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Candle March In Delhi To Mourn The Death Of Gang Rape Victim
People held candle march at Jantar Mantar to mourn the death of rape... News PhotoCandle,Child,Death,Delhi,Girls,Holding,Horizontal,India,Jantar Mantar - New Delhi,Mourning,New Delhi,People,Sexual Assault,Social Issues,VictimPhotographer Hindustan TimesCollection: Hindustan Times 2012 Hindustan TimesNEW DELHI, INDIA - DECEMBER 29: People held candle march at Jantar Mantar to mourn the death of rape victim girl, on December 29, 2012 in New Delhi, India. The girl died of injuries in Singapore hospital after brutally gang raped in a moving bus on December 16, in Delhi. (Photo by Virendra Singh Gosain/Hindustan Times via Getty Images)

subset: commoncrawl


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A new Gallup poll reveals that nearly one quarter of Americans believe that stricter gun laws could prevent mass shootings in the United States.
The survey, which was conducted after the Jan. 8 shooting in Tucson, Ariz., asked people to name the most important steps that could be taken in order to thwart similar tragedies in the future. Tougher gun control laws received 24 percent of the vote, while better mental health screening and support followed with 15 percent. A total of 8 percent said that there should be more extensive background checks for individuals who purchase firearms.
These results somewhat contradict a Jan. 11 USA Today/Gallup poll in which about 70 percent of respondents said that stricter gun laws would not have prevented the tragedy. Furthermore, a 2007 poll following the Virginia Tech shooting also revealed that a majority of Americans said that tougher firearm regulations would not have prevented the massacre.
A recent bipartisan poll shows that about 81 percent of gun owners support a requirement that all gun buyers pass a background check. The survey, which was conducted jointly by Democratic firm Momentum Analysis and Republican-backed American Viewpoint, also reveals that 90 percent of gun owners said that there should be an improvement in government databases that are designed to prevent potentially dangerous persons from buying weapons.


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Should we make a wiki of the fsm to keep our beliefs in check?
Besides, this forum is kinda empty. I know 2 forums, one of a dead toyline and another of a 2D flash game that are busier than us.
Moderator: All Things Mods
Nah, we got married on a Friday. It was dress-down day.Tigger_the_Wing wrote:P.P.S. I reckon Hubby's clan must be posher than your clan…
Roy Hunter wrote:I don't think a wiki is really appropriate for an intentionally disorganised and vague religion such as this. A wiki resembles a dictionary or an encyclopaedia: it is organised, cross-referenced, and reviewed for accuracy and consistency.
What FSMism needs is an online version of the notice board in the kitchen that has ten-year-old paintings from school on it, take-away menus, dental appointment cards, and Post-it notes that keep falling off (repositionable notes that gravity repositions down the back of the fridge). That is much more our sort of thing, I would reckon.
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By MICHAEL OVERSONSun Advocate reporter
Cory L. Duckworth is one of two finalists competing for the position of chancellor at the-soon-to-be campus of Utah State University College of Eastern Utah.
He brings to the table 25 years of higher education experience; 15 of those were involved in major decision making for several universities. He has held the position of chief advancement officer for four universities. A native of Magna, he was raised with the majority of his family working for Kennecott Copper.
He is a first generation college student and has a Bachelor of Arts from Utah State University. In addition he earned a Master of Arts from University of Utah as well as Juris Doctorate from University of Utah College of Law.
Some of his hobbies include hiking, camping in his travel trailer and playing racquetball. An outdoor enthusiast he is very interested in continuing the outdoor programs available at CEU.
During the student government section of his discussions on campus he addressed some concerns of the students including housing. If more students attend college in Price the residence halls will fill and the lack of rental properties in the community will become a big problem. Currently the vice-president of Academic Affairs at Utah Valley University he is experiencing having to work with private contractors to construct new buildings in an effort to keep up with the explosive growth of UVU.
Duckworth's outline for how he intends to lead the college started with his idea to develop the new USU-CEU culture. The new chancellor will take the reigns during the restructuring of administration, working firsthand with those administrators to better understand how to proceed with new appointments if necessary. Submitting dual reports was one concern raised by staff and faculty. Duckworth mentioned he has had to do this a number of times and wants the process to be smooth for faculty. Complete systems integration between the two institutions will be a long process.
"Getting it right the first time will reduce the headache in the long run," he said.
With CEU having a small campus and enrollment, that can work to the advantage of promoting the college. Small class sizes allow for more face time with instructors. One goal Duckworth has is to get faculty more involved in the recruitment process in an effort to increase enrollment. Having good programs here already and the new offerings of USU will be influential in drawing students to this campus.
Utah has some of the lowest tuition rates in the nation. Out of state tuition is on par with in-state rates in other areas. "Utah has an out of state tuition rate roughly 3.5 times the in-state rate. Here it's about $2,000 for a semester and out of state students will pay about $7,500. Go to a state like Michigan and their in-state rate is $7,500," he said.
With state money being pulled back from higher education the cost will ultimately come off of the students' backs. Receiving a world class education at a lower cost than other places is something that the college can take advantage of.
With tuition increases paid for by students the chancellor has to be the lead fundraiser on campus. Duckworth has experience fund raising, at one institution he had a goal of $24 million and met it three years later, exceeding the goal by seven million.
Trust is a big topic for Duckworth, trust between the community that growth for the college is something that will benefit the community as well. The college is the third largest employer in the area, Ann Evans of the Carbon County Chamber of Commerce said it would be unfortunate for the college to fold.
She also pointed out that over the last few years there has been a rift between the college and community. If Duckworth is appointed to the position he pledged to work towards the recognition and solution of the problems.
"It's time to move forward and look at things in a positive light. The decision has been made, now it's time to say okay what is the great opportunity that lies out there for us?" he questioned.
Duckworth noted that with the economy the way it is now it will be some time before Utah bounces back. "Utah has not been affected as dramatically as other states. It has also taken longer for Utah to feel the full force of the recession," he said.
"With that in mind it will be some time before Utah can climb out of the hole. Utah tends to lag behind the nation, it didn't hit as hard or fast and it will take longer to get out of it," he said. " think we have a couple more years before we get out. It's important for the chancellor to be able to come in and build the loyalty necessary to keep people here and make the decisions to keep this campus vibrant in this austere period of time."
Strong and stable enrollment is necessary for the success of USU-CEU. When the economy is bad enrollment declines.
He has worked with two universities experiencing sliding enrollment but was able to turn the trend around with the help of marketing professionals. "I have that experience and a sense of what it takes to accomplish that," he said.
Faculty and staff need to provide an incredible education experience that people want to be a part of. They need to realize they have a role to play in getting people to come here.
Getting everyone at the college to recruit and make it known that USU-CEU is focused on personal education is key according to Duckworth. Recruitment outside of Eastern Utah is key. Making USU-CEU's presence known is important in getting people to understand that they are serious about providing a positive place to receive an education. "If you don't have a lot of money for television, billboards and other advertising then you must focus on conversations. If we celebrate successes we have than more will come," he said.
He also added that the school needs to grow the local economy so when students graduate we don't ship them out. Duckworth was influential in starting Utah Summer Games in Cedar City.
That celebration brings in a lot of business to the area. The chancellor needs to understand not only CEU Price but also USU, and know the opportunities that are available and capitalize on them.
Trust is key, a lot of businesses fail because the trust isn't there. He hopes to establish relationships that bring resources to campus and benefit the community if he is chosen for the position.
"It's time to stop worrying about merging and focus on dreams and aspirations," he concluded.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|5 Nov 2009
|Priority date
|2 Oct 2006
|Publication number
|Paul N. Winberg, Dung T. Duong, Matthew R. Thomas, Elliot M. Pickering, Hyunchul Ko
|Original Assignee
|Illumitex, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (11), Classifications (8), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/075,972, entitled "SYSTEM AND METHODS FOR OPTICAL DEVICE SHAPING AND POLISHING" by inventor Winberg, filed Jun. 26, 2008. This application also claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. 120 as a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/906,194, entitled "LED SYSTEM AND METHOD" by inventors Duong et al., filed Oct. 1, 2007, and as a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/906,219, entitled "LED SYSTEM AND METHOD", by inventors Duong et al., filed Oct. 1, 2007, each of which claim priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/827,818, entitled "SHAPED LIGHT EMITTING DIODES", by inventors Duong et al., filed Oct. 2, 2006, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/881,785, entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR A SHAPED SUBSTRATE LED", by inventors Duong et al., filed Jan. 22, 2007. Each of the above referenced applications is hereby fully incorporated by reference herein.
This disclosure regards optical devices and in particular light emitting diodes ("LEDs"). More particularly, this disclosure relates to polishing optical devices.
