
By the way, the next day the Dow Jones Industrial Average gained 4 percent, capping a 20 percent surge during the six-week Gulf War.
—Chip Wood


text:
15 U.S. Code § 1681k - Public record information for employment purposes
(a) In general
A consumer reporting agency which furnishes a consumer report for employment purposes and which for that purpose compiles and reports items of information on consumers which are matters of public record and are likely to have an adverse effect upon a consumer's ability to obtain employment shall—
(1) at the time such public record information is reported to the user of such consumer report, notify the consumer of the fact that public record information is being reported by the consumer reporting agency, together with the name and address of the person to whom such information is being reported; or
(2) maintain strict procedures designed to insure that whenever public record information which is likely to have an adverse effect on a consumer's ability to obtain employment is reported it is complete and up to date. For purposes of this paragraph, items of public record relating to arrests, indictments, convictions, suits, tax liens, and outstanding judgments shall be considered up to date if the current public record status of the item at the time of the report is reported.
(b) Exemption for national security investigations
Subsection (a) of this section does not apply in the case of an agency or department of the United States Government that seeks to obtain and use a consumer report for employment purposes, if the head of the agency or department makes a written finding as prescribed under section 1681b (b)(4)(A) of this title.
Source(Pub. L. 90–321, title VI, § 613, as added Pub. L. 91–508, title VI, § 601,Oct. 26, 1970, 84 Stat. 1133; amended Pub. L. 105–347, § 4(b),Nov. 2, 1998, 112 Stat. 3210.)
1998—Pub. L. 105–347designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsec. (b).
Effective Date of 1998 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 105–347deemed to have same effective date as amendments made by section 2403 ofPub. L. 104–208, see section 7 ofPub. L. 105–347, set out as a note under section 1681a of this title.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


text:
Neha Vapiwala, MD
Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania
Last Modified: November 13, 2003
Presenter: Jonathan A. Ledermann, MD
Affiliation: University College, London, UK/ MRC
The optimal second-line chemotherapy for platinum-sensitive patients with relapsed ovarian cancer is an issue of ongoing research. Despite advances in therapy over the years, there remain unacceptably high relapse rates in patients following initial chemotherapy. About half of relapsed patients are "platinum-sensitive", defined as relapsing after at least 9 months of platinum-based treatment. In contrast, those who relapse within 6-9 months of diagnosis are described as either primarily refractory or platinum-resistant. This study represents an international collaboration comparing paclitaxel in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy versus platinum-based chemotherapy alone in relapsed platinum-sensitive patients.
Total of 802 patients randomized
2/3 from MRC UK
1/4 from IRFMN, Italian group
remainder from AGO, German group
Randomized to receive one of two treatments:
Both arms well-balanced for various factors.
Performance status 0-1 = 93% overall
Previous carbo-taxane treatment = 1/3 overall
Previous carbo alone treatment = 1/3 overall
Previous taxane exposure = 43% overall
Only 1 previous line of chemo = 92%
Overall, 74% of patients received >/= 6 cycles (more of these patients came from experimental arm).
Protocol compliance:
arm 1 = 71%
arm 2 = 81%
Author's Conclusions:
Increase in overall and progression-free survival is seen with the use of paclitaxel in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy in platinum-sensitive patients with relapsed ovarian cancer.
No evidence suggesting differences between the two arms based on the following subgroup analyses: randomization group (MRC vs. Italy vs. AGO), time since completion of last chemotherapy, previous taxane exposure, age, performance status, and number of previous lines of chemo.
Scientific Implications:
The data presented here will likely have a significant impact on treatment decisions in this specific group of patients. It is noteworthy that the benefit in survival seen here with combination taxane-platinum conflicts with findings from an older trial (ICON 3), which showed no difference with taxanes as first-line therapy. There are several explanations for this. First, the two trials feature different patient poulations, as this study had a higher number of platinum-sensitive patients. Secondly, the relative proportion of tumor cells with p53 mutations is known to increase following first-line treatment, further making the current patient group different from that in ICON 3. Finally, as many as 75% of patients received >90% of the planned cisplatin dose, whereas only 40% did so in this study. Of note, an improvement in PFS (and possibly OS as the data matures) has been reported in the similarly-designed Spanish GEICO trial, reinforcing the importance of this treatment approach. The next stage might involve incorporation of biologic agents to the above combination regimen.


