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This invention generally relates to one or more computer networks having computers like personal computers or network servers with microprocessors linked by broadband transmission means and having hardware, software, firmware, and other means such that at least one parallel processing operation occurs that involve at least two computers in the network. More particularly, this invention relates to one or more large networks composed of smaller networks and large numbers of computers connected, like the Internet, wherein more than one separate parallel processing operation involving more than one different set of computers occurs simultaneously and wherein ongoing processing linkages can be established between virtually any microprocessors of separate computers connected to the network. Still more particularly, this invention relates to business arrangements enabling the shared used of network microprocessors for parallel and other processing, wherein personal computer owners provide microprocessor processing power to a network, preferably for parallel processing, in exchange for network linkage to other personal and other computers supplied by network providers, including linkage to other microprocessors for parallel or other processing; the basis of the exchange between owners and providers being whatever terms to which the parties agree, subject to governing laws, regulations, or rules, including payment from either party to the other based on periodic measurement of net use or provision of processing power.
1. A method of charging for use of a computer network comprising:
measuring an amount of processing power of a computer that is being made available to said computer network;
measuring an amount of network resources being used by said computer;
determining a charge for access to said computer network by said computer based on a difference between said measured amount of processing power of said computer being made available to said computer network and said measured amount of network resources being used by said computer;
coupling the computer via the network to one or more other computers of the computer network using a wireless network connection;
controlling, based on input received from a user of the computer, one or more processing units of a microprocessor of a microchip of the computer; and
selectively permitting access through the computer network to one or more of the processing units using a firewall of the microchip, the firewall being configured to permit access through the computer network to execute all or a portion of a shared computer processing operation.
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said measuring of said amount of processing power of said computer made available to said computer network is based on an amount of time said computer is made available to said computer network;
said measuring of said amount of said network resources being used by said computer is based on an amount of time said computer uses said computer network; and
said determining said charge for access comprises comparing said amount of time said computer is made available to said computer network with said amount of time said computer uses said computer network to arrive at a net cost.
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making available a standard number of personal computers, connected to said computer network, for shared processing by said computer.
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13. A method of allocating use of a computer in a network of computers, including an Internet which is utilized to provide shared computer processing resources, comprising:
coupling the computer via the network to one or more other computers of the computer network using a wireless network connection;
controlling, based on input received from a user of the computer, one or more processing units of a microprocessor of a microchip of the computer;
selectively permitting access through the computer network to one or more of the processing units using a firewall of the microchip, the firewall being configured to permit access through the computer network to execute all or a portion of a shared computer processing operation;
estimating an amount of computer network resources, including said shared computer processing resources, required to fulfill a processing request from a personal computer to said computer network, the estimating being based on input from a meter;
approving said processing request; and
allocating said computer network resources to said personal computer, wherein said allocating controls, on a default-to-standard-of-class-usage basis, a number of personal computers to be made available to said personal computer for the shared computer processing services and an extent of use of said personal computer.
14. The method of
providing a real-time readout of a cost of fulfilling said processing request, said readout being visible to a user of said personal computer.
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alerting a user of said personal computer that said processing request falls outside of predetermined parameters when said processing request falls outside of said predetermined parameters.
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alerting a user of said personal computer that said processing request falls outside of predetermined parameters when said processing request falls outside of said predetermined parameters.
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setting of said predetermined parameters by said user.
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20. A system for a network of computers, comprising:
a monitoring mechanism to monitor on a net basis a provision of network services both to and by one of at least two personal computers within said network, said network services including connection functions, as well as shared computer processing, including at least one of parallel and multitasking processing, to be provided both to and by said at least two personal computers, wherein said one personal computer includes an availability mechanism configured to make said one personal computer, when idled, available temporarily to provide said shared computer processing services to said network; and
a charge determining mechanism to determine a net charge for network services for said one personal computer based on a difference between the monitored provision to said network of said shared computing processing by said one computer and the monitored use of said network services by said one personal computer;
at least one of the personal computers including a wireless network connection capable of coupling the personal computers to one or more of the other personal computers via the network; and
at least one of the personal computers including a microchip having a microprocessor with at least a control unit and one or more processing units, the control unit including means for a user of the personal computer to control the one or more processing units;
wherein the microchip further includes a firewall configured to permit access through the network to one or more of the processing units to execute all or a portion of the shared computer Processing operation.
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47. A system for a network of computers, comprising:
network services including connection functions, as well as shared computer processing, including at least one of parallel and multitasking processing, to be provided both to and by at least two personal computers within said network, wherein at least one of said personal computers includes an availability mechanism configured to make said one personal computer, when idled, available temporarily to provide said shared computer processing services to said network;
a cost control mechanism to maintain a standard cost basis for a provision of said network services both to and from one personal computer and both to and from a network services provider in order to control a compensation between said one personal computer and said network services provider, wherein
said cost control mechanism controls, on a default-to-standard-of-class-usage basis, both use of network services by said one personal computer and use of said one personal computer by said network services provider for said shared computer processing services;
at least one of the personal computers including a wireless network connection capable of coupling the personal computers to one or more of the other personal computers via the network; and
at least one of the personal computers including a microchip having a microprocessor with at least a control unit and one or more processing units, the control unit including means for a user of the personal computer to control the one or more processing units;
wherein the microchip further includes a firewall configured to permit access through the network to one or more of the processing units to execute all or a portion of the shared computer processing operation.
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76. A system for a network of computers, comprising:
a monitoring mechanism to monitor on a net basis a provision of network services both to and by one of at least two personal computers within said network, said network services including connection functions, as well as shared computer processing, including at least one of parallel and multitasking processing, to be provided both to and by said at least two personal computers, wherein said one personal computer includes an availability mechanism configured to make said one personal computer, when idled, available temporarily to provide said shared computer processing services to said network,
wherein said network includes an Internet;
at least one of the personal computers including a wireless network connection capable of coupling the personal computers to one or more of the other personal computers via the network; and
at least one of the personal computers including a microchip having a microprocessor with at least a control unit and one or more processing units, the control unit including means for a user of the personal computer to control the one or more processing units;
wherein the microchip further includes a firewall configured to permit access through the network to one or more of the processing units to execute all or a portion of the shared computer processing operation.
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This application claims the benefit of the following provisional applications: No. 60/033,871, filed Dec. 20, 1996, No. 60/032,207, filed Dec. 2, 1996, No. 60/031,855, filed Nov. 29, 1996, No. 60/066,313, filed Nov. 21, 1997, and No. 60/066,415, filed Nov. 24, 1997.
This invention generally relates to one or more computer networks having computers like personal computers or network computers such as servers with microprocessors preferably linked by broadband transmission means and having hardware, software, firmware, and other means such that at least two parallel processing operations occur that involve at least two sets of computers in the network or in networks connected together, a form of metacomputing. More particularly, this invention relates to one or more large networks composed of smaller networks and large numbers of computers connected, like the Internet, wherein more than one separate parallel or massively parallel processing operation involving more than one different set of computers occurs simultaneously. Even more particularly, this invention relates to one or more such networks wherein more than one (or a very large number of) parallel or massively parallel microprocessing processing operations occur separately or in an interrelated fashion; and wherein ongoing network processing linkages can be established between virtually any microprocessors of separate computers connected to the network.
Still more particularly, this invention relates generally to a network structure or architecture that enables the shared used of network microprocessors for parallel processing, including massive parallel processing, and other shared processing such as multitasking, wherein personal computer owners provide microprocessor processing power to a network, preferably for parallel or massively parallel processing or multitasking, in exchange for network linkage to other personal and other computers supplied by network providers such as Internet Service Providers (ISP's), including linkage to other microprocessors for parallel or other processing such as multitasking. The financial basis of the shared use between owners and providers would be whatever terms to which the parties agree, subject to governing laws, regulations, or rules, including payment from either party to the other based on periodic measurement of net use or provision of processing power or preferably involving no payment, with the network system (software, hardware, etc) providing an essentially equivalent usage of computing resources by both users and providers (since any network computer operated by either entity can potentially be both a user and provider of computing resources alternately (or even simultaneously, assuming multitasking), with potentially an override option by a user (exercised on the basis, for example, of user profile or user's credit line or through relatively instant payment).
Finally, this invention relates to a network system architecture including hardware and software that will provide use of the Internet or its future equivalents or successors (and most other networks) without cost to most users of personal computers or most other computers, while also providing those users (and all other users, including of supercomputers) with computer processing performance that will at least double every 18 months through metacomputing means. This metacomputing performance increase provided by the new MetaInternet (or Metanet for short) will be in addition to all other performance increases, such as those already anticipated by Moore's Law.
By way of background, the computer industry has been governed over the last 30 years by Moore's Law, which holds that the circuitry of computer chips has been shrunk by substantially each year, yielding a new generation of chips every 18 months with twice as many transistors, so that microprocessor computing power is effectively doubled every year and a half.