Light emitting diodes ("LEDs") are ubiquitous in electronics. They are used in digital displays, lighting systems, computers and televisions, cellular telephones and a variety of other devices. Developments in LED technology have led to methods and systems for the generation of white light using one or more LEDs. Developments in LED technology have led to LEDs that generate more photons and thus more light than previously. The culmination of these two technological developments is that LEDs are being used to supplement or replace many conventional lighting sources, e.g. incandescent, fluorescent or halogen bulbs, much as the transistor replaced the vacuum tube in computers.
LEDs are produced in a number of colors including red, green and blue. One method of generating white light involves the use of red, green and blue LEDs in combination with one another. A lighting source that is made of combinations of red, green and blue (RGB) LEDs will produce what is perceived as white light by the human eye. This occurs because the human eye has three types of color receptors, with each type sensitive to either blue, green or red colors.
A second method of producing white light from LED sources is to create light from a single-color (e.g. blue), short wavelength LED, and impinge a portion of that light onto phosphor or similar photon conversion material. The phosphor absorbs the higher energy, short wavelength light waves, and re-emits lower energy, longer wavelength light. If a phosphor is chosen that emits light in the yellow region (between green and red), for example, the human eye perceives such light as white light. This occurs because the yellow light stimulates both the red and green receptors in the eye. Other materials, such as nano-particles or other similar photo-luminescent materials, may be used to generate white light in much the same way.
White light may also be generated utilizing an ultraviolet (UV) LED and three separate RGB phosphors. White light may also be generated from a blue LED and a yellow LED and may also be generated utilizing blue, green, yellow and red LEDs in combination.
Current industry practice for construction of LEDs is to use a substrate (typically either single-crystal Sapphire or Silicon Carbide), onto which is deposited layers of materials such as GaN or InGaN. One or more layers (e.g. GaN or InGaN) may allow photon generation and current conduction. Typically, a first layer of Gallium Nitride (GaN) is applied to the surface of the substrate to form a transition region from the crystal structure of the substrate to the crystal structure of doped layers allowing for photon generation or current conduction. This is typically followed by an N-doped layer of GaN. The next layer can be an InGaN, AlGaN, AlInGaN or other compound semiconductor material layer that generates photons and that is doped with the needed materials to produce the desired wavelength of light. The next layer is typically a P doped layer of GaN. This structure is further modified by etching and deposition to create metallic sites for electrical connections to the device.
During the operation of an LED, as in a traditional diode, extra electrons move from an N-type semiconductor to electron holes in a P-type semiconductor. In an LED, photons are released in the compound semiconductor layer to produce light during this process.
In a typical manufacturing process, the substrate is fabricated in wafer form and the layers are applied to a surface of the wafer. Once the layers are doped or etched and all the features have been defined using the various processes mentioned, the individual LEDs are separated from the wafer. The LEDs are typically square or rectangular with straight sides. This can cause significant efficiency losses and can cause the emitted light to have a poor emission pattern. A separate optical device, such as a plastic dome, is often placed over the LED to achieve a more desirable output.
This disclosure relates to polishing optical devices to increase light extraction. In particular, the optical device can include sidewalls shaped to direct more light to the exit face of the optical device using total internal reflection while preventing or minimizing total internal reflection at the exit face. Additionally, the optical device can include an exit face with sufficient area to conserve radiance. Various methods can be used to polish the sidewalls of the optical device to a desired degree of polish to promote internal reflection at the sidewalls.
According to one embodiment, a method can comprise providing an unpolished substrate portion of an optical device and polishing the unpolished substrate portion to form a polished substrate portion. According to one embodiment, the exit face of the substrate portion of the optical device can have at least 70% of a minimum area necessary to conserve radiance for a desired half-angle of light projected from the optical device. The set of sidewalls of the shaped substrate portion of the optical device can be positioned and shaped to cause at least a majority of rays having a straight transmission path from the interface to that sidewall to reflect to the exit face with an angle of incidence at the exit face at less than or equal to a critical angle at the exit face. It should be noted that while the sidewalls can be shaped to cause a particular percentage of light to reflect to the interface, such reflection, in some cases, may not occur without adequate polishing. While the degree of polishing can be selected to maximize internal reflection at the sidewalls, the degree of polishing can also be selected to allow for some loss of light at the sidewalls. In one embodiment, the sidewalls are polished to have a roughness average of less than 100 nanometers, even more particularly less than 50 nanometers and even more particularly less than 20 nanometers.
A more complete understanding of the embodiments and the advantages thereof may be acquired by referring to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like reference numbers indicate like features and wherein:
The disclosure and various features and advantageous details thereof are explained more fully with reference to the exemplary, and therefore non-limiting, embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings and detailed in the following description. Descriptions of known starting materials and processes may be omitted so as not to unnecessarily obscure the disclosure in detail. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples, while indicating the preferred embodiments, are given by way of illustration only and not by way of limitation. Various substitutions, modifications, additions and/or rearrangements within the spirit and/or scope of the underlying inventive concept will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure.
As used herein, the terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "has," "having" or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, product, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, process, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, "or" refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).
Additionally, any examples or illustrations given herein are not to be regarded in any way as restrictions on, limits to, or express definitions of, any term or terms with which they are utilized. Instead these examples or illustrations are to be regarded as being described with respect to one particular embodiment and as illustrative only. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that any term or terms with which these examples or illustrations are utilized encompass other embodiments as well as implementations and adaptations thereof which may or may not be given therewith or elsewhere in the specification and all such embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of that term or terms. Language designating such non-limiting examples and illustrations includes, but is not limited to: "for example," "for instance," "e.g.," "in one embodiment," and the like. Furthermore, while the example of an LED with a sapphire substrate is used, embodiments can apply to other optical devices that utilize a substrate to guide or gather light and use other substrate materials including, but not limited to, silicon carbide, glass, diamond or other substrate material known or developed in the art.
Reference is now made in detail to the exemplary embodiments of the disclosure, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, like numerals will be used throughout the drawings to refer to like and corresponding parts (elements) of the various drawings.
Various methods can be used to shape a substrate material into in the substrate portion of an optical device or the substrate portions of multiple optical devices. Each substrate portion can be shaped to be within an acceptable tolerance of the desired shape. However, many shaping methods leave the sidewalls with small defects, a frosted glass appearance or other features that scatter light, cause refraction or otherwise reduce reflection. Accordingly, the substrate material can be polished using various polishing methods.
The substrate material can be provided for polishing as a portion of a wafer that has been shaped into substrate portions for multiple optical devices or as a substrate portions for a single optical device. In one embodiment, the unpolished substrate portion of each optical device corresponds to a substrate portion having an exit face, a set of sidewalls and an interface. The exit face can have a select size and the sidewalls can be shaped and positioned to cause at least a majority of rays having a straight transmission path from the interface to that sidewall to reflect to the exit face with an angle of incidence at the exit face at less than or equal to a critical angle at the exit face. However, the unpolished sidewalls may reduce reflection so that the desired amount of reflection is not achieved by the unpolished sidewalls. Various polishing methods can be applied to polish the sidewalls to a desired degree of polish. Additionally, the polishing methods can shape the sidewalls to bring the substrate material to within a closer tolerance of the desired shape.
Thus, shaping and polishing methods can thus be applied to bring a substrate material to within a manufacturing tolerance of a select substrate shape with a select degree of polish.
Embodiments of shaped substrate LEDs may be shaped so as to increase or shape the light emission from the LED. According to one embodiment, the substrate is shaped so that all or a supermajority of the light generated by the quantum well region of the LED is transmitted out the exit face of the substrate of the LED. To this end, the exit face can be sized to take into account principles of conservation of radiance. In one embodiment, the exit face may be the minimum size that allows all or a supermajority of the light entering the substrate through the interface between the quantum well region and the substrate (that is, the interface to a non-substrate layer that receives light generated in the light emitting region) to exit the exit face, thereby combining the desire to conserve radiance with the desire to reduce size, particularly the size of the exit face. Additionally, the sidewalls of the substrate may be shaped so that reflection or total internal reflection ("TIR") causes light beams incident on substrate sidewalls to reflect towards the exit face and be incident on the exit face with an angle less than or equal to the critical angle. Consequently, light loss due to TIR at the exit face is reduced or eliminated. In a further embodiment, to insure that light striking a sidewall is reflected within the substrate and does not pass through the sidewall, a sidewall or sidewalls of a substrate may also be coated with a reflective material that reflects light to prevent the exitance of light through the sidewall.
