text:
Stun gun policy bill advancesBy DAVE GRAM
The Associated Press | March 19,2014MONTPELIER The Vermont House on Tuesday gave preliminary approval to a bill calling for statewide standards on training for police using electronic stun guns.
The bill drew little to no debate in the Democratic-dominated House, even as critics, including the mother of a man killed in 2012 by a state troopers Taser, sharply criticized it as watered-down, weak and not specific enough.
It feels like its really open to interpretation and it isnt tight enough, said Rhonda Taylor, mother of 39-year-old MacAdam Mason, of Thetford, who died of cardiac arrest after a state trooper used a Taser on him after he disobeyed an order to lie on the ground.
Its troopers investigating troopers in police probes of stun gun incidents, Taylor said. A critical care nurse in a New Hampshire hospital, Taylor said she and her co-workers test daily the defibrillators that deliver shocks to cardiac patients.
The bill doesnt have any testing, she said of its provisions on the Tasers that police use in Vermont. They need to know whether the device is working properly if they are going to use it, she said.
Rep. Ronald Hubert, R-Milton and a member of the Government Operations Committee, who explained the bill to his House colleagues, said in an interview that the committee had decided to leave development of the training standards to the state Criminal Justice Training Council, which oversees the Vermont Police Academy in Pittsford.
We wanted to put it in the hands of the professionals, with the stipulation that they bring it back to us, Hubert said. The bill calls for the council to report to the Legislature by December 2015 on the development and implementation of the new training standards.
Public Safety Commissioner Keith Flynn, who oversees the Vermont State Police, said it would have been difficult to insert a great deal of specificity into the bill.
Many times when you talk about force with law enforcement, its hard to define particular incidents. I think you can define categories of incidents, Flynn said.
Allen Gilbert, executive director of the Vermont chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union, said the standard for using Tasers had been reduced from in lieu of lethal force in the original draft of the bill to a situation in which a person was exhibiting active resistance to the police.
Gilbert said that active resistance includes something as simple as pulling your arms across your chest. He said as it stands now, the bill would not make a sufficient change in police policy. The standard in the current bill is the standard that led to the death of MacAdam Mason, he said.
But Flynn argued that the standard in the original bill, which said a stun gun should be used only when lethal force otherwise would be justified, went too far.
I dont agree that a Taser is the application of lethal force. I think its more appropriately categorized as less than lethal force, Flynn said.
The bill comes up for final action in the House today before moving to the Senate.MORE IN Vermont NewsMONTPELIER The state Public Service Board on Friday announced it would fine Vermont Gas Systems... Full StoryMONTPELIER Less than a month after Vermonts out-of-state inmates were moved from a private... Full StoryA confidential memo obtained by Vermont Public Radio shows that the Agency of Education is still... Full Story
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- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day 1739, 'Richard Palmer' identified in prison at York Castle as the notorious outlaw DICK TURPIN; IN 1836, Battle of the Alamo begins near San Antonio de Bexar, Texas; 1896, the Tootsie Roll invented by LEO HIRSCHFELD.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1472, Orkney, Shetland islands put up as collateral by Norway to Scotland in lieu of dowry for MARGARET OF DENMARK on her marriage with JAMES III, king of Scotland; 1962, JOHN GLENN first American to orbit Earth.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: City mayoral candidates debate campaign issues; Hartford, Conn., woman still missing; Neal Goswami reports attempts to legislate suicide; local woman loses 100 pounds through TOPS program.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1878, JOHN TUNSTALL murdered near Lincoln, New Mexico, by the outlaw JESSE EVANS; in 1930, ELM FARM OLLIE first cow to fly in aircraft, first to be milked airborne; 1955, nuke test WASP; '79, snow in Sahara.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: Rutland Herald News Editor Alan J. Keays and staff writer Gordon Dritschilo discuss stories planned for the February 18, 2015, edition of the newspaper: Winter budgets maxed, legal marijuana, Springfield bank job, USPS slowdown
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1249 AD, ANDRE of LONGJUMEAU is dispatched by LOUIS IX of France to meet the KHAGAN, ruler of the Mongol Empire; in 1804, during 1st Barbary War, STEPHEN DECATUR scuttles the pirate-held USS Philadelphia in Tripoli.


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The PhD Challenge organization is proud to announce that the winner of the 2010 PhD Challenge contest is Gabriel Parent from Carnegie Mellon University. This year's challenge was to get a peer-reviewed, academic paper published that contained the phrase "I Smoke Crack Rocks". Indeed it proved to be a daunting task, as there were only three submissions the entire year. But the reviewing committee's decision was unanimous: Gabriel's bold writing style seamlessly weaved the special phrase directly into the text in such a way that one cannot help but to think that the paper would be incomplete if it was removed.
Toward Better Crowd Sourced Transcription: Transcription Of A Year Of The Let's Go Bus Information System Data
By Gabriel Parent, Carnegie Mellon University
Gabriel is a second year master's student at CMU's Language Technologies Institute. His research is focused on leveraging crowd sourcing and speech recognition technologies for dialog systems. He has won several awards and honors, including a post-graduate scholarship from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. And like all Canadian natives, he enjoys hockey, playing the melodeon, and wearing flannel.
In recognition of his adroitness, Gabriel is receiving as his reward (1) a box of chicken-flavored Maruchan Ramen Noodle Soup, (2) a pack of leather elbow patches, and (3) the official 2010 PhD Challenge winning paper certificate. We are having difficulty arranging the last prize (please contact us if you can help us retrieve this item), and may need to substitute it with an item of equal value.
The PhD Challenge organization sincerely thanks all those who participated or supported us this year, and would like to remind everyone that the 2011 Call for Participation will be announced on January 1st, 2011. You can also now follow us on Twitter @phdchallenge to stay abreast of the latest contest developments and updates.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Video Delivery
watch on.
Get more from your content. By opening a new distribution channel through mobile video delivery, you engage your audience and open new opportunities to seize revenue through advertising and commerce. Our video delivery technology boosts engagement through lower-thirds advertising, second screen and concurrent media to drive tune-in and create a more interactive experience for your viewers.
expert solution
AWE is our powerful app platform for branded video delivery and engagement on mobile.
Our fully customizable interface has been proven to work for major national and international networks by giving them a better way to get more from their programming. Analytics, advertising, authentication and editorial control are all integrated into the AWE system enabling faster, easier delivery to over a billion new devices.
We'll customize the look of AWE to match your brand. Don't see a feature you want? No problem. We can add features to fit your needs.
Whether you're using TV Everywhere or another method, AWE is capable of handling any authentication system - or none at all.
As your business needs grow AWE grows with them. Whether it's new content, new trends or new ideas, AWE can scale to match your needs.
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We work closely with companies like Umami, WatchWith, Zeitera and more to ensure AWE supports the latest in Second Screen technology and trends.
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AWE can tie into your existing social media strategy or simply allow users to share through popular channels.
AWE seamlessly integrates with UrbanAirship so you can maximize user notifications.
The Watchlist automatically tracks the watch history and lets users save individual episodes or full seasons for future viewing.
AWE has a built-in schedule that automatically detects the time zone of the user and supports an unlimited number of weeks.
Enhanced Playback
AWE contains a custom best-in-class video player packed with enhancements to maximize enjoyment of the video watching experience.
Editorial Control
AWE Traffic Control (ATC) enables editorial management of content promotion and programming as well as app configuration and layout.
Multiple Platforms
AWE is currently available on the iPhone, iPad and Android phones and tablets. Roadmap platforms include game consoles, set-top-boxes, connected TVs and video streaming devices.
AWE currently supports several analytics platforms such as Flurry, Localytics, Omniture, Bango and Google Analytics but can be customized to support others.
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Programmed to optimize your programming.
The AWE platform offers best-in-class content with fully scalable and customizable features for a watching experience that's truly unique to your brand. Simply put, it's an efficient, all-inclusive TV Everywhere solution built on a solid foundation of integration partners. Over 25 major cable and broadcast network apps have launched with AWE, and it's our dedication to serving their viewers that keeps us at the forefront of the TV Everywhere experience.
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text:
|05 Nov 2013
Very strange 'restore previous versions' problem
Hi guys
about 2 months ago whilst on holidays i accidently copied over some photos ('copy and replace'. I've read up how to restore these files but there are 'no previous versions'.
The problem isn't that previous versions' isn't on or working at all as it works for all of my other files.. I can see them thumbnail of the photos that have been copied over, and when i click to open them in windows photo viewer, the photo appears (blurred as if loading) and then loads the newer version.
These are very important photos and i can't seem too get them back,
any help would be immensely appreciated i would love to have these photos back !
|My System Specs
|07 Nov 2013
windows 7
Try this:
Restore Previous Versions of Deleted Pictures on Your Computer
1. Pull up the Start Menu and select "Computer" to locate the folder that contained the picture files you want to recover. Be sure that it is the folder where the files were actually saved, rather than a library.
2. Right-click on the designated folder and, in the pop-up menu, select "Restore previous versions." If your files were in a folder located in a drive, such as C:\, then select "Restore previous versions" by right clicking on that particular drive.
3. Review the list of previous versions of the folder or files within this folder/drive. Determine the most recent previous version of the picture files, or the folder containing them, that you want to restore and double-click on it.
4. Move the deleted picture files or folder containing them to a new location on your computer, by clicking and dragging them to that location in the access menu on the left side of the "Computer" window. Ideal locations for the new save might be a new folder, the desktop or an external hard drive.
|My System Specs
|09 Nov 2013
perhaps i misunderstood what to do but that didnt seem to work..
|My System Specs
|Thread Tools
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text:
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We are offering $25.00 OFF shipping for online orders only on the initial purchase of any blueprint order over $600.00 (before shipping fees and taxes). Simply enter or mention this promotional code when placing your order: 04H15
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Narrow Lot House Plan, 025H-0236
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Plan DescriptionShuttered windows and classic porch columns give this ranch home plan touches of Southern charm! Its long and lean footprint combined with the 2-car, rear-entry garage makes it suitable for narrow lots, especially those accessed by an alley. This design is a good choice for use on in-fill lots in urban areas. Stepping in from the covered front porch, stylish columns punctuate the foyer and introduce the generously sized great room offering and optional fireplace and boxed ceiling. The dining room adjoins this space making it easy to entertain guests and host holiday gatherings. The step-saver kitchen is nicely appointed and features a walk-in pantry, optional eating bar, immediate access to the laundry room and adjoins the breakfast room. A small alcove with storage bench lends access to the rear patio, which leads to the 2-car garage. Two family bedrooms are situated at the front of the home on the right side. Both access a hall bath. At the back of the home, your master suite is ready to pamper with its refreshing bath showcasing His and Her vanities and walk-in closets, a glass shower and compartmented toilet. Filled with the features and spaces youre looking for, this narrow lot house plan has more to offer than you might expect!
Note: Reproducible masters are printed on bond paper and come with a copyright release.