The long term trend in computer chip miniaturization is projected to continue unabated over the next few decades. For example, slightly more than a decade ago a 16 kilobit DRAM memory chip (storing 16,000 data bits) was typical; the current standard 16 megabit chip (16,000,000 data bits) was introduced in 1993; and industry projections are for 16 gigabit memory chips (16,000,000,000 data bits) to be introduced in 2008 and 64 gigabit chips in 2011, with 16 terabit chips (16,000,000,000,000 data bits) conceivable by the mid-to-late 2020′s. This is a thousand-fold increase regularly every fifteen years. Hard drive speed and capacity are also growing at a spectacular rate.
Similarly regular and enormous improvements are anticipated to continue in microprocessor computing speeds, whether measured in simple clock speed or MIPS (millions of instructions for second) or numbers of transistors per chip. For example, performance has improved by four or five times every three years since Intel launched its X86 family of microprocessors used in the currently dominant "Wintel" standard personal computers. The initial Intel Pentium Pro microprocessor was introduced in 1995 and is a thousand times faster than the first IBM standard PC microprocessor, the Intel 8088, which was introduced in 1979. The fastest of current microprocessors like Digital Equipment Corp.'s Alpha chip is faster than the processor in the original Cray Y-MP supercomputer.
Both microprocessors and software (and firmware and other components) are also evolving from 8 bit and 16 bit systems into 32 bit systems that are becoming the standard today, with some 64 bit systems like the DEC Alpha already introduced and more coming, with future increases to 128 bit also likely.
A second major development trend in the past decade or so has been the rise of parallel processing, a computer architecture utilizing more than one CPU microprocessor (often many more, even thousands of relatively simple microprocessors, for massively parallel processing) linked together into a single computer with new operating systems having modifications that allow such an approach. The field of supercomputing has been taken over by this approach, including designs utilizing many identical standard personal computer microprocessors.
Hardware, firmware, software and other components specific to parallel processing are in a relatively early stage of development compared to that for single processor computing, and therefore much further design and development is expected in the future to better maximize the computing capacity made possible by parallel processing. One potential benefit that will likely be available soon is system architecture that does not rely on the multiple microprocessors having to share memory, thereby allowing more independent operation of those microprocessors, each with their own discrete memory, like current personal computers, workstations and most other computer systems architecture; for unconstrained operation, each individual microprocessor must have rapid access to sufficient memory.
Several models of personal computers are now available with more than one microprocessor. It seems inevitable that in the future personal computers, broadly defined to include versions not currently in use, will also employ parallel computing utilizing multiple microprocessors or massively parallel computing with very large numbers of microprocessors. Future designs, such Intel's Merced chip, will have a significant number of parallel processors on a single microprocessor chip.
A form of parallel processing is also being employed within microprocessor design itself. The current generation of microprocessors such at the Intel Pentium have more than one data path within the microprocessor in which data can be processed, with two to three paths being typical.
The third major development trend is the increasing size of bandwidth, which is a measure of communications power between computers connected by a network. Before now, the local area networks and telephone lines typically linking computers including personal computers have operated at speeds much lower than the processing speeds of a personal computer. For example, a typical Intel Pentium operates at 100 MIPS (millions of instructions per second), whereas a typical Ethernet connecting the PC's is 100 times slower at 10 megabits per second and telephone lines are very much slower, the highest typical speed now being about 28.8 kilobits.
Now, however, the situation is expected to change dramatically, with bandwidth being anticipated to expand from 5 to 100 times as fast as the rise of microprocessor speeds, due to the use of coaxial cable, wireless, and fiber optic cable. Telecommunication providers are now making available fiber connections supporting bandwidth of 40 gigabits.
Technical improvements are expected in the near term which will make it possible to carry over 2 gigahertz (billions of cycles per second) on each of 700 wavelength stream, adding up to more than 1,700 gigahertz on every single fiber thread. Experts believe that the bandwidth of optical fiber has been utilized one million times less fully than the bandwidth of coaxial or twisted pair copper lines. Within a decade, 10,000 wavelength streams per fiber are expected and 20 wavelengths on a single fiber is already commercially available.
Other network connection developments such as asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) and digital signal processors, which are improving their price/performance tenfold every two years, are also supporting the rapid increase in bandwidth. The increase in bandwidth reduces the need for switching and switching speed will be greatly enhanced when practical optical switches are introduced in the fairly near future, potentially reducing costs substantially.
The result of this huge bandwidth increase will be extraordinary: within just a few years it will be technically possible to connect virtually any computer to a network at a speed that equals or exceeds the computer's own internal bus speed, even as that bus speed itself is increasing significantly. The bus of a computer is its internal network connecting its components such as microprocessor, random access memory (RAM), hard-drive, modem, floppy drive, and CD-ROM; for recent personal computers it has been only about 40 megabits per second, but is now up to a gigabit per second on Intel's Pentium PCI bus.
Despite these tremendous improvements anticipated in the future, the unfortunate present reality is that a typical personal computer (PC) is already so fast that its microprocessor is essentially idle during most of the time the PC is in actual use and that operating time itself is but a small fraction of those days the PC is even in any use at all. The reality is that nearly all PC's are essentially idle during roughly all of their useful life. A realistic estimate is that its microprocessor is in an idle state 99.9% of the time (disregarding current unnecessary microprocessor busywork like executing screen saver programs, which have been made essentially obsolete by power-saving CRT monitor technology, which is now standard in the PC industry).
Given the fact that the reliability of PC's is so exceptionally high now, with the mean time to failure of all components typically several hundred thousand hours or more, the huge idle time of PC's represents a total loss; given the high capital and operating costs of PC's, the economic loss is very high. PC idle time does not in effect store a PC, saving it for future use, since the principle limiting factor to continued use of today's PC's is obsolescence, not equipment failure from use.
Moreover, there is growing concern that Moore's Law, which as noted above holds that the constant miniaturization of circuits results in a doubling of computing power every 18 months, cannot continue to hold true much longer. Indeed, Moore's Law may now be nearing its limits for silicon-based devices, perhaps by as early as 2004, and no new technologies have yet emerged that currently seem with reasonable certainty to have the potential for development to a practical level by then.
However, the confluence of all three of the established major trends summarized above—supercomputer-like personal computers, the spread of parallel processing using personal computer microprocessors (particularly massively parallel processing), and the enormous increase in network communications bandwidth—will make possible in the near future a surprising solution to the hugely excessive idleness problem of personal computers (and to the problematic possible end of Moore's Law), with very high potential economic savings.
The solution is use those mostly idle PC's (or their equivalents or successors) to build a parallel or massively parallel processing computer utilizing a very large network like the Internet or, more specifically, like the World Wide Web (WWW), or their equivalents or eventual successors like the MetaInternet (and including Internet II, which is under development now and which will utilize much broader bandwidth and will coexist with the Internet, the structure of which is in ever constant hardware and software upgrade) with broad bandwidth connections. The prime characteristic of the Internet is of course the very large number of computers of all sorts already linked to it, with the future potential for effectively universal connection; it is a network of networks of computers that provides nearly unrestricted access (other than cost) worldwide. The soon-to-be available very broad bandwidth of network communications can be used to link personal computers externally in a manner equivalent to the internal buses of the personal computers, so that no processing constraint will be imposed on linked personal computers by data input or output, or throughput; the speed of the microprocessor itself will be the only processing constraint of the system.
This will make external parallel processing possible, including massively parallel processing, in a manner paralleling more conventional internal parallel processing.
Optimally, the World Wide Web (or its equivalents or successors) will be transformed into a huge virtual massively parallel processing computer or computers, with potential through its established hyperlinks connections to operate in a manner at least somewhat like a neural network or neural networks, since the speed of transmission in the linkages would be so great that any linkage between two microprocessors would be virtually equivalent to direct, physically close connections between those microprocessors.
With further development, digital signal processor-type microprocessors or even analogue microprocessors may be optimal for this approach. Networks with WWW-type hyperlinks incorporating digital signal processor-type microprocessor (or successors or equivalents) could operate separately from networks of conventional microprocessors (or successors or equivalents) or with one or more connections between such differing networks or with relatively complete integration between such differing networks. Simultaneous operation across the same network connection structure should be possible.
Such broad bandwidth networks of computers will enable every PC to be fully utilized or nearly so. Because of the extraordinary extent to which existing PC's are currently idle, at optimal performance this new system will potentially result in a thousand-fold increase in computer power available to each and every PC user (and any other user); and, on demand, almost any desired level of increased power, limited mostly by the increased cost, which however would be relatively far less that possible from any other conceivable computer network configuration. This revolutionary increase is on top of the extremely rapid, but evolutionary increases already occurring in the computer/network industry discussed above.
