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Immigration Detention
News about immigration detention, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
Chronology of Coverage
Aug. 23, 2015
Califronia Fed Court Judge Dolly M Gee orders Obama administration to guarantee timely release of children detained for immigrating illegally, whether accompanied by parents or not; ruling repudiates administration's current practices and frustrates Department of Homeland Security, already under pressure from lawyers and human rights advocates challenging effort begun last year to process wave of illegal immigrants in Texas. MORE
Aug. 8, 2015
Justice Dept asks Federal Judge Dolly M Gee to reconsider order to immediately release mothers and children caught illegally entering United States from Mexico, saying they have addressed policies that violated ban on holding immigrant children for prolonged periods of time. MORE
Aug. 5, 2015
Editorial notes Obama administration has been ordered, in sharply critical ruling by federal Judge Dolly Gee, to release several hundred women and children from Texas immigration detention centers; says prison is not a place for children, and that mass detention of families makes mockery of America's reputation as harbor for refugees. MORE
Jul. 26, 2015
Federal Judge Dolly M Gee in California rejects Obama administration's arguments for holding women and children, caught illegally crossing into United States, in Texas detention centers; orders release of families as soon as possible; ruling is major blow to Homeland Security Sec Jeh Johnson and his response to influx of children and parents from Central America in 2014. MORE
Jul. 5, 2015
Editorial praises Homeland Security Sec Jeh Johnson's announcement of changes to how migrant families taken into custody on American southern border are detained; holds changes are long overdue, and says government has erred in treating humanitarian crisis as one of border security; calls for government to do more to minimize length of detentions of families. MORE
Jun. 25, 2015
Homeland Security Dept says it will end long-term detention of mothers and children caught crossing United States border illegally, instead releasing them on bond after they pass preliminary interview; change is part of effort to reduce extended detention of families, for which Obama administration has been criticized. MORE
Jun. 18, 2015
Federal appeals court revives lawsuit brought by immigrants, many of them Muslims, claiming they were subjected to abuse in Metropolitan Detention Center in Brooklyn following September 11, 2001, attacks; suit, originally filed in 2002, targets high-ranking members of George Bush administration, including former Atty Gen John Ashcroft and former FBI Director Robert S Mueller. MORE
Jun. 15, 2015
Obama administration defends large immigrant detention centers in Southwest, saying they are needed to avert overwhelming influx like that in 2014, but women detainees say environment and uncertain future are taking deep toll; centers, housing thousands of women and children caught illegally crossing border, are criticized by lawmakers, advocates and religious leaders who say they compound suffering of those fleeing abuse. MORE
May. 15, 2015
Editorial criticizes reforms proposed by Immigration and Customs Enforcement director Sarah Saldana to its detention system as insufficient; suggests that entire immoral system should be shut down and replaced with something better; argues that current system violates rights of immigration detainees and is waste of taxpayer money. MORE
May. 14, 2015
Homeland Security Dept says migrant families in detention will be given more frequent case reviews to determine if they can be released under updated policy. MORE
Feb. 8, 2015
Wil S Hylton article describes how Obama administration policies governing acceptance of refugees from Latin America have led to deplorable conditions in refugee detention centers; notes that volunteer lawyers who represent refugees have tried to draw attention their plight, particularly of women and children children, to no avail. MORE
Feb. 7, 2015
Homeland Security Dept's investigation into treatment of women and children at immigration detention center in Texas finds no evidence of abuse by guards. MORE
Dec. 16, 2014
Sec of Homeland Security Jeh C Johnson opens nation's largest immigration detention facility in Dilley, Tex; center will hold up to 2,400 migrants who have illegally crossed border, and is especially made for women and children. MORE
Oct. 3, 2014
New York City Council announces proposal that would stop honoring detention requests issued by United States immigration authorities without a warrant from a federal judge; proposal also stipulates even with judge's warrant, Police and Correction Departments may honor a request for a hold only if subject has been convicted of 'violent or serious crime.' MORE
Sep. 6, 2014
Groups of volunteer lawyers who have come to argue immigrant cases at deportation center in Artesia, NM, are transforming nature and purpose of temporary outpost set up to hold illegal immigrants until they could be deported; lawyers, who are counseling nearly 300 women there, argue that as many as 80 percent could now win asylum claims. MORE
Sep. 3, 2014
Homeland Security Dept investigators find no evidence to support claim that young migrants crossing the border illegally had been subject to 'systemic abuse' in detention. MORE
Aug. 26, 2014
Editorial holds treatment of Central American migrants in makeshift detention center in Artesia, NM, contradicts Pres Obama's promise to combine compassion with respect for the law; cites lawsuit filed by coalition of civil-rights organizations against the Obama administration that claims system is rigged so that vulnerable women and children who plead for asylum cannot get it; urges Obama to suspend all deportations until he can create system that treats migrants fairly. MORE
Aug. 23, 2014
Civil rights groups file federal lawsuit claiming that the government committed egregious due process violations against women and children held for deportation at a detention center in New Mexico; lawsuit challenges Obama administration's strategy for deterring illegal border crossings by Central American migrants. MORE
Aug. 6, 2014
Obama administration, in shift to strategy of deterrence, is using family detention centers and a fast track for deportation to discourage Central Americans from heading to the border. MORE
Jul. 30, 2014
Federal government, facing a surge in mothers traveling with children across the border, but few spaces to hold families, is expanding the use of electronic bracelets; decision has set off debate in New York, part of larger national discussion about whether these immigrants should be treated as lawbreakers or refugees. MORE
Jun. 19, 2014
Immigration processing center in Nogales, Ariz, illustrates humanitarian and logistical challenges in attempting to house influx of unaccompanied minors caught illegally crossing the southwest border; facility houses some 900 children in crowded holding pens that provide little comfort or distraction from dire situation. MORE
Jun. 12, 2014
Homeland Security Sec Jeh Johnson, appearing at Senate Judiciary Committee hearing, says border authorities will no longer send female migrants with children to a makeshift detention center in Nogales, Ariz. MORE
May. 27, 2014
Immigrant advocates and politicians are seeking to add courthouses to list of locations where immigration agents must refrain from questioning or detaining immigrants; move is in response to growing trend in which immigrants have been questioned and detained in courthouses, eroding their willingness to participate in the judicial system. MORE
May. 25, 2014
Federal government is relying on tens of thousands of illegal immigrants to provide essential labor at detention centers where they are held when caught by the authorities; work program, in which immigrants are paid $1 a day or less, is facing increasing resistance from detainees and criticism from immigrant advocates. MORE
Apr. 19, 2014
Sheriffs in nine Oregon counties will no longer hold people in jail based on requests from federal immigration authorities after federal magistrate in Portland case rules such a request violated an immigrant's rights; Oregon decision is latest of several federal rulings raising doubts about constitutionality of detainers, which federal authorities routinely issue to state and local police asking them to hold foreigners they have arrested for additional time. MORE
Feb. 24, 2014
Editorial contends growing number of rulings ordering bond hearings for immigrants detained indefinitely in the United States reflect a growing understanding that the constitutional guarantee of due process has not been met in many cases; urges Pres Obama to ensure that a six-month rule for hearings for detainees be adopted nationwide. MORE
Feb. 3, 2014
Five Sri Lankan men who paid $55,000 each to be smuggled into America have been in immigration jails since late 2010; men cooperated with the FBI in an investigation of their smugglers, which they believed would work in their favor as their cases made their way through immigration courts; experts say the cases highlight the subjective nature of immigration enforcement. MORE
Dec. 6, 2013
Laws passed by the New York City Council over past two years have sought to restrict prisoner transfer agreements with federal authorities; city, in response to federal requests, has long transferred foreign-born detainees into federal custody, often leading to their deportation; restrictions on this cooperative agreement from City Council appear to be achieving their goal, prompting guarded celebration among immigrants' advocates. MORE
Nov. 7, 2013
New York Immigrant Family Unity Project addresses concerns that lack of competent legal representation results in unnecessary deportations and government costs; contends that defendants in immigration court have no constitutional right to court-appointed lawyer and that fear and ignorance conspire with language barriers and poverty to keep detainees from securing legal counsel. MORE
Oct. 18, 2013
Juana Villegas, detained Mexican woman who was shackled to her hospital bed while giving birth in Nashville, will receive $490,000 in a settlement and has the prospect of a resident visa. MORE
Aug. 13, 2013
Arrest of rape suspect in open-air market in Moscow snowballs into sweeping government campaign against illegal immigrants in Russia; nearly 1,500 foreigners, many of them Vietnamese, have been detained in raids across city and are being held in a Moscow tent camp under conditions that Human Rights Watch called inhuman. MORE
Aug. 13, 2013
Orleans Parish sheriff will no longer honor requests from federal immigration authorities to detain people who are suspected of being in country illegally, making New Orleans one of a growing number of jurisdictions to adopt such a policy and the first to do so in the Deep South. MORE
Jun. 5, 2013
Human rights groups criticize Italy's detention centers where illegal immigrants are held in prison-like conditions, sometimes for months, before being deported; say they are inhumane, ineffective and costly. MORE
Apr. 25, 2013
Federal Judge Dolly M Gee orders immigration courts in California, Arizona and Washington State to provide legal representation for immigrants with mental disabilities who are in detention and facing deportation, if they cannot represent themselves; decision is first time court has required government to provide legal assistance for any group of people before nation's immigration courts. MORE
Apr. 2, 2013
Editorial expresses dismay at frequency with which illegal immigrants are subjected to solitary confinement, extreme form of punishment that risks causing severe mental damage; contends if Janet Napolitano, homeland security secretary, does not stop practice, Congress should step in. MORE
Mar. 31, 2013
News analysis; question of whether immigrants who are incarcerated in United States while their legal status is resolved deserve lawyer is being hotly debated; all sides say that their approach would end up saving money. MORE
Mar. 27, 2013
Homeland Security Sec Janet Napolitano asks federal immigration officials to provide more information about immigrants being held in solitary confinement at federal facilities, noting that it should be used only in exceptional cases. MORE
Mar. 24, 2013
New federal data shows that on any given day, about 300 immigrants are held in solitary confinement at Immigration and Customs Enforcement centers; nearly half are isolated for 15 days or more, point at which psychiatric experts say they are at risk for severe mental harm; United States has come under sharp criticism at home and abroad for relying on solitary confinement in its prisons more than any other democratic nation in world. MORE
Mar. 20, 2013
John T Morton, director of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, testifies in House hearing that decision to release more than 2,200 immigrants from detention in February was solely a budgetary savings measure; disputes Republican accusations that group included many dangerous criminals. MORE
Feb. 28, 2013
Mayor Michael R Bloomberg is expected to sign two bills passed by the City Council expanding restrictions on New York City's cooperation in federal efforts to deport immigrants; bills were introduced in response to Secure Communities, federal program that is a cornerstone of Obama administration's immigration enforcement strategy and which has drawn opposition from immigrants' advocates. MORE
Feb. 27, 2013
Federal immigration officials have released hundreds of detainees from detention centers around country in unusual effort to save money as automatic budget cuts loom; although government has not dropped deportation cases, decision angers many Republicans, who say releases were political gambit by Obama administration that undermines continuing negotiations over immigration reform and jeopardizes public safety. MORE
Jan. 8, 2013
Report issued by nonpartisan research group Migration Policy Institute shows that Obama administration spent $18 billion on immigration enforcement in 2012, significantly more than was spent on all other major federal law enforcement agencies combined. MORE
Dec. 13, 2012
New York City Council members will propose legislation to further limit city's cooperation with federal authorities seeking to detain and deport immigrants under Secure Communities, federal immigration-enforcement plan allowing fingerprints from local or county prison bookings to be sent to Homeland Security Dept; council bills would reaffirm New York's reputation as one of nation's most immigrant-friendly municipalities. MORE
Oct. 5, 2012
Los Angeles Police Chief Charlie Beck says police will stop turning over illegal immigrants arrested for low-level crimes to federal immigration officials for deportation. MORE
Sep. 8, 2012
Homeland Security Dept reports that immigration enforcement authorities detained and deported record numbers of illegal immigrants in 2011 and are on track for similar figures in 2012, even as the numbers of migrants crossing the border illegally dropped to a 40-year low. MORE
Aug. 29, 2012
Some California sheriffs are pushing back against a proposed state law the Trust Act that would bar law enforcement officers from detaining illegal immigrants for deportation if they have not been charged with serious or violent crimes. MORE
Aug. 18, 2012
United Nations warns that Australia's plan to reopen detention centers on remote Pacific islands for asylum seekers and migrants who arrive by sea could violate their human rights and harm their mental health. MORE
Jun. 18, 2012
Rising tensions in Israel caused by the presence of about 60,000 African immigrants and asylum seekers has prompted the government to announce a tough new policy in which all new arrivals are immediately placed in detention and deported; clampdown disturbs many Israelis, who find mass detentions and roundups too close to their own families' experiences during the Holocaust. MORE
May. 10, 2012
Editorial criticizes effort by the Obama administration to repair the Secure Communities program, which deputizes state and local police in its hunt for illegal immigrants, by reducing the deportations of traffic violators; fears program will still ensnare far too many minor offenders and noncriminals, exposing them to harassment, detention and deportation. MORE
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Further Reading
Go to the Times Topics Page »
Deaths in Detention
A page of resources on the topic of in-custody deaths, including past coverage of deaths in immigration custody in The Times and other newspapers, links to information around the Web, an interactive map of immigration detention facilities and more.
Flow of Central American Children Headed to U.S. Shifts but Doesn't Slow
Tens of thousands of unaccompanied minors fleeing violence and poverty are still making a dangerous journey north, though many are now being stopped in Mexico.
October 7, 2015, Wednesday
MORE ON IMMIGRATION DETENTION AND: Immigration and Emigration , Immigration Detention , Human Trafficking , Central America , United States , Mexico , Children and Childhood
Los niños migrantes de Centroamérica: rutas distintas, pero la desesperación es la misma
Desde octubre de 2013 hasta julio de este año, cerca de 80.000 menores centroamericanos fueron detenidos en la frontera por autoridades estadounidenses.
October 7, 2015, Wednesday
MORE ON IMMIGRATION DETENTION AND: Immigration and Emigration , Immigration Detention , Human Trafficking , Central America , United States , Mexico , Children and Childhood
Los Angeles County Rethinks Deportation of Inmates
In a change that may reflect a broader shift in California, federal immigration officials will be allowed back inside Los Angeles County jails to identify some inmates for deportation.
September 24, 2015, Thursday
MORE ON IMMIGRATION DETENTION AND: Los Angeles (Calif) , Deportation , Prisons and Prisoners , Illegal Immigration , Immigration and Emigration , Immigration and Customs Enforcement (US)
Britain Tries to Deter Migrants, Even as It Lets More In
Britain remains among the stingiest of European countries when it comes to responding to those seeking asylum, and is planning more restrictive measures aimed at further deterring migrants.
September 9, 2015, Wednesday
MORE ON IMMIGRATION DETENTION AND: Middle East and Africa Migrant Crisis , Great Britain , Asylum, Right of , Refugees and Displaced Persons , Immigration Detention , Cameron, David
Judge Increases Pressure on U.S. to Release Migrant Families
Judge Dolly M. Gee gave the Obama administration two months to change its practices to ensure the rapid release of children and their parents caught crossing the border illegally.
August 23, 2015, Sunday
MORE ON IMMIGRATION DETENTION AND: Immigration Detention , Illegal Immigration , Children and Childhood , Homeland Security Department , Gee, Dolly M , Border Patrol (US) , Obama, Barack
California: Judge Asked to Rescind Release of Immigrant Detainees
The Justice Department says recent changes mean federal authorities are no longer violating a ban on holding immigrant children in secure facilities.
August 8, 2015, Saturday
MORE ON IMMIGRATION DETENTION AND: Immigration Detention , Illegal Immigration , Justice Department , Homeland Security Department
A Judge's Rebuke of Immigration Detention
The Obama administration should accept a judge's order by doing the right thing: end the detainment of hundreds of immigrant women and children.
August 5, 2015, Wednesday
MORE ON IMMIGRATION DETENTION AND: Editorials , Texas , Children and Childhood , Illegal Immigration , Gee, Dolly M , Immigration Detention
Judge Orders Release of Immigrant Children Detained by U.S.
In a withering critique of Obama administration policy, the judge said the government was keeping children who crossed the border in unsafe conditions.
July 26, 2015, Sunday
MORE ON IMMIGRATION DETENTION AND: Immigration Detention , Illegal Immigration , Homeland Security Department , Children and Childhood , Texas , Central America , Gee, Dolly M
Swift Release for Detained Migrants
Prolonged confinement is damaging for families seeking protection in the United States.
July 5, 2015, Sunday
MORE ON IMMIGRATION DETENTION AND: Editorials , Homeland Security Department , Johnson, Jeh C , Dilley (Tex) , Obama, Barack , Central America , Immigration Detention
U.S. to Reduce Long Stays for Families at Immigration Centers
Homeland Security officials announced plans to end the long-term detention of mothers with children caught crossing the border illegally by allowing most to be released on bond.
June 25, 2015, Thursday
MORE ON IMMIGRATION DETENTION AND: Illegal Immigration , Immigration Detention , Homeland Security Department , Immigration and Emigration , Families and Family Life , Dilley (Tex)
Australia Discusses Asylum Policy
Australia is negotiating a deal with the Philippines to transfer asylum seekers currently held in detention centers on remote islands, the immigration minister, Peter Dutton, said on Friday.
Ruling on Immigrant Children in Detention
In a withering critique, a federal court judge in California ruled that the U.S. detention of children and their mothers who crossed the border illegally is a serious violation of a longstanding court settlement.
Protest at Texas Detention Camp
Seven members of the House who visited an immigrant detention center in Dilley, Tex., this week released a video on Wednesday showing women and children rallying to be released.
Women Languish in Texas Immigration Detention Centers
Lawmakers, advocates and religious leaders say confinement only compounds the suffering of women fleeing from predatory gangs or domestic abuse at home.
Migrant Workers Detained in Russia
The detentions have exposed the complexity and corruption of Russia's labor market and have tapped into the country's simmering ethnic animosity.
As System in Italy Is Criticized, Detainees Wait
There are eleven detention centers in Italy that are used to hold people — some who have lived in Italy for years — who lack working or residence permits, or whose papers have expired.
Undocumented Reformers
Despite the risk of deportation, undocumented immigrants in Arizona are organizing to influence the pending debate on immigration reform in Washington, D.C.
Pushing the Dream
An empowered movement of young undocumented immigrants seeking a pathway to citizenship is gearing up for the immigration debate in 2013.
In Deportation, Age 6
Liliana Muñoz, 6, was alone when Border Patrol officers caught her as she was being smuggled across the Rio Grande. Now facing deportation, she's also alone in immigration court without a lawyer.
Securing the Mexican Border
Marc Lacey of The New York Times reports from Douglas, Ariz., on how the numbers of illegal immigrants crossing the border there has significantly dropped over the last 10 years.
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text:
Another Time, Another Place
This story of a World War II romance in the Scottish highlands develops in a gradual but lyrical manner as Janie (Phyllis Logan), a Scottish woman married to a cold and remote man, starts an affair with Luigi (Giovanni Mauriello), an Italian confined to Janie's small community until the war is over. Luigi has two other compatriots to keep him company, but none of the Italians speak English, and life in exile is lonely. Although the townspeople continue to distrust the Italians, Luigi and Janie are kindred spirits, so when they meet, their mutual need is unconsciously acknowledged and sparks are ignited. Whether an illicit wartime romance will endure or not, that is another question entirely.~ Eleanor Mannikka, All Movie Guide
Cast: Tom Watson, Phyllis Logan, Gianluca Favilla, Giovanni Mauriello, Denise Coffey
Produced by:
Directed by: Michael Radford
Written by: Jessie Kesson, John Francis Lane
Running time: 1hr 58min
Opens: Jan 01, 1983
|Theaters for Today
Pick a day

