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News about paleontology, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
Chronology of Coverage
Oct. 9, 2015
Scientists publishing in journal Science report recovery of genome in 4,500-year-old human skeleton in Ethiopia; first time a complete assemblage of DNA has been retrieved from ancient human in Africa; discovery proves DNA can survive in tropics, and offers scientists opportunity to refine history of human species. MORE
Sep. 29, 2015
Study in journal Acta Palaeontologica Polonica reports discovery of fossil remains of dinosaur species Ugrunaaluk kuukpikensis above Arctic Circle, farthest north dinosaurs have ever been found. MORE
Aug. 25, 2015
Study in journal PLoS One reports discovery of two-million- year-old baboon skull fragment in cave in South Africa, oldest baboon skull ever found. MORE
Jul. 21, 2015
Section of Utah's Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument known as Kaiparowits Plateau has yielded tens of thousands of dinosaur fossils, many of them rare, during excavations over past 15 years; site has proved treasure trove of fossils from Late Cretaceous Period, providing valuable information about dinosaurs' twilight era 10 million years before their extinction. MORE
Jul. 21, 2015
Benjamin Bomfleur study in journal Biology Letters reports discovery of oldest known fossilized sperm, which was found in 50 million-year-old worm cocoon in Antarctica. MORE
Jul. 17, 2015
Scientists unearth winged dinosaur skeleton in China; new species, named Zhenyuanlong suni, is close cousin of dinosaur predator Velociraptor. MORE
Jul. 13, 2015
Rachel L Swarns The Working Life column profiles Lisa Amati, who has landed dream job as New York State's paleontologist; observes that Amati has set herself goal of making state's perehistoric lifeforms interesting and relevant to ordinary New Yorkers. MORE
Jul. 7, 2015
Scientists studying fossil records of bizarre Cambrian Period worm known as Hallucigenia are beginning to understand its anatomy and place in evolution; hand-sized worm, which sported row of legs and tentacles, seven pairs of spikes and strange, bulb-like head, has been found to be early ancestor of velvet worms. MORE
Jun. 9, 2015
Study in journal Current Biology finds newly described horned dinosaur Regaliceratops peterhewsi was close relative of Triceratops. MORE
May. 12, 2015
Study published in journal Current Biology reports that fossilized arthropod found in Canadian Rockies may help reveal how heads evolved in early animals. MORE
May. 5, 2015
Dr Love Dalen study published online in Current Biology reports that researchers have sequenced DNA of woolly mammoth and have determined that species most likely died out on an isolated island from inbreeding. MORE
May. 5, 2015
Child in Chile discovers bone fragments of dinosaur that was not previously known to paleontologists; Chilesaurus diegosuarezi is related to Tyrannosaurus rex but was not carnivorous. MORE
Apr. 30, 2015
Xu Xing study in journal Nature reports discovery in China of 160 million-year-old fossils of dinosaur, named Yi qi, that may have tried and failed to take flight on featherless wings. MORE
Apr. 14, 2015
Study in The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology reports discovery of fossilized skeleton of Llallawavis scagliai, South American terror bird that could reach 10 feet in height; fierce-looking creature became extinct two and a half million years ago. MORE
Apr. 8, 2015
Paleontologist Emanuel Tschopp and colleagues Octavio Mateus and Roger B J Benson release study published in journal PeerJ that concludes that Brontosaurus, type of dinosaur once determined to be same as Apatosaurus, was actually separate genera. MORE
Mar. 17, 2015
Study in journal Nature reports discovery of fossil remains in Morocco of six-foot long arthropod that lived 520 million years ago and used spines on its head to filter plankton from seawater for food. MORE
Mar. 5, 2015
Two reports in journal Science report discovery of 2.8-million-year-old jawbone in Afar region of Ethiopia belonging to human ancestor Homo habilis; fossil, which predates previously discovered Homo fossils by 400,000 years, makes crucial link between Australopithecus Afarensis and early Homo. MORE
Feb. 17, 2015
Two studies by paleontologist Zhe-Xi Luo published in journal Science report discovery of two fossils from Jurassic Period, roughly 145 to 200 million years ago, illustrating way that mammals from that period adapted to their environment. MORE
Feb. 3, 2015
Dr Michael Caldwell study in journal Nature Communications reports discovery of fossil evidence showing that early snake ancestors had legs. MORE
Dec. 16, 2014
Researchers discover oldest known horned dinosaur species from early Cretaceous in North America; tiny dinosaur, found in Montana, is named Aquilops americanus. MORE
Nov. 11, 2014
Study by paleontologist Ryosuke Motani, published in journal Nature, reports on discovery of fossils in China that support theory that Ichthyosaurs, ancient, aquatic relatives of snakes and lizards, evolved from land-dwelling reptiles that returned to the ocean. MORE
Nov. 9, 2014
Op-Ed article by Michael J Novacek, senior vice president of the American Museum of Natural History, expresses excitement at the numerous recent discoveries of extinct species in Earth's fossil record; underscores importance of these discoveries, as well as of what the fossil record can contribute to human knowledge. MORE
Nov. 6, 2014
Study in journal Nature reports on skull fossil from a newly discovered extinct species, Vintana sertichi, similar to groundhogs, that lived in Madagascar at the time of the dinosaurs about 66 million to 70 million years ago; it is only third mammal fossil found in the Southern Hemisphere. MORE
Oct. 7, 2014
Researchers have discovered fossil of 52-million-year-old beetle in India that lived alongside ants, preying on their eggs and usurping resources; fossil is the oldest known example of a kind of social parasitism known as myrmecophily. MORE
Sep. 12, 2014
Model of the largest known predatory dinosaur, and the only dinosaur known to spend much of its life in water, will be displayed at National Geographic Museum in Washington; journal Science describes 50-foot Spinosaurus as living in northern Africa 95 million years ago; first bones of dinosaur were brought to paleontologist by a nomad in 2008. MORE
Sep. 5, 2014
Scientists report newly described dinosaur called Dreadnoughtus that was unearthed in Patagonia region of Argentina in 2006 is the first of this species and the most complete skeleton ever found in the group of gargantuan dinosaurs known as titonosaurs; Drexel University paleontologist Kenneth J Lacovara describes the fossil in journal Scientific Reports. MORE
Sep. 2, 2014
Dr Alexander G Liu study in journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B reports discovery of the oldest known muscle tissues in the fossilized tissues of a soft-bodied creature that shares an ancestor with modern sea anemones, jellyfish and corals. MORE
Jul. 29, 2014
Dr Pascal Godefroit study in journal Science reports discovery of new species of feathered dinosaur in Russia; finding suggests that dinosaurs with feathers were more widespread than previously thought. MORE
Jul. 16, 2014
Study in journal Nature Communications reports discovery of flying, four-winged dinosaur, known as Changyuraptor, in northeastern China. MORE
Jul. 15, 2014
Study in The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology reports discovery in British Colombia of fossil of ancient hedgehog known as Silvacola acares, which lived 52 million years ago, during early Eocene epoch. MORE
Jul. 13, 2014
Connecticut's Petrified Forest exhibition, at Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History in New Haven, features piece of petrified wood found by a Yale professor on a 22-acre farm in Southbury; find led to discovery of a new genus and species of conifer, now extinct, that grew 200 million years ago (Metropolitan/Connecticut). MORE
Jul. 8, 2014
German report discovery of new specimen of Archaeopteryx, 150-million-year-old winged creature thought to represent transition from dinosaurs to birds. MORE
Jun. 17, 2014
Alexander W A Kellner study in journal Current Biology reports that scientists have discovered first intact eggs from pterosaurs, flying reptiles that lived alongside dinosaurs, in northwestern China during the Early Cretaceous period. MORE
May. 20, 2014
Dr Renate Matzke-Karasz study in journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B reports discovery of world's oldest sperm in tiny shrimp called ostracods that lived at least 17 million years ago. MORE
May. 9, 2014
Annual Identification Day at the American Museum of Natural History invites public to bring in an article of unknown origin, such as fossils, rocks, bones or butterflies, and have it explained by experts. MORE
Apr. 8, 2014
Interview with Neil H Shubin, paleontologist, molecular biologist and anatomist, in which he discusses his discovery of 375-million-year-old fish called Tiktaalik and link fish forms between sea and land animals; Shubin is set to preside over three-part PBS television series Your Inner Fish. MORE
Apr. 1, 2014
Study in journal PeerJ reports that many woolly mammoths from North Sea had superfluous rib attached to seventh vertebra, sign that they suffered from inbreeding and harsh conditions during pregnancy; anomaly may have contributed to their extinction 12,000 to 10,000 years ago. MORE
Apr. 1, 2014
Artists on American Museum of Natural History's exhibitions team work with curators, paleontologists and scientific consultants to create reproductions of extinct animals that are as accurate and lifelike as possible; such models exist at nexus of scientific fact and artistic interpretation. MORE
Mar. 25, 2014
Newly identified species of ancient porpoise, known as Semirostrum ceruttii, had an unusually long lower jaw, analogous to the human chin. MORE
Mar. 4, 2014
Remains of trilobites, diverse group of marine animals that are older than dinosaurs and distantly related to horseshoe crab, continue to fascinate and surprise researchers; recent research describes new insight into crystal-eyed visual system, distinctive body plan and social habits of these archetypal fossils. MORE
Feb. 25, 2014
The Week column; researchers studying volcanic ash to date fossils formed by extinction event 252 million years ago determine that entire episode lasted just 60,000 years; other notable developments in science and medicine highlighted. MORE
Feb. 11, 2014
Study in journal Nature, based on 50,000 year analysis of Arctic vegetation history, reveals that change in diet may have led to demise of wooly mammoth, wooly rhinoceros and other large animals. MORE
Jan. 14, 2014
Scientists examining fossils of Tiktaalik roseae, transitional species that lived 375 million years ago, have concluded that modification of fins into four limbs began before vertebrates left the water. MORE
Dec. 17, 2013
Nathan P Myhrvold, dinosaur hobbyist and former Microsoft executive, publishes article in journal PLoS One disputing previous studies by some of the world's top paleontologists discussing dinosaurs' growth rates. MORE
Nov. 19, 2013
Jack Tseng study in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences reports discovery of set of big-cat fossils thought to be oldest ever found and belonging to previously unknown species known as Pantherine blytheae; fossils may help solve longstanding mystery about origins of big cats. MORE
Nov. 12, 2013
Rebecca Pian study in The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology reports identification of new species of extinct giant platypus, based on discovery of a single tooth. MORE
Nov. 7, 2013
Researchers say a 165 million-year-old fossil from China is the oldest ever found of two insects copulating; findings appear in journal PLoS One. MORE
Oct. 29, 2013
Researchers are working to place group of 1.8 million-year-old skulls found in Georgian Republic in chain of human evolution; some say that skulls, which belong to genus Homo, are from single species, which they have suggested should be called Homo erectus; if confirmed, discovery would have big impact on understanding of human evolution. MORE
Oct. 29, 2013
Article in journal PeerJ reports discovery of most complete fossil specimen to date of tube-crested Parasaurolophus, a genus of duck-billed dinosaurs; fossil was discovered by 17-year-old Kevin Terris during class field trip to Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument in Utah. MORE
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Horselike Fossil From 48 Million Years Ago Preserved While Pregnant
The specimen described in a new study is the earliest and best-preserved mammalian fetus to date.
October 13, 2015, Tuesday
MORE ON PALEONTOLOGY AND: Paleontology , Reproduction (Biological) , Horses , Mammals , PLoS One (Journal) , Fossils , Franzen, Jens Lorenz
Scientists Recover First Genome of Ancient Human From Africa
DNA was recovered from a 4,500-year-old human skeleton in Ethiopia, and it is strikingly different from that of living Africans.
October 9, 2015, Friday
MORE ON PALEONTOLOGY AND: Archaeology and Anthropology , DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) , Paleontology , Science (Journal) , Fossils , Africa , Ethiopia , Pinhasi, Ron , Genetics and Heredity , Middle East
Under a Farmer's Field: A Woolly Mammoth in Michigan
A farmer discovered the butchered remains of a woolly mammoth that lived up to 15,000 years ago.
October 2, 2015, Friday
MORE ON PALEONTOLOGY AND: Paleontology , Michigan , Mammoths (Animals)
New Dinosaur Species That Lived Above Arctic Circle Is Discovered
A duck-billed plant eater that lived 69 million years ago provides further evidence that a much warmer Alaska had its own community of dinosaurs.
September 29, 2015, Tuesday
MORE ON PALEONTOLOGY AND: Dinosaurs , Arctic Regions , Paleontology , Acta Palaeontologica Polonica (Journal) , Druckenmiller, Patrick S , Erickson, Gregory M , Alaska
Who Apes Whom?
A discovery in South Africa shows just how mixed up humans are.
September 15, 2015, Tuesday
MORE ON PALEONTOLOGY AND: Homo Naledi , Monkeys and Apes , Archaeology and Anthropology , Evolution (Biology) , Fossils , Genetics and Heredity , Paleontology
Homo Naledi, New Species in Human Lineage, Is Found in South African Cave
A cave in South Africa yielded the discovery of a previously unidentified member of the early human lineage — Homo naledi, a hominin species who seem to have buried their dead.
September 11, 2015, Friday
MORE ON PALEONTOLOGY AND: Archaeology and Anthropology , Berger, Lee Rogers , South Africa , eLife (Journal) , Homo Naledi , Paleontology , Bones , National Geographic , Caves and Caverns , Stringer, Christopher B , Fossils
A Piece of the Earliest Baboon Ever Found
A two-million-year-old skull fragment was found in the same South African cave that turned up specimens of an early ancestor to humans in 2010.
August 25, 2015, Tuesday
MORE ON PALEONTOLOGY AND: Monkeys and Apes , Paleontology , PLoS One (Journal) , Skull (Body Part) , Fossils , Gilbert, Christopher Charles , Hunter College
For Evolving Brains, a 'Paleo' Diet of Carbs
A new report suggests that our ancestors were able to fuel the evolution of our oversize brains by incorporating cooked starches into their diet.
August 18, 2015, Tuesday
MORE ON PALEONTOLOGY AND: Evolution (Biology) , Diet and Nutrition , Quarterly Review of Biology, The (Journal) , Paleontology , Carbohydrates
Utah's 'Grand Staircase' Leads Back in Time to Dinosaur Shangri-La
The craggy Kaiparowits Plateau, part of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, was once a steamy forest and home to odd beasts.
July 21, 2015, Tuesday
50-Million-Year-Old Fossilized Sperm in Antarctica
"It's a bizarre fossil oddball," a Swedish paleontologist says, and as it turns out, a worm cocoon makes quite a sperm bank.
July 21, 2015, Tuesday
MORE ON PALEONTOLOGY AND: Paleontology , Worms , Reproduction (Biological) , Biology Letters (Journal) , Sperm , Antarctic Regions
Woolly Mammoth Excavation in Michigan
A team of paleontologists from the University of Michigan unearthed the remains of a woolly mammoth near Chelsea, Mich.
A Paleontologist Deconstructs 'Jurassic World'
Velociraptors would not be able to snarl and other dinosaur facts that you can use to impress and annoy your friends.
Scientist Discusses 'Dreadnoughtus'
Dr. Kenneth J. Lacovara, a paleontologist at Drexel University, discussed the oversized dinosaur remains found in the Patagonia region of Argentina.
Trilobites: Variations on a Theme
Over 300 million years, trilobites evolved a diverse and successful array of forms while maintaining a simple, common body plan.
Fins to Feet
New specimens of Tiktaalik, a transitional fish, show two pairs of fins that functioned like limbs.
A Simpler Family Tree?
A skull discovered in the Republic of Georgia may indicate that early species in the genus Homo are actually more closely related members of a single evolutionary lineage.
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Built for Skiers. The Atomic Skiwear Lookbook 14/15.
Red Racers. While others are still whining about the new FIS regulations concerning sidecuts, ATOMIC has already started developing material for the world championships season 2012/2013. The first prototypes should be tested during future overseas snow trainings of some ATOMIC athletes in the next weeks.
"The FIS, in cooperation with us, the University of Salzburg and other manufacturers, has worked out new regulations concerning sidecuts. As one of numerous measures, this will hopefully help to make skiing more secure", ATOMIC Racing Director Rudi Huber explains. "From now on, we will develop and test new material." Material pro Hans-Peter Haberstatter, who prepared the Red Racers of ATOMIC young star Marcel Hirscher last season and was also supervisor for slalom and giant slalom, now manages the development as Technical Coordinator, "Security is more than just lip service. We had to react to the 'trampoline effect' caused by extreme sidecuts which weighed excessively on the athletes. The new FIS regulations will not be a problem for ATOMIC and our athletes. In contrast: there used to be similar regulations in the past and we managed them well back then and were the number 1. ATOMIC is known for its fast adaptation to innovations."
ATOMIC takes it all. For now, the ATOMIC crew concentrates on the season 2011/12, one without Olympic Games or World Championships. The Racing Director summarizes the expectations, "In 2011/12, we aim on winning the overall World Cup, crystal globes in different disciplines, and the classics. We will start into the season setting a standard right from the beginning: to be on top anytime." Even last season, when more ATOMIC athletes than usually suffered from injuries, ATOMIC was able to prove its leading position. Right now, preparations for all ATOMIC athletes are going extremely well, as well as hardly ever before: Carlo Janka, Benjamin Raich, Marcel Hirscher, Mario Scheiber, Kathrin Zettel and Eva-Maria Brem are all on the way back.