The metacomputing hardware and software means of the MetaInternet will provide performance increases that will likely at least double every eighteen months based on the doubling of personal computers shared in a typical parallel processing operation by a standard PC user, starting first with at least 2 PC's, then about 4, about 8, about 16, about 32, about 64, about 128, about 256, and about 512. After about fifteen years, each standard PC user will likely be able to use about 1024 personal computers for parallel processing or any other shared computing use, while generally using the Internet or its successors like the MetaInternet for free. At the other end of the performance spectrum, supercomputers will experience a similar performance increase generally, but ultimately the performance increase is limited primarily by cost of adding temporary network linkages to available PC's, so there is definite potential for a quantum leap in supercomputer performance.
Network computer systems as described above offer almost limitless flexibility due to the abundant supply of heretofore idle connected microprocessors. This advantage would allow "tightly coupled" computing problems (which normally are difficult to process in parallel) to be solved without knowing in advance (as is now necessary in relatively massively parallel processing) how many processors are available, what they are and their connection characteristics. A minimum number of equivalent processors (with equivalent other specs) can be easily found nearby in a massive network like the Internet and assigned within the network from those multitudes available nearby. Moreover, the number of microprocessors used can be almost completely flexible, depending on the complexity of the problem, and limited only by cost. The current problem of time delay will be solved largely by the widespread introduction of broad bandwidth connections between computers processing in parallel.
FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram of a section of a computer network, such as the Internet, showing an embodiment of a meter means which measures flow of computing during a shared operation such as parallel processing between a typical PC user and a network provider.
FIG. 2 is a simplified diagram of a section of a computer network, such as the Internet, showing an embodiment of another meter means which measures the flow of network resources, including shared processing, being provided to a typical PC user and a network provider.
FIG. 3 is a simplified diagram of a section of a computer network, such as the Internet, showing an embodiment of another meter means which, prior to execution, estimates the level of network resources, and their cost, of a shared processing operation requested by a typical PC user from a network provider.
FIGS. 4A-4C are simplified diagrams of a section of a computer network, such as the Internet, showing in a sequence of steps an embodiment of a selection means whereby a shared processing request by a PC is matched with a standard preset number of other PC's to execute shared operation.
FIG. 5 is a simplified diagram of a section of a computer network, such as the Internet, showing an embodiment of a control means whereby the PC, when idled by its user, is made available to the network for shared processing operations.
FIG. 6 is a simplified diagram of a section of a computer network, such as the Internet, showing an embodiment of a signal means whereby the PC, when idled by its user, signals its availability to the network for shared processing operations.
FIG. 7 is a simplified diagram of a section of a computer network, such as the Internet, showing an embodiment of a receiver and/or interrogator means whereby the network receives and/or queries the availability for shared processing status of a PC within the network.
FIG. 8 is a simplified diagram of a section of a computer network, such as the Internet, showing an embodiment of a selection and/or utilization means whereby the network locates available PC's in the network that are located closest to each other for shared processing.
FIG. 9 is a simplified diagram of a section of a computer network, such as the Internet, showing an embodiment of a system architecture for conducting a request imitated by a PC for a search using parallel processing means that utilizes a number of networked PC's.
FIGS. 10A-10H are simplified diagrams of a section of a computer network, such as the Internet, showing an embodiment of a system architecture utilizing a firewall to separate that part of a networked PC (including a system reduced in size to a microchip) that is accessible to the network for shared processing from a part that is kept accessible only to the PC user; and also showing the alternating role that preferably each PC in the network can play as either a master or slave in a shared processing operation involving one or more slave PC's in the network.
FIG. 11 is a simplified diagram of a section of a computer network, such as the Internet, showing an embodiment of a system architecture for connecting clusters of PC's to each other by wireless means, to create the closest possible (and therefore fastest) connections.
FIG. 12 is a simplified diagram of a section of a computer network, such as the Internet, showing an embodiment of a system architecture for connecting PC's to a satellite by wireless means.
FIG. 13 is a simplified diagram of a section of a computer network, such as the Internet, showing an embodiment of a system architecture providing a cluster of networked PC's with complete interconnectivity by wireless means.
FIG. 14 is a simplified diagram of a section of a computer network, such as the Internet, showing an embodiment of a transponder means whereby a PC can identify one or more of the closest available PC's in a network cluster to designate for shared processing by wireless means.
FIG. 15 is a simplified diagram of a section of a computer network, such as the Internet, showing an embodiment of a routing means whereby a PC request for shared processing can be routed within a network using preferably broad bandwidth connection means to another area in a network with one or more idle PC's available.
The new network computer will utilize PC's as providers of computing power to the network, not just users of network services. These connections between network and personal computer are enabled by a new form of computer/network financial structure that is rooted on the fact that economic resources being provided the network by PC owners (or leaser) are similar in value to those being provided by the network provider providing connectivity.
Unlike existing one way functional relationships between network providers such as internet service providers (often currently utilizing telecommunications networks for connectivity) and PC users, wherein the network provider provides access to a network like the Internet for a fee (much like cable TV services), this new relationship would recognize that the PC user is also providing the network access to the user's PC for parallel computing use, which has a similar value. The PC thus both provides and uses services on the network, alternatively or potentially even virtually simultaneously, in a multitasking mode.
This new network would operate with a structural relationship that would be roughly like that which presently exists between an electrical power utility and a small independent power generator connected to the utility, wherein electrical power can flow in either direction depending on the operating decisions of both parties and at any particular point in time each party is in either a debt or credit position relative to the other based on the net direction of that flow for a given period, and is billed accordingly.
For this new network and its structural relationships, a network provider is defined in the broadest possible way as any entity (corporation or other business, government, not-for-profit, cooperative, consortium, committee, association, community, or other organization or individual) that provides personal computer users (very broadly defined below) with initial and continuing connection hardware and/or software and/or firmware and/or other components and/or services to any network, such as the Internet and Internet II or WWW or their present or future equivalents, coexistors or successors, like the MetaInternet, including any of the current types of Internet access providers (ISP's) or their present or future equivalents, coexistors or successors. The connection means they would provide would preferably be very broad bandwidth, by such means as fiber optic cable or wireless for example, but not excluding any other means, including television coaxial cable and telephone twisted pair, as well as associated gateways, bridges, routers, and switches with all associated hardware and/or software and/or firmware and/or other components and their present or future equivalents or successors. The computers used by the providers include any computers and associated their associated hardware and/or software and/or firmware and/or other components, and their present or future equivalents or successors.
Other levels of network control beyond the network provider will also exist to control any aspect of the network structure and function, any one of which levels may or may not control and interact directly with the PC user. For example, at least one level of network control like the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) or Internet Society (ISOC) or other ad hoc industry consortia) would establish and ensure compliance with any prescribed network standards and/or protocols and/or industry standard agreements for any hardware and/or software and/or firmware and/or other component connected to the network. Under the consensus control of these consortia/societies, other levels of network control would deal with administration and operation of the network. These other levels of network control might be constituted by any network entity, including those defined immediately above for network providers.
The principal defining characteristic of the network provided being communication connections (including hardware and/or software and/or firmware and/or other component) of any form, including electromagnetic and electrochemical (and not excluding biochemical or biological), between PC users, optimally connecting (either directly or indirectly) the largest number of users possible, like the Internet (and Internet II) and WWW and equivalents and successors, like the MetaInternet. Multiple levels of such networks will likely coexist with different technical capabilities, like Internet and Internet II, but would have interconnection and therefore would communicate freely between levels, for such standard network functions as electronic mail.
And a personal computer (PC) user is defined in the broadest possible way as any individual or other entity using a computer, digital or analog or neural, particularly including microprocessor-based personal computers having one or more microprocessors (including one or more parallel processors) in their general current form (hardware and/or software and/or firmware and/or any other component) and their present and future equivalents or successors, such as workstations, network computers, handheld personal digital assistants, personal communicators such as telephones and pagers, wearable computers, digital signal processors, neural-based computers (including PC's), entertainment devices such as televisions, video tape recorders, videocams, compact or digital video disk (CD or DVD) player/recorders, radios and cameras, other household electronic devices, business electronic devices such as printers, copiers, fax machines, automobile or other transportation equipment devices, and other current or successor devices incorporating one or more microprocessors (or functional or structural equivalents), especially those used directly by individuals, utilizing one or more microprocessors, made of inorganic compounds such as silicon and/or other inorganic or organic compounds; current and future forms of mainframe, mini and even supercomputers may also be included.
Parallel processing is defined as involving more than one microprocessor involved in solving the same computational problem or other task. Massively parallel microprocessor processing involves large numbers of microprocessors. In today's technology, massive parallel processing can probably be considered to be about 64 microprocessors or nodes and over 7,000 nodes have been successfully tested in an Intel supercomputer design using PC microprocessors (Pentium Pros). It is anticipated that continued software improvements will make possible a much larger number of nodes, very possibly limited only by the number of microprocessors available for use on a given network, even an extraordinarily large one like the Internet or its equivalents and/or successors, like the MetaInternet.
