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29 of 34 people found the following review helpful
Hellishly good!,
This review is from: The Gates: A Samuel Johnson Adventure: 1 (Hardcover)
Customer review from the Amazon Vine Programme (What's this?)
I had never heard of John Connolly, but this books sounded a bit like something that Christopher Moore would write so I though I'd give it ago!
The basic story is as follows. Samuel Johnson decides to go trick or treating a few days early and finds one of the families who live down the road (at 666 Crowley Avenue) are not too impressed by his visit. After being shooed away he cathes his neighbour dressing in magical garb and he sees then enact a magical spell that opens a gateway to hell, the original energy for this comes from the Large Hadron Collider which opens a worm hole between there and here! From there we get a wonderfully tall tale about demons trying to take over the world and Samuel and his friends trying to stop them. It's all firmly tongue in cheek and is good clean fun. It is probably aimed at children 10+ but as the father of a 9 year old I also enjoyed it. There are a few scarey moments, but nothing that takes it into the realms of being a young adult book.
It really did remind me of a Chris Moore book (but with the adult scarey bits removed), if you are a bit older you may also enjoy the following books Practical Demonkeeping (Pine Cove Series) and The Stupidest Angel: A Heartwarming Tale of Christmas Terror which run on similar themes but with more mayhem.
Review Details
Location: Manchester, England
Top Reviewer Ranking: 948


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WHO Clears 15-Minute, Easy-to-Use Test for Ebola »
"By Megan Brooks
Medscape Medical News
The World Health Organization (WHO) has approved the first rapid test for Ebola virus disease for use in hard-hit countries.
The ReEBOV Antigen Rapid Test Kit (Corgenix M"...
Read the WHO Clears 15-Minute, Easy-to-Use Test for Ebola article »
MEPRON (atovaquone) is a quinone antimicrobial drug for oral administration. The chemical name of atovaquone is trans-2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl]-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione. Atovaquone is a yellow crystalline solid that is practically insoluble in water. It has a molecular weight of 366.84 and the molecular formula C22H19ClO3. The compound has the following structural formula:
MEPRON suspension is a formulation of micro-fine particles of atovaquone.
Each 5 mL of MEPRON suspension contains 750 mg of atovaquone and the inactive ingredients benzyl alcohol, flavor, poloxamer 188, purified water, saccharin sodium, and xanthan gum.
What are the possible side effects of atovaquone (Mepron)?
Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
Call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects:
- easy bruising or bleeding, unusual weakness;
- fever, flu symptoms;
- white patches in your mouth or throat;
- worsening cough;
- bronchospasm (wheezing, chest tightness, trouble breathing);
- fever, sore throat, and headache with a severe blistering, peeling, and red skin rash; or
- nausea, loss of...
Read All Potential Side Effects and See Pictures of Mepron »
What are the precautions when taking atovaquone (Mepron)?
Before taking atovaquone, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: lung problems, liver disease, stomach disorders (e.g., long-term diarrhea, malabsorption syndrome).
This drug may make you dizzy. Do not drive, use machinery, or do any activity that requires alertness until you are sure you can perform such activities safely. Limit alcoholic beverages.
During pregnancy, this medication should be used only when clearly needed. Discuss the risks and benefits with your...
Last reviewed on RxList: 6/26/2015
This monograph has been modified to include the generic and brand name in many instances.
Mepron FDA Prescribing Information
Additional Mepron Information
Mepron - User Reviews
Mepron User Reviews
Now you can gain knowledge and insight about a drug treatment with Patient Discussions.
Here is a collection of user reviews for the medication Mepron sorted by most helpful.
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
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Home > > First Division > Achnas > Squad > Profile: Serjao
Serjao Achnas
Profile of the footballer Serjao, who currently plays as a at Achnas. The -year old player Serjao joined Achnas from and wears the number shirt.
Serjao Career
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Serjao Wiki, Stats & Links
Gordon Strachan: Scots take satisfaction at being in Euro 2016 running
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Michael O�Neill calls for hard work from Northern Ireland to make history
Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain: I�ve played through pain for the last two years
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Wales within reach of Euro 2016 finals as Gareth Bale downs Cyprus


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Shingles and Chicken Pox virus
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Water supply improves in 12 UCs: WASA
The Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) yesterday claimed improving situation of water availability in 13 union councils of the PP-06. The water supply system of the 13 urban UCs was handed over to the
The Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) yesterday claimed improving situation of water availability in 13 union councils of the PP-06. The water supply system of the 13 urban UCs was handed over to the
A new national policy is being prepared to address issues such as scarcity of water, inequities in its distribution, food insecurity and lack of unified planning and management. The policy, being prepared
Pakistan is among the lowest emitters of greenhouse gases in the world, but ranks among the highest in terms of vulnerability to climate change. Its high dependency on the Indus River system makes it particularly
PESHAWAR: The provincial government has launched a new solid waste recycling plant to bring pollution down to a minimum. This was stated in a handout issued on Monday. According to the document, this
Larkana—Flood in the lower sections of River Indus have affected over 50,000 people in Jamshoro, Sujawal, Thatta. Warnings were also issued to people living in low-lying areas and close to the river bed
ISLAMABAD: The Ministry of Climate Change has expressed reservations about the Punjab government's recent initiative of introducing inland transportation through River Indus. The provincial government
ISLAMABAD: Apart from claiming 36 lives and injuring a dozen, the recent floods in Chitral have also affected a population of around 380,000 people, the four per cent of which comprises pregnant women,
Floods across Pakistan have over the past month left at least 202 people dead and injured 157 others affecting nearly 1.5 million people, according to National Disaster Management Authority. Release of
ZURICH: Natural and manmade disasters caused $37.4 billion (34 billion euros) in economic losses during the first half of 2015, proving far less costly than in recent years, reinsurance group Swiss Re
A moderate earthquake in Afghanistan was felt across South Asia on Monday, shaking the ground in Kabul, Islamabad and New Delhi, witnesses said. The epicenter of the magnitude 6 quake was 88 kilometers


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Here we explain how to convert one value at risk (VAR) of one time period into the equivalent VAR for a different time period and show you how to use VAR to estimate the downside risk of a single stock investment.
Converting One Time Period to Another
In Part 1, we calculate VAR for the Nasdaq 100 index (ticker: QQQ) and establish that VAR answers a three-part question: "What is the worst loss that I can expect during a specified time period with a certain confidence level?"
