text:
An intraocular lens is provided that having optical parameters that may be adjusted in-situ, and is particularly useful in cataract patients that require an adjustment in the optical power of the lens post-implantation. The lens body carries an array of interior fluid-filled cells in which fluid is controllably moved by micropumps upon application of energy from an external source to move a fluid media into the cells to thereby alter the lens surface shape.
1. An intraocular lens comprising:
a lens portion defining an anterior surface layer and a posterior surface layer;
an interior of the lens portion comprising an array of deformable cells each defining a volume of a selected fluid therein, each deformable cell in substantial engagement with either the anterior or posterior surface layer;
a micropump configured to control fluid flow to alter the volume in at least a portion of the array of deformable cells to deform the anterior or posterior surface layer and alter an optical parameter of the lens.
2. The intraocular lens of
3. The intraocular lens of
4. The intraocular lens of
5. The intraocular lens of
6. The intraocular lens of
7. The intraocular lens of
8. The intraocular lens of
9. The intraocular lens of
10. The intraocular lens of
11. A power adjustable intraocular lens comprising:
a resilient lens body defining an anterior curvature and a posterior curvature;
an interior portion of the lens body including an array of deformable fluid-filled structures that engage a surface element of the lens body;
a micropump configured to control fluid flow into or out of at least one fluid-filled structure to thereby controllably deform and alter an optical parameter of the lens.
12. The intraocular lens of
a first reservoir in communication with an interior chamber of at least one fluid-filled structure via a first channel;
wherein the micropump is interposed in the first channel to control fluid flows to the interior chamber of the at least one fluid-filled structure.
13. The intraocular lens of
a second reservoir in communication with the interior chamber of at least one fluid-filled structure via a second channel; and
a relief valve interposed in the second channel to controlling fluid flows from the interior chamber of the at least one fluid-filled structure.
14. The intraocular lens of
15. The intraocular lens of
16. The intraocular lens of
17. The intraocular lens of
18. The intraocular lens of
19. The intraocular lens of
20. The intraocular lens of
21. The intraocular lens of
22. The intraocular lens of
23. The intraocular lens of
24. A method of adjusting the power of an intraocular lens comprising:
providing an intraocular lens body with a plurality of deformable fluid-filled structures in an interior of the intraocular lens that engage a surface element of the intraocular lens body; and
controllably altering the volume of the fluid within selected fluid-filled structures by selectively actuating a micropump to deform at least one of the fluid-filled structures and the surface element, thereby altering an optical parameter of the intraocular lens.
25. The method of
26. The method of
27. The method of
This application claims the benefit of priority from U.S. provisional application 60/433,049, filed Dec. 12, 2002, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/717,832, filed Nov. 19, 2003.
The present invention relates to intraocular lenses ("IOLs") having optical parameters that are adjustable in-situ. More particularly, the present invention relates to IOLs for in-capsule implantation for cataract patients wherein an external energy source is applied to the lens to actuate micropumps that control movement of fluid media within the interior of the lens, thereby altering the lens curvature to correct aberrations.
Cataracts are a major cause of blindness in the world and the most prevalent ocular disease. Visual disability from cataracts accounts for more than 8 million physician office visits per year. When the disability from cataracts affects or alters an individual's activities of daily living, surgical lens removal with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is the preferred method of treating the functional limitations. In the United States, about 2.5 million cataract surgical procedures are performed annually, making it the most common surgery for Americans over the age of 65. About 97 percent of cataract surgery patients receive intraocular lens implants, with the annual costs for cataract surgery and associated care in the United States being upwards of $4 billion.
A cataract is any opacity of a patient's lens, whether it is a localized opacity or a diffuse general loss of transparency. To be clinically significant, however, the cataract must cause a significant reduction in visual acuity or a functional impairment. A cataract occurs as a result of aging or secondary to hereditary factors, trauma, inflammation, metabolic or nutritional disorders, or radiation. Age related cataract conditions are the most common.
In treating a cataract, the surgeon removes the crystalline lens matrix from the lens capsule and replaces it with an intraocular lens ("IOL") implant. The typical IOL provides a selected focal length that allows the patient to have fairly good distance vision. Since the lens can no longer accommodate, the patient typically needs glasses for reading. The surgeon selects the power of the IOL based on analysis of refractive characteristics of the patient's eye prior to the surgery. However, in a significant number of cases, after the patient's eye has healed from the cataract surgery, there is a refractive error that could not be predicted. It is quite common for residual errors after IOL implantation to occur, and in fact, such errors may occur in the vast majority of IOL patients. This error reportedly averages approximately 0.6 diopters, with a +/−0.5 standard deviation. Thus, many patients experience an error of over 1.0 diopter.
Various types of methods and apparatus have been proposed for altering the corrective power of an ophthalmic lens in-situ. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,450,642 to Jethmalani et al. describes a lens that is capable of post-fabrication power adjustment. Specifically, a partially polymerized polymer lens matrix is described that is capable of stimulus-induced further polymerization to permanently alter the lens in a selected shape.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,443,506 to Garabet describes a fluid-filled lens wherein the focusing power may be altered by changing the index of refraction of fluid carried within a central optic portion. U.S. Pat. No. 5,066,301 to Wiley describes an IOL having a fluid-filled or gel-filled lens that carries a plurality of light-reflective particles, wherein the orientation of the particles is controlled by an electromagnetic field to thereby alter the spherical power of the lens. In another similar approach, U.S. Pat. No. 4,787,903 to Grendahl discloses a fresnel-type IOL with an overlying layer of a liquid crystalline composition that has a variable index of refraction depending upon its stimulation by electrical or light energy to provide a post-implant adjustability.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,031 to Pfoff discloses an IOL with a hard PMMA lens separated by a single chamber from a flexible thin lens layer. The lens assembly is adjusted by microfluid pumps that vary a volume of fluid between the PMMA lens portion and the thin layer portion. U.S. Pat. No. 5,288,293 to O'Donnell discloses an intraocular lens comprising a plurality of layers of materials that respond to the application of laser energy to form microfenestrations that alter the anterior lens curvature.
Although previously known workers in the field of in-situ adjustable lenses have made some progress, the relative complexity of the methods and apparatus developed to date have prevented widespread commercialization of such devices. Moreover, previously known methods and apparatus have been directed to in-situ modifications that attempt to alter the lens axial position within the eye or overall curvature of the lens. However, such gross modifications to lens position or curvature are limited by materials and space constraints.
In view of the foregoing, it would be desirable to develop in-situ adjustable intraocular lenses that overcome the drawbacks of previously known devices. It would therefore be desirable to provide apparatus and methods that enable localized modification of the surface of an intraocular lens to correct errors, such as defocus error. This may be commonly thought of as moving the focus of the IOL system to the retina, and may be effected by actual axial motion and/or modification of the surface of the IOL, e.g., by changing the radius of curvature of one or more of the surfaces of the IOL.
In addition to modifying the placement of the focal point at the retina, it would be desirable to provide methods and apparatus that permit in-situ localized correction of other aberration properties of the eye, for example astigmatism of the eye, which may be associated with the cornea, or to correct higher order aberrations to improve visual acuity.
It also would be advantageous to provide methods and apparatus for periodically manipulating the surface of an IOL on a localized basis after the IOL has been implanted and the access incision has healed. In order to provide such in-situ modification of the IOL surface, it would be desirable to provide an IOL configured to be modified, one either a one-time basis or periodically, by application of energy from a remote source, such as a laser, radio-frequency energy or ultrasonically.
In view of the foregoing, it is an object of the present invention to provide apparatus and methods that enable localized in-situ modification of the surface of an intraocular lens to correct errors, such as defocus error, astigmatism and higher order aberrations.
It is also an object of this invention to provide apparatus and methods that enable localized in-situ modification of the surface of a lens to not only restore loss of sight due to cataracts, but which actually improve visual acuity.
It is another object of the present invention to provide methods and apparatus for periodically manipulating the surface of an IOL on a localized basis after the IOL has been implanted and the access incision has healed.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide methods and apparatus for in-situ localized modification of the lens surface, on either a one-time or periodic basis, by application of energy from a remote source, such as a laser, radio-frequency energy, chemically or ultrasonically.
These and other objects of the present invention are accomplished by providing an intraocular lens including an optic element comprising resilient, locally-deformable anterior and posterior polymer elements sandwiched against an array of deformable cells. The array of deformable cells is index-matched to the anterior and posterior elements and may be surrounded by a fluid that also is index-matched with the polymer of the lens. Each of the deformable cells in turn defines a secondary fluid-filled chamber having an adjustable interior fluid volume coupled by an externally actuable micropump to a reservoir, so that changes in the volume of the deformable cells result in corresponding localized deformation of surfaces of the anterior and/or posterior elements.
The deformable cells generally are adapted to be moved controllably between a retracted position and an axially-extended position to engage and controllably deform the anterior and/or posterior lens element upon the application of energy from an external energy source, such as a laser source to the micropumps. The number of cells may vary from as few as one to more than 250, and may be controlled individually or in groups using the external power source. Because the micropumps of the present invention may be used repeatedly, an intraocular lens of the present invention may be periodically adjusted post-implant.
In accordance with the present invention, a selected number of deformable cells, or even a single cell, may be adjusted to alter a local region of the anterior and/or posterior lens surface, for example to correct an astigmatism or higher order aberration. Alternatively, the deformable cells within a region may be moved controllably to an axially extended position to alter the anterior and/or posterior lens surface globally to correct the sphere of the lens.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, an exemplary lens provides a micropump controlled fluid inflow channel and a relief valve controlled outflow channel that communicate with each fluid-filled cell. The micropumps are coupled between the inflow channel and a reservoir system disposed in a non-optic portion of the lens. Power adjustment of the lens therefore may be performed on a one-time basis or may be periodically repeated post-implant over the lifetime of the patient.
Methods of using and adjusting the lens of the present invention also are provided.
Further features of the invention, its nature and various advantages will be more apparent from the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, in which:
The present invention is directed to an in-situ adjustable intraocular lens system. In accordance with the principles of the present invention, methods and apparatus are provided wherein a lens has a locally deformable surface coupled to one or more fluid-filled actuators or cells controlled by externally actuable micropumps. The volume within, and deformation of, the fluid-filled cells is controlled by selective actuation, using an external power source, of micropumps and/or relief valves coupled between the cells and one or more reservoirs.
Subsequent to implantation of the IOL and healing of the access incision, the IOL would approximate the appropriate power for the individual eye; the optical path difference ("OPD") of the lens then may be adjusted to optimize the optical performance in-situ. As described herein below, the net effect of modifying each cell element, each and in concert, is to provide for the improvement of the optical performance of the optical system, for example the human eye, in which the lens element is placed. By the proper choice of the extent of displacement of the cell or actuator, either increasing the OPD or decreasing it, the IOL may be made to cancel all or a substantial portion of the optical imperfection associated imaging system. Thus, an incoming wavefront from the cornea will impinge upon the IOL, and the aberrated wavefront can be substantially compared to ideal spherical wavefront. The individual cells or actuators then can be modified to impart the appropriate OPD upon the wavefront such that at the wavefront is substantially perfect after transmission through the lens.
Referring to
Optic portion 12 includes an array of deformable cells that are coupled to an anterior resilient polymer member, so that selective adjustment of an axial dimension of the deformable cells causes either localized or global adjustments to the optical parameters of optic portion 12. As described in further detail hereinbelow, adjustment of the axial dimension of the deformable cells preferably is accomplished in response to energy delivery from a remote source, for example from a laser source.
As shown in
Array of deformable cells 22 includes plurality of fluid-filled chambers or cells 26 a, 26 b . . . 26 n. Illustratively, element 22 is shown having 19 such cells, although the actual number of cells may range between 1 and about 250. The interior of each cell 26 a . . . 26 n is coupled to fluid inflow channel 28 and outflow channel 30. Each inflow channel 28 includes micropump 32 coupled between the deformable cell and inflow reservoir 24 a, and each outflow channel 30 includes relief valve 34. In a preferred embodiment, micropumps 32 and relief valves 34 are targetable and adapted for actuation by a laser source.
In accordance with the principles of the present invention, correction of defocus error and other aberrations may be addressed by the actuation and axial displacement of the surface of anterior or posterior elements at or about several localized paths. The deformable cell 26 underlying a targeted location of optic portion 12 may be altered in dimension by fluid flows to or from reservoirs 24 a, 24 b to increase or decrease the optical path along through the cell and the adjoining portions of the anterior and posterior elements 16 and 18. Each of several regions of optical portion 12 may be modified, either increasing or decreasing the optical path experienced by traversing the IOL at that location, as needed to correct the defocus error or other aberration.
In general, deformable cells 26 each actuate in a dimension substantially axial to the optical axis of the IOL, and may be addressed in groups or individually. Cells 26 are actuated through the addition of, or subtraction of, index-matched fluid media M from the cell. Movement of fluid M from reservoir 24 a to a deformable cell is controlled by micropump 32, while movement of fluid away from a deformable cell to reservoir 24 b is controlled by relief valve 34. In one embodiment, fluid is moved from higher pressure reservoir 24 a to deformable-cells in discrete volumes by repeated actuation of micropumps 32, and may be relieved to lower pressure reservoirs 24 b by continuous or intermittent activation of relief valves 34.
Fluid media M is selected so that it is index-matched to the material of deformable cells 26 and adjoining surfaces that might otherwise cause unwanted phase errors or diffractive effects. Silicones are examples of materials that are obtainable with equal index of refraction in both the liquid and solid state. Other materials may be chosen to match the index, using liquid silicones and solid PMMA, for example, or solid silicones and water solutions, or water. Thus the desired effect of index matching may be achieved so as to render the solid structure undetectable in the visible region of the spectrum.
Fluid manipulation and control may be through several methods appropriate to the external transmission of energy to the IOL to move fluid media M. As described above, lasers are expected to be particularly advantageous to provide usable power to actuate thermally-activated micropumps 32 and relief valves 34, described hereinbelow. In addition, other forms of micropumps and valves may be employed, including mechanisms that rely upon phase transition or swelling of materials, photo activation of polymers, and so on. The lens of the present invention also may employ photo-activated flow control mechanisms, whether thermo-mechanical, electro-mechanical, electromagnetic, fluid-magnetic, or any other appropriate type known in the art that may be activated externally. In this manner, aberrations of the eye then may be corrected by the appropriate addition or removal of fluid from individual cells as needed to provide the necessary correction.
