text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 21, 1997
|Filing date
|Jul 9, 1996
|Priority date
|Nov 22, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|John Dobbs, Hans Weedon
|Original Assignee
|Analogic Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (15), Classifications (12), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/343,248 filed on Nov. 22, 1994 now abandoned.
This application is related to co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/343,248, entitled X-RAY FOCAL SPOT MOVEMENT COMPENSATION APPARATUS, filed in the names of John Dobbs and Ruvin Deych contemporaneously herewith and assigned to the present assignee (Attorney's Docket Number ANA-56).
This invention relates generally to improving the quality of tomographically scanned images, and more particularly to using readings of X-ray exposure taken during a CT (computer assisted tomography) scan to normalize image data derived from that scan.
CT scanners of the third generation type include an X-ray source and X-ray detector system secured respectively on diametrically opposite sides of an annular-shaped disk. The latter is rotatably mounted within a gantry support so that during a scan the disk continuously rotates about a rotation axis while X-rays pass from the source through an object positioned within the opening of the disk to the detector system.
The detector system typically includes an array of detectors disposed as a single row in the shape of an arc of a circle having a center of curvature at the point, referred to as the "focal spot," where the radiation emanates from the X-ray source. The X-ray source and array of detectors are all positioned so that the X-ray paths between the source and each detector all lie in the same plane (hereinafter the "slice plane" or "scanning plane") normal to the rotation axis of the disk. Because the ray paths originate from substantially a point source and extend at different angles to the detectors, the ray paths resemble a fan, and thus the term "fan" beam is frequently used to describe all of the ray paths at any one instant of time. The X-rays that are detected by a single detector at a measuring instant during a scan is considered a "ray." The ray is partially attenuated by all the mass in its path so as to generate a Single intensity measurement as a function of the attenuation, and thus the density of the mass in that path. Projections or views, i.e., the X-ray intensity measurements, are typically done at each of a plurality of angular positions of the disk. As an example, a scanner may take 2880 projections during a single scan lasting roughly two seconds, with 384 data readings taken for each projection with a data acquisition system (DAS).
An image reconstructed from data acquired at all of the projection angles during the scan will be a slice along the scanning plane through the object being scanned. In order to "reconstruct" a density image of the section or "slice" of the object within the "field of view" in the defined scanning plane, the image is typically reconstructed in a pixel array, wherein each pixel in the array is attributed a value representative of the attenuation of all of the rays that pass through its corresponding position in the scanning plane during a scan. As the source and detectors rotate around the object, rays penetrate the object from different directions, or projection angles, passing through different combinations of pixel locations. The density distribution of the object in the slice plane is mathematically generated from these measurements, and the brightness value of each pixel is set to represent that distribution. The result is an array of pixels of differing values which represents a density image of the slice plane.
In order to produce a good quality image, the CT scanner designer works hard to minimize sources of error. Accordingly, steps are usually taken to provide for correction of errors either through design or calibration. For example, at zero X-ray levels it is important to minimize and stabilize signal offsets so that any measurement will contain a known constant offset for which corrections can be made. In addition, X-rays are provided at full scale and measurements are taken so as to generate "air" data with no absorbent material in the path of the X-rays so as to minimize errors due to drift in gain and measurement uncertainty at full scale. Two points of reference are thus provided between which data is corrected. In between these two points representing zero and full scale there is a curve which represents the relationship between X-ray levels and data values. The non-linear relationship between X-ray levels and data values results because the electrical signal varies in a non-linear manner with signal strength. Accordingly, materials of known absorption Values (e.g., water, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, etc.) of predetermined thicknesses are placed within the path of the fan beam and data are generated in order to calibrate the system. The data will represent points on the curve. Using these known materials allows for the determination of the correct dosage level for a particular scan, and detector efficiency. A best fit polynomial can be easily determined using known techniques so that a look up table can be generated and stored.
Within the context of insuring good tomographic images, it is also important that the data represent identical detection for all of the detectors for any given number of photons. If one datum, representative of a number of photons received during the measurement period from one detector is different from the data received from all of the other channels for the same measurement, the result will be an artifact in the reconstructed image. Thus, steps have been taken in the past to calibrate the offset and gain of each data channel so that errors attributed to these two factors are minimized.
Additional errors are attributable to the source of X-rays. Even though an X-ray tube is set to provide a constant X-ray flux output, the number of photons striking the detectors within a prescribed period of time can vary from detector to detector. As mentioned above, it is also known that each photon contributes to noise. Thus, the fewer number of photons detected, the poorer the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N).
In addition, the X-ray source may fluctuate during the scan, particularly as it reaches the end of its "life", producing fluctuating intensities of the X-rays; and in at least one case even though the X-ray source is set to provide a given number of photons for each view, the signal can be degraded. In some CT scanners called "filtered" CT scanners, the problem of a varying signal-to-noise ratio during the time of a scan is even more of a problem since not all of the measurements taken for a particular view by the detectors of the array are taken at precisely the same time. Instead each detector is coupled to a filter so that the detectors are read in a predetermined sequence for each projection. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,547,893 issued Oct. 15, 1985 to Bernard M. Gordon, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,827 issued Sep. 6, 1988 to Uno, et al., (the "Uno, et at. Patent").
It is known to provide a pair of reference detectors respectively at opposite ends of the arcuate image detector array, such as shown in the Uno, et al. Patent, to provide reference signals by which the data signals provided during a view can be compared, i.e., normalized. The reference detectors are used to sense the X-ray levels once during each projection, the measurements being provided very close in time to the X-ray measurements by the detectors in the center of the array since these values are considered by the patentees to be more important than measurements by the detectors at the ends of the array. It is assumed that the X-rays detected by the reference detectors will always be unattenuated. Unfortunately, with this arrangement, an incorrectly positioned patient or patient support table can obstruct either or both of the reference detectors during one or more projections of a scan, resulting in incorrect data regarding the X-ray levels sensed by the reference detectors for those projections. In addition, the measurement by each reference detector during a projection spans a period of time equal to the entire time of the projection (To) less the time it takes to read the reference channel (Trs). A similar period of time is used to measure and read all of the channels, with the cycle for each of the 502 channels (500 data channels and two reference channels) being staggered over 502 intervals for a single projection. Thus, the time during which each of the data signals is detected and read will be different from channel to channel for the 500 data channels with the same reference signal being used for all 500 data channels. Consequently, the data signals acquired most distant in time from the reference signals (presumably those signals detected by the outer detectors next to the reference detectors 1 and 502) will be less accurate than those (detectors in the center, presumably detectors 250 and 251) taken close in time to the measurements by the reference detectors 1 and 502.
It is a general object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for X-ray image data normalization in a CT scanner of the type described that significantly reduces or overcomes the problems of the prior art.
A more specific object of the present invention is to provide for the normalization of image data signals associated with each projection of a filtered CT scan so as to reduce the effects of time-dependent variations in signal on the image data signals.
Another specific object of the present invention is to monitor the X-ray exposure level of a CT scanner during a scan so as to provide a correction for variations in the X-ray intensity.
And another object of the invention is to provide for the normalization of the image data signals associated with each projection of a filtered CT scan, even when a patient under study or a patient support table is not positioned properly with respect to an image detector array.
And yet another object of the present invention is to provide more accurate data from a filtered CT scan than provided from the system described in the Uno, et al. Patent.
And still another object of the present invention is to provide an improved filtered CT scanner in which the effects of fluctuations of the X-ray flux on data acquired during a scan is reduced without the significant computational requirements.
And yet another object of the present invention is to provide an improved CT scanner in which rapid fluctuations of X-ray flux can be tolerated so as to extend the service life of an X-ray source.
Other objects of the present invention will in part be suggested and will in part appear hereinafter. The invention accordingly comprises the apparatus possessing the construction, combination of elements, and arrangement of parts, and the processes involving the several steps and the relation and order of one or more of such steps with respect to the others, all which are exemplified in the following detailed disclosure and the scope of the application, all of which will be indicated in the claims.