text:
|More Sizes: 12-pc., 8-pc.
See Full Calphalon Contemporary Nonstick Collection »
- Calphalon Contemporary Nonstick 11-pc. Cookware Set
- (226)
- $697.00$399.95
- Calphalon Contemporary Nonstick 13-in. Deep Skillet
- (58)
- $180.00$99.95
- Calphalon Contemporary Nonstick 8-pc. Cookware Set
- (226)
- $487.00$299.95
More Ideas For You
- Calphalon Contemporary Nonstick 11-pc. Cookware Set
- (226)
- $697.00$399.95
- Calphalon Contemporary Nonstick 12-pc. Cookware Set
- (226)
- $817.00$449.95
- Calphalon Commercial Hard-Anodized 13-pc. Cookware Set
- (137)
- $800.00$399.95
Calphalon Contemporary Nonstick 11-pc. Cookware Set
- Item No Longer Available
- Set Includes:
10" Omelette
12" Covered Omelette
1 1/2 qt. Sauce Pan & Cover
2 1/2 qt. Sauce Pan & Cover
3 qt. Saute Pan & Cover
8 qt. Stock Pot & Cover
- 10" Omelette
12" Covered Omelette
1 1/2 qt. Sauce Pan & Cover
2 1/2 qt. Sauce Pan & Cover
3 qt. Saute Pan & Cover
8 qt. Stock Pot & Cover
- Calphalon Contemporary Nonstick combines durability and performance with fast clean-up and easy low-fat cooking.
- Heavy-gauge aluminum for even heating
- Multi-layer nonstick for lasting release
- Oven safe to 450°F
- Stay-cool handles
- The perfect choice for today's kitchen, Calphalon Contemporary Nonstick combines contemporary design with multi-layer nonstick for ultra-durability.
- Item #: 1775823
- Surface: Nonstick
- Cover: Tempered Glass
- Handle: Cast, brushed, stainless steel
- Dishwasher Safe: No
- Broiler Safe: No
- Oven Safe 450°F / 230°C
- Freezer Safe: No
- Cleaning: Before usinng cookware for the first time, wash in hot, sudsy water with a nylon sponge or non-abrasive pad. Allow to cool before cleaning. Never immerse a hot pan in cold water; doing so can cause irreparable warping. Not dishwasher safe.
- Utensils: Nylon, coated or wooden
- Recommended Stove Tops: Gas, Ceramic, Electric, and Halogen
Calphalon will replace any item found defective in material or workmanship when put to normal household use and cared for according to the instructions. Minor imperfections, surface markings as a result of shipping, and slight color variations are normal. This excludes damage from misuse or abuse, such as improper cleaning, neglect, accident, alteration, fire, theft, or use in a commercial establishment.
Purchased this set at Macy's and received a free piece from the Unison collection. The skillets, in particular, warped on the bottom very quickly. The now rock on the glass cooktop which causes very uneven cooking and heating. The non-stick surface failed on the larger saucepan and lots of steam seems to escape around the edge of the lids. However, I'm crazy about the Unison dutch oven piece that was a gift with purchase. Fabulous! Even cooking, heavy bottom with no warping issues, etc. and so I'm going to give Calphalon one more try. I'm replacing my Contemporary collection with pieces from the Unison collection. Hopefully, the other pieces will perform as nicely as the Dutch Oven piece has.
- No,
- I do not recommend this product.
Great pans
I have only had the pans for less than a month, but already I can see the difference in the quality of food coming off my stove. Clean up is super easy with these pans. It was almost just as easy and wiping them down with a cloth and hanging them back up on my pot rack.
I would suggest that anyone who is on the fence about these just take the plunge. You won't be disappointed.
- Yes,
- I recommend this product.
- Yes,
- I recommend this product.
Great Cookware
My wife and I purchased the Calphalon Contemporary Nonstick cookware set back in 2008. After a year or so of heavy use the top nonstick coating started to diminish.
Upset over not being able to cook with the pans, we decided to try the manufacturer warranty. The pans were replaced with no questions asked.
