text:
A Timeline of AIDS
The history of the domestic AIDS epidemic began in illness, fear, and death—but we conclude those 30 years with hope. This timeline highlights milestones of "30 Years of AIDS."
- On June 5, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) publish a Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), describing cases of a rare lung infection, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), in five young, previously healthy, gay men in Los Angeles. All the men have other unusual infections as well, indicating that their immune systems are not working; two have already died by the time the report is published. This edition of the MMWR marks the first official reporting of what will become known as the AIDS epidemic.
- On June 5, the Associated Press and the Los Angeles Times report on the MMWR. On June 6, the San Francisco Chronicle covers the story. Within days, doctors from across the U.S. flood CDC with reports of similar cases.
- In addition to reports of cases of PCP and other opportunistic infections among gay men, CDC also receives reports of a cluster of cases of a rare, and unusually aggressive, cancer, Kaposi's Sarcoma, among a group of gay men in New York and California. In response, on June 8, CDC establishes a Task Force on Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (KSOI) to identify risk factors and to develop a case definition for national surveillance.
- On July 3, the New York Times reports on cases of Kaposi's Sarcoma affecting 41 gay men in New York and California.
- By year-end, there is a cumulative total of 270 reported cases of severe immune deficiency among gay men, and 121 of those individuals have died.
- The City and County of San Francisco, working closely with the Shanti Project and the San Francisco AIDS Foundation , develop the "San Francisco Model of Care" which emphasizes home- and community-based services.
- In January, the first American AIDS clinic is established in San Francisco.
- Gay Men's Health Crisis , the first community-based AIDS service provider in the U.S., is founded in New York City.
- On April 13, U.S. Representative Henry Waxman convenes the first congressional hearings on HIV/AIDS. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that tens of thousands of people may be affected by the disease.
- In September, Congressional representatives Henry Waxman and Phillip Burton introduce legislation to allocate $5 million to CDC for surveillance and $10 million to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for AIDS research.
- On September 24, CDC uses the term "AIDS" (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) for the first time, and releases the first case definition of AIDS: "a disease at least moderately predictive of a defect in cell-mediated immunity, occurring in a person with no known case for diminished resistance to that disease."
- On December 10, CDC reports a case of AIDS in an infant who received blood transfusions. The following week, the MMWR reports 22 cases of unexplained immunodeficiency and opportunistic infections in infants.
- The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) establish the National AIDS Hotline to respond to public inquiries about the disease.
- On January 4, CDC hosts a national conference to determine blood bank policy blood for testing blood for HIV, but participants fail to reach consensus on appropriate action.
- On January 7, CDC reports cases of AIDS in female sexual partners of males with AIDS.
- In February, Dr. Robert Gallo, from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), suggests that a retrovirus probably causes AIDS.
- In the March 4 edition of the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), CDC notes that most cases of AIDS have been reported among homosexual men with multiple sexual partners, injection drug users, Haitians, and hemophiliacs. The report suggests that AIDS may be caused by an infectious agent that is transmitted sexually or through exposure to blood or blood products and issues recommendations for preventing transmission.
- In May, the U.S. Congress passes the first bill that includes funding specifically targeted for AIDS research and treatment—$12 million for agencies within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
- On May 20, Professor Luc Montagnier, of the Pasteur Institute in France, reports the discovery of a retrovirus named Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus (LAV) that could be the cause of AIDS.
- In June, people living with AIDS (PLWAs) take over the plenary stage at the Second National AIDS Forum in Denver, and issue a statement on the right of PLWAs to be at the table when policy is made, to be treated with dignity, and to be called "people with AIDS," not "AIDS victims." The statement becomes known as "The Denver Principles," and it serves as the charter for the founding of the National Association of People with AIDS (NAPWA).
- On July 25, San Francisco General Hospital opens the first dedicated AIDS ward in the U.S. It is fully occupied within days.
- On September 2, in response to concerns about transmission of AIDS in healthcare settings, CDC publishes the first set of occupational exposure precautions for healthcare workers and allied health professionals.
- In the September 9 MMWR, CDC identifies all major routes of HIV transmission—and rules out transmission by casual contact, food, water, air, or environmental surfaces.
- In October, the World Health Organization (WHO) holds its first meeting to assess the global AIDS situation, and begins international surveillance.
- After a New York doctor is threatened with eviction from his building for treating AIDS patients, Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) and Lambda Legal file the first AIDS discrimination lawsuit.
- In November, Dr. Robert Gallo's lab grows the AIDS virus in immune system cells.
- On December 6, a congressional subcommittee releases The Federal Response to AIDS, a report criticizing the U.S. Government for failure to invest sufficient funding in AIDS surveillance and research.
- Community-based AIDS service organizations join together to form AIDS Action, a national organization in Washington, DC, to advocate on behalf of people and communities affected by the epidemic, to educate the Federal government, and to help shape AIDS-related policy and legislation.
- On April 23, Margaret Heckler, Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, announces that Dr. Robert Gallo and his colleagues at the National Cancer Institute have found the cause of AIDS, the retrovirus HTLV-III. She also announces the development of a diagnostic blood test to identify HTLV-III and expresses hope that a vaccine against AIDS will be produced within two years.
- In June, Dr. Gallo and Professor Luc Montagnier, from the Pasteur Institute in France, hold a joint press conference to announce that Dr. Montagnier's Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus (LAV) and Dr. Gallo's HTLV-III virus are almost certainly identical and are the likely cause of AIDS.
- On July 13, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) state that avoiding injection drug use and reducing needle-sharing "should also be effective in preventing transmission of the virus."
- In October, San Francisco officials order bathhouses closed due to high-risk sexual activity occurring in these venues. New York and Los Angeles follow suit within the year.
- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licenses the first commercial blood test, ELISA, to detect antibodies to HIV in the blood. Blood banks begin screening the U.S. blood supply.
- The U.S. Congress allocates $70 million for AIDS research.
- The Pentagon announces that it will begin testing all new military recruits for HIV infection and will reject those who test positive for the virus.
- Ryan White, an Indiana teenager who contracted AIDS through contaminated blood products used to treat his hemophilia, is refused entry to his middle school. He goes on to speak publicly against AIDS stigma and discrimination.
- On January 11, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) revise the AIDS case definition to note that AIDS is caused by a newly identified virus and issue provisional guidelines for blood screening.
- On April 15-17, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) host the first International AIDS Conference in Atlanta, Georgia.
- On September 17, President Ronald Reagan mentions AIDS publicly for the first time, vowing in a letter to Congress to make AIDS a priority.
- Actor Rock Hudson dies of AIDS-related illness on October 2. Hudson leaves $250,000 to help set up the American Foundation for AIDS research (amfAR). Elizabeth Taylor serves as the founding National Chairman.
- On December 6, the U.S. Public Health Service issues the first recommendations for preventing HIV transmission from mother to child.
- At least one HIV case has been reported from each region of the world.
- The National Academy of Sciences issues a report critical of the U.S. response to a "national health crisis." The report calls for a U.S. $2 billion investment. An Institute of Medicine report calls for a national education campaign and for creating a National Commission on AIDS.
- AIDS activist Cleve Jones creates the first panel of the AIDS Memorial Quilt .
- In May, the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses declares that the virus that causes AIDS will officially be known as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
- On October 22, U.S. Surgeon General, C. Everett Koop, issues the Surgeon General's Report on AIDS (PDF, 1.98 MB). The report urges parents and schools to start frank, open discussions about AIDS and urges education and condom use.
- The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation creates the "AIDS Health Services Program " (PDF 127KB), providing joint funding with the U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) for demonstration projects in hard-hit U.S. cities. This program serves as a precursor to the Ryan White CARE Act.
- The International Steering Committee for People with HIV/AIDS is created. Six years later, this will become the Global Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS .
- The National Minority AIDS Council (NMAC) is formed.
- In February, the World Health Organization (WHO) launches The Global Program on AIDS to: raise awareness; formulate evidence-based policies; provide technical and financial support to countries; initiate relevant social, behavioral, and biomedical research; promote participation by nongovernmental organizations; and champion the rights of those living with HIV.
- Emmy-award winning pianist, Liberace, dies of AIDS-related illness on February 4.
- On March 19, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves the first antiretroviral drug, zidovudine (AZT). The U.S. Congress approves $30 million in emergency funding to states for AZT—laying the groundwork for what will be the AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP), authorized by the Ryan White CARE Act in 1990.
- In March, playwright and AIDS activist Larry Kramer founds the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) in New York City.
- In April, FDA approves the Western blot blood test kit, a more specific test for HIV antibodies.
- In May, FDA creates a new class of experimental drugs, Treatment Investigational New Drugs, which accelerates drug approval by 2-3 years.
- On May 16, the U.S. Public Health Service adds HIV as a "dangerous contagious disease" to its immigration exclusion list and mandates testing for all visa applicants.
- On May 31, President Reagan makes his first public speech about AIDS and establishes a Presidential Commission on HIV.
- In July, the U.S. Congress adopts the Helms Amendment, which bans the use of Federal funds for AIDS education materials that "promote or encourage, directly or indirectly, homosexual activities."
- In August, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) hold the first National Conference on HIV and Communities of Color in New York.
- After Florida's Desoto County School Board refuses to allow HIV-positive brothers, Ricky, Robert, and Randy Ray to attend school, a Federal judge orders the board to reinstate the three hemophiliacs, who contracted HIV through contaminated blood products. After the August 5 ruling, outraged town residents refuse to allow their children to attend school, and someone sets fire to the Ray house on August 28, destroying it.
- On August 14, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issue Perspectives in Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Public Health Service Guidelines for Counseling and Antibody Testing to Prevent HIV Infection and AIDS.
- On August 18, FDA sanctions the first human testing of a candidate vaccine against HIV.
- In October, the AIDS Memorial Quilt is displayed for the first time on the National Mall in Washington, DC. The display features 1,920 4x8 panels and draws half a million visitors.
- In October, AIDS becomes the first disease ever debated on the floor of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly . The General Assembly resolves to mobilize the entire UN system in the worldwide struggle against AIDS and designates the WHO to lead the effort.
- FDA declares HIV prevention as a new indication for male condoms.
- Journalist Randy Shilts' book about the early years of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, And the Band Played On: Politics, People and the AIDS Epidemic, is published.
- CDC launches the first AIDS-related public service announcements, "America Responds to AIDS."
- The World Health Organization (WHO) declares December 1 to be the first World AIDS Day .
- The Health Omnibus Programs Extension (HOPE) Act authorizes the use of Federal funds for AIDS prevention, education, and testing.
- The National Institutes of Health (NIH) establish the Office of AIDS Research (OAR) and the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG).
- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allows the importation of unapproved drugs for persons with life-threatening illnesses, including HIV/AIDS.
- Ryan White, an HIV-positive teenager who has become a national spokesperson for AIDS education, treatment, and funding, testifies before the President's Commission on AIDS.
- Elizabeth Glaser , an HIV-positive mother of two HIV-positive children, and two of her friends form the Pediatric AIDS Foundation (later renamed the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation to advocate for research into the care and treatment needs of children living with HIV/AIDS.
- The U.S. Health Services and Resources Administration (HRSA) awards HIV Planning Grants to 11 states and 10 cities in order to create a plan for HIV/AIDS systems of care. This lays the groundwork for the statewide programs that will later be funded under the Ryan White CARE Act.
- HRSA also funds the first Pediatric AIDS Service Demonstration Grants, a program which will eventually become part of the Ryan White CARE Act.
- In April, the first comprehensive needle-exchange program (NEP) in North America is established in Tacoma, WA. San Francisco then establishes what becomes the largest NEP in the nation.
- On May 26, the U.S. Surgeon General, C. Everett Koop, launches the U.S.'s first coordinated HIV/AIDS education campaign by mailing 107 million copies of a booklet, Understanding AIDS (PDF), to all American households.
- On October 11, ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) protests at FDA headquarters about the drug-approval process. Eight days later, FDA announces new regulations to speed up drug approvals.
- UNAIDS (the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) reports that the number of women living with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa exceeds that of men.
- Photographer Robert Mapplethorpe dies of AIDS-related illness on March 9.
- On June 16, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issue the first guidelines for preventing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), an AIDS-related opportunistic infection, and a major cause of illness and death for people living with AIDS.
- On June 23, CDC releases the Guidelines for Prevention of Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B Virus to Health-Care and Public-Safety Workers.
- The U.S. Congress creates the National Commission on AIDS. The Commission meets for the first time on September 18.
- Dr. Anthony Fauci, head of the National Institutes of Health's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), endorses giving HIV-positive people who do not qualify for clinical trials access to experimental treatments.
- The U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) grants $20 million for HIV care and treatment through the Home-Based and Community-Based Care State grant program. For many states, this is their first involvement in HIV care and treatment.
- A CDC/HRSA initiative provides $11 million to fund seven community health centers to provide HIV counseling and testing services. This is a precursor to what will be part of the Ryan White CARE Act.
- The number of reported AIDS cases in the United States reaches 100,000.
- On January 18, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report the possible transmission of HIV to a patient through a dental procedure performed by an HIV-positive dentist. This episode provokes much public debate about the safety of common dental and medical procedures.
- On January 26, the U.S. Public Health Service issues a statement on managing occupational exposure to HIV, including considerations regarding post-exposure use of the antiretroviral drug, AZT.
- Pop artist Keith Haring dies of AIDS-related illness on February 16.
- On April 8, Ryan White dies of AIDS-related illness at the age of 18.
- On May 21, ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) protests at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), demanding more HIV treatments and the expansion of clinical trials to include more women and people of color.
- In June, the 6th International AIDS Conference meets in San Francisco. To protest U.S. immigration policy that bars people with HIV from entering the country, domestic and international nongovernmental groups boycott the conference.
- In July, the U.S. Congress enacts the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The Act prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities, including people living with HIV/AIDS.
- In August, the U.S. Congress enacts the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act of 1990 (PDF), which provides $220.5 million in Federal funds for HIV community-based care and treatment services in its first year. The U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) manages the program, which is the nation's largest HIV-specific Federal grant program.
- On October 26, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves use of zidovudine (AZT) for pediatric AIDS.