Since the time period is a variable, different calculations may specify different time periods - there is no "correct" time period. Commercial banks, for example, typically calculate a daily VAR, asking themselves how much they can lose in a day; pension funds, on the other hand, often calculate a monthly VAR.
To recap briefly, let's look again at our calculations of three VARs in part 1 using three different methods for the same "QQQ" investment:
* We do not need a standard deviation for neither the historical method (because it just re-orders returns lowest-to-highest) or the Monte Carlo simulation (because it produces the final results for us).
Because of the time variable, users of VAR need to know how to convert one time period to another, and they can do so by relying on a classic idea in finance: the standard deviation of stock returns tends to increase with the square root of time. If the standard deviation of daily returns is 2.64% and there are 20 trading days in a month (T = 20), then the monthly standard deviation is represented by the following:
To "scale" the daily standard deviation to a monthly standard deviation, we multiply it not by 20 but by the square root of 20. Similarly, if we want to scale the daily standard deviation to an annual standard deviation, we multiply the daily standard deviation by the square root of 250 (assuming 250 trading days in a year). Had we calculated a monthly standard deviation (which would be done by using month-to-month returns), we could convert to an annual standard deviation by multiplying the monthly standard deviation by the square root of 12.
Applying a VAR Method to a Single Stock
Both the historical and Monte Carlo simulation methods have their advocates; but the historical method requires crunching historical data, and the Monte Carlo simulation method is complex. The easiest method is variance-covariance.
Below we incorporate the time-conversion element into the variance-covariance method for a single stock (or single investment):
Now let's apply these formulas to the QQQ. Recall that the daily standard deviation for the QQQ since inception is 2.64%. But we want to calculate a monthly VAR, and assuming 20 trading days in a month, we multiply by the square root of 20:
* Important Note: These worst losses (-19.5% and -27.5%) are losses below the expected or average return. In this case, we keep it simple by assuming the daily expected return is zero. We rounded down, so the worst loss is also the net loss.
So, with the variance-covariance method, we can say with 95% confidence that we will not lose more than 19.5% in any given month. The QQQ clearly is not the most conservative investment! You may note, however, that the above result is different from the one we got under the Monte Carlo simulation, which said our maximum monthly loss would be 15% (under the same 95% confidence level).
Value at risk is a special type of downside risk measure. Rather than produce a single statistic or express absolute certainty, it makes a probabilistic estimate. With a given confidence level, it asks, "What is our maximum expected loss over a specified time period?" There are three methods by which VAR can be calculated: the historical simulation, the variance-covariance method and the Monte Carlo simulation.
The variance-covariance method is easiest because you need to estimate only two factors: average return and standard deviation. However, it assumes returns are well-behaved according to the symmetrical normal curve and that historical patterns will repeat into the future.
The historical simulation improves on the accuracy of the VAR calculation, but requires more computational data; it also assumes that "past is prologue". The Monte Carlo simulation is complex, but has the advantage of allowing users to tailor ideas about future patterns that depart from historical patterns.
To read more on this subject, see Continuously Compound Interest.
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text: Home > Mental health > Brain > News 14 December 2012 Aerobic exercise boosts brain power The physical benefits of regular exercise and remaining physically active, especially as we age, are well documented. 0 Ask CyberShrink » Blog Bipolar journey » Talk Heart to heart forum » Quiz Are you a hypochondriac? » How brain injury affects you Transparent brains The physical benefits of regular exercise and remaining physically active, especially as we age, are well documented. However, it appears that it is not only the body which benefits from exercise, but the mind too. The evidence for this is published in a new review by Hayley Guiney and Liana Machado from the University of Otago, New Zealand, which focuses on the importance of physical activity in keeping and potentially improving cognitive function throughout life. Their review is published online in the Springer publication Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. A certain amount of mental deterioration is expected with advancing age. However, this may not necessarily have to be the case as particular aspects of cognitive function such as task switching, selective attention and working memory among others, all appear to benefit from aerobic exercise. Studies in older adults reviewed by the authors consistently found that fitter individuals scored better in mental tests than their unfit peers. In addition, intervention studies found scores in mental tests improved in participants who were assigned to an aerobic exercise regimen compared to those assigned to stretch and tone classes. How the study was done Interestingly, these results were not replicated in children or young adults. The one area where physical fitness or regular exercise was found to have an effect on cognitive function in these age groups was for memory tasks. Both the updating of working memory and the volume of information which could be held was better in fitter individuals or those put on an aerobic exercise regime. The authors comment that despite physical fitness not affecting all areas of cognitive function in younger people, evidence is mounting that just because they are in their prime developmentally does not mean that they cannot benefit from regular exercise. Tests included in the study In older generations, the evidence for improvement in cognitive function is insurmountable. The types of tests of cognitive function reviewed here are important in showing that exercise may attenuate age-related decline for specific tasks. For example, it has been found to positively affect mental tasks relating to activities such as driving, an activity where age is often seen as a limiting factor. The authors conclude that engagement in exercise can provide a simple means for people to optimise their cognitive function. They add that more research into the effects of exercise on young adults and children is required. However, they say that "the indications reported thus far - that regular exercise can benefit brains even when they are in their prime developmentally - warrant more rigorous investigation, particularly in the context of society becoming increasingly sedentary." (EurekAlert, December 2012) Read more: 20 proven benefits of exercise Back Pain? Try these exercises Collaboration may help couples' memory More in Mental health Multiple sclerosis linked to low vitamin D More: BrainNews advertisement Get a quote Fedhealth - What cover is right for you? Momentum - save up to 35% on healthcare advertisement Read Health24's Comments Policy Comment on this story 0 comments Add your comment Thank you, your comment has been submitted. Logout Comment 0 characters remaining Share on Facebook Logout Comment 0 characters remaining Share on Facebook Loading comments... Other news Medical Cancer sniffing dogs to aid British doctors Lifestyle South Africans may have solved solar power problem Medical Antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes risk Lifestyle Recurring nightmares: Recovery after rape Lifestyle UK health officials endorse e-cigarettes Lifestyle Nestlé accused of using slave-caught fish in cat food From our sponsors Migraines – more than just a headache Fifty and fabulous! There's something newly cool about turning 50 Keeping your skin soft, moisturised and winter-ready The health benefits of donating blood Live healthier » Novel health supplement now available in SA stores Omega Caro-E, a locally developed and patented fish oil supplement is now available in South Africa. » Reduce bladder leakages by clenching Stirling Gravitas, gold medallist at life, explains how to beat those bladder leakages!