It has now been another year or so, and we found ourselves in the same situation. The top nonstick coating on the pan was gone.
Calphalon, again with no questions asked replaced the pans again for us.
Some of you might be thinking that the quality of the product is poor. However, the pans are excellent! They perform perfectly. My wife and I just wear them out through multiple uses per day.
My wife and I wanted to say thanks for being so easy to deal with, and you now have a customer for life.
- Yes,
- I recommend this product.


text:
Prices and availability are subject to change from the time and date that you print this page.
10/13/2015 5:04:12 AM. For Customer Service, please call 800.967.6696
The Story
Store a stack of leftovers or premeasured ingredients in these convenient clear glass bowls. Bowls have a finished look without lids, suitable for table service. Sold as a set of four. Bowls nest when not in use (see additional photos).
Details and Dimensions
Set of four round bowls with lids: 12 oz. to 100 oz. 9.25" dia. x 4"H
- Airtight plastic lids preserve freshness
- Lead-free glass
- Microwave -, freezer- and dishwasher-safe bowls
- Top-rack dishwasher-safe storage lids
- Do not use in microwave with lids
- Do not use in oven
- Made in Italy
Item Number: 388480SB4921800
Medium: 25OzHeight: 2.5" Diameter: 6" Small: 12OzHeight: 2" Diameter: 4.75" Large: 48OzHeight: 3.25" Diameter: 7.25" Extra Large: 100OzHeight: 4" Diameter: 9.25"
- Avoid severe temperature change; bring to room temperature.
- Never transfer a cold container directly to oven/microwave.
- Do not place hot container on wet or cold surface.
- Do not add liquid to very hot or very cold dish.
- If the glass is chipped or cracked, discard immediately.
Return/Exchange Policy
We will accept returns and exchanges of non-furniture items if:
- Non-furniture items are returned within 90 days of customer receipt.
- A valid proof of purchase is provided (see below).
- Non-furniture items are returned in good condition—unused and unwashed.
If you discover an item has a manufacturer's defect or was damaged during transit, we will accept the item for return or exchange with proof of purchase. Without proof of purchase, the item can be exchanged only for the same item. A valid photo ID is required.
We are unable to accept any items for return or exchange without proof of purchase. Items purchased as final sale cannot be returned, exchanged or repaired.
Items must be returned to the store brand where the purchase originated or by mail (if the item was ordered online or by phone and received by mail). Purchases made outside the U.S. may only be returned to the purchase location.


text:
- Get Involved
- News
- Education & Events
- Publications & Research
- Marketplace
- Jobs
- Membership
- Accreditation
- About ACA
Meet the ACA, Texoma Leadership Council
ACA, Texoma is looking for volunteers, looking for people who want to make a contribution to the camp industry by serving on committees, task force groups, as visitors in the accreditation program, mentors, and on the ACA, Texoma Leadership Council.
What are the benefits of service to the camp community?
Most individuals who already serve know perfectly well what they are doing and why they want to continue doing it. However, there are others who are too shy to join a board or who need someone else to tell them why it makes sense. Here are some reasons why people join ... from boardsource.org:
- They know their skills are needed.
- A nonprofit is going to improve and will benefit from their contributions.
- There is a possibility to effect change in an organization.
- They will feel good by doing good.
- They enjoy collaborating with interesting people who have the same interests and values.
- They want to learn new skills.
- They enjoy being recognized for their efforts.
- They want to give back to the community.
- They have found a new reason to live productively.
- They want to have an impact.
- It can be fun.
If this speaks to you, speak to us about opportunities to serve:
- Complete the survey
- Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
- Call: 765-349-3528


text:
BROOKLYN PARK, Md. (WUSA) -- A Severn, Md. man remains in critical condition after being struck on Ritchie Highway northbound at Camrose Avenue on Thursday morning.
Anne Arundel County police say they have identified the driver who hit 57-year-old Michael J. Diegel at approximately 12:37 a.m. They say Robin Lynn Sears of Baltimore was driving the van that hit Diegel and then drove off, leavingDiegel lying in a northbound lane.
Police believe that the vehicle was traveling north on Ritchie Highway when it struck Diegel. Diegel was wearing dark-colored clothing and appears to have been walking in the road outside of the crosswalk.
