text:
|N�mero de publicaci�n
|Tipo de publicaci�n
|N�mero de solicitud
|Fecha de publicaci�n
|25 Oct 2011
|Fecha de presentaci�n
|4 Dic 2009
|Fecha de prioridad
|27 Sep 2004
|Tambi�n publicado como
|N�mero de publicaci�n
|Manish Kothari
|Cesionario original
|Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc.
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (128), Otras citas (27), Citada por (1), Clasificaciones (14), Eventos legales (3)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesi�n de USPTO, Espacenet
This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/040,824, filed on Jan. 21, 2005, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/613,978, filed on Sep. 27, 2004. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/040,824 is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
1. Field of the Invention
The field of the invention relates to microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).
2. Description of the Related Technology
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) include micro mechanical elements, actuators, and electronics. Micromechanical elements may be created using deposition, etching, and or other micromachining processes that etch away parts of substrates and/or deposited material layers or that add layers to form electrical and electromechanical devices. One type of MEMS device is called an interferometric modulator. An interferometric modulator may comprise a pair of conductive plates, one or both of which may be transparent and/or reflective in whole or part and capable of relative motion upon application of an appropriate electrical signal. One plate may comprise a stationary layer deposited on a substrate, the other plate may comprise a metallic membrane separated from the stationary layer by an air gap. Such devices have a wide range of applications, and it would be beneficial in the art to utilize and/or modify the characteristics of these types of devices so that their features can be exploited in improving existing products and creating new products that have not yet been developed.
The system, method, and devices of the invention each have several aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for its desirable attributes. Without limiting the scope of this invention, its more prominent features will now be discussed briefly. After considering this discussion, and particularly after reading the section entitled "Detailed Description of Certain Embodiments" one will understand how the features of this invention provide advantages over other display devices.
Another embodiment is a display that includes at least one interferometric modulator configured to reflect incident light. The at least one interferometric modulator has an optical response that depends at least in part on angle of view and wavelength of the incident light. The display further includes a diffuser positioned in an optical path to the at least one interferometric modulator. The diffuser has an optical response that is substantially matched to the optical response of the interferometric modulator to maintain substantially the composition of color at different angles of view.
Another embodiment is a display. The display includes at least one interferometric modulator having a spectral responsivity that varies with angle of view, θ, such that color varies with angle of view. The display further includes a non-lambertian diffuser positioned in an optical path to the at least one interferometric modulator. The non-lambertian diffuser has an optical response that varies with angle of view. The diffuser substantially reduces variation of color with angle of view.
Another embodiment is a method of fabricating a display. The method includes selecting a diffuser having an optical response. The method further includes disposing the diffuser in front of an interferometric modulator array. The interferometric modulator array has an optical response that depends on angle of view. Selecting the diffuser includes substantially matching the optical response of the diffuser and the optical response of the interferometric modulator array to reduce angular color shift with angle-of-view of the display. One embodiment is a display manufactured according to this method.
Another embodiment is a method of tailoring optical properties of a display. The display includes an interferometric modulator having a spectral responsivity and a diffuser having an optical response. The method includes selecting at least one property of the diffuser with reference to the spectral responsivity of the interferometric modulator so as to reduce color shift of the display.
Another embodiment is a display system for producing an image. The system includes at least one interferometric modulator having a spectral responsivity that depends at least in part on angle of view of the display. The system further includes a diffuser positioned in at least one optical path through the at least one interferometric modulator. The interferometric modulator is configured to at least partially encrypt the image from view. The diffuser is configured to decrypt the image.
One embodiment is a method of limiting view of a display to authorized viewers. The method includes selecting at least one interferometric modulator having a spectral responsivity that depends at least in part on angle of view of the display. The method further includes reflecting light indicative of an image from the at least one interferometric modulator. The interferometric modulator is configured to at least partially obscure the image from view. The method further comprises diffusing the reflected light from the at least one interferometric modulator with a diffuser having an optical response, wherein the optical response of the diffuser is configured to so as to decrypt the image.
In other embodiments, other types of spatial light modulators may be used, particularly those exhibiting color shift as function of viewing position.
Various embodiments of the invention describe a system and method of using a diffuser with interferometric modulator devices so as to mitigate or compensate for color shift as a function of angle of view. In one embodiment of the invention, the display includes a plurality of interferometric display elements exhibiting color shift. The display further includes at least one diffuser. Optical properties of the diffuser are selected to reduce color shift of the display for at least one range of angles.
The following detailed description is directed to certain specific embodiments of the invention. However, the invention can be embodied in a multitude of different ways. In this description, reference is made to the drawings wherein like parts are designated with like numerals throughout. As will be apparent from the following description, the invention may be implemented in any device that is configured to display an image, whether in motion (e.g., video) or stationary (e.g., still image), and whether textual or pictorial. More particularly, it is contemplated that the invention may be implemented in or associated with a variety of electronic devices such as, but not limited to, mobile telephones, wireless devices, personal data assistants (PDAs), hand-held or portable computers, GPS receivers/navigators, cameras, MP3 players, camcorders, game consoles, wrist watches, clocks, calculators, television monitors, flat panel displays, computer monitors, auto displays (e.g., odometer display, etc.), cockpit controls and/or displays, display of camera views (e.g., display of a rear view camera in a vehicle), electronic photographs, electronic billboards or signs, projectors, architectural structures, packaging, and aesthetic structures (e.g., display of images on a piece of jewelry). MEMS devices of similar structure to those described herein can also be used in non-display applications such as in electronic switching devices.
