text:
The present invention relates to polymeric networks, which are characterised by particular mechanical properties and which, furthermore, allow the control of thermal and mechanical properties by simple variation of the components.
1. A shape memory polymeric network comprising an effective amount of copolyester segments derived from glycolic acid monomers, wherein the copolyester segments comprise up to 30 wt % of units derived from glycolic acid monomers, and wherein the total strain recovery value of the network after 5 cycles (Rr,ges) is from 85% to 99.7% and the shape fixity of the network is up to 99.5%.
2. The polymeric network of
3. The polymeric network of
4. The polymeric network of
5. The polymeric network of
6. The polymeric network of
7. The polymeric network of
8. The polymeric network of
9. The polymeric network of
10. The polymeric network of
11. The polymeric network of
12. The polymeric network of
13. The network of
14. The polymeric network of
15. The polymeric network of
16. The polymeric network of
17. The polymeric network of
18. A method for preparing a polymeric network comprising reacting an intermediate product of formula (1)
with methacrylic acid molecules to form a compound functionalized by the methacrylic acid molecules; and
crosslinking the functionalized compound, optionally in the presence of an additional acrylate monomer, wherein the copolyester segments comprise up to 30wt % of units derived from glycolic acid monomers, and wherein the total strain recovery value of the network after 5 cycles (Rr,ges) is from 85% to 99.7% and the shape fixity of the network is up to 99.5%.
19. The method of
20. The method of
21. The method of
22. The method of
23. The method of
24. The method of
25. A shape memory polymeric network comprising an effective amount of copolyester segments comprising units derived from glycolic acid monomers and at least one other hydroxy carbonic acid monomer, wherein the copolyester segments comprise up to 30 wt % of units derived from glycolic acid monomers and wherein the number average of units derived from glycolic acid monomers ranges from 1 to 4.
26. The polymeric network of
This application claims priority to German patent application no. 102 08 211.1 filed on Feb. 26, 2002.
The present invention relates to polymeric networks, intermediate products, suitable for the preparation of the polymeric networks and processes for the manufacture of the intermediate products and the polymeric networks.
Polymeric networks are used in a wide variety of fields in the art. In particular in recent years polymeric networks have attracted much attention which show inducible changes of the shape (shape-memory-properties), namely the so-called shapely-memory-polymers (SMP). Such SMP-materials are, for example, described in the applications WO99/42528 and WO99/42147. In view of the reversible change of shape, these materials are of high interest in a wide variety of fields, in which, for example, a change of the size is desired. This is, for example, true for medicinal implants, which desirably should only reach their final size after having reached the final destination, so that the introduction of these implants requires only minimal invasive chirurgical practices.
Although SMP-materials are already known in the prior art, these materials do show several drawbacks. A lot of SMP-materials, for example, lose their shape-memory-properties if the reversible change of shape is induced several times in several cycles. Furthermore, a lot of SMP-materials do not show the desired compatibility with tissue, required for the application in the medicinal field. Even the sometimes desired property of being biological degradable, for example, desired for some applications in the medical field, is sometimes not achievable. Furthermore, the know biodegradable SMP-materials do often show the undesired property, that the mechanical properties of the material change rapidly after having reached a certain threshold, although the degradation is not yet complete. A typical embodiment of this drawback is a strong embrittlement, which may cause problems in particular in the medical field, for example, when these materials are used as implants. Furthermore, a lot of the known SMP-materials are hard to modify with respect to desired thermal and mechanical properties.
It is therefore the object of the present invention to provide a SMP-material which overcomes the drawbacks of the SMP-materials known.
This object is solved with the polymeric network in accordance with claim 1. Preferred embodiments are defined in the sub-claims.
Furthermore, the present invention provides an intermediate product, suitable for the preparation of the polymeric network in accordance with the present invention. Finally, the present invention provides methods for the manufacture of the polymeric network and for the intermediate product. Preferred embodiments are again defined in the sub-claims.
The polymeric network, in accordance with the present invention, comprises as an essential component, copolyester segments, comprising units derived from glycolic acid (glycolate units). These copolyester segments comprise preferably from 5 to 70 weight % units, derived from glycolic acid. More preferred are 8 to 50 weight %, in particular, 10 to 30 weight %. These ranges are, in particular, preferred for copolyester segments which comprise, as additional component; caprolactone units. The preferred lactide containing copolyester segments which yield amorphous networks, the glycolic; acid content is again in the range of from 5 to 70 weight %, preferably 8 to 50 weight %, more preferably 10 to 30 weight %.
As further component the copolyester segments comprise units derived from other hydroxy carbonic acids, in particular, units derived from ε-caprolactone (caprolactone units) and/or lactic acid (lactide units).
The copolyester segments comprise preferably, units derived from glycolic acid, in the range defined above, as well as, units derived from ε-caprolactone or lactic acid, but no further units.
The copolyester segments of the polymeric networks of the present invention may be prepared by copolymerisation of the corresponding monomeric units using an initiator, preferably ethylene glycol. For the introduction of glycolate units, diglycolate is preferably used, which may be copolymerised with ε-caprolactone. In order to introduce lactide units, it is preferred to use LL-dilactide. Preferably, the reaction with ε-caprolactone is carried out in accordance with reaction (2), whereby an intermediate product of formula (1) is obtained:
This reaction is preferably carried out in bulk, optionally using a catalyst, for example, dibutyl tin(IV)oxide. Without use of a catalyst, the distribution of the comonomers yields more or less blocky distributions, while the use of a catalyst yields a distribution resembling more closely a random distribution of the comonomers in the copolyester. Since most of the suitable catalysts, in particular, the compounds, are toxic the remaining catalyst in the copolyester has to be removed, in particular, if the copolyester segments are to be used in materials for medicinal purposes. The respective process conditions are known to the person skilled in the art and are illustrated in the following examples. The reaction using LL-dilactide is carried out in an analogous manner, yielding the intermediate product (1a) which corresponds to the intermediate product (1).
The intermediate products produced in accordance with this reaction are suitable, after proper functionalisation, for example, by introducing terminal acrylate groups, preferably methacrylate groups, for the preparation of the polymeric network of the present invention.
The copolyester segments which are contained in the polymeric network in accordance with the present invention do show preferably a distribution of caprolactone units and glycolate units yielding the following statistic number average values:
Number average of the caprolactone units (ZMCE) (average number of caprolactone units connected with each other up to the next glycolate unit): from 2 to 21, preferably from 2 to 8, in particular, preferably from 2.6 to 7.5.
Number average of glycolate units (ZMGE) (average number of glycolate units connected with each other up to the next caprolactone unit): from 1 to 4, preferably from 1 to 2, in particular, preferably from 1.1 to 1.3.
This distribution can be controlled by adapting the ratios of the monomers employed in the copolymerisation.
The copolyester segments of the polymeric network, in accordance with the present invention, if caprolactone units are present, preferably do show a number average molecular weight, determined by GPC, of from 2000 to 20000, preferably from 4000 to 15000 and, in particular, preferably from 8000 to 12000. If, however, lactide units are present, the number average molecular weight preferably is from 600 to 20000, more preferably from 1000 to 17500 and, in particular, preferably from 1100 to 10000. The molecular weight can be controlled during the copolymerisation of the starting monomers, since the length (i.e. the molecular weight) of the copolyester segments corresponds to the length of the intermediate products prepared in advance. The parameters necessary are known to the skilled person and are illustrated in the following examples. By varying the molecular weight, different crosslinking densities can be obtained. Uniform copolyester segments (i.e. small variability of the molecular weight) yield more uniform polymeric networks, which is preferred in order to obtain the desired reproducability of properties.
The production of the polymeric network, in accordance with the present invention, is preferably carried out using the intermediate products of formula (1) and (1a), respectively, after having been subjected to a suitable functionalisation. The functionalisation is preferably carried out by introducing terminal acrylate units, preferably using methacryloyl chloride, for example, in accordance with reaction (3), wherein K represents the main chain of the intermediate product:
This reaction preferably is carried out in solution, for example, in a solution using THF as solvent. The necessary process parameters are known to the skilled person and are illustrated in the following examples. The reaction of lactide containing intermediate products of the formula (1a) is carried out analogously. The functionalisation in this manner yields macromonomers, suitable for the preparation of the polymeric networks in accordance with the present invention through subsequent crosslinking reactions. The degree of functionalisation, for example, the degree of methacrylisation when methacrylate groups are introduced, is preferably higher than 70%. Functionalisation with methacrylate typically gives degrees of methacrylisation of from 85–99%, a degree of methacrylisation of 100% represents the total functionalisation of the two terminals per molecule of the intermediate product. The intermediate product, thus functionalised, may be used for the preparation of the polymeric networks in accordance with the present invention. A certain content of intermediate products which are not completely functionalised is not detrimental. The intermediate products not completely functionalised yield, after the crosslinking reaction, lose chain terminals and oligomers not covalently bond to the polymeric network. Lose chain terminals as well as oligomers are not detrimental as long as their content is not unduly high. Degrees of functionalisation in the range of 70–100% are suitable for the preparation of polymeric networks in accordance with the present invention.
Crosslinking of the macromonomers after functionalisation preferably is carried out by irradiation with UV, initiating the reaction of the reactive, functionalised terminals. Since the macromonomers can be regarded as tetrafunctional a crosslinking may occur, yielding the polymeric networks of the invention, comprising the copolyester segments. Accordingly, a three dimensional, covalently crosslinked network is obtained, showing the above discussed crosslinking points.
If the crosslinking reaction, which is preferably carried out in a melt of the macromonomers, is carried out with the macromonomers only, the homopolymeric networks depicted schematically in FIG. (1 a) are produced. A preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises the crosslinking reaction in the presence of an additional copolymerisable monomer. The use of the further copolymerisable monomers yields the production of segments of these further monomers, which are bonded covalently within the growing network. The network produced in this case is depicted schematically in FIG. (1 b).