text:
We would like to thank everyone who visits our page. We strive to bring you the most up to date products and information so be sure to check back often as we are constantly updating our site. Our prices are some of the lowest around and our customer service is second to none. Our items are usually shipped the same day as long as you provide an FFL dealer and payment. Please feel free to contact "BW OUTFITTERS" through our "Contact Us" link and we will answer your questions in a reasonable time. Also feel free to leave us feedback as we use this to make our company better! Look around and enjoy the web site!
Brad Wendt
We would like to thank everyone who has been visiting the website and GunBroker purchasing guns and ammo.We will be having a customer appreciation on September 6th, there will be gun giveaways and numerous specials for customers visiting the store. Please stop by and see the huge selection of firearms that are on display now in the complete showroom. 1000 guns on display 5000 guns in the building we have or can get almost anything you desire. Come put you hands on guns nobody else stocks.
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cash prices (including checks and money orders) add 3% for any other method all state and local taxes apply 7%
Call us at 712-762-3374. Prices are cash please add 3% for all other methods. Prices do not include shipping and or tax if applicable. $25.00 to ship any handgun anywhere in US.
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We are pleased to announce that we have added these two businesses to our company! We look forward to having them as part of the BW Outfitters family and serving you with their products. Please check them out and give us a call!


text: On Mon, Apr 12, 2004 at 10:37:01AM -0400, Ian F. Darwin wrote: > Given that the Perl people seem intent on building a separate little > module for each bit of API functionality (Java by contrast builds a > couple of thousand of these into its standard runtime "rt.jar"; will > there be literally thousands of Perl modules?), we may need to have to > find a different way of organizing the ports tree, or "p5-*" is going > to seriously overwhelm the rest of the packages. Maybe we should think > about putting perl-objects into a subdirectory? Plus, won't they start > being "p6-" some month soon? I like this idea a lot. I think following the CPAN categories would be convenient: mail/p5-Mail-SpamAssassin -> perl/Mail/SpamAssassin Depending on how volatiile the changeover is between v5 and v6, perhaps: -> perl5/Mail/SpamAssassin -> perl/5/Mail/SpamAssassin I wonder if the powers that be will think growing the repo for better organization / separation is worth it.


text:
I love this hummus recipe- especially because it includes sesame oil instead of tahini! I never seem to have tahini but always have sesame oil! You can add anything you like in addition to flavor- fresh herbs, spicy peppers or just as is! Serve with pita chips or cut veggies!
3 (19 ounce) cans chickpeas, drained 3/4 cup lemon juice (3 large lemons) 6 medium garlic cloves 1-2 tablespoon sesame oil 1/2 cup extra virgin olive oil 1/4 teaspoon ground cumin 1/2 teaspoon cayenne pepper 1/4 cup chopped cilantro
1. In a food processor, combine lemon juice, garlic, cumin and about a quarter of the chickpeas, blend till smooth. 2. Add the remaining chickpeas, blend, add sesame oil and olive oil, blend, and add salt and pepper to taste. 3. Blend until smooth and creamy (add more olive oil if necessary). 4. Scrape into a serving bowl, sprinkle with cayenne and cilantro or olives as garnish!
10 servings


text:
17. Jay-Z and BeyonceHip-hop's most powerful couple works hard to stay on top—and their attitude toward their careers applies just as strongly to personal fitness. Jay-Z's trainer Marco Borges opened up to Men's Health about how his biggest client stays healthy given the increasing demands on his time.
"When you have a schedule like Jay-Z's, you don't know when or where you'll fit in your next workout," Borges says. "Every session has two things in common: It's a total-body workout, and it's always different."
Perhaps it's not surprising that Jay-Z's work ethic in the gym parallels the effort he puts into his varied business ventures. Research suggests that men who work out frequently also show a higher likelihood of financial stability. Additionally, U.K. researchers found that people are 15 percent more productive on days they exercise than on days they don't exercise
For Jay-Z, that could that mean exercising in stairwells, hotel rooms, or anywhere else he and his trainer can improvise. If your schedule also keeps you constantly in transit, check out this Jay-Z inspired workout to stay fit while on the road.
20 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1


text:
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Hailey Rehberg
About Hailey: I'm from the very small town of Newark, Illinois, where I grew up on my family's farm. I just graduated from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in the spring, where I studied political science and philosophy. I decided to come to law school because I really believe in equal access to justice and because I want to help people. I hope to become a public defender or to do some other kind of public interest law.
Previous Legal and/or Professional Experience: I was fortunate to get quite a bit of experience during my undergraduate career. I spent a semester interning for the Campaign for Better Health Care, a non-profit organization. This internship gave me insight into how a non-profit organization is run. I also spent a summer doing externships with a State's Attorney's office, a city legal department, and a circuit judge. It was by doing these externships that I really knew that I wanted to become a lawyer. During the last year of my undergraduate study, I spent five months working for a lobbying firm in Washington D.C. I got to go to Congressional hearings two or three times a week and to see exactly how Congress works. This past summer, I interned with my local public defender's office. I really enjoyed getting the experience of being inside a courtroom.
What do you like the most about being at NIU Law? I looked at quite a few different law schools, but when I visited NIU Law, I knew that I found where I belonged. I love the atmosphere. I don't feel like I'm in competition with every other student here; I feel that if I needed help, anyone in the school would help me, not try to hinder me. It's very refreshing and makes law school more enjoyable.
This interview was conducted in Fall 2012.
Graduation Year: 2015
Undergraduate Institution: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Undergraduate Major:
Political Science
Undergraduate Minor:
Home town:
Newark, Illinois


text:
Grades have no direct impact on the overall score.
Rude.com features live webcam shows but also has evolved into a community and video/picture content site as well. In some ways it seems like they have a little bit of every type of porn site rolled into one. You have live cams, recorded shows, member profiles, photos, videos, chat, forums, blogs, user submitted content, bonus recorded content, and more. Visitor can definitely get a feel for this on the guest tour as it is incredibly busy with graphics, taglines, and content samples. The member's area feels the same way. Memberships require a monthly 'VIP' and then a lot of the content is also charged on a per-minute basis for live shows or pay-per-item basis (rent, stream forever, or download). The use a 'Chip' credit system that members pre-purchase and then use.
Lots of Content & Variety; Live & Archived Shows, Vids/Pics.
The scope and mix of the content styles is what stands out most about Rude.com. I really can't think of a site that works together a collection quite like his. The live webcams are a centerpiece however there are sections for free and premium videos and photos of all genres with lots of amateur and submitted style material. The live cam models were a fun mix of some American but a lot of foreign models which I like for the variety.
Community Features; Blogs, Chat, Profiles, Voyeur Cams, Etc.
The member community and interaction features are on par with the other cam, photo, and video content. There are user profiles, blogs, chat room, forum, live voyeur cams, and other items. The chat, forum, and blogs do have current postings and are active from users. When I visited the other areas there were numerous other members chatting in the chat room, free live cams, and viewing other content.
Other Good Stuff:
Unfocused Collection, Sort of a Mish-Mash of Content Styles.
While Rude.com has its own style by bringing together different types of porn material that concept also has a downside. I'm not really sure what their focus is and it seems like there's just too much going on for the site to be really good at any one thing. The impression I was left with was that the main focus they have for VIP members was to simply sell additional things on a credit PPV basis. Upsells are interwoven into every content section and that's the subject of my next bullet point.
Expensive Monthly & Chip Pricing, Lots of PPV Stuff & Ads.
With all the types of content like live cams, videos, photos, submitted, etc. the one common thread is that monthly VIP members still have to pay all the time to get so much of the content in the member's area. The combination of a monthly membership and the credit system makes this very pricey in no time at all.
Minor Negatives:
Rude.com incorporates cams, photos, videos, & community features with a montlhly memberhip & PPV pricing system.
The very busy feeling that is conveyed from the guest tour carries over to Rude.com's member's area. The site touches on so many different types of content and is as much a community site as it is a content collection. After signing up for the monthly membership a lot of the content then must be paid for on a PPV basis with credits which also are used for minutes in the live cams. It's a hybrid of monthly and PPV billing and it isn't either/or but requires spending both ways to access the collection in a meaningful way.
About the Content:
A mix of all types of porn content including live cams, videos, photos, submitted content, articles, magazines, community & interaction features.
Logging In:
Only user/pwd required.
Model Appearance:
All different types.
Amateur looking generally.
Model Info:
Ages 18-50
U.S. & foreign.
Other Content:
Forum, chat, blogs.
Magazine issues.
Member profiles.
Erotic stories.
Streaming Player:
Medium to small player.
Live cams is larger.
Video content is smaller.