An improved CT scanner includes an X-ray source for generating X-rays during a tomographic scan; X-ray detection means for detecting X-rays emitted by the X-ray source during a tomographic scan; and tomographic scanning means for rotating at least the X-ray source about a scanned object during a tomographic scan. The scanner includes an improved system for and utilizes an improved method of monitoring the output flux of an X-ray source of the scanner.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a monitor detector assembly is disposed so as to intercept an unattenuated portion of the X-rays emitted by the X-ray source along a path separate from the ray path(s) between the source and the image data detector means, and preferably outside the scanning plane, during each view of a scan so that the monitoring signal is read free of any objects within the field of view of the scan.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, in a filtered CT scanner the monitor readings are performed more than once during the sequential data measurements for each view of the scan in a predetermined sequence. Each of the data measurements of each view is preferably normalized as a function of the monitor reading accuracy closest in time to the data measurements so as to reduce time dependent variations in the signal of the image detector readings.
In a preferred embodiment, the monitor detector assembly includes a plurality of detectors, wherein a sum of the signals from the detectors represents each monitor reading so as to enhance the resolution of the monitor detection assembly.
The invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description, in conjunction with the accompanying figures, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a simplified end view of a third generation filtered CT scanner including a monitor detector assembly provided in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a simplified radial view of the filtered CT scanner shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the image data detectors and the supporting electronics for the arcuate image detector array of FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 4 is a simplified isometric view of the monitor detector assembly;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the monitor detectors and the supporting electronics for the monitor detector assembly designed in accordance with the present invention for use in the scanner of FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 6 is an example of a time-line diagram of a sequence of image detector readings and a sequence of monitor detector assembly readings during a projection reading, and a plurality of arrows illustrating which monitor assembly reading is optimally used for normalizing each image detector reading according to the invention;
FIG. 7 is a graph of signal-to-noise ratio as a function of detector channel, where each image detector is exposed to full-scale fan-beam intensity, normalized using the "sliding window" method;
FIG. 8 is a graphical illustration of signal-to-noise ratio as a function of detector channel, where each image detector is exposed to full-scale fan-beam intensity and the resulting data is normalized in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention in an example using the nearest of four monitor readings during each projected view;
FIG. 9 is a graphical illustration of signal-to-noise ratio as a function of detector channel, where each image detector is exposed to full-scale fan-beam intensity and the resulting data is normalized in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention in an example using the nearest of eight monitor readings during each view;
FIG. 10 is a graphical illustration of signal-to-noise ratio as a function of detector channel, where each image detector is exposed to full-scale fan-beam intensity and the resulting data is normalized in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention in an example using the nearest of sixteen monitor readings during each view; and
FIGS. 11 and 12 are graphical illustrations of signal-to-noise ratio as a function of detector channel, where each image detector is exposed to full-scale fan-beam intensity and the resulting data is normalized using an interpolation technique.
Referring to the drawings for a more complete understanding of the present invention, FIGS. 1 and 2 represent a filtered CT scanner 20 of the third generation type modified to incorporate the present invention. The system depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2 comprises a disk 22 mounted for rotation in a stationary gantry support 24. The disk 22 supports an X-ray source 26 and an arcuate image data detector array assembly 28 comprising a plurality of detectors 50. Source 26 and detector assembly 28 are rotated about rotation axis 30 (extending normal to the view shown in FIG. 1) so as to rotate around the object 32 that extends through the central opening of the disk during the CT scan. Object 32 may be a part of a live human patient, such as the head or torso. Source 28 emits radiation through a slit 44 (shown in FIG. 2) so as to define within a scanning plane (normal to rotation axis 30 and shown at 42 in FIG. 2), a continuous fan-shaped beam 34 of X-rays (seen in FIG. 1), which is sensed by the detectors of assembly 28 after passing through object 32. An array of anti-scatter plates 36 is located between object 32 and the detectors of assembly 28 to substantially prevent scattered rays from being sensed by the detectors. In the preferred embodiment the detectors number 384 and cover an arc of 48�, although the number and angle can vary. Disk 22, which may advantageously be of a light weight material, such as aluminum, is caused to rotate rapidly and smoothly around axis 30. The disk 22 is of an open frame construction so that object 32 can be positioned through the opening of the disk. Object 32 may be supported, for example, on a pallet or table 38, which of course, should be as transparent as practical to X-rays. As disk 22 rotates, detectors 50 of assembly 28 are periodically sampled, in a predetermined sequence to provide discrete measurements of X-rays passing in the scanning plane through object 32 from many projection angles. The measurements are then processed electronically with appropriate signal processing equipment (described hereinafter in connection with FIG. 3), in accordance with well-known mathematical techniques, so as to produce the final image information. The image information may then be placed in memory, analyzed in a computer, or suitably displayed. The final image will be one of the mass contained within the "field of view" of the scanner (as indicated by the circle 40 in FIG. 1) within the scanning plane (shown at 42 in FIG. 2). To the extent described, the system is the same as the one described in pending application, Ser. No. 08/190,945, filed Feb. 3, 1994 in the names of John Dobbs and David Banks for a MODULAR DETECTOR ARRANGEMENT FOR X-RAY TOMOGRAPHIC SYSTEM and commonly assigned to the present assignee.
In the preferred embodiment where assembly 28 comprises 384 data detectors, during each projection of the scan (which includes 2880 such views) the data detectors are sequentially read over a period of 576 microseconds, with each detector therefore being read within a 1.5 microsecond interval. At this speed of operation, computational requirements become important.
As shown in FIG. 3, each data detector 50 of detector array assembly 28, forms a part of the data acquisition system (DAS), generally indicated at 48. The DAS 48 further includes a preamplifier, low-pass filter and integrator 52 for amplifying, filtering and integrating the output of each detector for each projection. The output of each preamplifier, low pass filter and integrator 52 is connected to a multiplexer 54 of the DAS 48 for sequentially applying the signal outputs of the preamplifier, filter and integrator 52 to the input of an analog to digital (A/D) converter 56 of the DAS 48 for converting the analog signals to digital signals representative of the analog signals. The digital signal output of the A/D converter 56 is applied to a digital signal processor 58 of the DAS which stores the data in memory 60. The processor 58 includes a central processing unit (CPU) for controlling the operation of the components of the DAS 48, including the integration cycles of the preamplifier, low pass filter and integrator 52, in a manner which is well known. Memory 60 is large enough to store at least one complete set of data for an entire scan. The data can be retrieved and an image reconstructed and displayed on a display 62 in a manner which is well known. In this regard the memory preferably is also connected to a host computer 64, preferably provided with an array processor for reconstructing the image, and connected to display 62 for displaying the reconstructed image. In this case all of the detectors are connected to one multiplexer. It should be appreciated that the detectors can be divided into two or more groups, with the detectors of each group connected to its own multiplexer and A/D converter, and subsequently processed and stored. This increases the speed of operation at the expense of additional hardware.
Referring to FIGS. 2 and 4, in accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a monitor detector assembly 70 for monitoring the output of the X-ray source 26 during each scan is placed outside the scanning plane 42, and thus the field of view 40 (shown in FIG. 1), so as to ensure that the monitor detector assembly 70 receives X-rays substantially unattenuated at full strength during each projection of each scan, regardless of what is placed and where it is placed within the field of view 40. Preferably, the monitor detector assembly 70 is fixed relative to the X-ray source 26 and rotates with the disk 22 at a position closer to the X-ray source 26 than the object 32. An aperture or slit defining element 72 defines a substantially unattenuated X-ray beam 74 between the source 26 and the monitor detector assembly 70. The monitor detector assembly 70 provides a signal representative of the X-ray flux detected by the monitor detector assembly only during preselected sampling intervals, when predetermined detector outputs of the detectors 50 of the detector array assembly 28 are read by the DAS 48 (shown in FIG. 3) for each projection.