While the etendue equation shows that theoretically 100% of the light that passes from the quantum well region of the LED into the substrate of the LED can exit the substrate through the exit face, various embodiments may cause lesser amounts of light to exit the exit face while still providing significant improvements over prior LED light emissions. For example, light emitted from the exit surface of the LED may be emitted from the exit surface with a cone half angle of 10-60 degrees with approximately 79% efficiency (there is approximately a 21% efficiency loss due to fresnel losses for a silicon carbide substrate material of 2.73 index of refraction) with a desired intensity profile, exitance profile or other light output profile.
Fresnel losses (e.g. losses at the interface between two mediums such as at the exit face of an LED and air or other medium) occur when light traverses from a medium of higher index to a medium of lower index. Normal incident fresnel losses are described by the equation:
wherein N1 and N2 are the indices of refraction of the two mediums. As an example, for an LED having a silicon carbide substrate, N1=2.73 (approximate IOR of silicon carbide), N2=1 (approximate IOR of air), yielding Fresnel losses of approximately 21.5%. If the LED utilizes GaN in the quantum well region, Fresnel losses at the interface between the quantum well region (N1=2.49) and the silicon carbide substrate (N2=2.73) will be 0%. Fresnel losses at the exit face to air interface may be reduced or overcome with anti-reflective coatings.
The size of the exit face of an LED substrate can be selected to conserve radiance. The passage of light along an optic path, either within a single medium or from one medium to another, is governed by the law of Conservation of Radiance, also referred to as the Brightness Theorem, which is expressed by the Etendue equation:
Φ1=light flux (lumens) of region 1
N1=IOR of medium of region 1
A1=area of entrance to region 1
Ω1=solid angle (steradians) that fully contains the light of region 1
Φ2=light flux (lumens) of region 2
N2=IOR of medium of region 2
A2=area of entrance to region 2
Ω2=solid angle (steradians) that fully contains the light of region 2
The area of the exit face of a shaped substrate can be selected to conserve radiance of light entering the substrate from the quantum wells for a desired half angle. Consequently, light can be emitted in a desired half angle with high efficiency. This is unlike traditional LEDs that both emit light with a half angle that is undesirable for many applications, therefore requiring additional optical devices to shape the light; and, emit a significant percentage of light through the sidewalls because the exit face is not large enough to conserve radiance; while also suffering absorption losses due to the light never escaping the substrate.
Furthermore, the passage of light from a medium of one index of refraction to a medium of a different IOR is governed by Snell's Law. Snell's law defines the relationship between the angle of approach of a light ray as measured from the normal to the interface surface, and the angle of departure of that ray from the interface, as a function of the indices of refraction of both media.
Snell's Law:N 1 sin(Θ1)=N 2 sin(Θ2) [EQN. 2]
Θ1=angle of incidence of ray approaching interface surface
N1=IOR of medium 1
Θ2=angle of refraction of ray departing interface surface
N2=IOR of medium 2
In the case of the passage of light from a medium of higher IOR to a medium of lower IOR, the maximum angle at which a light ray may strike the interface surface between the media and still pass through the interface is called the critical angle. Fundamentally, light originating from the medium of higher IOR must approach the media interface at angles not exceeding the critical angle if the light is to pass through the interface and into the medium of lower IOR. For example, in an LED comprised of a substrate and a quantum well region, the substrate medium and the quantum well medium may form an interface that light generated by the quantum well regions traverses. Rays that approach at angles greater than the critical angle will be reflected back within the medium of higher IOR at the interface between the media and will not pass into the medium of lower IOR. This is referred to as total internal reflection ("TIR").
In a typical GaN LED, the quantum well region has an IOR of approximately 2.49. When these layers are constructed on a sapphire substrate with an IOR of 1.77, the light that can be transmitted into the sapphire is inherently limited by the application of Snell's law and the Brightness Theorem. For LEDs with a substrate of silicon carbide, which may have an IOR of approximately 2.73, the quantum well region has a lower IOR (e.g. approximately 2.49) than the silicon carbide, and therefore Snell's law does not prohibit any of the generated light from passing into the silicon carbide.
In traditional LEDs, a significant portion of light encountering a substrate to air interface will be trapped in the substrate due to TIR. In some cases, a separate optical device (e.g. a solid plastic dome or lens) is used to increase the IOR of the medium into which light passes from the substrate, reducing TIR in the substrate. These separate optical devices may still suffer from losses due to TIR, and the extraction efficiency of domes remains relatively low. Moreover, the use of a dome requires additional steps in manufacturing after the LED is formed. Embodiments of shaped substrate LEDs, on the other hand, can be shaped to minimize or eliminate light loss due to TIR at the exit face of the substrate. According to one embodiment, the exit face of the substrate can be spaced from the interface with the quantum well region by a distance so that none of the rays with a direct transmission path to the exit face experience TIR at the exit face. Additionally, the sidewalls can be shaped to reflect rays encountering the sidewalls to the exit face with an angle of incidence at the exit face that is not greater than the critical angle, thus allowing all internally reflected rays to exit the exit face of the LED substrate as well.
Φ1=light flux traversing interface 50;
Φ2=light flux exiting exit face 55, Φ1=Φ2 for conservation of brightness;
Ω1=effective solid angle whereby light traverses interface 50;
Ω2=effective solid angle whereby light leaves exit face 55;
A1=area of interface 50;
A2=area of exit face 55;
n1=refractive index of material of substrate 10;
n2=refractive index of substance external to substrate 10 (e.g. air or other medium).
A2 represents the minimum surface area of exit face 55 such that light is conserved per the above equation.
Assume, for example: quantum well region 15 forms a 1 mm square so that interface 50 has an area approximately 1 mm square, n1=1.77, n2=1, Ω1=3, Ω2=1, then A2 must be at least 9.3987 mm2 to conserve radiance (i.e. the minimum size of exit face 55 so that all of the light traversing interface 50 can be emitted from exit face 55 for a desired half angle). While in this example the effective solid angles are given, methods for determining Ω1 and Ω2 for a desired half angle are discussed below in conjunction with
A2 according to EQN. 1 is the minimum possible size for a given output cone angle or Emission Half Angle to conserve radiance. Consequently, to conserve radiance, A2 should be at least the size determined from EQN. 1, but may be larger. For example, A2 may be made slightly larger to compensate for tolerances in the manufacturing process, errors in the size or shape of quantum well region 15 or other factors.
In the case where A2 is made larger than the value determined by equation 1, flux will be conserved, but exitance (defined as flux per unit area) may be reduced from the maximum attainable value.
To reduce the area of the exit face, however, it may be preferable that A2 be as small as possible. For example, A2 may be within 5% of the minimum area needed to conserve radiance. If some light power (luminous flux) may be sacrificed, A2 can be smaller than the size dictated by the conservation of radiance. As one example, for one embodiment having a 1 mm by 1 mm square interface 50, exit face 55 can be 2.5 mm2 to 5 mm2 (e.g., 4.62 mm2). As another example, for an embodiment having 0.3 mm�0.3 mm interface 50, exit face 55 can be 0.2 mm2 to 0.5 mm2 (e.g., 0.42 mm2). It should be noted, however, the size ranges provided in the previous examples are provided by way of example only, and various embodiments can have a variety of sizes smaller than or greater than the example ranges. In one embodiment, however, A2 is at least 70% of the value as determined by EQN. 1. Furthermore, the shape of exit face 55 may be different than that of interface 50.
The distance between interface 50 and exit face 55 of substrate 10—referred to as the "height" herein, though the distance may extend in other directions than the vertical—may be selected to reduce or minimize TIR of light rays traveling directly from interface 50 to exit surface 55. TIR occurs when light is incident on the surface with an angle of incidence greater that critical angle, which is defined by:
n 1 sin(θc)=n 2 sin(90) [EQN. 2]
where n1=IOR of substrate 10;
n2=IOR of the medium external to the exit face of substrate 10 (e.g., air or other substance); and
θc=the critical angle.
For example, if n1=1.77 and n2=1, then θc=34.4 degrees. Accordingly, the height of substrate 10 can be selected to limit the critical angle of rays incident on exit surface 55 to a range between normal to exit surface 55 and less than or equal to the critical angle.
Referring to
The limiting ray for selecting height, according to one embodiment, is the ray that travels the longest straight line distance from interface 50 to exit face 55 and is incident on exit face 55 at the critical angle. There may be more than one ray that can be selected as the limiting ray. In a square or rectangular configuration this is the ray that enters substrate 10 at a corner of interface 50 and travels in a straight line to the diagonally opposite corner of exit face 55 such that the ray would be incident on exit face 55 at the critical angle.