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By Kian Terani | March 02, 2012 | Comments
Santino vs. Curt Hawkins w/ Tyler Reks
Scott Stanford and Josh Matthews welcome us to the show. Santino is hiding the cobra; the ref makes him take it off, he throws it in the crowd. The crowd chants for the cobra; Santino chases Hawkins outside with his naked hand. Arm-drag takedown by Santino. Repeated take downs by Santino. Hawkins throws him over the top rope.
Hawkins has him in a reverse chin lock. Santino fights out. Drop toe hold by Hawkins who does the trumpet. Hawkins hits a suplex for a near fall. Hawkins hits a delayed body slam. Back to a reverse chin lock by Hawkins. He whips Santino to the turn buckle, charges him, Santino moves, both men are down. They get up at the same time Santino does his punches and split maneuver; he does the Ultimate Warrior summoning-the-gods bit, Reks distracts him, Hawkins catches him with a clothesline for a near fall. Hawkins goes for a DDT, Santino flips and rolls through for the pin. Santino blows kisses from the stage to the crowd and the camera.
Winner by pin: Santino (4:30)
WrestleMania is 31 days away.
HHH/Undertaker match from last year recap.
Alicia Fox vs. Beth Phoenix
Beth is being aggressive. Beth looks for the Glam Slam, Fox counters. Beth punches her as she straddles her. She makes the cover, Fox kicks out, Beth says, "how dare you" to her, the ref and the fans. She picks up Fox by the hair and slams her back down. She does it again. She tells the ref to count, Fox kicks out. Beth is squeezing her head from behind, asking the ref to ask her if she submits. She sends her into the corner, attempts a shoulder block, Fox leaps over her and goes for a sunset flip, Beth is holding the ropes, resisting. Fox hits some forearms, Beth attempts a clothesline, Fox does the Matrix back bend then hits a drop kick. Fox does an "I am woman roar." She attempts a scissors kick to the back of Beth's head, Beth moves and grabs her and hits the Glam Slam for the pin.
Winner by pin: Beth Phoenix (2:36)
The Great Khali vs. Jinder Mahal
Matt Striker and Josh Matthews are on commentary. Mahal puts his pagri (turban) in the glass case. Once again Matthews reminds us that the color maroon is indicative of his family's high status. Khali hits a couple of huge slaps to Mahal's chest. He clotheslines him over the top rope. Mahal drives his neck into the top rope as Khali was trying to pull him back in the ring. Mahal kicks him in the corner; the crowd chants for Khali. Khali hits a big boot. He chops him and gets the pin.
Winner by pin: The Great Khali (2:38)
B.A. Star
RAW Rebound: Rock's promo.
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Good morning! After announcing that we now offer free camping to RV and motorcycle travelers on our 90 acre land, I am pleased to announce that our lovely little house is now available to rent on Airbnb!
If you are unfamiliar with the concept, Airbnb offers the possibility as a host to rent your extra room or the whole house if you are away on holidays, and as a traveler to stay with locals or rent a place for a short time when you visit a new destination. You can read my review here and a pros and cons list of Airbnb versus Couchsurfing there.
I had a bit of a hiccup at first when Google maps wouldn't place our address correctly so a couple of people inquired but didn't lead to a sale as you really need to have your own transportation to get there. Or plan on spending a week just relaxing and laying in a hammock by the lake, which many sunbirds do during the winter months. Our friends who own hotels nearby often receive US or Canadian retirees who stay there for a month and then rent a car for the day to explore Maya ruins.
So if you are going to Guatemala for the holidays and plan on visiting the ruins of Tikal, Yaxha or the lovely colonial town of Flores, check out our listings!
Rent a full house, sleeps 6, with private beach on Lake Peten Itza
You can check the ad here, in this case we would leave the house for your private use with our gardener/handyman and the maid to take care of you. The can prepare meals of fresh lake fish, locally grown steak and pork, or a traditional Guatemalan breakfast.
Rates start at $150 per night for up to six people.
Rent by the room
Room 1 click here to see the ad is the big new room that we just built, it sleeps two, has its private bathroom, AC, and lake views. The rates start at $85 per night for two.
Room 2 click here to see the ad is a smaller, simpler room that shares a bathroom with room 3, it has two single beds and sleeps two. The rates start at $35 per night for two.
Room 3 click here to see the ad is a yet smaller, simple room that shares a bathroom with room 2, it has one double bed and sleeps two. The rates start at $35 per night for two.
We can cook too
You are free to use the kitchen with any booking but will need to bring your food over from Flores (20 miles away) or rely on the village's very basic shop. We can arrange for meals to be cooked for you, breakfast is $4, lunch or dinner is $10, we try to get fresh white fish from the lake, or will serve meat, side, salad and dessert as well as a beer or soda.
We got our first booking!
A couple of weeks after putting the ad online, I received our first booking. A family of 4 will come between Christmas and New Year. It is kind of perfect as we can go away for the holidays and leave them their privacy. Will we have another inquiry later on to rent the house for a full week and end up having to pass, maybe but first come first serve.
Please spread the word!
This post was featured on the Lifestyle Carnival, The Frugal Farmer, Young Adult Money, Eyes on the Dollar, thank you!
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Wedding Album
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A story about a dog!4.35 / 5.00 8,019 Views
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Ratings based on 7 Verified Reviews
They paid and stayed. We double-checked.
4.0 Room cleanliness
3.6 Service & staff
3.7 Room comfort
3.4 Hotel condition
They paid and stayed.
We double-checked.
We double-checked.
for Couplesby A verified traveler
Keine EmpfehlungPosted Feb 25, 2015 on Hotels
Zimmer roch sehr muffig und feucht. Sehr eng alles und die schwarzen Schrankfronten erdrücken einen.
for Getaway With Friendsby Natalie Eadie from Dubai, UAE
Perfect LocationPosted Sep 29, 2014 on Hotels
July not describe this as a hotel, it is an apartment, with a kitchen and a living room. It was large and spacious, so much more than we expected. It is a short walk onto campus and down into town, could not have asked for a better sport. The only complaint was that it was very loud and we struggled to sleep. But I suppose that is the price you pay in a university town, if you want to be in the thick of it.