As described more fully hereinbelow, the movement of fluid may be accomplished using micropumps and relief valves that mediate pressure differentials between the interiors of cells 26 and one or more reservoirs 24 a, 24 b of higher or lower pressure. For example, two reservoirs may be employed such that the relation Pfill>Pcell>Pempty is maintained throughout the full dynamic range of the cells that is required to provide proper correction of the performance of the optical system, such as the human eye, wherein Pfill is the pressure of the high pressure reservoir, e.g., 24 a, Pcell is the pressure within cells 26, and Pempty is the pressure within the lower pressure reservoir, e.g., reservoir 24 b.
In one preferred embodiment, reservoir 24 a comprises a positive pressure supply reservoir relative to the pressure within fluid-filled cells 26 a . . . 26 n and reservoir 24 b comprises a negative pressure reservoir or sink reservoir relative to the pressure within cells 26 a . . . 26 n. Fluid M is controlled to flow into cells 26 a . . . 26 n from reservoirs 24 a through micropumps 32 and inflow channels 28 to alter the curvature of optic portion 12 of anterior element 22 of the lens. Fluid M also may be moved out of cells 26 a . . . 26 n to reservoir 24 b through relief valves 34 and outflow channels 30 to reverse any curvature changed in the optic portion 12.
As noted above, the components of lens 10 preferably are fabricated from a somewhat flexible polymer such as silicone, hydrophobic or hydrophilic acrylic, hydrogel, collamer or other polymer with any suitable index of refraction, as is known in the art. The combination of components all are of similar materials with a similar index, and may be assembled to provide a typical bi-convex lens or a plano-convex or concavo-convex lens.
Referring now also to
Inflow reservoir(s) 24 a and outflow reservoir(s) 24 b also are molded into the interior of the lens, with reservoir cavity portions extending into one or more of elements 16, 18 and 20. Substrate 20 also carries molded cavities 40 that are adapted to cooperate with photo-thermally responsive nickel titanium alloy micropump and relief valve component 42, described herein below. Cavities 40 alternatively may be molded into one of more of the anterior, posterior and substrate elements 16, 18 or 20.
It should be appreciated that the number of independent molded components of the lens may number from 2 to about 6, and that a variety of designs are possible for molding the plurality of cells 26 a . . . 26 n, inflow and outflow channels 28 and 30, reservoirs and cavities in the lens body, all of which fall within the scope of the invention.
Recent advances in microfluidics, so-called "soft" lithography and micro-molding make a lens of the type depicted in
Fluidigm Corporation has developed technologies for forming and fabricating micron-scale channels, pumps, microvalves and other three-dimensional structures in multiple layers of soft polymers that function as fluidic circuitry. Multiple layers may be imprinted with the desired features and irreversibly bonded to one another by polymerization processes to provide a unitary lens body that has a uniform index of refraction. The fluid M that is provided within the fluidic circuitry of the lens may be a selected silicone fluid with a matching index of refraction.
A number of the technologies that enable the microfluidic elements of the present invention were developed at the California Institute of Technology in the 1990s. The following papers and materials are all incorporated herein by reference and describe fabrication techniques, components and aspects of microfluidics in soft polymers such as can be used to fabricate the lens of the present invention: S. R. Quake and A. Scherer, "From Micro to Nano Fabrication with Soft Materials", Science 290: 1536-40 (2000); P. Chou, M. A. Unger, and S. R. Quake, "A Microfabricated Rotary Pump", Biomedical Microdevices 3:323-330 (2001); M. A. Unger, H.-P. Chou, T. Thorsen, A. Scherer, and S. R. Quake, "Monolithic Microfabricated Valves and Pumps by Multilayer Soft Lithography", Science 288: 113-116 (2000); H. P. Chou, M. A. Unger, A. Scherer and S. R. Quake, "Integrated Elastomer Fluidic Lab on a Chip-Surface Patterning and DNA diagnostics", in Proceedings of the Solid State Actuator and Sensor Workshop, Hilton Head, S.C. (2000); H. P. Chou, C. Spence, A. Scherer and S. Quake, "A Microfabricated Device for Sizing and Sorting DNA Molecules", Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. 96: 11-13 (1999); A. Y. Fu, H. P. Chou, C. Spence, F. H. Arnold and S. R. Quake, "An Integrated Microfabricated Cell Sorter, Anal. Chem. (2002); and T. Thorsen, R. W. Roberts, F. H. Arnold and S. R. Quake, "Dynamic Pattern Formation in a Vesicle-Generating Microfluidic Device", Phys. Rev. Lett, 86: 4163-6 (2001).
Referring still to
Turning now to
Molded structures 46 a . . . 46 e and cells 26 a . . . 26 e therein may have any suitable dimensions and spacing therebetween. For example, dimension A represents a diameter of an exemplary structure 46 d that may range between about 20 microns and 5 mm. The height of the structure 26 c indicated at dimension B ranges between about 10 microns and 100 microns. The spacing C between the structures 26 a and 26 b may range between about 0 microns and 1000 microns. The thickness D of the exterior side walls 48 of the molded structures may range between about 10 microns and 200 microns.
The molded structures may vary in dimension, and in one embodiment the more centrally located structures may be larger or more spaced apart than the more peripheral molded structures. The molded structures may have any shape such as cylindrical, tapered, conical, hexagonal, etc. In a typical embodiment, the exterior wall portion 48 of each molded structure has a substantial thickness to prevent radial expansion of the structure and the cell therein when the volume of fluid M therein is increased in volume.
As may be seen by comparing
Expansion of cell 26 a deforms and alters the anterior curvature AC of the lens to AC′. As will be understood from
In accordance with the principles of the present invention, each of several areas of the optic portion of the lens may be modified, either increasing or decreasing the optical path traversing the IOL in the altered lens portion. The optical aperture or lens surface thus may be separated into multiple individually addressable regions, with each molded structure capable of altering the anterior curvature AC in a dimension substantially axial to the optic axis of the IOL. Each element may be actuated through the addition of, or subtraction of, fluid media M from the dimensionally-alterable cells 26 a . . . 26 n.
It is important that the individual molded structures 46 and the corresponding cells act in unison so that no discontinuities exist between adjacent cells. The system of spaced apart deformable molded structures allows the system to create substantially smooth radii of curvature in the anterior lens surface, which is a function of, and controlled by, the cross-section A of the molded structures 46 and cells 26 a . . . 26 n, the spaced apart dimension C between the molded structures and the thickness, durometer and other physical properties of optic portion 12 of anterior element 16.
Space 44 between molded structures 46 and the interior surface of optic portion 12 of anterior element 16 contains the same index-matched fluid as is used in the fluid circuitry of the lens. Fluid M is selected such that it is index-matched to molded structures 46 of and adjoining surfaces that might otherwise cause unwanted phase errors or diffractive effects.
Referring now to
Referring also to
As is well known, a nickel titanium alloy may be annealed so that it crystallizes in a manner that exhibits shape memory properties, a property that has found use in a number of medical implants such as endovascular stents. Virtually all uses of nickel titanium alloys have been developed from bulk materials in sheet or tubular forms. While various methods have been developed to draw tubes or to roll sheets of SMAs, conventional methods may be used to fabricate thin films in the 2 to 20 micron range needed for the invention.
Recently, techniques have been developed for sputter-deposited materials to provide thin film SMA materials, as well as to allow fabrication of MEMS components. Sputter-deposited thin film SMAs alloys such as nickel titanium films can be fabricated in a range of thickness from less than 1 micron to about 25 microns. The following papers describe methods of sputter-depositing thin films and annealing the SMA materials, which are incorporated herein by reference: V. Gupta, A. D. Johnson, V. Martynov, V. Galhotra, Thin Film Shape Memory Alloy for Medical Applications, NanoSpace 2000, an international micro/nano technology conference, Houston, Tex. Jan. 23-28, 2000; P. Krulevitch, A. P. Lee, P. B. Ramsey, J. C. Trevino, J. Hamilton, M. A. Northrup, Thin film Shape Memory Alloy Microactuators, J. Micromech. Microeng. Vol. 5, No. Dec. 4, 1996; A. David Johnson and Erik J. Shahoian, "Recent Progress in Thin Film Shape Memory Microactuators," MEMS '95, Proceedings IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, p. 216 (1995); S. Z Hua, C. M. Su, M. Wuttig, "Transformation Induced Stress in SMA Thin Films", MRS Symp. Proc. on Thin Films Stress and Mechanical Properties, 308, 525 (1993), and A. D. Johnson, Vacuum-Deposited TiNi Shape memory Film: Characterization and Applications in Micro-Devices, J. Micromech. Microeng. Vol.1, (1991) 34-41.
For use as a micropump or relief valve, the SMA material is annealed into a crystalline state wherein it undergoes a crystalline phase transformation from martensite to austenite when heated through the material's phase change transformation temperature. When below that temperature the material can be plastically deformed from a "memory shape" responsive to stress. When the SMA material is heated through the transformation temperature, it forcefully reverts to its memory shape, at the same time exerting considerable force.
In one lens embodiment, each cell, such as chamber 26 a in
Micropump diaphragm portions 54 a and 54 b define non-planar forms 58 that extend away from planar edges portions 60 of planar annular portion 56. Relief valve diaphragm portions 54 c and 54 d that define non-planar forms 62 that extend away from planar edges portions 60 and planar annular portion 56. Each non-planar form 62 is shown with an optional spring element 64 formed therein to assist in urging the relief valve to a closed position. The center of non-planar forms 58 and 62 also optionally may be coated with a light-absorbing composition that cooperates with a selected wavelength of light.
Referring now to
Micropump 32 is shown at rest in
Referring now to
The net effect of modifying fluid volume in cells 26 a . . . 26 n, each and in concert, is to improve the optical performance of the lens system. By the proper choice of the extent of displacement of cells 26 a . . . 26 n, either increasing the OPD or decreasing it, the IOL may be made to cancel all or a substantial portion of the optical imperfection associated imaging system. Thus, an incoming wavefront from the cornea will impinge upon the IOL, and the aberrated wavefront can be substantially compared to ideal spherical wavefront. The individual cells then may be modified to impart the appropriate OPD upon the wavefront such that the wavefront provides substantially improved vision correction for light transmitted through the lens.
The lens of the present invention, when used as an intraocular implant, may be coupled with a diagnostic instrument such as a Shack Hartman wavefront sensing system or any other type of wavefront sensor to provide real-time intraoperative feedback of the adjusted optical parameters of the lens. By this means, the lens may be optimized to correct both spherically and for higher order aberrations.
Referring now to
Operation of micropump 80 is similar to that of micropump 32, and is shown in
Turning to
In operation, a laser is targeted onto absorptive layer 94, which in turn heats the fluid within cavity 40 and causing it to expand. This increases the pressure within the micropump, driving the fluid through one-way valve 28 and into the interior of the corresponding deformable cell. When the laser is discontinued, valve 92 b closes. As the fluid in cavity 40 cools further, it causes valve 92 a to open and recharge the cavity. Preferably, absorptive layer 94 comprises a thin black anodized metallic element that enhances deposition of laser energy, and also may serve to prevent irradiation from the laser from passing beyond the IOL.
Alternatively, heating of fluid M in cavity 40 may be caused through the absorption of laser energy within the fluid itself, in which case the wavelength of the laser and the absorption of the material must be selected such that sufficient power is deposited for the desired expansion. In this case the wavelength of the laser must be selected consistent with benign transmission through the intervening materials of the eye, and with the requirement of laser safety with respect to retinal exposure.
Referring now to
As will be appreciated, to provide for the appropriate supply and management of fluids, and to provide for the movement of fluid into optic portion 12, multiple reservoirs high and low pressure reservoirs may be employed, as in the embodiment of
Although the lens embodiment of
While preferred illustrative embodiments of the invention are described above, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the invention. The appended claims are intended to cover all such changes and modifications that fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
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Freedom is the Goal
Responsibility is the Price
Tolerance is the Hallmark
My name is John Wayne Smith. I was born in Leesburg, Florida. Some of my ancestors have been roaming Florida's hills, woods and swamps for over 12,000 years. I hope that my descendants are able to do the same, and to be as free as were my ancestors.
Writing about why I should be your Governor is no easy task, especially since I stand against current wisdom most of the time. I am the kind of man that the government fears the most. I am a free man. I am a competent man. I do not need or want someone to live my life for me. I am a peaceful man. I assist my neighbors when ask or I see that assistance will be beneficial. I accept assistance from my neighbors in like events. I do not initiate aggression against anyone, but I reserve the right to vigorously defend my self.
Man is not an animal. Man is not born with all the knowledge that it takes to live in today's world. Man must have guidance. There must be a code to live by. That code or philosophy must be rational. Yet it must allow each person to live as they see best (as long as they hurt no one else). So I believe in law and order. These laws must not try to make all people fit a given mold. Laws must not try to make every person alike. Laws should allow people to be individuals.
Man, by his very nature, must be free to exercise his judgment in all matters as long as he respects the right of others to do the same, as long as they pose no immediate threat to another person. I do believe that there must be someone that will enforce reasonable laws on an evenhanded basis. There must be law enforcement.
In today's world, what should be a book only a few inches thick, are several yards thick. No person can go for one hour without breaking some law. Even if they think that they are correct, upstanding, law abiding citizens. Legislators meet with someone almost daily in order to devise more laws, and more powerful laws. Most of these laws have unintended effects, but all insure that you cannot pass through life with out being a habitual criminal. Bureaucrats, hired, not elected are busy turning out page after page of regulations that you must live by and page after page of how they will steal the money to force you to live by what they write.
Am I a good guy, not necessarily? Am I a bad guy, I harm no one. I bow to no one. Will you be brave enough to elect me that remain to be seen? But if you believe that humans are and have the right to be responsible individuals, then you will. You will break the yoke of oppression, created by the current government system. You will help insure that Florida and America remain the land of the free, the home of the brave, as well as the responsible. You will make Florida a better place to live for everyone, not just for the government and its employees. Only if you are willing to break the yoke of government oppression will Florida have a bright future.
Were you to elect me I would not go to Tallahassee with the promise that I would steal money from everyone that I could just so that the bureaucrats or you could spend it the way that the bureaucrats or you want to. I would not promise that I would force everyone to fit into a mold of bureaucratic choosing. I would not promise to be an all-knowing god.
What I would promise would be to try to make all Florida a freer place to live. I would promise that there would be adequate law enforcement to enforce necessary laws. Laws that would allow you to be free, and to choose your own life path as long as you aggressed against no one. I would promise to try to reduce taxes to the point that all proper government functions are adequately funded and that all unnecessary and not proper functions are not funded.
I work with my hands and am not always available. I maybe out of town building something, but I always come back especially on weekends. You can call me at 352 787 5550 or e-mail me firstname.lastname@example.com It may be a few days before I get back to you, but I am not ignoring you. I have to eat and pay my bills just like you. You can write me at:
203 W. Magnolia Street
Leesburg Fl 34748
Libertarian for Florida Governor:
A candidate of the Libertarian Wing of the Libertarian Party
A candidate of the Libertarian Wing of the Libertarian Party

