text:
A high speed, high density electrical connector. The connector is assembled from wafers. Each wafer is formed by molding a first dielectric housing over a shield plate. Signal contacts are inserted into the first dielectric housing and a second housing is overmolded on the first housing. Features are employed to lock the first and second housings together with the shield plate to provide a mechanically robust subassembly. The connector as formed has a good electrical properties, including precise impedance control and low cross talk.
1. A method of manufacturing an electrical connector assembled from wafers, including a process of manufacturing the wafers comprising:
a) providing a shield plate having an upper surface and a lower surface, the shield plate having a plurality of contact tails extending therefrom, the contact tails connected to the shield plate through a portion bent to raise the contact tail above the plane of the shield plate;
b) providing a first dielectric housing on the shield plate, the first dielectric housing having a cavity and a plurality of openings extending from the cavity and the first dielectric housing also encapsulating the bent portions attaching the contact tails to the shield plate;
c) providing a plurality of signal contacts, each of the signal contacts having a contact tail, a contact region and an intermediate portion joining the contact tail and the contact region;
d) inserting the plurality of signal contacts into the first dielectric housing with the intermediate portions in the cavity, the contact regions in one of the plurality of openings and the contact tails extending from the first dielectric housing; and
e) providing a second dielectric housing substantially over the cavity, thereby securing the shield, the first dielectric housing and the signal contacts together as a wafer, whereby the contact tails of the shield plate and the signal contacts are secured.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. An electrical connector having a first piece and a second intermateable piece,
the first connector piece comprising:
a first housing having opposing side walls;
a plurality of blades disposed in rows parallel to the opposing side walls;
a plurality of first shield plates disposed between adjacent rows of blades, each of the shield plates having a flat portion and a plurality of slots;
the second connector piece comprising:
a) a second housing having a mating face with a plurality of openings therein, each of the openings aligned with one of the blades from the first connector piece;
b) a plurality of signal contacts each having a mating portion accessible within one of the openings;
c) a plurality of second shield plates disposed within the second housing perpendicular to the shield plates in the first connector piece, each of the shield plates having a slot formed therein, the slots positioned to engage one of the plurality of first shield plates;
d) wherein the second housing is shaped to expose portions of the second shield plates adjacent the slots in the second shield plate, whereby the slots of the first shield plates engage the exposed portions.
9. The electrical connector of
10. The electrical connector of
11. The electrical connector of
12. The electrical connector of
13. A method of manufacturing an electrical connector from a plurality of wafers by manufacturing wafers according to the method of:
a) providing a shield plate with an upper surface and a lower surface, the plate having raised portions in the upper surface thereby forming recesses in the lower surface;
b) providing a first insulative housing on the upper surface of the shield plate and the lower surface of the shield plate in the recesses, the insulative housing having a cavity therein;
c) inserting signal contacts into the cavity, each having a mating portion, a tail and an intermediate portion joining the mating portion and the tail;
d) placing insulative material in the cavity to secure the signal contacts to the first housing, while leaving the mating portions and the tails of the signal contacts exposed; and
e) stacking the wafers side by side with the first insulative housing provided in the recess of one wafer adjacent the exposed mating portions of the signal contacts in an adjacent wafer.
14. The method of manufacturing an electrical connector of
15. The method of
16. The method of
17. A connector having a mating interface comprising:
a) a shield plate having a front edge, the shield plate having a plurality of ribs formed therein and a plurality of beams formed at right angles to the shield plate adjacent a slot therein;
b) housing affixed to the shield plate, the housing having a plurality of openings formed therein;
c) a plurality of signal contacts, each signal contact having a mating contact portion disposed within one of the plurality of openings, with one of the plurality of beams between adjacent ones of the signal contacts.
18. The connector of
19. The connector of
20. The connector of
21. The connector of
22. An electrical connector of the type having a plurality of contacts disposed in multiple rows, comprising:
a) a conducting housing having a first surface having a plurality of rows of holes, with contacts extending through the holes;
b) a plurality of strips of insulative material, each of the strips running along a row of holes and each strip comprising insulative plugs disposed within the holes and insulative material joining the plugs into a strip;
c) wherein the contacts are anchored in the plugs.
23. The connector of
This invention relates generally to electrical interconnects and more specifically to high speed, high density electrical connectors used to interconnect printed circuit boards.
Modem electronic circuitry is often built on printed circuit boards. The printed circuit boards are then interconnected to create a complete system, such as a computer work station or a router for a communications network. Electrical connectors are often used to make the interconnections. In general, the connectors come in two pieces, with one piece on each board. The connector pieces mate to provide signal paths between the boards.
A good connector must have a combination of several properties. It must provide signal paths with appropriate electrical properties such that the signals are not unduly distorted as they move between boards. In addition, the connector must ensure that the pieces mate easily and reliably. Further, the connector must be rugged, so that it is not damaged by handling of the printed circuit boards. In many systems, it is also important that the connectors have a high density, meaning they can carry a large number of electrical signal per unit length.
Examples of very successful high speed, high density electrical connectors are the VHDMT™ and VHDM-HSDT™ connectors sold by Teradyne Connection Systems of Nashua, N.H., USA.
It would, however, be desirable to provide an even better electrical connector. It is also desirable to provide simplified methods of manufacturing connectors.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved high speed, high density electrical connector.
The foregoing and other objects arm achieved in an electrical connector assembled from wafers. Each wafer includes a shield member, signal members and an insulative housing. The wafers arc formed in a plurality of molding steps that encapsulate the shield member and signal members in the insulative housing in a predetermined relationship.
In the preferred embodiment, insulator is molded around the shield, leaving spaces to receive the signal contacts. The signal contacts are then placed into the spaces and a second molding operation is performed, leaving an interlocked molded housing.
According to other features of the preferred embodiment, the shield and plastic housing are shaped to provide mechanical integrity for the wafers.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of a shielded waferized connector, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. For clarity and ease of description, the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a two piece, modular electrical connector.
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a wafer of FIG. 1 assembled according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a diagram of a shield plate.
FIG. 4 is a diagram of a wafer subassembly including the shield plate of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a diagram of a signal lead frame.
FIG. 6 is a diagram of the signal lead frame of FIG. 5 positioned on the wafer subassembly of FIG. 4.
FIG. 7 depicts the assembly of FIG. 6 after the signal lead frame carrier strip tie bars have been severed.
FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the wafers mated with the backplane connector;
FIG. 9 shows the wafers mated with the backplane connector from the reverse angle; and
FIG. 10 shows an exploded view of alternative embodiment of the backplane connector.
Referring to FIG. 1, a two piece electrical connector 100 is shown to include a backplane connector 105 and a daughtercard connector 110. The backplane connector 105 includes a backplane shroud 102 and a plurality of signal contacts 112, here, arranged in an array of differential signal pairs. A single-ended configuration of the signal contacts 112 is also contemplated. In the illustrated embodiment, the backplane shroud 102 is molded from a dielectric material such as a liquid crystal polymer (LCP), a polyphenyline sulfide (PPS) or a high temperature nylon.