for Personal Eventby Murison
Posted Aug 19, 2014 on Hotels
Recommendedby Carlos from München
Tolles Appartment HotelPosted Apr 26, 2014 on Hotels
Tolles Appartment Hotel
Recommendedby 4 girls in SA from London
An OK stay with a few surprisesPosted Feb 19, 2014 on Hotels
We booked Life and Leisure Guest House and did not realise when making the booking that we would in fact be staying across the road in an apartment block without a key to access the lovely pool and reception area in the guest house. There were a few confusions over requesting twin rooms and getting double rooms - in the end this was not a big deal, but what was a big deal was not having functioning air conditioning in one of the rooms. We had to chase and chase to try to get this fixed but to no avail. We ended up all four staying in one room - not ideal. Eventually the guest house did compensate us for all the problems, but it took a lot of perseverance. The guest house itself looked lovely and it's in a great location. I think we may have been unlucky with our experience.
for Business Travelersby P from UK
ExcellentPosted Feb 9, 2014 on Hotels
Great hotel, staff and breakfast was nice. The room was perfect for my needs and overall the hotel is very good!
for Business Travelersby Mohamdd Y
Posted Dec 15, 2013 on Hotels


text:
Helpful (9)
"Slave drivers "
Amazon.com is a great brand name for your resume - everyone will think your retail and/or cloud genius.
They are cheap, cheap, cheap, and expect you to work 24x7. They're so cheap that managers get little to no training, which is reflected in their immature management style (e.g. "you stay late while I go home," "plans, what are those?"). Those that have risen through the ranks at Amazon are part of a "good'ol boy" network (e.g. there is an all you can eat chicken wing circle that is exclusively men because what woman would want to stuff her face in front of co-workers?) and seem to lack the skills to succeed in comparable positions elsewhere - but hey, Amazon isn't the worst place to be stuck ;-)
Advice to Management
Communicate more, and get off your duffs and do something.
Other Employee Reviews for Amazon.com
Helpful (2)
"A place where every one would like to work.. "
RecommendsApproves of CEO
- Work/Life Balance
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No Dress Codes. They will never kick you out unless or until you're not inclines toward that. You'll always remain visible. No bias. Fair Decisions. Best management team. Awesome strategies. Tech oriented. No website restrictions. You can listen music. A lot of fun activities. Home to office pick up and drop. Floor walk done by senior management every day. Earth's most customer-centric company
You'll have to prepare yourself for any kind of assignment. Coffee machines are not as good as Facebook and Google. Frugality is the main principle. Ubuntu will be the working environment.
Advice to Management
They should always listen to the lower level employees because they are dealing with customers and they can give better suggestions than any otherone.
Helpful (1)
"Nice company to work for "
No opinion of CEO
- Work/Life Balance
- Career Opportunities
- Comp & Benefits
- Senior Management
Compensation, talented people to work with
On-call rotation, work-life balance, hiring bar fluctuation


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- Edward Aschoff, ESPN Staff Writer
- 0 Shares
- Comment
Coming out of high school in 2012, Kelvin Rainey was seen as someone who could have success on both sides of the ball. He played tight end at Yulee High in Florida, but it looked like his potential might be the highest at linebacker.
This spring, he's really getting a chance to test that theory after he was moved to weakside linebacker. Rainey redshirted last year in order to get bigger, stronger and more acclimated to college life, and was listed as a tight end. But with the Gamecocks losing their two-deep at each linebacker spot, the coaches felt he could help the team out more at linebacker.
"I told [coach Steve Spurrier] that I'd do whatever it takes to help the team out," Rainey told members of the media following Tuesday's practice.
So far, he hasn't disappointed.
Through the Gamecocks' first six practices, Rainey has registered five interceptions and appears to be getting more comfortable at his new position. His pure athleticism helps, but the fact that he used to play on offense has really come in handy. With that offensive mindset, he's able to tell if a play is going to be a run or a pass most of the time. It's kind of an unfair advantage for the youngster.
While he's coming along and adapting more and more in the short time he's shared reps at the weakside position, Rainey admits it was tough to move away from offense. There's more glory that comes with making a big offensive play and scoring touchdowns, but he's hoping to generate the same excitement on the defensive side of the ball this fall.
"It was hard, really," Rainey said of moving away from offense. "It's nothing like scoring a touchdown or getting the crowd [excited] out there, knowing that you're out there making plays to help your team win the game. But I can do the same thing, getting those interceptions. I can do the same thing scoring a touchdown out there [on defense]."
Rainey said he's been getting a lot more reps at linebacker than he did last year at tight end, but he really hasn't received much feedback from linebackers coach Kirk Botkin on how he's looked. Rainey said he's still in the learning process, so he isn't bothered by the lack of communication with his coach, but he expects his play to garner a little more attention soon.
"I'm still messing up out there," he said. "This is only my third week of practice, really. There are still things that I have to get done out there, but by the end of the day, I'll make him change his mind."
Jim McElwain's quarterback teaching put to the test
14hEdward Aschoff
Nick Saban not in a rush to name Alabama's starting QB
18hAlex Scarborough
Auburn newcomers fit right in with their bleached blonde hair
19hGreg Ostendorf
Freshmen refresher: 2015 OLs to know
17hGerry Hamilton
LSU freshman running backs battling for playing time
20hDavid Ching
SEC: Best offensive line recruiting class
2dDerek Tyson
SEC: Best wide receivers recruiting class
2dDerek Tyson
Take Two: Who will have better first year, John Chavis or Will Muschamp?