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Write Well
"We write to make sense of it all."
―Wallace Stegner
Image source: Wolfgang Glock. Public domain. Wikimedia Commons.
Philosophical writing differs from other writing. In a philosophy paper, one must make a reasoned defense of some claim.
Virtues of a good philosophy paper include:
- Claims must be defended, reasons must be offered;
- Modesty--should make a small point;
- Originality;
- Clarity, simplicity, straightforwardness;
- Logical organization.
Think of this LibGuide as a map: it will help you to determine the lay of the land, so to speak, offering guidance, tools, and resources to help you write your philosophy paper.
Sources: Bagnoli, Carla. Writing a Philosophy Paper. University of Wisconsin. ND. Pryor, Jim. Guidelines on Writing a Philosophy Paper. New York University. 2006. Image source: Kbh3rd. CC BY-SA-2.0. Wikimedia Commons.
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Wolfpack Hosts Tar Heels on Senior Night
Feb. 1, 2012
RALEIGH, N.C.-- NC State wrestling will honor three seniors on Friday in a ceremony that will take place before the match at 7 p.m. against the North Carolina Tar Heels. Quinton Godley, Darrius Little, and Colton Palmer will all be recognized for their accomplishments during their tenure at NC State.
When fans enter the match on Friday, they will have the opportunity to donate to a really good cause and that is the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) foundation, better known as Lou Gehrig's disease. The wrestling team will be raising money for this great cause and is asking that all fans that attend donate to the foundation. Even if fans would not like to donate money to the foundation, your presence at the match will be good as well because there will be a monetary donation made to the foundation that will be calculated by the number of people that attend.
In addition to Friday's match being senior night, it will be Greek night as well and all members of Greek organizations are asked to attend.
"Senior night is always a special time for the coach, the team, and the guys being honored when they compete for the last time in Reynolds Coliseum," said Wolfpack head coach Carter Jordan. "It's important to make sure that you don't get too caught up in everything else going on that you forget about the task at hand, which is to wrestle as hard and as smart as we can."
The career of Quinton Godley began at the 165-pound weight class, but he moved up to the 174-pound weight class his sophomore year and has found a home in this weight class. During his junior year, he moved up to 184 briefly before returning back to 174. While Godley was wrestling at 184 he knocked off the 18th-ranked wrestler in Jon Fausey of Virginia by decision, 2-1.
As a true freshman, Godley stepped into the starting lineup and won five of his first six matches at 165. He went on to win eight of his first 13 matches that season. His sophomore season he wrestled at 174 for all of his matches and recorded four pins to go along with three major decisions, including an 11-2 major decision over Maryland's Owen Smith and 6-0 decision over Virginia Tech's Taylor Knapp. Last year, he reached the 20 wins mark for the first time in his career. Godley started off his junior year at 174 by winning eight of his first 10 matches and also recorded a career best seven match winning streak spanning from Jan. 8 through Jan. 22. He finished the season wrestling at 184 and took home a fourth-place finish at the ACC Championships.
"Quinton is a really hard worker and does everything you tell that will help him better," said Jordan. "He's gotten so much better in his time here and will be extremely successful in whatever he does."
Darrius Little has really been strong for the Wolfpack in his senior year, having recorded 28 wins on the season which is his highest win total of his career with five regular season matches remaining. He has recently passed former Wolfpack wrestlers Joe Cesari, Mark Cesari, and Pierre Pryor in the record books for all time wins with 91 in his career. With his 91 wins, Little is now sixth in school history for career victories, and is only one win shy of tying for fifth all time.
The redshirt senior is currently ranked 10th in the nation according to Intermat Wrestling in the 141-pound weight class. Little has won nine matches in a row and is 15 of his last 16. He is also perfect on the season in dual matches with a record of 10-0. Little has had to work for his wins during the streak as three of his last four matches have been against ranked opponents, including victories over No. 9-ranked Zach Neibert of Virginia Tech, No. 12 Matt Mariacher of American, and most recently No. 14 Josh Kindig of Oklahoma State.
Little wrestled at the 133-pound weight class during his freshman and sophomore campaigns recording 12 wins in his freshman year and 17 wins and two pins in his sophomore year. He made his first NCAA appearance at the conclusion of his sophomore year after finishing the season strong. During the 2009-10 season Little was off to a hot start at 7-3 on the season, but was shut down for the remainder of the season after suffering an injury. He bounced back from injury to have a successful redshirt junior season in which he finished second at the ACC Championships.
"It's all coming together now for Darrius," said Jordan. "He's beaten several ranked guys here lately and he just has to stay humble and he will accomplish his goals for the season."
Colton Palmer has also enjoyed success during his time at NC State, including 50 career wins along with 20 falls. Palmer emerged for the Wolfpack last season recording 26 wins and a team best nine falls. As a freshman, he wrestled at the 149, 157, and 165-pound weight classes. He moved into the starting lineup midseason and registered seven wins along with a fall. Palmer redshirted the 2008-09 season and did not appear in any matches.
In his redshirt sophomore year, he wrestled at 149 and 157, recording five wins on the season. Palmer really hit his stride during his redshirt junior campaign winning nine consecutive matches, a period spanning from Jan. 5 to Jan. 22. During the streak, he knocked off the 16th-ranked wrestler Vince Salminen of South Dakota State by decision 13-6.
"Colton is really team oriented and is a very self-less guy; he offered to come out of his redshirt so that another guy could redshirt and that's just the type of guy he is," head coach Carter Jordan said. "He's battled some injuries during his career, but has worked really hard to bounce back from those injuries."
The Wolfpack will enter Friday's match 4-6 overall, 0-3 in the ACC while North Carolina posts a 2-13 overall and 1-3.
The Tar Heels are led by freshman Evan Henderson and sophomore Corey Mock. The two wrestlers are ranked No. 20 and No. 19 at 141 and 157, respectively. North Carolina is coming off of losses against No. 12-ranked Maryland and Navy.
NC State will look to rebound off of a loss against the top-ranked Cowboys of Oklahoma State last weekend. The Wolfpack gained valuable experience in the match and dropped most of the bouts in the match by only a few points.
Following are the projected starting lineups for NC State and North Carolina:
NC State (4-6)
125- Coltin Fought (21-7)
133- Ben Elliott (1-14) or Michael Avelar (0-0)
141- #10 Darrius Little (28-9)
149- Matt Nereim (13-11)
157- Colton Palmer (12-11)
165- Nijel Jones (18-14)
174- Quinton Godley (24-11)
184- Robert O'Neill (16-12)
197- KaRonne Jones (14-18)
Hwt- Josh Davis (11-16)
North Carolina (2-13)
125- Brian Bokoski (16-14) or Josh Craig (1-5)
133- Brock LiVorio (6-15)
141- #20 Evan Henderson (23-8)
149- Joe Burns (9-15)
157- #19 Corey Mock 23-9)
165- Kyle Kiss (13-11) or Derek Golner (2-2)
174- Alex Utley (11-14)
184- Thomas Ferguson (15-11)
197- Zac Bennett (7-5)
Hwt- Frank Abbondanza (2-16) or Nick Tenpenny (6-13)