The signal contacts 112 extend through a floor 104 of the backplane shroud 102 providing a contact area both above and below the floor 104 of the shroud 102. Here, the contact area of the signal contacts 112 above the shroud floor 104 are in the form of a blade contact 106. The tail portion 114 contact area of the signal contact 112 which extends below the shroud floor 104 here, is in the form of a press fit, "eye of the needle" compliant contact. However, other configurations are also suitable such as surface mount elements, spring contacts, solderable pins, etc. In a typical configuration, the backplane connector 105 mates with the daughtercard connector 110 at the blade contacts 106 and connects with signal traces in a backplane (not shown) through the tail portions 114 which are pressed into plated through holes in the backplane.
The backplane shroud 102 further includes side walls 108 a, 108 b which extend along the length of opposing sides of the backplane shroud 102. The side walls 108 a, 108 b include grooves 118 which run vertically along an inner surface of the side walls 108 a, 108 b. Grooves 118 serve to guide the daughtercard connector 110 into the appropriate position in shroud 102. Running parallel with the sides walls 108 a, 108 b are a plurality of shield plates 116 located here, between rows of pairs of signal contacts 112. In a singled ended configuration, the plurality of shield plates 116 would be located between rows of signal contacts 112. However, other shielding configurations could be formed, including having the shield plates 116 running between the walls of the shrouds, transverse to the direction illustrated.
Each shield plate 116 includes a tail portion 117 which extends through the shroud base 104. Here, the tail portion 117 is formed as an "eye of the needle" compliant contact which is press fit into the backplane however, other configurations are also suitable such as surface mount elements, spring contacts, solderable pins, etc.
The daughtercard connector 110 is shown to include a plurality of modules or wafers 120 which are supported by a stiffener 130. Each wafer 120 includes features 44 which are inserted into apertures (not numbered) in the stiffener to locate each wafer 120 with respect to another and further to prevent rotation of the wafer 120.
Referring now to FIG. 2, a single wafer is shown. Wafer 120 is shown to include a dielectric housing 132, 134 which is formed around both a daughtercard shield plate 10 (FIG. 3) and a signal lead frame 60 (FIG. 5). A preferred manner of forming the dielectric housing around the shield plate 10 and signal lead frame 60 will be discussed in detail in conjunction with FIGS. 3-9.
Extending from a first edge of each wafer 120 are a plurality of signal contact tails 128 a-128 d, which extend from the signal lead frame 60, and a plurality of ground contact tails 122 a-122 d, which extend from a first edge of the shield plate 10. In the preferred embodiment, the plurality of signal contact tails 128 a-128 d and the plurality of ground contact tails 122 a-122 d are arranged in a single plane.
Here, both the signal contact tails 128 a-128 d and the ground contact tails 122 a-122 d are in the form of press fit "eye of the needle" compliants which are pressed into plated through holes located in a printed circuit board (not shown). Other configurations for the signal contact tails 128 a-128 d and ground contact tails 122 a-122 d are also suitable such as surface mount elements, spring contacts, solderable pins, etc. Here, the signal contact tails 128 are configured to provide a differential signal and, to that end, are arranged in pairs 128 a-128 d.
Near a second edge of each wafer 120 are mating contact regions 124 of the signal contacts which mate with the signal contacts 112 of the backplane connector 105. Here, the mating contact regions 124 are provided in the form of dual beams to mate with the blade contact 106 end of the backplane signal contacts 112. The mating contact regions are positioned within openings in dielectric housing 132 to protect the contacts. Openings in the mating face of the wafer allow the signal contacts 112 to also enter those openings to allow mating of the daughter card and backplane signal contacts.
To carry a differential signal, the beams 124 are configured in pairs 124 a-124 d, 124 a′-124 d′. In a single-ended configuration, the beams 124 are not provided in pairs.
Provided between the pairs of dual beam contacts 124 and also near the second edge of the wafer are shield beam contacts 126 a-126 c. Shield beam contacts are connected to daughtercard shield plate 10 and arc preferably formed from the same sheet of metal used to form shield plate 10. Shield beam contacts 126 a . . . 126 c engage an upper edge of the backplane shield plate 116 when the daughtercard connector 110 and backplane connector 105 are mated. In an alternate embodiment (not shown), the beam contact is provided on the backplane shield plate 116 and a blade is provided on the daughtercard shield plate 10 between the pairs of dual beam contacts 124. Thus, the specific shape of the shield contact is not critical to the invention.
As mentioned above, the wafers include a dielectric housing 132, 134. The wafers 120 are, in the preferred embodiment, produced by a two step molding process. The first housing 132 of dielectric material is formed over the top surface of the daughtercard shield 10. The signal lead frame 60 (FIG. 5) is placed on the surface of the first housing 132 and the second dielectric housing 134 is formed over the signal lead frame 60, encapsulating the signal lead frame 60 between the first and second dielectric housings 132, 134. The two-step molding process is described in further detail in conjunction with FIGS. 3-9.
Referring now to FIG. 3, the daughtercard shield 10 is shown attached to a carrier strip 12. Typically, a plurality of daughtercard shields are provided on a carrier strip 12 which can be fed into assembly equipment. The carrier strip 12 is shown to include a series of apertures. Here, the apertures located at each end of the carrier strip are used as alignment holes 13. In a preferred embodiment, the plurality of shields and the carrier strip are stamped and formed from a long sheet of metal.
In the illustrated embodiment, the daughtercard shield 10 is attached to the carrier strip 12 at two locations, generally referred to as tie bars 14 a, 14 b. Adjacent shields 10 are attached at points indicated by carrier strips 30 a and 30 b. The carrier strips 14 and 30 are left in place to provide mechanical support and to aid in handling the wafer during manufacturing, but are severed at any convenient time before daughter card connector 110 (FIG. 1) is assembled.
Various features are formed into daughtercard shield 10. As described above, dielectric housing 132 is molded on the upper surface of shield 10. A plurality of tabs 18 and 21 are formed in shield 10 and bent above the upper surface. When dielectric housing 132 is molded on this surface of shield plate 10, tabs 18 and 21 become embedded in dielectric housing and secure shield 10 to dielectric housing 132. Thus, these features enhance the mechanical integrity of the wafer 120.
A second group of tabs 320 is also formed on the upper surface of shield 10. As will be shown more clearly in connection with FIG. 4, tabs 320 become embedded in dielectric housing 134 and further promote mechanical integrity of wafer 120 by ensuring the shield and both dielectric housings are secured together.
Additionally, tabs 318 are formed from the plate. Tabs 318 serve multiple purposes. As with tabs 18, 20 and 320, tabs 318 assist in securing the plate 10 to the dielectric housing. Additionally, tabs 318 serve as a point of attachment for contact tails 122 a . . . 122 d. Because tabs 318 are bent above the plane of shield 10, contact tails 122 a . . . 122 d align with signal contact tails 128 a . . . 128 d to form a single column of contact tails for each wafer. As a further benefit, tabs 318 position the contact tails 122 a . . . 122 d within the dielectric housing and make them less susceptible to bending when the contact tails 122 a . . . 122 d are pressed into a printed circuit board. As a result, the connector is more robust.
Ring 16 is an example of an alignment feature that can be used during manufacture of the connector elements. At various steps in the manufacture of the connector, the components need to be aligned relative to tooling or to each other. For example, the shield 10 needs to be aligned relative to the mold or to tools when selective metalization of the contact regions on the shield plate are required. Ring 16 is outside of the path of the signal contacts and therefore has little impact on the shielding effectiveness of shield 10 and is preferably severed when no longer needed for alignment. Ring 16 includes tabs (not numbered) that become embedded into the housing to hold ring 16 in place after it is severed, thereby keeping ring 16 from interfering with operation of the connector.
