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A telecommunication system and method for communicating between at least two end users over a telecommunication network, where the communication is defined by a set of parameters. At least two entities, such as one or both of the end users and/or the service providers negotiate an agreed set of values for said parameters that define the desired communication. The entities also negotiate a warranty agreement with the network service provider defining at least one of the agreed parameters to be warranted including a compensation method to be applied should said at least one monitored parameter fail to meet the corresponding one of said agreed values. The agreed warranted parameters are monitored once the communication is established and, in the event of a failure of the monitored parameters to meet agreed values, at least one of the entities is compensated in accordance with the agreed compensation method. When more than two entities are involved in a communication, the compensation from an entity can be divided amongst the other entities according to an agreed scheme.
1. A method of establishing and maintaining communication between at least first, second and third entities over a telecommunication network, where said communication is defined by a set of parameters, said method comprising the steps of:
(i) negotiating between at least two of said first, second and third entities an agreed set of values for said parameters that define the desired communication;
(ii) negotiating a warranty agreement between at least said two of said first, second and third entities defining: at least one of said agreed parameters to be monitored; at least one entity to perform said monitoring; and a compensation method to be applied should said at least one monitored parameter fail to meet the corresponding one of said agreed values;
(iii) establishing said communication;
(iv) monitoring said at least one monitored parameter of said communication by said at least one entity performing said monitoring; and
(v) in the event of a failure of said at least one monitored parameter to meet said agreed value, the entities responsible for said failure compensating at least one of the other of said entities in accordance with said negotiated compensation method.
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15. A telecommunications system comprising:
a first end user entity;
a second end user entity;
a telecommunications network entity comprising at least part of an interconnection between said first end user entity and said second end user entity and having at least one transmission link;
at least said first end user entity, said telecommunication network entity and said second end user entity negotiating a communication between said first end user entity and said second end user entity; and
said entities being operable to:
(a) agree on.values for a set of parameters defining a communication and implement said communication between said first end user entity and said second end user entity over said telecommunication network entity; and
(b) agree on a warranty agreement defining at least one of said set of parameters to be monitored by an entity and a compensation method to be applied should said at least one monitored parameter fail to meet the corresponding one of said agreed values and implement said warranty agreement, the compensation method including determining the entity responsible for the failure and the entity to receive the compensation.
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The present invention relates generally to telecommunications, and more specifically, to a method and system of establishing and managing telecommunications over telecommunication networks by providing and enforcing a warranty for communications failing to meet parameters agreed to by the entities involved in the communication.
For many decades, telecommunication networks were designed to carry human voices and some data signals, such as Morse Code, in audio bands. However, in the last few decades, telecommunications have been moving into higher bandwidths, using digital signals in order to increase the capacity of physical infrastructures and reducing the cost of supplying telecommunication services. While a copper wire pair in a traditional telephone system carried a single analog voice signal, dozens of voice signals can now be digitized, multiplexed, and transmitted at higher frequencies over the same copper wire pair.
Telecommunication Service Providers now use various transmission means including analog, digital and compressed digital methods, over a variety of media, including hard wire, wireless, fiber optic and satellite transmission means. Data transmission methods and protocols now include Internet Protocol (IP), asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), frame relay, and digital telephony. The networks of these Service Providers are generally interconnected with those of others to form larger, heterogeneous networks.
Currently, two networks dominate telecommunications: conventional telephone networks (public switched telephone networks or PSTNs) with their almost universal physical infrastructure; and the Internet, which has grown tremendously over the last decade and continues to grow.
Telecommunication systems, such as those for telephony and the Internet, are composed of terminal equipment such as telephones or personal computers; an access network such as a telephony local loop or a radio link, switches or routers; and a backbone network such as the PSTN or an intercity data network. One design challenge is that the needs of users at the terminals are very varied, but the backbone networks must handle highly standardized loads in order to operate reliably and efficiently.
FIG. 1 is an example of a prior art telephony system 10. System 10 includes a plurality of switches 12 controlled by large computer programs in switch controllers 14. Switches 12 are interconnected with one another by trunks 16 which carry the actual communication signals and can consist of a variety of physical media, such as optical fiber and coaxial cables. Switch controllers 14 are also interconnected, generally by means of signaling lines 18 rather than over communication trunks 16.
Telephony systems 10 also generally include computing means to implement such features as conference calling 20, voice mail 22 and toll services 24. Telephony features, such as call forwarding, may be implemented by adding code to the programs running the switches 12 or by adding specialized hardware to the telephony system 10. The features available to particular users are defined in databases accessed by software on switch 12, and adding a new type of feature may involve changing these databases together with the software on each switch 12 that uses them, and may also involve purchasing and installing new types of hardware in the system.
FIG. 2 is an example of a prior art Internet communications system 30. The Internet 32 itself is represented by a number of routers 34 interconnected by an Internet backbone 36 network designed for high-speed transport of large amounts of data. User's computers 38 may access the Internet in a number of manners including modulating and demodulating data over a telephone line using audio frequencies. Such dial up access requires a modem 40 and connection to the Public Switched Telephone Network 42, which in turn connects to the Internet 32 via a point of presence 44 including a complementary modem 40 and an access controller 46. Another manner of access is the use of broadband modems 50 which modulate and demodulate data onto high frequencies which pass over CATV networks 52, or the like, which are connected to the Internet via a controller 54.
Part of the access network in these systems is usually a set of computer systems 39 at the edge of the backbone network 36 which perform functions such as authentication of users and control of the load that they place on the backbone network 36. Communications between users' computers 38 and the rest of the network 30 are standardized by means of defined communication protocols.
Communications over the Internet can be accomplished via various protocols and over a variety of physical transfer media. A protocol is a set of conventions or rules that govern transfer of data between hardware devices. The simplest protocols define only a hardware configuration while more complex protocols define timing, data formats, packet construction and interpretation, error detection and correction techniques and software structures.
The Internet is a connectionless network service, in that a single communication may be broken up into a multitude of data packets that follow different paths between the same source and destination. Traditional telephony, in contrast, reserves resources to establish a single dedicated path for a communication that all of the data in the communication follows.
The Internet employs the Internet Protocol (IP) and the key advantages of IP are that it allows a large network to function robustly and that it offers a standardized means by which applications software can use that network. While it offers a number of advantages, actual performance is based on performance levels which are not consistent or absolutely guaranteed and which can, at best, only be statistically estimated.
Networks for telephony and data transmission have developed separately, but the economic rationale for having distinct physical networks is disappearing and the technologies are converging. They appear to be converging on a model closer to that for data than that for telephony, partly because of the greater generality of data networks. The dominant data network is currently the Internet but there is a fundamental difference between these two networks. Conventional telephone systems generally take a "first-come-first-served" approach when there is contention for network resources, denying services to subsequent callers if sufficient resources are not available and this process is known as "call admission". The Internet however, is packet based and has traditionally offered "best effort" service without making any attempt to prioritize traffic. That is, the Internet will accept all traffic, and the flow-through rate will vary with the demands the parties place on the resources available. This difference in operating philosophy makes it difficult to offer traditional services over a converging network.
As well, because the requirements for voice and data transmission can be quite different, it is difficult to optimize for provision of both on a common network. Voice communication, for example, produces a relatively steady stream of data at a relatively low data rate, and rapid delivery is more important than accuracy (i.e. a low end to end latency is more important than a small percentage of dropped packets). In contrast, data applications such as Web browsing or ftp file transfers generally produce bursts of data that are required to be delivered accurately, but for which an end to end latency of a second or two or more may be considered acceptable.
This problem is aggravated by the demand for new services such as video telephony, Internet games, video on demand, Internet audio, streaming audio or video, remote collaborative work or telemedicine, which require differing levels of quality and degrees of bandwidth. Clearly, the network must be able to allocate and control the quality and quantity of bandwidth in order to use its resources efficiently and to meet the needs of its users.
For example, telemedicine surgery in which a physician uses a remote manipulator to perform surgery could likely not be implemented with the existing Internet. This application would require very strict demands on both accuracy and timeliness together with a high bandwidth for video. The consequences of the network failing to perform as required would be very serious.
A contrasting example is multiplayer gaming, in which a number of players exchange small packets of information to update each other on their moves and present state. Given how such games are typically implemented, this can require low latencies, but bandwidth requirements are light and a fairly high rate of packet loss can be tolerated.
Existing networks are not designed to provide such diverse services and performance requirements.
While the Internet provides an efficient network for transporting data packets, it is not designed to provide end to end services with guaranteed performance levels. Typically, there is a static selection of services available to users, under predetermined terms and conditions. The performance level that a user may expect is offered on a "best effort" basis and is not firmly guaranteed.
The Internet has attempted to provide guaranteed quality of service (QoS) by use of the resource reservation protocol (RSVP). RSVP is an extension to IP that permits specification of quality of service at a technical level, in terms of parameters such as data rates and latencies by reserving network resources to establish a 'virtual connection' with the required QoS. It has had limited acceptance due to the complexity it adds to backbone networks and the need for their switching hardware to be updated, and it fails to include mechanisms to specify the costs associated with the QoS demands that it makes. More significantly, RSVP ensures quality of service by reserving resources, a strategy which lacks the efficiencies of the best-effort networks as it can result in the reserved resources being idle at various times.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks use standard protocols for addressing packets of data (as does IP), setting up connections (as does TCP), and specifying QoS (as does RSVP). ATM networks have typically been deployed in the core of backbone networks because of the high speeds at which ATM equipment operates, but ATM capabilities have not been directly visible to end users (because of the dominance of IP as an applications standard and the high costs of ATM equipment). Because ATM routers are not directly accessible and because of the complexity of their mechanisms for describing QoS, these mechanisms have not been used by applications software. Further, reservation systems such as ATM or RSVP only deal with network capacity and can still fail to meet performance requirements due to equipment failures, etc. Also, as was the case with RSVP, these QoS mechanisms do not include methods by which to describe the costs associated with a QoS demand.
Therefore, there is currently no efficient way to offer or guarantee QoS over the Internet, other packet networks, or other best-effort networks and, even with call admission networks, there is no effective manner for dealing with missed performance levels. In general, all telecommunication links are error prone, to some level. Service providers can profit by allowing increased error rates and/or latencies and will be tempted to do so. However, users generally have no mechanism to determine when such degradations occur and no mechanism allowing them to be compensated even if they determine such degradations are occurring.
Scott Jordan and Hong Jiang survey a number of models, in which the network offers a rate schedule from which the calling party selects their preference, in "Connection Establishment in High-Speed Networks", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 13, no. 7, September 1995. Nagao Ogino presents a similar methodology, in which a number of service providers bid on the provision of communication services, in "Connection Establishment Protocol Based on Mutual Selection by Users and Network Providers", ACM, 1998. In both cases though, there is no discussion or consideration of how users can ensure they will obtain the performance that they paid for or how they might be compensated if they do not obtain the performance agreed with the service provider.
Users of the existing PSTN are used to very predictable quality and reliability referred to as "four 9's" reliability. That is, successful performance of a voice quality communication can be expected in 9,999 out of 10,000 calls, once a connection is obtained. To date, such reliability cannot be obtained on packet or other networks, but the much lower cost of Internet Protocol based services and increased diversity will force the PSTN to incorporate those protocols in order to compete. Clearly, some means of addressing this problem is required.
The connectionless telecommunication networks known in the art do not offer guaranteed service levels. Further, there does not exist any mechanism for warrantying communication parameters to users over connectionless, call admission or other telecommunication networks. There is therefore a need for a method and system of providing telecommunication services over connectionless and other telecommunication networks, which improves upon the problems known in the art. This design must be provided with consideration for ease of implementation and recognize the pervasiveness of existing telecommunication infrastructures.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method and system for establishing and managing communications over telecommunication networks which obviates or mitigates at least one of the disadvantages of the prior art.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of communication between at least first and second entities over a telecommunication network, where said communication is defined by a set of parameters, said method comprising the steps of:
(i) negotiating between said at least first and second entities an agreed set of values for said parameters that define the desired communication;
(ii) negotiating a warranty agreement between said at least first and second entities defining at least one of said agreed parameters to be monitored and a compensation method to be applied should said at least one monitored parameter fail to meet the corresponding one of said agreed values;
(iii) establishing said communication;
(iv) monitoring said at least one parameter of said communication; and
(v) in the event of a failure of said monitored parameter to meet said agreed value, compensating at least one of said first and second entities in accordance with said negotiated compensation method.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a telecommunications system comprising:
a first end user;
a second end user;
a telecommunications network interconnecting said first end user said second end user and having at least one transmission link and protocol;
said first end user and said telecommunication network negotiating a communication between said first end user and said second end user; and
said first end user and said telecommunication network being operable to:
(a) agree on values for a set of parameters defining a communication between said first end user and said second end user; and
(b) agree on a warranty agreement defining at least one of said set of parameters to be monitored and a compensation method to be applied should said at least one monitored parameter fail to meet the corresponding one of said agreed values.
In the present invention, communications between at least two end users are achieved over at least one telecommunications link. Preferably, the communication is defined by a set of parameters, usually including one or more network performance parameters and/or QoS parameters, which are negotiated by, or on behalf of, at least one of the end users with the one or more network service providers who will establish the communication. A successful negotiation results in an agreed set of values for the parameters and a warranty agreement with the network service provider that defines at least one of the agreed parameter values to be warranted. The warranty agreement also defines a compensation method to be applied should a measured value of the parameter fail to meet the corresponding agreed value.
Once the communication is established, the agreed warranted parameter, or parameters, are monitored and, in the event of a failure of a monitored parameter to meet the agreed values, the compensation method is invoked and at least one user or other entity involved in the communication is compensated in accordance with the compensation method. If multiple users are involved in a communication, the compensation can be divided amongst them according to an agreed scheme. Similarly, if multiple network service providers are involved in the communication with the users and/or in establishing point to point links in the communication, the network service provider who fails to meet agreed parameters can compensate other network service providers and/or users, as appropriate. Compensation can be achieved in a variety of manners, including by monetary means, including reduced billings, refunds and/or penalty payments, or by the provision of free or reduced rate communications, either for the present communication or for a future communication.
The telecommunication network can be a call admission network, a connectionless network, a virtual connection network or any combination of these networks. In the case of call admission networks, the negotiation of values for communication parameters can be trivial, but a warranty can still be agreed and provided.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached Figures, wherein:
FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a prior art public switched telephone network (PSTN);
FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a prior art Internet network;
FIG. 3 is a generalized flow chart of the method employed in a warranty mechanism in accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a warranty mechanism for communications in an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3 shows a high level view of the implementation of a methodology in accordance with the present invention. This Figure presents a method of communication between a first entity (a first end user) and a second entity (a second end user) over a telecommunication network, operated by a single network entity, to which the end users are connected and where the communication is defined by a set of agreed values for communication parameters agreed by the entities. In this example, the second end user is passive, as the communication recipient, and the first entity and the network entity agree on the set of values for the parameters at step 56. The entities also agree which, if any, of those values are warranted. As described below, the parameters are any suitable set of parameters and, for example, can include a minimum data rate, a maximum latency, a maximum frame error rate, etc. If one of the agreed values for those parameters is not met during the execution of the communication at step 58, and if that parameter or parameters are warranted, then the system responds by triggering a warranty mechanism at step 60.