In general the monitor detector assembly 70 is constructed and used so as to exploit a fundamental relationship of tomography. As shown in FIG. 4, when an object 32 is disposed within the scanning plane 42 within the "field of view" 40 and a scan is performed, X-rays are generated from the source 26 along the individual ray paths to the corresponding detectors 50. Those X-rays passing through the object 32 are partially attenuated by the object. The measurement of the partial attenuation by each detector along the corresponding ray path for each projection is determined by the ratio of the input X-ray intensity (i.e., the intensity detected by the corresponding detector 50 of interest) and the output X-ray intensity (i.e., the output of the source 26). Thus, for the kth channel: ##EQU1## wherein Iko is the initial or output intensity of the source 26 used for the kth channel;
Ik is the input intensity of the corresponding detector 50 for the kth channel after having traversed the corresponding ray path; and
e is a constant that is the base for natural logarithms;
μ is the attenuation coefficient; and
L is the thickness of the material through which the X-rays pass along the corresponding ray path.
As described above, in the prior art Iko and Ik are not measured simultaneously. Iko is measured when there is no object in the machine (air measurements), while Ik is measured with the scanned object in the machine. The problem with this approach is that the source may not be emitting X-rays at the same rate when the two measurements are made. To resolve this problem, in accordance with one aspect of the present invention the monitor detector assembly 70 is used to measure the intensity of the X-ray output of the source 26 independently in both cases, i.e., for the air measurement and during a scan of an object 32. This results in the final relationship for the measured attenuation, normalized using the monitor readings as follows: ##EQU2## wherein Mo (to) and Iko (to) are the intensity measurements made by the monitor assembly 70 and detector 50 of the kth channel during the air measurements taken during at time to ;
Mj (tj) and Ikj (tj) are the intensity measurements made by the monitor assembly 70 and the detector 50 of the kth channel during the jth projection taken at time tj.
Thus, in accordance with one aspect of the invention intensity measurements Iko (to), Mo (to), Ikg (tj), and Mj (tj) are all taken over extended periods of time. The time intervals for each intensity measurement are chosen as a compromise between speed of data acquisition and quantum noise. Since the patient moves constantly, it is desirable to take the entire picture as quickly as possible. However, each datum in the data set associated with each intensity measurement is subject to the signal variations associated with the fact that the information comes in discrete X-ray quanta. Thus, from the point of view of noise, it is preferable to take as much time as possible to make each intensity measurement. The actual compromise is set by the rate at which X-rays are generated by the source 26, which in turn is defined by the cost, weight, and power of the X-ray tube and high voltage power supply used to power the X-ray tube of the source 26. The time for each projection is the time needed to detect enough of the X-rays to make a sufficiently noise free measurement. Thus, it is evident that each of the intensity measurements Io (to), Mo (to), I(t) and M(t) in Equation (1) for each channel and for each projection are really integrals. For example, ##EQU3## wherein F(to -g) is a filter function; g is the time of arrival of a photon.
Similar expressions can be written for Mo (to), I(t) and M(t).
The integration for each intensity measurement can be performed electronically by using an analog filter of a type well known for use in CT scanners as a part of each preamplifier, low pass filter and integrator 52, and preamplifier, low pass filter and integrator 80 (hereinafter described in connection with FIGS. 3 and 5) and which combines the charge for many quanta using a weighting function, i.e., F(to -g), which is a function of the time difference between the time of arrival of a photon, i.e., "g", and the measurement time to. The measurement time to is a known constant, before the time when the filtered signal is sampled. Each preamplifier, low pass filter and integrator 52 and 80 integrates the charge to give an integral of the signal identical to equation (3). The time interval 2Δt must be long enough to cover the function F(to -g) .
The relationship between Io (to) and Mo (to) is geometric and electronic. It depends on the solid angle of the two detectors (i.e., the monitor detector and the detector of the array for the kth channel), the gain of the electronics for these two detectors, and the relative intensity of the X-rays in the two directions. These three factors, i.e., solid angle, gain and relative intensity, are made to be as constant as possible between the two measurement time intervals to and the time tk. When the ratios of Equation (2) are taken, all of the factors cancel, so that ∫λdL is truly being measured, not the variations of the operation of the machine over time.
There are certain assumptions made using this approach. It is assumed that the time over which the integration of each intensity measurement, I and M, is made is the same. Slight differences in measurement can be tolerated so long as there is no change in gain, solid angle, and intensity that has occurred between any two measurement times. To make sure that the above equations hold true, not only over long periods of time (from view to view) but also over a fraction of a single scan of the electronic readout system, the X-ray monitor detector assembly 70 is read many times (in the preferred embodiment eight times) for each view of the detector array, which is contrary to the prior art which at best was only concerned with X-ray monitor readings once per detector readout cycle, and not multiple monitor readings per readout cycle. Incorporating the present invention into a CT scanner results in much more rapid fluctuations in X-ray flux being tolerated. Rapid fluctuation in the X-ray intensity is a sign of "end of life" of an X-ray tube. Thus, by employing the present invention, it is possible to extend the life of the X-ray tube significantly.
As shown in greater detail in FIG. 4, the preferred monitor detector assembly 70 comprises a detector array of sixteen detectors 76 arranged side by side, and performs the function of monitoring (a) the alignment of the fan beam 34 (shown in FIG. 1), as described in co-pending application U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/343,248, entitled X-RAY FOCAL SPOT MOVEMENT COMPENSATION APPARATUS, and filed in the name of John Dobbs and Ruvin Deych contemporaneously herewith (Attorney's Docket Number ANA-56), and (b) the intensity of the X-rays from the source 26 for normalizing the data in accordance with the present invention as described herein. The detectors 76 are preferably, but not necessarily, identical to the detectors 50 used to collect data. The slit defining element 72 is provided with a diamond-shaped aperture 78 so that when properly aligned with the monitor detector assembly 70, the diamond shaped beam strikes the detectors 76 so that the largest amount of flux falls on each of the center detectors eight and nine, no flux falls on the end detectors one and sixteen, and the amount of detected flux progressively increases from the detectors two and fifteen toward the center detectors eight and nine. As seen an equal amount of flux falls on the center pair of detectors eight and nine, an equal but lesser amount falls on each of the pair of detectors seven and ten, an equal but even smaller amount falls on each of the pair of detectors six and eleven, a still smaller and equal amount of flux falls on each of the two detectors five and twelve, etc.
Referring to FIGS. 3 and 5, each monitor detector 76 is connected to a preamplifier, low-pass filter and integrator 80, for example, which in turn is connected to a resistor 82 for generating a current to the summing node 84. The summing node provides a summed current signal with low statistical noise representative of a monitor reading of the unattenuated X-ray flux of the source 26. The summed signal will be independent of the position of beam 74 so long as the monitor assembly senses the entire beam 74. The greater the X-ray flux detected by the monitor detectors 76, the greater the summed signal at node 84. The summed signal provided at the node 84 is applied to the input of A/D converter 86, which in turn provides a digital output signal to the digital signal processor 88. The monitored data processed by processor 88 is stored in memory 90 and used to normalize the data collected during each projection of a scan according to the principles of the present invention. It should be appreciated that the processor 58 for processing the data signals and processor 88 for processing the monitored data can be provided by a single processor of a type well known in the art. Similarly, the memories 60 and 90 can be provided as a single random access memory (RAM) integrated circuit or set of such circuits. The data collected during each ray projection can be normalized as it is written into memory. However, where the process is a high speed operation, e.g., where each data detector 50 is read within a 1.5 microsecond interval, it is preferable that the data be normalized when reading data out of the memory 60 after the scan has been completed. The contents of the memories 60 and 90 are read by host computer 64 preferably for processing by the array processor and display 62.