text:
A method and system for overcoming the problems associated with certificate revocation lists (CRL's), for example, in a public key infrastructure. The invention uses a tree-based scheme to replace the CRL.
1. A method for using at least one Merkle tree for authenticating revocation status about a plurality or certificates issued by a certifying authority, comprising thc steps of:
(a) generating a plurality of values indicating that a plurality of certificates have been revoked, wherein for each certificate, there is at least one value indicating status of the certificate;
(b) an entity other than the certification authority constructing at least one Merkle tree containing on a plurality of its nodes its plurality of values indicating the certificates that have been revoked; and
(c) authenticating, with a digital signature, a root node of the at least one Merkle tree to provide an authenticated root.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the digital signature is verified by an end user.
3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the values indicate which certificates have been revoked.
4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the values indicate which certificates are valid.
5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the values indicate which certificates have been revoked and which certificates are valid.
6. A method according to claim 1, wherein at least one node of the Merkle tree corresponds to more than one certificate.
7. A method according to claim 1, wherein the values correspond to serial numbers of the certificates.
8. A method according to claim 7, wherein the values correspond to serial numbers of the certificates combined with additional information.
9. A method according to claim 1, wherein the root is authenticated with date information.
10. A method according to claim 1, wherein the values are stored in leaf nodes of the at least one tree.
11. A method according to claim 1, wherein an intermediary causes authenticating values of at least one of the values to be provided to an end user.
12. A method according to claim 1, wherein the values include serial numbers of the certificates.
13. A method according to claim 1, wherein an intermediary constructs the tree.
14. A method according to claim 1, wherein an authority constructs the tree.
15. A method according to claim 1, wherein a single tree is used.
16. A method according to claim 15, wherein an intermediary constructs the tree.
17. A method according to claim 15, wherein an authority constructs the tree.
18. A method according to claim 1, wherein more than one tree is used.
19. A method according to claim 18, wherein an intermediary constructs the tree.
20. A method according to claim 18, wherein an authority constructs the tree.
21. A method for using at least one Merkle tree for authenticating revocation status about a plurality of certificates, comprising:
(a) generating a plurality of values indicating that a plurality of certificates have been revoked, wherein for each certificate, there is at least one value indicating status of the certificate;
(b) constructing at least one Merkle tree containing on a plurality of its nodes the plurality of values indicating the certificates that have been revoked; and
(c) authenticating, with a digital signature, a root node of the at least one Merkle tree to provide an authenticated root.
22. A method according to claim 21, wherein the digital signature is verifiable by an end user.
23. A method according to claim 21, wherein the values indicate which certificates have been revoked.
24. A method according to claim 23, wherein the values include a date of revocation for the certificates that have been revoked.
25. A method according to claim 21, wherein the values indicate which certificates are valid.
26. A method according to claim 25, wherein the values include a date of expiration for the certificates that are valid.
27. A method according to claim 21, wherein the values indicate which certificates have been issued.
28. A method according to claim 21, wherein the values indicate which certificates have been revoked and which certificates are valid.
29. A method according to claim 21, wherein the values indicate which certificates have been revoked and which certificates have been issued.
30. A method according to claim 21, wherein the values indicate which certificates are valid and which certificates have been issued.
31. A method according to claim 21, wherein the values indicate which certificates have been revoked, which certificates are valid, and which certificates have been issued.
32. A method according to claim 31, wherein some of the values also indicate a position within the tree.
33. A method according to claim 21, wherein at least one of the values corresponds to more than one certificate.
34. A method according to claim 33, wherein the values include a date of issue for the certificates that have been issued.
35. A method according to claim 21, wherein certificate information determines locations of the values within the Merkle tree.
36. A method according to claim 21, wherein positions of the values within the Merkle tree provide information about certificates corresponding thereto.
37. A method according to claim 36, wherein the information includes serial numbers for each of the certificates.
38. A method according to claim 21, wherein the values correspond to serial numbers of the certificates.
39. A method according to claim 38, wherein the certificate values correspond to serial numbers of the certificates combined with additional information.
40. A method according to claim 21, wherein the authenticated root contains additional information.
41. A method according to claim 40, wherein the additional information includes date information.
42. A method according to claim 40, wherein the additional information includes an indication of at least one of: revoked, issued, and valid for describing certificate information corresponding to the values of the Merkle tree.
43. A method according to claim 21, wherein the values indicating status of certificates are leaf nodes of the Merkle tree.
44. A method according to claim 21, wherein location of the values within the Merkle tree varies according to the values.
This application is based on U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/006,143 filed on Nov. 2, 1995.
The present invention relates generally to secure communications and more particularly to schemes for certificate management.
In many settings, it is useful to certify data, as well as to revoke data that was previously certified. For instance, in a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), it may be useful to certify users' public keys. Such certification may be provided in the form of a certificate which contains the certified data and vouches authenticity of the certified data.
In a digital signature scheme, each user U chooses a signing key SKu and a matching verification key, PKu. User U uses SKu to compute a digital signature of a message m, SIGu (m), while anyone knowing that PKu is U's public key can verify that SIGu (m) is U's signature of m. Finding SIGu (m) without knowing SKu is practically impossible. On the other hand, knowledge of PKu does not give any practical advantage in computing SKu. For this reason, it is in U's interest to keep SKu secret (so that only he can digitally sign for U) and to make PKu as public as possible (so that everyone dealing with U can verify U's digital signatures). At the same time, in a world with millions of users, it is essential in the smooth flow of business and communications to be certain that PKu really is the legitimate key of user U. To this end, users' public keys are often "certified" by a certificate that serves as proof that U is the legitimate owner of PKu. At the same time it is also useful to be able to revoke some of the already-issued certificates when U is no longer the legitimate owner of PKu (for whatever reason) and/or when SKu has been compromised. Of course, the need for certification and certificate revocation extends beyond certifying public keys.
In many instances, certificates for users' public keys are produced and revoked by certifying authorities called CA's. A complete public key infrastructure may involved other authorities (e.g., PCAs) who may also provide similar services (e.g., they may certify the public keys of their CA's). The present discussion can be easily applied to such other authorities in a straight-forward manner.
A CA may be a trusted agent having an already certified (or universally known) public key. To certify that PKu is U's public key, a CA typically digitally signs PKu together with (e.g., concatenating it with) U's name, a certificate serial number, the current date (i.e., the certification or issue date), and an expiration date. The CA's signature of PKu is then inserted in a Directory and/or given to U himself. Note that, before certifying U's public key, it is necessary to perform additional steps, such as properly identifying user U. However, these additional steps are optional.
Upon receiving the (alleged) digital signature of user U of a message M, SIGu (M), a recipient R needs to obtain a certificate for PKu. (In fact, SIGu (M) may be a correct digital signature of M with respect to some public key PKu, but R has no guarantee that PKu is indeed U's public key. Recipient R may obtain this certificate from the Directory, or from his own memory (if he has previously cached it), or from U himself. Having done this, R verifies (1) the correctness of the CA's certificate for PKu with respect to the CA's public key, and (2) the correctness of SIGu (M) with respect to PKu. If the CA's public key is not universally known, or cached with R, then a certificate for the CA's key may also be obtained.
Certificate retrieval is thus possible, although not necessarily cheap.
Unfortunately, however, this is not the only retrieval that R needs to do. In addition, it is important that R makes sure that the certificate for PKu has not been revoked. This check, of course, may not be needed after the certificate's expiration date, but may be needed during the certificate's alleged lifetime. A user's certificate can be revoked for a variety of reasons, including key compromise and the fact that the user is no longer associated with a particular CA.
To enable a recipient to establish whether a given certificate has been revoked, it is known to have each CA periodically issues a Certificate Revocation List (CRL for short). A CRL may consist of the issuer's digital signature of a header comprising the issuer's name (as well as the type of his signature algorithm), the current date, the date of the last update, and the date of the next update, together with a complete list of revoked certificates (whose date has not yet expired), each with its serial number and revocation date. Since it is expected that a CA revokes many certificates, a CRL is expected to be quite long. It is envisaged that the CRL is provided to a directory who may then distribute the CRL to end users.
After performing some checks on the CA's CRL (e.g., checking the CA's digital signature, checking that the CRL has arrived at the expected time, that a certificate declared revoked in the previous CRL of that CA--and not yet expired still is revoked in the current CRL, etc.), the Directory stores it under its CA name.
When a user queries the Directory about the revocation of a certificate issued by a given CA, the Directory responds by sending to the user the latest CRL of that CA. The user can then check the CRL signature, the CRL dates (so as to receive a reasonable assurance that he is dealing with the latest one), and whether or not the certificate of interest to him belongs to it.
While CRLs are quite effective in helping users establishing which certificates are no longer deemed valid, they are also extremely expensive, because they tend to be very long and need to be transmitted very often.
The National Institute of Standard and Technology has tasked the MITRE Corporation to study the organization and cost of a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) for the Federal Government. This study estimates that CRLs constitute by far the largest entry in the Federal PKI's cost list. According to MITRE's estimates/assumptions, in the Federal PKI there are about three million users, each CA serves 30,000 users, 10% of the certificates are revoked (5% because of key compromise and 5% because of change in affiliation with the organization connected to a given CA), CRLs are sent out bi-weekly, and the recipient of a digital signature requests certificate information 20% of the time (assuming that the remaining 80% of the time he will be dealing with public keys in his cache). The study envisages that each revoked certificate is specified in a CRL by means of about 9 bytes: 20 bits of serial number and 48 bits of revocation date. Thus, in the Federal PKI, each CRL is expected to comprise thousands of certificate serial numbers and their revocation dates; the header, however, has a fixed length, consisting of just 51 bytes.
At two cents per kilobyte, the impact of CRL transmission on the estimated yearly costs of running the Federal PKI is stunning: if each federal employee verifies one hundred digital signatures per day on average, then the total PKI yearly costs are $10,848 million of which 10,237 million is due to CRL transmission. If each employee is assumed to verify just five digital signatures a day on average, then the total PKI yearly costs are $732 million, of which 563 million is due to CRL transmission.
The MITRE study thus suggests that any effort should be made to find designs alternative to and cheaper than conventional CRL's.
In addition, we contend that it is possible for a user to query the Directory with a serial number not corresponding to any issued certificate. (Indeed, while many times the user has already seen a certificate and accesses the Directory just to confirm the current validity of that certificate, at other times the user wishes to obtain the corresponding certificate from the Directory). If the corresponding certificate does not exist, the Directory is at a loss as to how to proceed. If the Directory responds truthfully, it may not be believed by the user. If the Directory gives the users all the certificates in its possession (or those relative to a given CA) the user may suspect that the Directory left out the certificate of interest. Indeed, even if the Directory gives the user the latest CRL of a given CA, this does not prove to the user that the certificate in question does not exist. (In fact, the actions of the Directory may actually be interpreted as saying that the certificate is valid because it does not appear to have been revoked.) Thus in this thorny situation the Directory would have to be trusted.
To avoid the dramatic CRL costs, a novel Certification Revocation System is described, where requesting users no longer receive the latest list of revoked certificates (of a given CA). The scheme utilizes a known tree-based authentication technique in a novel way to overcome the problems associated with the prior art.
It is thus a primary object of this invention to provide certificate management without providing CRL's to a user requesting information about the certificate (e.g., its validity). Although special CRL's still may be used between CA's and the Directory in this scheme, the tree-based technique allows the Directory to convince users of whether or not a given certificate is still valid in a way that is essentially individualized, and thus quite compact and convenient.
FIG. 1 shows a Merkle tree that is used in connection with the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows how a specific Merkle tree is generated according to this invention.
An interesting authentication scheme is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,309,569 to Merkle where it is used in connection with digital signatures. The FIG. 1 shows a simple Merkle tree, T. Merkle is hereby incorporated by reference and familiarity with the Merkle scheme is assumed in the following discussion. The Merkle scheme has been shown to be useful for applications other than digital signature schemes; in particular for constructing special and more efficient mathematical proof systems. The object of the present invention is to show how Merkle's scheme can yield certificate revocation systems more efficient than known CRL-based systems. FIG. 2 shows how a specific Merkle tree is generated according to this invention.
Briefly, a Merkle tree consists of a tree (binary, ternary, binary and ternary, etc.) with values corresponding to the tree nodes in the following manner. For simplicity, consider a full binary tree T with n=2k leaves and let H be a one-way hash function mapping strings of arbitrary length into B-bit strings (that is, a function H for which it is difficult to find two different strings x and y such that H(x)=H(y)). Then, T is a Merkle tree if the value corresponding to each internal node equals the one-way hash of the values corresponding to the children thereof. Developing a minimum of terminology, let N be an internal node where the left child is L and the right child is R, and let VL be the value corresponding to L and VR the value corresponding to R (we shall refer to VL and VR as, respectively, a left-value and a right-value). Then, for T to be a Merkle tree, the value corresponding to node N must be the B-bit value H(VL VR), where VL VR is the concatenation of VL and VR (although VL and VR may be combined by operations other than concatenation).
It is a well known property of a Merkle tree that (unless one "breaks" the one-way hash function--i.e., unless one is capable of finding two different strings x and y such that H(x)=H(y)--which would require an extraordinary amount of computation to do) changing the value of any node in a Merkle tree causes the root value to change also. It is also known that to verify whether the value of a given node N is authentic with respect to the root value of a Merkle tree, it suffices to use very few values of the tree. Indeed, it suffices to use the authentication path of node N, which is the sequence of values corresponding to the siblings of the nodes along the path from node N to the root. Each of the values of the nodes in the authentication path is an authentication value. If most of the internal nodes of a Merkle tree have two children, it is immediately seen that an authentication path comprises roughly k authentication values where k is the depth of the tree, even though the total number of nodes can be as much as 2k. (To facilitate the verification of the value corresponding to a node N whose position within the tree is unknown, the sequence of authentication values for N can be given by specifying whether each value is a left value or a right value. Vice versa, it is well known that if the authentication path of node N is verified as valid, the fact that each authentication value is a left or right value determines the position of node N within the tree.) Let us now recall, by way of example, how one can verify that the value of a node N is correct with respect to the value of the root. Referring to the sole figure, let N be the second leaf from the left in the tree T. Then, V001 is the value of N; V is the value of the root; and the authentication path of N consists of the following sequence of three values: the left value V000, the right value V01, and the right value V1. Then, because V000 is a left value, one computes H(V000,V001) and calls V00 the result. Then, because V01 is a right value, one computes H(V00,V01) and calls the result V0. Finally, because V1 is a right value, one computes H(V0,V1) and verifies that the result equals V, the root value.
Notice that a Merkle tree needs not to be a full binary tree. (For instance, if it is not, one can add dummy nodes to make it a full binary tree. Alternatively, instead of creating artificial nodes, it is possible to deem the value corresponding to any missing node a special, predetermined value, denoted by EMPTY in the sole figure.) Of course, if the tree is not sufficiently full, then authentication paths may become needlessly long.
One way to store certificate information in a Merkle tree includes associating pieces of the certificate information to leaves of the Merkle tree. For instance, the pieces of information are the values corresponding to the leaf nodes, while the one-way hash function determines the values of internal nodes of the tree, including the root. (As discussed elsewhere herein, however, it is possible to make certificate information correspond to internal nodes, including the root.)
Each node of the Merkle tree that corresponds to a portion of the certificate information is deemed a "certificate node". A simple way to associate certificate information to certificate nodes includes having as many certificate nodes as there are certificates, and making information about an individual certificate be the value corresponding to an individual certificate node.
Instead of having the CA provide information directly to users, in a preferred embodiment, one or more intermediaries interact with most of the users. The one or more intermediaries obtain the certificate information from the CA. (Whithin an authenticated tree, we refer to a value belonging to the authentication path as authenticating value.) The CA may provide an intermediary with an entire authenticated tree indicating which certificates have been revoked. As illustrated below, an authenticated tree is a Merkle tree (storing certificate information) having a root value that is authenticated (e.g., digitally signed) by the CA. To prove to an end user that a given certificate is revoked, the intermediary provides the user with (a) the value of certificate node N of the authenticated tree, where N is the certificate node whose value indicates that the certificate in question has been revoked; (b) the authentication path of node N in the tree; and (c) the digital signature of the CA of the root value of the tree. (Recall that this signature may include date information and additional information).
The end user, upon receiving (a), (b), and (c) from the intermediary, verifies that the digital signature of the CA is valid, thus learning the true root value of the tree. Then, the user also verifies that the authentication path for node N is valid with respect to the root value, thus learning the true information about the certificate in question. (Here by "true" we mean deemed true by the CA.) The user also verifies that the date information, if any, of the CA's signature of the root value is the expected date. (For instance, if the CA includes in the date information not only the date in which the authenticated tree was constructed, but also the date by which the CA intends to update the authenticated tree, the user also verifies that he is dealing with the latest authenticated tree.)
Notice that if the user trusts the CA, the user needs not trust the intermediary. Indeed, if the intermediary wishes to provide the user with false information about the certificate in question, the intermediary needs to perform an extraordinary amount of computation. For instance, if the intermediary wishes to modify the value corresponding to node N, the intermediary would have to either change the root value and therefore be able to forge the digital signature of the CA, or be able to break the one-way hash function.