The phrase "entity" is used herein to describe hardware or software that represents any party having an interest in the parameters for the communication. Such parties can include end users, their service providers, interconnecting (point to point link) service providers, etc. End users, for example, will have terminal devices which allow the end user to communicate audio, video, data or other similar information with other users, and such terminal devices can include telephones, personal computers, personal digital assistants, cellular telephones, pagers, fax machines or other devices as known in the art. Such user terminal devices are referred to herein as user interfaces. Service providers can, for example, communicate with the end users via dial-up, cable or wireless modems, or using technologies such as ISDN (integrated services digital network), xDSL (digital subscriber line), ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) and frame relay and can communicate with each other through any suitable interconnection between their networks.
The present invention is not limited to use with communications involving only two end users and a network entity and communications can be established wherein multiple service providers are engaged to provide necessary links. Also, multi-user services such as conference calls and streaming video will necessarily involve multiple entities even in circumstances wherein a single service provider is involved. While in the example of FIG. 3 only a first entity (first user) and a second entity (network service provider) are involved in negotiations it is also contemplated that multiple entities can be involved in negotiations including the second and/or additional end users and each service provider.
The parameters that define the communication will depend on the nature of the communication that is desired. In the simple case of a voice call, the parameters can include: the price and its basis (i.e.—how much per packet or per minute, etc.), an identification of who pays, and performance and/or QoS parameters such as the maximum latency that will be tolerated and the required voice sampling quality.
As explained above, there are currently two main telecommunications networks, the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the Internet, but economics and competition are forcing these to converge into a single data network. The protocols which use the network resources most efficiently are "best-effort", or connectionless, protocols which accept all traffic, and vary the flow-through rate with the demands placed on the resources available. Because there is an inherent failure rate and variable performance for such networks, the expected performance is not consistent nor can it be absolutely guaranteed, though performance can be statistically estimated.
By providing a warranty for the agreed terms of the communication, the agreement between entities receives credibility and efforts to achieve the agreed terms are in the best interest of all entities. Entities can control the degree of confidence they can expect in the agreement by controlling the terms of the warranty. Negotiating a communication with strict warranty terms and/or onerous penalties will typically afford the communication a higher priority on a service provider's network.
As explained above, there is a growing demand for diverse services, which require telecommunication service providers to allow service parameters to be tailored to the specific requirements of the users. As the prevailing networks are "best-effort", there is no guarantee a communication will perform as agreed. Some way is therefore required to enforce the terms of the agreement, which the present invention accomplishes by providing and enforcing a warranty mechanism.
In the past, when an end user agreed to a communication, he could receive lower quality than he agreed to pay for because of failures and statistical variability. The present invention controls the tradeoff of cost to quality by controlling what is paid for the quality that is actually received. This is accomplished by compensating the appropriate entities when the agreed performance is not met, through the warranty mechanism.
The present invention also allows new services, or types of Quality of Service, to be provided via a communication network. For example, a network service supplier can sell a quality of service to its end users which warrantees that they will not receive annoying calls, such as telemarketing, etc. In such a case, the network service supplier can enforce a warranty parameter whereby any of its end users can activate an "annoying call" identifier when they receive a communication that they did not wish to receive and the originator of such a call will be forced to pay a penalty to the offended end user. A user receiving a telemarketing call can effect the warranty mechanism by any suitable means, such as pressing a Flash and a dial pad number during or after the call. In effect, the call originators are warrantying that their calls will not offend end users. Similarly, a telemarketer or other caller can pay a network service supplier to contact a user on a person to person basis and the warranty mechanism can be invoked when an answering machine is reached instead. The warranty mechanism can, in this case, refund a portion of the price paid for the connection as it was not person to person. Other new and unique services can be provided in a similar manner, as will be more readily apparent after reading the rest of the disclosure below.
FIG. 4 shows a more detailed flow chart of a method in accordance with the present invention. The process begins at step 62 where the negotiating entities agree on a set of values for the parameters defining the communication they wish to establish. The negotiation can be a simple matter of a communication service provider having a standard set of offerings, from which the calling party makes a selection or can be a multi-entity, multi-round negotiation wherein service providers, service levels, pricing and warranty terms must be agreed. In either case, the negotiation is administered by a negotiation manager or other suitable mechanism agreed to by the entities.
The negotiation manager can be any suitable mechanism which allows the entities to identify and agree to a set of parameters and values. In a presently preferred embodiment, the negotiation manager is a software application executing on at least one computing device connected to the participating entities, directly or indirectly. Ideally, the negotiation manager is operated and maintained by a trusted party which ensures that fair negotiations occur.
The negotiated parameters can include: minimum sustained data rates, maximum burst rates and durations, duty cycles, maximum acceptable frame error rates, maximum acceptable end to end latencies, etc. This negotiation would also include the terms of the warranty agreement, including an identification of which parameters are to be warranted and a definition of the consequences of a failure to meet the warranted performance.
Warranted parameters can be agreed in a variety of flexible manners, including conditional, graduated or absolute parameters. A conditional parameter is a parameter which is dependent upon the value of another parameter, such as a frame error rate that can depend on, and/or vary with, a warranted data rate with the permitted number of errors increasing as the data rate increases and vice versa. A graduated parameter is a parameter with different behaviors at different levels. For example, a data rate which is warranted to provide continuous transfer rates of five hundred kilobits per second (kps) can have an agreed monetary warranty mechanism of a tenth of a cent refund for each packet transmitted at less than the agreed five hundred kps rate and more than a three hundred and fifty kps rate and a full cent refund for each packet transmitted at a rate less than three hundred and fifty kps. An absolute parameter is a parameter whose condition is either met or not, for example end to end latency can be warranted to not exceed one hundred milliseconds and if this limit is exceeded, then the warranty mechanism is invoked.
In order to negotiate such an agreement, a communication provider can assess their risk in agreeing to the terms of the warranty. The simplest business model is:
That is, for a given service with a fixed cost and fixed profit target, there is a tradeoff of the negotiated rate against the cost of the warranty. Therefore, a simple view of the rate to charge is:
where P is the probability (between zero and one) that the proposed value for the specified parameter or parameters will not be met. Because errors and failures can be modeled and estimated statistically, a "bet" or tradeoff between the warranty cost and charge out rate can be created. Probability P can be calculated based on historic data, for the case of failures, and expected loading of the resources and can be influenced by the amount of risk the service provider is willing to accept versus the amount of redundant (unused) capacity he has in his network, etc. As the communication service provider has some degree of control over the loading, the expected results can be very predictable. The communication service provider does not have control over bursts and the like, but can negotiate the parameters associated with bursty data to limit their exposure to an acceptable level for the charge out rate. More complex formulas for determining the Charge Out Rate can be employed, for example taking other factors such as total amounts paid by a user, the desirability of providing services to the user, the present state of the provider's network, the time of day, etc., into consideration
It is also important to note that different telecommunication models or paradigms will have different cost curves and break even points. More complex methods can be employed, including starting with calculated statistics which are modified as additional network usage data is collected. The calculation of such curves is well within the ability of those skilled in the art.
At step 64, once the terms of the agreement have been negotiated, the negotiation manager advises a trusted party of the terms of the agreement, which parameters to monitor, and how to effect the warranty. In a simple application, where the calling party pays for a communication, the "trusted party" can simply be a software function that the network service provider has created and which the calling party intrinsically trusts. In more complex applications, an independent software agent, or other suitable mechanism, can be used with, for example, each participant confirming their trust through a suitable method, such as by submitting a non-revocable password.
At step 66, the trusted party establishes a mechanism to monitor the agreed parameter or parameters to which the warranty applies while the communication proceeds. As noted above, the most likely parameters to monitor are performance parameters such as latency and bit or frame error rates, although other parameters, including end user satisfaction parameters (such as the "annoying call" parameter discussed briefly above) can also be monitored.
Latency is the amount of time a data packet requires to travel from a transmitting entity to a receiving entity. In the case of communications through multiple links, the measure most often of interest is the end to end latency, which is the total time a packet requires to travel from the originating entity to the final destination entity, i.e.—the sum of the latency on all links in the communication. In voice communications, the maximum end to end latency that is generally found acceptable is about 200 milliseconds, though in the case of the present invention, different acceptable maximum latencies for voice communication can, of course, be negotiated. For data communications, a much wider range of latencies may be of interest, depending upon the nature and use of the data. Latency can be monitored, or estimated, in a number of ways such as time stamping of packets, etc. as will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
Another parameter for which warranties likely will often be desired is the bit error rate (BER) or, more commonly, the frame error rate (FER). Again, suitable methods of detecting BERs or FERs are well known to those of skill in the art and acceptable ranges of BERs and/or FERs will again differ depending upon the nature and use of the data.
The mechanism to monitor agreed parameters will depend upon which parameters are to be monitored, but establishment of such suitable mechanisms is within the normal skill of those skilled in the art.
At step 68, for the duration of the communication or warranty period (whichever is less), the trusted party monitors whether the performance of the communication meets the terms of the warranty agreement. If no exceptions to the warranty terms (failures) are encountered during the warranty period (which can be a time, a number of packets, the duration of the communication, etc. as specified in the negotiated terms), the process continues until expiry of the warranty period. If the warranty is not fulfilled (i.e.—a failure has occurred), control passes to steps 70, 72 and 74.
At step 70, the trusted party advises the entities as to what performance parameter, or parameters, was not satisfied and what the ramifications of that failure are. At step 72, the trusted party can allows participants the opportunity to release the communication to renegotiate its terms, though the participant responsible for the failure is still bound to honor the agreed warranty. This allows the entities to cancel a communication which is completely unacceptable and to create a new communication. It is contemplated that a penalty clause can be negotiated as part of the warranty agreement negotiations whereby the participants agree to a penalty that is incurred should a participant wish to renegotiate the communication after a failure.
If a renegotiation has occurred, the process can recommence at step 64, after payment of any such penalty and/or enforcement of the warranty mechanism of step 74.
Finally, at step 74, the trusted party enforces the agreed warranty, most often by compensating, in an agreed manner, the entity paying for the communication. If a penalty clause has been negotiated, this too is enforced. As described above, multiple entities can have an interest in the communication and can be using shared billing, so it can be appropriate and/or necessary to compensate multiple participants.
As will be apparent to those of skill in the art, specific steps 70, 72 and 74 are not essential and are merely preferred aspects of an embodiment of the invention. All that is required for the present invention is that, upon detection of a failure under the warranty terms, steps that are agreeable to the participants are performed to compensate, in some form, for the failure to meet the agreed communication parameters. Thus, for example, step 72 may be omitted altogether if the entities have agree that the communication cannot be renegotiated. Alternative and/or additional steps to steps 70, 72 and 74 can also be performed within the scope of the invention as will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
Compensation can apply to the current communication (an immediate reduction in the cost for the communication, etc.), or to future communications (a credit to be applied to an entity's account) effected by the entities. The form of compensation is not particularly limited, but could include: a financial warranty, such as reduced rate for the communication or reduced billable duration for the communication. For example, the calling party may negotiate a required voice quality of greater than MOS (mean opinion score) 3.5 for which the compensation for a failure would be a refund of charges for the last five minutes of the communication; or a product warranty, such as allowing the calling party to extend the call at no additional cost, giving free time, or a free quantity of data or frames on an agreed basis, such as ten free frames for every dropped frame.
The present invention can be employed to warrant an end to end communication (i.e. between two end users) or to warrant one or more point to point links in an end to end communication, as desired.
While it is currently preferred that the present invention be employed with a network wherein parameters for communications are negotiated, it is also contemplated that the present invention can be employed to allow existing PSTN service providers the option of using connectionless networks for their PSTN calls. In such a circumstance, the PSTN service provider can offer its clients a predetermined warranty agreement for the communications which it establishes over these networks. As described above, when performance is not met, the user receives a predefined compensation under the warranty. This would allow existing PSTN service providers to improve their efficiency by using other networks, without requiring reservation of resources or extensive over-provisioning of network capacity. Also, a selection of such a warranted service or conventional service can be offered to the end user when they establish their connection. This would allow, for example, business calls to be completed via the conventional PSTN network and personal calls to be completed via the warranted network. Such a selection can be effected by a dialing prefix, interactive voice response (IVR) or by any other suitable mechanism as will occur to those of skill in the art.
Further, depending upon the warranty terms and the cost that can be charged for a communication, a service provider can select between establishing a communication based on a connectionless network or other networks, such as those employing call-admission systems, RSVP protocols, etc. In this manner a service provider can provide a range of alternative communication structures as makes economic sense for a particular communication.
It is also contemplated that a communication can be established with one or more links provided on call-admission, or PSTN network, and a connectionless link. In such a case, warranties are implemented on the appropriate links (i.e.—the non call admission or PSTN links).
As described above, the present invention provides a novel telecommunication system and method for communicating between at least two end users, as represented by user interfaces, over at least one link which is provided by a telecommunication network. Preferably, the communication is defined by a set of parameters, usually including one or more network performance and/or QoS parameters, which are negotiated by, or on behalf of, at least one of the users with the one or more network service providers who will establish the communication. A successful negotiation includes defining a set of values for the parameters and a warranty agreement with the network service provider or providers defining at least one of the agreed values for the parameter to be warranted and a compensation method to be applied should a measured value of the parameter fail to meet the corresponding agreed value.
Once the communication is established, the agreed warranted parameter, or parameters, is monitored and, in the event of a failure of the monitored parameter to meet the agreed values, the compensation method is invoked and at least one user or other entity is compensated in accordance with the compensation method. If multiple users are involved in a communication, the compensation can be divided amongst them according to an agreed scheme. Similarly, if multiple network service providers are involved in the communication with the users and/or establishing point to point links in the communication, the network service provider who fails to meet agreed parameters can compensate other network service providers and/or users, as appropriate. Compensation can be by monetary means, including reduced billings, refunds and/or penalty payments, or by the provision of free or reduced rate communications, either for the present communication or for a future communication.
As is also mentioned above, parameters to be warranted can be quite broad and can include service (or content) parameters to warrant such things as no telemarketing calls, etc. In the case of telemarketing, or similarly annoying calls, the warranty mechanism cannot warrant that such calls will not occur, but can compensate the end user for the annoyance when they are experienced. With such a communication, a telemarketer is accepting the risk that the cost of the warranty compensation will be avoided by end users not activating the warranty mechanism (which could be a simple Flash and press of a dial pad button, i.e.—flash and 0) or is acceptable, given a level of success in the marketing effort over several end users.
The above-described embodiments of the invention are intended to be examples of the present invention and alterations and modifications may be effected thereto, by those of skill in the art, without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined solely by the claims appended hereto.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
Must think people like a good laugh
For some reason, the Colorado Springs City Council must think the people that voted them in office must like a good laugh, but for some reason all we have gotten from the City Council are lies. They want us to believe that the reason they are interested in the City for Champions is to make sure the taxpayers are represented by them and make sure the money goes where it is supposed to go. But I think the council is trying to throw a wrench into the work that our mayor has worked hard for. In my opinion the only people they look out for is the Utilities department. Too bad the taxpayers can't re-vote and get rid of the bunch they call City Council.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Add extra features and styles to make SeaMonkey your own.Close
|User since
|March 5, 2007
|Number of add-ons developed
|22 add-ons
|Average rating of developer's add-ons
|Rated 3 out of 5 stars
Dutch dictionary with wordslist from OpenTaal.
This add-on is not compatible with your version of SeaMonkey because of the following:
Frisian Dictionary
This add-on is not compatible with your version of SeaMonkey because of the following:
Very usefull. I think this should be built-in into basic Firefox, especially the form-dataminer.This review is for a previous version of the add-on (1.3.1-signed).
Please update this to 3.0b3 or higher.
To get rid of the "0kb" next to the accountname add:
if (size == 0) {
size = "";
units = "";
right before the string:
return String(size) + units;
This will also effect folders with no size like Trash, but now it looks almost like it should be.
The add-on works well.
If you do some more work on it, please include the following:
- don't give Size info on accountnames
- Size info on newsgroups gives "???", just leave it out
Let's hope they put it back in in the bug https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=464973
Very nice add-on, which should be a standard in Thunderbird, so if the developers for Thunderbird 3 are searching for features, this is definitly one!
1 request: can you add support for more languages or put it back on babelzilla (still old version there)?
Great for making newsletters!
Can you make it available for version 2.0.
I manually changed the install.rdf and repackaged, installed and the add-on will also work in version 2 then.
To create your own collections, you must have a Mozilla Add-ons account.