Broadband wavelength network transmission is defined here to mean a transmission speed (usually measured in bits per second) that is at least high enough (or roughly at least equivalent to the internal clock speed of the microprocessor or microprocessors times the number of microprocessor channels equaling instructions per second or operations per second or calculations per second) so that the processing input and output of the microprocessor is substantially unrestricted, particularly including at peak processing levels, by the bandwidth of the network connections between microprocessors that are performing some form of parallel processing, particularly including massive parallel processing.
The financial basis of the shared use between owners and providers would be whatever terms to which the parties agree, subject to governing laws, regulations, or rules, including payment from either party to the other based on periodic measurement of net use or provision of processing power.
In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1, in order for this network structure to function effectively, there would be a meter device 5 (comprised of hardware and/or software and/or firmware and/or other component) to measure the flow of computing power between PC 1 user and network 2 provider, which might provide connection to the Internet and/or World Wide Web and/or Internet II and/or any present or future equivalent or successor 3, like the MetaInternet. In one embodiment, the PC user should be measured by some net rating of the processing power being made available to the network, such as net score on one or more standard tests measuring speed or other performance characteristics of the overall system speed, such as PC Magazine's benchmark test program, ZD Winstone (potentially including hardware and/or software and/or firmware and/or other component testing) or specific individual scores for particularly important components like the microprocessor (such as MIPS or millions of instructions per second) that may be of application-specific importance, and by the elapsed time such resources were used by the network. In the simplest case, for example, such a meter need measure only the time the PC was made available to the network for processing 4, which can be used to compare with time the PC used the network (which is already normally measured by the provider, as discussed below) to arrive at a net cost; potential locations of such a meter include at a network computer such as a server, at the PC, and at some point on the connection between the two. Throughput of data in any standard terms is another potential measure.
In another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 2, there also would be a meter device 7 (comprised of hardware and/or software and/or firmware and/or other component) that measures the amount of network resources 6 that are being used by each individual PC 1 user and their associated cost. This would include, for example, time spent doing conventional downloading of data from sites in the network or broadcast from the network 6. Such metering devices currently exist to support billing by the hour of service or type of service is common in the public industry, by providers such as America Online, Compurserve, and Prodigy. The capability of such existing devices would be enhanced to include a measure of parallel processing resources that are allocated by the Internet Service Provider or equivalent to an individual PC user from other PC users 6, also measuring simply in time. The net difference in time 4 between the results of meter 5 and meter 7 for a given period would provide a reasonable billing basis.
Alternately, as shown in FIG. 3, a meter 10 would also estimate to the individual PC user prospectively the amount of network resources needed to fulfill a processing request from the PC user to the network (provider or other level of network control) and associated projected cost, provide a means of approving the estimate by executing the request, and a realtime readout of the cost as it occurs (alternatively, this meter might be done only to alert 9 the PC user that a given processing request 8 falls outside normal, previously accepted parameters, such as level of cost). To take the example of an unusually deep search request, a priority or time limit and depth of search should optimally be criteria or limiting parameters that the user can determine or set with the device.
Preferably, the network would involve no payment between users and providers, with the network system (software, hardware, etc) providing an essentially equivalent usage of computing resources by both users and providers (since any network computer operated by either entity can potentially be both a user and provider of computing resources (even simultaneously, assuming multitasking), with potentially an override option by a user (exercised on the basis, for example, of user profile or user's credit line or through relatively instant payment).
Preferably, as shown in FIG. 4, the priority and extent of use of PC and other users can be controlled on a default-to-standard-of-class-usage basis by the network (provider or other) and overridden by the user decision on a basis prescribed by the specific network provider (or by another level of network control) One obvious default basis would be to expend up to a PC's or other user's total credit balance with the provider described above and the network provider then to provide further prescribed service on an debt basis up to some set limit for the user; different users might have different limits based on resources and/or credit history.
A specific category of PC user based, for example, on specific microprocessor hardware owned or leased, might have access to a set maximum number of parallel PC's or microprocessors, with smaller users generally having less access and vice versa. Specific categories of users might also have different priorities for the execution of their processing by the network. A very wide range of specific structural forms between user and provider are possible, both conventional and new, based on unique features of the new network computer system of shared processing resources.
For example, in the simplest case, in an initial system embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4A, a standard PC 1 user request 11 for a use involving parallel processing might be defaulted by system software 13, as shown in FIG. 4B, to the use of only one other essentially identical PC 12 microprocessor for parallel processing or multitasking, as shown in FIG. 4C; larger standard numbers of microprocessors, such as about three at the next level (for a total of about four, then about 8, about 16, about 32, about 64 and so on, or virtually any number in between), would be made available as the network system is upgraded over time, as well as the addition of sophisticated override options. Eventually many more PC microprocessors would be made available to the standard PC user (virtually any number), preferably starting at about 128, then about 256, then about 512, then about 1024 and so on over time, as the network and all of its components are gradually upgraded to handle the increasing numbers. System scalability at even the standard user level is essentially unlimited over time.
Preferably, for most standard PC users (including present and future equivalents and successors), connection to the Internet (or present or future equivalents or sucessors like the MetaInternet) would be at no cost to PC users, since in exchange for such Internet access the PC users would generally make their PC, when idle, available to the network for shared processing. Preferably, then, competition between Internet Service Providers (including present and future equivalents and successors) for PC user customers would be over such factors as the convenience and quality of the access service provided and of shared processing provided at no addition cost to standard PC users, or on such factors as the level of shared processing in terms, for example of number of slave PC's assigned on a standard basis to a master PC. The ISP's would also compete for parallel processing operations, from inside or outside the ISP Networks, to conduct over their networks.
In addition, as shown in FIG. 5, in another embodiment there would be a (hardware and/or software and/or firmware and/or other) controlling device to control access to the user's PC by the network. In its simplest form, such as a manually activated electromechanical switch, the PC user could set this controller device to make the PC available to the network when not in use by the PC user. Alternatively, the PC user could set the controller device to make the PC available to the network whenever in an idle state, however momentary, by making use of multitasking hardware and/or software and/or firmware and/or other component (broadcast or "push" applications from the Internet or other network could still run in the desktop background). Or, more simply, as shown in FIG. 5A, whenever the state that all user applications are closed and the PC 1 is available to the network 14 (perhaps after a time delay set by the user, like that conventionally used on screensaver software) is detected by a software controller device 12 installed in the PC, the device 12 would signal 15 the network computer such as a server 2 that the PC available to the network, which could then control the PC 1 for parallel processing or multitasking by another PC. Such shared processing can continue until the device 12 detects the an application being opened 16 in the first PC (or at first use of keyboard, for quicker response, in a multitasking environment), when the device 12 would signal 17 the network computer such as a server 2 that the PC is no longer available to the network, as shown in FIG. 5B, so the network would then terminate its use of the first PC.
In a preferred embodiment, as shown in FIG. 6, there would be a (hardware and/or software and/or firmware and/or other component) signaling device 18 for the PC 1 to indicate or signal 15 to the network the user PC's availability 14 for network use (and whether full use or multitasking only) as well as its specific (hardware/software/firmware/other components) configuration 20 (from a status 19 provided by the PC) in sufficient detail for the network or network computer such as a server 2 to utilize its capability effectively. In one embodiment, the device would be resident in the user PC and broadcast its idle state or other status (upon change or periodically, for example) or respond to a query signal from a network device.
Also, in another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 7, there would be a (hardware/software and/or firmware and/or other component) device 21 resident in a part of the network (such as network computer, switch, router, or another PC, for examples) that receives the PC device status broadcast and/or queries 22 the PC for its status, as shown in FIG. 7.
In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 8, the network would also have resident in a part of its hardware and/or software (and/or firmware and/or other components) a capacity such as to allow it to most effectively select and utilize the available user PC's to perform parallel processing initiated by PC users or the network providers or others. To do so, the network should have the (hardware and/or software and/or firmware and/or other component) capability of locating each PC accurately at the PC's position on the geographic grid lines/connection means 23 so that parallel processing occurs between PC's (PC 1 and PC 1 2) as close together as possible, which should not be difficult for PC's at fixed sites with a geographic location, customarily grouped together into cells 24, as shown in FIG. 8, but which requires an active system for any wireless microprocessor to measure its distance from its network relay site.