One interferometric modulator display embodiment comprising an interferometric MEMS display element is illustrated in
The depicted portion of the pixel array in
The fixed layers 16 a, 16 b are electrically conductive, partially transparent and partially reflective, and may be fabricated, for example, by depositing one or more layers each of chromium and indium-tin-oxide onto a transparent substrate 20. The layers are patterned into parallel strips, and may form row electrodes in a display device as described further below. The movable layers 14 a, 14 b may be formed as a series of parallel strips of a deposited metal layer or layers (orthogonal to the row electrodes 16 a, 16 b) deposited on top of posts 18 and an intervening sacrificial material deposited between the posts 18. When the sacrificial material is etched away, the deformable metal layers are separated from the fixed metal layers by a defined air gap 19. A highly conductive and reflective material such as aluminum may be used for the deformable layers, and these strips may form column electrodes in a display device.
With no applied voltage, the cavity 19 remains between the layers 14 a, 16 a and the deformable layer is in a mechanically relaxed state as illustrated by the pixel 12 a in
In one embodiment, the processor 21 is also configured to communicate with an array controller 22. In one embodiment, the array controller 22 includes a row driver circuit 24 and a column driver circuit 26 that provide signals to a pixel array 30. The cross section of the array illustrated in
In typical applications, a display frame may be created by asserting the set of column electrodes in accordance with the desired set of actuated pixels in the first row. A row pulse is then applied to the row 1 electrode, actuating the pixels corresponding to the asserted column lines. The asserted set of column electrodes is then changed to correspond to the desired set of actuated pixels in the second row. A pulse is then applied to the row 2 electrode, actuating the appropriate pixels in row 2 in accordance with the asserted column electrodes. The row 1 pixels are unaffected by the row 2 pulse, and remain in the state they were set to during the row 1 pulse. This may be repeated for the entire series of rows in a sequential fashion to produce the frame. Generally, the frames are refreshed and/or updated with new display data by continually repeating this process at some desired number of frames per second. A wide variety of protocols for driving row and column electrodes of pixel arrays to produce display frames are also well known and may be used in conjunction with the present invention.
In the
The details of the structure of interferometric modulators that operate in accordance with the principles set forth above may vary widely. For example,
The amount of color shift may be expressed in terms of a difference in wavelength, e.g., in nanometers, for the light emitted from the interferometric modulators for different angles of incident (and reflected light). As is well known, for spectral reflection, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. The wavelength used to measure the color shift may be the peak wavelength of the specular distribution of light output from the interferometric modulator. As used to herein, specular distribution refers to the wavelength distribution, such as for example, the intensity of light at different wavelengths.
The output of the interferometric modulator 12 may be characterized by a spectral responsivity function or spectral response R(θi, λ), where θi is the angle of incidence of light and λ is the wavelength. As described above, the spectral output of the interferometric modulator 12 varies with angle of incidence (and angle of reflection).
Generally, a certain amount of perceived off-axis color shift in a display may be tolerated for certain displays. A color shift or a change, e.g., of about 5-30 nanometers in wavelength for an angle of view shift of about 40� may be acceptable for certain applications. However, in some cases, the color shift is too significant and is noticeable by the observer. In such a case, methods of correcting or compensating for such intolerable color shifts as described herein may be employed. In practice, the level of tolerance that is permissible may depend upon factors that include the intended use of the display, the quality, and/or the price range of the display. As indicated above, the level of "tolerance" in color shift may be expressed in terms of nanometers of wavelength shift for a change in view angle of a specified range. For example, in one embodiment, the tolerance may be expressed for a range between about −60� and 60�. In another embodiment, for example, a display used as part of signage, the tolerance may be expressed for a range between about −80� and 80�.
In certain preferred embodiments, a diffuser may be used to compensate for the color shift of an interferometric modulator structure.
Diffusers may comprise bulk diffuser material. For example, a diffuser may include one or more layers of a material such as a suitable transparent or translucent polymer resin, for example, polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride, polystyrene, polyacrylates, polyethylene terephthalate, polyurethane, and copolymers or blends thereof. Other materials may be employed as well.
In one embodiment, the diffuser is attached to a surface of the substrate using a double-sided adhesive.
As shown in
Curves or traces 310, 320, and 330 in
As further shown in
The trace 320 depicts an optical response for a second type of diffuser. The trace 320 is a generally bell-shaped curve that has a relatively small wider peak at its center. This narrow peak may for example have a width as measured at full width half maximum of about 60-100� The trace 320, with its relatively low peak and thus somewhat flattened response profile is sometimes referred to as a low gain curve. As shown in connection with the traces 310 and 320, each optical response is shown as centered at about 0� for the purpose of illustration. As will be discussed further below, the optical response may be centered at other angles for different diffusers.
As discussed above, the traces 310 and 320 illustrate optical responses of various diffusers having responses that are centered around zero degrees (0�). In other embodiments, similar shaped (or other shaped) response profiles may be centered on view angles other than zero degrees, such as, for example, at ten (10), twenty (20), thirty (30), forty (40), 45 (forty five), 50 (fifty), 60 (sixty), 70 (seventy), 80 (eighty) degrees, or on any other view angle.
Accordingly, D(θi, θ) may be characterized by a response profile that may be different characteristically for different angles of view. In various embodiments, for example, the diffuser 201 may be a high gain, low gain (or very low gain), or any other suitable type of diffuser therebetween, or any combination thereof. As will be apparent from the following discussion, the centering of D(θi, θ) around a particular angle is relevant to computing a convolution of D(θi, θ) and optical response of the interferometric modulator, without the diffuser, which is referred to as R(θi, λ).