Notice that the amount of data that an honest intermediary provides to a user in order to allow the user to verify that the revocation information about a given certificate is authentic is not very large, especially when compared to a conventional CRL. Indeed, the bulk of the data provided to the user consists of the authentication path of the node N. For instance, if there are 3,000 revoked certificates in the tree, then certificate information about these 3,000 certificates could be associated to the leaves of a Merkle tree of depth 12. Thus, there are at most 12 values in the authentication path of node N. If each value is 200 bits long (which is more than currently advocated for one-way hash functions), the total length of the authentication path is about 2400 bits. (more precisely, it is 11 times 200 bits for the values of internal nodes plus the length of the value of a leaf node. In fact, the authentication path of a certification leaf consists of one leaf value and eleven internal node values. As we shall see herein, however, even the length of leaf values can be made to be relatively small for authentication purposes.) This is much shorter than a CRL comprising the serial numbers and revocation dates of 3,000 revoked certificates. Of course, the new system also includes a digital signature of the root and date information, but so does the CRL system. Therefore, we succeed in a much more efficient way than a CRL system in having authentic information about certificates be provided to the end user by an intermediary without having to trust the intermediary.
In the example given above, an authenticated tree is used by the CA to provide the intermediary with data enabling the intermediary to prove to end users that a given certificate of the CA has been revoked. The CA may also use authenticated trees so as to enable the intermediary to prove much more general certificate information. For instance, as we have said, it should be possible for an intermediary to prove to end users not only the certification status of issued certificates, but also that (alleged) certificates have never been issued by the CA. For instance, this could be done as follows: Assume that, like in the PKI envisaged in the MITRE study, a serial number consists of a twenty-bit string. Then, each possible serial number can be put in correspondence with a leaf of a full binary tree of the depth twenty. Then, for each serial number, X, the CA creates and X-value such as "certificate number X has not yet been issued", or "certificate number X (has been issued and) is currently valid", or "certificate number X has been revoked (on date dx and for reason rx)", whichever is the case. Each X value is then associated to a leaf of its own. Once more, in this example, certificate nodes are leaf nodes. Then the CA associates values to all other nodes of the binary tree of level twenty using a one-way hash function H so as to form a Merkle tree. Then, the CA digitally signs the root value, thus obtaining an authenticated tree. An intermediary can use such a tree to efficiently prove to any end user the certification status of any possible serial number for a certificate, and thus the status of any possible certificate.
Note that it is possible to use the position of a node in an authenticated tree to convey information. For instance, in the above example, the CA may place information about certificate number X in leaf X so as to avoid having to store the serial number in the leaf. (Indeed, a leaf of a binary tree of depth twenty can be associated to a unique twenty-bit string in a natural way. Consider the path from the root to the leaf. If the first node from the root is a left child, we write "0". If the next node is a right child, we write "1". Thus, upon reaching the leaf in question, we have written a twenty-bit string X that uniquely identifies the leaf.) Position information in the tree can be exploited using different ways of encoding positional information. For instance, if the serial numbers of certificates in the tree begin with number one, then certificate information for certificate serial number one can be placed in the first leaf (i.e., left most terminal leaf), certificate information about certificate serial number two can be placed in the second leaf, etc.
In addition, it is possible to put information about more than one certificate into a single node of the tree so that, for example, if information about two certificates were placed in each of the terminal leaf nodes, then information about certificate serial numbers one and two could be in the first terminal leaf node, information about certificate serial numbers three and four could be placed in the second terminal leaf node, etc.
An authority that issues and revokes certificates maps certificate information into values. This mapping may be as simple (e.g., the identity mapping) or complex as required by the nature of the certificate information. For example, if the certificate information consists simply of identifying whether a certificate is issued, revoked, or expired, then the mapping could be 00=issued, 01=revoked, (10=expired,) and 11=never issued. In this way, each possible value corresponds to different possible states for each certificate.
As can be seen in the above example, it is possible to store, in a certificate node, certificate information about more than one certificate. If the values for M certificates can be stored in each node, and there are 220 possible certificates, then the Merkle tree may have 220 /M leaf nodes. A proper encoding is used so that the value a certificate node can be understood without ambiguity. For instance, if we care about proving information of the type 00=issued, 01=revoked, 10=expired, and 11=never issued, and we want every value in the authenticated tree to be 200 bits long, then information for one hundred certificates may be stored in each certificate node. One knows a priori that two bits of certificate status about certificate number one through one hundred are to be found in the value of the first leaf. Further, one knows that the first two bits of that value correspond to certificate number one, that the second pair of bits in that value correspond to certificate number two, etc.
As discussed above, it is not necessary for the users to trust the intermediary since the intermediary provides certificate information to the users in a way that indicates that the CA has authenticated the certificate information. Note that an intermediary includes, but is not limited to, a directory, a distributor, a redistributor, a user, a CA, a database, a readable computer file, a read-only computer file, an entity that has obtained information from another intermediary, or any combination of the above. Generally, an intermediary is an entity that provides certificate information authenticated by a CA.
A major advantage of conveying certificate information via authenticated trees consists of efficient updating. For instance, in a typical day, a CA may issue ten more certificates and revoke one previously issued certificate. In such a case, the CA may provide the intermediary with a new authenticated tree that contains the current certificate information about all certificates. More efficiently, however, the CA may provide the intermediary just with the new values of the certificate nodes, whose values have changed, together with the digital signature of the new root (and proper date information). In sum, therefore, the CA sends very little information to the intermediary. (Of course, if so wanted, teh CA can send additional information. For instance, he may send not just the certified nodes that have changed, but values of nodes that have changed and the position of these nodes. So doing, he may simplify the work of teh intermediary.)
The intermediary could use the new received values and the old values and the one-way hash function to compute the new Merkle tree, and thus, in particular, the new root value so that the intermediary can check the digital signature of the CA and verify the new authenticated tree. The intermediary is now ready to provide a user with updated certificate information.
The same efficiency can be obtained when the intermediary wishes to provide end users proofs of certificate information. For instance, a given user U may already be in possession of yesterday's entire authenticated tree. In this case, the intermediary can bring the user up to date by providing the user with just the values that have changed and the signature of the CA of the new root value. Of course, the user may not have yesterday's full authenticated tree, but he may have the full authenticated tree of, say, two weeks earlier. In this case, the intermediary may still provide the user with just the values that have changed with respect to two weeks ago along with the CA's signature of the new root value. This may still result in substantial savings.
The intermediary may know, by keeping track of what was sent to the user, which authenticated tree the user already knows. Alternatively, the user may signal to the intermediary which authenticated tree he already has and the intermediary may act accordingly. In general, the intermediary may omit sending to the user values that the user already knows. In addition, it is possible for the intermediary to obtain some of the authenticated tree information from an entity other than the CA, in which case the CA may only provide the intermediary with authenticated tree information that is not already known by the intermediary. Note that it is also possible for the intermediaries to obtain information about the tree from other sources, such as other intermediaries.
In another embodiment of the invention, the CA may make use of two or more Merkle trees to convey certificate information. For instance, a first tree may contain information about issued but non-revoked certificates, and a second tree may contain information about revoked certificates. The root values of these trees (together with other information deemed proper) may be digitally signed by the CA either separately or together, thus making these Merkle tree authenticated trees.
Alternatively, it is possible to have a first authenticated tree containing information about all issued certificates and a second authenticated tree containing information about all revoked certificates. This embodiment is similar to the two tree system described above where one authenticated tree contains information about issued but non-revoked certificates and the second authenticated tree contains information about revoked certificates. However, in the case, knowing the issued certificates and revoked certificates makes it possible to determine or ascertain if a certificate is valid (i.e., by determining if the certificate is both issued and not revoked). It is also possible to construct an authenticated tree containing information about certificates that have not been issued. In that case, the authority can provide an intermediary with information for proving that one or more certificate serial numbers (or other appropriate certificate identifiers) do not correspond to any certificate that was issued as of a given date. Other possible combinations of authenticated trees containing certificate information are possible, as will become apparent from the following discussion.
Note that an authenticated tree may be constructed by the CA or by another entity, such as the intermediary, and that the other entity may simply present the root of the underlying Merkle tree to the CA for authentication. Also, it is possible for the CA to authenticate nodes, other than or in addition to the root, of a Merkle tree. In the case of a node other than the root of a Merkle tree being authenticated by the CA, an authentication path can be verified with respect to such an authenticated node rather that with respect to the root. It should be noted, however, that by authenticating (e.g., digitally signing) one or more nodes of a Merkle tree, the CA is actually generating authenticated (sub)trees that are stand-alone authenticated trees in their own right.
Note that the certificate information CI corresponding to a certificate node N may be one-way hashed prior to being associated to the node. That is, the value associated to node N is H(CI) rather than CI. The process of passing from CI to H(CI) is a possible mapping step performed by a CA. One advantage of such a mapping is that if node N is, say, a leaf node, then whenever the value of N is used within an authentication path of another node, it only contributes some, say, 200 bits to such a path no matter how long CI may be. (Indeed, CI may be a very long string indicating, among other things, the reasons that a certificate has been revoked.) On the other hand, when we wish to provide CI in an authenticated manner, we reveal CI in full. (See, for example, Leighton et al.). Such a full value of CI is first mapped to H(CI) and then this mapped value is proved to be the value of a genuine certificate node in an authenticated tree.
Note also that the intermediary may not directly send data to an end user, but cause the end user to receive data (e.g., by someone else, possibly at a signal of an intermediary, or by enabling the user to read some data file, or in any other manner).
Note that the scheme disclosed herein can be expanded beyond the simple type of tree disclosed in Merkle. An example of such expansions are given in U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,852 to Leighton et al, which is incorporated by reference herein. In particular, although an authenticated tree may have an underlying structure of a tree such as that disclosed in Merkle, the authenticated tree may in fact may have other interconnections and paths therethrough. Similarly, it is possible to have the value of a node depend on the position, P, of the node within the tree. For example, in such a case, the value of the node may be H(VL, VR, P), where VL is the value of the node's left child and VR is the value of the node's right child. Including position information helps prevent attack by someone who attempts to find two values that hash to an actual node value of an authenticated tree. When the node information includes position information, then a prospective attacker would have to find values that hashed to the combination of the children information and the position information, which is much less likely. U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,852 to Leighton et al. discloses a similar idea used in connection with a signature scheme. Note also that the hashed value of a node could be a bash of the children concatenated with a position of the node within the tree or could be a hash of the concatenation of the children and the position.
In addition, one or more of the nodes containing the certificate information (i.e., the certificate nodes), are not all necessarily leaf nodes of the tree, but, instead, have children of their own. For instance, let N be an internal node whose left child has a value VL and whose right child has a value VR, and let CI be some certificate information that we wish to associate to node N. Then, the value associated with node N can be made equal to VN=H(VL,VR,CI).
It should be realized the system disclosed herein facilitates batch processing. For example, rather than signing n pieces of certificate information separately, a CA may "Merkle" hash the quantities so as to obtain a single root-value, and then digitally signs the root-value (together with additional quantities if desired). This is a way to substitute n individual signatures (that can be expensive to obtain) with just one signature and n-1 hashing (which are not expensive at all). Notice that any signature scheme can be used for the root, including pen-written signatures, rather than digital ones.
Notice that a one-way hash function needs not to map every string to values having always B bits. For instance, it may map soem strings to 160-bit values and some other strings to 200-bit values. Also notice that an authenticated tree needs not to be constructed by means of a single one-way hash function. For instance, a first one-way hash function could be used for nodes at the first level, a second one-way hash function for nodes at the second level, etc. More generally, one could use a different one-way hash function for each position within the tree. Notice, however, that such a collection of one-way hash functions is a single one-way hash function for purposes of constructing an authenticated tree.
The foregoing has outlined some of the more pertinent objects and details of a preferred embodiment of the present invention. These objects and details should be construed to be merely illustrative of some of the more prominent features and applications of the invention. Many other beneficial results can be attained by applying the disclosed invention in a different manner or modifying the invention as will be described. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced, with modification, in other and different certification methods and schemes within the spirit and scope of the invention. Also, note that the need for certification and certificate revocation extends beyond certifying public keys and could include certifying any information.
One of the preferred implementations of the various routines disclosed above is as a set of instructions in a code module resident in the random access memory of a computer. Until required by the computer, the set of instructions may be stored in another computer memory, for example, in a hard disk drive, or in a removable memory such as an optical disk (for eventual use in a CD ROM) or floppy disk (for eventual use in a floppy disk drive). In addition, although the various methods described are conveniently implemented in a general purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by software, one of ordinary skill in the art would also recognize that such methods may be carried out in hardware, in firmware, or in more specialized apparatus constructed to perform the required method steps.
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Crowfield scored 12 points to win the second Charleston Area Mens Interclub Golf Association match held at Charleston National, edging Pine Forest by two points. Charleston Municipal was third with 5.
Jeff Hemphill of Coosaw Creek and Chuck Zirkle of Charleston Municipal tied for first with 10 points. Lowell McGaughey and John Grund, both of Pine Forest, and Bob Wambolt of Legend Oaks tied for third with 9.
Pine Forest leads the yearly standings with 21.5 points, followed by: Shadowmoss, 20; RiverTowne, 19.5; Stono Ferry, 19; Coosaw Creek, 17; Crowfield, 16; Charleston Municipal, 15; Dunes West, 14.5; Charleston National, 14; Berkeley, 10.5; Wescott, 7.5; Miler, 6.5; and Legend Oaks, 5.
Hubbard second
Richard Hubbard of Daniel Island finished tied for second in the Carolinas-Georgia tournament played at Mt. Vintage Plantation in North Augusta. Hubbard shot 72-70-142.
Hurricane Junior Tour
Jamie Wilson of Mount Pleasant finished second and Kent Lawrence of Mount Pleasant third in the boys 11-14 age group of the Hurricane Junior Golf Tour tournament at Hilton Head National.
The tour is coming to Kiawah Islands Cougar Point course Feb. 9-10 for the Kiawah Island Junior Challenge. The registration deadline is Wednesday. The event is open to boys and girls ages 11-18. Visit hjgt.org, call (904) 379-2697 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Rules of golf seminar
The Carolinas Golf Association will hold a free Rules of Golf seminar from 5:30-7:30 p.m. March 6 at Wild Dunes.
Register online at carolinasgolf.org or call (910) 673-1000.
Henley honored
The Country Club of Charleston held a reception Thursday to honor member Russell Henley, who won the PGA Tours Sony Open in Hawaii. It was Henleys debut as a member of the PGA Tour. Henley, a former University of Georgia star who resides in Sea Island, Ga., is a non-resident member.
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2015 Bearcats
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This new series of age-defying facial treatments blends age-old healing principles with modern wellness, healing skin from the inside out while harnessing the body's own immune system. It's holistic and non-surgical, just as it should be.
The results are remarkable. These techniques were originally used to treat muscle injuries and infections. Doctors noticed that the skin covering the areas being treated looked better, a side benefit that would have application at wellness spas like Sundara.
The modalities include use of a micro-current at the same level naturally present in your body to lift and tone muscles; safe LED lights to treat wrinkles; chemical-free and abrasive-free exfoliation that uses only sound vibrations and water; and highly effective ultrasound infusion of healing serums and moisturizers. Along with the visible lift, your skin will be hydrated and there will be an evening out of pigmentation.
Our estheticians have completed an additional 40 hours of training to be certified in these new services. Sundara is the only spa in Wisconsin to offer this. The first few minutes of the total appointment time will be spent in consultation with your spa therapist, which ensures products will be customized to your skin type and other preferences are noted.
(Note: Certain health conditions may preclude you from having this service - a health screening will be done at time of reservation.)
Sundara Series and Organic Facials
Holistic Age-Defying Facial Treatments
Age-Defying Face-Lift
45 Min.
This face-lift treatment works on the muscles under the skin, giving the overlaying tissue a firmer foundation to rest on. It begins with cleansing the skin, then the micro-current instantly lifts, firms, tones and re-educates sagging muscles. The service concludes with an infusion of peptide rich moisturizer. A single treatment will produce visible results that last up to three days. A full facial is not part of this treatment. For a face-lift with full facial see face-lift facial below.
Age-Defying Face-Lift Series
To maintain the results from your age defying face-lift, schedule a series of 6 for long lasting results. For results that last up to 2 years, schedule a series of 2 services per week for 6 weeks.
Series of 6 $700, Series of 12 $1250
Ultra Red Carpet Face-lift Facial
90 Min.
Cheek and Smile Lines-Lift
15 Min.
Eye and Forehead-Lift
15 Min.
15 Min.
Full Face-Lift Enhancement
Add-on (replaces the facial massage in our traditional facials)
Add-on $115
Ultrasonic Exfoliation
Ultrasound Moisturizer Infusion
Add-on $40
These facial peels use microdermabrasion crystals that exfoliate and speed skin renewal, antioxidants and a stable form of Vitamin A that triggers cell division for more rapid turnover. For optimal benefits, repeat these treatments once a month for four months while using the spa-at-home products recommended by your aesthetician. After these treatments, guests should avoid hot showers, steam rooms and hot soak baths, including those at Sundara, for the remainder of that day. Please be sure to enjoy these amenities prior to your scheduled facial peel. It is also important to protect fragile skin by applying moisturizer containing sunscreen.
(Note: Certain health conditions may preclude you from having this service - a health screening will be done at time of reservation.)
Peptide Power Lift Facial
50 Min.
Advanced Resurfacing Stem Cell Facial
50 Min.