- CDC adopts the HIV-prevention counseling model, a "client-centered" approach that focuses on the patient, rather than the disease.
- The Visual AIDS Artists Caucus launches the Red Ribbon Project to create a visual symbol to demonstrate compassion for people living with AIDS and their caregivers. The red ribbon becomes the international symbol of AIDS awareness.
- The U.S. Congress enacts the Housing Opportunities for People with AIDS (HOPWA) Act of 1991. Administered by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), HOPWA grants to states and local communities provide housing assistance to people living with AIDS.
- On July 21, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend restrictions on the practice of HIV-positive healthcare workers and Congress enacts a law requiring states to adopt the CDC restrictions or to develop and adopt their own.
- In August, the U.S. Congress passes the Terry Beirn Community-Based Clinical Trials Program Act (PDF, 56 KB) to establish a network of community-based clinical trials for HIV treatment.
- The National Minority AIDS Council (NMAC), in cooperation with the National Association of People With AIDS (NAPWA) and the National AIDS Interfaith Network, holds the first annual National Skills Building Conference, which will later become the United States Conference on AIDS.
- On November 7, American basketball star Earvin "Magic" Johnson announces that he is HIV-positive.
- On November 24, Freddie Mercury, lead singer/ songwriter of the rock band Queen, dies of bronchial pneumonia resulting from AIDS.
- The 8th International AIDS Conference is originally scheduled to be held in Boston, but is moved to Amsterdam due to U.S. immigration restrictions on people living with HIV/AIDS.
- AIDS becomes the number one cause of death for U.S. men ages 25 to 44.
- On May 27, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licenses a 10-minute diagnostic test kit which can be used by health professionals to detect the presence of HIV-1.
- On December 1, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launch the Business Responds to AIDS program to help large and small businesses meet the challenges of HIV/AIDS in the workplace and the community. (CDC will start the Labor Responds to AIDS program in 1995.)
- Florida teenager Ricky Ray dies of AIDS-related illness on December 13. The 15-year-old hemophiliac and his two younger brothers sparked a national conversation on AIDS after their court battle to attend school led to boycotts by local residents and the torching of their home.
- President Clinton establishes the White House Office of National AIDS Policy (ONAP).
- World-renowned ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev dies of AIDS-related illness on January 6, and tennis star Arthur Ashe dies on February 3.
- On May 7, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves the female condom.
- In June, the U.S. Congress enacts the NIH (National Institutes of Health) Revitalization Act, giving the Office of AIDS Research primary oversight of all NIH AIDS research. The Act requires NIH and other research agencies to expand involvement of women and minorities in all research.
- The same act codifies the U.S. HIV immigration exclusion policy into law; President Clinton signs it on June 10.
- In August, the Women's Interagency HIV Study and HIV Epidemiology Study begin; both are major U.S. Federally funded research studies on women and HIV/AIDS.
- On December 18, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) expand the case definition of AIDS, declaring those with CD4 counts below 200 to have AIDS.
- In that same MMWR, CDC adds three new conditions—pulmonary tuberculosis, recurrent pneumonia, and invasive cervical cancer—to the list of clinical indicators of AIDS. These new conditions mean that more women and injection drug users will be diagnosed with AIDS.
- CDC institutes the community-planning process to better target local prevention efforts.
- The National Association of People With AIDS (NAPWA) convenes the first annual "AIDS Watch." Hundreds of community members from across the U.S. come to Washington, DC to lobby Congress for increased funding.
- The film "Philadelphia" starring Tom Hanks as a lawyer with AIDS, opens in theaters. Based on a true story, it is the first major Hollywood film on AIDS.
- Angels in America, Tony Kushner's play about AIDS, wins the Tony Award for Best Play and the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for Drama.
- AIDS becomes the leading cause of death for all Americans ages 25 to 44.
- On February 17, Randy Shilts, a U.S. journalist who covered the AIDS epidemic and who authored And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic, dies of AIDS-related illness at age 42.
- On May 20, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) publishes Guidelines for Preventing Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Through Transplantation of Human Tissue and Organs.
- On August 5, the U.S. Public Health Service recommends that pregnant women be given the antiretroviral drug AZT to reduce the risk of perinatal transmission of HIV.
- Pedro Zamora, a young gay man living with HIV, appears on the cast of MTV's popular show, "The Real World." He dies on November 11 at age 22.
- On December 23, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves an oral HIV test, the first non-blood-based antibody test for HIV.
- The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issues guidelines requiring applicants for grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to address "the appropriate inclusion of women and minorities in clinical research."
- On February 23, Greg Louganis, Olympic gold medal diver, discloses that he is HIV-positive.
- In June, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves the first protease inhibitor. This ushers in a new era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
- Eric Lynn Wright, a.k.a. rapper Eazy-E, died on March 26 from an AIDS-related illness one month after being diagnosed.
- On June 27, the National Association of People With AIDS (NAPWA) launches the first National HIV Testing Day.
- On July 14, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issue the first guidelines to help healthcare providers prevent opportunistic infections in people infected with HIV.
- President Clinton establishes his Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS (PACHA). The Council meets for the first time on July 28.
- On September 22, CDC reviews Syringe Exchange Programs -- United States, 1994-1995. The National Academy of Sciences concludes that syringe exchange programs should be regarded as an effective component of a comprehensive strategy to prevent infectious disease.
- President Clinton hosts the first White House Conference on HIV/AIDS on December 6.
- By the end of the year, 500,000 cases of AIDS have been reported in the U.S.
- In Vancouver, the 11th International AIDS Conference highlights the effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), creating a period of optimism.
- The number of new AIDS cases diagnosed in the U.S. declines for the first time since the beginning of the epidemic.
- AIDS is no longer leading cause of death for all Americans ages 25-44, although it remains the leading cause of death for African Americans in this age group.
- UNAIDS (the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) begins operations. It is established to advocate for global action on the epidemic and to coordinate HIV/AIDS efforts across the UN system.
- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves:
- the first HIV home testing and collection kit (May 14)
- a viral load test, which measures the level of HIV in the blood (June 3)
- the first non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) drug, nevirapine (June 21)
- the first HIV urine test (August 6)
- The U.S. Congress reauthorizes the Ryan White CARE Act on May 20.
- In October, the AIDS Memorial Quilt is displayed in its entirety for the last time. It covers the entire National Mall in Washington, DC.
- HIV/AIDS researcher Dr. David Ho advocates for a new strategy for treating HIV – "hit early, hit hard," in which patients are placed on new, more aggressive treatment regimes earlier in the course of their infection in hopes of keeping them healthier longer. He is subsequently named TIME Magazine's "Man of the Year."
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) forms to speed the search for an effective HIV vaccine.
- In response to the call to "hit early, hit hard," highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) becomes the new standard of HIV care.
- The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report the first substantial decline in AIDS deaths in the United States. Due largely to the use of HAART, AIDS-related deaths in the U.S. decline by 47% compared with the previous year.
- On May 18, President Clinton announces that the goal of finding an effective vaccine for HIV in 10 years will be a top national priority, and calls for the creation of an AIDS vaccine research center at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). (He dedicates the Dale and Betty Bumpers Vaccine Research Center on June 9, 1999.)
- On September 26, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves Combivir, a combination of two antiretroviral drugs in one tablet, which makes it easier for people living with HIV to take their medications.
- On November 21, the U.S. Congress enacts the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act (FDAMA) of 1997, codifying an accelerated drug-approval process and allowing dissemination of information about off-label uses of drugs.
- UNAIDS (the Joint United Nations Programme on AIDS) estimates that 30 million adults and children worldwide have HIV, and that, each day, 16,000 people are newly infected with the virus.
- As a greater number of people begin taking protease inhibitors, resistance to the drugs becomes more common, and drug resistance emerges as an area of grave concern within the AIDS community.
- The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report that African Americans account for 49% of U.S. AIDS-related deaths. AIDS-related mortality for African Americans is almost 10 times that of Whites and three times that of Hispanics.
- In March, African American leaders, including members of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), are briefed on the highly disproportionate impact of HIV and AIDS in their communities. They develop a "Call to Action," requesting that the President and Surgeon General declare HIV/AIDS a "State of Emergency" in the African American community.
- In October, President Clinton declares AIDS to be a "severe and ongoing health crisis" in African American and Hispanic communities in the United States and announces a special package of initiatives aimed at reducing the impact of HIV/AIDS on racial and ethnic minorities.
- With the leadership of the CBC, Congress funds the Minority AIDS Initiative. An unprecedented $156 million is invested to improve the nation's effectiveness in preventing and treating HIV/AIDS in African American, Hispanic, and other minority communities.
- On April 20, Donna Shalala, Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, determines that needle-exchange programs (NEPs) are effective and do not encourage the use of illegal drugs, but the Clinton Administration does not lift the ban on use of Federal funds for NEPs.
- On April 24, CDC issues the first national treatment guidelines for the use of antiretroviral therapy (PDF, 2.86 MB) in adults and adolescents with HIV.
- On June 25, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) covers those in earlier stages of HIV disease, not just those who have developed AIDS.
- On November 12, the U.S. Congress enacts the Ricky Ray Hemophilia Relief Fund Act, honoring the Florida teenager who was infected with HIV through contaminated blood products. The Act authorizes payments to individuals with hemophilia and other blood clotting disorders who were infected with HIV by unscreened blood-clotting agents between 1982 and 1987.
- The Congressional Hispanic Caucus, with the Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute , convenes Congressional hearings on the impact of HIV/AIDS on the Latino community.
- The World Health Organization (WHO) announces that HIV/AIDS has become the fourth biggest killer worldwide and the number one killer in Africa. WHO estimates that 33 million people are living with HIV worldwide, and that 14 million have died of AIDS.
- In March, VaxGen, a San Francisco-based biotechnology company, begins conducting the first human vaccine trials in a developing country—Thailand.
- On July 19, President Clinton announces the formation of the "Leadership and Investment in Fighting an Epidemic" (LIFE) Initiative, which will provide funding to address the global HIV epidemic.
- On December 10, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) release a new HIV case definition to help state health departments expand their HIV surveillance efforts and more accurately track the changing course of the epidemic.
- On January 10, the United Nations Security Council meets to discuss the impact of AIDS on peace and security in Africa. This marks the first time that the council discusses a health issue as a threat to peace and security.
- In his State of the Union address on January 27, President Clinton announces the launch of the Millennium Vaccine Initiative to create incentives for developing and distributing vaccines against HIV, TB, and malaria.
- On April 30, President Clinton declares that HIV/AIDS is a threat to U.S. national security.
- On May 10, President Clinton issues an Executive Order to assist developing countries in importing and producing generic HIV treatments.
- In July, UNAIDS (the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) , the World Health Organization (WHO), and other global health groups announce a joint initiative with five major pharmaceutical manufacturers to negotiate reduced prices for HIV/AIDS drugs in developing countries.
- On July 23, the leaders of the "Group of Eight" (G8) Summit release a statement acknowledging the need for additional HIV/AIDS resources. G8 members make up most of the world's largest economies, and include: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
- In August, the U.S. Congress enacts the Global AIDS and Tuberculosis Relief Act of 2000.
- In September, as part of its Millennium Declaration , the United Nations adopts the Millennium Development Goals , which include a specific goal of reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria, and TB.
- In October, the U.S. Congress reauthorizes the Ryan White CARE Act for the second time.
- February 7 marks the first annual National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day in the U.S.
- May 18 is the first annual observance of HIV Vaccine Awareness Day.
- On June 25-27, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly holds its first Special Session on AIDS (UNGASS) and passes the UNGASS Declaration of Commitment and the ILO (International Labor Organization) Code of Practice on HIV/AIDS in the Workplace (PDF, 127 KB). The meeting also calls for the creation of an international "global fund" to support efforts by countries and organizations to combat the spread of HIV through prevention, care, and treatment, including the purchase of HIV medications.
- Newly appointed U.S. Secretary of State, Colin Powell, reaffirms the U.S. statement that HIV/AIDS is a national security threat.
- After generic drug manufacturers offer to produce discounted, generic forms of HIV/AIDS drugs for developing countries; several major pharmaceutical manufacturers agree to offer further reduced drug prices to those countries.
- On November 14, the World Trade Organization (WTO) announces the Doha Declaration , which affirms the rights of developing countries to buy or manufacture generic medications to meet public health crises such as HIV/AIDS.
- The U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) begins focusing on individuals with HIV disease who know their status and are not receiving HIV-related services. HRSA instructs its grantees to address this population's "unmet need" for services.
- The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announce a new HIV Prevention Strategic Plan to cut annual HIV infections in the U.S. by half within five years.
- In January, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria , a partnership between governments, civil society organizations, the private sector, and affected communities, is established.
- On April 25, the Global Fund approves its first round of grants to governments and private-sector organizations in the developing world. The grants total $600 million for two-year projects.
- On June 25, the United States announces a framework that will allow poor countries unable to produce pharmaceuticals to gain greater access to drugs needed to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other public health crises.
- In July, UNAIDS (the Joint United Nations Programme on AIDS) reports that HIV/AIDS is now by far the leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa, and the fourth biggest global killer. Average life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa falls from 62 years to 47 years as a result of AIDS.
- The 14th International AIDS Conference is held in Barcelona, Spain from July 7-12. Dozens of countries report they are experiencing serious HIV/AIDS epidemics, and many more are on the brink.
- In September, the U.S. National Intelligence Council releases Next Wave of the Epidemic, a report focusing on HIV in India, China, Russia, Nigeria, and Ethiopia.
- On November 7, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves the first rapid HIV diagnostic test kit for use in the United States that provides results with 99.6 percent accuracy in as little as 20 minutes. Unlike other antibody tests for HIV, this blood test can be stored at room temperature, requires no specialized equipment, and may be used outside of traditional laboratory or clinical settings, allowing more widespread use of HIV testing.
- Worldwide, 10 million young people, aged 15-24, and almost 3 million children under 15 are living with HIV. During this year, approximately 3.5 million new infections will occur in sub-Saharan Africa, and the epidemic will claim the lives of an estimated 2.4 million Africans.
- Side effects and increasing evidence of drug resistance call into question the "hit early, hit hard" strategy.
- The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) calculate that 27,000 of the estimated 40,000 new infections that occur each year in the U.S. result from transmission by individuals who do not know they are infected.
- On January 28, President George W. Bush announces the creation of the United States President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) in his State of the Union address. PEPFAR is a $15 billion, 5-year plan to combat AIDS, primarily in countries with a high burden of infections.