subset: commoncrawl


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Since April 2005 Southern Ohio Crime Stoppers has provided a way for the citizens in our area to relay information to law enforcement
while remaining anonymous. Crime Stoppers nationwide have solved homicides, burglaries, robberies, rapes and other serious crimes. Fugitive
felons have been located and returned to prison, and thousand of dollars in reward money has been paid to anonymous tipsters.
Southern Ohio Crime Stoppers is all about improving the life in our area. As time goes on more and more crimes are being committed
and we are here to help stop crimes by offering to you the people a safe and anonymous way to report crime and even get paid for it.
Most acts of violence are witnessed by individuals, or told to someone. The law enforcement community in the Ross County
area would like to encourage these individuals to report these acts. New methods of reporting crimes are being developed.
This web site is dedicated to creating a portal providing community members with information on how to access and report crimes,
whether it be via a telephone or online.
If you have information on a crime, or the location of a wanted person you can fill out an anonymous online Web Tip Submit by
clicking the
Tip Submit Button to the right.
Tipsters identity and location cannot be tracked when the TipSoft Webform is used. You may also call in a tip via telephone to
one of numbers listed on the right. No equipment is used to trace any of these call we receive. You can read more details
on how our system works on the How It Works page.
Want to keep track of crimes in your area? On the right is a link called STOP CRIME.
All you do is put in your address and UPDATE location. Crimes committed in your area will be listed on the bottom of the page.
You can even sign up to get a daily Crime Alerts by entering you email.