text:
An endless stream of personalized newsGet the App
It's as if you're a magician today, effortlessly pulling one cute rabbit after another out of thin air. You make everything look so easy now because you're having such a good time demonstrating your charming wit and spirit of generosity. However, turning a clever thought or poetic turn of phrase into something more practical could be a challenge. Thankfully, there's no reason to struggle. If you let go of your attachment to a specific outcome and stay open to all the possibilities, your chances for success are endless. Get Your Complete Cosmic Profile


text:
War of 1812: Hats off to HarrisonWritten by Frank Kuron | | email@example.com
Once on vacation, my friends and I popped into a little Manhattan hat shop. We all got a kick out of taking on the persona of the different styles as we tried them on. A fine suede number had one friend looking for his horse, pardner. A velvet beret gave his girlfriend a yearning for brushes, paint and a trip to France. I left the shop sporting both a narrow-brimmed straw hat and a newfound Spanish accent, bragging that my coffee was 100 percent Colombian.
Well, due to the heroic wearing of many figurative hats during his career, William Henry Harrison would eventually rise to become the ninth president of the United States. And one of his campaign stops was right here in Perrysburg in 1840.
Before all the presidential politicking began, Harrison wore the governing hats of Ohio State Senator, U.S. Representative and Senator from Ohio, U.S. Ambassador to Colombia, and Governor of Indiana. Prior to his governance years, Harrison wore both military and diplomatic hats.
Back in 1791, a young Harrison enlisted into the still adolescent American army at Fort Washington in the new city of Cincinnati. Just three years into his military career, he found himself fighting as an ensign to Mad Anthony Wayne along our Maumee River at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. As Wayne negotiated the peace treaty after that fight, Harrison studied the emotions, tact and personalities involved. Some espouse that Harrison's most-valued service might have been in the years after this episode, when his diplomat hat was firmly in place. He endured some fiery encounters but negotiated several Indian treaties and diffused many other heated situations throughout our region.
Perhaps his most stellar performances while wearing his military hat occurred right here in our backyards from 1811-13. He was involved in confrontations at Tippecanoe (Indiana), Fort Meigs (Perrysburg), Fort Seneca (Tiffin), Fort Stephenson (Fremont), and finally at the infamous Battle of the Thames (Chatham, Ontario.).
On June 11, 1840, Ol' Tippecanoe, as he became known after his defeat of Tecumseh's village along the Indiana river of that name, sailed into Perrysburg aboard the Commodore Perry, and was transported in a two-horse carriage to the ruins of the fort he had defended 27 years earlier. It was a tremendous campaign rally. His was one of the slickest efforts for the highest office to date.
How adroit were Harrison's spin doctors? Very! First they molded Harrison's reputation and nickname into one of the first slogans ever used in a presidential race, "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!" At that time, the country was generally disgruntled with Democrat incumbent Martin Van Buren, many dubbing him Martin Van Ruin because of the depression they were suffering through. (Tricky Dick was not the first derogatory political nickname!)
So, Van Buren, who was a bit of a dandy — dressing in stylish clothes and known to drink fine wine — had to divert the electors' attention away from his poor record. His handlers thus portrayed Harrison as a backwoods farmer living in a lowly log cabin and preferring cheap hard cider over the good wine of cultured society. Harrison's spinners took this intended slam and spun it right back, creating the Log Cabin and Hard Cider campaign which successfully toured the country from city to city, including Perrysburg.
The common man ate it up, and drank it up too. Hard cider was freely dispensed to the crowd that day. Harrison's campaign roadies donned their coonskin caps and proceeded as they did at most rallies, to build a 25-by-40-foot log cabin from local buckeye trees. Harrison, et al., paraded through the streets amid the cheering and singing of the local "Buckeyes," a term solidified for Ohioans by Harrison's use of buckeyes extensively in his campaign. Attendees even participated in contests, like bringing to town the largest log. A team from Swanton won with a 50-footer! Finally, there were the speeches, concluding with Harrison's. This gala event is still celebrated in downtown Perrysburg every September as Harrison Rally Day.
Curiously, Harrison had the shortest presidency in history, dying of pneumonia after only one month in office. This was due in part to his giving the longest inauguration speech in history, nearly two hours, in a blustery snowstorm, without wearing an overcoat, gloves … or a hat!
Frank Kuron is author of the War of 1812 book, "Thus Fell Tecumseh." Email him at email@example.com.