Police identified Sears during the evidence collection process. She is charged with failing to immediately return and remain at the scene of an accident involving bodily injury.
If you have any information about the hit and run crash, please call 410-222-8573.


text:
Watch "Fareed Zakaria GPS" Sundays at 10 a.m. and 1 p.m. ET on CNN.
From Global Public Square staff
The recent school shooting in Connecticut looked like a tipping point in U.S. public consciousness.
Americans have been asking themselves some tough questions: why does this happen so often and so much more in America than in other countries? What does gun violence say about us as Americans and what measures can we put in place to stop it?
A similar bout of public soul-searching was on display in India recently. Across the country, tens of thousands of people took to the streets to express outrage over the rape and death of one unnamed woman.
The national attention over her death is shedding light on how unsafe Indian women actually are. According to the national crime records bureau, there were more than 24,000 registered rapes in 2011. That's one rape every 22 minutes in India. And those are just the ones we know about. By some accounts, only a tenth of all such crimes in India actually get reported.
Why such a shockingly high rate of violent crime? Indians are debating the reasons.
The reality is this: This is one more example of a government that simply does not deliver. India has a broken public safety system, little to no public surveillance and CCTV systems, and a corrupt police force.
According to the U.N.'s Office on Drugs and Crime, South Asia has one of the lowest ratios of police officers to civilians in the world. It also has among the fewest prosecutors as a percentage of the population.
There could be other factors. India has a demographic crisis. According to its 2011 census, there are only 9 women for every 10 men in urban India. That's one of the worst sex ratios, and that doesn't happen naturally. It happens because tens of thousands of Indians opt for abortions if they know they're having a daughter.
But these conditions are not unique. Some of them exist elsewhere, too. Perhaps, most of all, rape happens so often in India simply because it is allowed to happen. There is a culture of impunity. After 600 rape cases reported in Delhi last year, only one has led to a conviction.
That's why the current set of sustained protests are something of a silver lining.
People are genuinely upset. The rise of India's middle class has activated a powerful civil society. One that is now demanding better government. It did so a year ago regarding corruption.
Now it's asking for basic rights for women. In a way, this is India's Arab Spring. But it needs to sustain itself and to lead to real reform and change. This Indian spring will only work out better than the Arab Spring if its national leaders recognize the need for radical and thorough change in their country.
– India in 2013: Another year of paralysis?
– 'She could have been me' | End culture of rape
– Women's power: A story with a sharp divide
Definitely not an indian arab spring. We are not fighting for freedom or liberty both of which we have had for millennia (except briefly when we were ruled by the british). Our democracy (inspite of all its corruption and nepotism) is still better than many so called democracies that the US has helped develop in the middle east and in Pakistan(if you can call that a democracy). Hence not an Arab Spring.. but perhaps an awakening of the soul and rewriting our moral codes on which our society needs to develop further on. So in that respect, we can call it a Male awakening.
Who are we kidding! India is no democracy. All these years after independence, we are still ruled by the one family. With over a billion citizens, dont we have a single capable person other than Rahul Gandhi who can lead our country out of corruption and poverty in the new century?
We are better than a lot of countries , true! But do we want to compare ourselves to the likes of Pakistan? I think not. I look forward to the day we become a true and mature democracy. I look forward to a day when Manmohan Singh can do his job without being a hand puppet of Sonia Gandhi!
You are right in that the true comparison of India is to the likes of Bangladesh.
The real risk in an Indian "Arab Spring" is war with Pakistan when the protests and response turns ugly, which it will.
The problem is that Pakistan has a 3 second strategy to strike and wipe out India.
India has failed as a nation.Does not contribute enough to world prosperity. Darwinism imples implosion of India.


text:
Archive for the 'Tyrrell P34' tag
Cars of Futures Past – 1976 Tyrrell P34
Jody Scheckter drives the Elf-Tyrrell P34 at the 1976 German Grand Prix. Photo courtesy Lothar Spurzem.
In Formula 1, arguably racing's highest level of evolution, the difference between victory and defeat is often measured in fractions of a second. This has been the case for most of the sport's history, and history shows that the most successful teams are those unafraid to innovate in order to gain a competitive advantage, no matter how small. In the sport's modern era, perhaps no team better illustrates this risk-reward principle than Elf-Tyrrell, which stunned the sporting world with its radical six-wheel, four-in-the-front P34 Formula 1 car in the fall of 1975.