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What is this Aims test how can I prep i do it tomorrow and I'm nervous.
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|16 Feb 2006
|Filing date
|4 Oct 2005
|Priority date
|13 Sep 2002
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Alberto Argoitia
|Original Assignee
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (98), Referenced by (38), Classifications (35), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of commonly owned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/762,158 entitled OPAQUE FLAKE FOR COVERT SECURITY APPLICATIONS by Alberto Argoitia, Paul G. Coombs and Charles T. Markantes filed Jan. 20, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of commonly owned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/641,695 entitled FLAKE FOR COVERT SECURITY APPLICATIONS by Alberto Argoitia, Paul G. Coombs, and Charles T. Markantes, filed Aug. 14, 2003, and which is also a continuation-in-part of commonly owned, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/243,111, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,902,807, entitled ALIGNABLE DIFFRACTIVE PIGMENT FLAKES by Alberto Argoitia, Vladimir P. Raksha, and Dishuan Chu, filed Sep. 13, 2002, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated in their entirety for all purposes.
This patent application also claims priority from U.S. Patent Application No. 60/696,593 filed Jul. 5, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference
The present invention relates generally to thin-film pigment flakes, and more particularly to providing a border or frame around taggent flakes for use in a coating composition.
Specialty pigments have been developed for use in security applications, such as anti-counterfeiting devices printed on banknotes, packaging of high-value items, seals for containers, and even for direct application to commercial items. For example, the U.S. twenty-dollar Federal Reserve Note currently uses optically variable ink. The number "20" printed in the lower-right corner of the face of the note changes color as the viewing angle changes. This is an overt anti-counterfeiting device. The color-shifting effect is not reproducible by ordinary color photocopiers, and someone receiving a note can observe whether it has the color-shifting security feature to determine the note's authenticity.
Other high-value documents and objects use similar measures. For example, iridescent pigments or diffractive pigments are used in paints and inks that are applied directly to an article, such as a stock certificate, passport, original product packaging, or to seals that are applied to an article. Security features that are more difficult to counterfeit are desirable as counterfeiters continue to become more sophisticated.
One anti-counterfeiting approach uses microscopic symbols on multi-layer color-shifting pigment flakes. The symbols are formed on at least one of the layers of the multi-layer color-shifting pigment flakes by a local change of an optical property(s), such as reflectivity. The multi-layer color-shifting pigment flakes generally include a Fabry Perot-type structure having an absorbing layer separated from a reflective layer by a spacer layer. The reflective layer is typically a layer of metal, which renders the pigment flake essentially opaque. If a large portion of these types of pigment flakes are mixed with other pigment, the resultant color might be significantly different from the pigment, and if too few of these flakes are mixed with other pigment, they might be difficult to find.
Another technique uses epoxy-encapsulated shaped flakes of polyethylene terephthalate ("PET"). A reflective layer is deposited on a roll of PET, and then the PET is cut into pieces. The flakes are coated or encapsulated with epoxy to improve the durability of the reflective layer. These flakes are available in a variety of shapes, such as square, rectangle, hexagon, and "apostrophe," and a selection of reflective metallic tints, such as silver, pewter, gold, and copper. However, the epoxy layer and the relatively thick PET substrate (which typically has a minimum thickness of about 13 microns (0.5 mils) for use in vacuum deposition processes) result in a relatively thick flake, typically greater than 14 microns. Unfortunately, such a thick flake is not desirable for use in covert applications where the thickness is substantially greater than the base pigment. Similarly, such thick flakes do not flow well in inks, and create lumps in paint. When paint includes a thick flake that creates a rough surface, a relatively thick clear topcoat is typically applied over the rough surface.
It is desirable to mark objects with covert anti-counterfeiting devices that overcome the limitations of the techniques discussed above.
This invention relates to providing flakes which have taggents or covert symbols stamped or embossed or etched therein by mechanical means or formed by laser means, wherein the covert symbols can be seen with a microscope. In order to preserve the integrity of the symbols, a frame is provided around all of or part of covert symbols so that when the individual flakes are removed from the support structure they are deposited on, the majority of flakes break along the frame lines provided instead of breaking in a less controlled unpredictable manner wherein break lines would otherwise occur with greater frequency through and about the symbols. In some instances parallel frame lines may be provided so that the flakes break into a ribbon; in a preferred embodiment of this invention, flakes and more particularly one or more symbols within a flake will have a framed grooved border on four or fewer sides about the one or more symbols, so that the flakes break in uniform squares or rectangles along the fame lines. Of course triangular or hexagonal flakes may be provided as well in this manner, by pre-framing symbols on three sides, prior to removing the flakes from their backing. A conventional release layer is provided so that the flakes can easily be removed from their backing or support layer and so that upon removal, the flakes break up along the faming lines. Frames can be made in a similar manner in which the symbols are made; using a laser, etching or stamping of the film that is upon the substrate; in a preferred embodiment, the frames are provided in the same process along with the formation of the symbols.
It is therefore an object of this invention, to provide flakes having symbols thereon, and wherein the symbols have or had, frames or borders embossed, etched or lasered into the flake for protecting the symbols during the process of separating flakes from their temporary support backing.
In one aspect, this invention relates to a method of producing flakes having covert symbols therein, wherein convert symbols within the flakes are substantially preserved in the process of removing the flakes from their temporary support backing.
In accordance with this invention, there is provided, a foil comprising a substrate having a releasable material deposited thereon in the form of one or more thin film layers for forming flakes once removed from the substrate, the one or more thin film layers having a plurality of symbols formed therein at least some of the symbols having frames surrounding the symbols.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided, a coating composition comprising: a carrier; and a plurality of single-layer inorganic dielectric covert taggent flakes dispersed in the carrier, wherein the flakes are surrounded by a frame.
In accordance with the invention there is further provided, a plurality of covert flakes having frames about indicia disposed on each flake for providing lines about which the flakes will break upon removal from a substrate onto which they were backed.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for producing flakes having indicia thereon, the method comprising the steps of: providing a substrate coated with a release layer; providing an optical coating of one or more layers upon the release layer; inscribing indicia in the form of one or more symbols in a plurality of regions upon the optical coating; inscribing a frame about the indicia, in each region; removing the optical coating from the release layer such that the coating is broken into flakes in the form framed indicia.
In yet another aspect of the invention, flakes are provided which have at least one symbol thereon, wherein the flakes were separated from adjacent flakes by separating along frames or borders etched, lasered or embossed into the sheet prior to their removal.
In accordance with this invention, there is provided, a foil comprising a substrate having a releasable material deposited thereon in the form of one or more thin film layers for forming flakes once removed from the substrate, the one or more thin film layers having a plurality of symbols formed therein at least some of the symbols having frames surrounding the symbols.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided, a coating composition comprising: a carrier; and a plurality of single-layer inorganic dielectric covert taggent flakes dispersed in the carrier, wherein the flakes have indicia thereon are surrounded by a frame.
In accordance with the invention there is further provided, a plurality of covert flakes having frames about indicia disposed on each flake for providing lines about which the flakes will break upon removal from a substrate onto which they were backed.
A coating composition includes covert opaque flakes less than about 10 microns thick with identifying indicia. Examples of identifying indicia include selected flake shape(s) and/or compositions. The covert flakes are typically dispersed in a carrier, such as a varnish base, paint vehicle or ink vehicle, to form a coating composition. The covert flakes are dispersed in sufficiently dilute concentration so that the covert flakes are not easily detectable in the coating composition by casual observation and are colored to match the color of a base pigment or have a different optical characteristic, such as being highly reflective ("bright" or "silver"). The shapes of selectively shaped covert flakes are not discerned by unaided human vision, but can be seen under about 50× to 300× magnification. In one embodiment, the covert flakes appear to be essentially identical to base pigment flakes in the composition, but are made of different thin-film layers that are detectable using standard analytical methods.
In a particular embodiment the covert flakes are a single layer of a shaped inorganic dielectric material, such as ZnS. The thickness of the single layer of inorganic dielectric material is selected to provide a covert flake that has color to match mica-based nacreous base pigment.
A composition according to an embodiment of the present invention is applied to an object to provide a covert security feature. A pigmented composition may be used to print a field (e.g. an image) on the object, and a varnish composition with a low concentration of opaque security flakes may be used to overprint an existing image on the object. In an embodiment of the invention, covert flake is mixed with base pigment to provide a covert security feature to images printed with the composition that look substantially similar to images printed with only the base pigment.
I. Introduction
Flakes for covert security applications are not typically seen by casual observation. Some sort of inspection technique, such as inspection under a microscope or analytical technique, such as elemental analysis, is used. In one embodiment, opaque flakes containing indicia, such as a particular shape, substantially match the visual characteristics of a bulk pigment or other substance they are mixed with. In a particular embodiment, a single-layer inorganic opaque flake having a selected shape is mixed with an iridescent mica-based flake or other base pigment. For the purpose of this discussion, a "single layer" of inorganic material includes multiple layers of the same inorganic material built up upon each other.
Inorganic covert flakes are particularly desirable in applications where heat, solvents, sunlight, or other factors may degrade organic flakes. For example, an inorganic covert flake used in an explosive is detectable even after exposure to high temperatures and/or pressures, and is persistent in the environment. Flakes according to embodiments of the present invention also are substantially thinner, typically less than about 10 microns, than conventional shaped flakes, enabling their use in ink and produce a smooth surface finish in paints without having to use a clear topcoat. Thin, inorganic flakes according to embodiments of the present invention also have a density closer to the density of base pigment flakes made using similar techniques. Thick flakes incorporating organic substrates often have a different density than thin-film base pigment flake, and may segregate, either before or during application while the carrier is fluid. Flake segregation is undesirable because it can result in an inconsistent ratio of covert and base flakes in a composition, and may degrade the covert nature of the covert flakes if segregation results in an unduly high concentration of covert flakes.
II. Exemplary Opaque Flake
Generally, bulk pigment particles, including bulk pigment flakes, have an irregular shape. In one embodiment, the covert flakes are distinguishable from bulk pigment flakes by their shape. Alternatively, bulk pigment flakes have a first selected shape, and the covert flakes have a second selected shape. Production of shaped pigment flakes is accomplished by a variety of techniques, such as using a patterned substrate to deposit the flake material on the substrate and then separating the flake from the substrate to obtain the pattern such as a frame or border, or using a laser or other means to cut the patterned flakes from a sheet of flake material. The selected shape of the covert flakes may be associated with a manufacturing facility, date of manufacture, or other aspect of the document 10, or ink used in producing the document, for example.