The modulator 401 reflects the light further along the paths 410, 412, and 414. The light along the paths 410, 412, and 414 is then incident on the diffuser 402. The diffuser 402 redirects portions of the reflected light along a range of optical paths at intensities that depend upon the gain characteristics, D(θi, θ), of the diffuser 402. The diffused portion of the light from optical paths 410, 412, and 414, travels to a viewing position along optical paths 416. These paths 416 are at substantially the same angle with respect to the diffuser 402 and substantially parallel for this particular exemplary viewing position 430 which is a distant viewing position.
The diffuser 402 thus operates to collect light that is incident on the modulator 401 at a range of angles and corresponding optical paths, including the paths 410, 412, and 414. This collected light is redirected. A portion of this light is redirected to the viewing position along the optical paths 416.
The diffuser 402 thus collects light from the modulator 401 (or array of modulators 401) at a range of wavelengths to produce a net optical response for the modulator 401 as modified by the diffuser 402. The net optical response is related to the convolution of the optical response D(θi, θ) of the diffuser with the optical response R(θi, λ) of the modulator 401 over a range of angles of light incident on the display 400.
By controlling the characteristics, e.g., D(θi, θ), of the diffuser 402 in conjunction with optical response of the modulator 401, the net optical response of the system 400 can thus be controlled to achieve a desired net optical response. In one embodiment, the characteristics of the diffuser 402 and the interferometric modulator 401 are selected so as to substantially compensate for angular color shift of the interferometric modulator 401. In another embodiment, the characteristics of the diffuser 402 and the modulator 401 are selected so that an image formed by the modulator array alone is obscured or encrypted and is not visible. The image formed by the modulator array, however, is visible by viewing through the diffuser 402.
The overall optical characteristics of the modulator 401 together with the diffuser 402 may be modeled in terms of the convolution of the optical response (i.e., spectral reflectance or transfer function) of the modulator 401, with the optical response of the diffuser 402. An exemplary expression for this convolution is set forth below.
As noted above, the optical response R(θi,λ) of the modulator 401 is represented as a function of the angle of incidence, θi, and wavelength of light, λ, entering the modulator 401. As the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection for specular reflection, the view angle, θ, for the modulator is equal to the angle of incidence, θi, on the modulator. Hence, R(θi,λ) characterizes the optical response of the modulator as a function of view angle, θ.
The intensity of the light coming out of the diffuser 402 is also generally a function of the viewing angle θ (and angle of incidence θi). Accordingly, as described above, the optical response of the diffuser is characterized by D(θi, θ).
For the combination of the modulator 401 and the diffuser 402, the view angle, θ, of the modulator corresponds to the angle of incidence, θi, of the diffuser. Thus, the total or net optical response of the modulator 401 as modified by the diffuser 402 (see
Using the above equation, the modified spectral reflectance R′(θ,λ) that includes the effects of the diffuser 402 can be computed. The summation is performed for a range of angles θi (i.e., for θi=0 to 90 degrees) in determining the responsivity R′(θ,λ). The result is spectral response of the display for a given view angle θ.
The spectral response of the combination of the modulator 401 and the diffuser 402 can thus be computed for a particular viewing angle and corresponding viewer position. Similarly, the spectral response for the aggregate structure comprising the modulator 401 and the diffuser 402 may be computed for multiple viewing angles and view positions to quantify color shift resulting from change in angle of view.
In one embodiment, it is desirable to define the type of overall or corrected reflectance (i.e., R′(θ,λ)) in terms of particular criteria, e.g., acceptable or unacceptable level of color shift. For example, if the color shift at a particular angle of view (e.g., 30 degrees) is 100 nanometers, it may be desirable to reduce such color shift to no more than 20 nanometers. In such a case, the uncompensated optical response R(θi,λ) of the modulator 401 having an undesirable 100-nanometer color shift (e.g., at 30 degrees) may be improved with a suitable diffuser so as to provide a resultant spectral response R′(θ,λ)) having an acceptable 20-nanometer color shift. It is worth noting that these numbers are chosen arbitrarily for illustrative purpose, and any tolerance level in color shift may be used in practice. For instance in certain embodiments, the level of tolerance in color shift characteristics may depend on intended use or planned viewing conditions.
Accordingly, the desirable optical response R′(θ,λ) is derivable from the uncompensated optical response R(θi,λ). In this case, since the optical response of uncompensated R(θi,λ) and desired R′(θi,θ) are known functions, the optical response (i.e., characteristics) for D(θi, θ) can be computed from the above equation. Since the above equation has only one unknown variable, D(θi, θ) can be determined to define the suitable diffuser for providing the desired spectral responsivity R′(θ,λ). The D(θi, θ), once solved may, for example, correspond to a diffuser having a high gain, a low gain, or a very low gain response, or other suitable characteristics.
In one embodiment, D(θi, θ) is determined by solving permutations of the equation above (e.g., solving the deconvolution). Well known mathematical and numerical methods may be employed to perform the calculations.
As is well known in the art, diffusers may be fabricated to provide a desired optical response. Accordingly, once characteristics of D(θi,θ) are determined, a suitable physical configuration and material of the diffuser 402 may then be determined to produce at least an approximation of the desired response profile D(θi,θ) such that the color shift is within a desired tolerance at the target angle. In various embodiments, the physical configuration may be determined using techniques such as are known in the art. Diffusers with selected properties are available, for example, from Nitto Denko, Osaka, Japan. Additional details regarding selecting a diffuser based on the spectral response of the interferometric modulator are discussed more fully below.