- On February 24, VaxGen, a San Francisco-based biotechnology company, announces that its AIDSVAX vaccine trial failed to reduce overall HIV infection rates among those who were vaccinated.
- On March 31, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation awards a $60 million grant to the International Partnership for Microbicides to support research and development of microbicides to prevent transmission of HIV.
- On April 18, CDC announces Advancing HIV Prevention: New Strategies for a Changing Epidemic, a new prevention initiative that aims to reduce barriers to early diagnosis and increase access to, and utilization of, quality medical care, treatment, and ongoing prevention services for those living with HIV.
- In early June, the "Group of Eight" (G8) Summit includes a special focus on HIV/AIDS and announcements of new commitments to the Global Fund . G8 members make up most of the world's largest economies and include: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
- October 15 marks the first annual National Latino AIDS Awareness Day in the U.S.
- On October 23, the William J. Clinton Foundation secures price reductions for HIV/AIDS drugs from generic manufacturers, to benefit developing nations.
- On December 1, the World Health Organization (WHO) announces the "3 by 5" initiative, to bring treatment to 3 million people by 2005.
- In January, the U.S. Congress authorizes the first $350 million for the United States President's Emergency Program for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR).
- In February, UNAIDS (the Joint United Nations Programme on AIDS) launches The Global Coalition on Women and AIDS to raise the visibility of the epidemic's impact on women and girls around the world.
- On March 26, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves the use of oral fluid samples with a rapid HIV diagnostic test kit that provides the result in approximately 20 minutes.
- On May 17, FDA issues a guidance document for expedited approval of low cost, safe, and effective co-packaged and fixed-dose combination HIV therapies so that high-quality drugs can be made available in Africa and developing countries around the world under PEPFAR.
- On June 10, leaders of the "Group of Eight" (G8) Summit (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) call for the creation of a "Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise," a consortium of government and private-sector groups designed to coordinate and accelerate research efforts to find an effective HIV vaccine.
- During its annual meeting in January, the World Economic Forum approves a set of new priorities, including one with a focus on addressing HIV/AIDS in Africa and other hard-hit regions.
- On January 26, the World Health Organization (WHO), UNAIDS (the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) , the U.S. Government, and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria announce results of joint efforts to increase the availability of antiretroviral drugs in developing countries. An estimated 700,000 people have been reached by the end of 2004.
- Also on January 26, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) grants tentative approval to a generic copackaged antiretroviral drug regimen for use under the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR).
- May 19 is the first annual National Asian and Pacific Islander HIV/AIDS Awareness Day in the U.S.
- On June 2, the United Nations (U.N.) General Assembly High-Level Meeting on HIV/AIDS meets to review progress on targets set at the 2001 U.N. General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS).
- On July 6-8, the "Group of Eight" (G8) Summit focuses on development in Africa, including HIV/AIDS (PDF, 372KB). G8 members make up most of the world's largest economies and include: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
- June 5 marks 25 years since the first AIDS cases were reported.
- March 10 is the first annual National Women and Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness Day in the U.S.
- March 20 is the first annual observance of National Native HIV/AIDS Awareness Day in the U.S.
- On May 3-6, the Office of AIDS Research, in the National Institutes of Health (NIH), sponsors Embracing Our Traditions, Values, and Teachings: Native Peoples of North America HIV/AIDS Conference, in Anchorage, Alaska. The conference involves nearly 1,000 participants from the American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, First Nations, and U.S. Territorial Pacific Islander communities.
- On May 31, the United Nations convenes a follow-up meeting and issues a progress report on the implementation of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS .
- On September 22, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) release revised HIV testing recommendations for healthcare settings, recommending routine HIV screening for all adults, aged 13-64, and yearly screening for those at high risk.
- In December, a University of Illinois at Chicago study indicates that medical circumcision of men reduces their risk of acquiring HIV during heterosexual intercourse by 53 percent. The clinical trial of Kenyan men is supported by the U.S. National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Canadian Institute of Health Research .
- On December 19, the U.S. Congress reauthorizes the Ryan White CARE Act for the third time.
- In an attempt to increase the number of people taking HIV tests, on May 30, the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNAIDS (the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) issue new guidance recommending "provider-initiated" HIV testing in healthcare settings.
- In June, the Rwandan Government hosts the International HIV/AIDS Implementers Meeting (PDF) . Over 1,500 delegates share lessons on HIV prevention, treatment, and care. Cosponsors include WHO, UNAIDS, the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria , the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the World Bank , and GNP+ (the Global Network of People Living with HIV) .
- In October, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launch Prevention IS Care (PIC), a social marketing campaign designed for healthcare providers who deliver care to people living with HIV.
- CDC reports over 565,000 people have died of AIDS in the U.S. since 1981.
- In June, the International HIV/AIDS Implementers Meeting is hosted by the Ugandan Government. Cosponsors include the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria , UNAIDS (the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) , the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the World Bank , and GNP+ (the Global Network of People Living with HIV) .
- On July 31, President Bush signs legislation reauthorizing PEPFAR for an additional five years for up to $48 billion. The bill contains a rider that lifts the blanket ban on HIV-positive travelers to the U.S., and gives the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services the authority to admit people living with HIV/AIDS on a case-by-case basis.
- On August 6, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) release new domestic HIV incidence estimates that are substantially higher than previous estimates (56,300 new infections per year vs. 40,000). The new estimates do not represent an actual increase in the numbers of HIV infections, but reflect a more accurate way of measuring new infections. A separate analysis suggests that the annual number of new infections was never as low as 40,000 and that it has been roughly stable since the late 1990s.
- September 18 is the first observance of National HIV/AIDS and Aging Awareness Day .
- National Gay Men's HIV/AIDS Awareness Day is first recognized on September 27.
- Newly elected President Barack Obama calls for the development of the first National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States.
- In February, the District of Columbia Health Department's HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Administration reports that Washington, DC has a higher rate of HIV (3% prevalence) than West Africa– enough to describe it as a "severe and generalized epidemic."
- On April 7, the White House and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launch the Act Against AIDS campaign, a multiyear, multifaceted communication campaign designed to reduce HIV incidence in the United States. CDC also launches the Act Against AIDS Leadership Initiative (AAALI), to harness the collective strength and reach of traditional, longstanding African American institutions to increase HIV-related awareness, knowledge, and action within Black communities across the U.S.
- On May 5, President Obama launches the Global Health Initiative (GHI), a six-year, U.S. $63 billion effort to develop a comprehensive approach to addressing global health in low- and middle-income countries. The United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) will serve as a core component.
- June 8 marks the first annual recognition of Caribbean American HIV/AIDS Awareness Day .
- On August 17, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) moves to increase the number of veterans getting HIV tests by dropping the requirement for written consent (verbal consent is still required).
- On October 6, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in association with the PEPFAR program, approves the 100th antiretroviral drug.
- On October 30, President Obama announces that his administration will officially lift the HIV travel and immigration ban in January 2010 by removing the final regulatory barriers to entry. The lifting of the travel ban occurs in conjunction with the announcement that the International AIDS Conference will return to the United States for the first time in more than 20 years. The conference will be held in Washington, DC in 2012.
- On November 24, UNAIDS (the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) reports that there has been a significant decline (-17%) in new HIV infections in the past decade. East Asia, however, has seen a dramatic 25% increase in infections over the same period.
- In December, President Obama signs the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010 (PDF, 1.08 MB), modifying the ban on the use of Federal funds for needle exchange programs. When applicable, Federal funds may be used for personnel, equipment, syringe disposal services, educational materials, communication and marketing activities and evaluation activities, and evaluation. Some HHS programs may still contain partial or complete bans on the use of funds for needle exchange programs.
- On January 4, the U.S. Government officially lifts the HIV travel and immigration ban.
- On March 23, President Obama signs the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , which expands access to care and prevention for all Americans—but offers special protections for those living with chronic illnesses, like HIV, that make it difficult for them to access or afford healthcare.
- On July 13, the Obama Administration releases the first comprehensive National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States.
- The 18th International AIDS Conference takes place in Vienna, Austria from July 18-23. The biggest outcomes from the conference include:
- The results of the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa's (CAPRISA) 004 study of antiretroviral-based vaginal microbicides are released on July 19. The study shows the microbicides to be safe and effective in reducing risks of new HIV infections among women by 39%. Women who use the microbicides as directed have even higher rates of protection (54%) against HIV infection.
- The National Institutes of Health (NIH) announce the results of the iPrEx study, showing that a daily dose of HIV drugs reduced the risk of HIV infection among HIV-negative men who have sex with men by 44%, supporting the concept of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in a targeted population.
- On September 20-22, the United Nations (UN) convenes a summit to accelerate progress toward the 2015 Millennium Development Goals .
- Also in September, the World Health Organization (WHO), UNAIDS (the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) , and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) publish their annual Universal Access report for low- and middle-income countries. The report shows an estimated 5.25 million people were receiving antiretroviral therapy in 2009, and an estimated 1.2 million people started treatment that same year – the largest annual increase yet recorded.
- AIDS Action merges with the National AIDS Fund to form AIDS United .
- Public debate begins on whether the longstanding ban on transplants of HIV-infected organs should be dropped .
- Lead Federal agencies release implementation plans in support of the U.S. National HIV/AIDS Strategy.
- The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) launches the 12 Cities Project (PDF, 427 KB), an HHS-wide project that supports and accelerates comprehensive HIV/AIDS planning and cross-agency response in the 12 U.S. jurisdictions that bear the highest AIDS burden in the country.
- AIDS activist and award-winning actress Elizabeth Taylor dies on March 23. One of the first celebrities to advocate on behalf of people living with HIV and AIDS, Taylor was the founding national chairman of amfAR (American Foundation for AIDS Research) , a nonprofit organization that supports AIDS research, HIV prevention, treatment education, and advocates for AIDS-related public policy.
- On June 8, HHS Secretary Sebelius hosted "Commemorating 30 Years of Leadership in the Fight Against HIV/AIDS". Watch the Secretary's speech, and view the video shown during the event .
- Over 3,000 people participate in the United Nation's (UN) High-Level Meeting on HIV/AIDS in New York from June 8–10. The session recognizes critical milestones, including three decades of the pandemic and the 10-year anniversary of the 2001 UN General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS and the resulting Declaration of Commitment . At the Meeting, the U.S. joined with other partners in launching a global plan to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HIV and keep mothers alive.
- July 13 marks the one-year anniversary of the White House National HIV/AIDS Strategy. The White House release a video: "President Obama's National HIV/AIDS Strategy" and the "National HIV/AIDS Strategy: Implementation Plan Update" (PDF, 387 KB).
- On July 13, a new CDC study (TDF2) and a separate trial (the Partners PrEP study) provide the first evidence that a daily oral dose of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV infection can also reduce HIV acquisition among uninfected individuals exposed to the virus through heterosexual sex.
- At the International AIDS Society's Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Prevention in Rome (July 17-20), scientists announce that two studies have confirmed that individuals taking daily antiretroviral drugs experienced infection rates more than 60 percent lower than those on a placebo.
- In September, the Office of National AIDS Policy begins to convene a series of five regional dialogues to focus attention on critical implementation issues for the National HIV/AIDS Strategy.
- On September 30, the first Road to AIDS 2012 Town Hall meeting kicks off in San Francisco. This is the first of 15 meetings to be held across the country, leading up to the XIX International AIDS Conference (AIDS 2012), to be held July 22-27, 2012, in Washington, DC.
- On November 8, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton shares the U.S. Government's bold new vision of creating an AIDS-free generation, and speaks about the remarkable progress made in 30 years of fighting AIDS.
- On December 1 (World AIDS Day), at the ONE Campaign and (RED) event in Washington, DC, President Obama announces accelerated efforts to increase the availability of treatment to people living with HIV/AIDS in the United States . New funding will support AIDS Drug Assistance Programs in states and increase access to HIV/AIDS care services . He challenges the global community to deliver funds to The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria , and calls on Congress to keep its past commitments intact. He calls on all Americans to keep fighting to end the epidemic.
- On December 23, the journal Science announces that it has chosen the HPTN 052 study as its 2011 Breakthrough of the Year.
Disclaimer and Acknowledgements
The information contained in this timeline has been drawn from numerous sources, including (but not limited to) the Kaiser Family Foundation , Australia's Albion Center (PDF), and the National Minority AIDS Council (NMAC).
We have also relied on material provided by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA).
The timeline is presented for informational purposes only. AIDS.gov does not endorse any organization or viewpoint represented in entries drawn from non-Federal sources.
Where possible, specific dates have been provided and events have been listed in chronological order. Entries without specific dates occurred in the year in which they are listed, but the order of those entries may not reflect the actual chronology of events.
Every attempt has been made to ensure that the information contained in the timeline is accurate. Please send any corrections to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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This is a heavy weight, very textured, wool boucle with a lot of different color strands blended into the weave. If you're looking to make a striking Chanel styled suit, then look no further. This tweed has a rough hand and thin, spread-out golden, metallic yarns running through it. Such a fantastic fabric is sure to get attention!
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PLEASE NOTE: The above numbers are estimations only. Please take into account garment size, lining and fabric width.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Department of Computer Science produces a large number of research papers, books and technical reports every year, most of which can be found and downloaded from these pages. You can either find details of the publication from an author's personal page, or you can search for it directly here.
Technical reports
- Computer Science by year from 2003
- Monographs by year from 1970 to 2000. Published by The Programming Research Group. These were printed as A5 booklets but are now out-of-print.
- Research reports from 2001 to 2008
Search the publications database
Please enter a search term. You can narrow your search using the drop-down box on the right. The records of technical reports start from 2003 and monographs start from 1970.
Text books
Staff of the Department of Computer Science have authored or co-authored a number of textbooks.
InSpired Research: the Computer Science Industry Newsletter
The InSpired Research Newsletter is published twice-yearly by the Computer Science Department of Oxford University.