Returning to
Broadly speaking, the sidewall shapes are determined so that any ray incident on a sidewall is reflected to exit face 55 and is incident on exit face 55 at the critical angle or less (i.e., so that there is no loss due to internal reflection at exit face 55). This is shown in
Turning to
According to one embodiment, each sidewall can be divided into n facets with each facet being a planar section. For example, sidewall 100 is made of fifteen planar facets 102 a-102 o rather than a continuous curve. The variables of each facet can be iteratively adjusted and the resulting distribution profiles analyzed until a satisfactory profile is achieved as described below. While the example of fifteen facets is used, each sidewall can be divided into any number of facets, including twenty or more facets. In another embodiment, the sidewall can be divided into as few as three facets as described below.
Each facet can be analyzed with respect to reflecting a certain subset of rays within a substrate. This area of interest can be defined as an "angular subtense." The angular subtense for a facet may be defined in terms of the angles of rays emanating from a predefined point. The point selected can be one that will give rays with the highest angles of incidence on the facet because such rays are the least likely to experience TIR at the facet. In a substrate with a square shaped interface area, for example, this will be a point on the opposite edge of the interface.
According to one embodiment, for a selected A1, A2, and height, the maximum of angle 95 of any ray that will be incident on a given sidewall (e.g., sidewall 100) without being previously reflected by another sidewall can be determined. In this example, ray 110 emanating from point 115 establishes the maximum angle 95 for sidewall 100. If the maximum of angle 95 is 48 degrees and there are 15 facets for sidewall 100, each facet (assuming an even distribution of angular subtenses) will correspond to a 3.2 degree band of angle 95 (e.g., a first facet will be the area on which rays emanating from point 115 with an angle 95 of 0-3.2 degrees are incident, the second facet will be the area on which rays emanating at point 115 with an angle 95 of 3.2-6.4 degrees are incident, and so on).
For each facet, the exit angle, facet size, tilt angle, or other parameter of the facet can be set so that all rays incident on the facet experience TIR and are reflected to exit surface 55 such that they are incident on exit surface 55 with an angle of incidence of less than or equal to the critical angle. The sidewalls can also be shaped so that a ray viewed in a cross-sectional view only hits a side wall once. However, there may be additional reflection from a sidewall out of plane of the section. For a full 3D analysis, a ray that strikes a first sidewall near a corner, may then bounce over to a second side wall, adjacent to the first, and from there to the exit face. A curve fit or other numerical analysis may be performed to create a curved sidewall shape that best fits the desired facets. In
To optimize the variables for each facet, a simulated detector plane 120 can be established. Detector plane 120 can include x number of detectors to independently record incident power. A simulation of light passing through the substrate may be performed and the intensity and irradiance distributions as received by detector plane 120 analyzed. If the intensity and irradiance distributions are not satisfactory for a particular application, the angles and angular subtenses of the facets can be adjusted, a new curved surface generated and the simulation re-performed until a satisfactory intensity profile, exitance profile or other light output profile is reached. Additional detector planes can be analyzed to ensure that both near field and far field patterns are satisfactory. Alternatively, the simulation(s) can be performed using the facets rather than curved surfaces and the surface curves determined after a desired light output profile is reached. In yet another embodiment, the sidewalls can remain faceted and no curve be generated.
According to another embodiment, the sidewall shape can be selected based on multiple parabolas with each planer facet representing a linear approximation of a portion of a parabola. For example,
In one embodiment, when fabricating a sidewall or calculating the angular substense of a sidewall, finer substenses may be used towards the base of the sidewall (i.e. nearer the quantum well region) because the effects of the substense are greater or more acute upon reflection near the base, and thus finer subtenses allow for a sidewall with better TIR properties, whereas further from the base, where the effects of the subtenses are less, the subtenses may be coarser. Thus, facets of a sidewall may be numerically greater towards the base of a shaped substrate LED. In one embodiment, a sidewall may have 20 or more facets, with finer facets at the base of the sidewall, wherein the facets approximate one or more subtenses.
A facet can be a linear approximation of a portion 417 of parabola 415. The parameters of parabola 415 can be adjusted until portion 417 achieves the desired goal of all rays incident on portion 417 reflecting to exit face 430 such that the rays have an exit angle 440 of less than the critical angle. Each facet can be formed from a parabola having different parameters. Thus, a facet for one angular subtense may be based on a parabola rather than an adjoining facet. A 20-facet sidewall, for example, may be based on 20 different parabolas.
More specifically,
For example, a user can specify the LED size (i.e., the area of the interface between the substrate and quantum well region) and the material index. Using the example of an LED having a size of 1, and an index of refraction 1.77, a row in screen 500 can be completed as follows. The user can specify an exit angle in air (assuming air is the medium in which the LED will operate) in column 550. In the example of the first row, the user has selected 55.3792 degrees. The exit angle in the substrate can be calculated as sin(55.3792/180*π)/1.77 or 0.4649323 radians, column 540 a. Column 540 b can be calculated as a sin(0.4649323)/π*180=27.2058407. The focus of the parabola can be calculated as 1(size)/2* (1+cos(π/2−27.2058407/180*π))=0.732466. Angular subtense column 565 can be calculated based on the number in the next column (representing the relative size of a particular facet) as (90−27.7058047)/20=3.114708. Theta column 570 can calculated using a selected number of facets (in this example 20). For example, in the first row theta is calculated as (90−27.7058407)+3,114708*20=124.5883. The radius of the parabola (column 575) for the first facet can be calculated as 2*0.732466/(1+cos(124.5883/180*π)). The contents of coordinate transformation columns 577 can be calculated as follows for the first row:x=−3.3885* cos(124.5883/180*π)=1.923573; y=−3.3885* sin(124.5883/180*π)=2.789594, X=1.923573*cos(27.7058407/180*π)+2.789594* sin(27.7058407/180*π); Y=2.789594*cos(27.7058407/180*π)−1.923573*sin(27.7058407/180*π)−1(size)/2=1.075452 and Y′=−Y. The X, Y coordinates can then be used as data point inputs for a shape fitting chart in Excel. For example graph 510 is based on the data points in the X and Y columns (with the Y column values used as x-axis coordinates and the X column values used as y-axis coordinates in graph 510). In addition to the X and Y values a starting value can be set (e.g., 0.5 and 0). The shape from graph 510 can be entered into an optical design package and simulations run. If a simulation is unsatisfactory, the user can adjust the values in spreadsheet 500 until a satisfactory profile is achieved.
In one embodiment, when a satisfactory light transmission efficiency and irradiance and intensity profiles are achieved, a LED with a substrate having the specified parameters can be produced. An example of such a LED is shown in
Returning to
Turning to
R c =R*Sin(θ) [EQN. 3]
The area equals:
A 3 =πR c 2=π(R*Sin(θ))2 [EQN. 4A]
The area A3 is the projected area of the solid angle as it intersects the sphere. The area A3 is divided by the projected area of the hemisphere (Ah=πR2) and the quotient is multiplied by the projected solid angle of the full hemisphere (equal to π) to obtain the projected solid angle Ω, such that:
Ω=π*{projected area of desired solid angle}/(projected area of hemisphere) [EQN. 4B]
For interface 50 of
In the above example, the solid angle is determined using equations derived from a Lambertian source modeled as a point source. These equations do not consider the fact that light may enter a substrate from a quantum well region through an interface that may be square, rectangular, circular, oval or otherwise shaped. While the above-described method can give a good estimate of the solid angle, which can be later adjusted if necessary based on empirical or computer simulation testing, other methods of determining the effective solid angle can be used.
n 2 Sin(α1)=n 1 Sin(β1) [EQN. 6]
where n1 is the IOR of shaped substrate 160;
n2 is the IOR of the material (typically air) into which the light is projected from shaped substrate 160;
α1 is the half angle at the exit face in the medium external to the substrate (typically air);
β1 is the desired half angle in the substrate.
For example, if the desired half-angle α1 is 30 degrees, and a shaped substrate having an IOR of 1.77 is projecting into air having an IOR of 1, then β1=16.41 degrees. A similar calculation can be performed for a ray projecting from a point on the long and short sides of entrance face 150. For example, as shown in
Using the angles calculated, the location of an effective point source can be determined. For a square interface 150, of length l1, the effective point source will be located X=0, Y=0 and
Where Zeps is the distance the effective point source is displaced from entrance face 150 of shaped substrate 160.