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With this plugin you can filter post or page content by the country (web api) of the user surfing the site, all of that using simple shortcode
i agree with the comment below
Great little plugin - easy to use. Would be better if you could drill down even further like state/ region.
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We're Surrounded and that Simplifies the Problem. | danmillerinpanama
At the Battle of Chosin Reservoir during the Korean Conflict, Marine Colonel (later Lt. General) Chesty Puller told his men "We've been looking for the enemy for some time now. We've finally found him.
We're surrounded. That simplifies things."
We're surrounded too and that may simplify things for us as well.
English: Chesty puller
Chesty puller (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Colonel Puller's First Battalion of the First Marine Division, along with many thousands of other allied troops sent deep into North Korea to chase the North Korean forces to and across the Chinese border, had been placed in a nearly impossible situation. General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Allied Commander, relying only on the information he wanted to hear, had discounted the possibility of Chinese intervention. He had discouraged the development and submission of intelligence on its increasing likelihood. The information was available. However, since he didn't want it, providing it would have been the path away from rather than toward promotion and he did not get it.
When President Truman and General MacArthur met at Wake Island on October 14, 1950,
He had [already] been warned by Truman many times, and now received notification that he was to obtain authorization from Washington prior to taking any military action against objectives in Chinese territory. MacArthur's military plan was to proceed……….
REPUBLICAN INSIDER: "Petraeus Gave Us An Opportunity – Now We Need All Of Your Help" – The Ulsterman Report
RI: Here is…umm…there is something you can do.
Your readers can do…everyone you know of.
If people want to possibly change the outcome…or the discussion…they have to use this new media to do it.
You have to understand that the Obama White House has hundreds of people…all they do is post and comment and try to push their version.
They…what it is…it's a whole program to either direct the news coverage, or give media the excuse that they are just reporting on…or reflecting the public opinion. So what we need to do…inaudible…of what I already talked about. We need to get ahead of this new media thing…all of us. Republicans.
Conservatives…whatever. Congressman Paul talked about it the other day…he was right about that. 100%. So everyone needs to go out there and post their comments. Make the media know we are more…ummm…we are paying attention now. And so…they need to cover what…the stories that we are commenting on. Use basic economics on them. Just go all out and overwhelm the comments sections of these stories. Share the truth. And demand…demand more of the truth. And demand that they start…they need to ask this White House real questions now.
Can you do that? Can they do that? Petraeus gave us an opportunity – now we need all of your help.UM: I'll do my best. Just like you – can't promise anything. But you're right…people are…after the election they were pissed.