text:
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|« Back to Article
Spring game will serve as exam for players
By Jerry Briggs : April 25, 2014 : Updated: April 25, 2014 8:32pm
Photo By San Antonio Express-NewsWilliam Cavanaugh, left, hikes to UTSA quarterback Tucker Carter during a recent football practice, Wednesday, March 26, 2014. Cavanaugh is filling in for the injured center Nate Leonard.
More Information
At a glance
What: UTSA Football Fan Fiesta Spring Game
When: 1 p.m. today
Where: Alamodome
Admission: Free
SAN ANTONIO — A year from now, few will remember the highlights or the standout players from the UTSA Football Fan Fiesta Spring Game.
Even this time next week, the details are destined to become a bit hazy.
In other words, it's unlikely that much history will be made at UTSA's 15th and final workout of spring camp, set for 1 p.m. Saturday at the Alamodome.
Nevertheless, UTSA players who have logged hours in the weight room in the offseason likely will want to strut their stuff — especially with a few thousand fans watching.
In addition, the scrimmage will be videotaped, which will give coaches ready access in coming weeks to determine who showed up to perform.
And, perhaps just as importantly, those who did not.
"I'm looking for guys to do what they've been coached to do," UTSA coach Larry Coker said. "I look for us to protect the quarterback, and I also (want to see) fundamental football. The main thing is to do what you've been coached to do, have some fun and play the game."
Coker acknowledged that the spring game carries some weight when coaches are determining the two-deep for fall camp.
"Spring games are what they are," Coker said. "But I definitely want to see our guys play. We'll have a video of it, and we'll see how guys play and perform. If a guy doesn't perform in a way they can, there will definitely be some red flags go off."
Coker said receiver Kam Jones has been cleared to play and take contact. Jones, the team's receiving and all-purpose yardage leader last season, sat out the team's last public workout at Smithson Valley High School on April 12.
The game will pit the offense against the defense and consist of four 12-minute quarters, with normal clock rules most of the time.
Twitter: @JerryBriggs