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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VAT no: 710648159.


text:
Pharrell at the 2014 BET Awards.
Photo: Getty Images
If 2014 has taught us anything it's that where there's an awards show, there's Pharrell in an outfit destined to inspire a parody Twitter account. Say hello to @PharrellsUggs, the latest addition to growing group that includes @Pharrellshat and @PharrellsShorts. After winning Video of the Year for "Happy," Pharrell took to the stage in a pair of Fair Isle Uggs. This surprised a lot of people on Twitter but what else would you expect from the person who made shorts acceptable on the Oscars red carpet? Pharrell's just doing Pharrell and staying true to his Etsy-chic, cozy style.


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text: Don't know much about firewalls, but from what I do know, it sounds as if you have to tweak your settings. I would look into your ftp settings and make sure you have enabled downstream ftp. Otherwise you can upload all day, but you don't get to get a thing, not even directory listings! ;D


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text:
So your Twitter account is hacked? Reset, tweet, pray.
That is a bogus @ap tweet.-- AP CorpComm (@AP_CorpComm) April 23, 2013
More than a quarter million Twitter accounts have been hacked worldwide, the social media company disclosed in February, but Tuesday's attack on The Associated Press's verified account, @AP, had unusual effect. The Dow Jones industrial average fell 143 points after someone hijacked the AP's account to falsely tweet that two explosions at the White House had wounded President Barack Obama. The market recovered, but the hacking--just the latest in a series of attacks on news organizations--sent shudders through a profession that's grown accustomed to breaking its news on Twitter.


text:
Great addition all in all, I mostly like the Security Bulletins, Patches & Updates section. Now I can post regular updates there.
I'm pleased to announce some changes and additional forums for our members to enjoy.
We now have a brand new category called "News Center". This category will host very interesting posts and news articles that interests MSForums audience. "Microsoft Records (MSR)" has been moved under this category as well.
A new subforum under News Center category is called "Security Bulletins, Patches & Updates". This will serve as a critical updates point to all security updates provided by Microsoft. Subscription to this forum is suggested. Another new category called "Tech World" under the same category calls for all technological news from around the world.
Third change is an addition of "64 Bit Software & Hardware" under the Computing & Technology category. This section will allow us to discuss the newly crazed 64 bit enviornment, software and hardware both.
I hope all of you will like the new changes and will be able to utilize them to the fullest.
As always, your feedback is needed, please feel free to post here.
Great addition all in all, I mostly like the Security Bulletins, Patches & Updates section. Now I can post regular updates there.
Glad you like em, certainly will help others too.
excellent, now ill be able to find any information i need or see what the new 64 bit hardware n'd software is like :blink:Originally posted by genesis@Feb 26 2005, 02:43 AM
Glad you like em, certainly will help others too.
Yeah, I'll start posting some stuff tomorrow about 64 bit software and hardware. You're free to post anything you like.
As I am about to build an AMD64, this part of the forum will be useful
Linux Rocks
sounds like a good addition to the site.
keep it up!
Nice changes [people clapping]
"If you enjoy what you do, you'll never work another day in your life."
My man confucius said it well :D
Why is my signature text blue I did not make it like that??
great work gen, hail to the lord
EVERYBODY DANCE, EVERYBODY DANCE, everybody look at your pants
While looking at my sig, my wienie has struck a rigamortis
victory shall be mine!!!