To illustrate application of this optical model, calculations for determining the spectral response R′(θ,λ) of the combination of the modulator 401 and diffuser 402 based on the known spectral response R(θi,λ) of the modulator 401 and the known optical response D(θi,θ) of the diffuser are provided.
In one embodiment, for example, the diffuser 402 is a diffuser having high gain characteristics that may be selected to reduce or compensate for the color shift.
In this example, the calculations are illustrated using only two angles of incidence for a single wavelength, are provided. In particular, the convolution is calculated for angle of incidence ranging from 0 to 10� with a step size of 10�. In practice, a larger range of angles may be used and the step size may be different. Likewise, it is to be understood that, values for various wavelengths may be identified at any particular angle of incidence (or angle of view); in this example, only 0� and 10� are being used.
Also, there are many different wavelengths at each angle of view; however only two values (0.5 and 0.9) for the wavelength, λ, are provided at 0 degrees (angle of incidence θi or angle of view) for illustration only. Similarly, two values (0.6 and 0.8) for the wavelength, λ, are provided at an angle of view of 10 degrees.
To verify that the selected diffuser 402 performs the intended color shift compensation, for example, one may compute R′(θ,λ) using the actual optical response D(θi, θ) of the diffuser 402. To determine such compensated optical response R′(θ,λ) of the modulator 401 as modified by the diffuser 402, the equation above is used to compute R′(θ,λ) at a desired angle of view. In this example, the optical response D(θi, θ) is used and it is assumed that D(0�, 10�)=0.5 and D(10�, 10�)=0.2 to compute the effect of the diffuser 402 at an angle of view 10�. It is to be recognized that these numbers have been selected arbitrarily to illustrate the principle described herein and are not limiting. Moreover, as discussed above, the convolution may be performed for a greater number of angles of incidence θi, even though in this numeric example only values at two values of θi are provided for D(θi, θ), i.e., 0.2 and 0.5.
In performing the convolution of D(θi, θ) with R(θi, λ), R′(θ,λ) can be computed at an angle of view of 10� (or at any desired angle of view, e.g., between 0� and 90�, in a like manner). In performing the convolution in this particular example, each value for D(θi, θ) that is used is obtained from the D(θi, θ) curve at the angle of view (in this example, θ=10�) for all values of θi.
As noted above, for each angle of view computation, the convolution is summed by varying θi from 0� to 90� to compute the total modified or compensated optical response R′(θ,λ) (as corrected by the diffuser 402). In this numeric example, the computation may operate as follows:
In some embodiments, the diffuser 402 may include more than one diffuser layer. In one such embodiment, the same diffuser characteristics may be selected for each of the diffuser layers. In another embodiment, different characteristics may be selected for each of the layers of the diffuser 402. In one embodiment, the diffuser characteristics of the diffuser 402 may be calculated by convolving the optical responses of each of the layers.
As further shown in
As compared to the 120 nm color shift of the modulator viewed at 50� without the diffuser layer, the diffuser layer has thus been substantially compensated for the shift in viewing angle. The peaks of the curves 530 and 540 do not shift in color substantially with changing viewing angle.
Additionally, the peaks of curves for the modulator without the diffuser that were in the infrared portion of the spectrum are in the red portion of the spectrum with the low gain diffuser. The diffuser has therefore shifted the spectral responsivity of an interferometric modulator have a peak response in the infrared to a device having a peak in a visible wavelength. Another characteristic of the effect of the diffuser is that the peak spectral reflectance of the convoluted, e.g., perceived, light signal is reduced and spread more evenly across the spectrum.
The color shift and the amount of the drop in peak reflectance may be controlled by selecting the desired wavelength and angle for the peak of the curve for a diffuser. In one embodiment, the selected diffuser may have a response that is centered about 0�. In other embodiments, the selected diffuser may have a response centered around an angle other than 0�, for example, centered at ten)(10�), twenty (20), thirty (30), forty (40), 45 (forty five), 50 (fifty), 60 (sixty), 70 (seventy), 80 (eighty) degrees, or on any other view angle.
More generally, a diffuser can be selected having specific properties that produce a desired spectral responsivity, R′(θ,λ). Examples of properties that can be varied include the shape of the optical response D(θi, θ). As discussed above, the diffuser may comprise, e.g., a non-lambertian diffuser such as a high gain, low gain, or very low gain diffuser. In the case where the optical response D(θi, θ) comprises a peak, the width of this peak can be selected. For example, peaks as measured at full width half maximum may be between about 2� to 20� wide in some embodiments or between about 20� to 120� wide or larger or smaller. Peaks widths outside these ranges are also possible. In addition, the position of this peak can be controlled. Although the high and low gain response shown in
For example, the optical responses depicted in
Since the spectral responsivity of the interferometric modulator varies with angle, different responses for different angles of incidence may be employed to redistribute the rays to achieve the desired dependency of color on view angle. Accordingly, reduced color shift may be achieved by properly distributing the light incident on the diffuser at different angles.
Thus, by selecting the different features of the optical response D(θi, θ), the desired spectral responsivity R′(θ,λ) may be obtained. Consideration of the spectral responsivity R(θi, λ) of the interferometric modulator may be used in determining the properties of such a suitable diffuser. Accordingly, a diffuser may be selected that appropriately matches the interferometric modulator so as, for example, to reduce color shift.
As described above, using techniques known in the art, the selection and/or design of the diffuser may be based on the known spectral and angular optical response of diffuser materials and architectures. In particular, the diffuser is selected or designed so that the convolution of the diffuser's optical response with that of the interferometric modulator 401 produces an optical response that decreases the color shift. Thus, the color shift as viewed from at least one target angle may be reduced to within a predetermined tolerance for a particular viewing angle and particular interferometric modulator configuration 401. The predetermined tolerance may be expressed as a number of nanometers of color shift.