text:
Disclaimer - not sure what I'm talking about here
I just tried running DC Updater for the first time, and it kept failing. Although there could be other reasons - like operator failure I suspect this is because it's behind a proxy. I tried setting the proxy in the configuration, but no joy. The proxy is of the form
note the file at the end.
Please can DCUpdater allow this kind of proxy setting? Or, perhaps better, crib an idea from Martin Aignesberger's WebSite-Watcher and other programs, to have an option where DCUpdater interrogates IE for what proxy it's using, and uses that?


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Michigan State 42
(7-1, 4-0 Big Ten)
Illinois 3
(3-4, 0-3 Big Ten)
Coverage: ABC/ESPN2
3:30 PM ET, October 26, 2013
Memorial Stadium (Champaign, IL), Champaign, IL
Top Performers
Passing: C. Cook (MSU) - 208 YDS, 3 TD
Rushing: J. Langford (MSU) - 22 CAR, 104 YDS, 2 TD
Receiving: K. Mumphery (MSU) - 3 REC, 77 YDS, 1 TD
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text: UAHuntsville communications professor publishes new book on George W. Bush JAN 31, 2012 HUNTSVILLE, Ala. (January 31, 2012) — Clarke Rountree, Chair and Professor of Communication Arts at The University of Alabama in Huntsville, recently published the book, The Chameleon President - The Curious Case of George W. Bush. Praeger Publishers (Greenwood Publishing Group) published the hardcover, 287-page book in December. The book provides readers with 11 different views of George W. Bush. Rountree also published George W. Bush: A Biography, in 2010. "The book is a case study in how motives can be variously constructed, as well as a novel account of the life and presidency of George W. Bush." "Instead of writing a traditional biography or a rhetorical analysis, I decided to engage in strategic constructions of motives myself, making the best case I could for 11 different views of Bush," Rountree said. Rountree wrote all the chapters, drawing material from dozens of books and hundreds of news stories, speeches, and editorials. "I don't tell readers which view I endorse and, after writing different chapters, I have found myself switching views back and forth," he said. Rountree's research interests include judicial rhetoric, political rhetoric, Burkean rhetorical theory, argument theory, rhetoric and race, and religious discourse. He received his undergraduate degree in political science from UAHuntsville, and earned graduate and Ph.D., degrees in rhetorical studies from the University of Iowa. Joyce Anderson-Maples256.824.2101 email@example.com SHARE Related News {{article.title}} Popular Stories {{article.title}}


text:
Feb. 16, 2008
Worcester, Mass. - The Crusaders hosted the St. Michaels Purple Knights in this afternoons conference match up. In a 3-1 decision Holy Cross defended their turf, defeating St. Michael's. With the win Holy Cross improves to 14-7-2 (12-4-1 ECAC) while St. Michael's falls to 6-14-1 (6-10-1 ECAC).
The Crusaders controlled the first period scoring two goals to lead 2-0. At 10:18 freshman Jocelyn Kratchmer (Watrous, Saskatchewan) put in the first goal with an assist by both junior Stephanie Couzin (Chicago, Ill.) and sophomore Lisa Wilson (Corunna, Ontario). The second goal was put in at 13:37, on power play, by senior Sam Rush (Wakefield, Mass.) with an assist by Kratchmer and Wilson. Holy Cross took 14 shots on goal while St. Michael's took six.
In the second period the Purple Knights came out with a quick goal scored 34 seconds into the period. The Crusaders answered back with a goal of their own made by freshman Christina D'Ambrogio (Toronto, Ontario) at 17:32 with an assist by Rush and Wilson. Holy Cross took seven shots on goal while St. Michael's took 10.
No goals were scored in the third period. Holy Cross took six shots on goal while St. Michael's took nine.
In goal tonight was freshman Monique Gallant (Antigonish, Nova Scotia). She had a total of 24 saves in tonight's game. For the Purple Knights, Alysia Goldman was in goal with a total of 24 saves for the game.
The Crusaders take on UMass-Boston on Saturday February 23 at the Hart Center Rink. The start time is set for 2:00 pm.


text:
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text: Vengeance is described as a "deep taupe-brown matte-satin." It's a medium-dark brown with soft, warm undertones and a satin shimmer. It had excellent color payoff, and the texture was soft, dense, and buttery while being extremely easy to apply. On me, the color wore well for eight and a half hours before it started to fade along the edges. YSL Saharienne #3 (P) is cooler-toned, more shimmery. Givenchy Taupe Velours (5) (P, $23.00) is less shimmery, cream. Divergent Bold Espresso (LE) is similar. Makeup Geek Bada-Bing (P, $5.99) is darker. Urban Decay Twice Baked (P, $18.00) is lighter, warmer. Dior Fairy Golds #5 (LE) is more shimmery. See comparison swatches / view dupes.