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PAWTUCKET — Jackie Bradley Jr. is a 22-year-old center fielder so polished and poised that your first inclination is to check his driver's license just to verify his age.
Currently touted as one of the top prospects in the Red Sox farm system, he said playing under the spotlight of the College World Series helped him prepare for the attention he'll soon be receiving as a professional.
"(Helping the University of South Carolina win back-to-back titles in 2010-11), there was a lot of media attention," Bradley replied Friday afternoon at McCoy Stadium, at the media portion of the 36th annual PawSox Hot Stove fete.
The next part of Bradley's response was a breath of fresh air for those in the quote-gathering business, one he attributes to the ultra-competitive Southeastern Conference he toiled in during his Gamecock days.
"Getting the exposure we did [at South Carolina], you learn how to talk and relate to the media, knowing that they're not there to harm you," Bradley said. "You can influence how things are portrayed by your answers."
As a college sophomore, Bradley was named the Most Outstanding Player of the College World Series. A wrist injury slowed him during his junior year, but he was able to return in time to guide the Gamecocks to the top of the college baseball landscape a second time.
So in baseball circles, Bradley was already well known by the time he arrived in the Red Sox organization late in the summer of 2011 thanks to his feats at South Carolina. That experience gave him a baptism that has helped ease his transition to the next frontier on the baseball landscape.
If there's ever a promising 20-something that can handle the acclaim that comes with Baseball America, the Bible of minor-league baseball, naming you the No. 2 prospect in the entire Red Sox farm chain, look no further than Bradley.
"South Carolina helped set a foundation for me to be able to build on," Bradley expressed. "From the first day [of becoming a professional ballplayer], I've set out to learn as much as I can and quickly too so that I'm able to keep moving and get to the next level."
Added Red Sox farm director Ben Crockett, "When he came here, Jackie had already experienced a lot of the same challenges with regard to dealing with the media and pressure. Obviously he's been the center of attention for a while and he handles it well. Certainly it's a huge asset to his ability to perform at the upper levels."
By the time Bradley docked in Double-A Portland last summer, he was a frequent topic of conversation among those with Red Sox prospect fever. When he made his Sea Dogs' debut at the same time Carl Crawford and Jacoby Ellsbury were rehabbing with the ball club, that conjured up chatter about whether Bradley would be stationed alongside Crawford in Boston's outfield beginning in 2014.
Of course, now Bradley won't ever play next to Crawford, since the latter was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers. Ellsbury is heading into the last year of his contract, while Bradley figures to land in Pawtucket at some point this season. As such, speculation about when Bradley will inherit a Fenway outfield post only figures to intensify in the coming months.
The 2012 season was Bradley's first full season as a pro and provided tantalizing numbers – .315 batting average with 90 runs scored and a organization-best .430 on-base percentage between 128 games with Single-A Salem and Portland – to go along with sparkling praise for his intangibles.
"Bottom line, he's a great person and a fantastic individual," said Dave Joppie, Pawtucket's new hitting coach, who caught a glimpse of Bradley while holding the same title in Portland. "Very sincere and someone who takes instruction very well. Here's a guy who's had success at the major college level and can handle that big stage because he's been on it.
"(Bradley's South Carolina days) have done nothing but prepare him well to handle what it is that he has in store for him as he moves up the ladder," Joppie added. "Now he's getting in the middle of what would be Red Sox Nation with our minor-league affiliates, which he's prepared for."
Sitting at a round table inside Pawtucket's clubhouse, Bradley talked about staying hungry as far as baseball goes. "It's great to know that there are opportunities ahead, but I once heard from a guy that playing baseball at the major-league level … it's something that I always wanted to do, but I'm not going to say that I made it because I haven't. In my eyes, it's just beginning."
In other words, Jackie Bradley Jr. is as seasoned as it gets for someone with his current status.