Holographic or diffractive optical elements may be employed as the diffuser. The diffusers may also be computer generated. In one embodiment, the desired optical response for the diffuser is produced by selecting materials, thicknesses, and arrangement of the materials of the diffuser to produce the desired optical response for the diffuser.
In certain embodiments, the interferometric modulator has a spectral response (e.g., for viewing angles at normal incidence) that is centered in the infrared or other non-visible wavelength. Such a spectral response having mostly non-visible components may contribute to reduced color shifting. For example 50%, 60%, 70% or more of the wavelengths under a central peak that extends in the visible may be non-visible. The diffuser may shift this peak into the visible.
In certain embodiments, the diffuser may exhibit a response D(θi, θ, λ) that is a function of wavelength. In one embodiment, the diffuser includes a holographic optical element. Other types of wavelength sensitive diffusers may be employed as well.
In addition, in embodiments where a shift to the blue end of the spectrum is desired, a back light or front light may be added to provide additional intensity at desired wavelengths. The use of such frequency dependent diffuser configurations and light sources provides additional flexibility in selecting a configuration that may be viewed at a selected angle with a predetermined tolerance on color shift.
In one embodiment, the display 400 may include interferometric modulators 401 that have varying optical responses. For example, in one embodiment the display 400 includes three groups of interferometric modulators 401 having optical responses that, when the modulators 401 are matched with the diffuser 402 as disclosed herein, correspond to red, green, and blue to produce a color display. In one such embodiment, the optical response of diffuser 402 may depend on the wavelength λ of light passing through the diffuser 402. In one such embodiment, the diffuser 402 comprises a holographic optical element.
Variations in the design of the display are possible. For example, in some embodiments, a combination of several diffusers may be used to provide a display with angular color shift at a selected angle that is within a predetermined tolerance. In another embodiment, one or more diffusers may be used to provide a color shift that is within a predetermined tolerance for two, three, or a range of angles. Still other configurations are possible.
In one embodiment, an application of the interferometric modulator with diffuser is to enable encryption or obscuring of the image of a display to secure the image from unauthorized viewing. In one embodiment, the diffuser moves data from an invisible portion of the spectrum, e.g., infrared, to a visible portion of the spectrum. The diffuser may be positioned with respect to the interferometric modulator array so that authorized viewers receive light from the display through the diffuser.
Thus, in such an embodiment, the interferometric modulator produces an encrypted image and the diffuser is configured to decrypt the image. In another embodiment, the interferometric modulator array of the display has an optical response that is selected to receive input image data and produce an output image that is difficult for the human eye to perceive, for example, in which colors are shifted such that the image is obscured. The diffuser is selected to shift the colors to a produce an image with colors indicative of the input image data.
While the above detailed description has shown, described and pointed out the fundamental novel features of the invention as applied to various embodiments, it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the form and details of the system illustrated may be made by those skilled in the art, without departing from the intent of the invention. The foregoing description details certain embodiments of the invention. It will be appreciated, however, that no matter how detailed the foregoing appears, the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiment is to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive.
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|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
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|Optical film with defect-reducing surface and method for making same
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|Spread illuminating apparatus with multi-layer light conductive member
|1 Nov 2001
|13 May 2003
|Minebea Co., Ltd.
|Spread illuminating apparatus with a pair of light sources overlapped in a thickness direction of a transparent substrate
|18 Jul 2001
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|Bar-shaped light guide, beam lighting device using the bar-shaped light guide, and surface lighting device using the beam lighting device
|27 Feb 2002
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|15 Ene 2002
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|19 Ene 2000
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|Light pipe and method for producing the same
|26 Abr 2001
|9 Dic 2003
|Creo Srl
|Absolute position Moir� type encoder for use in a control system
|10 Oct 2001
|20 Ene 2004
|Iridigm Display Corporation
|Interferometric modulation of radiation
|24 May 2000
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|Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd.
|Anti-glare film and process for producing same thereof
|10 Jul 2002
|31 Ago 2004
|Minebea Co., Ltd.
|Touch panel for display device with pet film having transparent gel layer
|25 Ene 2001
|23 Nov 2004
|Zygo Corporation
|Optical systems for measuring form and geometric dimensions of precision engineered parts
|17 May 2002
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|Optical fingerprint acquisition apparatus
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|8 Feb 2005
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|Photodiffusion sheet and backlight unit using this
|5 Jul 2001
|15 Mar 2005
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|22 Ene 2004
|29 Mar 2005
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|23 Oct 2002
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|24 Jun 2004
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|Light diffusing laminated plate
|27 Mar 2003
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|Polarized light emitting device for illuminating a display
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|14 Feb 2006
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|Diffractive optical element and method of manufacture
|25 Sep 2001
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|Light source device
|19 Jun 2002
|14 Mar 2006
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|28 Mar 2006
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Resistive touch sensor having microstructured conductive layer
|7 Jun 2001
|9 May 2006
|Teijin Limited
|Biaxially oriented polyester film for light-diffusing plate and light-diffusing plate
|22 Abr 2004
|16 May 2006
|Sony Corporation
|Holographic stereogram forming apparatus
|16 Jun 2003
|6 Jun 2006
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|Back light module for flat display device
|4 Oct 2001
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|Generation of optical signals with return-to-zero format
|13 Dic 2002
|4 Jul 2006
|Digital Optics International, Corporation
|Uniform illumination system
|22 Jul 2004
|15 Ago 2006
|General Electric Company
|Light collimating and diffusing film and system for making the film
|29 Nov 2002
|29 Ago 2006
|Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.