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charlotta sorenstam
charlotta sorenstam
Results: 1 - 3 of 3
News & Tours
Latanna Stone, age 10, still makes history in short stay at Women's Am
By Brendan MohlerLatanna Stone's historic run at the USGA Women's Amateur is over, but you can expect to hear her name plenty in the future. The 10-year-old from Valrico, Fla., is the youngest to ever...
Tuesday, 8/7/2012 at 8:58PM
Gear & Equipment
Ms. 59's new app: 59 ways to better golf
Annika Sorenstam, the only player in LPGA history to break 60 in a tournament round, has just issued a new instructional app for the iPhone and iPad for $4.99. The app, called Annika Academy,...
Wednesday, 11/9/2011 at 9:45AM
Golf Tours & News / Week in Review
John Strege: Monday Qualifier: September 20
A quiet week precedes a hectic, crucial stretch
September 20, 2010
- keywords:
- pga tour,
- tour championship,
- john strege,
- tiger Woods,
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|128 posts found
Originally posted by Nethermancer
Obviously the things I said about PvP were in WoW, as I was making a comparison to WoW. And WoW might be better, but it's still not good enough. The genre needs to progress, not go backwards with every new game, which is why GW2 must be sacrificed just like SWTOR was, until companies realize they need to truly make something better than WoW. GW2 must be destroyed.
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Originally posted by Wootloops
I must apologize, but this is one of the best cases where "Go back to WoW" would really work. However this is obviously a jokepost done quite well. But, I shall take the bait and go along with the action so not as to ruin the moment.
Judging by the posts I have been reading. It seems like you focus too hard on comparing this game to World of Warcraft. Yes, I can understand a slight comparison but you are practically saying "Since this isn't a better WoW, this game just isn't what the genre needs."
All genres are supposed to have variety. There are supposed to be different ideas at different prices, models, and reactions. Yes, not everyone will lke GW2. I honestly feel a bit bored of it myself after being burnt out on the weekends.
The MMO genre will not progress if every game released has to be a better World of Warcraft. There is a reason why people refuse to play games because it seems like a simple "WoW-clone". The only case in which this WAS accepted was when World of Warcraft was considered an "EQ-clone" and no one even cared. Now, people do care because everyone is apparantly a critic whose voice controls the entire opinion.
There is a reason why World of Warcraft's classes are well-balanced. That is because they released years and expansions ago. After many player opinions, FotMs, and talent rebuilds they had well enough time to shape out the game. However, don't you remember when the game was rock paper scissors?
Don't you remember when Warriors were beaten by everything except Rogues?
Don't you remember when everything lost to Rogues?
Don't you remember when Rogues destroyed everyone except warriors? There is even a VIDEO showing a rogue naked with daggers doing such a thing. Yes, he was very, very skilled. But the gear difference (Stat wise, near-absolute zero to leather armor.) should have downplayed his playability.
GW2 only released for a few weeks. The only issues I see are Thieves and Warriors practically using cookie cutter combos to win. However, ever played the Mesmer that focuses on phantasms? What of the Elementalist with 15-16k hp and a crapton of healing power while he is on water?
Should we expect everything to be as fun as every other game, when the new game just released? At first yes because it's new, then we want something else. We want fixes, more exitement, balances, etc.
Apprentice Member
Joined: 12/18/11
Originally posted by Fadedbomb
DUH of course it is going to be subjective, read the title it says "My Main Issues with GW2" pretty much tells you it is going to be his subjective look and issues with the game. I see no reason why if you are only interested in non-personalized objective threads you would of even opened this one.
Originally posted by Oracle_Fefe
I'm eating a plain hamburger and you come running down the street making great proclamations of your new hamburger innovaton, and you give me a 2 month old hamburger with a fresh piece of cheese on top and tell me to eat it instead. I dislike the cheeseburger and explain to you why I'm going to continue eating my hamburger; namely, that while the cheese may be a fine addition, it doesn't make up for the fact that the rest of the burger is aweful compared to mine. Then, you say I only dislike the cheeseburger because it isn't a typical hamburger and storm off in a fury of rage. The next day, you see me eating a hamburger with lettace and tomato and your brain implodes like a dying star, creating a black hole which consumes your body, leaving no trace of you left to be found. If only you had listened and realized that it wasn't that I disliked the cheeseburger because it wasn't a typical hamburger, it was that it was fudgin 2 months old.
Moral of the story:
Out of GW2's worthy features, the value of those which it shares with WoW and which WoW does better, outweighs the value of those which GW2 does better, and those which differentiate it from WoW.
There are a great many potential worthy differentiating features which GW2 could have had and which would have compelled me to choose it over WoW, but it was blind and chose not to implement them. Even if it was just an on par WoW clone with a piece of cheese on top, I could have been compelled to choose it over WoW. But in my eyes it's just an inferior WoW clone with a piece of cheese on top, and the cheese doesn't make up for everything else.
Also, I don't really have an issue with the balance, I have an issue with the autoattacking.
Elite Member
Joined: 4/04/11
You analogy is obviously flawed - you make you burger better tasting- a better analogy is that both burgers taste equally good, and the rest comes Down to the dressings. Personally I would say that the original burgers have a problem- the bread is a bit stale. It's really easy to create analogies with bias.
rpg/mmorg history: Dun Darach>Bloodwych>Bards Tale 1-3>Eye of the beholder > Might and Magic 2,3,5 > FFVII> Baldur's Gate 1, 2 > Planescape Torment >Morrowind > WOW > oblivion > LOTR > Guild Wars (1900hrs elementalist) Vanguard. > GW2(1000 elementalist), Wildstar
Now playing GW2, AOW 3, ESO, LOTR, Elite D
Originally posted by Bladestrom
It is only your subjective bias which makes you believe that I am biased and that the burgers taste equally good. What I stated was objective truth.
Originally posted by Wootloops
Well ive seen your OP complaints elewhere and by other people, so your not the only one who feels this wat.
Your mistake was to compare it to another game, which on these forums automatically makes you biased and wrong. To top it off you mentioned world of warcraft, and that put people into a frenzy. Rather than address the issue and perhaps talk about solutions the easiest path to take is to focus in on how you 1. play wow and 2. seem to like wow better. This is why 90 of these posts are the way they are.
I wouldnt even bother to argue with these people, youll get better results convincing people to switch political parties on a forum since its basically the same frame of mind and the same methods of argument.
Elite Member
Joined: 4/04/11
Lol you realise I was acknowledging my own bias dont you? You maybe should read your own posts and imagine you don't love wow, and then ask- is he being objective? The only fact you can validate is that games grow stale over time.
rpg/mmorg history: Dun Darach>Bloodwych>Bards Tale 1-3>Eye of the beholder > Might and Magic 2,3,5 > FFVII> Baldur's Gate 1, 2 > Planescape Torment >Morrowind > WOW > oblivion > LOTR > Guild Wars (1900hrs elementalist) Vanguard. > GW2(1000 elementalist), Wildstar
Now playing GW2, AOW 3, ESO, LOTR, Elite D
Originally posted by Bladestrom
Well at least you know you're biased.
Originally posted by redman875
Have faith my young padawan. The darkness which blinds them can only but yield to the light, and the light of my truth shines bright.
Novice Member
Joined: 10/12/08
Originally posted by JimmyYO
80 is just a number, not sure why ppl don't get this or expect the game to be different at 80. It isn't. I loved my run to 80, and I love my time at 80 which is spent doing all the stuff I did before plus explorable dungeons and Orr.
Originally posted by Wootloops
In that case tell me. What do you believe of the following:
TERA, Rift, Star Trek Online, FFXIV.
And to add some originality: Mabinogi and Vindictus.
Are they all just burgers with different dressings? I don't see how some games can be compared unless they are a full-on WoW clone. Guild Wars 2 does have WoW mechanics in some ways but that doesn't mean it is a clone in any way. To call a game to be a WoW clone would be comparing it with the other clones in the genre. If they all play the exact same, then yes it is a WoW-clone.
Anywho, if you have an issue with the autoattacking, roll a Sword Mesmer, Staff Elementalist, or an engineer using a kit. Sometimes you have to make your own challenges (Going back to the case where I mentioned a video about a 60 rogue owning pretty much every class whilst naked.)
I have not touched GW2 yet, but this thread is strangely reminiscient of the TOR threads. Common answer is "go back to WoW." Ignoring the WoW analogies, if someone has a criticism I do not think "go back to WoW' strengthens the rebuttal at all. Although, I think I counted at least 2-3 posts that tried(kudos to them). Was no one else around for the ToR threads?
Anyways, I have to admit I had MoP and GW2 on my games list, however some of the criticisms thus far make GW2 feel like another D3. Fun journey,but little to work towards after max level. I think I was right to hold off on GW2 for the moment. Not a bad game, but I do not want to spend $60 for only 70-80 hours of play at the moment.
Originally posted by Oracle_Fefe
To be fair, I do not think the entirety of his argument is based on the skill requirement of the classes, but rather givng players something to work towards whether that be gear or title. As an RPG player who loved Morrowind that does resonate with me. Furthermore, the roguecraft videos were a mockery of vanilla WoW's class system. If someone has to impair themselves to get a slight challenge, something is wrong in certain respects. With Roguecraft the rogue wore full caster (druid) gear and a caster staff , yet still managed to kill decent PVP players.
I still laugh at that video today, so thank you for remining me of it.
Apprentice Member
Joined: 6/19/12
How can you review something without understanding a thing about it?
Just back to WoW please, get a ticket to boring and goodbye.
The down fall of guild wars 2, designed with intend to make the player think and react.
Flatliners are not welcome in Guild wars 2.
Originally posted by Bushi131
Not to sound rude, but now this is very much like the TOR threads. In fact, this also sounds like War.
I mean, really? You basically assume that anyone does not like GW2 is wrong and must like "boring" things. You did even analyze is critique and you just tried to pass off a subjective thought as objective.
I am really not trying to sound rude, but come on. This is the SAME logic used in ToR, War, Aion, AoC, etc.
Novice Member
Joined: 9/22/08
Did I just read WoW and sandbox in the same sentence?
Originally posted by Nixl
I picked that specific video mainly because it was the closest reminiscense to the beginning of World of Warcraft that is widely known. Guild Wars 2 is currently in it's beginning, too. However, people these days are much more critical and believe they are the sole important person (Playing a game that is even mediocre could be seen as wasting time of their life to them, for example. It's one of the major reasons why people say this or that MMO is bad and they are going back to WoW/EVE/EQ.) We did know back then that rogues were very powerful a person could impair themselves and still win.
However, by "make your own challenges" I do not mean weaken yourself but try out something new. My Mesmer build consists of summoning phantasms as I stack toughness, vitality, and cc removal/dampeners. This Elementalist build takes on a different approach to Eles, having them support and be very, very survival-like. There are some annoying autoattacking builds (Necro and engineer comes to mind.) But a FotM doesn't always win in any case.
I admit it myself, I have no incentive to get to 80. PvE gets repetitive after a while and it just feels like go to zone, 100% it, go to nother zone. However, there is a type of player that has fun with that. Just like how there is a type of player that has fun with big blasts and cool attacks. There is also one type that has fun in beating others, and there is one that has fun with lore.
Johnny, Timmy, Spike, and Vorthos in respective order (And they all can be broken down into more branches). Judging by OP, he seems to be a Johnny/Timmy. He wants an incentive to keep on going and expects changes and big new things to come up as he goes along with the story. Because he focuses on wanting some sort of incentive in sPvP he is bored that there is no good benefits coming to him as he plays( He isn't Vorthos or a goodlookin timmy who wants goodlookin armor.) I can presume the Timmy side of him prefers big blasting combos, but dislikes autoattacking obviously. That is why I offered certain thoughts on specs.
I'm a Timmy/Spike. I just want to win in PvP and have fun doing it. I don't care about my armor looks, or getting the next rank to get armor (Unless armor gave stats, then I'd get it just for the sake of maximizing stats.) My only incentive to play is to win, and my final goal could even be monthly or that yearly tournament that Anet proposed.
Anywho out of this topic, what would you consider yourself as?
Novice Member
Joined: 10/20/10
Bye bye have fun with them pokemons and pandabears in pandaland :) !!!! /wave
The addiction level is still to high in him, one day.....one day they are ready to let it go..........
Thank you for the reply Oracle. GW2 is a very select game imo, but people that I chatted with had horrible misunderstandings about the game or were overhyped. I would plainly just call their expectations as WoW+ rather than what GW2 was trying to do. That being said, I give Arenanet kudos for trying to be fresh, but what sound great of paper does not neccesairly translate in practice. That, to me, is GW2's folly. It was simply hyped to be something it was not and its features, no matter how fresh, may not work out..
"Anywho out of this topic, what would you consider yourself as?"
As to what type of player I am. Hard to say what I would classify myself as. In Kotor 2, Planescape Torment, WoW, Morrowind, Fallout etc I enjoyed collecting items and gaining distincions. In Morrowind, I enjoyed rising in the rank of house Tel'vanni and finding artifacts or items. I do no want to call myself a completionist, but I do enjoy finding powerful items. I know that it sounds utterly trivial in a sense, but that is a fun investment to me. Looking at my bank slots in WoW, I have legacy gear, unique weapons, and goofy trinkets or archaelogy items. On the otherhand, I do enjoy playing a difficult raid/dungeon with friends. Almost nothing can replace the feeling of Molten Core or Ulduar for me.
For that reason I can sort of resonate with the OP, because I understand the interest in making a name for yourself or at the least making a character that is your own. The best way I can put it is, it is about building a character. I think GW2 is a good game, but I do not get the sense that I am building a character, but rather just playing a template. Both have pros and cons of course, I am just biased in favor of an RPG character builder.
Originally posted by Oracle_Fefe
You got me wrong with Johnny. I play for the fun of just owning people first, and secondly for cool looking armor / titles / prestigious ranks.