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ISO Certifications, Data (RoHS, Lead/Pb-Free, REACH) and Policies
Intersil is Committed to Environmental Stewardship
Intersil's policy is to conduct business operations in a manner consistent with the principles of environmental stewardship. This includes pollution prevention, conservative management of scarce resources, and appropriate disposition of waste materials, emphasizing reuse and recycling. We believe that taking an active part in health & safety and protecting the environment is our responsibility to our employees, our customers, and the communities in which we operate. Intersil and its employees are committed to ensuring that the company's operations comply with both the letter and intent of all applicable environmental laws and regulation.


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Textured Strapless Dress
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NIR Single Infrared Light Therapy Unit
NIR' infrared therapy pads make treatment easy and efficient. NIR pad(s) should be placed as close as possible (skin contact, LED side to the skin) to the affected area as to allow the infrared light photo energy to provide the maximum benefit. Because the power density decreases (inversely proportional) with increasing distance between the LEDs and treatment area when using the NIR system, always keep the LEDs as near as possible to the area being treated.While registered and proven to increase circulation and relieve pain, recent clinical and field studies suggest that infrared LED light therapy treatment may ease the symptoms and reduce the risk of many conditions caused by poor circulation such as pain and numbness, chronic wounds, and other musculoskeletal injuries.Features:
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Short Sleeve Borderline Shirt (Men's) (out-of-stock)
Out of Stock Product Number: 29630
The men's Arc'Teryx Short Sleeve Borderline Shirt is a lightweight, breathable short sleeved shirt designed with technical features and casual styling for urban adventures.
* This product does not qualify for shipping to all countries.
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Gender: Men's
Weight: 4.9 oz, 140 g
Material: Verdi Cotton/Sorona blend
Fit: Relaxed fit
Season: F12
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Drink with the Daleks!
Sturdy acrylic tumblers in blue, orange, red, white, and yellow look like those nasty cyborgs!
Direct from the BBC's sci-fi television series Doctor Who.
Feature a screw-on domed lid and a reusable black straw. Drink with the Daleks... if you dare! Direct from the 11th Doctor series of the BBC's long-running sci-fi television show Doctor Who, these sturdy Paradigm Dalek Tumblers look just like those nasty cyborgs. Featuring a screw-on domed lid and a black reusable straw that emulates the Dalek's stalk, these handy drinking glasses include black-and-white accents, measure approximately 7 3/4-inches tall, and hold 16-ounces of your favorite time-traveling refreshment. The Doctor would buy them, and so should you!
The Doctor is an alien, one of the powerful Time Lords from the planet Gallifrey. He's an intrepid traveler in time and space, armed only with his incredible intelligence and his fix-anything sonic screwdriver. As a Time Lord, his body also has the ability to regenerate if he's fatally wounded, becoming a new man each time.
Hand wash only. Not dishwasher safe. Do not microwave. Thoroughly hand wash before first use. BPA Free.
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7 U.S. Code § 1292 - New uses and markets for commodities
(a) Regional research laboratories
The Secretary is authorized and directed to establish, equip, and maintain four regional research laboratories, one in each major farm producing area, and, at such laboratories, to conduct researches into and to develop new scientific, chemical, and technical uses and new and extended markets and outlets for farm commodities and products and byproducts thereof. Such research and development shall be devoted primarily to those farm commodities in which there are regular or seasonal surpluses, and their products and byproducts.
(b) Acquisition of land for laboratories; donations
For the purposes of subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary is authorized to acquire land and interests therein, and to accept in the name of the United States donations of any property, real or personal, to any laboratory established pursuant to this section, and to utilize voluntary or uncompensated services at such laboratories. Donations to any one of such laboratories shall not be available for use by any other of such laboratories.
(c) Cooperation with governmental agencies, associations, etc.
In carrying out the purposes of subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary is authorized and directed to cooperate with other departments or agencies of the Federal Government, States, State agricultural experiment stations, and other State agencies and institutions, counties, municipalities, business or other organizations, corporations, associations, universities, scientific societies, and individuals, upon such terms and conditions as he may prescribe.
(d) Appropriation for purposes of subsection (a)
To carry out the purposes of subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary is authorized to utilize in each fiscal year, beginning with the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1938, a sum not to exceed $4,000,000 of the funds appropriated pursuant to section 1391 of this title, or section 590o of title 16, for such fiscal year. The Secretary shall allocate one-fourth of such sum annually to each of the four laboratories established pursuant to this section.
(f) Appropriation to Secretary of Commerce
There is allocated to the Secretary of Commerce for each fiscal year, beginning with the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1938, out of funds appropriated for such fiscal year pursuant to section 1391 of this title, or section 590o of title 16 the sum of $1,000,000 to be expended for the promotion of the sale of farm commodities and products thereof in such manner as he shall direct. Of the sum allocated under this subsection to the Secretary of Commerce for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1938, $100,000 shall be devoted to making a survey and investigation of the cause or causes of the reduction in exports of agricultural commodities from the United States, in order to ascertain methods by which the sales in foreign countries of basic agricultural commodities produced in the United States may be increased.
Source(Feb. 16, 1938, ch. 30, title II, § 202,52 Stat. 37; Aug. 30, 1954, ch. 1076, § 1(3),68 Stat. 966.)
1954—Subsec. (e). Act Aug. 30, 1954, repealed subsec. (e) which required reports to Congress of the activities of, expenditures by, and donations to, the laboratories established pursuant to subsec. (a).
Wheat Research and Promotion Act
Pub. L. 91–430, Sept. 26, 1970, 84 Stat. 885, provided:
"[Section 1. Short Title]. That this Act shall be known as the 'Wheat Research and Promotion Act.'
"Sec. 2 [Contract authority; sale of export marketing certificates and pro rata share of such certificates for financing agreements; rules and regulations]. The Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to enter into agreements with organizations of wheat growers, farm organizations, and such other organizations as he may deem appropriate to carry out a program of research and promotion designed to expand domestic and foreign markets and increase utilization for United States wheat and to carry out any other such program which he deems will benefit wheat producers in the United States. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary shall use the total net proceeds from the sale of export marketing certificates during the marketing year ending June 30, 1969, to finance the cost of such agreements, except that he shall provide for the issuance of a pro rata share of export marketing certificates for such marketing year to any producer eligible therefor under section 379c of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, as amended [section 1379c of this title], who applies for such certificates not later than ninety days after the date of enactment of this Act [Sept. 26, 1970]. The Secretary is authorized to prescribe such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act."
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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tekenaars Artist: Tijn Snoodijk
Artist Tijn Snoodijk
Beschikbare series in de webshop categorie "Stripboeken"
Tijn Snoodijk in the
"Tijn Snoodijk is a Dutch illustrator and comic artist. He worked as a (comics) journalist for a while, and then started making his own comics. His comic 'Bibi Bazooka', about a girl who is confronted with political/economic dilemmas, appeared in Blvd. and on her own site. Star-reporter..." [ Lees meer ]