It is understood that the monitor detectors 76 are each vulnerable to "damage" from incident X-ray flux, resulting in reduction of sensitivity. The damage is a slow process, and the resulting decline in sensitivity can be adequately compensated using a linear equation in the form of:
MONc =K*D*MON, (4)
wherein MONc is the corrected monitor reading;
MON is the uncorrected monitor reading;
D dynamically depends on continuously updated and slowly varying characteristics of the CT scanner, such as the mean of the current readings of the power supply of the X-ray tube, the anode voltage of the X-ray tube, and the mean of the offset-corrected monitor reading taken over a similar time frame as the current and voltage measurements; and
K is an empirically determined constant.
According to another aspect of the invention, a plurality of monitor readings are taken and stored during air measurements (or more generally a material of known attenuation is placed within the field of view so as to provide a predetermined amount of attenuation) during each projection, i.e., during each complete sequential reading of the arcuate detector array assembly 28, and used to normalize the data received by detectors 50 during that sequential reading so as to provide more monitor readings per view than taught by Uno, et al. More particularly, in the preferred embodiment where each sequential reading corresponding to one of the 2880 ray projections takes 576 microseconds to read data from each of the detectors 50 into memory 60, monitor data is read into memory 90 at predetermined times during the 576 microseconds.
According to another aspect of the present invention, the normalization of the image data is achieved efficiently by taking a predetermined number of monitor readings in a predetermined sequence during each projection, and preferably using the monitored data reading closest in time to the time in which each detector data reading is acquired, i.e., the monitor reading that occurred most recently or will occur soonest, which ever represents the shortest period of time, to the data reading and dividing each image data reading by the nearest-in-time monitor reading. To determine which monitor reading occurred closest in time, a look-up table provided in host computer 64 can be used that associates each image detector reading with the closest-in-time monitor assembly reading.
Referring to FIG. 6, an example of the "closest in time" concept is illustrated. In the illustration, eight monitor readings are taken during the projection, equally spaced apart in time. A time line indicated at 100 represents a sequence of 384 image detector readings (of which only the first 175 are shown), and a second time line 102 represents a sequence of eight monitor readings (of which only the first four are shown). With eight monitor readings taken during the 384 data readings, the first monitor reading A is the closest in time to the first forty-eight image detector readings represented on the first time line 100. Likewise, the second monitor reading B is closest in time to the second forty-eight readings, i.e., readings forty-nine through ninety-six, and so forth regarding monitor readings. The first monitor reading is therefore taken during the 1.5 microsecond interval when the twenty-fourth data detector 50 reading is taken, while the last monitor reading (not shown) is taken during the 1.5 microsecond interval when the three hundred sixtieth data detector 50 reading is taken. The second through seventh monitor readings are taken during the 1.5 microsecond intervals when the seventy-second, one hundred twentieth, one hundred sixty eighth, two hundred sixteenth, two hundred sixty fourth, and three hundred twelfth data detector readings are respectively taken.
Ideally, the S/N ratio of each signal detected by each detector 50 should remain constant assuming a constant X-ray level from source 26. However, as discussed above, the S/N ratio decreases with time unless some form of normalization is employed.
FIG. 7 shows how one normalization approach considered by us provides a relatively constant S/N ratio for all of the data readings. We call this approach the "sliding window" approach. This approach requires a monitor reading of the unattenuated value of the X-ray beam to be simultaneously taken for each detector reading during each view. Thus, where 384 detector readings are taken per view, 384 monitor readings are required. In order to normalize each image detector reading, the monitor reading of a predetermined number of previous readings and a predetermined number of subsequent readings are added together to provide a normalization factor for the current image detector reading. Thus, for example, using a sum of eight monitor readings in the sliding window method, during the ninth detector reading of the entire sequence of 384 readings of the detector array, the previous four monitor readings (when the fifth through eighth detector readings of the sequence occur) and the next four monitor readings (when the tenth through thirteenth detector readings of the sequence occur) are added so as to provide a normalization factor by which the ninth reading can be divided to normalize the ninth reading. In a similar manner, during the reading of the tenth detector reading of the entire sequence of readings of the detector array, the previous four monitor readings (when the sixth through ninth detector readings of the sequence occur) and the next four monitor readings (when the eleventh through fourteenth detector readings of the sequence occur) are added together so as to provide a normalization factor by which the tenth reading can be divided to normalize the tenth reading. To provide normalization, this approach thus uses a "sliding window" sum of eight monitor readings for each of the image detector readings of the entire array (for example, 384 detector readings) for a view. Thus, 384 sliding window sums must be computed for each projection. In this approach a relatively constant S/N ratio, acceptable within the limits of quantum noise, is provided. The graph shown in FIG. 7 was obtained by computation using an "artificial" monitor. However, the approach also requires substantial computations and additional hardware, which will significantly increase the cost of the scanner and severely limit the speed at which data is processed. This approach therefore provides good results, but the amount of processing time and additional hardware is unacceptable where speed in data acquision is important.
FIGS. 8-10 are graphs of S/N (signal-to-noise) ratio (in increments of 1000) as a function of detector channel (1-384), where each data detector 50 and monitor detector 76 is exposed to full-scale fan-beam intensity, i.e., no object was present in the field of view 40 that might absorb X-rays. FIG. 8 illustrates a nearest of four technique where only four equally spaced (in time) monitor readings are taken during the 384 data readings. FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate nearest of eight and nearest of sixteen techniques, respectively where eight and sixteen monitor readings, equally spaced in time, are taken during the 384 data readings. It is clear that the S/N data of FIG. 8 exhibits four easily discernable peaks shown at A, B, C and D, when the monitor readings were made. Obviously as the intervals of data readings gets closer to an interval between adjacent peaks the S/N decreases because normalization becomes less reliable.
The S/N data of FIG. 9 exhibits eight less discernable peaks A-H. The eight peaks correspond to the eight monitor readings. For example, the image detector reading represented by peak B is the image detector reading that were taken closest in time to the second of eight monitor assembly readings. Note that the S/N ratio is lowest for image detector readings taken farthest in time from a detector monitor reading.
Thus, the closer in time that the image detector reading occurs to the monitor reading, the higher the S/N ratio of the image detector reading will be after normalization with the monitor reading. Moreover, it follows that to maximize the S/N ratio over all of the image detector readings in a view, the sum of the distance in time from each image detector reading to a monitor assembly reading must be reduced, i.e., more monitor readings are needed for each projection. To achieve this, the monitor readings should be equidistantly spaced from each other over time, and equal numbers of image detector readings must be associated with each monitor assembly reading, as illustrated in FIG. 6.
Referring to FIG. 10, a graph of S/N ratio is presented as in FIGS. 8 and 9, wherein sixteen monitor assembly readings are taken per ray projection. Although more computations are performed, the nearest-in-time approach is still significantly less computationally intensive than the sliding window approach. Note the similarity of the data of FIG. 10, and the data of FIG. 7 of the sliding window approach so that for the specific example the nearest of sixteen technique appears to be optimum. Thus, using significantly less computations than the prior art, the invention provides substantially a similar S/N ratio profile.
The "nearest of" approach has also been compared by us to an interpolation approach. FIGS. 11 and 12 show graphs of S/N ratio as presented in FIGS. 8 and 9, wherein four and eight monitor assembly readings are respectively taken per projection. The data was normalized using the number of monitor readings and interpolating the values for each data reading depending upon when each data reading was taken relative to the two nearest monitor readings in time. For example, with eight monitor readings taken at equal intervals for the 384 readings, beginning at reading 24, the normalization factor used at data reading 24 is the monitor reading 24. However, the normalized factor used at data reading 25 is 47 times the monitor reading at 24 added to 1 times the monitor reading at 72, with the resulting sum divided by the number of data readings between monitor readings (i.e. 48). Similarly, the normalized factor used at data reading 26 is 46 times the monitor reading at 24 added to 2 times the monitor reading at 72 with the resulting sum divided by 48, and so on. Interpolation is clearly much more computational than the nearest of technique with similar results, as can be seen by a comparison of FIG. 10 with FIGS. 11 and 12.