text:
21 U.S. Code § 360g - Judicial review
(a) Petition; record
Not later than thirty days after—
(1) the promulgation of a regulation under section 360c of this title classifying a device in class I, an administrative order changing the classification of a device to class I, or an order under subsection (f)(2) of such section reclassifying a device or denying a petition for reclassification of a device,
(2) the promulgation of a regulation under section 360d of this title establishing, amending, or revoking a performance standard for a device,
(3) the issuance of an order under section 360d (b)(2) or 360e (b)(2)(B) of this title denying a request for reclassification of a device,
(4) the promulgation of a regulation under paragraph (3) of section 360e (b) of this title requiring a device to have an approval of a premarket application, a regulation under paragraph (4) of that section amending or revoking a regulation under paragraph (3), or an order pursuant to section 360e (g)(1) or 360e (g)(2)(C) of this title,
(5) the promulgation of a regulation under section 360f of this title (other than a proposed regulation made effective under subsection (b) of such section upon the regulation's publication) making a device a banned device,
(7) an order under section 360j (g)(4) of this title disapproving an application for an exemption of a device for investigational use or an order under section 360j (g)(5) of this title withdrawing such an exemption for a device,
any person adversely affected by such regulation or order may file a petition with the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia or for the circuit wherein such person resides or has his principal place of business for judicial review of such regulation or order. A copy of the petition shall be transmitted by the clerk of the court to the Secretary or other officer designated by him for that purpose. The Secretary shall file in the court the record of the proceedings on which the Secretary based his regulation or order as provided in section 2112 of title 28. For purposes of this section, the term "record" means all notices and other matter published in the Federal Register with respect to the regulation or order reviewed, all information submitted to the Secretary with respect to such regulation or order, proceedings of any panel or advisory committee with respect to such regulation or order, any hearing held with respect to such regulation or order, and any other information identified by the Secretary, in the administrative proceeding held with respect to such regulation or order, as being relevant to such regulation or order.
(b) Additional data, views, and arguments
If the petitioner applies to the court for leave to adduce additional data, views, or arguments respecting the regulation or order being reviewed and shows to the satisfaction of the court that such additional data, views, or arguments are material and that there were reasonable grounds for the petitioner's failure to adduce such data, views, or arguments in the proceedings before the Secretary, the court may order the Secretary to provide additional opportunity for the oral presentation of data, views, or arguments and for written submissions. The Secretary may modify his findings, or make new findings by reason of the additional data, views, or arguments so taken and shall file with the court such modified or new findings, and his recommendation, if any, for the modification or setting aside of the regulation or order being reviewed, with the return of such additional data, views, or arguments.
(c) Standard for review
Upon the filing of the petition under subsection (a) of this section for judicial review of a regulation or order, the court shall have jurisdiction to review the regulation or order in accordance with chapter 7 of title 5 and to grant appropriate relief, including interim relief, as provided in such chapter. A regulation described in paragraph (2) or (5) of subsection (a) of this section and an order issued after the review provided by section 360e (g) of this title shall not be affirmed if it is found to be unsupported by substantial evidence on the record taken as a whole.
(d) Finality of judgments
(e) Remedies
The remedies provided for in this section shall be in addition to and not in lieu of any other remedies provided by law.
(f) Statement of reasons
To facilitate judicial review under this section or under any other provision of law of a regulation or order issued under section 360c, 360d, 360e, 360f, 360h, 360i, 360j, or 360k of this title each such regulation or order shall contain a statement of the reasons for its issuance and the basis, in the record of the proceedings held in connection with its issuance, for its issuance.
Source(June 25, 1938, ch. 675, § 517, as added Pub. L. 94–295, § 2,May 28, 1976, 90 Stat. 560; amended Pub. L. 101–629, § 13,Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4524; Pub. L. 102–300, § 6(f),June 16, 1992, 106 Stat. 240; Pub. L. 105–115, title II, § 216(a)(2),Nov. 21, 1997, 111 Stat. 2349; Pub. L. 112–144, title VI, § 608(a)(2)(C),July 9, 2012, 126 Stat. 1056.)
2012—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 112–144substituted ", an administrative order changing the classification of a device to class I," for "or changing the classification of a device to class I".
1997—Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 105–115, § 216(a)(2)(A), inserted "or" at end.
Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 105–115, § 216(a)(2)(B), substituted comma for ", or" at end.
Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 105–115, § 216(a)(2)(C), struck out par. (10) which read as follows: "an order under section 360j (h)(4)(B) of this title,".
1992—Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 102–300substituted "360j(h)(4)(B)" for "360j(c)(4)(B)".
1990—Subsec. (a)(8) to (10). Pub. L. 101–629added pars. (8) to (10).
Effective Date of 1997 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 105–115effective 90 days after Nov. 21, 1997, except as otherwise provided, see section 501 ofPub. L. 105–115, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.
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There are so many fallacies about race that it would be hard to say which is the most ridiculous. However, one fallacy behind many other fallacies is the notion that there is something unusual about different races being unequally represented in various institutions, careers or at different income or achievement levels.
A hundred years ago, the fact that people from different racial backgrounds had very different rates of success in education, in the economy and in other endeavors, was taken as proof that some races were genetically superior to others.
Some races were considered to be so genetically inferior that eugenics was proposed to reduce their reproduction, and Francis Galton urged "the gradual extinction of an inferior race."
It was not a bunch of fringe cranks who said things like this. Many held Ph.D.s from the leading universities, taught at the leading universities and were internationally renowned.
Presidents of Stanford University and of MIT were among the many academic advocates of theories of racial inferiority — applied mostly to people from Eastern and Southern Europe, since it was just blithely assumed in passing that blacks were inferior.
This was not a left-right issue. The leading crusaders for theories of genetic superiority and inferiority were iconic figures on the left, on both sides of the Atlantic.
John Maynard Keynes helped create the Cambridge Eugenics Society. Fabian socialist intellectuals H.G. Wells and George Bernard Shaw were among many other leftist supporters of eugenics.
It was much the same story on this side of the Atlantic. President Woodrow Wilson, like many other Progressives, was solidly behind notions of racial superiority and inferiority. He showed the movie Birth of a Nation, glorifying the Ku Klux Klan, at the White House, and invited various dignitaries to view it with him.
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Kidney and Urologic Diseases
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a condition that results in recurring discomfort or pain in the bladder and the surrounding pelvic region. The symptoms vary from case to case and even in the same individual. People may experience mild discomfort, pressure, tenderness, or intense pain in the bladder and pelvic area. Symptoms may include an urgent need to urinate, a frequent need to urinate, or a combination of these symptoms. Pain may change in intensity as the bladder fills with urine or as it empties. Women's symptoms often get worse during menstruation. They may sometimes experience pain during vaginal intercourse.
Because IC varies so much in symptoms and severity, most researchers believe it is not one, but several diseases. In recent years, scientists have started to use the terms bladder pain syndrome (BPS) or painful bladder syndrome (PBS) to describe cases with painful urinary symptoms that may not meet the strictest definition of IC. The term IC/PBS includes all cases of urinary pain that can't be attributed to other causes, such as infection or urinary stones. The term interstitial cystitis, or IC, is used alone when describing cases that meet all of the IC criteria established by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK).
The urinary system
In IC/PBS, the bladder wall may be irritated and become scarred or stiff. Glomerulations— pinpoint bleeding—often appear on the bladder wall. Hunner's ulcers—patches of broken skin found on the bladder wall—are present in 10 percent of people with IC.
Some people with IC/PBS find that their bladder cannot hold much urine, which increases the frequency of urination. Frequency, however, is not always specifically related to bladder size; many people with severe frequency have normal bladder capacity when measured under anesthesia or during urologic testing. People with severe cases of IC/PBS may urinate as many as 60 times a day, including frequent nighttime urination, also called nocturia.
IC/PBS is more common in women than in men. An estimated 3.3 million U.S. women, or 2.7 percent, who are 18 years of age or older have pelvic pain and other symptoms, such as urinary urgency or frequency, that are associated with IC/PBS.1 An estimated 1.6 million U.S. men, or 1.3 percent, who are 30 to 79 years old have persistent symptoms, such as pain with bladder filling or pain relieved by bladder emptying, that are associated with PBS.2
1Berry SH, Elliott MN, Suttorp M, et al. Prevalence of symptoms of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis among adult females in the United States. Journal of Urology. 2011;186:540–544.
2Link CL, Pulliam SJ, Hanno PM, et al. Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of symptoms suggestive of painful bladder syndrome: results from the Boston area community health survey. Journal of Urology. 2008;180:599–606.
Some of the symptoms of IC/PBS resemble those of bacterial infection, but medical tests reveal no organisms in the urine of people with IC/PBS. Furthermore, people with IC/PBS do not respond to antibiotic therapy. Researchers are working to understand the causes of IC/PBS and to find effective treatments.
Many women with IC/PBS have other conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia. Scientists believe IC/PBS may be a bladder manifestation of a more general condition that causes inflammation in various organs and parts of the body.
Researchers are beginning to explore the possibility that heredity may play a part in some forms of IC. In a few cases, IC has affected a mother and a daughter or two sisters, but it does not commonly run in families.
Because symptoms are similar to those of other disorders of the bladder and there is no definitive test to identify IC/PBS, doctors must rule out other treatable conditions before considering a diagnosis of IC/PBS. The most common of these diseases in both sexes are urinary tract infections and bladder cancer. In men, common diseases include chronic prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome. In women, endometriosis is a common cause of pelvic pain. IC/PBS is not associated with any increased risk of developing cancer.