In addition to the copolyester segments the segments of the additional copolymerisable monomer are shown. Such networks may be designated AB-networks, comprising segments A of the additional polymer and segments B, corresponding to the copolyester segments.
The additional monomer is preferably selected among acrylate monomers, preferred in this connection are ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate and hexyl acrylate, in particular n-butyl acrylate.
The additional monomer may be present in an amount of from 5 to 70 weight %, based on the final network, preferably in an amount of from 15 to 60 weight %. The introduction of varying amounts of additional monomer may be carried out by adding corresponding amounts of monomer to the mixture which is to be crosslinked. The introduction of the additional monomer into the network of the present invention is obtained in an amount, corresponding to the amount present in the mixture to be crosslinked. Specific parameters of the process are illustrated in the following examples.
The polymeric networks in accordance with the present invention, do show the following advantages, which are, based on the knowledge of the prior art, surprising.
The polymeric networks of the present invention do show good SMP properties, which are improved with respect to the known SMP-materials. The polymeric networks in accordance with the present invention do show a noticeable increased preservation of the SMP properties, even after multiple induction of the shape memory effect. Shape recovery and shape fixity, which may decrease with the known networks using caprolactone down to 85 to 90%, are, for the polymeric networks in accordance with the present invention, in particular for the networks using caprolactone units, 97 to 99%. The lactide containing polymeric networks do show values for shape recovery of from 85 to 99.7% and for shape fixity of up to 99.5%. Accordingly, the polymeric networks in accordance with the present invention do not show the strong decrease of the SMP properties characteristic for the materials known from the prior art.
At the same time, the variation of the amount of glycolate units enables a control of the temperature, which is designated transfer temperature, i.e. the temperature at which the polymeric networks of the present invention do show a change of shape. For the networks on the basis of glycolic acid and caprolactone, the transfer temperature may for example, be controlled within the range of from 20 to 50° C., depending on the amount of glycolate units and the amount of additional monomer, copolymerized during the crosslinking reaction of the macromonomers. These transfer temperatures, furthermore, are within a range enabling their application in the field of medicine, where transfer temperatures within the range of the usual body temperature are desired.
The use of basic units which are not toxic and biologically degradable, (caprolactone, lactide acid and glycolic acid) secures a good bio compatibility. The optional use of additional monomers, preferably n-butyl acrylate, enables a further control of the mechanical properties and the degradation properties of the polymeric networks in accordance with the present invention.
By varying the amounts of the components of the copolyester segments even the mechanical properties can be controlled. Networks on the basis of glycolic acid and Caprolactone, for example, may give values for E-module and elongation, determined at 70° C., of from 0.2 to 0.9 MPa and from 120 to 260% respectively, while the corresponding values, determined at 25° C., are 0.8 to 46 MPa and 200 to 480%, respectively. Networks comprising in addition, n-butyl acrylate (AB-networks) do show values of from 0.41 to 2.29 MPa and 63 to 142%, respectively, at 70° C., and 6.4 to 11 MPa and 271 to 422% at 25° C., respectively. Lactide containing networks, depending inter alia upon the molecular weight of the copolyester segments, show values for E-module and elongation at break of from 3 to 11 MPa and 50 to 200%, respectively.
The selection of the second component of the copolyester segment enables a further control of the mechanical properties. While the use of caprolactone units usually yields partially crystalline materials, for which the transfer between the different shapes is controlled thermodynamically, the use of lactide units yields a material in which the transfer is controlled kinetically. Accordingly, the transfer from temporary to permanent shape can, in principle, be carried out in infinite slow motion. Furthermore, polymeric networks with lactid units are transparent, below as well as above of the transfer temperature, which is of advantage for certain applications.
The possibility to control the length of the copolyester segments, furthermore, allows the preparation of polymeric networks having different crosslinking densities. The crosslinking, density enables the control of the strength of the polymeric networks, while the same time the glass transition temperature is maintained.
Accordingly, the polymeric networks of the present invention do provide a unit construction system enabling the well directed preparation of molecular architectures having a desired profile of properties using simple starting materials and simple reactions. The copolyester segments comprising glycolate units do serve as transfer segments for the shape memory properties.
Due to the above described properties, the polymeric networks in accordance with the present invention, are in particular suited for applications in the field of medicine, as implants, as temporary ligament augmentation, for the preparation of sustained release formulations as well as inter-vertebra disc replacement.
The present invention is described further by the following examples, which are intended as illustration only.
Preparation of Intermediate Products (Macrodiols)
Copolyesters of diglycolide and ε-caprolactone were prepared using ring opening polymerisation of the monomers in bulk. As initiator ethylene glycol was used. In some examples (05), (09), (11a), (13a), (18) Dibutyl tin (IV) oxide was used as catalyst. The starting monomers were purified prior to the polymerisation using usual procedures. The following Table shows the essential properties of the intermediate products prepared. Tm1 and Tm2 were determined by DSC and represent the local maxima in the DSC diagram.
The presence of two adjacent maxima in the DSC diagram is an indication of the presence of crystallites having different thermodynamical stability.
Some of the intermediate products given above were provided with terminal methacrylic groups using methacryloyl chloride and a basic catalytic action with triethyl amine in THF at 25° C., employing reaction times of up to three days. The degree of methacrylisation was from 86 to 96% for the used intermediate products (05), (09), (11a), (13a), (18).
These macromonomers were then crosslinked at 70° C. using UV irradiation of 308 nm. The essential data for the polymeric networks are shown in the following Table. The mechanical properties were determined by stress-strain experiments. Tg and Tm designate the glass transition temperature and the melting temperature, Ttrans designates the shape memory transfer temperature, E the module of elasticity and Rr,ges the total strain recovery value after five cycles. Rr,ges was determined in accordance with published procedures for shape memory properties using a stress-strain apparatus.
The macromonomers of examples (09) and (11a) were crosslinked in the presence of n-butyl acrylate. The other reaction conditions were identical. The following Table shows the essential data for the polymeric networks obtained.
The examples in accordance with the present invention do show that a simple variation of the molecular units of the polymeric networks enables the preparation of desired profiles of properties.
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Hayward, Yorkshire Sculpture Park, Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, Ditchling museum, Mary Rose Museum and Tate Britain nominated• 2014 Museum of the Year – shortlist in pictures
Two acres of the city have been turned into a colourful canvas, in the spirit of the meadows and wetlands which earned such praise at the Olympic Park
Hotel plans are submitted at last for Bretton Hall in the middle of the Yorkshire Sculpture Park. In its rooms, The League of Gentleman was hatched. Would guests ever leave?
We are feeling smug. And it's not just the famous names which keep encouraging creativity by example. There is a less obvious tradition in education and at work
Six weeks of Turner Prize fun and games start tomorrow at the Baltic gallery, and reach a climax with the award ceremony on 5 December
You can view it, walk through it, look out of it at either a vast quarry or glorious Nidderdale, and then go have tea in Pateley Bridge
Extra members are entitled to a 15% reduction on meals at the Yorkshire Sculpture Park restaurant
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Incepted in the year 1982, Acme Auto (P) Limited is one of the leading manufacturers, suppliers and exporters of components for the engineering and automobile industry. Our offered product range encompasses Sprockets, Gears & Pinions, Clutch Release Shafts, Armature Shafts, Forged & Cold Forged Components, Clutch Levers and Brake Cams for Bi-wheelers. Designed with the assistance of our engineering excellence, our range has gained wide appreciation for dimensional accuracy, corrosion resistance, excellent tolerance and excellent finish. Along with this, we also meet the requirement of forged casts, retainers, speedometer gears, sheet metal and fabricated components.
Advanced technology, sound manufacturing and testing facilities have made our range most sought after across various industries. The pro-active approach and expertise of our professionals has enabled us to offer the best components to our esteemed clients across the globe. Hero Honda Motors Ltd. (M/s. Honda Motor Co. Japan), Maruti Udyog Ltd. (M/s. Suzuki Motor Co. Japan), Yamaha Motor India Pvt. Ltd., Auto Ignition Ltd. and Rico Auto Industries Ltd. is few of the valuable client we have been serving ever since our inception.
Company's Hierarchy
We cater to the demands of engineering and automobile industries and manufacture quality range of components. Our offered product range comprises Shafts & Axles, Sprockets, Gears & Pinions, Clutch Release Shafts, Gear Shifting Shafts, Armature Shafts, Forged & Cold Forged Components, Clutch Levers and Brake Cams for Bi-wheelers. Fabricated using alloy steel, stainless steel and carbon steel, our range is designed in line with the international quality standards and client requirement. Owing to its quality features, our quality components find wide application in automobile- two wheelers, four wheelers, commercial vehicles, starter motors, and alternators.
Some of the distinguishing features of our range include:
Corrosion resistance
High tolerance
Excellent finish
Temperature resistance
Longer functionality
We are supported by a competent team of professionals, whose unwavering efforts has enabled us to secure our present status in the industry. Empowered with wide industry knowledge and expertise in their respective domain, they have helped us emerge as renowned manufacturers and exporters of quality components.
Our experienced technicians and engineers are well versed with the intricacies of components and leave no stone unturned for any kind of defects. Acquainted with the latest advancements, our R&D personnel enable us to deliver axles, gears, housings, pinions and sprockets that has unmatched quality. Quality analysts maintain a strict vigil over the entire range throughout pre-production and post-production process to ensure client requirements are met in the best possible manner. Team collective industry expertise has enabled us to attain maximum client satisfaction and enviable position in the industry.
Our team comprises:
R&D personnel
Quality Analysts
Marketing and sales executives
We have been fortunate enough to keep faith of our clients alive and high owing to the following factors:
We are a client-oriented company, striving to achieve maximum client satisfaction with our quality array of components. Extremely reliable and corrosion resistant, our quality axles, gears, housings, pinions and sprockets have gained wide appreciation in all the major engineering and automobile industries across the European markets. We are well supported by experienced professionals, who are competent enough to comprehend the requirement of the client and deliver the same. Ability to construct components in bulk amount coupled with timely delivery has enabled us to establish cordial relations with our clients.
Some of the renowned patrons we have been associated with over the years include:


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Divisional Breakdown: AFC South
Corey Graham is happy to be a Raven and Ravens are happy to have him
NFL Awards Predictions - 7/13
How they'll finish: Texans, Colts, Titans, Jaguars
Best newcomer to division: Ed Reed, Texans safety.
You can bet Reed is already looking forward to facing the Ravens, Sept. 22 at M & T Bank Stadium. But for Reed, it's not just about one game. He turns 35 years old in September, and wants to win another Super Bowl before heading to Canton. Houston has won this division the last two years, and with star players like running back Arian Foster, defensive end J. J. Watt, and wide receiver Andre Johnson, the Texans are the clear division favorite. Reed was brought in to help get the Texans over the top, to make the jump from contenders to champions. If his health holds up, he will help the Texans.
Best newcomer Part 2: Bernard Pollard, Titans safety
There's a definite ex-Ravens flavor to this division. Pollard was the leading tackler for Baltimore last season, and he has already gotten attention in Tennessee by posting a piece of paper with this message at his locker: "Goal – Super Bowl. Mission – Kill." Pollard is a hard-hitter who will bring added swagger to the Titans' defense. Too bad the Titans don't play the Ravens next season. Seeing Pollard face his former teammates would be interesting.
Biggest disappointment: Blaine Gabbert, Jaguars QB
Entering his third season, Gabbert has yet to prove his worth as a franchise quarterback. He'll get a fresh start under new head coach Gus Bradley, but that does not guarantee Gabbert's play will improve dramatically. Too often, he simply looks overwhelmed. Unless they find the right quarterback, the Jaguars are likely years away from being a threat in this division. Best rebirth: Darrius Heyward-Bey, WR, Colts Heyward-Bey never blossomed like the Raiders hoped he would after drafting him No. 7 overall in 2009. Signing with the Colts gives Heyward-Bey a chance to play with quarterback Andrew Luck, who has been raving about Heyward-Bey during minicamps. Heyward-Bey is a product of both the University of Maryland and McDonogh High School in Owings Mills, and remains one of the NFL's fastest receivers. Playing home games indoors, catching passes from Luck, and playing opposite Reggie Wayne, should give Heyward-Bey every chance to blossom.
Best rookie storyline: DeAndre Hopkins, Texans WR The Texans have been searching for a reliable No. 2 receiver opposite Johnson. Hopkins looks like he will fit the bill. After a strong minicamp, Hopkins looks like a favorite to start, and he has the tools to make big plays. He could be a dangerous difference-maker for the Texans' offense.