A roll coater is one type of apparatus that can be used to produce selectively shaped or randomly shaped covert flakes according to embodiments of the invention. A roll of a sheet of polymer substrate material (also known as a "web") is passed through a deposition zone(s) and coated with one or more thin film layers. Multiple passes of the roll of polymer substrate back and forth through the deposition zone(s) may be made. The thin film layer(s) is then separated from the polymer substrate and processed into flake. Other apparatus and techniques may be used.
It is generally desirable to limit the total thickness of thin film layers deposited (and hence removed) from a roll of polymer film substrate to less than about 10 microns. PET is one type of polymer film substrate used in roll coaters, and the PET film substrate is usually at least about 13 microns thick. Thinner PET film tends to thermally deform during vacuum deposition processes. Both the heat in the deposition zone and the heat of condensation of the deposited thin-film layer(s) increase the temperature of the polymer substrate as it passes through a deposition zone. Thus, the minimum thickness of flake cut from and incorporating PET film is about 13 microns.
In addition to, flakes having a selected shape preferably realized by embossing frames into the substrate, along which the flakes will separate and break apart, the covert flakes preferably include a one or more symbols, other forms of indicia within and bordered by the frames, and/or a grating pattern. The grating pattern is embossed on a substrate used in a roll coater prior to depositing thin film layers that are processed into flakes, or otherwise formed. In a further embodiment, a selected amount (percentage) of the deposition substrate surface area is embossed with a grating pattern or shape pattern to obtain a selected amount of covert flakes when the thin film layers are stripped from the deposition substrate and processed into flakes. This technique provides covert flakes with the same optical design (thin film layer composition and thickness) as the base flake. For example, embossing 10% of the deposition substrate surface area with a grating pattern and/or shape pattern would result in a pigment mixture having about 10% covert flakes as is shown in
A pigment flake with identifying indicia provides a security feature even if it is easily observable; however, if a pigment flake with identifying indicia is not easily observable, a counterfeiter might not even be aware that a covert flake is present. One embodiment of the present invention uses covert pigment flake that has the same optical characteristics as the base pigment. The covert pigment flakes are not seen by unaided human vision, but are visible under magnification of about 50× to 300×. Covert pigment flakes having essentially the same visual characteristics can be mixed with base pigment in a wide range of proportions without significantly affecting the color of the composition. In some embodiments, covert pigment flakes are readily identifiable in compositions having 5-10 weight % covert pigment flakes and 95-90 weight % base pigment flakes having similar appearance (e.g. color and/or color travel). Often, shaped opaque covert flakes are easily identifiable in the field using hand-held microscopes (e.g. "shirt-pocket" microscopes), and require less magnification to identify than similar sized flakes having symbols.
Another approach is to use an opaque covert flake with a selected shape that is a different color than the base flake. In one embodiment, the opaque covert flake is a bright metallic ("silver") flake having a thin-film layer of aluminum or other reflector between layers of a dielectric material, such as MgF2. Bright flake is generally highly reflective over a wide range of visible wavelengths, and often does not have a characteristic color. Bright flake made with gold and copper may appear yellowish and reddish, for example. It has been found that between about 0.25 weight % to about 5 weight % of shaped (e.g. "diamond" shaped) bright flake in colored base pigments can be added without causing a noticeable change in color, but are still easily identifiable under illuminated magnification of about 50× (i.e. 50 times magnification). Under illuminated magnification, both the shape and high brightness of the flake distinguish it from the base flake. When less than about 0.25% of shaped bright flake is used the covert flakes become difficult to detect because dilution with the base flake results in fewer shaped bright flakes in the field of view.
When the amount of bright flake exceeds about 5 weight %, the color (e.g hue) of certain types of flakes, particularly dark colored flakes, changes. In these instances, too much bright flake essentially "dilutes" the color of the base pigment. However, using shaped bright flake in compositions having color-shifting pigment is highly desirable because a single type of shaped bright flake is added in small quantities to many different types (color and/or color travel) of pigment flake, and a relatively small amount of shaped bright flake provides a covert security feature. Similarly, dilution of color is not critical in applications where compositions containing pigment and bright flake are not intended to replace or otherwise be indistinguishable from compositions containing 100% pigment flake.
Pigments are often mixed in carriers to form paint or ink. Examples of carriers include polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly(ethoxyethylene), poly(methoxyethylene), poly(acrylic) acid, poly(acrylamide), poly(oxyethylene), poly(maleic anhydride), hydroxyethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, poly(sacchrides) such as gum arabic and pectin, poly(acetals) such as polyvinylbutyral, poly(vinyl halides) such as polyvinyl chloride and polyvinylene chloride, poly(dienes) such as polybutadiene, poly(alkenes) such as polyethylene, poly(acrylates) such as polymethyl acrylate, poly(methacrylates) such as poly methylmethacrylate, poly(carbonates) such as poly(oxycarbonyl oxyhexamethylene, poly(esters) such as polyethylene terephthalate, poly(urethanes), poly(siloxanes), poly(suphides), poly(sulphones), poly(vinylnitriles), poly(acrylonitriles), poly(styrene), poly(phenylenes) such as poly(2,5 dihydroxy-1,4-phenyleneethylene), poly(amides), natural rubbers, formaldahyde resins, other polymers and mixtures of polymers and polymers with solvents.
The base pigment particles 16 are illustrated as being irregularly shaped flakes. Alternatively, base pigment flakes have a selected (i.e. regular) shape. Similarly, the covert pigment flake 18 could have a grating. The addition of a grating further increases the difficulty of counterfeiting. In some embodiments, the covert pigment flake 18 has generally the same optical characteristics as the base pigment particles. Alternatively, the covert pigment flake 18 has different optical characteristics as the base pigment particles but is present in sufficiently small quantities so as not to disturb the visual appearance of a composition made with the base pigment particles.
In a particular embodiment, the "diamond-shaped" covert flakes were bright flakes about 25 microns by 35 microns across. The shaped flakes were made by embossing a diamond pattern into a roll of PET deposition substrate material, and then depositing a standard thin-film design for bright flake (e.g. about 100-60 nm of Al between layers of MgF2 that are each about 400 nm thick). The total thickness for this bright flake is about 900 nm, which is about one micron. The embossed pattern is also known as a "frame" (as opposed to a grating which is intended to produce a pattern in or on the flake), and is positive in some embodiments and negative in other embodiments. Aside from the diamond flakes themselves offering some measure of a covert feature when distributed in some predetermined ratio with other irregular shaped flakes, the diamond-shaped flakes may be embossed with additional covert symbols, thereby providing two levels of covert features available to protect a device.
The combination of a metal layer with one or more dielectric layers facilitates removal of the flake from the deposition substrate. A thin film stack having only dielectric layers is brittle and often has residual stresses from the deposition process. Such thin film stacks tend to break more randomly, resulting in fewer shaped flakes. An all-metal stack or single layer is difficult to process into patterned flakes according to the frame of the deposition substrate because the metal is relatively ductile. In particular embodiments, metal-dielectric and dielectric-metal-dielectric flake having a total thickness of between about 0.5 microns and about 3 microns provides a good combination of ductile and brittle characteristics that result in good patterning of the flake when it is removed from the substrate and processed. In a particular embodiment, shaped bright flake having a total thickness of about one micron of a ductile metal layer between brittle dielectric layers yielded about 90% diamond-shaped flakes from an embossed deposition substrate.
The thin-film layers were stripped from the deposition substrate and processed into flake using conventional techniques. The embossed diamond pattern provided lines along which the thin-film layers broke into flakes having the selected diamond shape. In another embodiment, the diamond-shaped flakes were about 12 microns by 16 microns and included a grating on the major surface of the flakes. The grating was nominally 2000 lines/mm and did not produce a noticeable diffractive effect in a composition when used as a taggent. The shape of the 12-by-16 micron flake was easily seen at 100× magnification; however, the grating was not easily seen at this magnification. The grating was readily apparent at 400× magnification. In other embodiments, a grating is coarser, and is easily seen at the same magnification (e.g. 50× to 100×) that is used to discern the shape of the taggent flakes. Thus, gratings used to provide a security feature to taggent flakes do not have to be optically active in the visible portion of the spectrum.
In a particular embodiment, the base pigment particles are flakes of mica coated with a layer of TiO2 or other dielectric material. The coating material typically has a relatively high index of refraction. Mica is a naturally occurring mineral that is relatively inexpensive and easily processed into flake substrate. When mica flake substrate is coated with a layer of high-index material of a selected thickness, a nacreous pigment flake is obtained. Mica flake substrate can be coated with several alternative materials using a variety of processes. Such pigments are commonly known as "mica-based" pigments. A photocopy of an image printed with such nacreous pigment does not look like the original, thus mica-based pigment flakes are desirable for use to provide overt security features. However, shaping mica flake substrate or providing a symbol on mica flake substrate is impractical. Covert flake according to an embodiment of the present invention is mixed with the mica-based pigment to enable a covert security feature to be included in images printed with mica-based pigment flakes. Shaped pigment flakes made of a single layer of inorganic dielectric material, such as TiO2 or ZnS, have an appearance similar to a mica-based pigment if the covert pigment flake has a thickness about five times the quarter-wave optical thickness ("QWOT") at a wavelength in the visible spectrum. Typically, a single-layer covert flake of ZnS intended to match the appearance of a mica-based pigment has a thickness of about 60 nm to about 600 nm. Processing all-dielectric flake from a deposition substrate having an embossed diamond-shaped pattern tends to have a lower yield than a counterpart metal-dielectric flake.
The reflective layer 22 is typically a thin-film layer of a highly reflective metal such as aluminum, platinum, gold, silver, or copper, or a moderately reflective metal, such as iron or chromium. The reflective layer 22 is sufficiently thick to be opaque (reflective) in the visible portion of the spectrum, but not so thick as to interfere with separation of the thin-film layers from the substrate and subsequent processing into flake. In other words, a metal reflective layer that was too thick would provide a ductile layer between the relatively brittle dielectric layers 24, 26 and tend to interfere with processing the deposited layers into flakes. Suitable materials for the dielectric layers include ZnS, MgF2, SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, Nb2O5, and Ta2O5, among others. In some embodiments, the dielectric thin-film layers 24, 26 also provide environmental protection for the reflective layer 22.
The bright flake 20 has a selected shape, and optionally or alternatively has other indicia, such as a surface (grating) pattern or an elemental fingerprint. In sufficiently low concentrations, the bright flake 20 is added to colored pigment and colored compositions (e.g inks and paints). Shaped bright flake can be added to base (i.e. randomly shaped or alternatively shaped) bright flake as a covert security feature.
The elemental indicator layer 28 is not optically active because it is between the two opaque reflective layers 22′, 22″. The reflective layers 22′, 22″ are selected to be of the same material used in the base flake, such as aluminum. Suitable materials for an elemental indicator include platinum, iridium, osmium, vanadium, cobalt, and tungsten, among others. Those of skill in the art appreciate that the elemental indicator material chosen depends on the base pigment it will be used with. In an alternative embodiment, the reflective layer of bright pigment is of an elemental indicator material (see
The color and color travel of the color-shifting pigment flake is determined by the optical design of the flake, namely the material and thicknesses of the layers in the thin film stack 32, as is well-known in the art of optically variable pigments. The optical design of the color-shifting pigment flake 30 is typically chosen to match the optical properties of the base pigment flake that it will be mixed with. The color-shifting pigment flake 30 is shaped (see