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Help Center
Local Navigation
Creating button objects
You can create buttons that cause an event to occur. For example, a user can make a selection from a selection list object, and the click a button to submit the information to the content server.
In the Plazmic® Composer, buttons are complex objects that are comprised of one or more other objects. For example, a button might be comprised of a rectangle object with a text object placed above it. Buttons have the following four states:
- Initial State represents the initial appearance of the button.
- On Focus In represents the button when it has focus.
- On Focus Out represents the button when it does not have focus.
- On Activate represents the button when it is clicked.
Each button state is treated as a separate entity; you can change the look and feel for each state to create the look and feel of a button. For example, you can make the button color brighter for the On Focus In state to provide a visual highlight when the button has focus.
When you create a button, the workspace enters editing mode. Only the component objects that make up the button image are visible on the canvas. In editing mode, you can access each of the four button states on the Animation key editor timeline.
Each button state has its own timeline, which is independent of the main project timeline. Using the timeline for each state, you can animate or add actions to each state independently. For example, you might want to animate the On Activate state to make the button appear to be pressed when the user clicks on it.


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|No tax increase for Ashe County
|Written by Lauren Ohnesorge
|Wednesday, 09 May 2007 02:43
There may be good news for Ashe County taxpayers.According to County Manager Dan McMillan, there will be no tax increase this coming year unless something comes up in budget deliberations. Those deliberations will begin in two weeks.
|Share This Article:


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PARROTS FOR SALE: Congo African Grey Baby-Hand Fed and Raised
Posted by Michelle Derry NH We Ship!!!!! on 12/16/13IP: 220.127.116.11
See website for details and pictures. We are currently
accepting deposits on the following babies. To reseve a
baby a 50% deposit is required. We raise all our babies
with lots of love. When you get a baby from us, you are
getting the best quality pet available. Socializing is the
key to a great hand fed baby bird. We socialize with
people as well as other birds, dogs and cats, so when you
bring your baby home they are completely accustomed to the
normal running of a busy household.Hope to hear from you at
firstname.lastname@example.com or 603-216-5657
603-216-5657 no texting - this is a Land Line Only
Available for Deposits Now -Currently being weaned
Duvenbode Lory 1 available 1495.00
Severe Macaw available 900.00 ea
Congo African Grey 1 available 1350.00
SHIPPING ANYWHERE IN THE USA 135.00 - 300.00 Depending on si
ze and destination.
Posts on this thread, including this one
Parrots For Sale: Congo African Grey Baby-Hand Fed and Raised, 12/16/13, by Michelle Derry NH We Ship!!!!!.