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AGP related question
I want to use an AGP 8X/4X graphics card on my motherboard that has an AGP 4x slot (AGP 2.0, non universal), is it possible?If not, will an AGP 8X/4X/2X card like NVIDIA GEFORCE FX5500 256MB work?
Re: AGP related question
An AGP 8×/4× card should work in a 4× slot. That's why it's called 8×/4× card. Does your motherboard have an AGP protection LED to light up if an incompatible card is installed?
Re: AGP related question
it doesn't. The description of the AGP 8x/4x one says AGP 3.0 compliant, are you sure it will work on an AGP 2.0?I read somewhere that the FX 5500 are universal AGP 3.0 cards.if a card is described as an AGP 8x/4x/2x it will work right?if i use such a card on an AGP 4x how much of its original performance will it lose?
Re: AGP related question
I use a PNY geforce 6800 8x/4x in a 4x (AGP 2.0) slot. Those cards are designed to work fine in AGP 2.0 slots...at least this is the case for the AGP geforce 6800s since they are natively AGP. The performance difference between the 8x and 4x is virtually none...I've read somewhere around 1% or something. And from personal experience there is no difference...all my games run as they should and if you run benchmarks and timedemos you get the same results as if it was an 8x AGP slot. Hope this helps.
Re: AGP related question
Thanks man you saved me!
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Dancing With The Stars
Cheryl Burke Can't Decide Who to Dance With on DWTS All-Stars: Emmitt, Gilles, or Drew? (VIDEO)
Cheryl Burke is the luckiest — and potentially unluckiest — Dancing With the Stars pro when it comes to Season 15 All-Stars options. She has three past partners returning: Both of her winners, Drew Lachey and Emmitt Smith; and Gilles Marini, who was a frontrunner to win Season 8 but lost to Shawn Johnson after her amazing Freestyle.
Cheryl talked to Access Hollywood about how she still doesn't know who she'll get as her partner. (The pros find out in two weeks.)
"It's going to be heartbreaking, honestly, at the end of the day," Cheryl said, because even if she gets one of her past guys, that means she won't be able to dance with the other two. She's even more worried that she won't get any of her three previous partners.
She admits she gets jealous — she's even called herself a "jealous Taurus" — and she wouldn't like to see her guys with other pros. "You're going to see me, like, going into rehearsals — whoever's dancing with Gilles, Emmitt or Drew — I'm going to start, like, taking their shoes away from them," Cheryl told Access. "I'll be playing pranks on everybody."
Do you think Cheryl will be paired with one of her three past partners? We were thinking she and Gilles deserve another shot, since they didn't win the first time. Gilles said he wants to dance with Cheryl and she reportedly said she would only return to dance with him. Gilles is one of the taller All-Stars, so if they re-pair him, he might get one of the taller lady pros like Peta Murgatroyd. How irritated would Cheryl be with that — especially since Peta won Season 14 with a country Freestyle borrowed from Cheryl's famous Season 2 Freestyle with Drew? If she already gets jealous, that could tip her over the edge.
Source: Access Hollywood
Dancing With the Stars Season 15: All-Stars will premiere on Monday, September 24 at 8 p.m. ET/PT on ABC. Check out the full All-Stars cast list here.
Gina Carbone is a contributing writer at Wetpaint Entertainment. Follow her on Twitter @ginacarbone.
For more news about Dancing With the Stars, Like us on Facebook and Follow us on Twitter.