For example, the reflective layer includes an elemental indicator, either a reflective metal that is different than the base pigment flakes, or includes an additional elemental indicator layer(s), which may or may not be optically active (see
In some embodiments, using a different spacer material and/or reflector material results in a covert pigment flake 30 that has different optical properties than the base flake. For example, even if the covert and base flakes have similar color at normal incidence, the color travel might be different. Generally, low-index spacer materials (such as MgF2 and SiO2) provide more color travel ("fast shifting" pigments) than high-index spacer materials (such as ZnS and TiO2). However, such covert flakes can be added in relatively high concentrations to the base pigment flake, even if the color travel does not precisely match that of the base flake, because most casual observers cannot detect the difference between a mixture according to an embodiment of the invention and 100% base flake.
Adding covert flake to an existing ink or paint composition provides a covert security feature to images made of the ink or paint. For example, ink with color-shifting pigment is used to provide a color-shifting image as an overt security feature on a bank note or other object. Covert flake according to an embodiment of the present invention is added to the ink, and the resultant mixture is used to print images that appear substantially similar as those printed with the original ink. Thus, a casual observer of the bank note does not notice a change in the appearance of the overt security feature (i.e. color-shifting image) after the covert security feature is added. The indicia of the covert flake indicates a date-of-manufacture, a printing location, and/or the source (manufacturer) of the ink, for example.
III. Experimental Results
A test standard using 100% magenta-to-green optically variable intaglio ("OVI") pigment flake was produced and measured. Both bright and optically variable taggent samples had a grating pattern of 2000 lines/mm, which made the taggent flakes easier to distinguish from the base pigment flake (i.e. locate) and more difficult to counterfeit. The grating pattern was clearly visible at about 400×, and did not induce visible diffractive properties to images printed with the test compositions. It is believed that the low portion of the taggent flakes in combination with not being well oriented to the viewer avoided a diffractive effect from occurring. In an alternative embodiment, a finer grating pattern is included on shaped taggent flakes. The shapes are identifiable under a microscope at a first magnification, but the grating pattern is not easily seen at this first magnification. The grating pattern is seen at a higher magnification. It is believed that including such a grating pattern to taggent flake having a selected shape or symbol further enhances the covert nature of the taggent flake because a counterfeiter might see the shape or a symbol under microscopic examination, but not see the grating pattern, and hence not include it in a counterfeit article.
The first test sample ("sample 1") contained 90% (by weight) of the conventional (base) magenta-to-green pigment flake mixed with 10% magenta-to-green OVI pigment flake with a grating ("taggent flake"). The taggent flakes were easy to detect by routine microscopic inspection, and the color performance of the mixture was the same as the test standard because the color of the taggent flake was well matched to the color of the base flake. Close color matching involves careful monitoring of the production of the taggent flake and a new optical design for each color of taggent flake would generally be used to match each color of base flake.
Another approach is to use a standard taggent flake design that can be used with many different colors of base flake. Bright taggent flake using an aluminum reflector layer (giving the flake a "silver" appearance) was also evaluated. Fabrication of bright flake is relatively simple and these flakes were very easy to detect at a concentration of 5% when mixed with colored base pigment flakes. Bright taggent flakes are used with many colors of base pigment to provide covet security features. The amount of bright taggent flakes in the composition depends on the desired result. For example, the color performance of an intaglio blend containing 5% bright taggent flake mixed with the magenta-to-green OVI base is distinguishable in a side-by-side comparison from a composition of 100% magenta-to-green OVI flake. A composition essentially indistinguishable from 100% magenta-to-green OVI flake uses less than 5% bright flake, such as compositions with concentrations between about 0.25 weight % and 3 weight % of bright taggent flake in magenta-to-green OVI flake. It is believed that bright flake in concentrations greater than 5% may be added to pigment flake providing lighter or less saturated color without noticeably changing the appearance of the composition. Bright taggent flakes are easy to detect under modest magnification, even at concentrations below 1%, because of the combination of having a selected shape and of being a different color (e.g. "silver" instead of magenta).
IV. Exemplary Methods
For example, referring to
While the invention has been described above in terms of various specific embodiments, an aspect of the invention which provides significant advantages will now be described.
For example an embodiment of this invention which offers significant advantages is the aspect of using frames or borders framing symbols or indicia framed by these borders on a substrate material used to form a coating upon.
Turning now to
The cracks that do appear in the non-framed symbols appear and propagate in the more fragile, glass-like, dielectric material but are stopped and rerouted to continue their propagation along the frame lines provided in the sheet of framed symbols shown in
The flakes in both
Turning now to
Turning now to
The covert and overt features are illustrated in the photograph which is a compilation of 3 photographs depicted by
In this instance the covert framed square flakes of about 30 microns in size bear a Euro symbol about 17 microns across.
Of course other optical designs, magnetic or non-magnetic, shapes or symbols can be created as desired. By using the layer structure of the flake in
By using frames in accordance with the teachings of this invention, particular shapes having preferential side benefits may be utilized. For example, if the flakes are rectangular in shape, instead of being square, preferentially orientation of the symbols can be achieved, using magnetic shape anisotropy inherent of elongated flakes. Thus by providing a magnetic layer, for example of Ni, and ensuring that the flakes separate as elongate flakes due to the frames being designed I this manner, the flakes can be aligned as a function of their shape, and the symbols may have a preferential orientation, or be more likely to orient by this process.
Thus, the embodiments described above illustrate the invention, but are not restrictive of the invention, which is indicated by the following claims. All modifications and equivalents that come within the meaning and range of the claims are included within their scope.
Although preferred embodiments of the invention relate to pigment flakes, it is possible to use a non-symmetrical flake having features on one side such as optically variable features. In this instance, approximately half of the flakes when examined will show the covert feature and other optical features, and the other half will not appear the same due to a lack of symmetry within a flake. Notwithstanding, this may still offer a reasonable covert security feature which can be used to authenticate.
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|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Method and apparatus for orienting magnetic flakes
|4 Jan 2005
|9 Jun 2005
|Flex Products Inc.
|Alignable diffractive pigment flakes
|31 Jan 2005
|16 Jun 2005
|Flex Products, Inc.
|Optically variable security devices
|15 Nov 2005
|13 Apr 2006
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Patterned structures with optically variable effects
|24 Oct 2006
|15 Mar 2007
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Patterned Optical Structures With Enhanced Security Feature
|10 Apr 2007
|20 Mar 2008
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Security image coated with a single coating having visually distinct regions
|19 Sep 1995
|20 May 1997
|Presstek, Inc.
|Lithographic printing members for use with laser-discharge imaging
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|14 Aug 2003
|21 Aug 2007
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Flake for covert security applications
|4 Jan 2005
|27 Nov 2007
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Alignable diffractive pigment flakes
|22 Dec 2004
|14 Apr 2009
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Method and apparatus for orienting magnetic flakes
|20 Dec 2005
|20 Oct 2009
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Kinematic images formed by orienting alignable flakes
|4 Oct 2005
|12 Jan 2010
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Provision of frames or borders around opaque flakes for covert security applications
|15 Nov 2005
|23 Feb 2010
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Patterned structures with optically variable effects
|1 May 2006
|9 Mar 2010
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Two-step method of coating an article for security printing by application of electric or magnetic field
|12 Dec 2006
|1 Jun 2010
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Security device with metameric features using diffractive pigment flakes
|25 Jan 2011
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Patterned optical structures with enhanced security feature
|1 Oct 2007
|1 Feb 2011
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Patterned optical structures with enhanced security feature
|15 Jan 2007
|3 May 2011
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Apparatus for orienting magnetic flakes
|30 Oct 2007
|27 Sep 2011
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Printed magnetic ink overt security image
|27 Jun 2007
|21 Feb 2012
|Alberto Argoitia
|Stamping a coating of cured field aligned special effect flakes and image formed thereby
|5 Mar 2007
|24 Apr 2012
|Phillips Roger W
|Security devices incorporating optically variable adhesive
|4 Apr 2006
|1 Jan 2013
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Dynamic appearance-changing optical devices (DACOD) printed in a shaped magnetic field including printable fresnel structures
|30 Mar 2011
|7 May 2013
|Visa International Service Association
|Crack embossing using diamond technology
|28 Oct 2011
|25 Feb 2014
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Taggent flakes for covert security applications having a selected shape
|26 Sep 2012
|20 May 2014
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Apparatus for orienting magnetic flakes
|9 Jan 2014
|7 Apr 2015
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Taggent flakes for covert security applications having a selected shape
|6 Oct 2009
|12 May 2015
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Method and apparatus for orienting magnetic flakes
|9 Jan 2013
|11 Aug 2015
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Article with curved patterns formed of aligned pigment flakes
|22 Dec 2004
|19 May 2005
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Method and apparatus for orienting magnetic flakes
|4 Jan 2005
|9 Jun 2005
|Flex Products Inc.
|Alignable diffractive pigment flakes
|15 Nov 2005
|13 Apr 2006
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Patterned structures with optically variable effects
|1 May 2006
|31 Aug 2006
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Two-step method of coating an article for security printing
|4 Apr 2006
|7 Sep 2006
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Dynamic appearance-changing optical devices (dacod) printed in a shaped magnetic field including printable fresnel structures
|2 Aug 2006
|23 Nov 2006
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Alignable Diffractive Pigment Flakes And Method And Apparatus For Alignment And Images Formed Therefrom
|19 Sep 2008
|19 Mar 2009
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Anisotropic Magnetic Flakes
|24 Nov 2011
|Patrick Faith
|Crack embossing using diamond technology
|21 Sep 2011
|20 Jun 2012
|Pigment sheet and manufacturing method thereof
|16 Jan 2007
|25 Jul 2007
|JDS Uniphase Corporation
|Apparatus for orienting magnetic flakes
|17 Mar 2008
|22 Oct 2008
|JDS Uniphase Corporation
|A surface treated flake
|12 Feb 2009
|19 Aug 2009
|JDS Uniphase Corporation
|Medium for laser printing including optical special effect flakes
|16 Jan 2007
|29 Dec 2010
|JDS Uniphase Corporation
|Apparatus for orienting magnetic flakes
|5 Apr 2006
|6 Apr 2011
|JDS Uniphase Corporation
|Dynamic appearance-changing optical devices (DACOD) printed in a shaped magnetic field including printable fresnel structures
|5 Apr 2006
|25 May 2011
|JDS Uniphase Corporation
|Dynamic appearance-changing optical devices (DACOD) printed in a shaped magnetic field including printable fresnel structures
|16 Mar 2007
|20 Sep 2007
|Dupont Teijin Films Us Ltd
|Method of manufacture of particles with controlled dimensions
|16 Mar 2007
|31 Dec 2008
|Dupont Teijin Films Us Ltd
|Method of manufacture of particles with controlled dimensions
|U.S. Classification
|428/402, 427/154, 428/323, 428/325, 106/31.65, 428/404, 427/299
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|4 Oct 2005
Owner name: JDS UNIPHASE CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ARGOITIA, ALBERTO;REEL/FRAME:017069/0625
Effective date: 20050927
|14 Mar 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