The diagnosis of IC/PBS in the general population is based on the
Diagnostic tests that help rule out other diseases include urinalysis, urine culture, cystoscopy, biopsy of the bladder wall and urethra, and distention of the bladder under anesthesia.
Examining urine with a microscope and culturing the urine can detect and identify the primary organisms that are known to infect the urinary tract and that may cause symptoms similar to IC/PBS. A urine sample is obtained either by catheterization or by the clean catch method. For a clean catch, the patient washes the genital area before collecting urine midstream in a sterile container. White and red blood cells and bacteria in the urine may indicate an infection of the urinary tract, which can be treated with an antibiotic. If urine is sterile for weeks or months while symptoms persist, the doctor may consider a diagnosis of IC/PBS.
Although not commonly done, in men without a history of culture-documented urinary tract infections, the doctor might obtain prostatic fluid and examine it for signs of a prostate infection, which can then be treated with antibiotics.
The doctor may perform a cystoscopic examination in order to rule out bladder cancer. During cystoscopy, the doctor uses a cystoscope—an instrument made of a hollow tube about the diameter of a drinking straw with several lenses and a light—to see inside the bladder and urethra. The doctor might also distend or stretch the bladder to its capacity by filling it with a liquid or gas. Because bladder distention is painful for people with IC/PBS, they must be given some form of anesthesia for the procedure.
A biopsy is a tissue sample that can be examined with a microscope. Tissue samples of the bladder and urethra may be removed during a cystoscopy. A biopsy helps rule out bladder cancer.
Scientists have not yet found a cure for IC/PBS, nor can they predict who will respond best to which treatment. Symptoms may disappear with a change in diet or treatments or without explanation. Even when symptoms disappear, they may return after days, weeks, months, or years. Scientists do not know why.
Because the causes of IC/PBS are unknown, current treatments are aimed at relieving symptoms. Many people are helped for variable periods by one or a combination of treatments. As researchers learn more about IC/PBS, the list of potential treatments will change, so patients should discuss their options with a doctor.
Many people with IC/PBS have noted an improvement in symptoms after a bladder distention has been done to diagnose the condition. In many cases, the procedure is used as both a diagnostic test and initial therapy. Researchers are not sure why distention helps, but some believe it may increase capacity and interfere with pain signals transmitted by nerves in the bladder. Symptoms may temporarily worsen 4 to 48 hours after distention, but should return to predistention levels or improve within 2 to 4 weeks.
During a bladder instillation, also called a bladder wash or bath, the bladder is filled with a solution that is held for varying periods of time, averaging 10 to 15 minutes, before being emptied.
The only drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for bladder instillation is dimethyl sulfoxide (Rimso-50), also called DMSO. DMSO treatment involves guiding a narrow tube called a catheter up the urethra into the bladder. A measured amount of DMSO is passed through the catheter into the bladder, where it is retained for about 15 minutes before being expelled. Treatments are given every week or two for 6 to 8 weeks and repeated as needed. Most people who respond to DMSO notice improvement 3 or 4 weeks after the first 6- to 8-week cycle of treatments. Highly motivated patients who are willing to catheterize themselves may, after consultation with their doctor, be able to have DMSO treatments at home. Self-administration is less expensive and more convenient than going to the doctor's office.
Doctors think DMSO works in several ways. Because it passes into the bladder wall, it may reach tissue more effectively to reduce inflammation and block pain. It may also prevent muscle contractions that cause pain, frequency, and urgency.
A bothersome but relatively insignificant side effect of DMSO treatments is a garliclike taste and odor on the breath and skin that may last up to 7 hours after treatment. Long-term treatment has caused cataracts in animal studies, but this side effect has not appeared in humans. Blood tests, including a complete blood count and kidney and liver function tests, should be done about every 6 months.
Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium (Elmiron)This first oral drug developed for IC was approved by the FDA in 1996. In clinical trials, the drug improved symptoms in 30 percent of patients treated. Doctors do not know exactly how the drug works, but one theory is that it may repair defects that might have developed in the lining of the bladder.
The FDA-recommended oral dosage of Elmiron is 100 milligrams (mg), three times a day. Patients may not feel relief from IC pain for the first 4 months. A decrease in urinary frequency may take up to 6 months. Patients are urged to continue with therapy for at least 6 months to give the drug an adequate chance to relieve symptoms. If 6 months of Elmiron therapy provides no benefit, it is reasonable to stop the drug.
Elmiron's side effects are limited primarily to minor gastrointestinal discomfort. A small minority of patients experienced some hair loss, but hair grew back when they stopped taking the drug. Researchers have found no negative interactions between Elmiron and other medications.
Elmiron may affect liver function, which should therefore be monitored by the doctor.
Because Elmiron has not been tested in pregnant women, the manufacturer recommends it not be used during pregnancy, except in the most severe cases. Because Elmiron has mild blood-thinning effects, it should be discontinued prior to planned surgery.
Aspirin and ibuprofen may be a first line of defense against mild discomfort. Doctors may recommend other drugs to relieve pain.
Some people have experienced improvement in their urinary symptoms by taking tricyclic antidepressants or antihistamines. A tricyclic antidepressant called amitriptyline (Elavil) may help reduce pain, increase bladder capacity, and decrease frequency and nocturia. Some people may not be able to take it because it makes them too tired during the day. In people with severe pain, narcotic analgesics such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) with codeine or longer-acting narcotics may be necessary.
All drugs—even those sold over the counter—have side effects. A person should always consult a doctor before using any drug for an extended amount of time.
Mild electrical pulses can be used to stimulate the nerves to the bladder—either through the skin or with an implanted device. The method of delivering impulses through the skin is called transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). With TENS, mild electric pulses enter the body for minutes to hours, two or more times a day either through wires placed on the lower back or just above the pubic area—between the navel and the pubic hair—or through special devices inserted into the vagina in women or into the rectum in men. Although scientists do not know exactly how TENS relieves pelvic pain, it has been suggested that the electrical pulses may increase blood flow to the bladder, strengthen pelvic muscles that help control the bladder, or trigger the release of substances that block pain.
TENS is relatively inexpensive and allows people with IC/PBS to take an active part in treatment. Within some guidelines, the patient decides when, how long, and at what intensity TENS will be used. It has been most helpful in relieving pain and decreasing frequency in people with Hunner's ulcers. Smokers do not respond as well as nonsmokers. If TENS is going to help, improvement is usually apparent in 3 to 4 months.
A person may consider having a device implanted that delivers regular impulses to the bladder. A wire is placed next to the tailbone and attached to a permanent stimulator under the skin. The FDA has approved this device, marketed as the Inter-Stim system, to treat urge incontinence, urgency-frequency syndrome, and urinary retention in people for whom other treatments have not worked.
No scientific evidence links diet to IC/PBS, but many patients find that alcohol, tomatoes, spices, chocolate, caffeinated and citrus beverages, and high-acid foods may contribute to bladder irritation and inflammation. Some people also note that their symptoms worsen after eating or drinking products containing artificial sweeteners. Eliminating various items from the diet and reintroducing them one at a time may determine which, if any, affect a person's symptoms. However, maintaining a varied, well-balanced diet is important.
Many people feel smoking makes their symptoms worse. How the by-products of tobacco that are excreted in the urine affect IC/PBS is unknown. Smoking, however, is a major cause of bladder cancer. One of the best things smokers can do for their bladder and their overall health is to quit.
Many patients feel that gentle stretching exercises help relieve IC/PBS symptoms.
People who have found adequate relief from pain may be able to reduce frequency by using bladder training techniques. Methods vary, but basically patients decide to void—empty their bladder—at designated times and use relaxation techniques and distractions to keep to the schedule. Gradually, they try to lengthen the time between scheduled voids. A diary in which to record voiding times is helpful in keeping track of progress.
Bladder Diary from What I need to know about Bladder Control for Women.
New evidence indicates that certain types of physical therapy, when administered by an experienced physical therapist, may improve IC/PBS symptoms. Patients should discuss this option with their health care provider.
Surgery should be considered only if all available treatments have failed and the pain is disabling. Many approaches and techniques are used, each of which has advantages and complications that should be discussed with a surgeon. A doctor may recommend consulting another surgeon for a second opinion before taking this step. Most surgeons are reluctant to operate because some people still have symptoms after surgery.
People considering surgery should discuss the potential risks and benefits, side effects, and long- and short-term complications with a surgeon, their family, and people who have already had the procedure. Surgery requires anesthesia, hospitalization, and weeks or months of recovery. As the complexity of the procedure increases, so do the chances for complications and failure.
People should check with their doctor to locate a surgeon experienced in performing specific procedures.
Two procedures—fulguration and resection of ulcers—can be done with instruments inserted through the urethra. Fulguration involves burning Hunner's ulcers with electricity or a laser. When the area heals, the dead tissue and the ulcer fall off, leaving new, healthy tissue behind. Resection involves cutting around and removing the ulcers. Both treatments are done under anesthesia and use special instruments inserted into the bladder through a cystoscope. Laser surgery in the urinary tract should be reserved for people with Hunner's ulcers and should be done only by doctors with the special training and expertise needed to perform the procedure.
Another surgical treatment is augmentation, which makes the bladder larger. In most of these procedures, scarred, ulcerated, and inflamed sections of the patient's bladder are removed, leaving only the base of the bladder and healthy tissue. A piece of the patient's colon—also called large intestine—is then removed, reshaped, and attached to what remains of the bladder. After the incisions heal, the patient may void less frequently. The effect on pain varies greatly; IC/PBS can sometimes recur on the segment of colon used to enlarge the bladder.
Even in carefully selected patients—those with small, contracted bladders—pain, frequency, and urgency may remain or return after surgery, and they may have additional problems with infections in the new bladder and difficulty absorbing nutrients from the shortened colon. Some patients become incontinent, while others cannot void at all and must insert a catheter into the urethra to empty the bladder.