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Designed to meet the freshwater needs of most vessels with a water heater, shower and up to three faucets. Features include soft rubber mounts, corrosion-resistant design, run-dry ability and screw-less diaphragm that eliminates possible leak paths. Quick-connect fittings are included for ease of installation.
The West Advisor articles have answered boaters' questions and provided solutions to boating problems for more than 20 years. West Marine has compiled one of the Web's most comprehensive collections of technical boating information articles.
Reviewed by 2 customers
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Comments about West Marine Freshwater System Pump, 4GPM:
Replaced a Shurflow pump with this one--shurflow has had some serious quality issues--this one fits nicely into the same space--but it is so loud our boating friends joke about the noise. I actually mistook the sound as a tractor trailer jake-brake one day. Would not recommend this model in the future--wife can't wait for this one to eventually malfunction.
Best Uses
Comments about West Marine Freshwater System Pump, 4GPM:
I'm doing a complete rebuild of my Jefferson 52'. Making sure that I use only the best products to make this future live aboard most desirable. I am using one forward and one aft to accommodate periods of high usage with guests aboard. There is no doubt with the amount of water one produces, the quiet operation and perfect on demand production, one could have handled routine and continuous live aboard use.
Service and delivery comments:
Delivery was quick and packaged well to prevent damage if handled roughly.