text:
WASHINGTON (WUSA) -- Thanksgiving dinner is an extra special time for members of the military who often cannot be with loved ones for a long time.
Through donations to the Turkeys for Troops program, the United Service Organizations' USO-Metropolitan Washington will prepare Thanksgiving gift baskets for military families in need.
The Gannett Foundation, USA Today, and WUSA9 donated a $10,000 check to the USO-Metro. Featured here are WUSA9 General Manager Mark Burdett and the head of the USO-Metro, Elaine Rogers.


text:
What to pack
Packing List
Want to know if the bunk bed you've been sleeping on since you were twelve is something you should drag into your new dorm room? Not sure if you'll need a refrigerator for your apartment? Wondering if your turtle, Toby, is allowed to be a third roommate/hall mascot?
As you prepare to move into your new room or apartment at CBU, please take some time to look over the following lists of items to bring that will help it feel more like home.
When considering what to bring, please remember two basic rules:
- You cannot install or affix anything in the room/apartment that will be permanent or cause damage to walls, doors, ceilings, or floors.
- You will be sharing a relatively small space with another person or persons. Contact your roommate(s) and discuss what you each plan to bring. Needless to say, there may not be room for two stereos, two televisions, etc.
The following lists should help you decide what to bring:
|Suggested Items
|Prohibited Items
Alarm clock
* These items are essential specifically for residents of the apartment areas.
* These items are suggested specifically for residents of the apartment areas.
Pets (except fish)
+ These items are allowed in the apartment areas only.
Safety and sanitary considerations prohibit the items listed above. If you should arrive with any of these items, you will be required to send them home.
|Apartments are furnished with:
A bed for each student
|Dorm rooms are furnished with:
A bed for each student
Bed Size: Most beds on campus are size XL Twin (80" x 36"). We recommend that you bring extra-long twin bedding. Residents of Simmons Hall will have regular twin size beds (72" x 36")
Television and Internet Service: Basic cable television service and internet access are provided in each student room/apartment on campus.