|Hologram preparing method
|8 Nov 2002
|31 Oct 2006
|Nidec Copal Corporation
|Light-guide plate and method for manufacturing the same
|23 Mar 2005
|1 May 2007
|Digital Optics International Corporation
|High-density illumination system
|23 Jul 2003
|22 May 2007
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Liquid crystal display device
|15 Abr 2004
|29 May 2007
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Light guide panel of edge-light type backlight system and edge-light type backlight system employing the same
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|14 Ago 2007
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|Interferometric modulators with thin film transistors
|2 Nov 2005
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|Holographic printer
|6 Nov 2002
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|Liquid crystal display device using holographic diffuser
|14 Ene 2005
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|Spatial light modulator with integrated optical compensation structure
|26 Mar 2003
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|Optical interference type of color display having optical diffusion layer between substrate and electrode
|24 May 2004
|22 Abr 2008
|Optical Research Associates
|Beamsplitting structures and methods in optical systems
|3 May 2006
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|Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc.
|Electrode and interconnect materials for MEMS devices
|3 Jun 2003
|20 May 2008
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Optical member, method of fabricating the same and liquid crystal display apparatus having the same
|21 Dic 2004
|20 May 2008
|National Research Council Of Canada
|Optical off-chip interconnects in multichannel planar waveguide devices
|10 Jun 2005
|17 Jun 2008
|Idc, Llc
|Photonic MEMS and structures
|21 Feb 2006
|15 Jul 2008
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|Uniform illumination system
|29 Ene 2007
|22 Jul 2008
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|Hybrid color synthesis for multistate reflective modulator displays
|5 Ago 2005
|26 Ago 2008
|Idc, Llc
|Systems and methods for measuring color and contrast in specular reflective devices
|18 Dic 2003
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|Display including a solid state light device and method using same
|5 Jun 2003
|3 Mar 2009
|Mesa Imaging Ag
|Image sensing device and method of
|5 Abr 2007
|21 Abr 2009
|Digital Optics International Corporation
|High-density illumination system
|17 Jun 2005
|14 Jul 2009
|Idc, Llc
|Optical films for directing light towards active areas of displays
|19 Ago 2005
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|17 Feb 2006
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|Method and apparatus for providing back-lighting in an interferometric modulator display device
|21 Ene 2005
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|30 Ene 2007
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|6 Oct 2006
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|Semiconductor devices including back-surface-incidence CCD light-sensors, and methods for manufacturing same
|26 Dic 2002
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|14 Ene 2005
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|Fecha de presentaci�n
|Fecha de publicaci�n
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|Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc.
|Annulus scattering diffuser for reflective display
|Clasificaci�n de EE.UU.
|359/298, 359/291, 359/290
|Clasificaci�n internacional
|Clasificaci�n cooperativa
|Clasificaci�n europea
|10 Jun 2010
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|10 Abr 2012
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Keith McMillen Instruments announced earlier in the week the release of SoftStep, the first universal multi-touch USB/MIDI foot controller.
In this official video, KMI support tech Sarah Howe takes you on a quick tour of the technical aspects of the SoftStep.
Weighing in at just over a pound and fitting into most laptop and guitar cases, SoftStep has ten sensor keys, which go beyond the simple on and off commands by supporting five degrees of motion.
See Sonic State's Softstep introduction coverage for details.
James Lewin
Twitter @podcasting_news
First review:
05-Nov-10 12:43 PM
DJ Eric Cloutier plays with the System 700 + 808 combo


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Traffic Stops - Control your Risk Factors
Dave Smith discusses the risks of "routine" traffic stops and the dangers that they present. He illustrates how to assess the situation and mitigate these risks.
Join the discussion
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Very good for a short flash
I'm not reviewing a flash that is epic, long, beutiful, funny. I am reviewing a flash that set out to be a short flick, and has achieved it's wonderous goals. When a short flash is successful, you KNOW you've done good. I congradulate you on your work, I'm off to watch your other flash now. :) (5 4 U)
ugh... I wouldnt do that if I were you >_> I'm making a delition FLA as I write this :)
Well, well well...
... a 'clock' movie that actually is good! And I'll get a protection point!
Congradulations on the point, and many clock flashes are MUCH better then this one, but there are just too many clock n00bs I'm afraid.
Good stuff, I liked it.
Another good one from Clock Crew...although its a little short. But thats ok, good enough to stay here.
Thanks for the review.


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Deaf Smith County Forum
Forums and message boards for Deaf Smith County, TX
Deaf Smith County User Forums
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Tell us your thoughts, ask questions or create a poll!Start Discussion
What role do you think humans play in global warming?
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text: Stayed in the apartment for 10 days. Owner was helpful in making arrangements etc. Wendy and Jeff who look after the apartment were kind and helpful. Loved the sun terrace and pool-now has wifi available in pool area. Apartment was clean and well looked after. Air conditioning worked well which is what was needed in 30 degree heat. Will be... more


text:
- US agency to seek consensus on divisive, volatile topic of security vulnerability disclosures
- Ashley Madison CEO quits, company says they're adjusting to breach
- Grsecurity will stop issuing patches citing trademark abuse
- Amazon dumps Flash, and the Web is better off
- Attention whitehats, The FTC wants you to lead new privacy, security push
AFL - News, Features, and Slideshows
Etihad Stadium deploys public Wi-Fi, IPTV
Sports fans now have more ways to connect with the footie at Etihad Stadium in Melbourne after a venue-wide deployment of free Wi-Fi and an IPTV system by Cisco.