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|Canto 4: Creation of the Fourth Order
|Chapter 22: Pṛthu Mahārāja's Meeting with the Four Kumāras
Bhaktivedanta VedaBase: Śrīmad Bhāgavatam 4.22.2
tāḿs tu siddheśvarān rājā
vyomno 'vatarato 'rciṣā
lokān apāpān kurvāṇān
sānugo 'caṣṭa lakṣitān
tān — them; tu — but; siddha-īśvarān — masters of all mystic power; rājā — the King; vyomnaḥ — from the sky; avatarataḥ — while descending; arciṣā — by their glaring effulgence; lokān — all the planets; apāpān — sinless; kurvāṇān — doing so; sa-anugaḥ — with his associates; acaṣṭa — recognized; lakṣitān — by seeing them.
Seeing the glowing effulgence of the four Kumāras, the masters of all mystic Power, the King and his associates could recognize them as they descended from the sky.
The four Kumāras are described herein as siddheśvarān, which means "masters of all mystic power." One who has attained perfection in yoga practice immediately becomes master of the eight mystic perfections — to become smaller than the smallest, to become lighter than the lightest, to become bigger than the biggest, to achieve anything one desires, to control everything, etc. These four Kumāras, as siddheśvaras, had achieved all the yogic perfectional achievements, and as such they could travel in outer space without machines. While they were coming to Mahārāja Pṛthu from other planets, they did not come by airplane, but personally. In other words, these four Kumāras were also spacemen who could travel in space without machines. The residents of the planet known as Siddhaloka can travel in outer space from one planet to another without vehicles. However, the special power of the Kumāras mentioned herewith is that whatever place they went to would immediately become sinless. During the reign of Mahārāja Pṛthu, everything on the surface of this globe was sinless, and therefore the Kumāras decided to see the King. Ordinarily they do not go to any planet which is sinful.
<<< >>>
Copyright © The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust International, Inc.
His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda, Founder Ācārya of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness


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1. canvas - noun
· a heavy, closely woven fabric (used for clothing or chairs or sails or tents)
Synonym(s): canvass
Hypernym(s): fabric, cloth, material, textile
2. canvas - noun
· an oil painting on canvas fabric
Synonym(s): canvass
Hypernym(s): oil_painting
3. canvas - noun
· the setting for a narrative or fictional or dramatic account; "the crowded canvas of history"; "the movie demanded a dramatic canvas of sound"
Synonym(s): canvass
Hypernym(s): setting, background, scope
4. canvas - noun
· a tent made of canvas fabric
Synonym(s): canvas_tent, canvass
Hypernym(s): tent, collapsible_shelter
5. canvas - noun
· a large piece of fabric (usually canvas fabric) by means of which wind is used to propel a sailing vessel
Synonym(s): sail, canvass, sheet
Hypernym(s): piece_of_cloth, piece_of_material
6. canvas - noun
· the mat that forms the floor of the ring in which boxers or professional wrestlers compete; "the boxer picked himself up off the canvas"
Synonym(s): canvass
7. canvas - verb
· cover with canvas; "She canvassed the walls of her living room so as to conceal the ugly cracks"
Hypernym(s): cover
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Bethlehem, Pa., July 17, 2014—Moravian College was recently ranked in the top 20% of colleges and universities nationwide in Educate To Career's index of Best Value Colleges for 2014. Moravian College was ranked 234 out of 1,222 institutions nationwide and highest among Lehigh Valley Colleges.
Educate to Careers is a California -based nonprofit organization, founded in 2013, to provides outcome-focused tools that enable high school students and their parents to make informed, objective college and career planning decisions.
According to the ETC, the Index analyzes the quality of students when they enter a given college, the total costs related to attending the college, and the outcomes of the students when they enter the labor market. The rankings results are determined by which schools did the best job of improving the earnings and attainment of quality employment of their students.
The universe of the data The ETC College Rankings Index is comprised of 4 year colleges, with annual enrollments greater than 1,000 students. The Index analyzes data for over 1,200 colleges, representing 94% of all students enrolled in 4 year colleges. For FAQ and information regarding data and methodology click here.
"The ETC ranking is consistent with other reports that have demonstrated Moravian's value and high return on investment," said Michael Wilson, director of public relations and marketing. "Last year, Kiplinger's Personal Finance magazine included Moravian College on its list of the country's best values in private colleges, ranking Moravian 89 among liberal arts colleges nationwide. Moravian was also ranked among the top Pennsylvania colleges and universities for greatest lifetime return on investment (ROI) by affordablecolleges.com. Another survey published in Bloomberg BusinessWeek placed Moravian College in the top quarter of more than 1,200 schools for providing the highest return on investment."
Moravian College is a private coeducational liberal arts college, offering undergraduate and graduate degrees, that is located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Tracing its founding to 1742, Moravian is recognized as America's sixth-oldest college and the first to educate women. The College emphasizes the deliberate integration of a broad-based liberal arts curriculum with hands-on learning experiences to prepare its 1,600 students, not just for jobs, but for successful careers. Moravian College excels at transforming good students into highly competent graduates who are ready to enter the workplace with confidence or shine in graduate school. Visit the Web site at www.moravian.edu.