The foregoing thus provides for X-ray image data normalization in a filtered CT scanner of the type described that significantly reduces or overcomes the problems of the prior art. Image data signals associated with each view of a filtered CT scan are normalized so as to reduce the effects of time-dependent noise on the image data signals. The X-ray exposure level of a CT scanner is monitored during a scan so as to provide at least some correction for variations in the signal-to-noise ratio without placing large computational demands on the system so as to be preferable over the sliding window method described above. The image data signals associated with each projection of a filtered CT scan is normalized independent of the position of a patient under study or a patient support table within the field of view. The system therefore is an improvement over the system described in the Uno, et al. Patent. Further, by normalizing the data in accordance with the present invention so that the data readings are substantially independent of fluctuations of X-ray flux, the service life of X-ray tubes can be extended.
It should be noted that, according to the invention, any number of monitor readings per view that provides an acceptable S/N ratio over each view can be used, where acceptability is determined in part by context of use. In particular, four, eight, and sixteen monitor readings per view were illustrated, but any number such as six, seven, or twelve monitor readings per view can also be used. Factors that should be considered include image quality required, the number of data readings per projection and computational resources available in the CT scanner.
While the preferred embodiment has been described as a third generation CT scanner, the invention can be employed in other types of tomographic imaging systems, including fourth generation CT scanners.
Other modifications and implementations will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention as claimed. Accordingly, the above description is not intended to limit the invention except as indicated in the following claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 27, 1971
|Dec 11, 1973
|Emi Ltd
|Method and apparatus for measuring x- or {65 -radiation absorption or transmission at plural angles and analyzing the data
|Apr 6, 1977
|Mar 20, 1979
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Method of and device for computed tomography
|Apr 5, 1984
|Oct 15, 1985
|Analogic Corporation
|Continuous wave fan beam tomography system having a best-estimating filter
|Feb 26, 1986
|Sep 6, 1988
|Yokogawa Medical Systems, Limited
|CAT scanner
|Apr 16, 1990
|Feb 5, 1991
|General Electric Company
|Collimation apparatus for x-ray beam correction
|May 31, 1990
|Jul 13, 1993
|Elscint Ltd.
|Dual slice scanner
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 31, 1997
|Oct 27, 1998
|Analogic Corporation
|Method and apparatus for helical computed tomography scanning with asymmetric detector system
|Jun 11, 1998
|Sep 12, 2000
|Analogic Corporation
|Detector array geometry for helical scanning volumetric computed tomography system
|Sep 21, 1999
|Aug 7, 2001
|General Electric Company
|Methods and apparatus for efficient data acquisition in CT scanners
|Oct 26, 2001
|Oct 29, 2002
|Analogic Corporation
|Adaptive CT monitor correction system and method
|Apr 1, 2002
|May 23, 2006
|Ge Medical Systems Global Technology Company, Llc
|Data transmission scheme and system for image reconstruction
|Sep 2, 2005
|Jul 3, 2007
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Medical information processor, image photographing system, and absorption coefficient calibration method
|Dec 12, 2003
|Oct 23, 2007
|Ge Medical Systems Global Technology Company, Llc
|Focal spot sensing device and method in an imaging system
|Jul 14, 2005
|Apr 7, 2009
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Method for correcting detector signals of a unit for reconstructing tomograms from projection data
|Apr 20, 2006
|Jun 23, 2009
|General Electric Company
|CT detector with non-rectangular cells
|Dec 12, 2003
|Jun 16, 2005
|Ge Medical Systems Global Technology Company, Llc
|Focal spot sensing device and method in an imaging system
|Jul 14, 2005
|Jan 19, 2006
|Andreas Schaller
|Method for correcting detector signals of a unit for reconstructing tomograms from projection data
|Feb 20, 2009
|Dec 30, 2010
|Uwe Mundry
|Tomographic imaging motion scan quality rating
|Sep 20, 2000
|Mar 28, 2001
|General Electric Company
|Methods and apparatus for efficient data acquisition in CT scanners
|Nov 10, 1997
|Jun 4, 1998
|Analogic Corp
|Helical computed tomography with asymmetric detector system
|Jun 11, 1998
|Jan 14, 1999
|Analogic Corp
|Improved helical scan computed tomography detector geometry
|U.S. Classification
|378/19, 378/4
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 8, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 14, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Apr 27, 2009
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 21, 2009
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Dec 8, 2009
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20091021


text:
An Experiment in Honesty
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text:
NAGR Mouse Pad
Navy Pullover Fleece
Classic T-Shirt
NAGR Travel Mug
Freedom Pin
Watch Cap
Limited Edition NAGR Pistol Decal
Polo Shirt
Logo Cap
Ladies Soft Shell Jacket
Soft Shell Jacket
It's My Right T-shirt
Rubber Logo Velcro Patch
NAGR Shooting Bag
Firearms Everywhere T-Shirt
NAGR Decal
Navy Watch Cap
Laptop Bag
Copyright © 2014 National Association for Gun Rights
The National Association for Gun Rights, Inc. is approved as a non-profit tax-exempt advocacy organization under section 501(c)(4) of the Internal Revenue Code. Contributions or gifts to NAGR are not tax deductible for IRS purposes.
Not paid for at taxpayer expense.


text:
Study: Americans make up 15% of settler population in West Bank
Israel hits back at Swiss envoy's 'ugly act' in showing Netanyahu bird droppings cartoon
Switzerland regrets cartoon showing doves defecating on Netanyahu
'Borderline corruption' alleged against haredi political parties, chief rabbi
Jerusalem once again celebrates sacred music
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Maccabi Haifa shoots for first win at Kfar Saba
Gerbi's Worlds medal hopes dashed in quarterfinals
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Israel's national football team heads to Spain for first int'l showdown
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Family of missing soldier slams 'Hamas lies' broadcast on Al Jazeera
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UN to decide September 15 on whether to raise Palestinian flag at headquarters
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Jewish CEO of Ashley Madison infidelity site resigns amid hacking scandal
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Report: Iran cancels Israeli conductor's Tehran performance
'Jews have too much power and must be stopped,' white supremacist shooter tells jury
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US State Department clarifies description of Parchin as nuclear site
Sunni Muslim clerics furious over upcoming Iranian film about Muhammad
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Concerns grow over Iran military complex as construction is spotted
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07/06/2012 11:08
Finance Minister Yuval Steinitz_370.
(photo credit:Chip East/Reuters)
Finance Minister Yuval Steinitz on Friday dispelled media reports that he had
offered the Ariel University Center NIS 100 million for the 2013 budgetary
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support for the institution in its quest to be recognized as Israel's eighth
university."The headline talking about NIS 100m. for the AUC is
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against the institution's quest to become a university.MK Alex Miller
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statement of the education minister confirms what we have known now for a long
time – that the Ariel University Center has for all intents and purposes been a
university," he said.Miller, who heads a Knesset faction devoted to
making the AUC a university, also slammed the Council for Higher Education. He
called the council's recommendation against the AUC "a disgraceful decision,"
which he chalked up to the committee members' "surrender to narrow political
interests."Miller drafted legislation earlier last week, a copy of which
was obtained on Thursday by The Jerusalem Post, which would try to circumvent
the Council for Higher Education and allow the matter to be taken up directly by
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By Diogenes (articles ) | May 02, 2004
From the laptop of an atheist libertarian:
I do find it curious, though, that someone who wishes to forbid abortions is deemed to be "imposing his beliefs" on the rest of us, but that someone who taxes us to pay for somebody else's abortions is never accused of it.