Bladder removal, called a cystectomy, is another, infrequently used surgical option. Once the bladder has been removed, different methods can be used to reroute the urine. In most cases, ureters are attached to a piece of colon that opens onto the skin of the abdomen. This procedure is called a urostomy and the opening is called a stoma. Urine empties through the stoma into a bag outside the body. Some urologists are using a second technique that also requires a stoma but allows urine to be stored in a pouch inside the abdomen. At intervals throughout the day, the patient puts a catheter into the stoma and empties the pouch. Patients with either type of urostomy must be very careful to keep the area in and around the stoma clean to prevent infection. Serious potential complications may include kidney infection and small bowel obstruction.
A third method to reroute urine involves making a new bladder from a piece of the patient's colon and attaching it to the urethra. After healing, the patient may be able to empty the newly formed bladder by voiding at scheduled times or by inserting a catheter into the urethra. Only a few surgeons have the special training and expertise needed to perform this procedure.
Even after total bladder removal, some patients still experience variable IC/PBS symptoms in the form of phantom pain. Therefore, the decision to undergo a cystectomy should be made only after testing all alternative methods and seriously considering the potential outcome.
Removing the bladder is not always done in patients with severe disease. Some urologists recommend rerouting urine to a piece of bowel connected to the abdominal wall. Urine is then collected in an external bag that is emptied periodically. While this procedure may or may not improve pelvic pain, it can decrease frequency and improve quality of life for patients who experience frequent urges to urinate.
No evidence exists that IC/PBS increases the risk of bladder cancer.
Researchers have little information about pregnancy and IC/PBS but believe that the disorder does not affect fertility or the health of the fetus. Some women find that their IC/PBS goes into remission during pregnancy, while others experience a worsening of their symptoms.
The emotional support of family, friends, and other people with IC/PBS is very important in helping patients cope. Studies have found that people who learn about the disorder and become involved in their own care do better than people who do not. The Interstitial Cystitis Association maintains a list of support groups that can viewed at www.ichelp.org.
Although answers may seem slow in coming, researchers are working to solve the painful riddle of IC/PBS. Some scientists receive funds from the Federal Government to help support their research, while others receive support from their employing institution, drug pharmaceutical or device companies, or patient support associations.
The NIDDK's investment in scientifically meritorious IC/PBS research across the United States has grown considerably since 1987. The Institute now supports research that looks at various aspects of IC/PBS, such as how the components of urine may injure the bladder and what role organisms identified by nonstandard methods may have in causing IC/PBS. In addition to funding research, the NIDDK sponsors scientific workshops where investigators share the results of their studies and discuss future areas for investigation.
The Interstitial Cystitis Clinical Research Network (ICCRN) is a product of two NIDDK programs: the Interstitial Cystitis Database (ICDB) Study and the Interstitial Cystitis Clinical Trials Group (ICCTG). Established in 1991, the ICDB was a 5-year prospective cohort study of more than 600 men and women with symptoms of urinary urgency, frequency, and pelvic pain. The study described the longitudinal changes of urinary symptoms, the impact of IC on quality of life, treatment patterns, and the relationship between bladder biopsy findings and patient symptoms. The ICCTG was established in 1996 as a follow-up to the ICDB study. The clinical trials group developed two randomized, controlled clinical trials of promising therapies, one using oral therapies—pentosan polysulfate sodium (Elmiron) and hydroxyzine hydrochloride (Atarax)—and the other administering intravesical treatment using Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). BCG is a vaccine for tuberculosis that stimulates the immune system and may have an effect on the bladder. The ICCTG also developed and conducted ancillary studies of various biomarkers such as heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and anti-proliferative factor (APF).
In 2003, the ICCTG became the ICCRN, which has conducted additional clinical trials over a second 5-year period. One of these trials studied the effectiveness of amitriptyline in treating PBS, which includes IC. Amitriptyline has FDA approval for the treatment of depression, but researchers believe the drug may work to block nerve signals that trigger pain in the bladder and may also decrease muscle spasms in the bladder, helping to cut both pain and frequent urination. The study could not prove that amitriptyline was effective in treating IC/PBS, although many patients seemed to benefit from a combination of amitriptyline and behavioral modification with stress reduction.
In 2008, the NIDDK launched the Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain (MAPP) Research Network. The MAPP Research Network is designed to take a collaborative, whole-body approach to the study of IC/PBS and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). This program brings together experts from nonurologic fields such as neurology and epidemiology as well as traditional urologic researchers to study IC/PBS and CP/CPPS in the context of other chronic pain syndromes such as fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and irritable bowel syndrome. While traditional research has focused on the bladder as the source of pain in IC/PBS and on the prostate as the source of pain in CP/CPPS, researchers now believe that an underlying cause common to all chronic pain syndromes may lie somewhere outside these specific organs. The MAPP Research Network includes six Discovery Sites that will conduct individual and collaborative trials and two Core Sites for data and tissue banking and analysis. The program is scheduled to be funded for 5 years.
Participants in clinical trials can play a more active role in their own health care, gain access to new research treatments before they are widely available, and help others by contributing to medical research. For information about current studies, visit www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
The materials listed below may be found in medical libraries, in many college and university libraries, through interlibrary loan in most public libraries, and at bookstores. Items are listed for information only; inclusion does not imply endorsement by the National Institutes of Health.
Keay SK, Warren JW. Is interstitial cystitis an infectious disease? International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002;19(6):480-483.
The Interstitial Cystitis Clinical Trials Group. A pilot clinical trial of oral pentosan polysulfate and oral hydroxyzine in patients with interstitial cystitis. Journal of Urology. 2003;170(3):810-815.
The Interstitial Cystitis Clinical Trials Group. A randomized controlled trial of intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin for treatment of refractory interstitial cystitis. Journal of Urology. 2005;173(4):1186-191.
Hanno P, Lin AT, Nordling J, Nyberg L, van Ophoven A, Ueda T. Bladder pain syndrome. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein A, eds. Incontinence. Paris: Health Publication Ltd.; 2009: 1459–1518.
Moldwin RM. Interstitial Cystitis Survival Guide: Your Guide to the Latest Treatment Options and Coping Strategies. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc.; 2000. (Available by calling 1-800-HELP-ICA or 1-800-435-7422.)
Sandler GG, Sandler A. Patient to Patient: Managing Interstitial Cystitis & Overlapping Conditions. New Orleans, LA: Bon Ange LLC; 2000.
Sant G, ed. Interstitial Cystitis. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997.
American Urological Association Foundation1000 Corporate BoulevardLinthicum, MD 21090Phone: 1–800–828–7866 or 410–689–3700Fax: 410–689–3998Email: email@example.com: www.UrologyHealth.org
American Chronic Pain AssociationP.O. Box 850Rocklin, CA 95677Phone: 1–800–533–3231Email: firstname.lastname@example.com: www.theacpa.org
American Pain Society4700 West Lake AvenueGlenview, IL 60025Phone: 847–375–4715Email: email@example.com: www.ampainsoc.org
American Urogynecologic Society2025 M Street NW, Suite 800Washington, D.C. 20036Phone: 202–367–1167Fax: 202–367–2167Email: email@example.com: www.augs.org
International Association for the Study of Pain111 Queen Anne Avenue North, Suite 501Seattle, WA 98109–4955Phone: 206–283–0311Email: firstname.lastname@example.com: www.iasp-pain.org
Interstitial Cystitis Association1760 Old Meadow Road, Suite 500McLean, VA 22102Phone: 1–800–HELP–ICA (1–800–435–7422) or 703–442–2070Fax: 703–506–3266Email: email@example.com: www.ichelp.org
National Kidney Foundation30 East 33rd StreetNew York, NY 10016Phone: 1–800–622–9010 or 212–889–2210Internet: www.kidney.org
National Organization of Social Security Claimants' Representatives560 Sylvan AvenueEnglewood Cliffs, NJ 07632Phone: 1–800–431–2804Email: email@example.com: www.nosscr.org
Social Security AdministrationOffice of Public InquiriesWindsor Park Building6401 Security BoulevardBaltimore, MD 21235Phone: 1–800–772–1213Internet: www.ssa.gov
Local offices can be found in the telephone book under U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services.
United Ostomy Associations of America, Inc.P.O. Box 512Northfield, MN 55057–0512Phone: 1–800–826–0826Email: firstname.lastname@example.com: www.ostomy.org
Publications produced by the Clearinghouse are carefully reviewed by both NIDDK scientists and outside experts. This publication was reviewed by Philip Hanno, M.D., University of Pennsylvania.
You may also find additional information about this topic by visiting MedlinePlus at www.medlineplus.gov.
This publication may contain information about medications and, when taken as prescribed, the conditions they treat. When prepared, this publication included the most current information available. For updates or for questions about any medications, contact the U.S. Food and Drug Administration toll-free at 1–888–INFO–FDA (1–888–463–6332) or visit www.fda.gov. Consult your health care provider for more information.
The U.S. Government does not endorse or favor any specific commercial product or company. Trade, proprietary, or company names appearing in this document are used only because they are considered necessary in the context of the information provided. If a product is not mentioned, the omission does not mean or imply that the product is unsatisfactory.
3 Information WayBethesda, MD 20892–3580Phone: 1–800–891–5390TTY: 1–866–569–1162Fax: 703–738–4929Email: firstname.lastname@example.com: www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov
The National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC) is a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). The NIDDK is part of the National Institutes of Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Established in 1987, the Clearinghouse provides information about diseases of the kidneys and urologic system to people with kidney and urologic disorders and to their families, health care professionals, and the public. The NKUDIC answers inquiries, develops and distributes publications, and works closely with professional and patient organizations and Government agencies to coordinate resources about kidney and urologic diseases.
This publication is not copyrighted. The Clearinghouse encourages users of this publication to duplicate and distribute as many copies as desired.
NIH Publication No. 11–3220September 2011
Page last updated September 10, 2013