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HISTORIC POSTCARDS OF ALABAMA - Various Locations
Various Locations
(listed alphabetically by town)
Benton - "When I'm in Benton, Ala. Your the only one for me."
Bon Secour - St. Peter's Church
Dothan - Houston National Bank
Eufaula - Alabama Brenau College Conservatory
Evergreen - W.B. Ivey's Residence
Montevallo - Dormitory at Alabama Girls Technical Institute
Muscle Shoals - Lower Side of Power House and Wilson Dam, Looking North
Piedmont - "The Girls You Left Behind"
Saint Bernard - Ava Maria Grotto at St. Bernard College
Sulpher Springs - Hotel Lamine
Valley Head - "Every Day Scene"
Woodlawn - City Hall
Location Index
Image Map
SLIS Homepage
Historic Postcards of Alabama


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Las Vegas, Nevada
My Rating
A really enjoyable and entertaining show. it was full of glitz and glam and cabaret. My partner and I went to see this in August and it didn't disappoint. The costumes were colourful and the stage was lit up and dazzling!
We especially loved the Russian 'house warmer' guy. He was so funny with his antics on the stage faking his clumsiness and tumbling all over the stage. I haven't laughed out loud like this at a comedian for a long time!
Well worth the money and we had VIP seats right at the front of the theatre.
Las Vegas, Nevada
My Rating
My partner and I went to see this show at Harrah's hotel in August. We enjoyed it very much. It told the story of the four singers, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Elvis Presley.
Great music and singing from them all.
This theatre is not very large so where ever you sit you will have a good view. We were in row E and were close to the stage.
Las Vegas, Nevada
My Rating
My partner and I saw this show in August. We have seen if before in London. It compared well but I found the American accents a little 'broad' and difficult to understand.
A great show but a little pricey.
Las Vegas, Nevada
My Rating
Great way to get from the North or South end of the strip if your feet can't take any more pounding! We bought a 24 hour pass to use when we were going to Harrah's theatre for Million Dollar quartet show. our hotel was The Luxor which was the opposite end so we used it to get to the theatre that evening.
Miami, Florida
My Rating
This experience was a highlight of my partner and my holiday! It was exhilarating and a beautiful experience. We were in a group of 6 people and had 30 minutes with the trainer and dolphin. There was a lot of 'hands on' the dolphin and a park member takes numerous photo's of you while you are at the poolside with the dolphin. The moment you took hold of the dolphins fin and it took you from one end of the pool to another, will stay with me forever!
We bought a CD with 36 photos of myself and my partner and the dolphin for $60. There was not a DVD but I was not too unhappy about this because I have heard form other people who have swum with dolphins elsewhere that the price of a DVD was over a £100 to purchase.
This was good value at Seaquarium and also the bonus of seeing all the attractions in the park was included in the price of the swim.
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
My Rating
We drove down to the Everglades from Clearwater on our way to Miami. When we arrived we were booed on one of the airboats and as we were seated and about to go for the ride, the rain came down! We all got off the boat and sheltered and waited for the rain to stop. This shower lasted an hour! We finally got aboard again and went t look for alligators, Disappointingly we only saw 2. On in the distance and we di get to se the other close up. Once the engine was shut down, the alligator came up close to the boat. We were expecting to see more alligators.
It was good value for money though. There were a few animals and alligators to look at after the boat ride but not enough to keep you there for more than 2hours altogether
Orlando, Florida
My Rating
My partner and I purchased week pass while staying on International Drive from July 22nd. A very useful and convenient way to get about on the drive. We used it to go to SeaWorld and Aquatica Parks.
Great value for money!
New York City, New York
My Rating
I absolutely loved this show! I haven't seen it in London so I was really looking forward to it. We had very good seats in row B in the stalls and the whole performance was colourful and loud and really entertaining! The songs certainly get your feet tapping!
I was a bit sceptical about this show as I am not keen when people get up and start dancing around their seats. I find this distracting but this didn't happen at all in the theatre.
Our tickets were expensive booked online but we were not disappointed as they were good seats and a similar price to what we pay in the West End
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Showing 97-112 of 112 items found in Shopping
- Sort by:
The Flag Store
Flags for every occasion: US flags, international flags, buntings, flagpoles. Large selection of decorative banners, floor mats, gifts, and unique decorator items.
CITY:Crystal Lake
Tom's Vegetable Market
Seasonal - April through December. Garden center featuring baskets, fresh produce, bakery and gift shop, and a fall festival.
The Bike Haven
The Bike Haven is McHenry, Illinois' source for professional, honest and experienced bicycle sales, service and rentals. They strive to have something for your every cycling need, whether you are looking for cruisers, path, top-of-the-line road and mountain bikes, or children bikes. They also have the largest selection of parts, apparel and accessories, and their in-store service turn-around is exceptional. Their staff have years of experience in all aspects of the sport, making them uniquely qualified to help out everyone from the new cyclist to professional racer. The best bikes and gear in the sport plus a friendly, knowledgeable staff have made The Bike Haven the area's premier bike shop. Their weekly group ride Shoot Outs are a great way to get cycling with them! The Bike Haven sponsors a full USA Cycling Race Team for the serious riders. Here at The Bike Haven wants you to Get IN, Get ON, Get INVOLVED!! Life is a journey- let's Enjoy the Ride!
Angela's Attic Antiques & Collectibles
Angela's Attic is located in a 35,000 square foot historic factory that has been converted into five large buildings of antiques and collectibles, including one-of-a-kind antiques from Victorian to modern era, furniture, toys, jewelry, textiles, collectibles, ephemera, glassware and more.
CITY:South Beloit
Cobblestone's on the Square
The place to visit for a charming shop offering a wide selection of furniture, home furnishings, gifts, candy, and more!
My Honey Co.
At My Honey Co, we take pride in our honey. We promise you the best quality honey possible. It is natural, completely raw, and unpasteurized. We invite you to enter our special world of honey and let one of nature's finest foods sweeten your day!
Ridgefield Antique Dealers
Escape for the ordinary! A blend of dealers featuring quality, affordable American and English antiques including oak, pine, walnut & mahogany, quilts, china, glassware & unusual antique accessories.
Blue Eagle Pottery
"Our work embodies skill, insight, and respect for both the material and process. It is useful in the kitchen, on the table, or as an accent to decor. The warmth and beauty crafted into each pot will touch those who use it. Its artistry functions best through daily use, through intimate acquaintance."
Boberosa Barnworks
The quaint shop opened in the fall of 2001, selling pumpkins and barn wood crafts. Antiques and crafts, from furniture and home decor to primitives, tools and vintage farm equipment -- there's a wide assortment to choose from.
Harmony Water Garden
This aquatic nursery has hundreds of water lilies, marsh plants, fish and related products. In business for a decade. Pond maintenance services available, call for an appointment.
Green Box Boutique
Green Box Boutique is the store with unique and earth-friendly gifts for friends, family, or for yourself! Browse our Products and learn more about what we have to offer. We are located on the Square, at the heart of Woodstock, IL.
Celtic Home and Hearth
Celtic Home & Hearth offers unique selections of Celtic and Renaissance inspired and imported items all specially chosen for their quality and appeal.
Levin's Shoes and Dry Goods
Family owned since 1922. Shoes and clothing for the whole family. Name brand as well as some unusual items.
Steel Heart Ltd.
Practical and stylish home and garden products for today's changing lifestyles!
The Black Orchid Boutique
The Black Orchid Boutique has fashionable apparel, jewelry and footwear for women.
The Trading Post
Antiques, Arts & Collectibles


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- Full grain leather
- Suede inlays on foot and shaft
- Fashionable 12" shaft
- Snip toe
- overlay in toe
- Detailed stitch pattern on foot and shaft
- Duratread outsole
- 2.5" heel
- Single stitch welt
Created for performance, built for durability, and styled by fashionable trends. These Ariat Dandy Western Boots are great for all Cowgirls. Created for western fashion and durable enough for riding these boots are made with a ATS footbed that has a moisture wicking system and gel inserts for shock absorption and stability. The snip toe and 2.5" heel creates a comfortable environment that is great for hours on your feet or riding. Built with premium full grain leather, suede inlays, and a Duratread outsole these boots are durable and will withstand rough and tough wear. The detailed stitch pattern and suede inlays on the foot and shaft gives these boots a fashionable and funky look that is making a statement in western fashion.
Style(s): 10010263
Product Reviews for Ariat Women's Dandy Snip Toe Western Boots
Reviewed by 1 customer
- Comfortable
- Durable
- Good Cushioning
- Stylish
- Well Made
Best Uses
- Casual Wear
- Date Night
- Going Out
- Office
- School
- Travel
Comments about Ariat Women's Dandy Snip Toe Western Boots:
I love, love, love these boots! You can dress them up or dress them down. They are great for anything. Best of all, they are the most comfortable pair of boots (or shoes) I own! I can put them on in the morning and wear them all day and night.
- Sizing:
- Feels true to size
- Width:
- Feels true to width
Ariat Boots quickly became known as the most innovative and performance riding boots. They provide the same technology in men's riding boots, women's riding boots and kids riding boots. They totally redesigned the traditional outsole, arch support and last shape and took Ariat Boots to the next level in riding boot technology. While building the technology into these western riding boots, Ariat had hundreds of top riders help design and develop their final product.
Today Ariat is the world leader in performance equestrian footwear as well as offering the most stylish western boots on the market. Ariat Boots offers a wide range of products from English and Western riding boots, work boots and casual boots. Their forward thinking and performance lines outfit today's most avid equestrian riders and enthusiasts.
If you are the professional rider who absolutely demands performance boots or the novice who likes to ride around from time to time, Ariat definitely has the boots for every man, woman or child. We have all of the top styles including the Fatbaby boots, Heritage Western, the Dixie and the QuickDraw. These styles are all must have for men's western boots, women's western boots or kids western boots. The casual look and performance driven Ariat Boots will provide you with long comfy rides in the country or a relaxing day in the sun. Get yours today!