The development of such a design dates back to 1968, when engineer Derek Gardner was struggling to overcome the handling difficulties of the gas-turbine-powered, four-wheel-drive Lotus 56. Rather than limit himself to more traditional solutions, Gardner envisioned a car that utilized four small front wheels instead of two conventionally sized ones. Such a layout would potentially offer three benefits: Even though smaller front tires were used, their contact patch would be larger; the brakes (assuming one was fitted to each front wheel) would have more swept area; and smaller front wheels would generate less lift, requiring less downforce to provide grip in corners. On paper, such a car seemed faster and easier to control, but the proof of Gardner's theories would have to wait; by the time Gardner submitted a design proposal to Andy Granatelli (whose team had taken over development of the gas-turbine cars), USAC was poised to ban the unconventional racers.
In 1974, Gardner, then chief designer for F1's Elf-Tyrrell team, proposed a radical replacement for the squad's aging 007 chassis. To overcome the lack of advantage inherent in a sport where most competitors were using the same engine (then the Ford Cosworth V-8 DFV), same gearbox and same (sole-supplier) Goodyear tires, Gardner pitched his six-wheel concept to Kenn Tyrrell. To become F1's dominant team, Gardner estimated he'd need to find the equivalent of 50 horsepower, and he believed the lesser downforce required by his radical design would deliver just that.
The 1977 Elf-Tyrrell P34 climbs the Goodwood hill. Photo courtesy Matthew Exley.
Approval was given to create a prototype, consisting of a Tyrrell 007 chassis with a revised front end. As this would be such a radical departure from conventional thought, a new name was given to the experimental car as well; instead of calling it the Tyrrell 008, it was named the Tyrrell Project 34 (quickly shortened to P34). Tire manufacturer Goodyear, then the sole supplier to F1, agreed to produce the required 10-inch rubber, and the new design was revealed to an astounded motoring press on September 22, 1975. Naturally, the line of questioning soon turned to "does this design work," but Tyrrell was tight-lipped about testing successes and failures. Perhaps hedging its bets, Tyrrell called the car "an experiment in F1 design."
Truthfully, testing of the P34 prototype wasn't going well at all, largely due to the fact that the 007 chassis and aerodynamics were never developed to work with such a radical front end. Though development work at Silverstone revealed how far the team was from having a competitive race car, it also proved that Gardner's theories about contact patch, brake swept area and tire lift were correct. When this was demonstrated, the team focused all of its effort on producing a race-ready P34 for the 1976 season.
One particularly troubling phenomenon observed by Gardner at Silverstone was due to the diminutive size of the front tires. For each rotation of the conventionally sized rears, the fronts completed 1.6 rotations; at an indicated speed of 200 MPH, this meant that the front tires were traveling at a hard-to-comprehend 320 MPH. The forces created by such high speeds reportedly caused the front tires to grow, nearly separating them from the wheels (though, oddly, without a loss in pressure). To nobody's surprise, tire wear was far greater on the fronts as well, and brake cooling became an issue that would haunt the team throughout the life of the P34.
Development delays forced Elf-Tyrrell to begin the 1976 season with 1975's 007 chassis, but by the fourth race of the year in Jarama, Spain, a single P34 was ready for its debut. Driven by Patrick Depailler, the car qualified third on the grid but retired on lap 26 with brake overheating issues. More significantly, the unconventional P34 had out-qualified the other team car, a 007 driven by Jody Scheckter, which qualified 14th. By the next race in Belgium, a second P34 was readied for Scheckter, who would go on to rack up the car's very first finish (a respectable fourth place). Though both drivers scored numerous podium finishes in the P34 throughout the 1976 season, the car's crowning achievement came in Sweden, the seventh race of the season; there, Scheckter took the win, followed by Depailler in second.