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Sony has released one of the smallest android phones out there. The Unlocked Sony Ericsson Xperia x10 Mini is a compact phone has taken the words to a whole new understanding. It easily fits in the palm of your hand, and has maintained many of the qualities of its big brother, the Xperia x10. The overall measurements are 3.27" x 1.9". It has a thickness of .63 inches, which makes it very small and slim phone, which Sony Ericsson has kept the curved design feature, make it a great phone to hold..
The Xperia x10 Mini has a 2.55-inch capacitive screen with QVGA resolution, and uses the Android interface, known as UX utilizing Timescape UI. This allows the user a better experience as well as integrating with web services and social media. Since the screen is so small, you will not be able to have more than one widget at a time, but this does not seem to be a liability. There are four shortcuts you applications in the home screen, which you can also change, based on your preferences. Surprisingly, the small phone even sports a five megapixel camera, including a flash, auto focus and geo-tagging. It also has video capability, which can be utilized in the 640x480 pixel resolution.
The Xperia X10 Mini from is able to surf the web extremely smoothly, but small screen size sometimes it is a little hard to read. It will work with the 3G, Wi-Fi networks, and this smart phone, with the touchscreen capability is a fast and extremely functional phone. It is Bluetooth supported and has A-GPS, digital compass and a 3.5mm audio jack. This may be too small to phone for some people with larger hands, but it can be utilized by everyone. It is expected that the phone will be available sometime in the second quarter of 2010. Its sister phone, the Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 Mini Pro Unlocked Gadget.


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A lot of people feel overwhelmed when they're about to take the plunge into Hakuhodo brushes – there are just so many of them. It's difficult to define what's necessary for a 'starter set' as everyone's needs are different, but I decided to put together my idea of a reasonably priced Hakuhodo basics set.
I tried to cover most bases here:
- Powder and Blush: $30 – J5547 – Goat and Synthetic – I haven't actually tried this brush yet, but after extensive research it seems the J range goat is super soft, and very versatile. I've marked this down as a powder and blush brush, but because its a goat synthetic mix, it will also lend itself to cream products, maybe even foundation.
- Eyeshadow: $18 – J5523 – Goat – This is widely regarded as a dupe (in terms of size and shape) for the MAC 217, but apparently it is much softer and performs much better. This is a workhorse, good for applying and for blending.
- Eyeliner: $15 – K007 – Weasel – This is a great little brush for applying eyeliner, if you prefer the 'push' shaped brushes, swap this one for the K005 ($18).
- Concealer and Lips: $15 – 280 – Synthetic – This brush deposits colour nicely and does double the work as both a concealer and a lip brush (though wash it in between, don't want to make your blemishes pinker!).
Total: $78
Go Luxe
I feel a bit iffy recommending the J5547 because I haven't used it and there isn't a lot of info available on it. Experience and research tells me that this brush will be a really good all-rounder, and it's a great price. A blush and powder brush I can recommend is the B110BkSL. It's pricier ($46) but it's the same brush head as the S110 (which I've reviewed here), very soft but at the same time nice and elastic so it deposits colour and blends perfectly.
What's your idea of a basic brush set? Have I missed out any brushes you think are essential?


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Video: SeaDogsMediaDayOnAir.mp4
PORTLAND, Maine (NEWS CENTER) - The Sea Dogs staff is putting the finishing touches on preparations for opening day 2013.
PHOTO GALLERY: Scenes from Portland Sea Dogs Media Day
Hadlock Field will be the place to be Thursday night as Portland and Trenton open up the season.
Daniel Bard has spent parts of the last few seasons in Boston wearing a Red Sox uniform. He'll be beginning this year in Portland.
The former Sea Dog was a dominating reliever in the minors and at the start of his major league career.
Last year, while working to become a starter, he lost his way and has been struggling to get back to the big leagues ever since.
He hopes Portland can be a part of that process.
First pitch is set for just after 6PM.


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By TERRY WILLISSun Advocate reporter
As you read this it will be just two days before Christmas.
Yes, I said the "C" word.
I celebrate many things during this season and I think of the whole time from Thanksgiving until after New Years as the holiday season.
I am not bothered by whatever the merchants use to promote their biggest sales period of the year. The commercializing of this time of year should be separate from the many religious and cultural celebrations that happen during this season.
I do not love my fellow man better because I received a bunch of gifts from my family and friends. Oh, I do love getting cool stuff, but we could move this buying holiday to any other time of the year and it would be just as fun.
As a society, it seems like we step up and give more charity through December than the rest of the year. It is great to help out with warm coats, blankets and food to those in need. But the call for these basic items doesn't go away after December. These things and companionship are just as needed, if not more, after the holidays.
These are tough times for many of us and the outlook for the next little while is not promising. Even if giving is down this year, I know many have reached as deep into their pockets as they can. The community giving and my own family traditions are what make this season special for me.
We have begun making donations to different charities in the names of our family members instead of exchanging gifts we don't really need. We have enough stuff.
So let us not get stuck on what the business community chooses to say to make us feel welcome in their business. Many are trying to be inclusive and are not saying Happy Holidays as an attack on the religious day that falls in the middle of this all.
I feel it is my job as a parent to instill the meaning of Christmas (or Hanuka or whatever) in the way I want it taught to my kids, not the local Wal-Mart or Mervyns. I do know that Christmas for me is not about a 2 a.m. shopping spree to load up a cart full of stuff the day after Thanksgiving.
So anyway, I have rambled on about this long enough. My ability to speak my piece about religion in this paper is a freedom I do not take for granted. The fact that our merchants can also make the choice about how they choose to promote their sales is also nothing for us to sneeze at.
I am thankful for good friends, wonderful family. I am blessed to have much more than just a roof over my head and food in my belly. I use this season to count my blessings and try to make things a bit better for others I may not even know.
I hope that the season is a good one for everyone and that you all keep the holiday spirit far beyond the end of the year.


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Remember that time in the 70′s when the scientific community was convinced the world was headed for an ice age? Global warming skeptics sure do. "False ice age hysteria" is a commonly cited reason for doubting man-made global warming.
"Scientists are by their nature conservative and not prone to wild-eyed hyperbole…It's almost invariable that the public is more alarmed than the scientists about most problems, but with climate change the scientists are more worried than the public. That is worrisome".


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Tampa Bay Rays v New York Yankees
Adam Warren of the New York Yankees in action against the Tampa Bay... News PhotoAmerican League Baseball,Athlete,Baseball - Sport,Borough - District Type,Horizontal,Major League Baseball,Motion,New York City,New York Yankees,Sport,Stadium,Tampa Bay Rays,The Bronx,USA,Yankee StadiumPhotographer Jim McIsaacCollection: Getty Images Sport 2014 Jim McIsaacNEW YORK, NY - JULY 02: Adam Warren #43 of the New York Yankees in action against the Tampa Bay Rays at Yankee Stadium on July 2, 2014 in the Bronx borough of New York City. The Rays defeated the Yankees 6-3. (Photo by Jim McIsaac/Getty Images)


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The Story of Our Friend, the Fat Face1826
- Paul Rand
- Herbert Bayer
- Bruno Munari
Contributed by Jennifer Kennard
Contribute to the Collection
Fonts in Use is a collaborative project. Create an account and submit your own work or other examples of typography.
Night Moves movie poster and promotional artifacts (1975–2005)c. 1975
Contributed by Cave Grove
Staff Pick
Zeichen Bücher Netze at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek2012
- Lamm & Kirch
Contributed by Stephen Coles
Staff Pick
30 Years of Swiss Typographic Discourse in the Typografische Monatsblätter2013
- Louise Paradis
- Robert Huber
Contributed by Shiva Nallaperumal
Frankfurter Allgemeine Magazin feature spreads, 1992–93c. 1992
- Hans-Georg Pospischil
Contributed by Stephen Coles
Staff Pick
Prismaset (Sample unavailable)
The Beach Boys Pet Sounds album cover1966
- Tommy Steele
- Capitol Records art department
Contributed by Nick Sherman
Staff Pick
- Atelier d'alves
- Sergio Alves
- Ricardo Gomes
Contributed by Stephen Coles
Staff Pick
The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady by Charles Mingus1963
- Robert Flynn
Contributed by Stephen Coles
Processes of Graphic Reproduction in Printing, Revised Edition1963
- unknown
Contributed by Stephen Coles
Aniara: A Review of Man in Time and Space, first American hardcover1963
Contributed by Stephen Coles
Maurice Prendergast 1859–1924, Museum of Fine Arts1960
- Carl F. Zahn
Contributed by Tânia Raposo
Extension 765: A Marketplace from Steven Soderbergh2013
- Launchjam
- Nuncle
Contributed by Stephen Coles
Staff Pick
Fenella Illustrated Children Books by David Gentleman1966
- David Gentleman
Contributed by Florian Hardwig
Staff Pick
Industrial Design Magazine (1968–70)1968
- Massimo Vignelli
Contributed by Stephen Coles
Staff Pick
French Stories and Tales by Stanley Geist (Ed.)1957
- unknown
Contributed by Florian Hardwig
Staff Pick
Provocative Percussion Series from Command Records1959
- Josef Albers
Contributed by Stephen Coles
Industrial Design Magazine (1955–63)1955
- James S. Ward
- Mathilde Lourie
- Peter Bradford
Contributed by Stephen Coles
Staff Pick
United States Science Exhibit1962
- United States Department of Commerce
Contributed by André Mora
Staff Pick