Shield 10 contains additional features. Holes 22 are included in shield plate 10 to allow access to the internal portions of wafer 120 at later steps of the manufacturing operation. Their use is described later in conjunction with FIG. 7.
The front edge of shield plate 10 includes slots 332. Each of the slots 332 receives a backplane shield 116 when the connector pieces are mated. Also, the metal cut out to form the slot 332 is formed into a shield beam contact 126.
Because cutting slots 332 reduces the mechanical integrity of the front of shield 10, raised portions 330 and raised ribs 333 can be formed near the front edge of shield 332. Forming raised portions increases the stiffness of the shield in this region. The raised portions also move the shield plate 10 of one wafer away from the adjacent wafer and create a recessed area. During molding, the recessed area becomes filled with molding material to create a dielectric region (element 912, FIG. 9). As shown in FIG. 1, signal contacts 124 are exposed at the top of the wafer. When the daughter cared and backplane connectors mate, blades 106 will press signal contacts 124 will be biased upward, or toward the shield plate of the adjacent wafer. Dielectric region 912 prevents the signal contacts on one wafer from contacting the shield plate of the adjacent wafer.
In the illustrated embodiment, slot 332 does not extend the entire length of raised portions 330. There is a flat region 331 above each slot 332. Flat region 331 is included for engaging a backplane connector having a castellated upper edge as shown in FIG. 1.
Holes 26 are also included in the plate in raised portions 330. As dielectric housing 132 is molded onto shield 10, dielectric material will flow through holes 26, thereby locking the dielectric to the shield 10, providing greater stiffness at the front end of the connector. Holes 24 are also included in shield 10. Holes 24, like holes 26, are used to lock the pieces of the connector together. Holes 24 are filled when dielectric housing 134 is molded, thereby locking dielectric housing to shield 10.
Shield 10 also may include features to increase the signal integrity of the connector. Projections 28 a and 28 b are included to provide shielding around the end row contacts. When the connector halves are mated, the interior mating contact regions 124 b and 124 c will each be between shield plates 116 from the backplane connector. However, the exterior mating contact regions 124 a and 124 d will each have a shield plate 116 from the backplane connector on only one side. Because the spacing and shape of the ground conductors around a conductor influence the signal carrying properties of that conductor, it is sometimes desirable to have grounded conductors on all sides of a conductor, particularly in the mating contact region.
For the interior mating contact regions 124 b and 124 c, the shield 10 of the wafer 120 in which the signal contacts are attached and the shield 10 of the adjacent wafer provide a ground plane on two sides of the mating contacts. The other two sides are shielded by two of the backplane shields 116, to create a grounded box around the mating portions of the signal conductors. For the exterior mating contact portions, a grounded box around the mating portions is also created, with the four sides being made up of the shields 10 from two adjacent wafers 120, a backplane shield 116 and one of the projections 28 a or 28 b. Thus, the exterior mating contact portions 124 a and 124 d benefit from ground conductors on all four sides. Overall, it is desirable that all signal conductors have symmetric shielding that is similar for all pairs of conductors.
Turning now to FIG. 4, a wafer in the next step of manufacture is shown. In this figure, dielectric housing 132 is shown molded over a shield 10. Insert molding is known in the art and is used in the connector art to provide conductors within a dielectric housing. In contrast with prior art connectors, dielectric material is molded over the majority of the surface of shield 10. Additionally, the dielectric is largely on the upper surface of shield, leaving the lower surface of the shield exposed.
Tabs 18, 318 and 20 are not visible in FIG. 4. Tabs 18, 318 and 20 are embedded in dielectric housing 132. Tabs 322 are visible because dielectric housing 132 is molded to leave windows 424 around tabs 322. Likewise, holes 22 and 24 are visible because no dielectric housing has been molded around them. Holes 26 are not visible, however, because dielectric housing 132 has been molded to fill those holes and to fill the open spaces behind raised portions 330.
Various features are molded into dielectric housing 132. Cavity 450 bounded by walls 452 is left generally in the central portions of the housing 132. Channels 422 are formed in the floor of cavity 450 by providing closely spaced projecting portions of dielectric housing. As shown more clearly in FIG. 6, channels 422 are used to position signal conductors. Also, openings 426 are molded to allow a mating contact area for each signal contact. The front face of dielectric housing 132 creates the mating face of the connector and contains holes to receive blades 106 from the backplane connector, as is known in the art. The walls of opening 426 protect the mating contact area.
In the illustrated embodiment, the floor of opening 426 has a recess 454 formed therein. Shield plate 10 is visible through recess 454. When the connector pieces are mated, a blade 106 enters opening 426 through the front mating face and is pressed against the floor of opening 426 by a signal contact 124. Thus a recess 454 will be between the blade 106 and the shield, leaving an air space. The air space formed by recess 454 increases the impedance of the signal path in the vicinity of the mating interface, which is otherwise a low impedance section of the signal path. It is desirable to have the impedance of the signal path uniform throughout.
Slots 410 are molded to expose slots 332 and shield beam contacts 126. Slots 410 receive shield plates 116 from the backplane connector, which make electrical connection to shield beam contacts 126. Slots 410 each have a tapered surface 412 opposing the shield beam contact 126. As the backplane and daughter card connectors mate, a shield plate 116 will enter a slot 410. The shield plate 116 could be pressed towards tapered surface 412 by the spring action of shield beam contacts 126. The taper of tapered surface 412 guides the leading edge of the backplane shield plate 116 into position at the far end of slot 410, thereby preventing stubbing of the shield plate during mating of the connectors.
Hole 430 is left in dielectric housing 132 to allow access to ring 16 for the purpose of severing tie bar 14a from shield plate 10. Severing the tie bars close to the signal and ground contacts reduces the stubs attached to the signal and ground members. Stubs are sometimes undesirable at high frequencies because they change the electrical properties of the device.
Turning now to FIG. 5, signal contact blank 510 is shown. Signal contact blank 510 is stamped and formed from a long sheet of metal. Numerous signal contact blanks are formed from a sheet of metal, with the signal contact blanks being held together on carrier strips 512. The carrier strips 512 can include holes for indexing or to otherwise facilitate handling on the carrier strips.
As can be seen in FIG. 5, each of the signal contacts is stamped and formed to have the required mating contact region 124 and contact tail 128. Additionally, each signal contact has an intermediate portion 518 joining the contact region and the contact tail.
As initially formed, the signal contacts are held together with tie bars 516 and held to the carrier strips with tie bars 514. These tie bars provide mechanical stability to signal contact blank while the connector is being assembled. However, they must be severed before the connector is used. Otherwise, they would short out the signal contacts. A method of severing the tie bars is shown in connection with FIG. 7.
Signal contact blank 510 is preferably stamped from metal. A metal traditionally used in the connector is preferred, with a copper based beryllium alloys and phosphor-bronze being suitable metals. Portions of the signal contacts, particularly the contact region can be coated with gold if desired to reduce oxidation and improve the reliability of the electrical connections.
The signal contacts also include projections 520. As described above, the signal contacts are placed into channels 422 in dielectric housing 132. Projections 520 grip the walls of the channels 422 to hold the signal contacts in place.