Telstra to carry out Etihad Stadium tech upgrade
Telstra (ASX: TLS) will carry out a multimillion dollar technology upgrade of the Etihad Stadium in Melbourne, including deploying 1600 IPTV-capable screens and a Wi-Fi network by February 2015.
Sydney Sixers, iiNet extend partnership for three more years
In a bid to get its name out to the average punter, iiNet has extended its partnership with T20 cricket team the Sydney Sixers for another three years.
Telstra develops AFL app for Google Glass
Australian Football League (AFL) fans who plan to buy Google Glass will be able to listen to a live commentary on their Internet-connected headset from next year.
Telstra kicks off AFL season with mobile, tablet app
Australian Football League (AFL) fans can stay in touch with the footy action on their smartphone or tablet with the release of an AFL Live Official app.
- Staples Technology Solutions hosts Western Australia ICT summit (+5 photos)
- Dicker Data on track to exceed $1b in revenue for 2015
- Inabox Group suffers $351,000 in losses after tax for FY15
- CSIRO AND NICTA collaborate for digital research powerhouse
- Mobotix A/NZ hires new business development manager


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13 of 14 people found the following review helpful
At last on dvd,
By A Customer
Verified Purchase(What is this?)
This review is from: Giacomo Puccini: Manon Lescaut - Royal Opera House 1983 [DVD] [2001] [NTSC] (DVD)
I was looking forward for this release since a long time.I saw it the first time on video and was overwhelmed by this passionate performance. Unfortunally the tape broke down. Now on DVD I hope it will last forever to enjoy it for many years.
Performance is outstanding, beautifull singing.
Video quallity is good
Sound is satisfying(AC3 2ch )It is a pitty that no LPCM track is included it would for sure improve the sound quallity!!
However this is a must for all opera lovers. Do not hesitate, buy it now it is available.
Review Details
(11 customer reviews)
�17.99 �12.56
A Customer


text:
People Power: The Secret to Success
A marketing strategy must be built on firm foundations of knowledge. Here we present a checklist of questions that will help develop an effective marketing strategy.
Promotional Strategy: Sound Your Horn
B2B organisations are increasingly challenged with reaching a global and diverse target audience. So, it's important to be aware of the cultural biases that may exist.
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Market research is all about storytelling. With this in mind, we believe that every great story - every great presentation - is built around 9 key ingredients.
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Our real time customer alerts provide a platform for customer feedback to be sent directly and instantaneously to relevant parties. Learn how you can make your brand look more responsive than the competition.
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From Aerospace to Xerography and everything in between. From the leaders of corporate companies through to hands on trades people. We almost certainly have been there already.
From qualitative to quantitative research. From advertising testing to segmentation. From branding to product development. We provide the most comprehensive range of B2B market research services of any company, anywhere.
The information provided by the B2B research was both insightful and thought provoking and the staff involved were excellent.
Excellent customer service, highly proficient technically, a great understanding of the subject matter, and superb presentation skills which brought a quite complex subject matter to life.
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Privacy Policy Copyright © 2015 B2B International. All Rights Reserved.


text:
West Loop Aerie by Scrafano Architects
This interior renovation by Scrafano Architects unifies four existing lofts into one large open living space. We located the kitchen/ eating area in the center of the space to create a central social gathering and communal area. Fireplaces are used as focal points to mark both ends of the L-shaped living space. Built-in shelves and cabinetry separate interior rooms while simultaneously connecting spaces and storing the owners' large book collection and travel treasures. The bedrooms, bathrooms, and offices are tucked upstairs under the building's original wood ceiling. New-cantilevered metal grate floors with open rails increase the upper level live/ work area and allow light to filter to the spaces below.
- Penthouse Diamante by Archetonic
- Penthouse MK by Archetonic
- Penthouse Apartment by Tellini Vontobel Arquitetura
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- Duplex Apartment in Lyon
- JODI by Hoo Interior Design & Styling
- Residence in Milan by Egidio Panzera
- Elegant Loft in Kiev by 2B Group
- Luxury European Penthouse by KNOF Design
- Park Avenue Apartment by Pier, Fine Associates


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by WND
by Anthony Gucciardi
by Economic Collapse
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On this Sunday, August 30 edition of the Alex Jones Show, we discuss the cold-blooded murder of Texas Sheriff's Deputy Darren H. Goforth, who was shot execution-style by a 30-year-old black male Friday night, only days after a group of black radicals went on a Texas internet talk-radio show and called for "lynching whites and killing cops." We'll also discuss the vicious racial attack captured on camera showing a black couple beating a white woman and how the establishment, which is now using MTV to shame white people as racist, is attempting to divide Americans and foment a race war. We'll also take your calls on today's worldwide broadcast.
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PITTSBURGH--From specification to performance, exploring the critical role of protective coatings in transmission pipelines is the subject of a new eBook from JPCL.
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A collection of archived webinars hosted by PaintSquare.com focused on coatings application.
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- Independent
- The Enterprise
- The Recorder
St. Mary's Ryken Knights freshman wrestler Jake Vosburgh saw Shane Wilson of DeMatha on the other side of the mat Saturday in the Washington Catholic Athletic Conference championship 113-pound title bout and instantly remembered earlier in the season.
Through the WCAC regular season, Vosburgh had only one loss and that one loss was delivered by Wilson in Ryken's conference opener.
Now, the stakes were higher. The stage was bigger and, fortunately for Vosburgh, the outcome was different.
After a 4-0 victory by decision over Wilson, Vosburgh earned the WCAC championship and delivered Ryken first-year head coach Matt Myers his first individual conference champion at Ryken.