The X, Y and Z distances from the effective point source to points F1 and F2 can be calculated assuming F1 intersects a sphere of unity radius according to:
X F1=cos(ψ1)sin(β1) [EQN. 8]
Y F1=sin(ψ1)sin(β1) [EQN. 9]
Z F1=cos(β1) [EQN. 10]
Y F2=cos(ψ2)*sin(β1) [EQN. 12]
Z F2=cos(β1) [EQN. 13]
where ψ1 is the angle of the diagonal ray in the X-Y plane (45 degrees for a square) and where ψ2=90 degrees for a ray projecting from the middle of a side parallel to the X axis as shown in
As one illustrative example, using the above method to project light with a half-angle of 30 degrees using a LED having a substrate with a square shaped interface and exit face yields an effective solid angle of 0.552 steradians to the target in air. By contrast, the use of the traditional circular projected area with a 30 degree half angle projection specification would yield an effective solid angle of 0.785 steradians. When these values are then used in EQN. 1, for given IORs and flux, the traditional (circular) calculation yields a required exit area that is undersized by about 30%. If one were to design a system using this approach, the applicable physics (i.e. the conservation of radiance) would reduce the light output by 30% over the optimum design. Conversely, using the corrected effective solid angle described above calculates an exit face area that will produce 42% more light output than is achievable with the circular calculation.
Although particular methods of determining the effective solid angle for a LED are described above, any method known or developed in the art can be used.
Alternatively, the minimum surface area to conserve light can be determined empirically. Moreover, while the minimum surface area calculations above assume light is entering the substrate across the entire surface of the interface between the non-substrate layer and the substrate, in physical devices, light may not enter the substrate in an even distribution across the entire surface of the interface. The calculations of the minimum area of the exit face can be adjusted to account for the actual distribution of light traversing the interface, rather than being based entirely on the size of the area of the interface. In one embodiment, the actual area of the interface through which light enters the substrate can be used as A1.
Embodiments of LEDs can project light into a desired cone angle of 10-60 degrees with a theoretical efficiency of up to 89% (meaning that 89% of the light entering the substrate is emitted in the desired half-angles with 11% fresnel loss) depending on substrate material and Fresnel losses. The efficiency can be 100% without fresnel losses. Even at only 70% efficiency, embodiments of LEDs provide greater efficiency than other LED technologies, while also allowing for uniform or near uniform intensity distributions at both near and far fields.
Fresnel losses at the substrate to air (or other medium) interface can be overcome by the application of anti-reflective coatings to the exit face of the substrate. Anti-reflective coatings that can be used are any that would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art and include single layer MgO or MgF, multilayer coating or other anti-reflective coatings. Through the utilization of anti-reflective coatings, Fresnel losses can be reduced or eliminated, increasing the light output efficiency of a LED.
An embodiment of a LED may have more than one exit face. For example, a shaped substrate may allow substantially all the light generated by the LED to exit the LED, but through more than a single exit face.
For a LED with two or more exit faces, it is possible for the solid angle of emission of the LED to be greater than a hemisphere (and the projected solid angle to be greater than pi). An example of this would be if instead of a single planar exit face, the LED had a four sided pyramidal set of exit faces. If the sidewalls of the substrate of the LED are shaped to direct light entering the substrate through the interface to one of the four exit faces so as to strike the exit face at an angle not greater than the critical angle, then all the light entering the substrate may exit the LED through one of the four exit faces.
Since the faces of the pyramid are not in a plane, but rather are at angles to each other, any ray that strikes an exit face at the critical angle to that exit face will refract to an exit angle of 90 degrees. The total solid angular space defined this way would then be a function of the angular relationship of the four exit faces. To satisfy the etendue equation, the four exit faces in this example would have to have a total surface area at least equal to the calculated value using the effective solid angle for that construction.
This multi-exit face construction may still be constructed in such a way as to conserve radiance. That is, by making the total projected exit face area equal to the calculated value, and by designing the sidewalls to provide uniform distribution of the light to each portion of the exit faces, radiance can be conserved. If the exit faces are made larger than the required value, then light entering the substrate may exit through the exit faces, with a corresponding reduction in luminous intensity.
A further embodiment of a shaped substrate with multiple exit faces is one in which the sidewalls of the shaped substrate are themselves exit faces. Depending on a point of entrance of a given light ray, it may strike a given sidewall at an angle not greater than the critical angle, and pass through that sidewall, or it may strike at an angle greater than the critical angle and be internally reflected to another face or sidewall.
If the sidewall exit faces and sidewalls are designed such that any ray entering the substrate from any point on the interface passes through a sidewall exit face, then all of the light entering the substrate will exit the substrate.
Shaped substrate LEDs with multiple exit faces may be appropriate for use in general lighting applications where broad area emission is desired. Such LEDs may be used in conjunction with additional lens or reflector elements that will direct light produced by the LED into a smaller solid angle.
The potential benefit of a shaped substrate with multiple exit faces or in which sidewalls act as exit faces is that the LED may have a smaller volume or may have a shape that is more readily manufactured—such as planar faces instead of curved surfaces.
LEDs can be arranged in an array of LEDs. An array of LEDs can be used to produce a desired amount of light and a desired light pattern. For example, LEDs may be arranged in a square or other shape. Using an array of LEDs to produce the desired amount of light may be more efficient or may consume less space than using a single LED. An array of LEDs can be formed during manufacture. For example, an array of LEDs can be formed from the same wafer. In
One advantage of using an array of LEDs is that the shaped substrates of the multiple LEDs in the array may be thinner than the shaped substrate for a single LED having the same amount of light output. Additionally, an array of smaller LEDs may be more efficient than a single LED; that is, an array of smaller LEDs that consume a certain amount of input power may produce more light than a single large LED of the same exit face size and input power.
One or more methods may be used to shape or form an LED or the substrate of an LED (or other optical device). The methods can be used on various substrate materials including sapphire, silicon carbide, glass, or other substrate materials. Prior to shaping or polishing a substrate material, a wafer or die including the substrate material can be prepared for shaping. Generally, preparing the die for shaping can include mounting the substrate to a support structure that can act to hold the various optical devices together once formed, provide structural support during manufacturing and/or act as sacrificial layer that can be damaged during manufacture. The support structure can be made on any suitable material, which can depend on the shaping method used. Examples of support structures include glass, epoxy, sapphire, silicone or other material layer bonded to the substrate with epoxy or other adhesive materials. Examples of adhesives include, but are not limited to, Valtron AD4010-A/AD4015-B Heat Release Epoxy System (MP4010A/1015B-50) by Valtech Corporation of Sanatoga, Pa., Liofol UR 9640 by Henkel Corporation of Rocky Hill, Conn. or other adhesive. The addition of a metalized layer to either the substrate material or support structure can improve adhesion strength. For example, a 1 micron thick coating of evaporated Ti may be applied to either the substrate material or support structure to promote adhesion. Other metal layers include, but are not limited to, Titanium-Tungsten (TiW) or other layer of material that can promote adhesion.
Preparation can also include adding one or more layers of protective material to protect any metal or electric layers from damage by abrasives, chemicals, or tools. The protective layer can be selected so that the shaping process can shape the substrate material through the protective layer. According to one embodiment, the protective layer can be a resilient thermoplastic that will adhere to the outermost layer of the wafer. The material of the protective layer can be chosen based on the manufacturing methods to be employed, time constraints, and other factors. For example, a relatively tacky protective layer may be suitable for a wire saw shaping method, but may gum up an ultrasonic shaping tool. Examples of materials that can be used as protective layer include Cookson Staystik 393 bonding adhesive and other thermoplastics. The thickness of the protective layer can depend on material used in the protective layer and manufacturing process parameters. In other embodiments, the wafer can be prepared in other manners or be left unprepared.
As described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled "Optical Device Shaping", by Winberg, filed on the same date as this application, which is hereby fully incorporated by reference herein, various methods can be used to shape a substrate material to within an acceptable tolerance of a desired shape. While the sidewalls of a substrate portion of an optical device may be positioned and shaped to reflect a select amount of light to the exit face, the shaping methods may leave the sidewalls of the optical device with an unpolished surface having the look of frosted glass or other characteristic that causes light to scatter and reduces or prevents reflection. Consequently, the sidewalls may require polishing to promote internal reflection. Consequently, the sidewalls can be polished to a selected degree of polish that can depend on the amount of light loss that is acceptable. As some examples, the sidewalls can be polished to have roughness average of approximately 100 nanometers, approximately 50 nanometers or approximately 20 nanometers.
According to one embodiment, the sidewalls can be polished using ultrasonic polishing.
A polishing tool 910 can be inserted in a channel 914 between substrate sidewalls 916 and 918. Additional polishing tools or sections of the same polishing tool can also be inserted in parallel channels to allow for parallel polishing. Polishing tool 910 can be formed of a suitable material such as wood, polymer, liquid crystal polymer (such as Vectra liquid crystal polymer), metal or metal alloys (e.g., tin, brass or other metal or metal alloy) or other material. Polishing tool 910 can be shaped corresponding to the sidewall on one or both sides of channel 914 and, if inflection points are present, shaped to fit into the inflection points. Polishing tool can be sized to allow sufficient room for abrasive slurry 922 to fit between polishing tool 910 and the substrate material.