One of the primary capabilities of the Internet (or Internet II or successor, like the MetaInternet) or WWW network computer would be to facilitate searches by the PC user or other user. As shown in FIG. 9, searches are particularly suitable to multiple processing, since, for example, a typical search would be to find a specific Internet or WWW site with specific information. Such site searches can be broken up geographically, with a different PC processor 1′ allocated by the network to search each area, the overall area being divided into eight separate parts, as shown, which would preferably be about equal, so that the total search would be about ⅛ as long as if one processor did it alone (assuming the PC 1 microprocessor provides control only and not parallel processing, which may be preferable in some case).
As a typical example, a single PC user might need 1,000 minutes of search time to find what is requested, whereas the network computer, using multiple PC processors, might be able to complete the search in 100 minutes using 10 processors, or 10 minutes using 100 processors or 1 minute using 1,000 processors (or even 1 second using 60,000 processors); assuming performance transparency, which should be achievable, at least over time. The network's external parallel processing would optimally be completely scalable, with virtually no theoretical limit.
The above examples also illustrates a tremendous potential benefit of network parallel processing. The same amount of network resources, 60,000 processor seconds, was expended in each of the equivalent examples. But by using relatively large multiples of processors, the network can provide the user with relatively immediate response with no difference in cost (or relatively little difference)—a major benefit. In effect, each PC user linked to the network providing external parallel processing becomes, in effect, a virtual supercomputer! As discussed below, supercomputers would experience a similar quantum leap in performance by employing a thousand-fold (or more) increase in microprocessors above current levels.
Such power will likely be required for any effective searches in the World Wide Web (WWW). WWW is currently growing at a rate such that it is doubling every year, so that searching for information within the WWW will become geometrically more difficult in future years, particularly a decade hence, and it is already a very significant difficulty to find WWW sites of relevance to any given search and then to review and analyze the contents of the site.
So the capability to search with massive parallel processing will be required to be effective and will dramatically enhance the capabilities of scientific, technological and medical researchers.
Such enhanced capabilities for searching (and analysis) will also fundamentally alter the relationship of buyers and sellers of any items and/or services. For the buyer, massive parallel network processing will make it possible to find the best price, worldwide, for any product or the most highly rated product or service (for performance, reliability, etc.) within a category or the best combination of price/performance or the highest rated product for a given price point and so on. The best price for the product can include best price for shipping within specific delivery time parameters acceptable to the buyer.
For the seller, such parallel processing will drastically enhance the search, worldwide, for customers potentially interested in a given product or service, providing very specific targets for advertisement. Sellers, even producers, will be able to know their customers directly and interact with them directly for feedback on specific products and services to better assess customer satisfaction and survey for new product development.
Similarly, the vastly increased capability provided by the system's shared parallel processing will produce major improvements in complex simulations like modeling worldwide and local weather systems over time, as well as design and testing of any structure or product, from airliners and skyscrapers, to new drugs and to the use of much more sophisticated artificial intelligence (AI) in medical treatment and in sorting through and organizing the PC users voluminous input of electronic data from "push" technologies. Improvements in games would also be evident, especially in terms of realistic simulation and interactivity.
As is clear from the examples, the Internet or WWW network computer system like the MetaInternet would potentially put into the hands of the PC user an extraordinary new level of computer power vastly greater than the most powerful supercomputer existing today. The world's total of microchips is already about 350 billion, of which about 15 billion are microprocessors of some kind (most are fairly simple "appliance" type running wrist watches, TV's, cameras, etc). Assuming growth at its current rates, in a decade the Internet/Internet II/WWW could easily have a billion individual PC users, each providing a average total of at least 10 highly sophisticated microprocessors (assuming PC's with at least 4 microprocessors (or more, such as 16 microprocessors or 32, for example) and associated other handheld, home entertainment, and business devices with microprocessors or digital processing capability, like a digital signal processor or successor devices). That would be a global computer a decade from now made of at least 10 billion microprocessors, interconnected by electromagnetic wave means at speeds approaching the speed of light.
In addition, if the exceptionally numerous "appliance" microprocessors noted above are designed to the same basic consensus industry standard as parallel microprocessors for PC's (or equivalents or successors) or for PC "systems on a chip" discussed later in FIGS. 10A-H, then the number of parallel processors potentially available would increase about 20 times, for a net potential "standard" computing performance of up to 20,000 times current performance within fifteen years, exclusive of Moore's Law routine increases. Moreover, if all microprocessors followed the same basic design standards, then although the cost per microprocessor would rise somewhat, especially initially, the net cost of computing for all users would fall drastically due to the general performance increase due to the use of otherwise idle "applicance" microprocessors.
To put this in context, a typical supercomputer today utilizing the latest PC microprocessors has less than a hundred. Using network linkage to all external parallel processing, a peak maximum of perhaps 1 billion microprocessors could be made available for a network supercomputer user, providing it with the power 10,000,000 times greater than would be available using today's internal parallel processing supercomputers (assuming the same microprocessor technology). Because of it's virtually limitless scalability mentioned above, resources made available by the network to the supercomputer user or PC user would be capable of varying significantly during any computing function, so that peak computing loads would be met with effectively whatever level of resources are necessary.
As shown in FIGS. 10A-10F, to deal with operational and security issues, it may be optimal for individual users to have one microprocessor or equivalent device that is designated, permanently or temporarily, to be a master 30 controlling device (comprised of hardware and/or software and/of firmware and/or other component) that remains unaccessible (preferably using a hardware and/or software and/or firmware and/or other component firewall 50) directly by the network but which controls the functions of the other, slave microprocessors 40 when the network is not utilizing them.
For example, as shown in FIG. 10A, a typical PC 1 might have four or five microprocessors (even on a single microprocessor chip), with one master 30 and three or four slaves 40, depending on whether the master 30 is a controller exclusively (through different design of any component part), requiring four slave microprocessors 40 preferably; or the master microprocessor 30 has the same or equivalent microprocessing capability as a slave 40 and multiprocesses in parallel with the slave microprocessors 40, thereby requiring only three slave microprocessors 40, preferably. The number of PC slave microprocessors 40 can be increased to virtually any other number, such as at least about eight, about 16, about 32, about 64, about 128, about 256, about 512, about 1024, and so on (these multiples are preferred; the PC master microprocessors 30 can also be increased. Also included is the preferred firewall 50 between master 30 and slave 40 microprocessors. As shown in preceding FIGS. 1-9, the PC 1 in FIG. 10A is preferably connected to a network computer 2 and to the Internet or WWW or present or future equivalent or successor 3, like the MetaInternet.
Other typical PC hardware components such as hard drive 61, floppy diskette 62, CD-ROM 63, DVD 64, Flash memory 65, RAM 66, video or other display 67, graphics card 68, and sound card 69, together with the software and/or firmware stored on or for them, can be located on either side of the preferred firewall 50, but such devices as the display 67, graphics card 68 and sound card 69 and those devices that both read and write and have non-volatile memory (retain data without power and generally have to written over to erase), such as hard drive 62, Flash memory 65, floppy drive 62, read/write CD-ROM 63 or DVD 64 are preferred to be located on the PC user side of the firewall 50, where the master microprocessor is also located, as shown in FIG. 10A, for security reasons primarily. Alternately, any or these devices that are duplicative (or for other exceptional needs) like a second hard drive 61 can be located on the network side of the firewall 50. RAM 66 or equivalent memory, which typically is volatile (data is lost when power is interrupted), should generally be located on the network side of the firewall 50. However, at least a portion of RAM is can be kept on the Master 30 microprocessor side of the firewall 50, so that the PC user can use retain the ability to use a core of user PC 1 processing capability entirely separate from any network processing; if this capability is not desired, then the master 30 microprocessor can be moved to the network side of the firewall 50 and replaced with a simpler controller on the PC 1 user side.
And the master microprocessor 30 might also control the use of several or all other processors 60 owned or leased by the PC user, such as home entertainment digital signal processors 70, especially if the design standards of such microprocessors in the future conforms to the requirements of network parallel processing as described above. In this general approach, the PC master processor would use the slave microprocessors or, if idle (or working on low priority, deferable processing), make them available to the network provider or others to use. Preferably, wireless connections would be extensively used in house, including remote controllers with or without microprocessing capability, with preferably broad bandwidth connections such as fiber optic cable connecting directly to at least one component of the in house personal network system.
In the simplest configuration, as shown in FIG. 10B, the PC 1 would have a single master microprocessor 30 and a single slave microprocessor 40, preferably separated by a firewall 50, with both processors used in parallel or multitasking processing or with only the slave 40 so used, and preferably connected to a network computer 2 and Internet 3 (and successors like the MetaInternet) Virtually any number of slave microprocessors 40 is possible. The other non-microprocessor components shown in FIG. 10A above might also be included in this simple FIG. 10B configuration.