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Racoon Bandit are a folk-rock quartet quickly gaining steam in the non-steam era. Started from story-driven acoustic songs, the full band maintains poetic lyrics with a driving rhythm section and gripping guitar flashes. The Charlottetown, PEI group formed in late '08 in a well-lit porch. Nominated in 2010 for 3 Music PEI awards, including Best Group, the bandits play often and have shared the stage with great artists such as English Words, Erin Costelo, Jon McKiel, Wax Mannequin, Grass Mountain Hobos, Mardeen, Two Hours Traffic and Said the Whale. Racoon Bandit has been featured on CBC Radio 1, 2 and 3 on shows like Atlantic Airwaves, Drive, and Deep Roots in recent months following the release of their first album, 'Campcraft'. They have recently played the Dead of Winter Festival in Halifax and showcased on the Music PEI stage at the 2010 ECMA's in Sydney.
Wooly Toque, ~Steel Rail, ~Silver Bullet, ~Get Off, ~Hard Drive, ~Catch/Release, ~River Song, ~Katie Cruel, ~Fix It, ~Apple Hill, ~Loose Lips
"Campcraft is the opening chapter of a unique musical creation from PEI known as Racoon Bandit.You won't be disappointed."
Train Song, ~Bloody Bone, ~Hat, ~Same Old Boat, ~Ghosts, ~Dirty Road, ~Long Ride Home


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Today marks the beginning of the second round of Egypt's parliamentary elections. You'll recall how the first round, which occurred in relatively liberal urban centers, saw the youth vote "decimated" in an Islamist landslide. You'll also recall how this wasn't supposed to happen, and how during the Arab Spring Western foreign policy analysts generated an endless array of excuses as to why.
And yet the people who are winning are the same people who are holding rallies, in the full glare of an international spotlight, vowing to kill all the Jews. After they're done eliminating Middle East Jewry – or, alternatively, in parallel – they also intend to force women out of public life and to transform the Library of Alexandria into a mosque. The final campaign is proof that their hatred of Jews and women aside, Egypt's Islamists have a poignant appreciation for metaphor.
Radical parties will do even better in the current round of voting, which occurs in mostly rural areas where their ideology disproportionately resonates and where they are disproportionately well-organized.
And now here's your link to a recent Associated Press article on how the Obama administration pushed for "timely elections" despite knowing that "they risked leaving the U.S. with less influence and fewer friends in the Middle East." The story is in line with administration statements acknowledging/ignoring the same risk calculus in November. It's an crystallization of the overall sanguine attitude with which the administration has greeted the Islamist takeover of Egypt, an approach that even included providing election training to Islamist parties.
Just so everyone's on the same explicit page: it's not a matter of the Obama administration mistakenly concluding – perhaps via some kind of pseudo-sophisticated reasoning about projecting neutrality – that their policies will promote American leadership and influence. They've admitted that the exact opposite will happen. Apparently promoting U.S. interests isn't the number one priority of the U.S. government any more.
On the plus side, the New York Times basically assured everyone last month that getting rid of the military will solve Egypt's political dysfunction. So, no worries.


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Exhibition Archive
William Hogarth: Printmaker
23 February - 13 May 2001
This display contained a selection of over thirty prints by the 18th century British artist, William Hogarth (1697-1764). It included examples of the whole range of Hogarths activities as a printmaker, from his celebrated series such as A Harlots Progress, the first of his modern moral subjects, to lesser known works, such as his satirical attack on connoisseurs of old master paintings, Time Smoking a Picture. In the centre of the display are Hogarths Four Prints of an Election, the last, and most ambitious, of Hogarths attempts to deal with serious moral issues in a comic mode, which shows Britain as a country on the verge of becoming completely destabilised by the faction and propaganda resulting from party politics. The enduring popularity of Hogarths images makes the final print in the display, The Bathos, especially poignant: in this, the last print he ever made, Hogarth seems to despair of a country whose moral and artistic values remained degenerate and whose citizens had failed to appreciate the significance of his work.


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Makeup artist and performer Paolo Ballesteros does incredible transformations with just makeup and a boatload of skill. Check out more here!
For the first time in the BBC's history, this music video aired simultaneously on every one of its television channels and radio stations to promote the launch of BBC Music. Profits from the single of this packed Beach Boys cover will go to the BBC Children in Need charity.


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For sale
For quite a long time I had Wenatchee World darkroom equipment stored at my mother's home in East Wenatchee. It was a backup plan for printing photographs when me made a transition to digital production. It was time to clean it out of her house so I brought it all into our studio and have been trying to sell it off. Apparently there isn't much of a market anymore for the professional gear.
John Barta, local (now amateur) photographer was the last to use this gear and I hope it will bring back some fond memories...
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Today is an important and auspicious day: Robert Pattinson's 27th birthday. Our love for Robert Pattinson's good looks are only matched by our adoration for all the amazing hairstyles he's sported over the past 27 years.
View Photo Gallery
Sure when you think of RPattz, his tousled nest of unruly brown curls instantly comes to mind, but think harder. He's also sported buzz cuts, mohawks, short and spikey hair, greased back locks and perfectly trimmed and combed hair.
So, in honor of Rob's 27th, here are 27 iconic hair looks that take us on a journey that is the "Hair-volution" of Robert Pattinson.
[Photo Credit: Getty Images]


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Questions? Email or Call (860) 693-0661
Are you a Judy Niemeyer fan? Canton Village Quilt Works is a Judy Niemeyer Certified Shop and owner Jackie Kunkel is a Certified Instructor. What does this mean? Learn More…
We are on a special mission this week! Therefore beginning July 25, shipping will be delayed through August 2, 2015. You can continue to shop normally, however your items will begin shipping again on August 3, 2015.


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Masonry Steps: Advantages
Masonry steps are created by using masonry materials such as brick, cement block, limestone or bluestone and or stone. Masonry steps constructed with these materials use cement to bind them together to complete a solid, extremely sturdy set of steps. Masonry and cement steps have many advantages over other materials such as wood or landscape block. They will require minimal maintenance and when constructed correctly, will last a lifetime.
Rebuilding Your Masonry Steps
Many of today's masonry steps that are deteriorated can attribute the use of cinder block during original construction for this. Cinder blocks were much weaker and much less moisture resistant than today's concrete block and therefore are no longer used or produced. The vast majority of masonry steps J.W. Construction replaces today will be from grade level. Rarely we will come upon a set of masonry steps that will show signs of damage to the below grade block or the concrete footing used to build on. In these rare cases, the underlying problems must be rectified before any reconstruction can begin.
J.W. Construction, Masonry Steps
At J.W. Construction, we have extensive experience in the construction of masonry steps. Whatever your masonry step needs are, we can help. Contact us today to discuss your project.
Masonry Steps Local Areas We Serve
Andover, Branchville, Byram, Frankford Township, Franklin, Fredon, Green Township, Hamburg, Hampton, Hardyston, Hopatcong, Lafayette, Montague, Newton, Ogdensburg, Sandyston, Sparta, Stanhope, Stillwater, Sussex, Vernon, Walpack, Wantage New Jersey.


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Sunday, October 13, 2013 - Sunday, October 13, 2013
12:00 pm - 5:00 pm
Cost: Free
Sponsored by: The City of Gaithersburg
The City of Gaithersburg presents the 22nd annual celebration of Oktoberfest at the Kentlands, Sunday, October 13, 2013, from noon to 5 p.m. This year's expanded festival now covers Kentlands Village Green, the grounds of Kentlands Mansion, Main Street and Market Square, all connected by marked walking paths and a festival-wide trolley route. Admission and parking are free. Free wheelchair accessible shuttle service will run regularly during festival hours to and from satellite parking at 101 and 200 Orchard Ridge Drive, just off of Quince Orchard Road.
A new Wine Terrace, a traditional Beer Garden, food vendors and the ever-popular performances of the Alte Kameraden German Band and Alt-Washingtonia Bavarian Dancers will grace the Old Farm, the grounds around the Arts Barn and Kentlands Mansion. A second stage showcasing folk- rock duo The Kennedys and the Elizabeth, Phil and Chris trio, horse-drawn wagon rides, apple pressing demonstrations and other family-friendly activities are also featured at this location.
Just a few blocks away, along Main Street in the commercial heart of Kentlands, the fun continues with three more stages of entertainment featuring variety bands and community groups, artists, crafters, a business expo, strolling entertainers, chalk artists, aerialists, a children's crafts and activities area, and plenty of restaurants and retail establishments to explore. Please note some activities have a nominal fee.
While the two areas are within easy walking distance of each other, festival- goers can hop on a connecting trolley as volunteer docents offer information about the history of Kentlands and its significance as an early pioneer in the new urbanist movement.
Event Contact Info:


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Guide to the J. Walter Thompson Company. Greg Bathon Papers, 1966-1970
The J. Walter Thompson Company (JWT), founded in 1864, is one of the largest advertising agencies in the United States. Greg Bathon was an executive with JWT, serving in a numver of positions abroad, particularly in India, before becoming President of JWT USA.
The Greg Bathon Papers span the years 1966-1970 and include biographical sketches, correspondence, financial reports and printed materials that primarily document Bathon's tenure as the head of the J. Walter Thompson Company's Bombay (India) office.
Descriptive Summary
- Repository
- David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University
- Creator
- J. Walter Thompson Company.
- Title
- J. Walter Thompson Company. Greg Bathon papers 1966-1970
- Language of Material
- English
- Extent
- 0.5 Linear Feet, 375 Items
- Location
- For current information on the location of these materials, please consult the Library's online catalog.
Series Quick Links
Collection Overview
The Greg Bathon Papers span the years 1966-1970 and include biographical sketches, correspondence, financial reports and printed materials that primarily document Bathon's tenure as the head of the J. Walter Thompson Company's Bombay, India, office. Bathon's career prior to and following his appointment in India is mentioned; otherwise, very little material relevant to those periods appear in the papers.
The collection is arranged alphabetically into the following categories: Biographical Materials, Correspondence, Financial Reports, and Printed Materials.
Restrictions on Access & Use
A majority of collections are stored off site and must be requested at least 48 business hours in advance for retrieval. Contact Rubenstein Library staff before visiting. Read More »
Access Restrictions
Collection is open for research.
Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection.
All or portions of this collection may be housed off-site in Duke University's Library Service Center. There may be a 48-hour delay in obtaining these materials.
Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library to use this collection.
Use Restrictions
The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to Duke University. For more information, consult the copyright section of the Regulations and Procedures of the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
Contents of the Collection
Includes corporate press releases, government forms, and printed materials such as magazine profiles.
Correspondence, 1966-1970
Includes business and personal correspondence that touch on issues relating to finance, speaking engagements, Bathon's move to and from India, and other topics.
Includes JWT reporting on billings and year-end statements for operations in India and Pakistan.
Includes pamphlets, clippings and articles.
Historical Note
|1933 Oct. 17
|Born Edward Gregory Anthony Bathon, New York, N.Y.
|B.A., German Literature, Hamilton College, Utica, N.Y.
|Officer, U.S. Navy
|Joined JWT New York office as a media researcher and buyer
|Copy writer (Kodak, Institute of Life Insurance, New Holland Farm Hachinery), JWT New York
|Account representative (Standard Brands, Chesebrough-Pond's), JWT New York
|Account supervisor (Unilever, S.C. Johnson, Stuyvesant Cigarette), JWT Antwerp
|Director, JWT Antwerp
|Chairman and Managing Director, JWT India (Hindustan Thompson); Head of Bombay office and overall responsibility for Calcutta, Delhi, Madras, and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) offices
|Vice President and Account Supervisor (Eastman Chemical Products), JWT New York
|President, JWT Brazil
|Senior Vice President, JWT
|Advanced Management Program, Harvard School of Business
|Board of Directors of JWT
Executive Vice President, JWT; President, JWT AM/PAC (Latin America, Asia/Pacific regions)
|President and Chief Operating Officer, JWT USA
|Resigned from JWT
After resigning from JWT, Bathon worked for the Interpublic Group of Companies and the Burkhardt & Christy advertising agency before forming Contact International, a provider of business translation services.
Subject Headings
Preferred Citation
[Identification of item], J. Walter Thompson Company. Greg Bathon Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.
The J. Walter Thompson Company. Greg Bathon Papers were received by the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library as a gift in 1998.
Processing Information
Processed by Richard Collier and Mitch Fraas, June 2006
Encoded by Richard Collier
Completed June 2006
Accession 1998-0452 is described in this finding aid.
Descriptive sources and standards used to create this inventory: DACS, EAD, NCEAD guidelines, and our local Style Guide.


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For students getting around can feel hard however there are tons of options. All shuttle services for during the semester and for semester breaks can be found on the University of Rochester Parking and Transportation website.
If you are just looking to go the scenic route by the most sustainable and fit form of Transportation, try the City Cycles bike program and take a ride on the canal path or to the many of the local areas of interest like the South Wedge, Park Avenue or to the Corn Hill area downtown.
More information about on-campus transportation options is listed below:
- Student Activities Van Program
- Enterprise Rental Car
- College Bus Charter Service
- City Cycles Program
- Shuttle Bus Service
- Zipcar Program
For even more transportation options view our: Transportation Information Sheet [pdf]
Student Activities Van Program
Wilson Commons Student Activities has three 8 passenger vans available for use by SA recognized student groups for social, academic and cultural events. Other departments and users are subject to approval by the Transportation Coordinator and WCSA's Associate Director. All van requests should be made at least one week before the event and must have an approved driver listed before an application for van use can be accepted. Driver approval is a yearly process and is required to be done at least one week before the rental of a van for any events. Driver approval is done by obtaining a copy of the drivers motor vehicle record (MVR) from their state and by reading and signing a safer driver packet. To complete this process, see the Beverly Buscemi, the Transportation Coordinator in 101i Wilson Commons. Payment for obtaining an MVR is the responsibility of the student, or staff requesting it and is due at the time of service. Payment for an MVR can be made by either cash or flex or blue requisition. To fill out a van request form, click on the link below and print and complete the form. Bring the completed van requests form to Beverly Buscemi, the Transportation Coordinator. Users must list which group and account the van charges will be billed to. Van use is limited to a 25 mile radius of Rochester. Trips that exceed that amount must have explicit approval from an Associate Director of Wilson Commons. Mileage charges are at the rate of $.56 per mile. Any NON-SA recognized groups or departments are subject to the van rental fee of $35 for the first 4 hours, $8 for every hour thereafter and $.56 per mile. Cancellations must be thru email to Beverly Buscemi at least 12 to 24 hours before the event. Non-cancellation fees may apply at the rate of $5 per day.
Enterprise Rental Car
Enterprise Car Rental offers a special rate to University of Rochester staff and students. Some restrictions do apply. Must state whether for Business or Personal use. If using for personal use, you must purchase insurance separately as it is not available. Visit www.enterprise.com to find out more or contact Enterprise directly: Ask for Emily Sagona 585-235-2999. UR Discount Account #29A3292.
College Bus Charter Service
Bus Charter services are available for special group events. Rates are hourly, with minimum of 2 hours use. Roundtrip and continuous loop transportation is available. Click the link below to use the form fill-able charter requests form. Contact Andrea Walton - email firstname.lastname@example.com or call (585) 275-5953.
City Cycles Program
City Cycles is a great bicycle lending library and allows full-time undergrad students and Goergen Athletic Center members to borrow a bike for 24 hours to go sightseeing, shopping or even do some serious biking. To find out more about the program and make reservations go to sa.rochester.edu/citycycles/.
Shuttle Bus Service
The UR has a private company, First Transit in service to handle the red, blue and green and gold bus routes. These routes are free to anyone who is affiliated with the UR and has proper ID.
The Red Line:
Runs regularly between Eastman and the UR.
The Orange Line:
This services the Eastman, South Wedge, Monroe and Park Ave area.
The Blue Line:
Runs primarily between the River Campus, Whipple Park, Towers, Southside and the Medical Center.
The Green Line:
Runs several routes to various shopping destinations in the Rochester area. These routes are not serviced daily and run only on the days listed below.
- Wednesday is the Brooks Landing/Chili Wal-Mart route.
- Saturday there are two routes, the Public Market route and the Marketplace Mall / Wal-Mart route. (The Public Market runs only Spring and Fall.)
- Sunday is the Pittsford Plaza route.
The Gold Line:
Services the 19th Ward and Riverview Apartment shuttle
The Gold Riverview Direct Line:
Direct service from Rush Rhees to the Riverview Housing
The Silver Line:
Direct loop service from Park Lot to Rush Rhees during Fall and Spring semester.
The transportation department is responsible for these services. Visit the transportation web page to learn more. You can also pick up schedules from the Common Connection in Wilson Commons, at ITS, on the buses, and at Fauver Parking Office.
Zipcar Program
ZIPCAR is available here at the University of Rochester River Campus. This is another great program for those who qualify to use one of the four vehicles we have on site to get out and about in the Rochester area. To qualify, your student status will be confirmed and you must be at least 18 and have three years of driving experience with minimal or no points on your license. The hourly rate for vehicle rental is $7.00 per hour and includes all gas and insurance coverage. To find out more and apply for the UR discount membership rate of $35 go to www.zipcar.com/rochester/apply/.
NOTE: You will not see the option to select the $35 membership fee when completing your application until you actually enter the UR rate page. All information is verified here at the UR to confirm you are actually a current UR student. For this program you will need a valid credit card and a valid email address. Please note that the billing address for your credit card is where your ZIPCAR card will be sent.