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Johnson & Johnson, the consumer packaged-goods giant, recently hired Jeff Mathers as director of mobility. He's charged with accelerating the development and deployment of mobile apps for all lines of business at the company.
With a job like that, it's clear he's not going to be building just one or two apps. Instead, he'll be jumping into a new trend among leading-edge companies: Building scores of mobile apps, many designed to be used for short periods -- days or months -- rather than indefinitely.
When mobile app development often takes a minimum of six months, how can companies afford to build apps that are to be used for so little time? Some, like Johnson & Johnson (J&J), are experimenting with offerings known as back-end as a service (BaaS), designed to take care of the humdrum capabilities required for most apps so that internal developers can focus instead on the user interface and experience.
Still, it wasn't quite as easy to use Kinvey as promised. "There were some learning pains with their tools," Mathers says. "And they're a new company so everything maybe doesn't work quite the way they say it does, or you want to do things they haven't thought about."
For instance, creating a data model and committing records to it was "amazingly simple," he says. But while Mathers knows how to build master queries against data collections using SQL, he had to learn a new process for querying using Kinvey collections, he says. That took some time.
Also, Kinvey's tools were built on the assumption that a device is owned and used by one person. That means data generated from the device is tied to the device. But Mathers wanted many people to be able to log into an iPad and generate data attached to their accounts, not the device.
"But we're hearing from enterprises that they want similar things for, say, Salesforce or Active Directory or their SAP instance. There are all sorts of existing enterprise databases or business intelligence tools they'd like to integrate," says Ilya Sukhar, Parse's CEO.
While many businesses will likely have to do some custom work to pull data from those back-end apps into a new mobile app, the modules give them a leg up, he says.
Kinvey, which is building plug-ins to make connections to back-end data, also admits it's not a one-size-fits-all process. "The pushback from enterprises is, 'I have SAP version 5.5 or Oracle 9.7. Do you have the plug-ins?'" says Sravish Sridhar, Kinvey's CEO. "Over time, we will."