(Thanks to Kathy Shaidle for the reference).
An appeal from our founder, Dr. Jeffrey Mirus:
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...I have worked with students in the elementary and middle school settings. As an experienced teacher of 35 years in the classroom, I have taught and worked with numerous children with learning differences such as ADD/ADHD. I have an undergraduate degree in special education and have worked with students who require special considerations in the classroom.
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I love to teach and I believe I have a knack for it. I love to see students learn, succeed in solving problems and enjoy their learning. I believe teaching should touch their inner self.
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...And now for a brief word on my experience: I've worked as a GRE and GMAT instructor for Kaplan for over three years. I scored in the top 90th percentile in both verbal and math on the GRE (won't mention the score, but if you really want to know you can ask me personally). I've also worked for a ...
43 Subjects: including French, Latin, TOEFL, chemistry
Richardson, TX


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text:
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|$12.58 ($0.16 / Ounce) & FREE Shipping on orders over $35. Details
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Haribo Gummy Gold Bears Candy is soft, chewy and translucent. And they are bursting with beary yummy flavor. There is nothing quite as whimsically delicious as gummy bears, a candy popular the world over for its sprightly personality and fruity taste. Squeeze them, line them up and make them dance, or just plain eat them. Haribo Gold-Bears are a mixed delight of white/pineapple, green/strawberry, yellow/lemon, orange/orange, and red/raspberry gummy bears.
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Wonderful. The really gummy bear. A matter for you to think about which can't be blamed on the product or seller. I bought these during August. Read morePublished 1 day ago by KjunNurs
These are not sugar free. These are sugar full and the sugar free ones are discontinued.Published 1 day ago by Sandra Lynn Craig
I have to admit I've ordered these twice already and each time I've finished them off in only about a week (they're just that good!). Read morePublished 2 days ago by Scotterloy
I thought these were SUGAR FREE. When I typed in sugar free gummy bears, this came up with the reviews for sugar free. Now looking at all the pics, it shows it has sugar. Read morePublished 2 days ago by Roxee Reese
Wanted to stock the office with diarrhea bears. Turns out you need to get the sugar free ones. These will just make your co-workers hyper. Read morePublished 3 days ago by Mike G
5 lbs of gummy bears=instant best friend. however, do not leave these in your car when its hot. they melt.Published 3 days ago by jeff


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Purple Crystal Jewelry
- ORIGINAL:$165.00NOW:$82.00The pave crystal center of this Tai bracelet delights and dazzles with light-catching facets. Pave crystal ball pendant. Braided cord bracelet. Drawstring closure with beaded ends and small logo charm. Adjustable, approx. 6-9"L. Made in USA.
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text:
Does this restaurant serve Indian food?
Is this restaurant good for couples?
Does this restaurant offer takeout or food to go?
Is this restaurant good for dinner?
Does this place serve sandwiches?
Does this restaurant offer outdoor seating?
Does this restaurant serve hamburgers?
Is this restaurant family-friendly?
Is this restaurant good for breakfast?
Is this primarily a bakery?
Thanks for helping!
Was pleasantly surprised with Arni's. The pizza was really good, but the salad was out of this world good. I may go back there again just for salads!
We hadn't eaten at Arni's since I went Gluten Free a couple of years ago. Finally gave it a try last week and it was fantastic. As the waitress suggested, it's the best GF pizza in Indy. They have a full menu from sandwiches to pastas and it's cuter inside than you'd expect. Little patio for outside dining and good...
The hamburgers are very good as are the Cobb salads. I have had many of their sandwiches and have enjoyer them all. This place is great for business or family fun. Great staff great fun great food ,
This arni's is always good, food is hot, staff is nice. Pizza at Arni's is great, salads with blue cheese is amazing as well.
Went to Arni's with family and friends the night before the Indianapolis 500 this year and everybody was happy with their meals. The pizzas were enjoyed by everybody.
This was our second visit to Arni's in the last few years. Food and service was all good.
We have traveled to Indianapolis just to visit Arni's several times. We also always stop there if we are passing through Indy for any reason. It is always worth the stop!
It had been several years since I had been to the now- closed locations at 86/Michigan and Cicero. Unfortunately I was a bit disappointed as the service and the kitchen were a bit off tonight. We placed our drink orders and my friend got her soda right away; for some reason my wine took over 10 min to arrive at...
We stopped by Arni's on a whim just because we were hungry and in the neighborhood. I'm glad we did. I was immediately please with the decor, which had an upscale feel that was different than your normal casual dining place.
The menu included the burgers and entries you'd expect to find but with some additions. They have pizza. I...
Just like old Friends you always enjoy the visit. We visit "Get My Perks" and buy coupons all the time. Try anything on the menu
And get great food and service.
If you want something a little different tell your server. They'll try to get it done. Pizza, pasta, sandwiches, salads and so much more. The drink specials and cold...
I am a bit of a "homer" as Arni's is a chain that is HQ'd in my home town, but their take on comfortable Italian food is reliable. it's not necessarily what you'll get in Philly/NJ/NYC, but I like it.
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text:
Outcry over drowned migrant boy photo
Images emerge of a three-year-old Syrian boy, whom reports name as Aylan, who drowned when the migrant boat he was in capsized off Turkey.Europe
'Three trillion trees on Earth'
What is said to be the most robust estimate yet finds there to be just over three trillion trees on Planet Earth.Science & Environment
Starfish-killing robot ready to test
An autonomous starfish-killing robot will be ready for field trials on the Great Barrier Reef this month, researchers say.Technology
De Gea calm and relaxed - Mata
Manchester United keeper David De Gea is "focused" on playing after his Real Madrid move collapsed, says team-mate Juan Mata.Football
Serena through after tough battle
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Lotus set to race at Italian GP
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text:
Regional Roundup; WAITRESS at A.R.T., Signature's THE FIX & More!
Purl, Rickaby & Van Norden to Lead Rubicon's COPENHAGEN; Sets Sept Opening!
Photos: Molina, Bogardus, Gwynne & More in A LITTLE NIGHT MUSIC - Sneak Peek!
TV: Hugh Jackman on Acting, Australia, BROADWAY TO OZ & More!
Lord Almighty! AN ACT OF GOD is LA-Bound, with Sean Hayes as God
TV: Choose Your Story! Chicago Writing Duo Creates Interactive Musical Adventure
Top 10 Stories This Week, 8/28
COPENHAGEN Casting, Director
Photos: LITTLE NIGHT MUSIC
BWW TV: Hugh Jackman
Sean Hayes in AN ACT OF GOD
TV: Interactive Musical Online
STAGE TUBE: Darren Criss and Aaron Tveit Face Off Over Elsie Fest with RENT Duet
by Stage Tube on August 28, 2015
EW just unveiled a cute yet playfully contentious Skype date between Darren Criss and Aaron Tveit to promote their upcoming Elsie Fest in New York City. Click below to watch the pair argue over who pe... (more...)
STAGE TUBE: Freestyle Love Supreme's Shockwave Wows the Crowd at #Ham4Ham Lottery
by Stage Tube on August 28, 2015
HAMILTON's #Ham4Ham lottery performance has quickly become one of Broadway's most enjoyable new traditions. In today's special pre-show performance, Shockwave from Freestyle Love Supreme showed off hi... (more...)
CATS Star and Pop Singer Nicole Scherzinger Joins Neil Patrick Harris in BEST TIME EVER
by TV News Desk on August 28, 2015
Following the adorable addition of 'Little NPH' to Neil Patrick Harris's upcoming NBC variety show BEST TIME EVER, the host just took to Twitter to announce the latest member of the team: CATS star an... (more...)
PHOTO FLASHBACK: SHUFFLE ALONG's Artwork Showgirl, Ann Pennington, On 1928 Sheet Music Cover
by Michael Dale on August 28, 2015
The vintage photo appears on sheet music covers for selections from GEORGE WHITE'S SCANDALS OF 1928.... (more...)