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Bing Search
Books & Reference
by Microsoft Corporation
Download this app if: you want to try an alternative search engine.
Developer Notes
Bing Search goes beyond finding relevant answers on the internet. With this app, you can save money with Bing Rewards, keep up with trending stories and images, and set the daily homepage photo as your Wallpaper with one click.
Real Photography: Enjoy beautiful daily homepage images and set them...
Handy sometimes — Bing makes for a pretty good alternative to Google's in-built search. It can be a bit more personalized and offers deals, but the whole fact that you have to launch a separate app rather than instantly searching from anywhere like you can with Google, kinda sets it back a bit.


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Meet Our Administrators
Eliezer M. Bacus, President
Cesar L. Estoque, VP Finance/Operations
Thelma T. Egarle, VP Medical Affairs
Shirley M. Bacus, VP Nursing
Myrna P. Legaspino, Hospital HRD
Vanessa M. Manga
, Asst. HRD College
Enrino P. Panes, Hospital Treasurer
Carlos M. Morente, College Treasurer
James S. Genargue, Chaplain
Quick Reference
Our History
Our Company Profile
Our Vision
Our Mission
Our Quality Policy
Contact Information
Our Company History
In 1952, the idea was established to start the
Seventh-Day Adventist medical work in Mindanao. Providentially,
the Shekers family offered their land which was along Tibanga Highway,
Iligan city, at a cost of P60,000.00, where Mindanao Sanitarium & Hospital
stands at present.
By April of 1952, the construction of the hospital
started. Meanwhile, two rooms of a hotel owned by Antoio Sy were
rented in downtown Iligan to serve as a clinic. About middle of
July 1952, the Southern Mission Clinic, which was later called Mindanao
Sanitarium & Hospital, began to operate. In March 1953, the
Southern Mission Clinic was closed and Mindanao Sanitarium & Hospital
got its name and was finally opened to the public.
In just a matter of two years from its opening, the bulk
of patients increased which necessitated the construction of a new wing
of the hospital building. The hospital bed capacity increased from
20 to 60 in 1955, to 75 in 1970 and finally it increased to 100 in 2001.
Today, Mindanao Sanitarium & Hospital stands as one of
Iligan City's landmarks. The two-storey buildign has five (5) ward
rooms, twenty one (21) private rooms, twenty (20) suite rooms, and
twelve (12) executive suite rooms. It has a tertiary level
accreditation of hospital and a training hospital that caters special
programs for Health caregivers, Physical Therapy, Medical Technology,
Nursing Interns, Radiologic Technology, Post Graduate Internship and
specialization programs for medical practitioners. Moreover, it
boasts of its state-of-the-art Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal Intensive
Care Unit, Hemo-dialysis Unit, and the recent acquisition of Ultrasound,
CT Scan and more Laboartory equipment which boosted the hospital
After 50 Golden years of continued quality service,
Mindanao Sanitarium & Hospital has embedded into its workforce and
business practices the principle of quality service beyond customer
expectation. It has instilled its quality assurance program into
its operations, and continually reviews its procedures and
guidelines to improve efficiency and effectivity for its constituents.
Mindanao Sanitarium & Hospital is operated by the
Seventh-Day Adventist Church, and is a member of the Adventist Health
System - Asia. Adventist Health System is a chain of over 500
prestigious hospitals and clinics worldwide.
Our Company Profile
Mindanao Sanitarium & Hospital is a non-profit, non-stock,
religious organization. It is a member of a network of more than 100 prestigious
hospitals and clinics around the world operated by the
Seventh-Day Adventist Church, under the
Adventist Health
System - Asia (AHSA).
Founded in 1952, it boasts of the best service and is equipped with the
latest medical technology in the community. Together with its highly qualified
personnel, staff and physicians, it has improved its quality in healthcare
service exceeding some of the strictest standards set by the medical society
and government agencies.
from providing the best healthcare facility in the region, MSH has successfully
carved an impeccable trademark in quality healthcare making it a prominent
market leader in the industry . In line with its on-going program to institutionalize
quality service, MSH shares its knowledge and passes them on by providing
learning programs and opening a
school of medical arts. It educates people
in preventive medicine through lifestyle changes (NEWSTART), proper diet
and even opening the first smoking cessation clinic in the community. The
MSH goal is not only to provide physical healing but emotional and spiritual
healing as well.
MSH responds to community needs by providing fee medical outreach, medical
and health lectures, charity program, and actively taking part in government,
community and denominational launched programs.
In the new millennium, MSH looks back to its past achievements with an uninhibited
sense of pride, while looking forward with eager confidence to continue
the great commission of spreading the gospel through quality healthcare
service. With its strategic planning and foresight, MSH is indeed well-placed
to take on new challenges and establish a dominant role in the emerging
global market.
For more information you may
write us at:
Sanitarium & Hospital
National Highway
Tibanga, Iligan City
9200 Philippines
Tel. No.: +63 (63) 221-3029
Fax No.: +63 (63) 351-6444
Or you may also leave us a note at:
You may also join our
forums or sign our
Designed by
Shawn Purdy Software