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The Montgomery County board of appeals last week again delayed essential zoning hearings for the controversial Costco gas station at Westfield Wheaton shopping mall.
Hearing examiner Martin Grossman wrote it would be appropriate to push the hearings back past the scheduled June dates in light of a proposed county council bill targeting the station. In April, four council members co-sponsored the measure, which would add new language to the zoning ordinance that would prohibit a gas station of Costco's size within 1,000 feet of a public recreation use. The Kenmont Swim & Tennis Club is within 1,000 feet of the planned Costco station.
The bill is set for public hearing June 19.
This is the fourth time the hearings have been delayed, but the first time a continuance has come at the request of the Kensington Heights Civic Association, which opposes the 16-pump station planned for the southwest corner of Westfield Wheaton's property.
In April, Costco filed revised special exception, landscape and engineering plans as well as traffic reports and land use impacts on noise, air quality and odors, according to the order granting the latest continuance. Michelle Rosenfeld, attorney for the Kensington Heights Civic Association, said Costco did not give gas station foes enough time to examine the new information.
Grossman wrote that Costco did not violate any procedural rules but that, "A sense of fairness dictates that the first request of the opposition for a continuance must receive due consideration."
Costco Director of Real Estate Development Erich Brann said the company had no comment at this time on the delay.
"We're delighted and having the additional time is very helpful," Rosenfeld said. "The result is what we care about. Whatever the hearing examiner used, we are certainly thrilled with the outcome. And frankly, fairness in his mind included the fact that they had requested a continuance three times."
The station would be the largest in the county with an annual volume of 12 million gallons, and would be located in the parking lot of the Costco warehouse store set to open in October.
On April 25, Costco held an open house at Crossway Community Inc. in Kensington. Project consultants presented emission studies, stormwater management plans, traffic patterns and a needs study to counter community concerns about environmental and health dangers.
On April 17, County Councilmembers Marc Elrich (D-At large) of Takoma Park, Valerie Ervin (D-Dist. 5) of Silver Spring, Nancy Navarro (D-Dist. 4) of Silver Spring and Craig Rice (D-Dist. 2) of Germantown co-sponsored the legislation that would effectively prohibit Costco's planned station.
"We're in the bottom half of the eighth inning," Brann said at the open house, "and now they've changed the rules."
Rosenfeld said opponents will take the time to review the new information provided by Costco in April and to find prospective expert witnesses for the hearing, in case the county council bill does not pass. The two sides are expected to agree on new hearing dates in the next few weeks, she said.