STAGE TUBE: NEWSIES Reunite and Rock 'Once and For All' at 54 Below
by Stage Tube on August 28, 2015
The 'NEWSBOYS OF NEW YORK' reunited earlier this week on August 24 at 54 Below. Click below to watch them rock the heck out of 'Once and For All'!... (more...)
TV: Take a Tour of Birdland's New 100-Seat Theatre!
by BWW News Desk on August 28, 2015
As BroadwayWorld previously reported, Birdland Jazz Club recently announced the opening of The Birdland Theater. The new convertible 100-seat venue will occupy the lower level of Birdland Jazz Club at... (more...)
Photo Flash: Matthew Broderick, Blythe Danner and More in SHARPIES Reading at Guild Hall
by BWW News Desk on August 28, 2015
A staged reading of SHARPIES - A New Comedy by Eugene Pack, was held as part of Guild Hall's Staged Reading Series in East Hampton on Thursday, August 20th. It starred Matthew Broderick, Blythe Danner... (more...)
Lynn Nottage's SWEAT Headed to The Public Next Year; Broadway on the Horizon?
by Jessica Khan on August 28, 2015
Pulitzer Prize winner Lynn Nottage's SWEAT, currently making its premiere at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, could be headed off-Broadway next year. ... (more...)
BWW TV: EMPTY SPACE Bonus Featurette: How Did You Join EMPTY SPACE?
by Empty Space on August 28, 2015
BroadwayWorld is excited to exclusively bring you our newest, and first webseries that takes place in an actual theatre- Empty Space. Empty Space is a love-letter to live theater, a nine-episode comed... (more...)
Rachel Zatcoff & Craig Bennett Join Company of Broadway's THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA
by BWW News Desk on August 28, 2015
The Broadway production of Andrew Lloyd Webber's THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA, directed by Harold Prince, will soon welcome new cast members. Rachel Zatcoff will make her Broadway debut as the Christine a... (more...)
First Look: Idina Menzel Set for New Episodes of PBS Kids' ARTHUR
by TV News Desk on August 28, 2015
The new ARTHUR episode features special guest star Idina Menzel (Broadway's WICKED, IF/THEN) as a caring therapist named Dr. Paula.... (more...)
BWW TV Exclusive: Broadway Kids Unite for YOU'RE A GOOD MAN, CHARLIE BROWN; Go Inside the Rehearsal Room for the 54 Below Concert!
by BroadwayWorld TV on August 28, 2015
Happiness is... 54 Below Sings You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown! On September 2-3, 54 Below will present the Grammy-nominated music by Clark Gesner, with additional music from Andrew Lippa, in one sen... (more...)
Fire Causes Second City to Cancel Weekend Performances
by BWW News Desk on August 28, 2015
The Second City, a Chicago comedy institution has been forced to cancel performances this weekend due to a fire in the area. According to the Chicago Tribune, Wednesday's fire started in Adobo Grill, ... (more...)
Uzo Aduba Talks Casting in NBC's THE WIZ LIVE: 'Anything Is Possible'
by TV News Desk on August 28, 2015
Best known for her Emmy-winning portrayal of Suzanne 'Crazy Eyes' Warren on the hit Netflix series 'Orange Is the New Black,' actress Uzo Aduba (Broadway's GODSPELL) stopped by this morning's TODAY to... (more...)
Sutton Foster to Guest Star on Amazon Dark Comedy MAD DOGS
by TV News Desk on August 28, 2015
Broadway vet Sutton Foster will appear in a guest starring role on Amazon's upcoming dark comedy series MAD DOGS.... (more...)
Jason Robert Brown Writing Music for PRINCE OF BROADWAY in Japan
by BWW News Desk on August 28, 2015
As previously reported, the World Premiere of PRINCE OF BROADWAY, a new musical celebrating the extraordinary six decade Broadway career of producer-director Harold Prince, will play from October 23-N... (more...)
BWW Personality Quiz: Which Opening Number Is Your Back-to-School Anthem?
by Louisa Brady on August 28, 2015
If your back-to-school attitude could be captured in a Broadway opening number, which would it be? Find out in this week's quiz!... (more...)
Photo Flash: Inside SYLVIA's Broadway Box Office Opening!
by BWW News Desk on August 28, 2015
The box office of the Cort Theatre (138 W. 48th Street) went to dogs on Friday, August 28, 2015, when it opened for business for A.R. Gurney's comedy Sylvia. In celebration of Sylvia coming to Broadwa... (more...)
Two Seasons of AMERICAN HORROR STORY Coming in 2016?
by TV News Desk on August 28, 2015
Ryan Murphy reveals that that pattern may change in 2016 when twice as much terror could be in store for viewers.... (more...)
Broadway at a Discount- What's Available at TKTS for August 28, 2015!
by BWW Discount Alert on August 28, 2015
TKTS has been a New York City institution for decades, bringing theatre-goers a last-minute way to get tickets for some of Broadway's hottest shows at a discount. TDF operates three TKTS Discount Boot... (more...)
|·Event Calendar
THE O.C. MUSICAL Arrives in Los Angeles
Original Star Autumn Reeser Joins THE O.C. MUSICAL in a New Role
Dance for a Chance to Join DAMES AT SEA Curtain Call at Today's Box Office Opening
Broadway's THE ILLUSIONISTS Perform on NBC's 'America's Got Talent' Tonight
Michael Urie, Sara Chase & More Join CLUE Tribute Event At 54 Below, 9/3
Dixon, Killam, Olivo & More Lead THE ODYSSEY at The Public
Lesli Margherita Leaves Broadway's MATILDA
ON THE TOWN Closes on Broadway
Vanessa Williams Closes Out Broadway @ Town Hall Series in Provincetown
Barry, Daunno, Kirk & Papaelias Star in THESE PAPER BULLETS at the Geffen
View Full Event Calendar


text:
Company Overview of HSN Interactive LLC
Company Overview
HSN Interactive LLC operates as a subsidiary of HSN, Inc.
1 HSN Drive
St. Petersburg, FL 33729
United States
Key Executives for HSN Interactive LLC
HSN Interactive LLC does not have any Key Executives recorded.
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text:
These Money Losses Won't Help You at Tax Time
How to Save and Invest for a House Down Payment
8 Signs You're a Shopaholic and What to Do About It
4 Dividend Stocks to Avoid
oil prices fall below $77 a barrel
BP's stock fell more than 5% in early Wednesday trading as the company's CEO Tony Hayward prepared to meet with President Barack Obama over the Gulf oil spill. Late Tuesday the president delivered an address on the Gulf oil spill that was widely met with criticism.
President Obama tried to offer hope for the Gulf Coast, saying he had directed BP to take steps to "capture up to 90% of the oil." But his qualified language sounded hollow -- as did his green "national mission." And the oil gushes.


text:
Marche Region typical handicraft is made up by several working activities belonging to an old tradition and they are carried out with so many different materials. Among them two artisan productions are worth to be mentioned: the lacemaker and the copper productions.
Scooped by
Mariano Pallottini
onto Le Marche another Italy


text:
1. Don Schmidt Contracting & Roofing Inc.
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Don Schmidt Contracting & Roofing, Inc. is a roofing contractor located in Saint Cloud, FL. Estab... Read More
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North Florida Building Corp. is a residential, commercial and agricultural building contractor ba... Read More
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At Sanford N Son Scrap Salvage & Construction, we focus on providing the highest quality of servi... Read More
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text:
I had the privilege of attending #ChefConf 2014 in San Francisco last week. The theme of the event was "Delivering Delight." The Chef speakers came out pumped up. They were loud, like the heavy metal music that played in the background (see playlist here), dropping f-bombs as adjectives to emphasize how jacked up they were about their new features and the packed, three-day agenda. They were also very funny, as you can see in the following video on DevOps featuring Chef Technical Community Manager Nathen Harvey. (Beware of the curse words, and don't play this at work without headphones.) Continue reading Recap of #ChefConf 2014
Tag Archives: Chef
Five Signs That Your DevOps Initiative Is Failing
The DevOps movement is gaining more momentum each day. But like any other popular buzzword, many companies will follow the hype and try to run before they can walk. Here are five common signs that should raise a red flag that the DevOps initiative is on a path for failure.