text:
Interactive visual installation where audience and vjs could work together to create the main stage at Trailerpark festival 2011 in Copenhagen.
Everything done by:
Programs used for the setup: Unity, openFrameworks, OpenNI, VDMX, IMIXHD and Modul8
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text:
LifeSource Cryobank, LLC (LifeSource) is a company owned and operated by Healthcare Professionals with a concerned interest in future stem cell regenerative/replacement therapies.
It is our goal to provide parents with medical resources for questions concerning the significance of cord blood stem cells, their collection, storage process & future benefits regarding their utilization.
Choosing to provide this Biological Insurance for your child may be one of the greatest gifts you could ever give.
The combination of our state-of-the-art cryopreservation unit and development program makes our one-of-a kind facility the right place for your stem cell storage.
Dr. Gabriel Lasala and LifeSource Cryobank serves the towns of Covington, Mandeville,
Slidell, Hammond, Alexandria, Houma, Madisonville, Kenner, Thibodaux, and Folsom and the surrounding area..
LifeSource Cryobank, LLC | 101 JudgeTanner Blvd | Suite 502 | Covington, LA 70433 | Toll Free: 866-400-7333 | 985-867-8902
Copyright © 2007 - 2010 LifeSource Cryobank and MedNet Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
MedNet-Sites - Powered by MedNet Technologies, Inc.


text:
Galatasaray are leading the chase to sign Felipe Melo from Italian giants Juventus.
The Brazilian has confirmed that he will be leaving the Turin outfit this summer after holding talks with club officials.
Paris SG have shown an interest in the player, but it seems as if the Turkish side will net the midfielder.
It is claimed that Melo will move to the Istanbul outfit on a season's loan with the option to buy outright next June.
Gala will pay Juve €2m for his temporary services.
The South American was acquired by Juve in the summer of 2009 for €24m from rivals Fiorentina.
Galatasaray have already dipped into the Italian market this month by signing Uruguayan 'keeper Fernando Muslera.
Think you know your Italian football? Share your knowledge, tips and comments to win cash prizes in OLBG's tipster competition [11] - £11,000 to be won monthly!


text:
By Donna MilesAmerican Forces Press Service
U.S. ARMY GARRISON HUMPHREYS, South Korea, March 25, 2010 Troops stationed in South Korea -- from the top general officer to the newest privates -- call the new tour normalization policy a huge boost for military families, particularly when they're so often separated during combat deployments.
Army Gen. Walter "Skip" Sharp took command of U.S. Forces Korea last year advocating longer tours to benefit U.S. military families, cut down on moves and reduce disruption within the command.
Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates approved the proposal in December, and it's being phased in as facilities are built to accommodate more command-sponsored families.
With tour normalization, assignments to South Korea will be more like assignments to Germany, Japan or other overseas installations. Single servicemembers typically will serve two-year tours, and married troops who bring their families will stay for three years.
The new policy will usher in big changes. The vast majority of the 28,500 U.S. troops in South Korea currently serve one-year, unaccompanied tours. But that's already starting to change.
"Since June of 2008, the number of families on the peninsula has increased from about 1,600 to … about 3,900 families," Sharp said today in testimony before the House Armed Services Committee in Washington, D.C.
Over the next year, that number will increase to almost 5,000, Sharp said later on today during an interview with the Pentagon Channel and American Forces Press Service. Ultimately, Sharp said, the number of command-sponsored tours in South Korea is expected to reach about 14,000, based on the fact that about half of U.S. servicemembers assigned there are married.
Sharp cited the personal and operational benefits of tour normalization during his congressional testimony.
"By keeping trained military people in Korea for normal tour lengths, we retain institutional knowledge and create a more capable force, and are better able to support the alliance and deter aggression and also demonstrate our commitment to Northeast Asia," he said. "At the same time, we are eliminating unneeded unaccompanied tours and building the strong families that are key to retention and effectiveness in this time of ongoing conflict."
In the interview after his testimony, Sharp noted that eight years of war have kept servicemembers away from their families in large numbers. "We have enough unaccompanied tours in the world today, with Iraq and Afghanistan," he said, adding that aside from the need for infrastructure to accommodate more families, unaccompanied tours in South Korea no longer are necessary.
"The only reason we [have unaccompanied tours] today is that we haven't built the infrastructure yet in order to have the schools, the medical facilities and the housing to bring the families." he said
Most of the arriving families will be based here, where a massive construction project is under way to provide the infrastructure needed to support them.
Army Staff Sgt. Ronald Helm, who has served three combat deployments, said he welcomes knowing that troops will be stabilized in South Korea for tours of two or three years. Helm arrived at Camp Humphreys as a single soldier, and remembers living in an old barracks building until he got married and moved with his wife, Maria, into family housing. Three years later, as he prepares to leave, he's impressed by the changes he has watched take place around him.
"I like what I see. They're tearing down a lot," he said. "I'd like to come back when it's all complete to see what it looks like."
Army Staff Sgt. Brian Nagle, an air traffic controller at the Humphreys airfield, has a bird's-eye view of the transformation taking place.
"It's in full swing," he said, looking out at the construction from the air traffic control tower. "At any given time, you can see in excess of 100 trucks that are moving on and off the construction area."
Among the most impressive developments he has watched was seeing a high-rise barracks building go up from its foundation.
"It's really kind of cool to know that that's the beginning of what is going to be in three or four years," Nagle said. "When it's complete, it is going to be amazing. It is going to rival anything that any other Army base has, worldwide."
But even better, Nagle said, is knowing that troops assigned to South Korea will serve longer tours without having to leave their families behind. "With the hardships of deployments going in so many other facets of the world, it's nice to know that you can come here and not have that," he said.
"But it's also a benefit on the Army side, because you get to keep people here for a greater amount of time," he added. "That's especially important in lines of work like ours, where you go through an eight-month training program, then have only three or four months to use it before you leave."
Families already in South Korea rave about tour normalization, knowing that along with new infrastructure, it will bring more families and more services and family-friendly amenities to support them.
"I think it's a great idea," said Kiya Reid, a former Navy sailor who arrived at Humphreys five months ago with her husband, Army 2nd Lt. Jonathan Reid. "It's really good that servicemembers can bring their spouse and kids, because that's one less duty station where they have to be away from their families."
Reid said there's an added benefit of longer, accompanied tours. "It's an opportunity for [families] to spend some time here, get out to see things and learn more about the culture," she said.
"There's so much going on here, if people will just take advantage of it," said Billy Black, whose husband has been the civilian assistant fire chief at Humphreys for the past two years. She said she's excited about growth in family programs at the post, especially those geared for children. The post Girl Scout troop has quadrupled in size during the past year, and more sports teams have come on line as more families arrive.
Black said she's delighted at the wealth of additional services to become available as the new, larger U.S. Army Garrison Humphreys takes shape. "I hope I'm here, or get to come back and see it when it's all finished," she said. "It's going to be fantastic."
But as they look forward to the changes to come, troops and family members at Humphreys warned those headed their way not to expect too much too quickly.
"People are very excited about bringing their families over here to Korea, and all the new things that are coming here," said Nagle, whose wife joined him after he arrived here. "And when it's complete, it is going to be amazing. It is going to rival anything that any other Army base has, worldwide. But at the same time, people need to realize that this is work in progress. And as it develops, it is only going to get better."
Related Sites:U.S. Forces Korea