2dSam Khan and Greg Ostendorf
Freshmen refresher: 2015 QBs to know
2dGerry Hamilton
Top breakout players in 2015: Nos. 20-11
2dTravis Haney
Rainey adjusting to move to linebacker


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Carbohydrate metabolism 2
1. Carbohydrate metabolismThe metabolism of the sugars found in our food is discussed in all textbooks and Iwill not take up all of the details here. The points I do wish to discuss areconcerned with maintenance of blood sugar levels under differing physiologicalconditions. How do we start up storage of glucose after a meal? How do wepreserve blood glucose levels between meals? What are the differences inmetabolism of common sugars in various organs?Transport of Glucose in and out of theLiverThe whole thing begins with transport of sugars over tissue membranes. These"small" sugars (glucose, fructose and galactose) are so large that they cannotcross cell membranes without "carriers". Sugar carriers are proteins embedded inthe cells outer membrane that provide transport systems for monosaccharides.The glucose transport protein family (called GLUT) is discussed elsewhere inMedBio. Click here for more information. The point to note now is that thesecarriers are bidirectional; they can transport glucose both into and out of cells.The direction of movement is determined by the concentrations of glucose in andoutside of the liver cell. This is illustrated in the figure above. 1
Drawing "1" shows the situation when the portal blood and the liver cell haveequal concentrations of glucose; sugar moves in both directions simultaneously.This may seem to be wasteful, but gears the system to react to small changes inglucose concentration.The second drawing shows what happens when blood glucose tends to fall.Glucose production in the liver accelerates and the net flow of glucose is outward,stabilizing the blood sugar level. This is extremely important. The total amountof sugar present in the blood can support resting activity for about 40 minutes.Just walking increases glucose use to a point where the entire blood content isused up in about 15 minutes. Since mental activity is completely dependentupon stable blood glucose levels, there must be a way of evening out bloodglucose levels. This is one of the major duties of the liver. On a short-termbasis, this is the only organ capable of replacing blood sugar used by otherorgans. Click here for the details.Following a meal, the portal blood sugar level increases. This is shown in thethird drawing where we see that the liver rapidly takes up glucose from theblood. Once again, the liver stabilizes blood sugar. In principle, this two-wayflow of glucose can forego in most tissues. However, only the liver and kidneysare sugar producers and export of glucose occurs only in these tissues. Most ofour organs are sugar-burners, taking up glucose from the blood and using it forenergy production.What determines this limit on release of glucose from most of the body? Whycannot skeletal muscles release glucose from their large glycogen stores? Thesecret is that uptake of sugars to our organs involves immediate phosphorylationat either carbon 1 or 6. The phosphorylated sugar derivatives cannot "leak" outof the cell. There is no mechanism for their cross-membrane transport.Once sugars are phosphorylated they stay put!What is the key to production of glucose in the liver and kidneys? These organsproduce a specific enzyme, glucose-6-phosphatase, that cleaves the glucose-phosphate bond. Regulation of the balance between phosphorylating anddephosphorylating enzymes is crucial and determines the net direction of uptakeand release of glucose in these organs. 2
Regulation of sugar phosphorylationAs stated above, monosaccharides enter metabolism through phosphorylation.That is, they react with ATP and a kinase to yield phosphorylated derivatives.Those small structural differences we noted between the three monosaccharidesfound in our food determine which enzyme initiates sugar metabolism. Glucosecan be phosphorylated by either hexokinase or glucokinase. The former isinvolved in the cells energy metabolism. Glucokinase is implicated in eitherenergy storage or in glucose-signaling systems. Fructose metabolism is initiatedthrough fructokinase while galactokinase is the first enzyme involved in galactosemetabolism. 3
All organs exhibit hexokinase activity. As the name implies, this enzyme isrelatively nonspecific and can react with most 6-carbon sugars. However, itsaffinity for these sugars varies with their structure. Hexokinase reacts stronglywith glucose at levels found in plasma and tissues. While it in principle cancatalyze phosphorylation of fructose and galactose, its affinity for these is quitelow. This excludes active handling of fructose and galactose by hexokinase at theconcentrations of these found in our bodies. Hexokinase is product-inhibited.That is, if the glucose-6-phosphate formed by the enzyme is not rapidly removed,hexokinase activity promptly falls. Hexokinase is well-adapted as the firstenzyme in tissues utilizing glucose as an energy source, but not as the initiator ofenergy storage in the liver. We find, therefore, specialized kinases in the liver tohandle all three of the sugars found in food. The following table summarizes thedistribution and substrate specificity of the kinases involved in the initiation ofsugar metabolism. Note that glucokinase is found in tissues that require a"glucose sensing system". Ill come back to this under a discussion of insulinsecretion.Note also that it is the liver that has fructokinase and galactokinase activity. Theliver is the only organ that actively metabolizes these sugars. I will take upreplacing table sugar with fructose later but you can see now that fructose is asubstrate for hepatic metabolism alone. Aside from sperm, no other organ hasan active fructokinase. No other organ is perfused with concentrations of fructoselarge enough to allow reaction with hexokinase. The liver very effectivelyremoves absorbed fructose from the portal blood. In fact, this is necessary foruptake of fructose in the gut. Remember that transport there is passive, relyingon a steep concentration gradient to drive fructose uptake. Fructose is not adirect energy source for muscles and the brain as many of its producers claim.These tissues rely on the hexokinase catalyzed phosphorylation of glucose for 4
energy metabolism. Sorry, but you do not become stronger and smarter byeating fructose.Glucose metabolism and glucokinaseLet us take up glucokinase first. This enzyme is specific for glucose and is notinhibited by its product, glucose-6-phosphate. While glucokinase has a high Km(low affinity) for its substrate, it reacts strongly with glucose at theconcentrations found in portal blood after a carbohydrate meal. The Km of theliver enzyme, around 10-12 mmolar, lies above fasting blood glucose levels. Thismeans that glucokinase activity is "turned on " by the glucose in portal bloodfollowing a meal (10-30 mmolar), and is "turned off" after glucose from the mealis absorbed. Remember, a major function of the liver is to release glucose whenblood sugar levels begin to fall. Liver has an enzyme (glucose-6-phosphatase)that cleaves phosphate from glucose-6-phosphate, yielding free glucose. Thebalance between glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase slides back and forth,increasing uptake to the liver when the level of blood glucose is high, andreleasing glucose when blood glucose falls. It was commonly believed that thisKm-steered regulation of glucokinase was the key to understanding glucoseuptake and release in the liver. However, we now know that a much morerefined mechanism controls glucokinase activity.Translocation of glucokinase betweencytosol and nucleusHepatic glucokinase has a high Km and this will serve as a "switch" to activate andinactivate the enzyme. But, think about the situation which evolves when bloodglucose tends to fall. Glucose is synthesized from stored glycogen and throughgluconeogenesis. The cytoplasmic concentration of glucose must rise if the livershall export sugar and this would "turn on" glucokinase, drive forwardphosphorylation and spoil the system. And that at a time when glucokinase mustbe inactivated to allow glucose dephosphorylation and export. So, how do westop glucokinase activity? 5