text:
Mr. Woodcock
John Farley, author of a best-selling self-help book about letting go of the past, violates his own advice when he returns to his small hometown to receive the community's highest honor. While there, John learns that his widowed mother, Beverly, is engaged to be married to none other than Mr. Woodcock, the gym teacher whose sadistic exploits were the bane of John's youth. Abetted by his nerdy old pal, Nedderman, John plots to break-up the relationship. But their well-laid plans go awry.
Cast: Billy Bob Thornton, Susan Sarandon, Seann William Scott, Amy Poehler, Kurt Fuller
Produced by: Robert Cooper
Directed by: Craig Gillespie
Written by: Josh Gilbert, Michael Carnes
Running time: 1hr 27min
Opens: Sep 14, 2007 Nationwide
|Theaters for Today
Pick a day
on this day.


text:
[Winners] Table Top Racing
September 23, 2014 | 2 comments
We had a total of 73 entries for this giveaway. And the random winners are:
mowmow (Ticket Entry)
Tracey Corson (Ticket Entry)
gmanvg (Ticket Entry)
ajescent (Ticket Entry)
hobbes (Ticket Entry)
We have more giveaways live right now, so put your points to use!
[Fixed] Free Points Saturday | Sep 20 2014
September 20, 2014 | 7 comments
Hello! It's time for this week's Free Points Saturday!
If you have any ideas for questions for the weekly FPS, do not hesitate to send me an email at email@example.com to let me know about it (you'll get full credit for it!) I'll also hand 250 bonus points for anyone who suggests a good question!
Good luck!
All contents copyright © 2005-2014, All rights reserved | Privacy Policy


text:
U.S. Sen. Bill Nelson, the lawmaker who initiated the federal python ban, will join the hunt for the snakes in the Florida Everglades.
According to Nelson's office, the senator will hunt the invasive snakes on Thursday with Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Ron Bergeron and a researcher from the University of Florida.
"These snakes don't belong in the Everglades," Nelson said in a statement. "They're causing real problems in one of Florida's greatest treasures."
The Python Challenge is supported by the FWC, UF and the South Florida Water Management District, and it was designed to get the public involved to control the snakes.
The challenge, which officially began Saturday, is the latest in a series of measures aimed at addressing the invasive snakes, which are believed to have been introduced to the swamps of Florida by pet owners who released the imported reptiles into the wild.
"We've got the policies in place to help correct the problem, between the state's regulations and the federal rules that Sen. Nelson helped pushed through," Bergeron said. "Now it's time for boots on the ground. It's a great thing the state is doing here."


text:
Baby 'Days of the Week' organic cotton bib set featuring different animal embroideries for each day of the week.
Packaged in a signature Stella McCartney Kids gift box
This item is made from certified organic cotton.
This is part of our ongoing commitment to eco friendly fashion.
100% Organic Cotton
Machine wash at 40°
The Stella McCartney fit can be quite small so we advise you to choose a size up if you want room to grow.


text:
By VALYNDA CLARKWellington
I am writing in response to a letter published in the Sun Advocate on April 8 concerning the community production of "Bye-Bye Birdie."
It is really sad this person would choose to act as a harsh critic to a play she never even stayed for nor watched the end of. She wasn't there to see the final scene of the play where good prevailed and lives changed for the better. She wasn't there to witness that people do change and improve their lives.
I think it is sad that this person didn't attend the play and find enjoyment in the wonderful talent of the actors and actresses and also that she didn't appreciate the hard work and long hours that was put forth in this delightful production.
The only reward that these actors received was the satisfaction of a job well done.
I think it was a fine opportunity given to the youth of our community to participate in such a production and to learn of an era from the past.
I also think that when the play was finished the youth who participated in it gained confidence, self esteem and walked away with a song in their hearts.
I know that my son did.


text:
All fish profiles must be submitted to a moderator or administrator in order to be approved for posting.
Please do not submit a profile on a species where a profile already exists. If you wish to add to an existing profile, please contact a moderator or administrator.
There is no limit to length, but please make sure to include as much information as possible. Also do not plagiarize.
Please also include pictures of the fish in the profile and make sure these are your own pictures or you have permission from the owner to use the pictures. When using a photo with permission from the owner, make sure to credit the owner. Make sure to resize your photo to no larger than 800x600 pixels. Good rule of thumb: if the forum shrinks it automatically then it is too large.
Profiles must include the following sections:
Common Name
Scientific Name
AKAs if applicable
Physical Description
Adult Size
Care level
Tank size
Temperature range
Water hardness (please provide a dh range)
Acidity/Alkalinity (please provide a ph range and the following blurb):**It should be noted that most fish purchased in pet/chain stores are farmed and raised in water much different than their native habitats. Also most fish will adapt to reasonable water conditions given the proper acclimation techniques are used.
Compatibilitya. If applicable, suggested tankmates.
Sexing, if possible
Personal observations and comments
Also please be sure to list your own rules for distribution.a. Can people use this profile elsewhere and if so, the rules for doing so.
Please do not be afraid of changing font color, size, or type to make your profile more readable. Remember to elaborate and include as much information as possible so that the reader feels the time they've invested in your profile was well spent.
If you utilized a resource(s) please make sure to site and link to your source of information and as always make sure youve received permission from the original author.
Please include the following at the end of your profile:
Disclaimer: Please note this collection information has been provided as a resource; however, multiple sources of information can help you to achieve the optimum care for your aquatic pets.


text:
Recently, one Microsoft Tag employee couldn't seem to get away from work, as she saw Tags everywhere she looked ... while she was on vacation. On her way to sunny Hawaii, she stumbled across Tag on promotional signs for Microsoft cloud computing at the San Francisco airport, in the magazines she read on the plane, and even on the packaging of her snorkeling gear.
In fact, the AquaLung snorkel gear had at least six Tags on its packaging, a unique one for the various pieces of gear in the kit. As we've learned from other water sports companies' uses of Tag, these Tags can link to incredible videos presenting their product in action, instructional "how-to" content, or related products a customer might be interested in.
If you take a vacation this summer, be sure to keep an eye out for Tags, because they're cropping up in places you wouldn't expect!
Have you spotted Tags in the wild? Seen any summery ideas? Let us know in the comments below or on Facebook or Twitter
Type the code from the image
Design Tags that scan easily and offer an engaging mobile experience
Capture customers in the moment and bring printed materials to life
Tag lets you engage people anytime, anywhere, from magazine ads to store aisles
Tuesday, May 24, 2011 at 11:00 AM
Monday, May 16, 2011 at 9:00 AM
Thursday, May 12, 2011 at 10:00 AM
Tuesday, May 10, 2011 at 11:00 AM
Download the Tag app
at http://gettag.mobi
and scan this Tag.


text:
Deuter Packs
Futura 30 SL Backpack (Women's) 2013
Out of Stock Product Number: 29316
The Futura top loaders show in new fresh colours and feature a revised carrying system for comfortable lengthy day hikes, multi-day mountain excursions or via ferratas. Its Aircomfort back ventilation system allows you to hold out longer and its precision features match perfectly. With their performance-enhancing Aircomfort back ventilation system and full list of features and available in the Futura SL versions, equipped with shorter, narrower SL shoulder straps and a conical shaped waist belt to deliver the perfect fit that women users have been looking for.
* This product does not qualify for shipping to all countries.
Gender: Women's
Weight: 3 lb 8 oz
Material: Deuter-Ripstop 210, Deuter-Super-Polytex
Dimensions: 24.5 x 13 x 8.5" / 62 x 33 x 22 cm
Suspension: AIRCOMFORT Back System
Torso: 14.5 - 18" / 37 - 46 cm
Season: F13
Vendor ProductId: 34241
Review ProductId: 29316