Abrasive slurry can be introduced between tool 910 and the sidewalls. Abrasive slurry 922 can include any appropriate slurry of liquid and abrasive particles. By way of example, but not limitation, abrasive slurry 922 can be deionized water, deionized water and glycol mix or other carrier material with abrasive particles, such as diamond or other material. According to one embodiment, the particles have an average size of less than 20 microns. For example, abrasive slurry 922 can include particles that are approximately 4 microns or less in size. In other embodiments, the particles can be as small as 1 micron or less. The abrasive particles can make up a selected percentage of abrasive slurry 922. In various embodiments, the percentage of abrasive particles can range from 5 to 30% of abrasive slurry 922.
To prevent abrasive slurry 922 from removing electrical or metal layers from the wafer, a cover 924 or other structure can be placed over portions of the optical devices to protect those layers during polishing. Cover 924 can include guide channel 926 for polishing tool 910. In other embodiments, the metal or electrical layers of the optical devices can be protected by a protective coating as discussed above. Cover 924 can also act to restrain die 900 during polishing.
In operation, polishing tool 910 is vibrated on the channel 904 at a selected frequency, typically in the ultrasonic domain. For example, polishing tool 910 can be vibrated at approximately 20 kHz with a peak-to-peak amplitude of approximately 10-20 microns. It should be noted, however, that the cited frequency and amplitude are provided by way of example and not limitation and other frequencies and amplitudes can be used. In other embodiments the frequency can be on the order of 60-100 Hz and the amplitude of several millimeters. When multiple polishing tools are used, the multiple tools can be vibrated en masse to polish along multiple channels at a time.
Flushing steps to remove abrasive particles and particles of substrate material can occur during polishing or can interrupt polishing. In other embodiments, flushing does not occur. Abrasive and removed particles can flow along the base of channel 914 if there is adequate space during polishing and flushing.
When polishing is complete in one direction, either the wafer or tool can be rotated and polishing completed in the perpendicular direction (or other direction if the LEDs are not square or rectangular). Polishing can occur in multiple passes using the same or different grits of abrasive particles and tools.
An ultrasonic driver 1005 can be coupled to a polishing wand 1012. Ultrasonic driver 1005 can be any suitable driver that can vibrate polishing wand 1012 to reciprocate with a selected frequency, including, for example, commercially available ultrasonic oscillators used in metal cleaning tools. In one embodiment, ultrasonic driver 1005 can be mounted to a frame that allows translation and rotation of ultrasonic driver 1005. Linear actuators and servos can be used to control the motion of driver 1005. Die 1000 can also be placed on a work surface that can translated and rotated. In one embodiment, linear motion of the work surface and of driver 1005 is controlled by actuators or motors with a resolution of 0.0005 inches and a precision of 0.0001 inches and rotation is controlled to a desired resolution.
Polishing wand 1012 can be made of any suitable material including, but not limited to wood, polymer, liquid crystal polymer (such as VECTRA liquid crystal polymer), tin, metal alloy or other material. The portion of polishing wand 1012 that contacts the sidewalls of an optical device (e.g. sidewall 1014) can be straight, tapered, shaped to match the sidewalls or otherwise shaped. The width of polishing wand 1012 can be selected to cover a portion of a side of a single optical device, the entire side of a single optical device or to span multiple optical devices.
In the embodiment of
By way of example but not limitation, four examples of abrasive slurry 1016 can be 1) 50% by weight of 6 micron diamond powder in a carrier fluid of 65-90% Water and 10-35% Propylene Glycol; 2) 20% by weight of 6 micron diamond powder in a carrier fluid of 70-90% Propylene Glycol and 5-30% Methyl Alcohol; 3) 25% by weight of 3 micron diamond powder in a carrier fluid of 70-90% Propylene Glycol and 5-30% Methyl Alcohol; 4) 25% by weight of 1 micron diamond powder in a carrier fluid of 70-90% Propylene Glycol and 5-30% Methyl Alcohol. Different slurries can be used at different stages of polishing. According to one embodiment, for example, examples 1 and 2 can be used for coarse polishing and example can be used for medium polishing and example 4 for fine polishing. According to a particular embodiment, coarser example 1 can be used further away from the quantum well layers of the wafer and example 2 can be used closer to the quantum well layers. One example of a slurry having 65-90% water and 10-35% propylene glycol is, for example, Allied 90-30025 Polycrystalline Diamond Suspension by Allied High Tech. Products, Inc. (Allied) of Rancho Dominguez California. One example of a carrier material having 70-95% propylene glycol and 5-30% methyl alcohol is Red Lube by Allied. One example of diamond powders are Hyprez diamond powders by Engis Corporation of Wheeling, Ill.
The manner in which abrasive slurry 1016 is introduced can depend on thickness of abrasive slurry 1016. For example, wafer 1000 can be submerged in abrasive slurry 1016, abrasive slurry be sprayed on wafer 1000 or allowed to flow down channel 1018 as wand 1012 polishes, abrasive slurry 1016 can be applied as a coat to the sidewalls to be polished, or applied in another manner.
According to one embodiment, a cover 1024 or other structure can be placed over portions of the optical devices to protect the metallic layers during polishing. Cover 1024 can include a slot 1026 or other opening to allow polishing slurry 1012 access to channel 1018. The opening 1026 in cover 1024 can be tapered to allow the wand to pivot in channel 1018. In other embodiments, the metal or electrical layers of the optical devices can be protected by a protective coating as discussed above. Cover 1024 can also act to restrain die 1000 during polishing.
In operation, polishing wand 1012 can be aligned relative die 1000. This can be done, for example, using a camera 1028 that locates marks at known locations on die 1000 to determine the position and orientation of the die relative to wand 1012. This can be done by a human operator or with the assistance of image processing software. Camera 1028 can provide any desired resolution, and in particular embodiments provides a resolution of 1 micron per pixel or better. As an example, camera 1028 can be a Basler �, C-Mount 1392�1040, 18.7 fps, Mono, CCD from Basler Inc. of Exton, Pa. Once in a desired location and orientation, driver 1005 and/or wafer 1000 can be moved so that wand 1012 is at a location in channel 1018. Wand 1012 can also be rotated and moved relative to wafer 1000 so that wand 1012 presses against a sidewall at a selected angle.
The rate of polishing can be affected by various factors including the substrate material, abrasive slurry 1016 composition, wand 1012 material, the force applied by wand 1012, operating characteristics of wand 1012 such as stroke, and other factors. In general, the force applied should be enough to allow polishing but not dislodge the devices being polished and can vary depending on the angle of wand 1012. According to one example embodiment, approximately 50-200 grams can be applied for a VECTRA wand that contacts between 5 and 15 mm of surface length (not including gaps). In a particular embodiment, 100 g of force is applied to press wand 1012 against a sidewall. It should be noted, however, that an amount of force outside of the range noted above can be used as needed or desired to achieve a desired polishing rate and can be adjusted for the contact length, material of the wand and substrate, composition of slurry 1016, operating characteristics of wand 1012 or other factors.
Polishing wand 1012 is vibrated in channel 1018 at a selected frequency, such as a frequency in the ultrasonic domain. By way of example, but not limitation, the wand can move at a frequency of 20-30 kHz with a travel of 10 to 20 microns. It should be noted, however, that the cited frequency and amplitude are provided by way of example and not limitation and other frequencies and amplitudes can be used.
Polishing wand 1012 can polish a section of sidewall 1014 and then move along channel 1018 to polish corresponding sections of other devices. Polishing wand 1012 can then be repositioned at a different angle and again moved along channel 1018 to polish additional sections of 1014 and the sidewalls of other optical devices. Polishing wand 1012 can be repositioned at any number of increments through a desired number of degrees. For example, polishing wand 1012 can be angled every 0.25 degrees, 0.5 degrees, 1 degree or multiple of degrees or other increment through a desired range of angles. If the range of angles is, for example, 0 degree to 27 degrees from the vertical, the polishing wand can be angled at each degree (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 . . . 27) resulting in 28 passes along channel 1018 to polish sidewall 1014 and the corresponding sidewalls of other optical devices along channel 1018. While the example of 0-27 degrees is used, the range of angles can be any range based on the desired shape of the substrate material.