One of the best ways to "turn off" an enzyme is to put it away. Just move theprotein to a compartment where it is not needed and inactivate it by binding to aparking place! Several publications during the past few years have shown thatglucokinase is translocated to the liver cells nucleus when plasma glucoseconcentrations approach fasting levels (around 5mmoles/l). It is bound there toa glucokinase regulatory protein called GKRP. Release and translocation back tothe cytosol is stimulated by increases in plasma glucose, trace amounts offructose, and insulin. This translocation system may well be dominant indirecting glucose flow in and out of the hepatocyte. The following figure is takenfrom "Regulation of Hepatic Glucose Metabolism by Translocation of Glucokinasebetween the Nucleus and the Cytoplasm in Hepatocytes", Y. Toyoda et. al., HormMetab Res 33, 329-336 (2001). The bright areas in the pictures areimmunofluoresent areas in hepatocytes in culture. The fluorescence comes fromglucokinase. Clearly, the enzyme moves from the nuclei to the cytosol whenglucose levels in the surrounding medium is increased from 5 to 25 mmol/liter.Small amounts of fructose greatly promote this transfer.While the total GK activity (cytoplasmic plus nuclear activity) was not alteredafter incubation with glucose, the enzyme migrated from the nuclei to the cytosolin these cells. Inclusion of fructose at very low levels led to increasedcytoplasmic glucokinase at 5 mM, and appeared to give a total transfer to the 6
cytosol in the presence of 25 mM glucose. The GK-GKRP complex was previouslyshown to disassociate in the presence of fructose-1-phosphate. I believe thatthese are the first pictures showing a simultaneous translocation from nuclei tothe cytosol.The time course of this migration has been recently investigated by Chu et al.Look up "Rapid Translocation of Hepatic Glucokinase in Response toIntraduodenal Glucose infusion and Changes in Plasma Glucose and Insulin inConscious Rats, Am J Physiology (in press 01.04) for details. The next figure,taken from that work with permission from Dr. Shiota, clearly shows thatmigration from the liver cells nucleus occurs rapidly and within the time intervalrequired to participate in the observed increases in hepatic glucokinase seen aftera meal. While GKRP remained in the nucleus, the GK moved to the cytoplasmfollowing perfusion of fasted rats with glucose. Significant increases were notedafter only 10 minutes. This corresponds well with the time course of glucokinaseactivation in these animals.In summary, glucose , insulin and fructose control the activity of glucokinasethrough translocation in liver cells. Storage of active enzymes and carriers as amethod of metabolic control has been well-documented previously with respect tothe insulin-sensitive glucose carrier GLUT4. 7
Fructose Metabolism and its Influenceon Glucose MetabolismOne of the strange things here is the role of fructose. Why is fructose such astrong signal for release of glucokinase. Remember, glucokinase is "notinterested" in reacting with fructose. It is specific for glucose. The enzymerequired to initiate fructose metabolism, fructokinase, is only found in quantity inthe liver (and sperm cells). Furthermore, it is not under metabolic control. Iffructose comes to the liver, it will be taken up and very quickly metabolized!Carbohydrate metabolism starting from glucose or galactose proceeds understrict control; fructose is in a special class! We are "constructed" to conserveenergy. The rapid entry of fructose into glycolysis leads to fatty acid synthesis inthe liver. Because fructose metabolism "fills" glycolysis with substrate at a veryhigh rate, frequent use of sucrose (remember sucrose is a dimer of fructose andglucose) or fructose promotes fat production. Plasma triglyceride levels areincreased by the ingestion of large amounts of sugar. There is a correlationbetween sugar consumption, high plasma lipid levels and atherosclerosis.Starch, which yields glucose during digestion, has been a main energy source formankind since the agricultural revolution 8000-10000 years ago. Fructose isfound in small quantities in many fruits and honey. The amount of fructose in ourdiets was far lower than starch-derived glucose found in the food we have eatenfor thousands of years. Combine an apple (5-7% fructose) and some wheat,potatoes or corn, and you get translocation of glucokinase and an active glucosemetabolizing system (with a little fructose taken along for the ride). Fructoseseems to have acted as a signal substance, used to activate glucose metabolism.Fructose in our dietCommercial production of fructose began in Finland in1969. Since then it hasbecome "modern" to exchange fructose for sugar to cut down on the caloric content of sweetened food. Fructose is sweeter than sucrose. But, it is the 5-ring form of fructose that is sweet, the 6-ring form tastes about the same as usual table sugar. Unfortunately, warming fructose leads to formation of the 6- ring form. Sweetening coffee and tea and baking cakes with fructose requires just about as much of this sugar as sucrose to get the same taste. Baking is also difficult as one needs to use about the same amount of fructose as table sugar and it burns at lower temperatures. By the way, shifting out sucrose with less fructose may reduce total calorie intake, but it increases fructose consumption. Statistics from the USA suggest that people 8
do not cut back sugar use when they use fructose. They seem to choose sweeterfood! Remember, half of table sugar is fructose, all of fructose is fructose! Thatexcess fructose will be largely converted to fat!The new sweetener, high fructose cornsyrup (HFCS)While consumption of sucrose has actually fallen in the USA, the use of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) has increased markedly during the past 30 years.Conservative estimates suggest that 16 % of the energy intake of averageAmericans is fructose. HFCS contains either 42 % or 55 % fructose. This isproduced from corn through hydrolysis of starch. The resulting glucose syrup isthen isomerized to the sweeter high fructose syrup enzymatically. High fructosecorn syrup is widely used today in commercial production of soft drinks, breakfastcereals, baked goods and condiments. As we can see from the following figurefrom Elliott et.al., total sugar consumption has increased in the USA during thepast 30 years despite a real fall in sucrose consumption. The decreased use ofsucrose is more than balanced by substituting fructose for sugar in commercialfood production. The global distribution of soft drinks, breakfast cereals and fastfood is leading to similar increases in sugar consumption in many areas.Fructose does not cause insulin release from beta cells, as these lackfructokinase. One of the results of this is that fructose consumption does notdampen appetite. This may lead to increased caloric intake with obesity and themetabolic syndrome as a result. You can read more about fructose, weight gainand insulin resistance in an excellent article by Elliott et al, Am J Clin Nutr 76,911-922 (2002). Just click here if you have access to a library. 9