text:
7 U.S. Code § 904 - Loans for electrical plants and transmission lines
(a) In general
The Secretary is authorized and empowered, from the sums hereinbefore authorized, to make loans for rural electrification to persons, corporations, States, Territories, and subdivisions and agencies thereof, municipalities, peoples' utility districts and cooperative, nonprofit, or limited-dividend associations, organized under the laws of any State or Territory of the United States, for the purpose of financing the construction and operation of generating plants, electric transmission and distribution lines or systems for the furnishing and improving of electric service to persons in rural areas, including by assisting electric borrowers to implement demand side management, energy efficiency and conservation programs, and on-grid and off-grid renewable energy systems, and loans, from funds available under section 903 of this title, to cooperative associations and municipalities for the purpose of enabling said cooperative associations, and municipalities to the extent that such indebtedness was incurred with respect to electric transmission and distribution lines or systems or portions thereof serving persons in rural areas, to discharge or refinance long-term debts owned by them to the Tennessee Valley Authority on account of loans made or credit extended under the terms of the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933, as amended [16 U.S.C. 831 et seq.]: Provided, That the Secretary, in making such loans, shall give preference to States, Territories, and subdivisions and agencies thereof, municipalities, peoples' utility districts, and cooperative, nonprofit, or limited-dividend associations, the projects of which comply with the requirements of this chapter.
(b) Terms and conditions
Such loans shall be on such terms and conditions relating to the expenditure of the moneys loaned and the security therefor as the Secretary shall determine and may be made payable in whole or in part out of the income, except that no loan for the construction, operation, or enlargement of any generating plant shall be made unless the consent of the State authority having jurisdiction in the premises is first obtained.
(c) Direct loans
(1) Direct hardship loans
Source(May 20, 1936, ch. 432, title I, § 4,49 Stat. 1365; Sept. 21, 1944, ch. 412, title V, §§ 502(a), 503,58 Stat. 739, 740; Dec. 23, 1944, ch. 725, 58 Stat. 925; June 29, 1948, ch. 703, 62 Stat. 1070; Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 776, §§ 2, 4 (e),63 Stat. 948; June 15, 1955, ch. 139, § 2,69 Stat. 132; Pub. L. 103–129, § 2(c)(2),Nov. 1, 1993, 107 Stat. 1363; Pub. L. 103–354, title II, § 235(a)(13),Oct. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 3221; Pub. L. 104–127, title VII, § 773,Apr. 4, 1996, 110 Stat. 1149; Pub. L. 110–234, title VI, §§ 6101, 6102 (a),May 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 1195; Pub. L. 110–246, § 4(a), title VI, §§ 6101, 6102 (a),June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1664, 1956.)
References in Text
The Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933, as amended, referred to in subsec. (a), is act May 18, 1933. ch. 32. 48 Stat. 58, which is classified generally to chapter 12A (§ 831 et seq.) of Title 16, Conservation. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 831 of Title 16 and Tables.
Pub. L. 110–234and Pub. L. 110–246made identical amendments to this section. The amendments by Pub. L. 110–234were repealed by section 4(a) ofPub. L. 110–246.
2008—Pub. L. 110–246, § 6102(a), designated first, second, and third sentences as subsecs. (a), (b), and (d), respectively, and added subsec. (c).
Pub. L. 110–246, § 6101, inserted "efficiency and" before "conservation" in first sentence.
1996—Pub. L. 104–127, in first sentence, struck out "for the furnishing of electric energy to persons in rural areas who are not receiving central station service and" after "transmission and distribution lines or systems" and substituted "section 903 of this title," for "the provisions of sections 903 (d) and 903 (e) of this title but without regard to the 25 per centum limitation therein contained,", in second sentence, substituted ", except that" for ": Provided, further, That all such loans shall be self-liquidating within a period of not to exceed thirty-five years, and shall bear interest at the rate of 2 per centum per annum; interest rates on the unmatured and unpaid balance of any loans made pursuant to this section prior to September 21, 1944, shall be adjusted to 2 per centum per annum, and the maturity date of any such loans may be readjusted to occur at a date not beyond thirty-five years from the date of such loan: And provided further, That", and in third sentence, struck out "and section 905 of this title" before "shall not be made".
1994—Pub. L. 103–354substituted "Secretary" for "Administrator".
1993—Pub. L. 103–129inserted "and for the furnishing and improving of electric service to persons in rural areas, including by assisting electric borrowers to implement demand side management, energy conservation programs, and on-grid and off-grid renewable energy systems" after "central station service".
1955—Act June 15, 1955, substituted "25 per centum" for "10 per centum".
1949—Act Oct. 28, 1949, inserted "for rural electrification" after "to make loans" in first sentence, and inserted "title I," in credit of act May 20, 1936.
1948—Act June 29, 1948, permitted certain municipalities to refinance with R.E.A. their indebtedness with T.V.A.
1944—Act Dec. 23, 1944, inserted provision authorizing loans to cooperative associations to enable them to discharge or refinance debts owed to the Tennessee Valley Authority.
Act Sept. 21, 1944, extended limit of self-liquidating period from 25 to 35 years and changing the rate of interest.
Effective Date of 2008 Amendment
Amendment of this section and repeal of Pub. L. 110–234by Pub. L. 110–246effective May 22, 2008, the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–234, see section 4 ofPub. L. 110–246, set out as an Effective Date note under section 8701 of this title.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


text:
|News » Archives
Wednesday, June 16, 2010Lipscomb right-handed pitcher Josh Smith was drafted in the 21st round by the Cincinnati Reds Tuesday afternoon in the Major League Baseball First Year Player Draft.
Smith, a fifth-year senior from Margate, Fla., was named to the A-Sun All-Conference First Team as a starting pitcher. He went 8-4 with a 4.66 earned run average. Smith tossed four complete games including a string of three straight.
He ranked fourth nationally in the regular season for strikeouts with 124. He struck out more than 100 batters in each of the last two seasons. Smith set the Lipscomb NCAA-era record for strikeouts in a game with 15 against ETSU on Mar. 26. He tied the record a week later against Illinois State.
Smith was the 637th player taken overall and the only Bison taken through the first two days of the draft.


text:
Sigma 10mm F2.8 EX DC HSM Fisheye Lens Features:
Sigma's 10mm F2.8 EX DC Fisheye HSM lens is a diagonal fisheye which means the distorted scene is shown full frame within the camera's field of view. The diagonal field of view produces striking images with exaggerated perspective of near subject & extreme barrel distortion of the surrounding areas. It allows photographers to shoot creative images by taking advantage of the acute perspectives that are invisible to the human eye. The diagonal fisheye is the most popular kind of fisheye and are often used by wedding photographers who want to give an artistic looks to images, by underwater photographers who want to take in the maximum field of view possible and by scenic photographers. The minimum focusing distance of 5.3 inches and magnification ratio of 1 to 3.3 allows the photographer to have fun with placement of subjects extremely near to the camera with distorted backgrounds. In the hands of an artist this lens can produce memorable, eye-catching images.
- For use with smaller chip APS-c cameras only
- HSM (Hyper-Sonic Motor) ensures a quiet & high-speed auto focus
- Super Multi-Layer lens coating reduces flare & ghosting & assures high image quality throughout the entire zoom range
- The minimum focusing distance of 5.3 inches & a magnification ratio of 1 to 3.3 allows subjects to be as close as 3/4 of an inch from the lenses front element
- Supplied with a gelatin filter holder at the rear for easy addition of color correction filters
Sigma 10mm F2.8 EX DC HSM Fisheye Lens Specifications:
- Lens Construction: 12 Elements in 7 Groups
- Angle of View:
154° (180° for Nikon, 167° for Canon)
(Angle of view at Sigma SD camera format)
- Number of Diaphragm Blades: 7
- Mininum Aperture: f22
- Minimum Focusing Distance: 13.5 cm / 5.3 in
- Maximum Magnifications: 1:3.3
- Dimensions (Diameter x Length):75.8 x 83.1 mm
3.0 x 3.3 in
- Corresponding Mounts:
HSM - Hyper-Sonic MotorEX - EX Lens
DC - DC for Digital
- Compatibility notes:
* Nikon Mount: Built in motor lens: compatible with D40, D40x, D60, D3000, D5000
* The appearance, specifications, and the like of the product are subject to change for improvement without notice.
- Sigma 10mm F2.8 EX DC HSM Fisheye Lens
- front cap adapter
- front/rear lens cap
- carrying case


text:
Steve Kelley 2011
Related articles
- Best editorial cartoons of 2011 from The Times-Picayune December 29, 2011, 9:20 PM
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text:
20 U.S. Code § 6537 - Definitions
prev | next
In this part:
(1) Advanced placement test
The term "advanced placement test" means an advanced placement test administered by the College Board or approved by the Secretary.
(2) High concentration of low-income students
The term "high concentration of low-income students", used with respect to a school, means a school that serves a student population 40 percent or more of whom are low-income individuals.
(3) Low-income individual
The term "low-income individual" means an individual who is determined by a State educational agency or local educational agency to be a child, ages 5 through 19, from a low-income family, on the basis of data used by the Secretary to determine allocations under section 6333 of this title, data on children eligible for free or reduced-price lunches under the National School Lunch Act [42 U.S.C. 1751 et seq.], data on children in families receiving assistance under part A of title IV of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 601 et seq.], or data on children eligible to receive medical assistance under the medicaid program under title XIX of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 1396 et seq.], or through an alternate method that combines or extrapolates from those data.
Source(Pub. L. 89–10, title I, § 1707, as added Pub. L. 107–110, title I, § 101,Jan. 8, 2002, 115 Stat. 1609; amended Pub. L. 108–11, title II, § 2503,Apr. 16, 2003, 117 Stat. 599.)
References in Text
The National School Lunch Act, referred to in par. (3), probably means the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act, act June 4, 1946, ch. 281, 60 Stat. 230, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 13 (§ 1751 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1751 of Title 42 and Tables.
The Social Security Act, referred to in par. (3), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620, as amended. Part A of title IV of the Act is classified generally to part A (§ 601 et seq.) of subchapter IV of chapter 7 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. Title XIX of the Act is classified generally to subchapter XIX (§ 1396 et seq.) of chapter 7 of Title 42. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables.
2003—Par. (3). Pub. L. 108–11substituted "19" for "17".
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


text:
Ultimate X-Training Capri
Product Actions
Additional InformationProduct Details
The Ultimate X-Training Capri is ready-to-play.This is an essential workout capri with an easy fit. You'll love it for any workout, any level.
- Gusset inset for full range of movement and comfort
- Moisture-wicking & compressive lucy powermax
- Body hugging
- 16.75" inseam
- Powermax-87% supplex® nylon/13% lycra® spandex
- Machine wash cold, with like colors
- Tumble dry low
- Imported