In the next step of the manufacturing operation, the signal contact blank 510 is overlaid on the dielectric housing 132 as shown in FIG. 4. Wafer 120 in this state of manufacture is shown in FIG. 6. Note that the holes in the carrier strips 12 and 512 are used to line up the signal contacts with the carrier strips for shield 10. Because the molding operation that molded dielectric housing 132 over shield 10 was also based on the holes in carrier strip 12, precise alignment of all parts of the connector is achieved. Tooling to press the signal contacts into the channels 422 can also use those holes for positioning.
Turning to FIG. 7, the severing of the tie bars is illustrated. Those tie bars 514 that extend beyond the dielectric housing 132 can be easily sheared at a point outside the housing 132. Preferably, they are sheared as close to the housing as possible.
Each of the tie bars 516 that is internal to the dielectric housing 132 passes over a hole 22. A tool can be inserted through the hole, thereby severing the tie bars 516.
Then, the wafer is subjected to a second molding operation. In this operation, cavity 450 is filled to create dielectric housing 134 (FIG. 2). Openings 426 are not filled, however, to allow mating contact regions 124 to move freely and provide the required mating force.
FIG. 8 shows the wafers 120 assembled into a connector mated to a backplane connector. Blades 106 engage with the signal contacts 124. The backplane shield plates 116 are inside slots 410 and engage with shield beam contacts 126.
In the illustrated embodiment, the shield plates 116 have a plurality of slots 812, to form castellations along the upper edges of shield plates 116. Each of the slots 812 engages a flat region 331 (FIG. 3), which is left exposed in slot 410 (FIG. 4) when housing 132 is molded. Slots 812 reduces the required depth of slots 332 formed in shield plate 10 (FIG. 3), but allows the shield plates 116 to be longer in the regions where they mate with shield beam contacts 126. Reducing the required depth of slots 332 improves the mechanical integrity of the wafer. Allowing longer shield plates increases the amount of "advance mating," which can be desirable. Advance mating refers to the distance between the point where the ground contacts mate and the signal contacts mate as the daughter card and the backplane connectors are being pushed together during connector mating.
Turning now to FIG. 9, a mated wafer 120 is shown from the shield side. As described above, dielectric housing 132 is molded on the upper surface of shield 10. Thus, on the side of wafer 120 visible in FIG. 9, the lower surface 910 of shield 10 is visible. Raised portions 330 (FIG. 3) and raised ribs 333 (FIG. 3) on the upper surface of shield 10 create recesses on the lower surface 910. These recesses are filled with dielectric during the molding of dielectric housing 132, leaving dielectric regions 912. Dielectric regions 912 serve multiple purposes. They interact with the plastic that has filled holes 26 (FIG. 3) to lock the dielectric housing 132 to shield plate 10 along the upper edge of wafer 120. They also insulate shield plate 10 from signal contacts 124 in an adjacent wafer. Thus, they reduce the chance that signal contacts will be shorted to ground.
Turning now to FIG. 10, an alternative embodiment of the backplane connector is shown. In this embodiment, the shroud 1002 is formed from a conductive material. In the preferred embodiment, the conductive material is a metal, such as die cast zinc. Possibly, the metal is coated with chromate or nickel to prevent anodization.
To prevent the blades from shorting to the conductive shroud, dielectric spacers can be inserted into the shroud 1002 and then the blades 106 can be inserted into the spacers. In the preferred embodiment, the dielectric strips are pushed into holes 1012 in the floor of shroud 1002. Each dielectric strip is molded from plastic and includes plugs 1014 on the lower surface to make an interference fit with the holes 1012. Holes 1016 in dielectric strips 1010 receive blades 106. Dielectric strips 1010 simplify manufacture in comparison to traditional dielectric spacers.
There are several advantages of a connector made as described above. One advantage results from the multi-step molding process. The spacing between the signal contacts and the ground plane formed by shield 10 is very tightly controlled. Controlled spacing results in better impedance control, which is desirable.
As another advantage, molding the dielectric housing onto the shield plate 10 reduces the overall thickness of the wafers, allowing a connector with higher density to be formed.
Also, molding dielectric material over dielectric material allows for advantages during the manufacture of the connector. The perimeter of the second dielectric housing 134 overlaps places where the first dielectric housing 137 is already molded. The perimeter of dielectric housing 134 is formed where a wall of a mold shuts off the flow of plastic material during the molding operation. Thus, when second dielectric housing 134 is molded, the mold is clamping down on the dielectric housing 132. Less precision is needed in the molding operation and also greater mold life can be expected when the mold clamps down on plastic as is the case when second dielectric housing 134 is molded.
Another advantage is that making wafers through an overmolding operation allows a family of connectors to be inexpensively made on different pitches between columns of contacts. The inter-column pitch can be changed by changing the thickness of the overmolding 134. Increasing the pitch might, for example, be done to reduce cross-talk and thereby increase the speed of the connector. It might also be desirable to increase the pitch to allow 10 mil traces to be routed to the connector rather than more stand 8 mil traces. As operating speeds increase, thicker traces are sometimes needed. Using the disclosed design, the same tooling can be used to form housing 132, shields 10 and signal contact blank 510 regardless of the thickness of the wafer. Also, the same assembly tooling might be used. Having so much of the manufacturing process and tooling in common for connectors on different pitches is an important advantage.
Further, the two step molding operation securely locks the contacts tails into the insulative housing for both the shield and signal contacts. Securely locking the contact tails into the housing is particularly important for connectors made with press fit contacts. The contacts receive very high force when the connector is mounted onto a printed circuit board. If the tails are not securely locked into the insulative housing, there is an increased risk that the contacts will bend or crumble, preventing adequate interconnection of the connector to the board.
While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.
For example, the invention is described as applied to a right angle backplane connector. The invention might be employed with connectors in other configurations, such as mezzanine or stacking connectors, which join printed circuit boards that are parallel to each other. The invention might also be used to manufacture cable connectors. To make a cable connector, the contact tails use to attach the connector would be replaced by cables. Often, cables are shielded and the shields of the cable attach to the shields of the connectors. Often the signal contacts of the power connectors do not bend at right angles. The mating interface of a power connector, is however, usually the same as the mating interface of the right angle daughter card connector. Having the same interface allows the power connector to plug into the same backplane connector as the daughter card connector.
As another example, the order of various manufacturing steps might be interchanged. The order in which the tie bars 514 and 516 are severed is not critical to the manufacture of the connector. Tie bars 514 could be severed first and then carrier strips 512 might be removed before dielectric housing 134 is molded. In this way, tie bars can be removed when carrier strips 512 are removed.
Likewise, carrier strips 516 might be severed to separate the signal contacts in a signal contact blank before dielectric housing 134 is molded. If carrier strips 516 are severed after the molding operation, holes 22 are left exposed.
Further, it should be appreciated that the specific shapes of the contact elements are illustrative. Various shapes, sizes and locations for contact elements would be suitable in a connector according to the invention. For example, the shield member does not have to be a single plate, but could instead be formed from a plurality of shield segments. Further, slots could be formed in the shield plate to reduce resonance in the plate.
As another example, it should be appreciated that tabs, such as 18 and 322 are shown as attachment features that serve to attach the dielectric housings to the shield plate 10. Holes 26 are also illustrations of attachment features. Tabs might be interchanged for holes. Alternatively, attachment features with other shapes might be used.
Also, thermoplastic material is generally used for injection molding, which can be used for the molding steps. Other types of molding could be used. In addition, dielectric housing 134 might not be formed by molding. Rather, it could be formed by filling cavity 450 with an epoxy or other settable material.