"Well, winning it as a freshman is pretty cool," Vosburgh said. "I was the only one to win one [this year] from Ryken. And, as I was the first freshman to win it from Ryken ever, so I thought that was pretty cool."
Myers added about the win, "He is a freshman, a young kid and the weight class that he is in is tough. But him losing 2-0 [in the first bout] kind of set it in his head, and set it in our heads as coaches through the year, that if we lose once, the main goal is to never lose again."
Vosburgh, the No. 2 seed in the 113 bracket, had worked his way through the bracket to find Wilson as an opponent again. After wrestling the DeMatha wrestler once already, he came up with a game plan that ultimately led to the title.
"I thought that I could beat him on my feet, so I wanted to stay up there most of the time and take him down," Vosburgh said.
Myers agreed that a game plan was formed going into the championship bout.
"We knew what we had to do to win," Myers said, "and that was stay on our feet and let Jake try to take him down. Jake got two good takedowns and rode him out in the third period."
And as if the WCAC 113-pound title was not enough, Vosburgh received another special award after being named the WCAC tournament Most Outstanding Wrestler as voted by the coaches.
"That was the biggest surprise," Vosburgh said of the award. "I did not even think about it. When we were standing there, I didn't know why we were standing there, but I had no thought that I was going to win that until they announced my name."
For Myers and his coaching staff, winning a conference title and being competitive through the regular season with only 11 out of 14 weight classes filled, he believes that the program's stock has risen in just his first year.
"The kids that we do put out are quality kids," Myers said. "We have taken a step in the right direction. With Jake winning at 113, it pretty much solidified that this program is going to grow and has grown so much in the past year. … Hopefully next year, we'll have a couple more champs."
And although winning one WCAC title in a wrestler's career is well enough, Vosburgh does not want to leave well enough alone, setting his sights on higher goals as his career continues.
"It was a goal at the start of the year to win this my freshman year," Vosburgh said of the title, "but I want to try to be a four-time WCAC champ."
Corey Willis (138) and Donovan Hall (160) each earned third-place finishes for the Knights at the tournament hosted by Paul VI in Virginia.
Dustin Whittles (145) placed second, while Dillon Whittles (106) and Jake Krall (132) each finished fourth.
Ryken finished fifth overall in the tournament as a team.


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An average Mid-Career Parts Manager can expect to take home roughly $43K per year. In the world of Mid-Career Parts Managers, performance is a large component of overall compensation. Bonuses and profit sharing that occasionally exceed $12K each, along with a few commissions of nearly $21K, can cause the final number to run anywhere from $25K to $64K. The specific employer and the particular city each impact pay for this group, with the former having the largest influence. Men make up the vast majority of Mid-Career Parts Managers (84 percent) who took the survey. Not all workers are lucky enough to have benefits; in fact, around one in three are without coverage. Medical insurance is claimed by the larger part and dental insurance is reported by a little less than half. The majority of workers are highly satisfied with their job. The numbers in this rundown were provided by PayScale's salary survey participants.
The lowest salaries can be found at AutoZone, Inc. — median pay is $24K — and there is little variation in compensation, with paychecks starting at $21K and only reaching $31K.
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text:
1810 50C MS63 PCGS. O-110, R.2. An easily attributable variety, most easily distinguished by AM being joined together and M...Click the image to load the highest resolution version.
Nicely Toned MS63 O-110 1810 Half Dollar1810 50C MS63 PCGS. O-110, R.2. An easily attributable variety, most easily distinguished by AM being joined together and M being higher, the "square" centering dot on the reverse, and the scalloped inner point of star 13. Apparently a considerable number of high grade pieces of this variety were set aside in bank vaults as reserves as the Condition Census is all MS63-65 coins. This coin is well struck in the centers with occasional softness around the margins. The light, pale golden centers deepen considerably toward the rims.(#6095) (Registry values: N2998) (NGC ID# 24ET, PCGS# 6095)
Service and Handling Description: Coin/Currency (view shipping information)
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The Draped Bust Half Dollars of 1796-1797 by Jon Amato is the culmination of more than 10 years of research into the Draped Bust Small Eagle half dollar series, one of the most coveted type coins in American numismatics and one about which remarkably little has been written.
This work will be the premier reference for 1796-1797 half dollars for years to come. Institutions having an extensive numismatic library or coin cabinet will find it a valuable complement to their holdings, and catalogers charged with writing up specimens for auction can now have an indispensable source of background and pedigree information. Likewise, coin dealers seeking to purchase one or more '96 or '97 half dollars for a client or for inventory, and collectors who own, have owned, or desire to own one will want this important reference work for their libraries.
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Past two nights she's sleep 6-7 hours. Normal should I wake and feed her ? Do they sleep that long at night so early ?
How long is your 6 weeker sleeping at night
Posted 06/16/2014
I was thrilled last night when my three week old slept from 12:30-3. That felt amazing! Can't wait for a 4+ hour stretch. I'll feel like a million bucks!
Married to DH July 19, 2008
DD born June 25, 2009
DS born May 23, 2014
1 2
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Your growing child
Your 15-month-old: Week 1
Your baby is growing up fast these days, walking, talking a little, and probably even using a spoon or fork when she eats. Read More
Your 15-month-old: Week 2
Where there's a will, there's a won't. And your toddler is discovering that will, big time. Read More
Your 15-month-old: Week 3
Keys, pencils, lipstick, phones: All may be fascinating to your toddler. Read More
Your 15-month-old: Week 4
When 15-month-olds bite, it's usually because they lack the language skills to express themselves. Read More