In the next 3 figures I will try to clarify this fructose business. First, rememberthat sugars do not just diffuse through the hepatocytes plasma membrane.There must be a carrier there or they "cannot come in". That carrier is GLUT2.This glucose transport protein reacts with both fructose and glucose.Let us take up interaction with glucosefirst.Once again, recall that glucose transporters carry sugar down a concentrationgradient. If glucose concentration is high in portal blood, the liver will take upglucose. This will be stored as glycogen which can later be used to replace bloodsugar. Part of the glucose load is oxidized completely to CO2 and drives ATPproduction. Excess carbohydrates are converted to fatty acids and exported astriglycerides. The trace of fructose found in food gives F-1-P and this serves aspart of the glucokinase activating system. Thus, low levels of fructose, judged bytodays urban standards, activate uptake and metabolism of glucose. 10
Falling levels of glucose in the blood flowing through the liver favor glucoseexport, shown in the next figure. Hormone activation of hepatic gluconeogenesisand glycogenolysis lead to increased hepatic glucose concentrations and export ofglucose. The direction is determined through allosteric and hormonal control ofthe enzymes involved. The final actors in this picture are glucokinase andglucose-6-phosphatase. Recall that release of glucose from the liver demandsstopping glucokinase activity. As I hope I have explained above, glucokinaseactivity is controlled to a large degree by "parking" the enzyme in thehepatocytes nucleus (or nuclei; they are often binuclear). The absence offructose in the portal blood assures minimal F-1-P concentrations: Glucokinasecan be "parked" in the cells nucleus. 11
Sugar and Fructose metabolismSo, what happens if we consume large quantities of table sugar (sucrose) or highfructose corn syrup? The body responds to the glucose content of the meal in theusual manner; insulin secretion increases and glycogen and lipid metabolismproceed as would be expected. However, fructose uptake and phosphorylationoccurs at the same time, providing additional substrate for these anabolicprocesses. Remember that fructose does not stimulate insulin secretion. Thehormonal steering of metabolism applies only to that induced by glucose. Theexcess substrate from fructose is poured into fat synthesis which is stimulated bythe insulin released in response to simultaneously consumed glucose.The liver has a huge capacity for the uptake and phosphorylation of fructose. Thephosphorylation capability is about twice that of the glucose phosphorylationsystem. We find large increases in uptake and metabolism of fructose withincreased sugar levels in portal blood. In individuals with fructose intolerance wefind an increase in fructose-1-phosphate due to the fact that fructokinase activitycan exceed that of aldolase B. This special aldolase is required to cleave F-1-P todihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde. The fructose taken up cannotbe stored as such. It is converted to intermediates in glycolysis WHICH COMEAFTER THAT ALL-IMPORTANT CONTROL POINT, PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE 1. Sowhat? Well, some of that fructose winds up as glycogen and glucose. That is ok;we need glucose in the blood. The rest of the fructose rushes through pyruvate,is transferred to mitochondria, and finally converted to fatty acids and exportedfrom the liver as triglycerides.That fat formation is a major problem. People that consume large amounts ofsugar seem to demonstrate increased plasma triglyceride levels. This is quiteparallel to eating large quantities of saturated fats. While the mechanisms here 12
are not completely clarified, there is good reason to believe that increased plasmatriglyceride are a moment in development of atherosclerosis and CVD.So, why do we have such an active fructose metabolism in the liver? Speculationagain, but an interesting hypothesis is that traces of fructose in the bloodperfusing the liver indicate consumption of carbohydrates and a need forglucokinase release and activation. As is the case in many other physiologicalsystems, it may well be that a combination of hormonal and allosteric factorssteer the bodys reactions. Fructose may have initially been a signal stuff. The"new" today is that it has become a major energy source in the diet.To summarize and Speculate a little:Control of the ratio of glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase activity is essentialfor regulation of the livers uptake and release of glucose. Control of the bloodglucose level is vital for mental processes. In fact, a 50% cut in blood glucoselevels leads to dizziness, nausea and eventually loss of consciousness.Our diet through thousands of years included starches as the major carbohydratesource and fructose as a sweet extra in fruits and honey. Remember, progressionto the "hunter stadium" came long after development of the first humanoids. Youcan click here to find more information about this. A very active conversion ofthat limited fructose to fructose-1-phosphate (not 6-phosphate) appears to havebeen elemental in regulation of hepatic glucokinase and glucose metabolism. Theepidemic growth of overweight, diabetes type 2, hypertension and CVD in urbansocieties around the globe today may well have our exceedingly high sugarconsumption as a major underlying factor. We were simply "not made" to eat25% of our food in the form of sugar. Changing to fructose will not help!Table sugar and fructose used as a "spice" also provide excess calories andresulting obesity. Perhaps the most important thing to remember here is thatexcessive chronic sugar intake can lead to increased plasma fatty acidconcentrations with the danger of developing atherosclerosis. In susceptibleindividuals this may lead to metabolic syndrome and associated diabetes type 2,hypertension, and damage the kidneys. For a deeper discussion of the metabolicsyndrome click here. 13
Hereditary fructose intolerance diseaseAs stated above, hepatic fructose metabolism is quite rapid. That is, the initialstep, phosphorylation by fructokinase is rapid. Further metabolism of fructose isdependent upon aldolase B. Normally, fructose consumption leads to a rapid fluxinto glycolysis at the triose phosphate level, enhancing gluconeogenesis,glycolysis and triglyceride synthesis. However, individuals who have reducedlevels of aldolase B exhibit so-called fructose intolerance. They build upexcessively high hepatic fructose-1-phosphate levels, trapping inorganicphosphate and reducing ATP synthesis accordingly. In these people, fructose isnot a good substrate for glycolysis or gluconeogenesis.While the statistics on this are not clear, it appears that somewhere between 1 in10,000 to 1 in 50,000 persons exhibit fructose intolerance. Declining ATP levelsinterfere with many of the livers functions, among these are ureogenesis andgluconeogenesis. You can get more information about fructose intolerancesyndrome by clicking here. 14
To summarize, reducing calorie intake by using fructose instead of sucrose doesnot give big winnings. And there is that fat synthesis business. And, not leastimportant, metabolism of fructose happens in the liver. One does not get extraand long-lasting energy from fructose as suggested on some fructose packages!Muscles and the brain get energy from fructose only after the liver has convertedfructose to glucose or fat.Galactose metabolismCarbohydrates in food give us only three monosaccharides that are taken up fromthe intestine and metabolized further. Go back to the chapter on the structure ofsugars to review this (its just a click away). Remember, sucrose (table sugar)gives us equal amounts of glucose and fructose, lactose (milk sugar) gives equalamounts of galactose and glucose.Galactose is almost identical to glucose; remember it is only the position of thehydroxy group on carbon four that differs here. That "little" difference is enoughto markedly reduce binding of galactose to hexokinase. A specific enzyme,galactokinase, is essential to initiate galactose metabolism. Galactokinase reactswith galactose and gives us galactose-1-phosphate. There is no direct oxidativepathway for galactose-1-P. It has to be converted to an intermediate in glucosemetabolism to come further. We have an activated form of glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose (UDPG) that reacts with gal-1-P. UDPG has a glucose-1-P"tail". Using UDPG-gal-1-P transferase, we simply exchange that "tail" with gal-1-P and convert the Gal-1-P to glucose-1-P. Another enzyme, UDPGal-UDPGisomerase "wins" back that UDPG for us and the process can start up again. 15