Yet further modifications are possible. In the above-described embodiment, a metal stiffener is shown. Other methods of attaching the wafers are possible, including attaching them to plastic support structures or otherwise securing the wafers together.
It should also be appreciated that all of the listed features and advantages described need to be present simultaneously to get benefit of the invention.
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text:
Genre :Drama, Comedy
Release Date :June 21, 2013 (Limited)
MPAA Rating :PG-13
Director :Paul Andrew Williams
Starring :Vanessa Redgrave, Terence Stamp, Gemma Arterton, Christopher Eccleston, Anne Reid, Calita Rainford
REVIEWS RATE: Critics Readers Be the 1st!
"..the plot, alas, is equally predictable. Though dying of cancer, Marion remains a dedicated member of the center's chorus, which is enthusiastically practicing for an upcoming musical competition.."
by Elizabeth Weitzman [New York Daily News]
"..the film is ultimately about the redemption of Arthur, him finding his heart and reconnecting with his son before it's too late.."
by Ernest Hardy [Village Voice]
"..Stamp finds more honest (and less condescending) humor in his grumpy character, who is forced to take center stage and mount a rebellion when the choir's participation in a competition is threatened by a totally contrived obstacle.."
by Lou Lumenick [New York Post]
"..it may be the equivalent of NBA stars tossing crumpled paper into a wastebasket, but you're no less compelled to watch old pros go through the motions.."
by Eric Hynes [Time Out New York]
"..it may be hokum, but it gets to you.."
by Stephen Holden [New York Times]
"..in the film, a comment is made about the power of a voice being not in technique but in the journey it took to get there. Stamp and Redgrave and living embodiments of that philosophy.."
by Peter Travers [Rolling Stone]
"..but "Unfinished Song" is a movie so geared toward hitting its spots, it amounts to emotional Muzak rather than something truly played live.."
by Robert Abele [Los Angeles Times]
"..away from the choral setting, Unfinished Song is an uplifting ode to the celebration of life at any age.."
by Claudia Puig [USA Today]
"..and I liked the message that what makes a song beautiful is not always the quality of the voice singing it but the heart and soul behind it.."
by Rex Reed [New York Observer]
Reviewed by Trevor Johnston [Time Out]

subset: commoncrawl


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Applications of Radiofone, Cellular Mobile of Louisiana, Mid- America Cellular Systems for DPCRTS CP to serve New Orleans, LA; exceptionsexceptions to ALJ ID granting Radiofone filed by CMS, MACS.
Download OptionsReleased: January 10, 1985
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Oh for those who stuill mess withis the svn builds as of about a week ago got FXAA 3.10
So, new laptop and i decide to try PCSX2 again.
I'll let you guys know how it goes
So yeah, not so well.
Dunno, SSX3 and Budokai games drop to 20fps during actual game play.
Followed currys guide and all.
Specs are
i5 430m
ATI 5470mobility 1gb
Last edited by Raitei; 07-31-2010 at 11:42 PM.
Oh for those who stuill mess withis the svn builds as of about a week ago got FXAA 3.10
Might try again, see how it works on my laptop, not high hopes though
Well, the CPU should be able to run most games adequately, but the GPU... I dunno. My i3 330m coupled with a 5650 cannot run more demanding games (FFXII or so) at full speed. But from what I can tell, it's the CPU that's in need of more speed, not the GPU.
My new desktop PC should run all games at full speed, though I never tried it yet...
Kept you waiting
FXAA is a shader implementation of a heuristic AA algorithm. Not as good as real MSAA, but MUCH faster and can easily be implemented in most software... even after it's been done.
Kept you waiting
Yeah it's practically no hit. It works best with 2x or 3x scaling and starts to degrade in noticability at 4x. I'll post some pics in a sec. And were you forcing MSAA on FFXII That causes a few issues.
Oh and for those that didn't know. Here is a buildbot that nicely builds the latest svn revisions for those who can't or do want to do it themselves. http://buildbot.orphis.net/pcsx2/
NoFXAA 3x scaling
FXAA 3x scaling
Tweaking settings FXAA 3x scaling
NoFXAA 3x scaling
FXAA 3x scaling
FXAA No Subpixel blurring 3x scaling
Last edited by Dralor; 08-05-2011 at 02:55 PM.
heh well this isn't that bad as long as you have a dual/quad core in the 3ghz range with a mid-range GPU
Well there has been a bit of a action over the past bit. Including the advent of widescreen patches. It's not as nice as dolphin as you have to patch per game and their seems to be some on which it could be impossible. However they are nice.
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|What is the NFL rule on forward motion?
How does the ref decide where to spot the ball when the player is stopped standing up and driven backwards before his knee touches the ground?
By rule, the linesmen (and there are two of them) is looking at the ball and will place it at it's furthest point forward on the carry. Now if the player is standing straight up carrying the ball or leaning it does not matter. So if he is standing like you mentioned, his progress is stopped and he is being pushed back. At this time his forward movement is stopped and the play is whistled dead. The ball will be brought to it's most forward position.
Easiest question to ever answer on here they place the ball as far as the player goes, so if he carries for ten yards then is pushed back they mark him to the furthest point he achieved Report It
Wherever he stopped going forward, or whenever he started getting pushed back. The rule is that if a player has been forced backwards, they give him the ball wherever he or she stopped going FORWARD.
Forward progress is a judgment call.
damn thats a tricky one couldnt find on YAHOO!
|Topic Related


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Jean Darlene Kiedrowicz
Jean Darlene Kiedrowicz, age 73, of Carrollton, passed away at her residence Friday, Sept. 16, 2011.
Born Jan. 31, 1938, in Dellroy, she was a daughter of the late Fred Clow Russell and Catherine Mary (Csuti) Russell.
She retired from TRW, now PCC, as "quality control inspector." She lived all her life in Carrollton and was a member of Trinity Lutheran Church. She enjoyed crocheting and playing the accordion. She was a bell collector, an avid gardener and her life was her children and grandchildren.
She is survived by her son, Chris Kiedrowicz of Norwalk; four daughters, Connie Lutz of Vicenza, Italy, Vickie (Mark) Smith of Columbus, Kathie (Kelly) Marcilliat of Pensacola, FL, and Denise Kiedrowicz of Canton; two brothers, Bob (Sandy) Russell of Dellroy and Joe (Betty) Russell of Carrollton; a sister, Freda Davenport of Malvern; three grandchildren, Kayla Kiedrowicz, Christopher Kiedrowicz and Quinn Kiedrowicz.
She was preceded in death by a brother-in-law, Frank Davenport.
Funeral services will be Wednesday, Sept. 21 at 11 a.m. in Trinity Lutheran Church with Pastor Wally Anderson officiating. Burial will follow in Westview Cemetery. Calling hours will be Tuesday 2-4 and 7-9 p.m. in Allmon-Dugger-Cotton Funeral Home.
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Brandt Meat & Delicatessen
(1 review, average rating: 5.0/5)
- Cuisines: Deli
- (905) 451-0353
- 499 Main St S Brampton, ON L6Y 1N7
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Restaurant Details
- Price range
- $$ ($11-$25)
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- Sandwiches made on assorted breads and were very...
- Reviewed by Cathie
Overall5.0 stars
5.0 stars
4.0 stars
5.0 stars
- Food
- Price Range (per person): $11-$25
- Visit Again?: Yes
- Party Size: 9 or more
Sandwiches made on assorted breads and were very fresh.