text:
About Me
All photos are watermarked. You do not have the right to use my photos without my consent.
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Tag Archives: Zeft
Street Art and Morsi – Cairo Artists Continue the Fight
It feels like I keep writing the same post over and over again: images of sexual harassment, police violence, military violence, more martyrs, young martyrs, poems and tributes to martyrs, satire against Morsi, against religious and political hypocricy, against censorship … Continue reading
Posted in Street Art Fascination Tagged Ahmed Naguib, Ammar Abo Bakr, ape, army, blue bra, Cairo, caricature, censorship, Egypt, elephant graffiti, Elhusseiny Abo Deef, garage, Gika, graffiti inside a garage, hosny, Mahmoud Saad, Military, Mira Shihadeh, Mohamed Cristy, Mohamed Morsi, Mohamed Yosry Salama, monkey graffiti, Morsi, Omar Salah, police violence, Reem Magued, revolution artist union, Sad Panda, sexual harassment, Sika, street artist, the Mozza, violence, violence against women, women artists, women graffiti, Women on Walls, Youssef Joe Estora, Zeft, Zeftawi 8 Comments
Women in Graffiti: A Tribute to the Women of Egypt
It's a battle, being a woman in an Arab country, but perhaps the dire conditions makes us fighters. Since January 25, so many foreign reporters have waxed on about the awakening of Arab women in the Arab Spring; and how … Continue reading
Posted in Street Art Fascination Tagged 4SprayCans, A Thousand Times No, Alaa Awad, Aliaa El Mahdy, Ammar Abo Bakr, Amr Nazeer, Aya Tarek, Bahia Shehab, blue bra girl, Egypt graffiti, Get Angry, Hanaa El Degham, Hend Kheera, keizer, Laila Magued, Microphone, Mira Shihadeh, Nefertiti, Noon El Neswa, Nooneswa, Pablo Neruda, Samira Ibrahim, sexual harassment, Sit El Banat, Soaad Hosny, street art, women, women graffiti, X4SprayCans, Zeft 58 Comments
Return to Tahrir: Two Years and Graffiti of the Martyrs
It was my first time to walk through Tahrir after three months away from Egypt, and I don't quite know why I was so bewildered and shell-shocked. Perhaps it was the heaviness of the atmosphere in the square, the squalid … Continue reading
Posted in Street Art Fascination Tagged Alaa Awad, Amal Donqol, Ammar Abo Bakr, Amr Nazeer, Assiut Train Crash, El Husseiny Abo Deef, El Morshed, Gika, hosny, Iyad El Oraby, January 25, Kasr El Eini Street, Koran, Laila Magued, Lycee, Mansour Street, Mina Daniel, Mogamaa, Mohamed Mahmoud, Omar Picasso, Pharaonic mural, Sheikh Emad Effat, tahrir, Tefa, Ultras, Zeft 4 Comments
For the Love of Graffiti: Cairo's Walls Trace History of Colourful Revolution
This article was originally published in The National on August 18. I've republished it here to include some of my favourite images of graffiti over the past 20 months. A street artist once told me: "Graffiti is the one tangible … Continue reading
Street Art on Mohamed Mahmoud – Photos
Mural by Shaza Khaled and Aliaa El Tayeb, who studied at the Luxor Faculty of Fine Arts. The mural is inspired by a photo-shopped image of a protester in Greece dancing with a ballerina.


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Tag Archives: Hawks
Two Hawks
I apologize for the quality of this image but it was taken at 300 mm, hand held and cropped. How's that for excuses? I just pulled off to the side of the road and shot from the car window, across traffic. It's not very often I see two hawks sharing the same tree or branch, so I had to stop. They alway seem to be a solitary creature. The other reason for posting this image is to demonstrate the affect a telephoto lens has on distant objects, bringing them closer. The mountains in the distance are several miles away. Below is the same group of trees taken from the approximate same location and at 24 mm. Just a bit of difference. Continue reading
Posted in Avian, Camera Equipment, Photography Also tagged Avian, Front Range, Rocky Mountains, Snow, telephoto, Winter 4 Comments
Harris Hawks
The Harris's Hawk or Harris Hawk, formerly known as the Bay-winged Hawk or Dusky Hawk, is a medium-large bird of prey which breeds from the southwestern USA south to Chile and central Argentina. It is a hawk of the arid Southwest, the Harris's Hawk hunts cooperatively in pairs or trios. The Harris Hawk is famous for its remarkable behavior of hunting cooperatively in "packs", consisting of family groups (most raptors are solitary hunters).
A wonderful place to experience these birds in flight is at the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum near Tucson, Arizona. My sister and brother-in-law took me to this facility and we enjoyed it immensely. The Desert Museum is a large facility and is more than just a museum. It is a zoo, an arboretum, a desert garden, and much more. It contains buildings where education programs are conducted for young and old a like. When your feet are tired from walking you can find benches to rest, or better yet enjoy a double-stack Byers ice cream cone under a shade tree. If you visit there make sure you plan on the whole day and have fun!
Posted in Avian Also tagged Arizona, Birds, Desert, Desert Museum, Harris Hawks Leave a comment


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12 wetroom design ideas
Considering installing a wetroom in your home? Browse our gallery not only for advice on building a wetroom, but ideas for designing small bathroom spaces, too.
Advice on planning and building a wetroom
How to maximise space in a small bathroom
Small bathroom design ideas
Updated July 2013
Designing a wetroom
Before you think about anything else – paint colour, flooring, window treatments – get the detailing of the shower space itself perfect. You need a shower tray that's either low profile or level with the floor. Failing that, you'll need a wetroom drainage system (you'll find these at DIY sheds and bathroom specialists), over which you can lay the tiles flush. Ensure your fitter knows to create a gradient in the floor so that water will drain off. Simpsons Design glass panel from £499; level access wetroom floor with drainage, from £1,000; two Crosswater Reflect shower heads from £399 each; two Crosswater handsets and rails, from £115 each, Simpsons Enclosures.


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I have a question about the recipe "Ignacio Mattos' Grilled Favas" from Genius Recipes. As a vegetarian, I don't use anchovies. Would capers or kalamata olives work?
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Final Score – LAA 3 HOU 6
[MLB] LAA @ HOU, Final: 3 – 6
(via http://thesco.re/theScore_app )
Game Day – Angels @ Astros
Final Score – LAA 5 HOU 10
Angels Making Moves
Angels' GM Bill Stoneman was not known to be an active participant at the trade deadline during his first tenure in LA. However after taking over for Jerry Dipoto; Stoneman has been a busy man. On Monday he acquired Shane Victorino and cash from Boston for AAA INF Josh Rutledge. Tuesday saw the completion of two more trades. David Murphy (CLE) for Eric Staments and David DeJesus (TB) for Eduar Lopez. No large salaries added and no vital cogs from the Angels machine we're removed.
These moves basically accomplish what was planned heading into Spring Training in February. Josh Hamilton / Colin Cowgill in LF and Matt Joyce / CJ Cron at DH. Most of the names have changed but the platooning looks to continue. However the Halos are much better today than they were on Sunday.
Game Day – Angels @ Astros
TiqIQ Introduces "Seller Direct" Ticket Exchange
The worst part about selling Angels tickets is having to give away a huge percentage of your sale. TiqIQ has introduced an awesome selling platform called Seller Direct, where you can list and sell your tickets with no fee.
Sign up via http://tiqiq.us/AngelsInsiderSD, list your tickets, and we will pick three sellers to promote their listings and help you sell!


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American Forces Press Service
WASHINGTON, Feb. 6, 2007 Coalition forces killed one terrorist and detained 17 in operations across Iraq this week. In addition, car bombs in Iraq have killed 10 locals and wounded 26 in the past three days.
In raids in Iraq today:
-- In Karabilah, coalition forces killed one terrorist and detained two suspected terrorists while targeting a foreign fighter cell.
-- Coalition forces North of Tarmiyah detained two suspected terrorists reportedly associated with an al Qaida foreign fighter network.
-- Three individuals with suspected ties to a car bomb cell operating near Karmah were captured.
-- During a raid in Ramadi, coalition forces detained six individuals with suspected ties to al Qaida.
-- Two suspects with reported ties to car bomb operations were detained in Baghdad.
-- Coalition forces north of Tikrit captured a suspected al Qaida regional leader and another suspect with foreign fighter affiliations.
Also this week in Iraq, coalition forces used guided munitions to stop an insurgent attack northwest of Khalidiyah yesterday. When coalition forces were attacked with a rocket-propelled grenade and a heavy volume of small-arms fire, the troops used guided munitions against the attackers, who were hiding in two buildings. The guided munitions destroyed both buildings and ended the attack.
In Ramadi on Feb. 3, members of the Albu Obaid Iraqi police station discovered one of the largest weapons cache in the past year while patrolling. The cache consisted of over 300 82 mm mortar rounds, three 152 mm artillery rounds, two bags of homemade explosives, two Katyusha 107 mm rockets, a spool of copper wire used for detonating improvised explosive devices, and other smaller caliber ammunition.
Deadly car bombs have rocked several Iraq communities in the past few days.
Nine Iraqis were killed and 24 wounded yesterday when a pair of car bombs detonated within minutes of each other in eastern Baghdad. The first attack occurred just after noon in the central neighborhood of Rusafa, killing four Iraqi residents and wounding 15. At about 1:10 p.m., a suicide bomber drove into a mechanic's garage in a Karadah neighborhood and detonated a car bomb, killing five residents and wounding nine.
On Feb. 3 in Mosul, a pregnant woman was fatally wounded and two medical personnel were wounded when a suicide bomber drove into an ambulance transporting the woman to the hospital.
(Compiled from Multinational Corps Iraq news releases.)