In another embodiment, polishing wand 1012 can be swept through a range of angles in one position. Using and example in which range of angles is 1-35 degrees, polishing wand 1012 can sweep through the entire range of angles degrees as it polishes sidewall 1014 and then move down channel 1018 to polish the corresponding sidewall of other optical devices. In other cases, polishing wand 1012 can sweep through a subset of the range. For example, polishing wand 1010 can make one pass down channel 1010 sweeping through 1-10 degrees, another pass sweeping through 10-25 degrees and another pass sweeping through 25-35 degrees. The angle of polishing wand 1012 can be controlled through a pivoting connection, flexible connection or other connection with ultrasonic driver 1005 or by pivoting ultrasonic driver 1005.
According to one embodiment, when the polishing for channel 1018 is complete, the next street can be polished. This may require movement of cover 1024. In other cases, cover 1024 may have opening to expose multiple channels 1024 and have multiple sections as needed. According to one embodiment all the streets in a given direction will be polished, then the wafer or wand 1012 rotated 90 degrees (for square or rectangular optical devices) and the orthogonal streets polished.
The embodiment of
The embodiment of
According to another embodiment, a particle jet can be used to polish substrate material.
Multiple passes can be made to polish the sidewalls at higher angles. The size of the particles can be selected to create a sidewall shape having a specified smoothness. For example, particles can be less than 20 microns or other selected size. According to one embodiment successive passes can be made using smaller particles for finer polishing. Thus, for example, a pass can be made using particles with an average size of 10 microns, then 6 microns, then 1 micron and so on.
A cover 1240, protective layer or other mechanism can be used to protect areas of the wafer from the stream of particles 1206. Cover 1240 can have openings spaced to allow particles to impinge on wafer 1200 while protecting the electrical areas of the optical devices being polished. In addition to providing protection, cover 1240 can be used to restrain wafer 1200 in the tool.
Yet another embodiment for polishing is the use of Reactive Ion Etching.
In other examples, the substrate may be shaped only partially down through the thickness of the wafer, leaving the optical devices connected near their exit faces. The sidewalls can be polished using any of the various methods described above to the point of connection. The devices can then be separated using, for example, a dicing saw. The final cut surface can then be polished using any of the above described methods including, for example, abrasive slurry jet. This can result in closer spacing allowing more optical devices to be shaped from a single wafer.
While this disclosure describes particular embodiments, it should be understood that the embodiments are illustrative and that the scope of the invention is not limited to these embodiments. Many variations, modifications, additions and improvements to the embodiments described above are possible. For example, while the above methods of polishing have been described individually, the above methods may be combined. As another example, the various ranges and dimensions provided are provided by way of example and methods and optical devices may be operable within other ranges using other dimensions. Moreover, while shaped substrates have been described in regard to sapphire and silicon carbide, other substrates that allow the passage of light may be used. For example, substrates may be made of glass or diamond. In one embodiment, substrates may be molded from moldable glass, providing a cost effective and easily shaped substrate. It is contemplated that these variations, modifications, additions and improvements fall within the scope of the invention as detailed in the following claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|451/36, 451/37, 451/41
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|14 Sep 2009
Owner name: ILLUMITEX, INC., TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:WINBERG, PAUL N.;DUONG, DUNG T.;THOMAS, MATTHEW R.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:023230/0866;SIGNING DATES FROM 20090821 TO 20090826
|19 Mar 2010
Owner name: ILLUMITEX, INC.,TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:WINBERG, PAUL N.;DUONG, DUNG T.;THOMAS, MATTHEW R.;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20100216 TO 20100223;REEL/FRAME:024111/0947


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Sunnyside City Council race: Yep, it's a tie
YAKIMA COUNTY, Wash. -- The swing vote in the Sunnyside City Council primary is in and it means there's a tie for second place.
Since we have a top-two primary only two people can be on the ballot in November.
A voter had not signed his ballot and it left the results in flux, but that vote's been counted and it's practically a three-way tie.
Don Vlieger has 57 votes, Spencer Martin and Victor Ochoa both have 56.
The tie will be decided by a bingo ball drawing that will be done after next week's certification. The balls are numbered 1-10. Whoever has the lowest number pulled moves on to November.


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GIF: Peter Vermes is Mad
GIF: Peter Vermes is Mad
We're having a lot of fun with GIFs lately. Since its #RivalryWeek in MLS, we thought we'd do one on Sporting KC coach Peter Vermes being mad.
Also, props to @ricecakeonfire for tweeting me his compilation of the many faces of Peter Vermes:


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President Obama Departs White House For Minneapolis
President Barack Obama walks toward Marine One while departing the... News PhotoBarack Obama,Bestof,Full Length,Government,Horizontal,International Landmark,Leaving,Marine One,One Person,People,Politics,Topics,Topix,US President,USA,Walking,Washington DC,White House - Washington DCPhotographer Mark WilsonCollection: Getty Images News 2013 Getty ImagesWASHINGTON, DC - FEBRUARY 04: U.S. President Barack Obama walks toward Marine One while departing the White House, February 4, 2013 in Washington, DC. President Obama is traveling to Minnesota to rally support for his new gun control proposals. (Photo by Mark Wilson/Getty Images)


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Suggested Price: $120.00
This Bluetooth Adapter is designed to work only with the AVIC-Z1. When used with compatible Bluetooth cellular phone, hands-free operation is functional.
Use the AVIC-Z1 with Bluetooth wireless technology enabled cellular phones for easy, safe, and hands-free operation, including talking via the headunit's microphone and your vehicle's speaker system. The system automatically mutes any other audio during incoming or outgoing calls. For even more convenience, you can access phone numbers associated with the POI database, letting you call the location you are being guided to.
The Bluetooth trademarks are owned by Bluetooth SIG, Inc. © Bluetooth SIG, Inc. 2006
Privacy Policy | Terms Of Use | Sitemap Copyright © 2014 Pioneer Electronics (USA) Inc.


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- Northern New York Newspapers
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MASSENA - After nearly 12 years of service as a member of the Massena Electric Utility Board, Jack R. Sauve has resigned citing ongoing issues with his health.
Mr. Sauves resignation was acted on with regret by the town board when it met last week. According to his resignation letter, Mr. Sauves resignation will be effective Nov. 4.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank the Massena town board councilmen for my appointment to the Massena Electric Board of Trustees, Mr. Sauve wrote. The nearly 12 years I was honored to serve this board and our community has been productive and rewarding.
Mr. Sauve also thanked the members of the MED board, as well as MED staff, for all of their support during medical challenges he and his wife have faced in recent years.
MED Superintendent Andrew J. McMahon said hell always remember Mr. Sauve for the passion that he brought to the board.
Jack has always brought a passion to his community service with MED, he said. He wasnt afraid to pound the table for what he believed in. He would get heated at times, but he always made sure his issues were heard and resolved.
Board Chairman James Shaw called Mr. Sauve a great asset to the board.
His background in public service and his experience with St. Lawrence Gas were always valuable to the discussions of the board, he said.
Mr. Shaw also noted that over the years he had the opportunity to work closely with Mr. Sauve on a number of projects.
Jack had a great love for the community, he said. We worked closely on a number of projects including an attempt to build a hydro damn on the Grasse River. He always brought great insight and passion to his service on the board.
Board member Richard Blais said the thing that stands out for him is Mr. Sauves dedication to all citizens in the Massena Electric service area. He was always concerned with how things would impact the common man, Mr. Blais said.
MED board member and former Massena Democratic Party Chairman Rene Hart noted that Mr. Sauves service to the community extends further back than the past 12 years.
Jack has done a great deal for the community through the years, he said. First in his service as town supervisor, and more recently through serving 12 years on the MED board. I appreciate all the work he has done, and I have enjoyed working with him.
After accepting Mr. Sauves resignation, the town board appointed John Bogosian to fill his seat.
Thousands of readers like you have made Northern New York Newspapers the number one ranked website* for local news and sports coverage in the north country.
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Store locator
With more stores nationwide than any other check cashing company, there's a good chance we're right around the corner!
To find an ACE Cash Express near you, enter your state and city or ZIP code:
Need a loan? In addition to the option to apply at a store you can also apply for a Payday or Installment loan online or by calling 877-ACE-CASH.
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I had an email from my hosting company which said that my account was hacked and one script in images folder is trying to send thousands of spams(file name : "/public_html/images/sm5vy7.php"). they blocked my account and asked me to check if there is any script or code that may cause this problem.
The only server side page I had was a contact.php file that has mail() function in it. the code is like this;
"if( isset($_POST['submit'])) {
$to = "email@example.com";
$subject = "sample";
$message = "sample";
$from = "$email";
$headers = "Content-type:text;charset=utf-8" . "\r\n";
$headers .= "From: $from" . "\r\n";
My question is "can the code I used cause any security problem that someone be able to create a php file in my images folder?"