Veggie tray arrived with water soaked toweling covering the carrots so they wouldn't dry out.
Desserts were delicious and rich!
Would highly recommend Brandt for informal catering needs for your office or home.
Very impressed and Annette is friendly, helpful and efficient.
- Order: Catering request for 10 people: Assorted deli sandwiches (1 1/2 per person), with shaved deli meats and veggies. Included a couple of vegetarian sandwiches. Assorted veggies with dip, including cucumber, carrots, celery, cauliflower and broccoli. Assorted dessert tray - bite size cakes, brownies, lemon bars, etc.. Assorted soft drinks (Coke, Sprite) and water
Nearby restaurants
Louisiana Seafood...
3.0 stars< ½ km
Golden Palace
3.5 stars< ½ km
Tokyo Maki Sushimore nearby
3.0 stars< ½ km


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Wednesday, July 9, 2014
Simply sautéed kale seasoned with a blast of sherry vinegar is a deluxe combination.
1 tablespoon plus 1 teaspoon extra-virgin olive oil, divided
1-1 1/2 pounds kale, ribs removed, coarsely chopped (see Cooking Tip)
1/2 cup water
2 cloves garlic, minced
1/4 teaspoon crushed red pepper
2-3 teaspoons sherry vinegar or red-wine vinegar
1/4 teaspoon salt
Heat 1 tablespoon oil in a Dutch oven over medium heat. Add kale and cook, tossing with two large spoons, until bright green, about 1 minute. Add water, reduce heat to medium-low, cover and cook, stirring occasionally, until the kale is tender, 12 to 15 minutes. Push kale to one side, add the remaining 1 teaspoon oil to the empty side and cook garlic and crushed red pepper in it until fragrant, 30 seconds to 1 minute. Remove from the heat and toss together. Stir in vinegar to taste and salt.
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Luke WillisSan Francisco Ballet, Corps de Ballet
Luke Willis left the acting conservatory at Boston University in 2002 to pursue ballet training at Central Pennsylvania Youth Ballet in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. After studying for two years, he began his ballet career with the Aspen Santa Fe Ballet where he danced for three years. Mr. Willis has been dancing with San Francisco Ballet since 2007.
Photo credits:Headshot: © David AllenDance image: © Rosalie O'Connor
Stars of CPYB 2011 Dancers
Cleopatra Avery |
Edward Barnes |
Lauren Bettencourt |
Jeffrey Cirio
Lia Cirio |
Sasha Edelman |
Brianne George |
Ian Hussey |
Carrie Imler
Madison Keesler |
Misa Kuranaga |
Rachel Maher |
Elice McKinley |
Julia Rowe
Carli Samuelson |
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Luke Willis
Stars of CPYB 2011 Honorary Chairperson
Alicia Richards
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Tina LeBlanc
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There are many ways you can support CPYB. Learn more.
Tickets for the 2011 performance of Swan Lake, now available! Learn more.
"Up close" look as CPYB troupe prepares for Swan Lake.


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Cooking and Baking
I have made arroz con pollo countless times, but each time it turns out poorly. I try doing it in one big cast iron pot, slow cooking in the oven - but the rice comes out poorly cooked - undercooked or overcooked - and i'm annoyed that what should be an easy dish defeats me every time.
can you help?
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SOCHI, Russia - Everyone wanted to talk about The Face.
You probably saw Ashley Wagner's world-class scowl when she discovered her score in team figure skating competition. Skaters usually act happy, or at least satisfied, after their scores are revealed. They may be enraged. They may be baffled. They may be plotting revenge.


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Congrats, John. For Paris Hilton, Defense Attorneys and small-market shockjocks there's no such thing as "bad press". Cash register "journalism" just doesn't get any better than this.
Dudley? is he going to commute from SoCal? Romney ought to consider keeping up with current events.
Yeah, I like Paul Allen. I like all Billionaires -it's good policy. But then I'm not a fan anymore. I quit watching them about six games ago. I still check the stats to see if Batum put up 40 because I'd like to see that game and could tape the late broadcast but other than that, I'm done with this "team"
So no, I guess there isn't a single fan who likes Paul Allen.
There is a general rule to that effect bOregonian, but current events tells me that rules are a bit more flexible for Billlionaires than for your and I. Besides, Tacoma Trailblazers is alliterative and on the face of it would erase the "conflict". Seriously, when we talk about "major markets" instead of cities, Paul has two teams now. He'd just see it as changing neighborhoods.
I agree this team is headed to SeaTac land. There are several cross-sport franchises with one owner in the same city. The only way the Blazers stay in Portland is if Phil's buying and Paul's selling. The Vulcans want to live in Seattle and Paul wants a shorter commute. Start with that premise and everything the management's done in the past five or six years makes perfect sense. Kill the fan base and we'll cheer while they leave in a couple of years. Then we'll enjoy arguing about what to do with two empty arenas.
Just backwards. The Blazers will move to Seattle. It's where the vulcans want to live, would cut PA's commute and is a perfectly rational explanation for the cluster-frak this team has been engineered into. Killing the fan base is the obvious goal. At this rate, we'll cheer when they leave. Then we can fight about having TWO empty areas. Poor Portland, all dressed up and no place to go.
appraise71, that is well reasoned, but assume your advice was followed.
Who would the mill then sell that lumber to?
The housing bubble popped a lot of others on its way out. Selling the logs at least puts money into
I agree with Mr. Groom, and fac modo too.
Their pieces are both well reasoned and thoughtfull, but there is a point missing from each.
Americans pride ourselves on our competivenesses. We say so anyway. But are we prepared to accept the reality that in every competitive race, there are losers?
Are we prepared to accept reality that in education?
The rest of the world is catching up with us.
We've seen that in capital and employment but we continue to demand "good jobs" vis a vis the world and are absolutely blind, emotionally, to the reality that there are 5 billion people willing to do the 3 billion jobs that mechanization and computerization left.
All those people will do those jobs as well, and MUCH more cheaply than Americans will.
$15/hr. crosses the finish line WAY behind $15/day in the open market. There is no magic solution to that math.
But we, a solid majority, refuse to accept that. We blame our politicians for it instead, electing one bozo after another who promises to do a magic trick with the economy. We do this over and over.
So does anyone really believe that Americans will ever accept actual competitive standards applied to our kid's educations? That we will accept the bottom half of the curve are losers?
I don't. The bottom half of the curve votes too.
. . . or Hemingway, if that's your taste.
Nah. If it was worthless, it wouln't be here.
Each post generates about $5 in on-line advertising revenue. The O gets paid by the download on each page's ads.
Post pithy analysis, or post six random entries out of the phone book. Either way, the cash register rings and that is a very good thing.
Where are your values, man? You want Hemmingway? Read Hemmingway.
Sorry, but wheel chair basketball isn't my thing, not even if it involves a bucket of shredded paper thrown into the crowd.
Sure. We are right now.
So let's review the bidding.
Anna's offended, for the sake of four-year old girls everywhere.
She does a little research and finds out the owner has been in this business for 37 years.
This leads her to conclude that if she calls him up, she can expect a polite and gentlemanly conversation from him.
(Yes, I know that makes not a whit of sense, but we're talking about Anna's reasoning here, not yours or mine. Try to keep up.)