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Robert Steven Winters, 62, died September 27, 2013, in Mesa, Arizona, after a long battle with Frontotemporal Degeneration.
Mr. Winters was born in San Antonio, TX, but resided in Elizabethton and Johnson City, TN, Ocean Springs, MS, and Mobile, AL. He was a graduate of University High and East Tennessee State University with degrees in Organic Chemistry and Business Administration.
He was a senior chemist with National Marine Fisheries in Pascagoula, MS.
Steve was preceded in death by his parents, Robert Ray and Charlotte Sue Winters, of Elizabethton, TN.
He is survived by his wife of 37 years, Cynthia Winters, Mobile, AL; two daughters, Jennifer Hedrick (Dustin), Queen Creek, AZ, Whitney Mosley (Benjamin), Mobile, AL; six grandchildren, Adrianna and Drake Hampton, Breanna Mosley, Reid, Dax and Jentry Hedrick; one brother, Gregory Winters (Sally), Vancouver, Washington; and several nieces, nephews and extended family.
A special thank you to the E.A. Roberts Alzheimer's Center, Mobile, AL, the Jones Family Care Home, Mesa, AZ, and Reflections Hospice, Mesa, AZ.
Mr. Winters chose to donate his remains to research hoping to help and eventually find a cure for FTD. A memorial service will be planned later.
In lieu of flowers the family requests donations be sent to the E.A. Roberts Alzheimer's Center, 169 Mobile Infirmary Blvd., Mobile, AL 36607.


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Nah... I personally wouldn't care if it has IPS or not. If anything it might add some privacy from noisy people. lol
iPod touch 4 has Retina Display but no IPS
Apple didn't list IPS (inter plane switching) as part of the iPod touch 4 specs for a reason -- the iPod touch 4 screen, while LED and "Retina Display" 960x640 resolution lacks the IPS technology of the iPhone 4 display.
IPS, which Apple has rolled out for everything from iMac to iPad to iPhone 4 provides a much greater viewing range than a standard display.
So the still camera isn't the only step down when you go from iPhone 4 to iPod touch, but does anyone out there care as much about IPS?
Have something to say about this story? Leave a comment! Need help with something else? Ask in our forums!
Reader comments
iPod touch 4 has Retina Display but no IPS
You know I had not noticed IPS in my iPhone or iPad, until you pointed out its absence from the new iPt. Hah, that's actually pretty cool.
Not a deal breaker though
No IPS, no GPS, no Cell radio, no auto-focus cameras, no LED flash, extremely low res back camera, and a tinny sounding speaker.
Of all those the only one that bothers me is that they didn't spend an extra maybe $10 manufacturing cost on an LED flash and the back camera to make it auto-focus and at least 2MP.
And just to be clear, I was simply comparing what the iPhone has the iTouch doesn't since some people want to try to claim that the iTouch shouldn't have a respectable still camera because the iPhone is $600.
Size constraints
Not sayin' "I told you so", but... I friggin' told you so.
I know, I know. You have to be responsible reporting the news. Thanks for checking it out, and finally posting. Even if I didn't get a "Thanks, mrjr84" shoutout. ;)
It's definitely a disappointment, but not a dealbreaker, per se. I'll probably still get one for the wife so we can FaceTime.
i am SOOO on the fence with this one. I want, then I don't want, then I want again.
Can I use an old iPhone 3G as an iPod if I don't have it set up as a phone?
That would then sound like another form over function line of BS. I'm skeptical about not being able to fit a basic 2MP auto-focus lens or even just an auto-focus lens for that matter and LED flash into the case even with the thinner casing. But if that is true, is there any justifiable reason that the iTouch needed to be 1/20th of an inch thinner. Because if they couldn't fit a respectable camera in there with that loss of depth then there is certainly reason for it to have remained the same depth as the 3rd Gen as I know a respectable camera would fit in that space.
And how many people honestly care that it's 1/20th of an inch thinner? Sure it was interest when it was showcased but who is actually looking at that as a selling point, especially for those looking to upgrade?
I don't think it should be a big deal. People are wanting too much from an IPOD! Stop complaining about everything. It shouldn't be an iPhone without the phone, it should be an Mp3 player with some cool features. If you people want an iPod Touch with all of the iPhone 4 features, go buy an iPhone 4 and leave it on airplane mode. Give it a rest, seriously.
iPod touch isn't subsidized by AT&T, so Apple needs to bring its hardware cost down as low as possible. That's why the camera doesn't have the same resolution as iPhone 4's and that's why the presumably less costly non-IPS display is used. But the screen pixel size must be the same as iPhone 4's to maintain a consistent iOS app GUI, hence Retina resolution.
@ Erik - "And how many people honestly care that it's 1/20th of an inch thinner?" I see your point. Apple made the touch thinner because they could, not because they had to. The touch has no competition, so there's no need to out-thin anything else on the market. But that lack of competition also means Apple doesn't need to out-spec anyone else. In fact, they clearly want to keep the iPhone 4 at the top of the pocket-sized iOS iDevice line. So the touch will get less costly components. And don't forget that the touch isn't subsidized by AT&T.
@ Erik - "I'm skeptical about not being able to fit a basic 2MP auto-focus lens or even just an auto-focus lens for that matter and LED flash into the case..." Apple is making the touch a clear #2 in its pocket-sized iOS device line. The last thing Apple wants is for the touch to cannibalize iPhone 4 sales. They don't want you to get a free krap phone from AT&T and then buy a touch. That means less revenue for Apple. So they make sure people know the touch is less than an "iPhone without the phone." If you want all the goodies, you need to buy the iPhone 4. Simple enough for you to understand?
Sounds like Apple is using a video camera kit and pulling stills, rather than a still camera kit and pulling video like iPhone 4 does :-/
If I just wanted a PHONE with a high-end camera, I'd go by a Droid X.
I never said I wanted "all the goodies" just a decent camera lens that actually, probably costs as much to manufacture as the POS lens they put in there anyways and an LED Flash. Both of those are not expensive additions like say GPS circuitry or an IPS display. It's not an unreasonable request for a device like the iPod Touch that is trying to be an all-in-one portable MEDIA device. It's Apple trying to milk money out of people because they know there are people that will buy this new version and then buy the new one again next year when they include the cheap upgrades that should have been in this version, like a decent camera lens.
I'll be holding it in my hands and looking right at it why would I need to look at it from all different directions? It's a feature that is just there and not many people care about, I'm sure many people will get pissed and say stuff, but it isn't a big deal. Basically if you want a better camera and an IPS screen then go buy an iPhone 4. I couldn't care less about what megapixel the camera is, I'll be using as a point and shoot while I'm out places. If I want a better camera then I'll use my 14MP camera, it's not like I'll be taking a photo shoot with the thing.
The IPS might cost that much more but the camera and a flash would be negligible cost at best.
I'm now waiting for the Archos 43 to release next month with a 2MP camera and flash at $199. It'll be a little extra hassle needing to side-load any apps I might want since Andorid Market is only available on Cell enabled devices but that can just count as an offset to not having to deal with iTunes, proprietary "USB" cables/chargers, having a mini-HDMI output, and not having to deal with re-encoding media for the iTouch because it supports a smaller number of media formats.
@Erik, geez. you are such a baby... If you don't want an IPOD, dont buy one.. simple enough.. apple caters to no one if you haven't noticed. The thing is a freaking music player geez.. not a camera, its ment for listening to music, and taking some random facebook pics, not going out and doing a photo shoot. So go buy a 50 dollar MP3 player, and a 170 dollar camera, and there ya go.
I think people don't realize that concessions have to be made to get the ipt 4 even remotely in the ballpark of the subsidized cost of the iPhone. In reality, an iPhone costs over $2000 if you fulfill the contract (though it doesn't all go to Apple). I guarantee that Apples margin on the touch is significantly lower than that of the iPhone because of that price point, even with the technological concessions that were made.
The major cost factors effecting the $400 price difference between the iPod Touch 4 and the iPhone4 right now are: IPS, GPS, obvious lack of a Cell radio, and the iTouch 4 has half the RAM of the iPhone4. Those are were the real cost savings are coming from between the two devices. The $10 they saved using a 0.7MP camera is piddly by comparison.
You think it's unreasonable to want a portable media device to be able to take casual, in-focus pictures? It's not like I'm complaining that it doesn't have 200x zoom capabilities (or even 2x zoom for that matter) or a 12MP resolution. It's a portable MEDIA device, meaning music, video AND pictures. It's not unreasonable to be upset that they didn't spend an extra $10 on cheap auto-focus lens and an LED flash. The Nano, Shuffle, and Classic are music players (especially after they removed the Nano's video capabilities), the Touch has always been touted as being more than just another music player.
yeah, I have got the news. But I still love my iPod touch. It's a phone, without the phone, with a new Retina Display, the A4 CPU, two cameras which allow for FaceTime calling and 720p video recording, just magical!
What's more, with the 3.5-inch capacitive touchscreen, Retina Display, which means it had equal resolution (960 x 640) and pixel density (326 ppi) as the iPhone 4, all make watching video entertainment an utterly new experience on it, U know Im a totally movies fans, now apple's iMovie upgrade adds the support for 4 generation, sounds maybe I don't need to use iFunia iPod video Converter to do the converting, at least sometimes much trouble was saved.
Besides, FaceTime calls and Game Center, can't wait to get one and experience!
Aha, overall, have to say Apple is the best. They have the ability to change the momentum of the market with great products. I like it!!
Anandtech review, "...the iPod Touch is admittedly less of an iPod and more of a general purpose iOS device that happens to play music."
Here's hoping next month's Archos 43 release gets it right rather than having to wait until next year to see the specs that should have been included in this year's iTouch.
I do. I was watching Inception on my iPod Touch today and found that the blacks were really washed out. This is a bummer because a lot of this film takes place in the dark. How am I supposed to enjoy a movie if I can't see the screen?
The blacks have nothing to do with IPS. It's the backlighting and LCD screen which are identical to iPhone 4. Also surprised nobody ever mentions one thing the IPT has trounced the iPhone with which is storage space. I'm a media junkie and filled 32GB of my 64GB IPT in 3 weeks. If I had and iPhone I'd be out of space and juggling crap around in my computer.