Thank you in advance
I'm really in a big trouble


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LL Cool J's ninth annual Jump and Ball Tournament in St. Albans had a dark horse.
Cowboy Curly Hall and members of the Federation of Black Cowboys of Howard Beach mosied on to Daniel O'Connell Park on Saturday to meet young buckaroos and buckarettes, while the basketball games raged on.
The tournament, an effort by embattled State Senator Malcolm Smith and the world famous rapper and actor LL Cool J, gave kids a chance to learn about history and lifestyles of cowboys and to interact with horses, among other sports events and educational activities.
"In this century there are not many cowboys around that kids can recognize as being another source of living," Hall said. "We actually live the cowboy life, we actually perform and try to enjoy what was once a real way of life. But saying all of that I enjoy entertaining the kids and teaching them a little history."
The event, which features free basketball tournaments, every Saturday and Sunday until Sept. 1, from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m, also had free food, giveaways and live music. Children could participate in golf as well or talk with representatives from the Queens Public Library.
"It's a good thing for the children," said Andrea Maddison, a Laurelton parent. " It's nice for them to get outside. And they don't need to be inside running up people's electric bill."
The event is among more positive news for Smith, who will be facing charges of bribery, conspiracy and wire fraud after investigators alleged that he conspired to rig the mayoral election with Councilmember Dan Halloran and Queens County Republican Party Vice Chair Vincent Tabone.
"I think what's so important about giving back is we don't know who the next star is in this entire group," Smith said. "Anybody here could be the next president, could be the next LL Cool J. What this does is it shows them and gives them an example that even when you make it you can't forget where you came from."


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Tybalt hasn't been himself lately.
Our black Pomeranian has been out of sorts since his playmate, another black Pomeranian, named Nanook, had to be euthanized in July. Nanook's health had declined rapidly and to the point he was in extreme pain.
Since then, Tybalt's behavior has been a little erratic and more than a little heartbreaking.
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What are Benefit Corporations?
A benefit corporation is a public corporation chartered by a state designed to perform some public benefit.
What's the significance?
In the wake of the financial crash and a slow recovery, many argue that a new economy requires a new kind of corporation. The idea of benefit corporation has been introduced to address the increasing gulf between the pursuit of private profit and the public good. These corporations are gaining popularity rapidly. Maryland became the first state to pass Benefit Corp legislation in April 2010. Vermont followed in May. Seven other states are interested for 2011. Benefit Corporations are a new class of corporation that is required to create a material positive impact on society and the environment and to meet higher standards of accountability and transparency within the government.
Who's talking about it?
A recently published article in the New York Public Personnel Law describes a case heard by the Supreme Court ruling stating that all Public Benefit Corporations are subject to the Open Meetings Law and the Freedom of Information Law as long as they remain public entities... Dan Cooper and Andrew Delmonte highlight a New York B Corporation reaching the Senate Floor... The Nation discusses the Rise of Benefit Corporations... Susan Adams of Forbes Magazine notes Corporate Responsibility in relation to Benefit Corporations.


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Tips for Re-Homing Pets
Unfortunately, there are a number of reasons you might have to let a pet go: you're moving to a place that doesn't allow pets , you can no longer afford to take care of your pet, behavioral issues, allergies, etc. If these issues can't be resolved (e.g. getting your new landlords to let pass their pet policy, getting your pet trained for behavioral issues, taking allergy medication, etc.), then perhaps you should re-home your pet.
Should you decide to re-home your pet, the following basic guidelines from the ASPCA should help your search for a new home and make your pet's transition to its new home smoother.
Preparing For the Search
- Prepare your pet before getting started (spay or neuter). Also, make sure your pet's vaccinations are current, and have your pet's veterinary records handy for the new owner.
- Snap some color pictures of your pet focusing on the pet's most adorable qualities and favorite things to do.
- Prepare a written description about your pet, and discuss why your pet needs a new home.
- Then, spread the word that you've got an available pet for a new home (send e-mails with the photos and description to all your friends, put up posters in your neighborhood at the local pet store or dog park , walk your pet in high traffic areas where it will be seen by other pet owners, etc.),
Choosing the New Home and Owner
- Interview potential owners and ask them why they're interested in your pet and how they'll care for it (where will the pet sleep, stay during the day, activities for the pet, etc). Ask the potential owners for references (employer, landlord) to check on employment and whether it's okay to have pets where they live.
- After interviews, invite potential owners to meet your pet in person. Observe how the pet and potential owner interacts.
- Visit the pet's potential new home to see what the environment is like and whether it will be a happy and safe place for your pet.
- If the potential owner has a pet, ask to speak with the pet's veterinarian to see how the owner cares for it.
- With potential owners unfamiliar to you, ask them for a re-homing fee to put a value on your pet to see if the person can afford the pet and is willing to do what's necessary to own a pet. A re-homing fee should also discourage predators who are looking for free pets for a variety of reasons.
The Transition
- Take your pet to the new owner's home over a series of visits if possible (for an afternoon, then overnight, and finally permanently) to do the transition. When the pet seems comfortable, the transition can be completed.
- Make the final handoff as calm and uneventful as possible.
- Give the new owner all your pet's toys, favorite snacks, and sleeping items to lend some familiarity to their new home.
- Also, give the new owner enough pet food to last at least a week. Changing a pet's food can upset its stomach and cause digestion problems. The switch to a new food should be made gradually.
- Finally, ask the new owner if you may call in a few weeks to check up on how the pet is doing. This will help ease your mind and the new owner will be aware that you're following up.
By following the above guidelines, you can make your pet's transition to its new home smoother and less stressful. Going through this process should also help set you at ease knowing that you made a solid effort to find a good home for your pet.
Check out some of the pets looking for good homes on PennySaverUSA.com.
Ken Sereno has been a GIS/Marketing Specialist at PennySaver USA for the last 7 years, and is a proud father of two boys and a fan of the USC Trojans. PennySaver USA is California's leading resource in print, online, and mobile for hyperlocal advertising, local coupons, classifieds, and business listings.


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Emergency exercise set for Arizona nuclear plant
PHOENIX — The Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station west of Phoenix will
participate in an emergency response exercise next week.
The Arizona Division of Emergency Management said the exercise will be held
Wednesday and involve the plant's own personal as well as responders from local,
county, state and federal agencies.
The exercise is intended to test the use of emergency operations facilities,
decision-making on whether people should evacuate or remain in place, and
deployment of radiological monitoring teams.
Two federal agencies will evaluate the exercises.
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission will grade the plant's own emergency plan
while the Federal Emergency Management Agency assesses off-site emergency
response capabilities.


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Note how politicians, led by President Obama, and organizations pushing new restrictions on gun ownership — which would not have prevented the massacre — shamelessly exploit the relatives of the murdered children and adults. Decent people of course have nothing but sympathy for those who lost loved ones, so the architects of the antigun campaign hope that feeling will supplant critical thinking about gun control.
Yet being the victim of a shooting does not make one an authority on public policy or morality. It bestows no special knowledge about how to prevent future shootings. Every proposal is subject to anyone's rational scrutiny.
If shooting victims had special insight about what to do, we'd be in a logical mess. What if one survivor called for gun control and another one opposed it? How could we decide?
On October 16, 1991, Suzanna Gratia Hupp joined her parents for lunch at Luby's Cafeteria in Killeen, Texas. She usually carried a concealed handgun in her purse, but that day she left it in her car; she didn't want to risk losing her new chiropractor's license for violating Texas's prohibition on carrying a concealed weapon. Unfortunately, that was also the day that George Hennard drove his pickup through the restaurant window and opened fire on the patrons. Hupp and her parents, like others, took cover under their table. With Hennard the only person standing, Hupp saw she had a clear shot at the killer, and she reached for her pistol — but it wasn't in her purse. Her father tried to rush Hennard and was shot dead. Her mother ran to her husband and was killed. Twenty-one others were murdered, and 27 were wounded.
Click here to read the entire article.


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Dueling expos came to separate venues in Western New York on Sunday, setting up a potential skirmish in the eternal battle of the sexes.
At the Western New York Women's Expo, hosted by 2 On Your Side meteorologist Jen Stanonis at the Hotel Lafayette in downtown Buffalo, it was all wine sampling and fashion shows, makeovers and beauty tips, cooking demonstrations and travel ideas.
Meanwhile, for the boys attending the Buffalo Men's Show at Seneca Niagara Casino in Niagara Falls -- also held on Sunday -- it was all about drinking beer, playing poker and video games, and smoking big cigars.
Ron Plants risks sparking a gender war in his play-by-play account of these his-and-hers expos in the video above.