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- Northern New York Newspapers
- Watertown
- Ogdensburg
- Massena-Potsdam
- Lowville
- Carthage
- Malone
- NNY Business
- NNY Living
- NNY Ads
LISBON - Lisbon Central School students are living history.
A class of fifth-graders lived life under the monarchy called the Queendom created by their teacher, Jeannette E. Burns, this week.
In the Queendom only the teacher is allowed to wear red and sparkly clothing in the classroom.
The lesson is part of a teaching simulation, which mimics an actual monarchy so that students can explore, experiment with and understand governing concepts before reading about them in a textbook.
Ms. Burns said she came up with the idea after reading research on how real-world learning experiences have a positive impact on students motivation and learning.
We could have spent time reading about the colonists going to the new world or reading about someone elses experience, Ms. Burns said. But this way the students actually experience a little bit of what it was like and that sticks with them.
The lesson began last Friday and continued until Wednesday.
The only time the students were allowed to wear red was during math class.
Its required by law and part of the Common Core curriculum, Ms. Burns said. But its clear that the students are not as engaged during math class completing work sheets. They are much more excited to learn social studies.
Although the teaching method is not new, it has sparked some controversy.
Darlene Harper said she was not told why her daughter could not wear red, one of her favorite colors, by teachers or administrators.
It threw me for a bit, Mrs. Harper said. Half my daughters clothes are red. She said she would not be allowed to wear red the entire year. I think it would have helped if the teacher explained it to us.
Ms. Burns admitted she did not tell students or parents the goals of the project or that it would end this week in the hopes that students would make their own conclusions about where the lesson would go.
If I gave the students answers now or their parents told them, they wouldnt be able to make their own discoveries and the lesson doesnt have the same impact, Ms. Burns said. Five students have already rebelled and left for a new world. There were three who chose to be explorers and two who wanted to be missionaries. Fifteen students chose to play it safe.
Mrs. Burns said one student who wore red was sent to the nurses office to change during a lesson.
Any student wearing inappropriate clothing was sent to change into their gym clothes, Ms. Burns said. The student did not have a problem with it and was excited. The next day she brought an outfit to change into and was one of the children who wanted to rebel.
A letter was sent home to parents with children at the end of the school Wednesday informing them of the class project and its goals.
Its a very unique approach, Superintendent Erin E. Woods said. I have been down a couple of times to watch the class and the kids seem to have lots of enthusiasm. One parent has told me his son has not enjoyed school before as much as he has this year. As soon as he gets in the car, this is all he talks about with his father.
Ms. Burns has been teaching since 2000. She has taught fifth grade for nine years. This is the second year she has tried teaching simulated history lessons. She said she would try the lesson again next year.
I have not seen this many kids lit up or engaged in a classroom before, Ms. Burns said. Last year, it took me until November to teach them concepts they are already learning within the first two weeks of school.
Thousands of readers like you have made Northern New York Newspapers the number one ranked website* for local news and sports coverage in the north country.
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This question already has an answer here:
- How to start a new Linux distro? 5 answers
I wanted to have a go at creating my very own Linux Distribution. Could you suggest some nice and easy-to-follow tutorials (preferably text based and not videos). I have heard something about Arch Linux but I don't know how to go from there. What do I need?


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PORTLAND, Maine (NEWS CENTER) - The Maine Supreme Court will hear the State's appeal of a judge's decision to throw out 46 counts in the Mark Strong prostitution trial.
The high court also authorized that judge, Justice Nancy Mills, to decide whether to proceed with the remaining 13 charges or wait until the Supreme Court decides the appeal.
A jury for this case has not yet been finalized. The jury selection process was underway last week when everything came to a screeching halt on Friday.
This was all set in motion when Justice Nancy Mills dismissed 46 invasion of privacy counts against Mark Strong. It was a big blow to the state's case, so the state appealed that decision to the Maine Supreme Court.
The defense then filed a motion to dismiss the state's appeal. It also filed another motion asking that the trial of Strong continue on the remaining 13 charges and a separate trial be held if the high court reinstates the charges that were thrown out.
In Today's developments the high court denied the defense's motion to dismiss the state's appeal, which means the high court will hear that appeal. It also authorized the trial judge to make a decision on whether to separate the pending charges from the dismissed charges and allow Strong's trial to proceed before a decision is reached on the state's appeal.
It's now up to judge Mills whether the trial moves forward or is delayed.


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What I would like to see is someone with the guts to tell those students: Do you want to be of some use and service to your fellow human beings? Then let your fellow human beings tell you what they want — not with words, but by putting their money where their mouth is.
You want to see more people have better housing? Build it! Become a builder or developer — if you can stand the sneers and disdain of your classmates and professors who regard the very words as repulsive.
Would you like to see more things become more affordable to more people? Then figure out more efficient ways of producing things or more efficient ways of getting those things from the producers to the consumers at a lower cost.
That's what a man named Sam Walton did when he created Wal-Mart, a boon to people with modest incomes and a bane to the elite intelligentsia. In the process, Sam Walton became rich. Was that the "greed" that you have heard your classmates and professors denounce so smugly? If so, it has been such "greed" that has repeatedly brought prices down and thereby brought the American standard of living up.
Back at the beginning of the 20th century, only 15 percent of American families had a flush toilet. Not quite one-fourth had running water. Only three percent had electricity and one percent had central heating. Only one American family in a hundred owned an automobile.
By 1970, the vast majority of those American families who were living in poverty had flush toilets, running water and electricity. By the end of the twentieth century, more Americans were connected to the Internet than were connected to a water pipe or a sewage line at the beginning of the century.
More families have air-conditioning today than had electricity then. Today, more than half of all families with incomes below the official poverty line own a car or truck and have a microwave.
This didn't come about because of the politicians, bureaucrats, activists or others in "public service" that you are supposed to admire. No nation ever protested its way from poverty to prosperity or got there through rhetoric or bureaucracies.
It was Thomas Edison who brought us electricity, not the Sierra Club. It was the Wright brothers who got us off the ground, not the Federal Aviation Administration. It was Henry Ford who ended the isolation of millions of Americans by making the automobile affordable, not Ralph Nader.
Those who have helped the poor the most have not been those who have gone around loudly expressing "compassion" for the poor, but those who found ways to make industry more productive and distribution more efficient, so that the poor of today can afford things that the affluent of yesterday could only dream about.
The wonderful places where you are supposed to go to do "public service" are as sheltered from the brutal test of reality as you have been on this campus for the last four — or is it six? — years. In these little cocoons, all that matters is how well you talk the talk. People who go into the marketplace have to walk the walk.
Colleges can teach many valuable skills, but they can also nourish many dangerous illusions. If you really want to be of service to others, then let them decide what is a service by whether they choose to spend their hard-earned money for it.
Thomas Sowell graduated magna cum laude from Harvard University (1958) and went on to receive his master's in economics from Columbia University (1959) and a doctorate in economics from the University of Chicago (1968). He is the author of 28 books including his most recent, Intellectuals and Society. Currently he is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University. His Web site is www.tsowell.com.
Please contact your local newspaper editor if you want to see the Thomas Sowell column in your hometown paper.


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Mancos Resources Inc. has signed an escrow agreement for the purchase of property to develop a uranium mill complex near Green River.
The agreement with Castleland Resource Conservation and Development involves the purchase of a lot in Emery County's Mancos Hills Industrial Park approximately six miles northwest of the town.
Signing the agreement is the culmination of a yearlong site selection process, indicated the company. MRI's selection criteria focused on human safety and environmental protection through geographic, physiographic and geologic characteristics.
The proposed complex will include permanent on-site uranium tailings disposal, applying the United States Department of Energy's remedial action project design used at Crescent Junction.
The UMTRA facility is the final disposal site for tailings relocated from the historic mill near Moab.
MRI's proposed complex will be designed to process 1,200 tons per day, with the potential for scaling up to 1,800 tons or more per day. The project is in the permitting and design phase, with an estimated start up date in 2012.
Public consultation, baseline environmental and geotechnical assessments have begun and MRI has also commenced the selection process for design-build engineering firms.