Preferably, as shown in FIG. 10C, microprocessors 80 are expected to integrate most or all of the other necessary computer components (or their present or future equivalents or successors), like a PC's memory (RAM 66, graphics 82, sound 83, power management 84, network communications 85, and video processing 86, possibly including modem 87, flash bios 88, and other components or present or future equivalents or successors) and internal bus, on a single chip 90 (silicon, plastic, or other), known in the industry as "system on a chip". Such a PC micro chip 90 would preferably have the same architecture as that of the PC 1 shown above in FIG. 10A: namely, a master control and/or processing unit 93 and one or more slave processing units 94 (for parallel or multitasking processing by either the PC 1 or the Network 2), preferably separated by a firewall 50 and preferably connected to a network computer 3 and the Internet 3 and successors like the MetaInternet. In the simplest case, as shown in FIG. 10D, the chip 90 would have a single master unit 93 and at least one slave unit 94 (with the master having a controlling function only or a processing function also), preferably separated by a firewall 50 and preferably connected to a network computer 3 and the Internet 3 (and successors like the MetaInternet).
As noted in the second paragraph of the introduction to the background of the invention, in the preferred network invention, any computer can potentially be both a user and provider, alternatively—a dual mode. Consequently, any PC 1 within the network 2, preferably connected to the Internet 3 (and successors like the MetaInternet), can be temporarily a master PC 30 at one time initiating a parallel or multitasking processing request to the network 2 for execution by at least one slave PC 40, as shown in FIG. 10E. At another time the same PC 1 can become a slave PC 40 that executes a parallel or multitasking processing request by another PC 1′ that has temporarily assumed the function of master 30, as shown in FIG. 10F. The simplest approach to achieving this alternation is for both master and slave versions of the parallel processing software to be loaded in each or every PC 1 that is to share in the parallel processing, so each PC 1 has the necessary software means, together with minor operation modifications, such as a switching means by which a signal request for parallel processing initiated by one PC 1 user using master software is transmitted to at least a second PC 1, triggering its slave software to respond to initiate parallel processing.
As shown in FIGS. 10G and 10H, which are parallel to FIGS. 10E and 10F, the number of PC slave processors 40 can be increased to any virtually other number, such as at least about 4; the processing system is completely scalar, so that further increases can occur to about eight, about 16, about 32, about 64, about 128, about 256, about 512, about 1024, and so on (these multiples indicated are preferred); the PC master microprocessors 30 can also be increased.
The preferred use of the firewall 50, as described above in FIGS. 10A-10H, provides a solution to an important security problem by preferably completely isolating host PC's 1 that are providing slave microprocessors to the network for parallel or other shared processing functions from any capability to access or retain information about any element about that shared processing. In addition, of course, the firewall 50 provides security for the host PC against intrusion by outside hackers.
If the PC 1 microprocessors noted above are designed to the same basic consensus industry standard as parallel microprocessors for PC's (or equivalents or successors) as in FIGS. 10A-10B or for PC "systems on a chip" discussed in FIGS. 10C-10D, then although the cost per microprocessor could rise somewhat, especially initially, the net cost of computing for all users would fall drastically almost instantly due to the general performance increase due to the use of otherwise idle "applicance" microprocessors. The potential very substantial benefit to all users should provide a powerful force to reach consensus on important industry hardward, software, and other standards on a continuing basis for such basic parallel network processing designs. If such basic industry standards are adopted at the outset and for the least number of shared microprocessors initially, and if design improvements incorporating greater complexity and more shared microprocessors are phased in gradually overtime on a step by step basis, then conversion to a MetaInternet architecture at all component levels should be relatively easy and inexpensive (whereas an attempt at sudden, massive conversion would be hugely difficult and prohibitively expensive). The scalability of the MetaInternet system architecture (both vertically and horizontally) as described herein would make this sensible approach possible.
By 1998, manufacturing technology improvements will allow 20 million transistors to fit on a single chip (with circuits as thin as 0.25 microns) and, in the next cycle, 50 million transistors using 0.18 micron circuits. Preferably, that entire computer on a chip would be linked, preferably directly, by fiber optic or other broad bandwidth connection means so that the limiting factor on data throughput in the network system, or any part, is the speed of the linked microprocessors themselves.
For computers that are not reduced to a single chip, it is also preferred that the internal bus of any such PC's have a transmission speed that is at least high enough that the all processing operations of the PC microprocessor or microprocessors is unrestricted and that the microprocessor chip or chips are directly linked by fiber optic or other broad bandwidth connection, as with the system chip described above.
The individual user PC's can be connected to the Internet (via an Intranet)/Internet II/WWW or successor, like the MetaInternet (or other) network by any electromagnetic means, with the speed of fiber optic cable being preferred, but hybrid systems using fiber optic cable for trunk lines and coaxial cable to individual users may be more cost effective initially, but much less preferred unless cable can be made (through hardware and/or software and/or firmware and/or other component means) to provide sufficiently broad bandwidth connections to provide unrestricted throughput by connected microprocessors. Given the speed and bandwidth of transmission of fiber optic or equivalent connections, conventional network architecture and structures should be acceptable for good system performance, making possible a virtual complete interconnection network between users.
However, the best speed for any parallel processing operation should be obtained, all other things being equal, by utilizing the available microprocessors that are physically the closest together. Consequently, as shown previously in FIG. 8, the network needs have the means (through hardware and/or software and/or firmware and/or other component) to provide on a continually ongoing basis the capability for each PC to know the addresses of the nearest available PC's, perhaps sequentially, from closest to farthest, for the area or cell immediately proximate to that PC and then those cells of adjacent areas.
Network architecture that clusters PC's together should therefore be preferred and can be constructed by wired means. However, as shown in FIG. 11, it would probably be optimal to construct local network clusters 101 (or cells) of personal computers 1′ by wireless 100 means, since physical proximity of any PC 1 to its closest other PC 1′ should be easier to access directly that way, as discussed further below. Besides, it is economically preferable for at least several network providers to serve any given geographic area to provide competitive service and prices.
Optimally, then, those wireless PC connections should be PC resident and capable of communicating by wireless or wired means with all available PC's in the cluster or cell geographic area, both proximal and potentially out to the practical limits of the wireless transmission.
As shown in FIG. 12, wireless PC connections 100 can be made to existing non-PC network components, such as one or more satellites 110, or present or future equivalent or successor components and the wireless transmissions can be conventional radio waves, such as infrared or microwave, or any other part of the electromagnetic wave spectrum.
Moreover, as shown in FIG. 13, such a wireless or wired approach would also make it easily possible in the future to develop network clusters 101 of available PC's 1′ with complete interconnectivity; i.e., each available PC 1 in the cluster 101 is directly connected (preferably wirelessly 100) to every other available PC 1 in the cluster 101, constantly adjusting to individual PC's becoming available or unavailable. Given the speed of some wired broad bandwidth connections, like fiber optic cable, such clusters 101 with complete interconnectivity is certainly a possible embodiment.
As shown in FIG. 14, such wireless systems would optimally include a wireless device 120 comprised of hardware and/or software and/or firmware and/or other component, like the PC 1 availability device described above preferably resident in the PC, but also with a network-like capability of measuring the distance from each PC 1 in its cluster 101 by that PC's signal transmission by transponder or its functional equivalent and/or other means to the nearest other PC's 1′ in the cluster 101. This distance measurement could be accomplished in a conventional manner between transponder devices 120 connected to each PC in the cluster 101; for example, by measuring in effect the time delay from wireless transmission by the transponder device 120 of an interrogating signal 105 to request initiation of shared processing by a master PC 1 to the reception of a wireless transmission response 106 signaling availability to function as a slave PC from each of the idle PC's 1′ in the cluster 101 that has received the interrogation signal 105. The first response signal 106′ received by the master PC 1 would be from the closest available slave PC 1″ (assuming the simplest shared processing case of one slave PC and one master PC), which would be selected for the shared processing operation by the requesting master PC 1, since the closer the shared microprocessor, the faster the speed of the wireless connections 100 would be between sharing PC's (assuming equivalence of the connection means and other components among each of the PC's 1′).
This same transponder approach also can be used between PC's connected by a wired means, despite the fact that connection distances would generally be greater (since not line of sight, as is wireless), since the speed of transmission by the preferred broad bandwidth transmission means such as fiber optic cable is so high as to offset that greater distance. From a cost basis, this wired approach might be preferable for such PC's already connected by broad bandwidth transmission means, since additional wireless components like hardware and software would not be necessary. In that case, the same transponder device 120 would preferably be operated in wired clusters 101 in generally the same manner as described above for PC's connected in wireless clusters 101. Networks incorporating PC's 1 connected by both wireless and wired means are anticipated, like the in house mentioned in FIG. 10A, with mobile PC's or other computing devices preferably using wireless connections. Depending on distances between PC's and other factors, a local cluster 101 of a network 2 might connect wirelessly between PC's and with the network 2 by transponding means linked to wired broad bandwidth transmission means.
The same general transponder device means 120 can also be used in a wired network system employing network servers operated, for example, by an ISP, or in other network system architectures well known in the art or their future equivalents or successors.