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Hang tight!
Recipe by Karen Barris Calabro
"An easy and simple dish that is dressy enough for company or the holidays. It never fails to please guests but keeps your deli person busy with the waxed paper! The hardest part of this dish really is just wrapping the fish, which does not require any culinary skill whatsoever. Cod, sole, or similar white fish work equally well. Use dry sherry in place of white wine if desired."
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Lemon Aioli Sauce:
1/2 cup
lemon, juiced
1 tablespoon
lemon zest
2 cloves
garlic, minced
Roasted Asparagus:
1 bunch
asparagus, bottom 1 inch trimmed
cooking spray
sea salt to taste
Pancetta-Wrapped Haddock:
6-ounce haddock fillets
1 tablespoon
extra-virgin olive oil
1/2 teaspoon
cracked black pepper
1/2 teaspoon
crushed dried rosemary
12 thin slices
pancetta bacon, or as needed - divided
2/3 cup
white wine
1 tablespoon
warm water, or as needed
I too made a couple simple substitutions (cod and bacon instead of haddock and pancetta) because of what I had on hand. Everyone wanted more! My boyfriend said it was almost like eating crab. Great recipe, Thanks for sharing!!!
I wasn't a huge fan of this. I'm glad I tested it out on myself before preparing it for my husband. It wasn't bad, it just seemed bland to me.
10 Ratings
Tried this out on my friends all enjoyed it, had wine with this a white crisp dry wine, and it is a keeper
Wonderful - a keeper
The lemon aioli was sooooo good!! This is definitely a keeper in my house! I used sole instead of haddock and bacon in place of panchetta and since my sole fillets were really thin, I just laid the bacon right on top. Just perfect.
I love this recipe. I'm not a big fan of fish but I think I could eat this everyday! The only reason I have it 4 stars instead of 5 is because I made it with bacon. I couldn't find pancetta when I was shopping. And the sauce is out of this world!!
This was absolutely delish! We loved it and will make it again soon!
Absolutely fantastic dish, and it was so quick and easy to put together! I invited guests over to try this recipe, and it was a definite hit. They all loved it, and couldn't stop raving about how well the combination of flavors worked with each other. Definitely something I'll make again.
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Pancetta-Wrapped Haddock with Lemon Aioli and Roasted Asparagus
Serving Size: 1/4 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 4
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 484
Calories from Fat: 303
We have over 100 cucumber salads to help you keep your cool.
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Book your room at Victoria Court Malate, Manila
Standard Room, 1 Queen BedMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Deluxe Room, 1 Queen BedMax Occupancy: 3 guests
Superior DeluxeMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 infant)
Suite, 1 Queen BedMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Get an overview of this hotelManila hotel in Ermita, near Baywalk
Located in Ermita, this hotel is within a 15-minute walk of Manila Zoo and Baywalk. SM Mall of Asia and Rizal Park are also within 3 mi (5 km).
Hotel Features
Along with 24-hour room service, this hotel has free breakfast and free WiFi in public areas.
Room Amenities
All 108 individually furnished rooms feature free WiFi and 24-hour room service. For a bit of entertainment, LCD TVs come with cable channels, and guests will also find minibars and free local calls.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary.
- Free breakfast
- Free WiFi
- Total number of rooms - 108
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Bidet
- Cable TV service
- Free bottled water
- Free toiletries
- Free local calls
- Free WiFi
- Hair dryer
- In-room massage available
- Individually furnished
- Minibar
- Phone
- Private bathroom
- Room service (24 hours)
- Slippers
Where to Eat
A complimentary breakfast is offered.
24-hour room service is available.
Spa Services
- Massages
Hotel Policies
Minimum check-in age is 21
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Kids stay free! Children under 12 years old stay free when using existing bedding.
Pets allowed, Only dogs and cats are allowed, Maximum number of pets per room 1
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
24-hour check-in
We should mention
Children 12 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.


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No doubt your head is full of wonderful ideas but make sure they are grounded in reality. Optimism is a wonderful thing but too much of the stuff can have negative consequences. See life for what it is.
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Forms: All Forms
All of the forms listed on these pages are in Adobe
Portable Document Format (PDF). If you do not already
have Adobe Acrobat Reader on your computer, you must download
and install Adobe
Acrobat Reader before you will be able to view
or print HRRIS forms.
If you have trouble, Click here for assistance.
Click here for Termination Workflow Forms Information.
Completed HR forms should be submitted to the appropriate regional office, listed below, for processing, unless otherwise instructed on the form, i.e. SSC Personnel File Only.
U-M Health System HR
U-M Dearborn HR
U-M Flint HR
- Authorization for a Criminal Records Check (for External Applicants only)
- NEW Form I-9 Employment Eligibility Verification
Note: Please be sure to include employee's name at the top of Page 8 of 9, just below the Section 2 heading, and submit I-9 on two separate pages (not double-sided).
DO NOT FAX but send the completed Form I-9 for processing to:
Wolverine Tower
3003 South State Street
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1276
- NEW Form CC-305 Voluntary Self-Identification of Disability
- MNA Probationary Review Form (for Nurses only)
- HR29001 Form A - About Remote New Hires (pdf)
- HR29002 Form B - Remote Hire Instructions and Form (pdf)
- HR30002 Faculty Personnel Record
- HR30003 Probationary Review Form
- HR30005 Address/Personal Data Form
- HR30006 Personal Data Form for Faculty and Staff Living and Working Outside the State of Michigan including Frequently Asked Questions
- HR30010 GSI/GSSA Fraction Calculation Form (for hires with effective dates on or after 9/1/2013)
- HR34020 Employee Evaluation
- HR33000 Verification Release
- HR33100 Request for Reinstatement or Credit for Prior Years of Service
- HR35000 Federal Program Exclusion UMHS and Medical School Staff Hires Only
- HR36100 Supplemental Appointment Information
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- HR36400 Appointment Request
- HR36510 Educational Assistant Personnel Record
- HR36608 FAMILY and MEDICAL LEAVE ACT Tracking Form
- U.S. Department of Labor Form WH-380-F (Care of a Family Member)
- U.S. Department of Labor Form WH-384 (Qualifying Exigency)
- U.S. Department of Labor Form WH-385 (Covered Servicemember)
- HR36609 Faculty Leave of Absence Request
- HR36610 Educational Leave of Absence Addendum
- 36611 UMHS Staff Leave of Absence and Layoff Worksheet
- HR36620 Sabbatical Request (Form J)
- HR36700 Promissory Note for Moving Expense Advance
- HR36800 Tuition Support Request
- Temporary Employment
- HR37001 Temporary Appointment Change (Effective 6/29/2012, the termination section of this form has been removed in conjunction with Termination Workflow implementation. Use this form to process all other Temporary Appointment changes.)
- HR38000 Skilled Trades Internal Position Change Request
- HR38001 Skilled Trades Short-term Sick Time Sell Back Request
- HR38002 Skilled Trades Vacation Sell Back Request
- HR38003 Skilled Trades Pay Shortage Request (New Form 5/2012)
- HR38004 Skilled Trades Workdays and/or Start Time Change Request (New Form 11/2011)
- HR38005 Skilled Trades Flextime Request (New Form 5/2012)
- HR39604 AFSCME Request for Transfer
- HR39606 AFSCME Employee Grievance
- HR39609 AFSCME Employee Request for Chief Steward
- HR39610 AFSCME Notification to Chief Steward
- HR39611 AFSCME Paid Time Off Sell-Back Request Form
- HR39612 AFSCME Notification to Grievant
- HR39707 Staff Grievance
- HR39906 Appointment Activity Record
- HR39907 Self-identification Form Ann Arbor
- HR40000 IUOE, LOCAL 324 Internal Promotion/Transfer Request (New Form 2/2012)


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Zhuji Lotus Embroidery Machine Co., Ltd. CONSUMER REPORT EMBROIDERY SEWING MACHINE. Search. Tag Cloud; EMBROIDERY & ORIGAMI is proudly powered by WordPress In this report This article was featured in the March 2009 issue of Consumer Embroidery machines combine sewing and embroidery functions. The machine holds a 10 Heads Flat Embroidery Machine, Consumer Electronics; Electrical & Electronics; SGS Report. Machine Parts. Company Pictures.
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