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Creighton Selected to Participate in Public Health Program
The Association for Prevention Teaching and Research (APTR) and the Association of American Colleges and Universities (AACU) has selected Creighton University to participate in its Undergraduate Curriculum Development Institute, July 14-15, in Crystal City, Va. The institute is designed to help educators integrate public health education into the undergraduate curriculum.
Judith Lee Kissell, Ph.D., director of Creightons Health Administration and Policy program; Linda Ohri, Pharm.D., associate professor of pharmacy practice; Alex Rodlach, Ph.D., assistant professor of sociology and anthropology; and Marty Wilken, R.N., Ph.D., assistant professor of nursing, will represent Creighton at the conference.
The Creighton faculty team is one of about 60 nationwide to be awarded grants from the APTR and the AACU to participate in the institute.
Creighton University is a Jesuit, Catholic university bridging health, law, business and the arts and sciences for a more just world.


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hoping for help????
by powerlock, Window Shopper
- Created: July 22, 2010, 3:51 pm
I am writing to you hoping for some help. I have been searching for some kind of small business grant for expansion. My father has owned and operated a small marine store in maple shade, nj for over 30 years. My father unfortunately due to cancer years ago almost lost the business. This year we have discussed and due to all our competitors going out. We decided to expand the business hoping to take advantage with very little money. We are making it but it very difficult. My father is still not healthy and has several disabilities including 30% kidney functions. My question is what federal grants is my business eligible to for. Thanks..........
BizResearcher | Window Shopper | 7/28/2010 - 8:09 am
You might make an appointment to meet with a counselor at a small business development center or a SCORE office. The counseling is free and they can take a look at all aspects of the business and advise you on ways to expand, to cut expenses, or other issues you may need to work on to help the business become more profitable. They also have contacts with resources in the community that may be useful for you.
detroitmortgage | Window Shopper | 7/23/2010 - 8:22 pm
If the problem is cashflow rather than total revenue you could look at factoring as a potential solution. If you just need access to ready funds, you could look at securing a line of credit facility with a bank or other lender. you'd need equity in a fixed asset like your store premises in order to secure this, but I does provide access to quick captial at good interest rates and you only pay interest on what you actually use.
JimD | Former Moderator | 7/23/2010 - 5:46 am
The federal government does not give out grant money for starting a business, expanding a business, or to cover operating expenses. You can check out out Loans & Grants Search tool to see if you qualify for anything. Please also take a look at this article, I need money... where do I get it? This will give you some other options to consider. Sorry to hear about your father.
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Just 300 meters from Lourdes Sanctuaries and 100 meters from Lourdes Castle, Hôtel Saint Jean Baptiste has a bar and... More Info »
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Warren Buffet thinks that women are a major reason why America will do so well, as he stated last week in a somewhat Sandberg-esque essay on women in leadership. Aside from encouraging women to feel more confident in themselves, his bigger plea is to men:
"If obvious benefits flow from helping the male component of the workforce achieve its potential, why in the world wouldn't you want to include its counterpart?….Fellow males, get onboard. The closer that America comes to fully employing the talents of all its citizens, the greater its output of goods and services will be. We've seen what can be accomplished when we use 50% of our human capacity. If you visualize what 100% can do, you'll join me as an unbridled optimist about America's future."
He said further in a coinciding recent interview, "My job is to make sure I have the right people in the top slots for [Berkshire Hathaway]… who is best going to do this job?…Talent is scarce…we cannot afford to have any kind of blacklist as to who we won't put into the job…."
Right on. This highlights the need to look beyond equality for equality's sake and understand that there are real benefits to having more women in leadership. He's pushing for everyone to consider a fundamental economic argument in addition to the existing ethical one.
I'm not trying to put words into his mouth, but he almost seems to be saying that it's an actual fiduciary responsibility on the part of males (and females) in decision-making positions to fully utilize the skill set of women.
What a rational argument. Imagine just wasting half the existing workforce talent? When you break it down that way, it's a very straight-forward and powerful reason why you have to provide more opportunities for women or, if you are a woman, seek out or make more opportunities for yourself.
Recent research would suggest this isn't shallow thinking. Last fall, Booz & Company released a report on the potential of women in the global workforce, and Principal Leila Hoteit said the findings highlighted that "positive steps intended to economically empower women not only contribute to the immediate goals of mobilizing the female workforce, but also lead to broader gains for all citizens." There are plenty of other statistics that support this line of thought. Many have also broken down the various barriers to gender equality in the workforce – less access to education, training, lines of credit, policy, and many more – and each of those larger areas of focus require serious attention.
But what Buffet is calling for is something much simpler, grassroots even. If you have influence over what the talent pool for your organization looks like, you aren't being smart or strategic by suggesting that 50% of the population doesn't have the qualifications needed to lead. Smarter still would be the recognition that women have unique skills that balance out leadership teams and enhance the existing skill sets of their male counterparts.
So, while Buffet is calling specifically for males to consider this (which is great), we all need to consider more inclusion in terms of gender, age, race, education, etc. We simply can't afford not to or we aren't being good leaders ourselves.


text: '84 SBF 306 c.i holley 770 dual feed/double pump edelbrock vic JR 302 intake ported and polished Dart 351W fulley worked heads (iron) 2.05int-1.60exh 42cc hooker supercomp shorties TRW 11.5:1 dome piston forged (w/46cc head) Hbeam conecting rods aftermarket steel balanced crank (all new main/cam barrings,pins, and whatever else needed for a complete reassembly) Moroso 8qt deep sump w/trap door oil pan Moroso high volume oil pump eletric water pump/fan no thermos stat. (runs at 220-230*) (also have a belt drive set up) comp cams kit mechanical lift .610-.610 cam hardened pushrods 1.6 ratio comp cams roller rockers (silver) hardend plastic valve covers oil filter relocation MSD distributor, blaster coil, ignition controle, rev limiter controle w/3,6,7,8000 rpm pills complete Barry Grant fuel system. 1" braided lines, HotRod 220gph street pump, NO2 accessable connections, the works. fulley built AODE w/3500 verter. OD is not plugged in. (3 gears) trans ratios are changed. deep trans pan aftermarket lightened drivshaft with heavy duty U-joints B&M trans cooler B&M pro stick trans brake adjustable line lock engine block and oil pan heater (plugs into your house outlets) pro comp II 11,000RPM tach w/recall sunpro water temp gauge auto meter oil pressure and trans temp gauges full complete black leather interior driver and passenger 5 point harness 8 point roll BAR battery relocated to trunk/hatch sumped fuel cell NO2 bottle holder Ford 9"--complete mosier set up. full spool, 33 spline axels, 4:30 ratio racing shocks, south side lift bars, new race leaf springs welded frame ties prostars 26-8.5-15 Mickey Thompson full slick. 215-60-15 BF Goodrich Comp T/A (front) all tires are damn near brans new. pleanty of life left all the way around. working headlights and brake lights not a pump gas car. burns 110/114. with timing adjustment, exhaust installed, mabey it will run on 93. never tried it. has 12.5:1 compression, mabey more. ----------------------------------------------------------- the needs: center caps chrome window trim a better throttle linkage weather stripping in the doors the bottom half of the driveshaft saftey loop battery hold down a full exhaust installed including new headers i just got. i have truck manifolds on it now. for a perfect show car, it could use normal paint and body work. the paint shines real nice now. it could use a different hood scoop. it will need a different radiator hose. one with a T connector for a radiator fill. a new diaphram in the fuel connection where you would set your FPR.


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Monkey see monkey do, One school raises it tuition so follow suite, What the hell happened to all that SEC money they just recieved, this is outrageous, if the parents would pull the kids out I bet these CLOWNS would reconsider this, with the economy the way it is, I can't believe this, the tuition should be going down, These CLOWNS are money hungry, wake up people let these CLOWNS know your feeling. This needs to be stopped NOW.
aufaithful or what ever this clown says reminds me of the saying If jealousy was electricity, AU would be a POWER HOUSE Some people can't stand that The U.of A will always be superior to any other SEC school, espically that orther college down on the plains (DUMP) I feel sorry for AU they will always be second or in last place in the great state of Alabama. The womens softball team really showed class even with a 1 point win. Congrats Ladies. For all the people who love the Crimson Tide RTR
This so caledl K maybe OK, but we need to release prisoners that should not be there or being held for some petty crime, Wake up BACKWOODS Montgomery, thats where you would save money and make better use of your parole officers. Get with the program and save MONEY now.
The dead beats at the Monkey town corrections need to release the non violet ( not drug dealers), but the ones who are not a threat to society, but put them on parole, this would free up a lot of money for better uses. WAKE up Montgomery politians and get with the 2012 program not the 1940's ways of thinking.
Mr. Brown sounds like a bitter old man, he is jealous of anyone who plays with all his heart, Trent R. wil probably not be the best RB in the NFL, but he will give it is all. Sorry you feel this way about Trent, but maybe he will prove hi nasayers wrong. Good Day
I can't believe these clowns in Monkey town they keep people locked up that should be on parole. The prison sitution is very close to being a U.S goverment concern. Get real people reduce the prison population now and save us tax payers big bucks. This way they could stop robbing Peter to pay Paul.
Release non threat and wrongly accused cause the judge did not like the person, the worst court system in the state is Shelby county, they SUCK big time. Review violet and release most of them who pose no threat to the general public. Our court system really sucks big time.
The state should release as many non dangerous prisoners as possible, there are so many who are in there for petty, nick picking crimes. I have visited a few and found that some of the crimes these guys are in there far would not even be considered jail time in many states. This back woods approach has to change. This State of Alabama government is lost in time. Do the right thing State of Ala. let these non threats be released on probation and get with the times. God Bless Alabama
All I know is that the National champ trophy is in T=Town. nough said
If Nick Saban haters were electricty they would be powerhouses, Nick may have lost a few games but his win are considered GREAT Wins by people who know football. He will surpass Bear Bryant in the years to come, I hate to say this but the future will hold true.
Come on folks, does the Moody attorney, really care what happened to this young lady, how much concern does he really have. What's he in it for, 3 guesses
Sorry, for the lost of the young lady, but you don't mess with another person"s propery, she should have been at home, I hope the orther two punks are going to do time, let this be a lesson for all the young people out there. The Law shall prevail.
Like so many have said, we know LSU was better, but who was better when it counted. God bless LSU and Bama two great teams. RMFTR
I feel sorry for the young lady and her family, but she should not have been there, nobody to blame, but her, the man who did the shooting should not be charged in her mishap, you don't mess around on someone else's propery especially at night. She should have been at home.
Could it be true Auburn is on thier way to be bottom feeders among the SEC. I see Chzik falling by the wayside. I don't see a very bright crystal ball on the horizon. It's hard to get the same talent the state's superior team seems to be getting. Could be wrong, but who knows
Scam, Sorry I mean Cam, he's right where he should be with the rest of the clowns. As far as Ala. fans they could care less about anything on that campus, when you have 14 Nat't Champs that say it all who is the ULITMATE school is.
You are touched, Ala. people don't like PUNKS Black or White. You Idiot
Martin was a PUNK from Miami, that the whole case. Free Zimmerman
Great news for a super nice young man, He shows what hard work and faith produces. Good Luck to him and his career with the Crimson Tide
I found the real diffinition of Auburn
Alabama Usually Beats Us Round November Is that what Auburn stays for. RMFT