The FIG. 14 approach to establishing local PC clusters 101 for parallel or other shared processing has major advantage in that it avoids using network computers such as servers (and, if wireless, other network components including even connection means), so that the entire local system of PC's within a cluster 101 would operate independently of network servers, routers, etc. Moreover, particularly if connected by wireless means, the size of the cluster 101 could be quite large, being limited generally by PC transmission power, PC reception sensitivity, and local conditions.
To improve response speed in shared processing involving a significant number of slave PC's 1, a virtual potential parallel processing network for PC's 1 in a cluster 101 would preferably be established before a processing request begins. This would be accomplished by the transponder device 120 in each idle PC 1, a potential slave, broadcasting by transponder 120 its available state when it becomes idle and/or periodically afterwards, so that each potential master PC 1 in the local cluster 101 would be able to maintain relatively constantly a directory of the idle PC's 1 closest to it that are available to function as slaves. The directory would be, for example, of about the standard use number of slave PC's 1 for the master PC (which initially would probably be just one other PC) or a higher number, preferably listed sequentially from the closest available PC to the farthest. The directory would be preferably updated on a relatively up to date basis, either when a change occurs in the idle state of a potential slave PC in the directory or periodically.
Such ad hoc clusters 101 should be more effective by being less arbitrary geographically, since each individual PC would be effectively in the center of its own ad hoc cluster. Scaling up or down the number of microprocessors required by each PC at any given time would also be more seamless.
The complete interconnection potentially provided optimally by such ad hoc wireless clusters is also remarkable because such clusters mimics the neural network structure of the animal brain, wherein each nerve cell, called a neuron, interconnects in a very complicated way with the neurons around it. By way of comparison, the global network computer described above that is expected in a decade will have at least about 10 times as many PC's as a human brain has neurons and they will be connected by electromagnetic waves traveling at close to the speed of light, which is about 300,000 times faster than the transmission speed of human neurons (which, however, will be much closer together).
An added note: in the next decade, as individual PC's become much more sophisticated and more network oriented, compatibility issues may recede to unimportance, as all major types of PC's will be able to emulate each other and most software, particularly relative to parallel processing, will no longer be hardware specific. Nearer term it will be important to set compatible hardware, software, firmware, and other component standards to achieve optimal performance by the components of the global network computer.
Until that compatibility is designed into the essential components of network system, the existing incompatibility of current components dramatically increase the difficulty involved in parallel processing across large networks. Programming languages like Java is one approach that will provide a partial means for dealing with this interim problem. In addition, using similar configurations of existing standards, like using PC's with a specific Intel Pentium chip with other identical or nearly identical components is probably the best way in the current technology to eliminate many of the serious existing problems that could easily be designed around in the future by adopting reasonable consensus standards for system components. The potential gains to all parties with an interest far outweigh the potential costs.
The above described global network computer system has an added benefit of reducing the serious and growing problem of nearly the immediate obsolescence of computer hardware, software, firmware, and other components. Since the preferred system above is the sum of its constituent parts used in parallel processing, each specific PC component becomes less critical. As long as access to the network utilizing sufficient bandwidth is possible, then all other technical inadequacies of the user's own PC will be completely compensated for by the network's access to a multitude of technically able PC's of which the user will have temporary use.
Although the global network computer will clearly cross the geographical boundaries of nations, its operation should not be unduly bounded by inconsistent or arbitrary laws within those states. There will be considerable pressure on all nations to conform to reasonable system architecture and operational standards generally agreed upon, since the penalty of not participating in the global network computer is potentially so high as to not be politically possible anywhere.
As shown in FIG. 15, because the largest number of user PC's will be completely idle, or nearly so, during the night, it would be optimal for the most complicated large scale parallel processing, involving the largest numbers of processors with uninterrupted availability as close together as possible, to be routed by the network to geographic areas of the globe undergoing night and to keep them there even as the Earth rotates by shifting computing resources as the world turns. As shown in FIG. 15, during the day, at least one parallel processing request by at least one PC 1 in a network 2 in the Earth's western hemisphere 131 are transmitted by very broad bandwidth connection wired 102 means such as fiber optic cable to the Earth's eastern hemisphere 132 for execution by at least one PC 1′ of a network 2′, which is idle during the night and the results are transmitted back by the same means to network 2 and the requesting at least one PC 1. Individual PC's within local networks like that operated by an ISP would likely be grouped into clusters or cells, as is typical in the practice of network industries. As is common in operating electrical power grids and telecommunications and computer networks, many such processing requests from many PC's and many networks could be so routed for remote processing, with the complexity of the system growing substantially over time in a natural progression.
This application encompasses all new apparatus and methods required to operate the above described network computer system or systems, including any associated computer or network hardware, software, or firmware (or other component), both apparatus and methods. Specifically included, but not limited to, are (in their present or future forms, equivalents, or successors): all enabling PC and network software and firmware operating systems, user interfaces and application programs; all enabling PC and network hardware design and system architecture, including all PC and other computers, network computers such as servers, microprocessors, nodes, gateways, bridges, routers, switches, and all other components; all enabling financial and legal transactions, arrangements and entities for network providers, PC users, and/or others, including purchase and sale of any items or services on the network or any other interactions or transactions between any such buyers and sellers; and all services by third parties, including to select, procure, set up, implement, integrate, operate and perform maintenance, for any or all parts of the foregoing for PC users, network providers, and/or others.
The forgoing embodiments meet the objectives of this invention as stated above. However, it will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing description has been made in terms of the preferred embodiments and that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention, which is to be defined by the appended claims.
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Interactive games rentals are an easy way to entertain guests of all ages at your next party! Arcade game rentals, simulators and interactive games all make for some great exercise as well as a thoroughly enjoyable time! Search here for Interactive Games Rentals in Greensboro NC.
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This course builds capability related to practice in a dynamic and complex healthcare financial environment. The course covers principles of healthcare economics; third party reimbursement; costing; budgets and budgeting; variance; economic evaluation methods; and writing a business plan to successfully defend or market a healthcare program.
Credit Hour Allocation: 3 Semester Credit HoursClock Hour Allocation: 3 Clock Hours Class (45 hours class)
Graduate standing
Attendance in class is an expectation of each student.
Effective Fall 2010, the APA Publication Manual 6th edition is required for use in all nursing school programs.
Students are expected to be above reproach in all scholastic activities. Students who engage in scholastic dishonesty are subject to disciplinary penalties, including the possibility of failure in the course and dismissal from the university. "Scholastic dishonesty includes but is not limited to cheating, plagiarism, collusion, and submission for credit of any work or materials that are attributable in whole or in part to another person, taking an examination for another person, any act designed to give unfair advantage to a student or the attempt to commit such acts." Regents Rules and Regulations, Part One, Chapter VI, Section 3, Subsection 3.2, Subdivision 3.22.
Any student seeking ADA Accommodations under the American with Disabilities Act should contact the Associate Dean for Admissions and Student Services within the first week of the semester so that appropriate accommodations may be arranged. A Request for Accommodations (Form 100) must be completed. These forms are available in the Office for Students Room: NS 1.106.
MSN Flyer: Master of Science in Nursing
PhD Flyer: Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing
The Office of Nursing Admissions &Student Services
877-235-0341 Toll-free


text:
Alcoholics Anonymous is a fellowship of men and women who
share their experience, strength and hope with each other
that they may solve their common problems and help others to
recover from alcoholism. The only requirement for membership
is a desire to stop drinking. There are no dues or fees for
AA membership; we are self-supporting through our own
A.A. is not allied with any sect, denomination, politics,
organization or institution; does not wish to engage in any
controversy; neither endorses nor opposes any causes. Our
primary purpose is to stay sober and help other alcoholics
to achieve sobriety.
Welcome to our "North Country" AA web site. Here
is a list of A.A. meetings in Districts 42 and 19 - we hope you will join us
"on the road of happy destiny."
Al-Anon Family Groups and Alcoholics Anonymous are
not affiliated, but do cooperate to help those afflicted with
alcoholism, whether directly or as relatives and friends of alcoholics.
As a grateful courtesy to our friends in Al-Anon we are providing
links to Al-Anon's local meeting information and to the Al-Anon World Services website.
Announcements / Events
Service Opportunities - "in committee"
(...when anyone, anywhere reaches out for help ...)
• Treatment Facilities
(CPH Rehab, Claxton Hepburn Behavioral Unit)
• Correctional Facilities
(St. Lawrence County, NY State Prisons - Riverview, Ogdensburg, Gouverneur)
• Public Information
(Speakers for schools, answer phones, webmaster, deliver meeting lists)
• Cooperation with Professional Community
(inform doctors, lawyers, clergy about A.A.)