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Currently, we are not offering any of our sightseeing tours listed below. However, we still offer the Introductory Flight Lesson and Extended Introductory Flight Lesson detailed at the end of this page. You can also hire us for an aerial photography flight. Simply tell us what sights you are interested in making aerial photos of and we can provide you with a quote for that flight.
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(The VH1 Blog knows very little about the law. So we've solicited Mark Muro, a founder of the California law firm Muro & Lampe, Inc., to keep a running tab on which side has the advantage in the R. Kelly child pornography trial. Check back daily for updates.)
The pied piper of R&B, R. Kelly, finally had his child pornography trial open in Chicago six years after he was initially indicted. His defense? A case of mistaken identity. "Robert Kelly is not on that tape," Kelly?s attorney, Sam Adam Jr., told the jury. "I stand before you on May 20, 2008, to tell you [R. Kelly] is not on that tape." Adam claims that a mole on Kelly's back will prove the singer's innocence. Adam also claims that the alleged victim (whom he referred to as a "wonderful person") is not in the tape; but instead, a paid prostitute. The defense appears to involve a claim of two layers of mistaken identity.
The tape was played for the jury this afternoon over Adam?s objection. In light of the contention that the tape provides visual evidence that Kelly is not depicted in the tape, I'm confused as to the attempts to keep the tape out of evidence. Seeing as the video is widely known as "The R. Kelly Sex Tape," the defense better hope that the jurors have been living under a rock for the last six years. I anticipate the making of yet another closing argument culminating in a rhyme ala O.J. Simpson's lawyer. ("If the glove don't fit you must acquit.") Here's a couple of suggestions: "With no mole on the back, the prosecution's case must crack" or "No mole on the back, the case is whack." — Mark Muro
Defense = -1
Prosecution = 0


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Bus Chick, Transit Authority
Carla Saulter has been living without a car—and using public transit as her primary form of transportation—since March of 2003. Though she gave up driving because of concerns about the detrimental effects of car culture (pollution, traffic, sprawl), the decision has profoundly and positively changed her life. Some of these positive changes include: enforced exercise, time to read, reduced expenses, and contact with her community on a level that would never have been possible in the isolated bubble of a single-occupancy vehicle.
Monthly Archive for September, 2007
Does it count if you're carrying shopping bags?
This evening, as I got off the 27, the driver kneeled the bus for me. (Yes, in Bus Chick's world, "kneel" is a transitive verb, and inanimate objects without actual knees can be "knelt.") I'm not sure if it was because of my enormous belly or the enormous bag (full of recently purchased pillows) I was carrying, but Bus Nerd says it counts. [Read More]
Eastbound 4, 8:40 PM
On a particularly hot, slow and funky ride (on the 4, folks, this is saying something), a particularly funky passenger gets off at Harborview. As soon as the doors close, another passenger, red-faced and indignant, addresses his fellow riders in the front section. [Read More]
A bus chick's version of a good day
This morning, I stopped by the County Courthouse to see some demos of the partially wrapped buses. (The Council tabled the vote on whether to allow the partial wraps, so these demos were made available to help the members come to a decision. Members of the Transit Advisory Committee and the Accessible Services Advisory Committee were also invited to take a look.) [Read More]
The opposite of a tax break for bus riders
Yesterday, Ben from Capitol Hill hipped me to some information that I apparently missed in the September Flexcar newsletter: [Read More]
Microsoft takes on Google in another arena
Back in March, I wrote about the fancy, private buses Google provides to its employees. Looks like our friendly neighborhood software giant is getting into the transportation game, too: [Read More]
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The Precinct's New Menu Focuses on Smoked Meats and Pub Food
The bar at the Precinct. | Nancy Stiles Executive chef Ben Welch. | Nancy Stiles Grilled cheese with roasted cauliflower, bechamel, spinach, goat cheese and cheddar on sourdough. | Nancy Stiles The lunch scene at the Precinct. | Nancy Stiles The BBQ Carolina Steak Burger. | Nancy Stiles
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Texas Politics
Political Coverage from Austin to Texas on the Potomac in D.C.
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Retired general touts 'leadership' credentials, not Hispanic heritage
Retired Lt. General Ricardo Sanchez doesn't pigeonhole himself as an Hispanic candidate for the U.S. Senate seat that veteran Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison will yield to retirement next year. Sanchez will portray himself as a leader turned off by white-hot partisan politics and as someone who understands the struggles of lower and middle-income Texans. His […] [Read More]
The First Word: Simple Majority
On this day — the Senate prepares to pass a budget without a two-thirds vote as the House prepares to take up revenue generating measures; Democrats abandon budget deal as Ogden abandons plans to use 'Rainy Day' money to guarantee funding; a Texas link to the US military mission that killed Osama Bin Laden; "campus-carry" […] [Read More]


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Mount Vernon Nazarene University
DRA2031G Acting Practicum [0-1].
Practical experience through a major or minor acting role in a dramatic presentation. Selection is by audition. The course may be repeated up to eight (8) credit hours; however, no more than four (4) credit hours may be applied to a major or minor in the communication department.
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Beyond Clashing Civilizations: Rethinking Early Christian-Muslim Relations
Fri, October 29, 2010 • 5:00 PM • Texas Union, Sinclair Suite (3.128)
The Workshop on Late Antiquity presents:
"Beyond Clashing Civilizations: Rethinking Early Christian-Muslim Relations"
A lecture by Michael Penn, Mount Holyoke College
October 29, 2010, 5:00 PM
Texas Union, Sinclair Suite (3.128)
The history of early Christian-Muslim relations has often been told from the perspective of Greek Christians from the besieged city of Constantinople or Latin Crusader accounts. Our earliest, largest, and most diverse set of early Christian writings concerning Islam, however, was written in an Aramaic dialect called Syriac. Professor Penn asks how these rarely studied Syriac documents can substantially change our understanding of the first encounters of the modern world's two largest religions. In "Beyond Clashing Civilizations" Penn argues that these sources point not only toward a much more complex set of interactions than usually envisioned. They also suggest that in the seventh through ninth centuries the very categories of Christian and Islam were much more ambiguous, permeable, and overlapping than previously has been acknowledged.


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Georgianne Nienaber: As the mystery unfolded the common consensus was that villagers had fallen prey to murderous merchants in the local markets who were selling methyl alcohol, an industrial solvent, disguised as the popular local drink called "Clairin."
That Damn Pope
The War on Drugs Redux
Opium is in the news again. Afghanistan is producing bumper crops of opium poppies, funding Taliban attacks and simultaneously enriching some of the Afghani government's warlord allies. Low heroin prices worldwide suggest that the marketplace is saturated, and American policy abroad is aimed narrowly at crop eradification while at home we are incarcerating drug users […]


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Tracey John recently interviewed some people at Bioware and among the questions asked included one about the lack of homosexual relationships in Mass Effect 2. The article had a quote from Casey Hudson, the Mass Effect 2 project lead, "We still view it as… if you're picturing a PG-13 action movie. That's how we're trying to design it. So that's why the love interest is relatively light. …"
So, does that mean that homosexuality is R rated? I saw the implicit claim here that heterosexuality is PG-13, normal, but homosexuality is "dirtier" and deserves a stronger rating. I find that claim offensive. Love is good no matter the gender of the individuals. But the problem with this comment goes further than simply implying that homosexual sex is only acceptable for more mature audiences than heterosexual sex. A large problem with this quote is that Mass Effect as well as Mass Effect 2 are M RATED games! These games already have the equivalent of an R rating for movies. So, is he implying that gay sex in video games deserves an even stronger rating? Is it seen as deserving of an Adults Only rating? It was possible to have a male Grey Warden character in Dragon Age Origins have a sexual relationship with the male party member Zevran. This Bioware game was rated M, just like Mass Effect 2. Bioware has already shown that they are willing to have homosexual relationships in M rated games. So what makes Mass Effect 2 different and why the PR spin? Is it simply because they felt Mass Effect 2 would be purchased by more people than Dragon Age Origins and they did not want to offend some of those consumers? If that is the case then I would like to remind Bioware and other companies that some of their consumers are gay. We are gay, lesbian, straight, bisexual, pansexual, queer, male, and female and we all count as gamers.


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Before you hand over your device, follow these 7 tips to childproof your smartphone or tablet.
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Make the most of the summer sunshine with these games, crafts and edible activities that are best enjoyed outdoors.
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Beat the heat with Italian Lemonade, the perfect drink for summer.
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