As the season progressed, it became apparent that Goodyear wasn't putting much effort into developing 10-inch front tires for the P34, and Gardner estimated that front tire compounds and construction lagged behind rear tire evolution by some six months. From Goodyear's perspective, this was, perhaps, understandable; Tyrrell represented the only team requiring the unusual front tires, limiting the urgency of developing such a specialized product in a timely manner. Brake overheating continued to be an issue throughout 1976, and no attempted solution worked to solve the problem. Worse, most just added additional weight to a car that was, by F1 standards of the day, already overweight.
Despite the P34's teething problems, Scheckter managed a third-place finish in the 1976 driver points race, followed by Depailler in fourth. Their performance was good enough to place Tyrrell third in manufacturer's points, a remarkable achievement considering how revolutionary the P34 was for its time. Still, Gardner knew there was much work to be done to transform the P34 into a consistent winner in 1977, and testing of new designs began almost immediately after the 1976 season ended.
The "modern" P34's front wheels. Photo courtesy Craig Morey.
Newly gained sponsorship from First National City Traveler's Checks allowed Tyrrell to construct a research and development facility at Ockham, Surrey, England, and the team soon recruited Dr. Karl Kempf from Goodyear. His assigned role would be ground-breaking: Build a mathematical model of the P34 so that changes to its design could be "mocked up" and tested via computer, instead of the usual on-track trial-and-error process employed by other teams. Fitted with the most sophisticated electronics and sensors available, the data provided by the P34 (when the sensors functioned properly) helped form the basis of modern F1 car development.
Initially, the updated P34 showed promise. Thanks in part to heavily revised (and far more aerodynamic) bodywork, Depailler turned a testing lap at Circuit Paul Ricard that was a full second faster than the track's existing F1 record. The performance was good enough for Ken Tyrrell to predict Depailler as world champion in 1977, though it was understood that his newly hired teammate, Ronnie Peterson, would take some time to get used to driving the P34.
The season's first race, Argentina, was hardly a high note for the team. Despite qualifying third, Depailler's day would end early with an engine overheating issue, while Peterson's day would end with a spin and off-track excursion. Things wouldn't improve much from this point, either: Out of 17 races, Depailler would finish just eight, managing just three podium finishes. Peterson would fare even worse, completing just six races with just a single podium to his credit. No matter how hard the team worked to resolve the issues, the P34 never managed to be a competitive car in 1977. As with the previous season, part of the blame fell on Goodyear, and by the Italian Grand Prix in Monza, it was estimated that the front tires were costing the team two seconds per lap. Tired of the criticism over his design, or perhaps weary of fighting a losing battle, Gardner parted ways with the team.
Brake assemblies on the "modern P34." Photo courtesy Rahul Nair.
At the end of the 1977 season, Tyrrell's two-year experiment with a six-wheeled Formula 1 car was over, but it's worth pointing out that other teams had tried, and would try, six-wheeled designs featuring four rear wheels. Though it couldn't be considered successful (at least not in its day), the P34 was hardly a failure: The science it brought to the construction of Formula 1 cars would be its legacy, so in that regard the car had more of a lasting impact on the sport than anybody realized at the time.
That's not the final chapter on the P34, either. In 1999, a surviving P34 chassis was purchased and updated to contemporary safety standards to compete in the FIA's Thoroughbred Grand Prix series. Via the use of modern components, brake cooling issues were quickly resolved, and tire manufacturer Avon agreed to supply the required 10-inch tires, now constructed with modern materials and compounds, created from the original Goodyear molds. The reinvigorated P34 was competitive from the first race, and in 2000 the car clinched the series championship. In 2008, a sister P34 took the championship in the Historic Formula One series (formerly the Thoroughbred Grand Prix series), further proving the merits of the car's design.
While F1 (and IndyCar) regulations now prohibit the use of such a radical design, it appears that Gardner's ideas had far more merit than anyone realized in the day. Had Goodyear been able to provide competitive tires, and had the team been able to sort the multiple cooling issues that plagued the P4 throughout its original career, today's Formula 1 grid may have looked quite a bit different.


text:
Moderators: Timko, Solty, Frank Delicious, Blake_T, Fritz, Booter
marmoset wrote:Rocksteady on a Rhyno, of course.
Bebop on a Pig?
Jesse B 707 wrote:nice, gotta wait until the star pig comes out though, the pro pig doesnt take dye for shit (i tried to dye one pink)
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 1 guest