Join us "... on the road of Happy Destiny ..."
at our next District 42 Service Meeting July 22
Monthly District General Service
District 42 - St. Lawrence International (Area 83)
>> next meeting 7/22/15 <<
>> changed to
4th Wednesday @ 6:30 pm<<
Unitarian Universalist Church
3 1/2 E. Main St., Canton NY
District 19 - St. Lawrence Adirondack (Area 48)
>> next meeting 8/4/15 <<
1st Tuesday of each month
at 6:30 pm
"39 Serenity Place"
59 1/2 Maple St., Massena NY
AA Meeting list compiled by AA District 42, in cooperation with AA
District 19.
Last updated 7/18/15
Monthly District General Service


text:
Top Ten Reasons Programming is Hard
By Adam on September 29, 2014
Of course while writing a post about why programming is hard one of the reasons came and bit me right in the behind. You see I originally started writing this list in Coda, my main code editor. About 70% of the way through I stepped aside to grab some more coffee and when I came […]
Posted in Technology | Tagged programming
Ronald Jenkees – Disorganized Fun Review
By Adam on September 27, 2014
Back when the Ronald Jenkees dropped his debut album, I was one of the first to buy and review the album. Being a great guy who really appreciates his fans, a couple weeks ago Ronald sent over a free copy of his latest album, Disorganized Fun (yes, that is an affiliate link), and I've been […]
Posted in Music | Tagged review, Ronald Jenkees
Ashmont Moves to North Dorchester
By Adam on September 23, 2010
While Milton was preparing for an invasion from Mattapan, looks like we should've taken a closer look inside Dorchester as Ashmont recently got up and moved itself to North Dorchester. At least according to Google Maps, which places Ashmont right between Upham's Corner & Savin Hill: So, is 'Old Ashmont' up for grabs now?
Posted in Boston | Tagged Ashmont, Dorchester, polish triangle, Savin Hill, Upham's Corner
Reddit owns Digg Top Ten
By Adam on August 30, 2010
Reddit is taking up all ten spots on digg.com right now.
Posted in Technology
By Adam on August 10, 2010
a combo form of man and woman, parentheses indicate communicator's gender, if neutral (aka a computer/AI/etc.). Examples:
Posted in Dictionary
Lego Printer
By Adam on August 7, 2010
Saw this a while ago and thought I'd share the awesomeness. Check this printer made entirely out of LEGOs!
Why Bicyclists Should Sue the Federal Government
By Adam on August 6, 2010
Discrimination based on the type of vehicle you ride should be illegal, yet we see it all around us. If a car wants to travel from Boston to New York, there's quite a few dedicated paths for them to choose from. But if a bicycle wants to do the same, they cannot follow the path […]
Posted in Bike | Tagged bike highway, discrimination, federal government, freeways, us bicycle route 1 | 3 Responses
Why Drivers Shouldn't Honk at Cyclists
By Adam on August 4, 2010
If the honking was to encourage me to move over so you can speed past me, then I usually move further into the lane and block you from passing me.
Why do I do this?
Because 90% of the time if you can't pass a bicycle you either shouldn't be passing because the road is too narrow or you suck at driving.
Posted in Bike | Tagged bicycle, cars, honks, horns, own the road, safety | 10 Responses
Turf Dancing in the Rain
By Adam on August 3, 2010
Is apparently how they roll in Oakland because here's a video of two crews turf dancing in O,CA, in the rain too.
Four candidates for Swagger Oakland?
Posted in Video
Clean Environment Players: It's Economics Stupid
By Adam on July 25, 2010
The problem doesn't lie with just governments, corporations or humans or any other single entity. It's a complete and systemic failure of humanity. For all of our wonderful inventions and advances, the net impact on this planet and our place in the universe has undoubtedly been negative. We've taken, taken and taken and given so little back.
Posted in Economics | Tagged change, corporations, environment, Government | 2 Responses


text:
BoltXGussy - Stars Align... by EmeraldarcbreonWatch
You know this better than I can explain
I lived it
Was lost and now I'm moving on
You wake up
Realize the dream
I feel that our luck is now coming on
See the stars align
And you know it's all for you
Down were you before
Now you come alive for this
There's calm inside the storm
If you know just what you're trying for
See what you could be
And you know you shine for me
Why not now
Remember how we saw it to be
I still see it
Still time enough for me
I see it shining
Can almost touch it
You can taste it in the air....
Kaskade - Stars Align: www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Q1ncr…
Hiiiii! I'm back from FA, to those who don't watch me there. ;D
After posting something there, I immediately got started on this.
Btw, I've been finding a lot of songs to draw my couples to, and so far I'm loving it! So much inspiration boiling up inside me it's crazy right now. *w* I'm sure you guys recognize that certain Goodra, eh?
Yes, next couple scratched... Ampharos X Goodra, or, in this case, Bolt X Gussy. :3
While they aren't in the same egg group or anything *sad face*, they do look like a fun pair. Especially without Amphy as shiny, Yellow and purple look pretty good together.
So here's Bolt (As a non-mega) and Gussy. The two managed to go stargazing -their favorite pastime- right when the sun went down, the stars arriving quite early tonight and the two got a chance to catch quite a sight.
Will I write a story to this? Maaaaybe. >w< Now that I got that idea written down I now need to think about it.
I also wanted to draw their hold items on them but Gussy's assault vest was annoying to put on her since I finished lining it before I added it. I also tried to ass grass under Bolt there, but Sai froze on me while doing that, so I went "F U" and just kept it the way it is. X'D
Next couple in line... LuxrayXPyroar. Gonna get some Lion King inspiration out there.
Hope you like it!!
Ampharos/Goodra: Pokémon/Pokémon XY
Characters/Art: Mine


text:
Lightweight contender and NABA champion Rod Salka returns to the ring on May 3 at The Convocation Center on the campus of California University.
Salka will be joined by the always exciting rising heavyweight contender Jason Bergman , Scott Alfer (1-0), and Eric Palmer (2-0). Two members of the fighting Karpency clan will also be in action.
Jeremiah "Bo" Karpency (7-0) will be in action as well as his younger brother Dan (Pro Debut). This should be a great venue for a fight and is a can't miss event.
Tickets are $25 for general admission, $35 for first level, and $50 for the floor. Ringside tickets are available upon request. The first bell is at 8:00.


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Come explore Chattanooga, Tennessee from our hotel! See over 10,000 animals with tickets to the Tennessee Aquarium and Imax, plus enjoy breakfast on us each morning.
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Global Affairs Majors
Undergraduates interested in global affairs will still find their main source of advising and opportunities through Yale's Undergraduate Career Services Office and their online job system, E-Recruiting. http://www.yale.edu/career/
Jackson Career Programming for Global Affairs Majors:
- Networking trip to NYC
- Mock interview opportunities
- Opportunities to attend small group meetings, dinners, or coffee gatherings with career speakers
- Summer receptions in NYC and DC for Jackson students, internship supervisors, and alumni
- Summer dinners in London and Geneva for Jackson students, internship supervisors, and alumni
Questions? Contact Elizabeth K. Gill, Director of Career Services.


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Add a little personality to your corporate look
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Not quite ready to let go of that holiday feeling? Accessories with ethnic accessories and hang onto your summery mood a little longer.
Product Name: Deepa Gurnani 'Tribal Stacked' cuff
Why it's Chic: This cuff makes it look like you've expertly chosen a mix of bangles, but without the fuss.
Details: Leather back with mixed glass beads and crystals. Length: 7.5in / 19cm, Width: 2.5in / 6.5cm
Who it's for: Want to add a bit of an exotic look to your stuffy work wardrobe? Well, this is for you.
What to wear it with: This unique piece will look great with any of your printed Monday to Friday frocks.
What it costs: $97.51 (approx.)
Where to buy: Shopbop
Classic Style Rating: 3.5/5
Do you add a little personality to your more corporate outfits with jewellery? Let us know below.
While discussion and debate is welcome, we do not tolerate name calling, personal attacks or other forms of abuse, and reserve the right to delete any comment we don't deem appropriate.


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Unlike in countries where unisex names blur the distinction between boys and girls, there's no mistaking a Polish girl name. In our entire list of Polish baby names, we could only find a handful of girl names that didn't end in "a." If you're not a fan of gender bending baby names, a Polish name could be just what you're looking for.
Polish: Victorious; conquerer of the people. Variant of Nicholas.
Russian: Victorious; conquerer of the people. Variant of Nicholas.
Greek Origin
Polish: God protect the king; biblical king of Babylon who learned of his impending defeat by literally reading the writing on the...
Polish: Feminine form of John and a variant of Jane; Jana was the wife of Janus in Roman mythology.
This name isn't technically illegal (though "Adolf" and "Hitler" together is), but you'll be hard-pressed to find a parent... Read More
Finnish Origin
Polish Origin