Continue reading Five Signs That Your DevOps Initiative Is Failing
Docker: Delivering Agility One Container at a Time
Almost every company in this day and age is trying to figure out how to become more agile. Now that infrastructure can be delivered as software, I am seeing a lot of innovation around the automation of environments. One of the most interesting innovations that I have seen is Docker. Docker is a Linux container engine that is simplifying the process of delivering environments. Continue reading Docker: Delivering Agility One Container at a Time
SaltStack is Gaining Momentum
In the world of DevOps, the names Chef and Puppet have been synonymous with systems and configuration management in the cloud. But now it is time to make room for a third synonym, Salt. Salt, short for SaltStack, was started in the basement of Founder and CTO Tom Hatch. Tom had been building and administering clouds for a while and was frustrated with some of the complexities and performance issues of the existing tools that he was working with. Tom set out to create a framework that could get real-time information about infrastructure and communicate to servers faster than anything out there. Writing in Python, Tom built a framework that executes many times faster than the competition. In fact one client reported that moving to Salt took the previous deployment process of 18,000 nodes from 15 minutes down to 5 seconds. Continue reading SaltStack is Gaining Momentum
IT as a Service: Not Just for a Cloud
I was going to write about how building a cloud is similar to moving, but the more I think about it, the more I think people are confusing an automated virtual environment with a cloud: IT as a Service is not just about cloud. Having automation does not imply your virtual environment is a cloud or visa versa. Granted, using IT as a Service is important for a cloud if you look at the NIST definition of a cloud, but it is not necessary for a cloud. Perhaps IT as a Service is just a stepping stone towards a cloud, perhaps it should start as a data center play? As company's and vendors cloud wash all aspects of IT, as IT decision makers we need to step back and look at our data center and decide how we want to get to the cloud (if we want to get there at all). Continue reading IT as a Service: Not Just for a Cloud
Security Automation = Good Security Practice
As I shoveled even more snow, I was starting to think about automation, as in how could I get something to shovel the snow for me, which lead to thinking about automation within the cloud. I see lots of discussion about automation in the cloud. Many of my friends and colleagues are developing code using Puppet, Chef, vCenter Orchestrator, etc. This development is about producing the software defined datacenter (SDDC). However, I see very little in the way of security automation associated with SDDC. Continue reading Security Automation = Good Security Practice


text:
Mangalam, Ashiana to start housing scheme in Jaipur
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Mangalam, Ashiana to start housing scheme in JaipurJaipur-based Manglam Builders and Developers in collaboration with Ashiana Housing and Finance Ltd, a Delhi based firm, is all set to launch a new housing scheme exclusively for the retired and
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text:
In advance for any Operating Day or Special Event...
Click here...
Supported by Essex County Council
Best Small Attraction 2010
Best Small Attraction 2014 Finalist
We are a unique railway with only a short running line but we do have many activities specifically for families. For more information, click on Visitor Information on the menu.
You can help us in the following ways:
by joining Unity Lottery and selecting Colne Valley Railway as your charity,
by using our ebay charity shop, or
by donating direct to us using
Next Open Days
Sunday 6th September - Steam Locomotive
Sunday 13th September - Steam Locomotive
Saturday 19th September - Diesel Railcar
Sunday 20th September - Steam Locomotive
Saturday 26th September - A Day Out with Thomas
Sunday 27th September - A Day Out with Thomas
Saturday 3rd October - A Day Out with Thomas
Sunday 4th October - A Day Out with Thomas
Saturday 10th October - Diesel Railcar
Sunday 11th October - Colne Valley at War
Gates open 10.30 & last admission 15:00
Fancy building a model of our station? Click here
Our office is usually open Mondays to Fridays 10:00 to 15:00. We can take bookings for Driver Experience courses, Wedding Receptions, Private hire of the Railway, Group Visits and Pullman Dining Trains.
Please call 01787- 461174 to discuss your requirements.
If you wish to make any purchases from our shop on a non-operational day, this can be arranged by calling the office in advance.
Large Free Car Park
Note: For your convenience, for all our operating days and special events tickets may be booked in advance or bought on the day. Our on-line booking system closes three days before each event and may report event full, but tickets will still be available on the day.


text:
Stamford, CT – May 14, 2014 – Quantum Communications Corporation announced today that it has agreed to swap substantially all the assets of its 29 radio stations to Clear Channel Media and Entertainment in exchange for substantially all the assets of Aloha Trust (of which it is the beneficiary) radio stations WALK-AM/FM serving Long Island, NY. Quantum has also agreed, in a simultaneous closing, to sell the assets of WALK-AM/FM to Connoisseur Media. Both transactions are subject to Federal Communications Commission approval and other customary closing conditions.
Qantum''s radio stations include WCOD-FM, WCIB-FM, WXTK-FM and WEII-FM serving the Cape Cod, MA market; WWXM-FM, WGTR-FM, WRXZ-FM, WYNAFM and WLQB-FM serving the Myrtle Beach, SC market; WEGX-FM, WJMX-FM, WDAR-FM, WZTF-FM, WRZE-FM, WJMX-AM, WWRK-AM and WDSC-AM serving the Florence, SC market; WYNR-FM, WQGA-FM, WBGA-FM, WHFX-FM, WGIG-AM and WMOG-AM serving the Brunswick, GA market; WKKR-FM, WMXA-FM, WCJM-FM, WZMG-AM, WTLM-AM and WPLV-AM serving the Auburn, AL and West Point, GA markets.
Media Venture Partners acted as broker on the transaction.
Qantum Communications was formed by Mr. Osborn along with partners Michael Mangan and Frank Washington to acquire and operate radio stations in medium and smaller sized markets throughout the United States.
Connoisseur Media owns/operates 39 stations and is in the process of acquiring stations in Hartford, CT. Connoisseur owns WKJY (K 98.3), WBZO (B-103), WWSK (The Shark) and WHLI in the Nassau-Suffolk metro.
Sept. 23, Columbus, Ohio
Sept. 23-24, 2015, Turning Stone Casino Resort, Verona, N.Y.
Sept. 25, 2015, Kankakee, Ill.
Sept. 30-Oct. 2, Atlanta
NRB Opens Proclaim 16 Registration
Westwood One News Hits 750-Affiliate Milestone
Five Questions: Doug Vernier
Broadcasters Launch Fund to Support Journalists Slain in Roanoke
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Unified AV Opens New Office in Knoxville
Senses and Subtle Sounds
Epix and Hulu Announce New Streaming Agreement
Netflix Says It Will Let Epix Deal Expire
Social Media Predicts VMA Winners


text:
Wrap your iPhone in stylish protection with the Agent 18 Shock Cell Phone Case. The Shock design uses dual materials to shield your iPhone in a durable polycarbonate cover while cushioning it with TPU that absorbs shocks and protects from scratches. The subtle but eye-catching Blue/White colors will make every call or text a pleasure to answer.
Package Quantity: 1
Compatible With: iPhone Cell Phones
Features: Lightweight Design, Compact
Material: Plastic
Protective Qualities: Dirt-resistant
Closure Type: Snap
Dimensions: 0.38 " L x 2.32 " W x 4.6 " T
Weight: 0.12 Lb.
other Info.
- Online Item #: 14464618
- Store Item Number (DPCI): 080-08-1345
- Imported