Surprise! He's rude to her.
Each of the comments posted on this story sells approximately one yard of on-line advertising.
yep. That about covers it.
I hope the "O" uses that money responsibly.
Zombie, zombie in
the night, moaning hunger for . . .
This is soooo not right!
What a hoot!
He quotes MacArthur's "too late" to justify Lowry's "too soon."
This guy, almost single handedly, keeps me from reading the National Review. "Conservative" wasn't always a synonym for "senseless".
Sure, but it has certainly been built into our tax code since Kennedy's reforms to move capital off-shore to poor places.
That's been our national policy under EVERY president in that period of time. When we started, 90% of the World's total capital was in US hands. By late in 2007, that had shifted to half ours, half everybody else's. And you're right, that won't change anytime soon -if ever.
But don't forget that we got some really good stuff for it. Know anyone who's built a fall-out shelter lately? My Dad put one in our basement when I was a kid, expected to use it too.
But nobody a-bombs their customers.
And we have a lot more customers than we used to. Got a logger friend who had his best year last year . . . sending wood to China.
Dionne's point is that we have to adapt. That costs money. Can't fix what's broke without doing that.
Yeah, but it's true the other way around too. My experience is that most of the people in government or public employment are not crooks and/or idiots.
Example: I've been around long enough to have been able to know something about a dozen Presidents, certainly enough to watch what they did and form opinions about them, 6 D's and 6R's.
5 of each were competent to the circumstances, at least 2 of each were brilliant, one of each was and idiot, and maybe 1 of each bordered on criminal. (Might be some overlap on that last one.)
When I look around me at the regular folks I've known in that period of time, I see pretty much the same ratio.
They look just like us to me, Truth. What entitles us to expect any better?
Why don't your excellent comments in your first paragraph apply to the less so in your second.
I can make an excellent argument that We the People get EXACTLY the government we deserve . . .every time. And everytime we do, that government looks EXACTLT like us. . .
Mediocracy and all.
BofA is engaged in a high-stakes game of chicken with the Judicial system in Oregon.
Twenty years ago, mortgage lenders argued that lienholders who failed to record their notes
lost standing for any claims against the property as security for the debts. They always won.
It was rock-solid law, and money in the bank. Without that principle of lien priority, mortgage lending would have been financial suicide.
Now, with no change in the underlying law, they argue that recording a lien, or the transfer of a lien, isn't necessary to claim first position as a lienholder.
Having said that, I know 90% of the people who read this have already stopped reading because it's "boring".
But think of it this way.
There is a windshield moving through Oregon's judicial highway at speeds approaching 100mph relative to the windshield and the bugs that are flying directly at it.
The big lenders tried to change the law, retroactively, to get out of their mess and the Legislature stuffed them.
So now they are stepping on their accelerator.
But there is something that they, and we, don't know.
Is BofA driving the car? Or, is BofA flying at the windshield?
The alternating wing-nuts of the reader boards could take a lesson from BofA.
If you're going to engage in fanatic lunacy, it's a lot more entertaining for the rest of us when you put your money where mouth is and your brains belong.


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Manchester United manager David Moyes has revealed Danny Welbeck is doing extra training in a bid to make more of an impact at Old Trafford.
Welbeck scored just once last season after having his appearances restricted by the arrival of Robin van Persie.
The 23-year-old doubled that tally in the first game of the new campaign at Swansea before experiencing another lengthy drought, leading to some United fans to raise criticisms about his contribution.
Moyes is certainly looking for more from Welbeck, and the Scot revealed it was his promptings that got his forward doing additional sessions.
"We had a word with him about a month ago and said he needs to be the last off the training field," said Moyes.
"Wayne Rooney is out there practising his free-kicks, his finishing and shooting from tight angles every day.
"Danny needs to be out there, even if it's 15 minutes at the end.
"The young boys here are educated to keep improving and practising. Sometimes, without knowing, you can slip away from it."
The extra work appeared to pay off on Sunday when Welbeck scored twice in the 3-0 win at Aston Villa.
It was a perfectly timed contribution given Van Persie is facing four weeks on the sidelines with a thigh injury.
"He stood up without Robin, took it on and scored two," said Moyes.
"We challenged him on Sunday and said he needs to stand up. He took the bait. I think he said 'okay, I'll show you'."
United are in quarter-final Capital One Cup action at Stoke on Wednesday night and Moyes admits he is more than a little eager to mark his first season at United with a trophy - the first of his managerial career.
"I am desperate to get to Wembley," said Moyes. "I want to be seen as someone who has been successful and won trophies.
"It is something that has has eluded me so far but I am trying to make it happen and believe I am at the best club to do so."
New Sky Bet customers: Free £30 matched bet


text:
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OCR for page 61
61 Table 39. Planned OAT for � "We do not allow this procedure on our aircraft since it is test sets. not covered by FAA guidance documents;" and � "This procedure would require additional inspections and Test Set # OAT (�F) OAT (�C) training." 1 -13.0 -25 2 6.8 -14 Following the preliminary phone interviews, a focus group 3 26.6 -3 consisting of key individuals from the deicing industry was put 3a 26.6 -3 together to gather a more thorough and detailed understand- 3b 26.6 -3 ing of the industry's perceptions and current usage of diluted 3c 26.6 -3 fluids. 4 14.0 -10 Feedback was obtained from the focus group through an 5 33.8 +1 online survey. Survey Objectives Log of Tests The objectives of the survey were: A log of tests is given in Table 40. Each row in the log con- tains data specific to one test set. Chamber temperatures for � To determine which frost removal methodologies the Test Sets 1, 2, 3, and 3a were lower than planned due to the industry is familiar with and which frost removal method- location of the test stands in the cold chamber. For the remain- ologies the industry currently employs; ing tests, the stands were repositioned to an area of the cham- � To determine the relative cost of frost removal method- ber where temperatures were more suitable. ologies; � To determine the perceived effectiveness of frost removal Focus Group Survey methodologies; � To determine the perceived advantages and disadvantages Preliminary phone interviews were conducted with sev- of using spot deicing for frost removal; eral deicing service providers (Contego Systems, Integrated � To document current practices of companies using spot Deicing Solutions), several airlines (Alaska, Northwest, US deicing for frost removal; Airways), a major freight hauler (FedEx) and the FAA to � To determine what is preventing companies who are not examine current spot deicing for frost removal practices and using spot deicing for frost removal from using this to ascertain the current extent of its usage. Information methodology; gathered from these interviews varied. Replies covered a � To determine what changes (regulatory or otherwise) need wide range: to take place in order for these companies to employ spot deicing; and � "We have been using a spot defrosting procedure for sev- � To quantify fluid savings that would be realized by using eral seasons;" spot deicing for frost removal. Table 40. Log of tests. Avg. Frost Frost Non- Test Plan Average Plate Active Accumulated Accumulated Test Total Active Chamber Chamber Temp. Date Frost on Plate on Plate Set Tests Frost Temp. Temp. Before Tests Before Pour After Pour Tests (�C) (�C) Pour (g/1 hour) (g/2.5 hours) (�C) 1 July 7 12 9 3 -25 -28.6 -28.5 1.1 2.1 2 July 7 12 9 3 -14 -16.6 -20.5 2.1 3.6 3 July 8 12 9 3 -3 -4.2 -6.3 1.4 4 3a July 8 6 4 2 -3 -4.2 -6.7 0.5 0.7 3b July 10 12 9 3 -3 -3 -13 3.8 10.9 3c July 10 6 6 0 -3 -3 -7.2 4.5 4.2 4 July 9 12 9 3 -10 -10.3 -13.7 0.8 0.6 5 July 10 3 3 0 1 1.9 -4.1 3.2 3.2
OCR for page 61