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virtual reconstruction
virtual reconstruction ARTICLES
Figure 1: Taqī al-Dīn's observational clock is shown in the right hand side middle of this famous picture of Istanbul observatiry. Source: Istanbul University Library, MS F1404, folio 57a.
The Astronomical Clock of Taqi Al-Din: Virtual ReconstructionLEARN MORE
In his book The Brightest Stars for the Construction of...


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Blossom 4-in-1 Seating System
Graco® Blossom™ 4-in-1 Seating System- designed to adjust to your growing child's seating needs and to accommodate more than one child in your growing family. It transforms seamlessly from an extremely functional highchair to an infant feeding booster, a toddler booster, and finally a youth chair. Should your family suddenly grow, it can even accommodate a baby and a toddler at the table all at once. The 6-position height adjustment assures a front row seat for baby at any family table. And the 3-position removable footrest and 3-position one-hand reclining seat will ensure your growing child stays comfortable at mealtime.
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November 2009
Highlights data on the prevalence of people entering substance abuse treatment programs who also reported having at least one co-occurring mental health problem.
Announces the addition of three new members to NIDA's National Advisory Council on Drug Abuse.
Describes clinical trial results providing evidence that methadone maintenance to men in prison can pay off in better retention in community treatment and reduced drug abuse following their release.
Reports an animal study presenting evidence that cocaine causes cognitive deficits that can persist well into abstinence.
Reports animal study findings on development of an antibody fragment that rapidly removes methamphetamine from the brain and discusses implications for treatment of overdose.
Highlights findings from a study showing that nicotine triggers a surge in levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain's main reward area for cigarette smokers.
Announces the 2009 high school student recipients of the Addiction Science Awards and describes their winning addiction-focused projects.
Describes research providing evidence that genes may influence how successful a person is in quitting smoking and which cessation technique may work best for them.
Reports on a new device that creates tiny painless punctures in the skin to allow medication to flow evenly from a skin patch into dermal capillaries and the bloodstream.
Announces the recipient of a 2009 award for innovation in research on drug addiction and alcoholism whose research focuses on the cellular changes that occur in response to chronic cocaine abuse.


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Red Gold
Bristol Bay, Alaska is perhaps the world's largest and most sustainable wild salmon fishery. For centuries, the watershed's plentiful stocks have supported the region's native population, and today its natural resources sustain a commercial fishing industry and draw sport fishermen from around the world. But […]Read More →
15 Cents: HB 2800
Reporter Sarah Mirk of the Portland Mercury had a chance to follow along on some of the events and tours held during the recent Farm to Cafeteria Conference. Her write-up on the Mercury blog shares her experiences visiting the Food Innovation Center, a farmer who […]Read More →
Real good grub: Bryant Terry at the IFCC
Straight-up inspiring. That's how it was to witness Bryant Terry work the stage last Wednesday for a sold-out crowd at the Interstate Firehouse Cultural Center. Between the food, the spoken-word poets, and Terry's deeply personal story of food and health, it brought the house down. […]Read More →


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Grants AVAILABLE
Here you will find information explaining what each type of organisation can apply for. This means that some grants are only open to certain types of organisation. You will also be able to see all the criteria related to grants.
An international activity can be organised by
- international non-governmental youth organisations
- international networks
- regional networks
- national NGOs: activity prepared in partnership with at least 3 other national NGOs or networks from different countries or with 1 international NGO or network.
A work plan can be applied for by international youth NGOs and international networks. It is made up of several international or local activities part of an organisation's strategy/action plan for the following year/s. When applying for a work plan the EYF may support one, various or all of the proposed/planned activities.
Structural grant for 2 consecutive years are available every 2 years (deadline 2013, 2015 and so on) are only accessible to international youth NGOs and international networks that have received support for at least 3 international activities during the 3 previous years (EYF grant or study session in the annual programme of the European Youth Centres). However, the grant needs to be confirmed after 1 year. A one-off structural grant can be applied for by regional networks that have received support for at least 3 international activities during the 3 previous years (EYF grant or study session in the annual programme of the European Youth Centres).
Pilot activities are open to regional networks, national and local youth NGOs. Pilot activitiesneed to respond to a challenge in society, they are "interventions". Pilot activities need to use non-formal methodology and have aclear local impact. Pilot activities can also be carried out by international NGOs/networks as part of their work plan and in cooperation with local NGOs.
The EYF gives NGOs the opportunity to apply for 5 different grant types, each one with a specific purpose, rules and expectations. Have a look at the table below. It presents important information relating to criteria for each grant type.
The core aim of your activity should fall under one of the following broad categories:
- Awareness-raising: participants are made aware of something (knowledge, particular situation, particular solutions or responses). Outcome: Participants can say "I now know about…" and/or "I am aware of…".
- Skills development: participants develop skills to address a situation. Outcome: Participants are in a position to say "I can now do this" or/and "I now have the ability to…".
- Collaborative work: participants' skills and knowledge serve as a basis to build and/or develop a product (e.g. a campaign, guidelines, recommendations, etc.). Outcome: Participants can say "I have contributed to develop this…".
What is?
International activity: meetings of young people or youth leaders in Europe, which contribute to the work of the youth sector of the Council of Europe in topic, methodology and with a clear European dimension. Single publications are no longer eligible.
Work plan: a series of activities for the following year(s), international activities, pilot activities and also publication (including web development). These activities would be part of and support your organisation's strategy or action plan for the coming years.
Structural grant: intended for general administrative costs of an international organisation or network. The one-off structural grant is planned as support to establish a European structure by regional networks.
Pilot activity: this activity's main criteria is that it is an "intervention" and addresses a specific societal challenge linked to the local context in which it takes place.