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Play$tation 4: Sony announces the PS4 won't be sold at loss
- By Joel Hruska on May 10, 2013 at 11:00 am
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Remember, this hardware is exactly the same. In point of fact, when building consoles, maintaining subtle latency timings and design structures is more important than virtually anything else; Sony could have further shrunk the design if they'd been able to modify it substantially. It's not just that the 2011 PS3 chips are smaller — the board itself is simpler. There's a lot less stuff sitting on it. Working on these revisions saves money in the long run, but the R&D associated with developing them costs cash up front and takes time.
If you want to understand another facet of why the PS3 was so expensive, look at the traces. Those wire lines represent cutting-edge high-speed buses running at high frequencies with tight timings. The more bus traces you run, the more complex the PCB must be to handle the electrical load and keep signal timings clean.
In 2006, the PS3 had massive paths running between CPU and GPU, out to the I/O block (roughly analogous to a southbridge), and out to the four memory chips. The difference in size between the Cell-PS2 wires and the Cell-RSX traces gives you a visual idea of just how much bandwidth flowed between the these components.
And here's the great thing about the PS4 — all that functionality is now on-die. It's still complex, but the complexity has moved from an a fair-sized PCB with hundreds of separate components to a single chip.
Sony learns its lesson
The PS3 was technologically impressive. It could do things that the Xbox simply couldn't do. A lot of those things ended up being poor investments in the long run. Cell was too difficult to program, and Sony killed the supercomputing initiative itself rather than risk anyone copying games via Linux, but the hardware was undeniably impressive.
The problem was that Cell was too impressive. Sony spent hundreds of millions on R&D and lost billions of dollars on PS3 hardware sales from 2006-2010.
What did it get for those losses? It got to tie the Xbox 360 for second place in the console industry. And with the entertainment division's profits down to just $18M (down 94% year-on-year), and the entire company struggling back to profitability, there's no shareholder stomach for a huge, loss-leading console. Sony just reported its first profitable year in the past five, and while the overwhelming majority of the losses came out of the TV division, CEO Kaz Hirai needs to pitch the PS4 as contributing to the company's financial health from launch day.
The PS3 was a no-holds-barred, costs-be-damned system that never really delivered the kind of performance Sony needed to justify the expense. The PS4 looks a heck of a lot smarter in that regard, though opinions are divided on how strong the hardware will ultimately be. Even if the company still takes a small loss per console, the chances of turning the hardware profitable within 12-18 months are much, much higher. That's what Sony, and the market, truly need.
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http://www.facebook.com/kokliang.lim KokLiang Lim
Why PlayStation become Play$tation?
I'm sorry but I really didn't expect to see something so unprofessional here like fan boys.
https://plus.google.com/105944874245727402538 Buzz Dengue
I agree… textural font sarcasm, non-grata… ; (
Joel Hruska
That was actually a compliment, not a fanboy insult.
Look, Sony took a bath on the PS3. I think it's clear that while I recognize the technical accomplishment of the hardware, it wasn't a great investment.
And I think — I *hope* — they don't make that mistake again.
The run-up to the PS3 launch was filled with executives arrogantly dismissing Microsoft & Nintendo. They deliberately made the device hard to program, and when asked about price, Ken Kutaragi said the PS3 was cheap at $600 and that Sony wanted people to think 'I will work more hours to buy one'. We want people to feel that they want it, irrespective of anything else."
The use of the "$" was meant to reflect a difference in finances. And to be honest, yes, I think Sony is doing a lot of things right this time around. Things they didn't do before. And recognizing that isn't the same as saying ZOMG MS SUCKS.
Basil Nolan
Without proper explanation, everyone reading that title will relate it to greedy M$.
Neon Frank
Sorry for the going off subject but I never understood this "M$" as Microsoft being "greedy" when Apple unquestionably is the supreme master of profit.
Apple maintains its tree hugger hipster image while at the same time its the poster child of corporate greed which is amazing as usually it takes religion to explain such contractions…wait
Basil Nolan
Actually, even I know Microsoft is below the Apple standards when greed comes into play. Just using an expression everyone knows to make my point.
Neon Frank
Oh ok, cheers
http://www.jeffkibuule.com Jeff Kibuule
Title of the story is wrong, "no major loss" != "no loss".
Andrew torres
Tho the original CECH01 model and the ones after were sold at a loss, I think Sony is jumping into Next-gen way to fast. The PS3 was a damn well built machine(minus YLOD models) that offered to be an entertainment system at the heart of a home. Its done exactly that from the beginning I got mine in 2006. It's morphed into a provider of netflix, amazon, and steadily providing old school games to its PSN network.. I think the PS3 and Xbox 360 have another 5yrs in em before we jump to Next Gen. What I found astounding when first announced was that Cell Processor, tho hard to develop for according to many top companies. I thought Sony would have developed something in house and made it cost effective to seperate itself from the rest just like the PS3…but hey Next Gen is here and we have no choice to go along with the flow.
Well you don't have to buy the Xbox Infinity or PS4 if you don't want to. Wait 5 years – or longer if you want.
http://www.facebook.com/andy.milenovic Andy Milenovic
With console sales on the decline they decided to push ahead and release the new consoles. Most people said it would be a 10 year life cycle, but the industry, customers and mobile gaming cut that short. In my opinion both current gen consoles are amazing, I never understood the reason behind the fanboy battles. It comes down to a preference in the end. I've owned both at one point and chances are I might end up owning both of the next gen in the years to come.
It says "NO MAJOR LOSS", which is NOT the same as NO LOSS, that means they will still lose money, just not as much as before…
Glad I could help you with your problem of lacking the minimum of processing power required to run the app "Common Sense"
Unrelated to this post but I'm hoping the ps4 sells well so there will be competition for the Xbox. And, I'm hoping the wii u crashes and burns so that nintendo will start making 3rd party games for other consoles. =D
http://www.facebook.com/seth.jones.900 Seth Jones
So you hope a company goes under so they will bring games to the console of your choice rather then you going out and buying a WII U. That will not happen, even if the WII U does not sell gangbusters, Nintendo can weather the storm until next generation. You Sony fanboys and Xbots crack me up how you talk mess about Nintendo's consoles but then hope they will crumble so you can play their incredible games on your twin consoles.
http://www.facebook.com/eric.degrechie.3 Eric Degrechie
Not gonna happen. Give up this pipe dream.
So basically we're getting less for our money this time round.
The only benefit to consumers is that these new consoles should at least be a bit more reliable.
Joel Hruska
"So basically we're getting less for our money this time round."
I disagree. And I dug into this topic quite a bit back in 2010 when I wrote a story on PS3 supercomputing for a different website.
Here's what you need to understand — Cell was *very* difficult to program.Sony's initial resources for PS3 development were terrible. So developers walking into the project had the unified PPE and six fragile SPE's that have to be used in extremely specific ways.
What that meant in the real world is that while the chip had huge amounts of performance on paper, it took years for programmers to figure out how to tap that performance in the real world. SPE's aren't like x86 multiprocessors; you can't just hand Cell thread assignments and expect the OS to handle the heavy lifting of executing them optimally.
If you bought a PS3 in 2006, you bought a piece of equipment that wasn't being used optimally until 2008 – 2009. And that was Sony's *plan.*
From Kaz Hirai himself: "We don't provide the 'easy to program for' console that (developers) want, because 'easy to program for' means that anybody will be able to take advantage of pretty much what the hardware can do, so then the question is, what do you do for the rest of the nine-and-a-half years?" explained Hirai.
I prefer to buy a console in 2013 that developers can quickly and easily tap. I prefer a console that invites developers to innovate on gameplay rather than forcing them to jump through development hoops to find out if what they want to do is even possible on the underlying hardware.
Maybe you feel differently. But I don't think you're getting less. I think you'll be getting more of what you paid for, right up front.
Where is choijin with his none sense comments about AMD'S cheap APU? Hurray he is not here!!!
Lol and how everything is a scam.
LOL I was going to suggest starting a club of people trolling chojin, but it's just too easy, like taking candy from a baby. It's so tempting to just make fun of every comment he makes, but it would take too long and then I'd feel kinda bad for picking on the mentally handicapped…
One can't help it with his comments on AMD'S cheap APU'S and how everything is a scam, I mean what the hell does this guy wants? Does he need or thinks everyone need a Watson computer and for what? to play call of duty and check FB?
I forgot that one! LOL
LMAO!! I was just thinking the same thing! I was just making fun of him in the comments for yesterdays article on Western Digitals new hybrid drives, he's probably too busy getting worked up about that… Funny stuff….
That was you the guess? I feel sry for poor chojin. I agree reading chojins comments kills neurons. Dajsufhjkjh cheap apu's Damn you chojin!!
http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1223563048 Angel Ham
In his defense, AMD's Jaguar chips are meant to compete with Intel's Atom processors and we all know how "good" those chips are in terms of raw performance.
http://www.facebook.com/garrison.shields Garrison Shields
Compete with does not necessarily mean performs like.
We will see soon enough, even if it doesn't perform like but come close to and its cheaper I'll call it a win.
http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1223563048 Angel Ham
Considering that AMD has been laggin on the CPU performance behind Intel for two years in a row.. Colour me skeptical until the units start shipping.
http://www.facebook.com/tariq.mahmood.14224 Tariq Mahmood
Intel is way behind than AMD …lets talk about all the crap Intel failed at, and AMD released first. Intel Itanium was pretty much made obsolete by AMD coming out with a much superior X86 workstation and server processor using integrated memory controller which Intel now copies. Intel Larabee never made it to the market of course. AMD introduced first 64-bit processors, which Intel now uses AMD's 64-bit patents, because Intel's sucked. AMD launches first dual core and native quad core CPU. AMD pushed the APU market, which Intel copied.
http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1223563048 Angel Ham
I'm a Nintendo fan but damn, you're riding hard on nostalgia.
AMD's biggest foe is not Intel but AMD itself. It's been plagued by an awful mismanagement for years and only until recently has begun to actually perform decently.
Joel Hruska
Jaguar will decisively outperform current Atom. It will compete with Intel's upcoming Bay Trail.
How fast are eight Jaguar cores? Not as fast as eight Haswell cores — but quite possibly "fast enough." Well-threaded software will be a necessity.
http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1223563048 Angel Ham
Are you hinting something you can't explain yet because of an NDA?
http://www.facebook.com/garrison.shields Garrison Shields
It's no secret that Intel's single thread performance stomps anything that AMD has done for a number of years now. However, AMD has put their eggs in the basket that a greater number of functional cores will allow for properly coded applications to run better. It's a difference of design philosophy, if you will, from Intel. Since AMD is going to be in all of the next-gen consoles, this gives AMD some very big leverage in a ubiquitous market to put software developers on the same page as them. It's a win-win for AMD, because the need for low-power and low-heat in a console plays well to their multicore philosophy whereas big clocks and freaky fast threads are the sole territory for a desktop processor to thrive in. That also means heat.
This upcoming console generation will be fascinating to watch unfold in this respect. Could AMD desktop processors gain an advantage from software developers being intimately aware of their architectures? Remember, these consoles will be running apps as well as games. The repurcussions of this are pretty large.
Joel Hruska
I would swing that around a bit and focus specifically on the low power market. If you limit your comparison to Atom and Brazos, AMD has actually led the single-threaded performance market (Atom's single-threaded performance, without HT enabled, is really, really, *really* bad).
Bobcat and Jaguar are small-scale CPUs with short pipelines and dual-issue decoders. Bulldozer is a deeply-pipelined design that targets higher clock speed and shares a lot of front-end logic.
Coding for Jaguar should be a lot like coding for Brazos, but it's not much at all like coding for Bulldozer. With Bulldozer getting a pretty major makeover in the next 9 months, we'll have to see what the next round of parts looks like.
http://www.facebook.com/garrison.shields Garrison Shields
That's fascinating stuff, and it makes me glad I have stayed on the fence about upgrading my gaming PC. It's becoming a dinosaur, but I've wanted to see the 700 series cards from NVidia first. I might hold out (but only a couple months) to see if I can get proper GDDR4 support before taking the plunge on a new system.
http://www.facebook.com/garrison.shields Garrison Shields
That's fascinating stuff, and it makes me glad I have stayed on the
fence about upgrading my gaming PC. It's becoming a dinosaur, but I've
wanted to see the 700 series cards from NVidia first. I might hold out
(but only a couple months) to see if I can get proper DDR4 support
before taking the plunge on a new system.
Joel Hruska
That's a reasonable interpretation.Consider it more of a hint about Jaguar's general performance than the PS4 in particular.
http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1223563048 Angel Ham
I hope so. It is disheartening to feel like Sony went from something that could compete with a first-gen i7 to two tablet processors glued together.
On the positive side we'll finally see games that use more than one or two cores.
http://www.facebook.com/tariq.mahmood.14224 Tariq Mahmood
Intel atom chip dosent have any power to run even flash games Atoms are only design for playing super mario . you people getting feed from Intel if your system dosent play any latest game then its your problem …
http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1223563048 Angel Ham
On the bright side, a netbook powered by an Intel Atom chip doesn't double as a leg warmer like their AMD counterparts do.
Interesting… so you think that game graphics won't improve much with the next generation? As they're already easy to program for, I guess that doesn't leave much room for optimization?
I'm just a bit disappointed with the power of the PS4, I was hoping for a real leap in graphics, maybe some ray-tracing or more photorealism. Still, I'll hold off judgement until I actually play a game on a big 1080p screen.
Joel Hruska
". so you think that game graphics won't improve much with the next generation?"
Let me answer you this way. http://noble-press.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Featured6.jpg
Look at Colonel Shepherd's evolution from ME1 to ME3. I'm going to give you a few more comparison shots. Here's a good article showing ME1 vs. ME2 on the Xbox 360:
Here's what I think is going to happen, adjusted for whether you're a console or a PC gamer.
If you're a console gamer, the new consoles are going to blow your socks off. The Xbox 360 and PS3's GPUs are based on DX9-era technology. GCN is a *huge* upgrade.
I truly hate to rely on GFLOPs, but the Xbox 360 hit 77, the PS3 hit 277. The Xbox Infinity should break 1 TFLOP, with the PS4 at 1.8TFLOP. And this time around, the two consoles are actually far more comparable to each other.
Will games continue to get better over time? They will. The hope is that many of the same optimizations that work for GCN on the Xbox Infinity will work for GCN on the PS4. Even if implemented differently, console developers won't have to create two entirely different ways of doing things for the same game. (The PS3 and Xbox 360 both run BF3, but they run it in completely different ways).
What if you're a PC gamer?
Expect two things.
1) Games are going to get prettier again. It's no accident that PC visuals started leaping ahead in 2011-2012 — I've seen developers talking about taking on more DX11 work as a means of getting familiar with the next-gen of hardware. Nevertheless, the majority of work goes into getting titles console ready.
Now that consoles are back on design parity with PCs, the impetus is to push for detail levels that target the console sweet spot — which means the PC won't just be an afterthought.
2) I expect console games to be on parity with PC titles. If you go back and pull the old reviews of Xbox 360 / PS3 games, you'll find that the triple platform launches in 2005 – 2007 were at parity between the platforms. The PC might not have had an advantage, but it wasn't behind the curve.
There's no downside here. Maybe the PS4 and Xbox 720 Infinity will have shorter life cycles than their predecessors, but I have to be honest — most people I know who game on consoles are on their SECOND box — not their first. And if you're replacing the device once every 2-3 years as opposed to once every 5-7, the idea of a product with a shorter life cycle isn't a bad thing.
On their second box? Meaning the first one broke? I had 2 360s break, that's why I'm hoping that the next gen will be a bit more reliable. I know people who've still got PS1s kicking around that work perfectly. They did try to cram too much power in last time.
I didn't know that the PS3 had 277 GFLOPs and the 360 only 77. The way I understood it was that the 360 had slightly better graphics, the PS3 had more CPU. Although to be fair, it's hard to spot any difference in most titles.
http://www.facebook.com/garrison.shields Garrison Shields
The PS3 was more capable of running physics and other tasks that helped with what could be considered "graphics".. The volumetric ray-traced clouds in Warhawk immediately comes to mind if you're wondering what I'm talking about.
In essence, the Cell processor zigged while the rest of the gaming industry zagged. With the advent of CUDA and compute units running PhysX and AGEIA off of the graphics cards in the PC gaming realm, the idea of a CPU accelerating these tasks was a bit foreign to game designers and graphics programmers.
So, yes, technically the XBox 360s gpu was a little more powerful than the PS3s, but the architectural difference with the way Cell was implemented opened the way for more enterprising developers to get impressive visuals from the PS3. Naughty Dog's games tend to get the tip of the hat when it comes to most visually impressive games this gen for a reason.
Joel Hruska
"On their second box." Meaning that either one broke and was replaced (which seems common) or that they chose to buy into new hardware.
I'm not saying there's anything wrong with buying a newer console, but if you recall, the classic argument was "Buy one system for 10 years" versus "Upgrade PC every 2-3 years."
If you compare the costs of buying an Xbox / PS3 at launch and then upgrading or replacing it 2-3 years later, it changes the cost comparison. I'm not saying that makes consoles a bad deal — it just makes for different figures.
ATI's Xenos is a programmable GPU, like the G80 or R600 from ATI. The GPU inside the PS3 is based on Nvidia's last fixed-function graphics card, the GTX 7800. So the Xbox 360's GPU is more flexible and can do some things the NV chip couldn't. Garrison offers more comment on this below.
http://www.facebook.com/garrison.shields Garrison Shields
It's really hard to figure out what gamers expectations are these days. When both NVidia and ATI are producing $1000 graphics cards that need extreme cooling solutions that are capable of powering three monitors that stand two to three feet from your face with Crysis 3 levels of graphics, how the hell is a console supposed to wow anyone? I think those days are over where consoles have "secret sauce" that makes your eyes pop out from the wonder and amazement. A console really should be about 'bang for the buck' and a convenient gaming system to play on your big TV on the comfort of your couch. Still, as long as the developers don't have a need for the compute units do to anything else, we'll probably see a game like Fl0w in 4K at some point this upcoming gen.
http://www.facebook.com/rsonic Rafael Vazquez
I still think the PS4 will amaze with with it's exclusives. :)
I think the whole issue is because the ps3 lack exclusive titles yes I know there were some, but compared to the ps2 set of exclusives it was rather anemic. How do you compete when your adversary gets the same game as yours? and look rather the same?
Now what about the price for their games? I don't think people will buy a 70$ game. So they can play call of duty13. Innovation needs to come not from the consoles hardware so much but from the developers to bring a good game at a reasonable price. That the game cost xxx amount to make, what's the point if its only going to last 3-4hrs? Not enough replay value and you pay a high price.
The PS4 should be pretty good
Jhaggy Lloren
They should make the PS4 as slim and small as possible instead of releasing a "slim" version down the road like they always do.
ee mail
I think a 500$ price would be ok for PS4 or 600$ at the most
However I think with x86 architecture , Sony now has the option to make the PS4 an open ended system . I mean at power on let the user decide whether he wants to play game or use it as a PC ,
if yes then PS4 would work in a normal mode of gaming for which it is degined for.
If No then the PS4 should have a facility to boot as a PC with a provision to boot from an external (or internal) Hdd & load an OS.
Its only $399 :P
http://www.facebook.com/sturm.davenport Sturm Davenport
title says ps4 wont be sold at a loss, quote says "not planning a major loss." this is sensationalist journalism at its finest, you guys would make ign proud.


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