Unlike fructose metabolism, glucose and galactose metabolism are subject toprecise allosteric and hormonal control. Metabolism of these sugars goesthrough phosphofructokinase and FDPase, two enzymes under exacting hormonaland allosteric control.The metabolism of galactose is usually non-problematic for those of us who havelactase (the enzyme which splits lactose). All of the others (about 90% of theworlds adult population) are lactose intolerant and cannot consume milk and milkproducts unless these are fermented first. Recall that lactase is a very specialenzyme, the only one we have that can split the ß-sugar bond. No lactase, nohydrolysis of milk sugar. That means that lactose will be sent to the largeintestine giving "explosive diarrhea".Galactose intolerance does occur in children lacking either galactokinase or theconverting enzyme galactose-1-phopshate-UDPG transferase. In the latter case,phosphorylated galactose levels build up in the liver, trapping inorganicphosphate and preventing ATP production. This will "knockout" liver functionsand lead to low blood sugar levels and brain damage all too quickly. All newbornbabies are controlled for galactosemia during the first few days of life. They areswitched from a milk diet to one based on sucrose if they have excessive plasmagalactose. 16
There is something strange aboutlactate...We usually think of pyruvic and lactic acids as normal end products of glycolysis.Release of lactate follows increased energy utilization, especially in skeletalmuscles. Anaerobic glycolysis is something that extra work brings forth. Whatwe often neglect is that some tissues serve as "lactate producers" with theintention of nourishing others.Perhaps the easiest to understand here are erythrocytes. After all, they do nothave mitochondria and cannot oxidize glucose to CO2. Furthermore, glycolysis inthese cells is largely inefficient. Erythrocytes produce (and require) 2-3bisphosphoglycerate in amounts about equal to their hemoglobin content. Whilethis gives control over oxygen-binding to hemoglobin it precludes a netproduction of ATP. Erythrocytes can take up and metabolize quantities of glucosewithout the inhibitory effects of high ATP levels. What happens to all thatlactate? It just so happens that our kidneys thrive on lactate and devour asmuch as the red cells produce. Check the following diagram taken from thechapter about insulin. Almost 10% of the carbohydrate content of a normal mealwings up as lactate which is used as an energy substrate in the kidneys. About2-3 g per hour are used here and most goes to aerobic metabolism and ATPproduction. This is a rather simple case and is perhaps not so exciting. Lets lookat brain metabolism for some action! 17
Lactate metabolism in the brainWe have all learned that the brain (and spinal cord and retina) require a steadysupply of glucose. These tissues have little or no glycogen; lack of glucose is justabout as damaging as an oxygen cut in the CNS. Even under starvation, thebrain must cover about 50% of its energy needs from blood sugar. ß-OHbutyrate and acetoacetate can supply only half of the substrate required. Why?The blood-brain-barrier protects the brain from most substances in plasma. Evenfatty acids are excluded here. And, in a way, glucose is among the excludedgoodies. That is, most of the glucose that crosses the blood-brain-barrier nevercomes over the barrier (or glia cell). The next figure, taken from a publication byTsacopoulou and Magistretti (click here if you are connected to a library) explainsthis phenomenon.The blood-brain-barrier is comprised of glia cells, primarily astrocytes. A smallfraction of the glucose released from capillaries wanders directly to nerves andsynapses. However, most is "trapped" in astrocytes and oxidized to lactate bythese cells. Lactate goes further into the brain and nourishes the brainsneurons. This seems to be especially important for glutamatergic neurons whichcomprise much of the brain. The astrocytes also efficiently pick up releasedglutamate, convert this to glutamine, and send the product back to glutamatergicneurons where it continues to cycle as a neurotransmitter. The axons do notcontain glycogen and are, therefore, completely dependent upon the lactate sent 18
from astrocytes to maintain ATP levels. Astrocytes and other glia cells appear tohave some glycogen which can serve as a very short-term source of lactate.So the answer to the preceding question is that much of the brain is dependentupon lactate from glia cells to provide substrate for aerobic energy production;ketone bodies cannot cover their substrate requirements. One can reduceglucose consumption and use ketone bodies during starvation. However, someneurons must have lactate and the brain must continue to use blood sugar.Testicles too...We find the same sort of work division in the testicles. Here, the sertoli cellsenclose the seminiferous tubules, effectively shielding them from the circulationand direct uptake of glucose. This resembles the brain and the blood-brain-barrier. Substrates for energy metabolism in the tubules are delivered by thesertoli cells. These take up glucose, convert it to lactate, and send this further tothe tubules. The lactate serves as the substrate of choice for spermatogenesis. 19
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If you are looking for classic clean, you are destined for the dome! The classic look of the Dome-Top waste receptacle with the convenience of a step-on opening mechanism. The smooth operating foot pedal provides access to the spring action, tapered door. The wide bottom edge is resistant to corrosion and is designed to protect floors. Includes a heavy-duty galvanized steel liner. Steel receptacle has a powder coat finish, with a polished chrome door. Meets or exceeds OSHA requirements for waste receptacles.
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|Product Type: Trash bin
|Shape: Round
|Room Use: Office
|Powder Coated Finish: Yes
|Hardware Finish: Powder coated
|Primary Material: Steel
|Number of Items Included: 1
|Fire Resistant: No
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Lid Included: Yes
|Opening Mechanism: Step On
|Automatic Sensor: No
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Liner Included: Yes
|Trash Compactor: No
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|Locking Security: No
|Multi-Compartment: No
|Pull Out/Under Counter: No
|Rain Protector: No
|Side Access Door: No
|Step On: Yes
|Trash Bag Fastener: No
|Vented: No
|Recycling Type: Multi-Purpose
|Gallon Capacity: 15 Gallons
|Application: Indoor
|Commercial Use: Yes
|Product Care: No
|Country of Manufacture: China
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About the ManufacturerSafco Products Company, a division of Liberty Diversified International, was founded over 40 years ago. Since then, Safco has grown to be a leading provider of organization and comfort enhancing products for the workplace. Their product offering ensures high quality, up market design, at mid-market prices and surrounded by remarkable service.
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Nice upscale, sleek addition to Employee Lounge Remodel while being practical as well. Trash is out of view, capacity excellent...no overflowing trashcans, step opener keeps messy hands and food items away from opening, tight lid keeps smells inside.
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