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Issue 5.11 | Nov 1997
By G. Pascal Zachary
|Archive Category:
Venture Capital
Future of War
Vannevar Bush is a great name for playing six degrees of separation. Turn back the clock on any aspect of information technology - from the birth of Silicon Valley and the marriage of science and the military to the advent of the World Wide Web - and you find his footprints. As historian Michael Sherry says, "To understand the world of Bill Gates and Bill Clinton, start with understanding Vannevar Bush."
Bush's best years - he was born in 1890 - came before professors were millionaires and venture capitalists were presidents' pals. Almost forgotten today, he essentially invented the world as we know it: not so much the things in it, of course, but the way we think about innovation, what it means, and why it happens.
Bush started small. In the 1930s, as a professor of electrical engineering at MIT, he designed what were then the world's most powerful computers: room-sized mechanical devices that took days just to ready for a new problem. When those contraptions were supplanted by digital ones beginning in the early 1940s, he envisioned a revolutionary personal information machine that would store and retrieve not just all essential human knowledge, but its owner's specific memories.
The device, which foreshadowed both the PC and the Web, was just one of Bush's many seminal contributions. During the early 1940s, at the behest of then President Roosevelt, he led the drive to build the first atomic bomb, organizing the Manhattan Project and setting the stage for every US Big Science project from the H-bomb to the Moon race and Star Wars. He conceived the National Science Foundation and the Advanced Research Projects Agency, helping guarantee US supremacy in cutting-edge technologies by judiciously channeling federal funds to new frontiers.
Bush was also among the first to see the importance of venture capital and the way risk-taking inventors, drawing on top-flight universities, could spawn whole new industries - and, in the process, destroy the inefficient corporate oligarchies that ruled America from the turn of the century until the 1980s. At MIT, he began forging research partnerships with local companies and later cofounded Raytheon, then a radio-tube supplier, today a defense electronics giant.
And while laying the groundwork for the high tech Route 128 corridor around Boston, he made what may be an even more crucial contribution to the industrial history of this century: he helped create Silicon Valley by instilling in one of his graduate students, Frederick Terman, a belief that regional economies would someday depend on a strange brew of risk capital, hard-charging entrepreneurs, and dreamy academics. After World War II, Terman went off to Stanford - and played a pivotal role in engineering the academic-business partnerships that gave rise to what is now the greatest concentration of high tech power in the world.
But if Bush's historic influence is forgotten or misunderstood, his technical inspiration is not. Even before his death in 1974, many on the cutting edge of computing considered him the godfather of the information age, a gifted seer into the future wrought by computers and electronic networks. Doug Engelbart, who invented the mouse and helped launch the Internet's forerunner, the Arpanet, credits Bush with awakening him to the potential of computers to manage information, not just crunch numbers. For Engelbart and a legion of other leading-edge engineers, Bush's 1945 Atlantic Monthly article, "As We May Think," is a foundation text. "It's our bible," says San Francisco software designer Z. Smith, who was handed a copy a decade ago as a fledgling engineer at Xerox PARC.
"As We May Think" describes a device - Bush called it a "memex" - that was meant to tame the then-novel problem of information overload by enhancing human memory (hence its name). Bush envisioned it as a universal library, relying on microfilm to store vast amounts of text, crammed onto a desktop. Bearing a striking resemblance to the personal computer, the memex promised the added benefit of letting its owner link together disparate pieces of information, thus automating a process of retrieving associated ideas and data. These personal associations, or "trails," could be shared among people, Bush thought, even passed down from parent to child, giving their creators a measure of immortality.
The birth of the PC in the mid-1970s brought Bush renewed attention. Software designers took off on Bush's ideas of associative trails. Ted Nelson, who popularized the notion of hypertext, thanked Bush for inspiration. And the rise of the Internet cemented Bush's reputation as a prophet of cyberculture, with some enthusiasts even arguing that "As We May Think" laid the intellectual seeds for the World Wide Web.
G. Pascal Zachary (firstname.lastname@example.com), a reporter in The Wall Street Journal's San Francisco bureau, is author of The Endless Frontier, a biography of Vannevar Bush.
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UPDATE... 6:35PM The Bangor Daily News reports the committee has voted down one of the proposed expansions.
AUGUSTA, Maine (NEWS CENTER) - The people who own and manage Maine's eight medical marijuana dispensaries are asking the Legislature to let the drug be used to treat far more medical conditions.
Right now the state has a strict list of medical conditions for which marijuana can be prescribed. They include cancer, HIV/AIDS, Multiple Sclerosis and several other illnesses.
The dispensaries say they want to be able to prescribe the drug for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, treatment of opiate addiction and allow doctors prescribe it for any other condition they think appropriate. That's just one of six bills being considered by lawmakers right now.
The Maine Medical Association, which represents doctors, is opposed to the change. It says the list should not be expanded without scientific evidence that marijuana is actually beneficial for those conditions. The MMA says that, in general, it believes the program rules are adequate as they are now.
Most of the other bills being considered by the Health and Human Services Committee would deal with changing some of the state's rules for the medical marijuana program, which the dispensary owners described as the "strictest in the country". Meanwhile the Criminal Justice Committee is debating a proposal to legalize marijuana statewide. If it passes the Legislature it would be sent to a statewide referendum vote.


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Oklahoma football coach Bob Stoops expressed disappointment for former Sooner safety Tony Jefferson, who wasn't selected in last month's NFL Draft.
Oklahoma football coach Bob Stoops expressed disappointment for former Sooner safety Tony Jefferson, who wasn't selected in last month's NFL Draft.
But Stoops also said he wasn't surprised.
"Nothing surprises me in the draft," Stoops said Monday, when he appeared for an OU Caravan event at Tulsa's Shusterman Center.
"I was disappointed, of course, I want all my guys to be drafted as high as they can be. But in the end, there's always a lot of reasons why NFL teams do or don't draft guys. Some of them are whether they play, how they test when they measure a guy."
Jefferson chose to skip his senior season to enter this year's NFL Draft, and most experts projected him for selection in the top three rounds. But his draft stock gradually slipped from January to April, and ultimately, every NFL team passed on the second-team All-American.
Jefferson signed a free-agent contract with the Arizona Cardinals shortly after the draft ended.
Asked if he thought in January that Jefferson might go undrafted, Stoops said, "To a degree. I thought he would be. I didn't feel it would be in the first day because of information I have. I feel bad for him. I wish he was."
Stoops added that "it will be difficult" for Jefferson to make the Cardinals' roster as an undrafted free agent.
Jefferson led the Sooners with 119 tackles last season, playing most of the year on a high-ankle sprain.
Oklahoma men's basketball coach Lon Kruger said he expects incoming freshman point guard Jordan Woodard to make an immediate impact.
In three seasons as Edmond Memorial's starting point guard, Woodard helped lead the Bulldogs to two Class 6A state championships, including the 2013 title. He needed arthroscopic knee surgery after his senior season, and played the state championship game on a badly injured hamstring.
Continue reading this story on the...


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More than 100 gun control supporters rallied on the Capitol steps for tougher gun legislation as Republicans inside argued that schools would be safer if it was legal for employees to carry concealed weapons.
Welcome to Colorado's gun debate. Some people would like to see Colorado ban assault weapons, limit ammunition and expand background checks as ways to reduce gun violence.
"I don't think it's difficult to ask that we have universal background checks, that we take these weapons of war off the streets," Dave Hoover, uncle of Aurora theater shooting victim AJ Boik, said at the rally.
The proposals were expected to be made by House Democratic Rep. Rhonda Fields, an Aurora Democrat and an outspoken supporter of gun control.
"Military-style assault weapons are not needed in our neighborhoods. They need to be on the battlefield," said Fields, whose son was shot and killed in 2005. "I am sick and tired of the bloodshed."
Republicans were pitching a different path to safety, arguing for a proposal to allow school employees to carry concealed weapons. But as expected, that bill died in the Senate Judiciary Committee.
Another Republican gun bill that would require armed security in businesses that don't allow patrons to carry concealed weapons faced similar odds later in the week.
Senate President John Morse, a Democrat and former police chief, told reporters he's conflicted about which gun measures could work. Morse has said he supports an assault-weapons ban, but he told reporters he is still searching for the right approach to curb gun violence.
"I don't see a magical solution," Morse said.
Morse did dismiss GOP efforts so far.
"When you add guns, you're going to add shootings," Morse said.
Governor Hickenlooper called for universal background checks in his State of the State address. But he didn't mention assault weapons or high capacity magazines.
Democrats are hoping to come up with a package of gun bills that the governor might support and that will have enough votes to pass.
That means the moderate Democrats in the legislature are going to get a big say in how far we go on gun control.


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Global Keratin Chocolate Keratin Treatment, Light Wave
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Our warehouse is closed Saturday & Sunday, so orders received after 3pm ET on Fridays will not ship out until Monday.
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Steak in Lettuce Rolls
- 12 ounce flank (or hanger) steak
- 1 large onion, sliced
- 6 cloves garlic, chopped
- 1 tablespoon chopped ginger
- 1/2 cup low-sodium soy sauce
- 1/4 cup apple juice
- 2 tablespoons lemon juice
- 2 teaspoons dark (toasted) sesame oil
- 4 1/2 teaspoons sugar
Scallion Salad
- 1 large bunch scallions, finely chopped
- 2 red chiles, seeded and thinly sliced
- 3 tablespoons rice vinegar
- 2 tablespoons low-sodium soy sauce
- 1 teaspoons dark (toasted) sesame oil
Lettuce rolls
- Vegetable oil cooking spray
- 1 1/2 cups cooked brown rice
- 3 tablespoons soybean paste (preferably Ssämjang)
- 1 1/2 heads Bibb lettuce, leaves separated
Place steak in a 6" x 9" baking dish. Combine marinade ingredients; pour over meat. Cover with plastic; refrigerate 1/2 to 2 hours. Combine salad ingredients in a bowl; chill until ready to serve. Remove meat from marinade; pat dry. Coat grill or broiler pan with cooking spray. Heat grill on high. Grill or broil steak 3 minutes on each side for medium-rare. Transfer to a platter and let rest 10 minutes. Remove onion from marinade. Coat a nonstick skillet with cooking spray. Cook onion over medium-high heat until tender, 5 minutes. Move to a bowl. Cut meat thinly. For lettuce rolls: Layer rice, salad, soybean paste, onions and steak in the center of each lettuce leaf; roll up. Serve 4 rolls per person.
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