62 Composition of Focus Group � US Airways � WestJet The focus group included individuals from a number of organizations, including deicing service providers, passenger It should be noted that a concerted effort was made to airlines of varying sizes, cargo airlines, government agencies, include individuals involved in deicing operations in North and airport authorities. These individuals were invited to the America, Europe, and elsewhere in the world. The following focus group because they are key decision makers for aircraft countries were represented in the focus group: United States, ground operations in winter conditions in their respective Canada, United Kingdom, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Ger- organizations. many, France, Netherlands, Austria, Hungary, Russia, and In addition, several key consultants in the deicing industry Japan. were included. These individuals have many years experience in the deicing industry and are now involved in training programs. The following organizations were represented in the focus Survey Format group: The survey consisted of 25 multiple choice and short answer questions. The final question was an optional open-ended � Aero Tech Consulting question used to collect additional comments/observations � Aeroflot on the topics that were not addressed by the survey questions. � Aeromag 2000, Montreal A copy of the survey is included in Appendix C. � Aeromag-Contego, Cleveland Not all of the survey questions were applicable to each � Air Canada person in the focus group. For example, questions related to � Air France amounts of fluid used in actual operations were not relevant to � Alaska Airlines individuals from government organizations, as their organiza- � All Nippon Airways tions do not conduct de/anti-icing operations. The survey soft- � American Airlines ware described in the next section was used to set up the � Basic Solutions surveys to ask respondents only those questions that were � British Airways applicable to their organization type (the first question ascer- � Contego Systems tained their organization type). A matrix showing the ques- � Contego Systems, Denver tions that were asked to each organization type is included in � Continental Airlines Appendix C. � Delta Airlines The applicability of some of the questions in the survey � East Line Techniques was determined by respondents' answer to Question 7, � EFM Munich which asked if their affiliated organization was currently � FAA using the spot deicing methodology, planned to use it in the � FedEx future, or did not plan to use it in the future. The survey � Horizon Air software was used to route respondents to the appropriate � Hungarian Airlines questions based on their response to this question. The � Integrated Deicing Systems questions that were asked upon each of the three responses � KLM are provided in the spot deicing routing diagram given in � Leading Edge Deicing Specialists Appendix C. � Malm� Aviation � MeteoGroup � Survey Administration N*ICE Aircraft Services, Frankfurt � Northwest Airlines Specialized software was used to administer the survey � Port of Portland online. The software was used to create the survey, publish it � Salzburg Airport to a secure website, and collect and collate the responses. � Servisair Canada � Servisair, Toronto Response Rate � Swissport � Transport Canada The survey was sent to 41 focus group members. Twenty- � UK CAA seven individuals (66%) completed the survey. Table 41 � United Airlines shows a breakdown of the survey respondents by organiza- � United Parcel Service tion type.


text:
Comment Re:What is this talk of 'case'? (Score 1) 383 383
(My 2 Cents)
Comment Tin Foil Hat Time (Score 2) 203 203
Comment Re:HTTP 451 (Score 1) 369 369
Comment Re:The Founding Fathers ... (Score 1) 616 616
The policy of the American government is to leave their citizens free, neither restraining nor aiding them in their pursuits.
- Thomas Jefferson.
Sadly, today's government has forgotten the ideal of leaving the citizens to grow and prosper, instead they choose to blindly and boldly violate the liberties that this country was founded on, for what reason? (I have my opinion) My original joke aside people should be outraged - the 1st, 4th, and 5th Amendments just took a near crushing blow, and whats worse is that no amount of fact provided to the lawmakers can change their minds, they've been brainwashed by the Corporate funded propaganda (do I even need to point in the direction of RIAA and their games?). [sarcasm]But then again, trying to apply Law that was created in a time before the internet was even a wet dream is nearly impossible.[/sarcasm]
Comment The Founding Fathers ... (Score 1) 616 616
Comment Re:Damned if they do damned if they don't (Score 1) 466 466
Comment A Start (Score 1) 62 62
Comment Re:Current copyright law is unconstitutional (Score 1) 380 380
Comment Sounds like ... (Score 0, Troll) 367 367
"Coming to a store near you Nokia brand Apple Sauce"
(Ok... bad joke)


text:
Kid Ink releases episode 5 in his on-going vlog series that allows fans to follow him and his crew as they travel the United States on the "My Own Lane" Tour.
Riding the waves of success following his My Own Lane album, Kid Ink is on the road now for a "My Own Lane" tour with King Los and Bizzy Crook. He'll be hitting us with episodes documenting his tour life, and today we've received the first instalment.
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(UM02-01) - The Annuity Puzzle Revisited: Implications for Social Security Reform
Hugo A. Benítez-Silva
There is a pressing need for a better understanding of how access to various types of financial products can impact retirement behavior, especially if this access comes from a change in the incentive scheme through a reform of the current Social Security system. This is especially important if we are to provide useful policy recommendations regarding reform to the current social insurance system. In this paper I focus on the "annuity puzzle," the question as to why the annuity market is so narrow. I present a model that endogenizes the annuity decision along with the consumption/saving and labor supply decisions. This research enhances our understanding of how annuities work in a life cycle model with more realistic characterizations of the choices and incentives that individuals face. My results show that the low rates of annuitization can be the product of optimal decision making by individuals in a life cycle model that endogenizes the labor/leisure decision and accounts for Social Security. The government should pay particular attention to the rules regarding withdrawal of benefits through annuities or lump-sums when introducing individual retirement accounts or other privatization schemes, given the interaction between retirement incentives and the attractiveness of annuities.


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Viewers: in countries Watching now:
Almost every photo can benefit from some enhancement, from exposure adjustments to cropping. In this course, author Rich Harrington shows how to improve photos using iPhoto. The course describes how to crop and straighten photos; remove red eye; improve exposure, color, and contrast; and refine images by retouching blemishes, removing noise, and adding special effects like vignettes.
This course was created and produced by Rich Harrington. lynda.com is honored to host this content in our library.
While iPhoto doesn't really support third-party plug-ins within the editing space, there is a useful export plug-in that can be used to add stylized borders. If you head over to iborderfx.com, there is a free plug-in you can download. Now, it's donationware, so if you use this plug-in, and you like it, I recommend making a donation to them to fund future development. With the images selected in your album or library, you could choose File > Export. This will add the Border FX tab, and open up different options.
Notice here that we can go ahead and change what type of border we want. Here we have an Edge Sharpen. I really like, though, some of these other options, like Film Edge, or the ability to add a blurred border. You see that it puts a gentle border over the top that's a white effect, but it defocuses. This is a very popular magazine effect. You also can get in here, and do some basic flipping of the images, and center the photo.
Another option is the Desaturated Border. And all of these, if you play with it -- in this case, it's making a slightly saturated, or a completely black and white border on the image itself. Remember, these are a lot of fun, and as you're looking at this, you'll see that we do have options. We can introduce textures into the border, we can actually create soft edges on our border, and this can create a whole new look. You'll find drop shadows, gradients, a wide range, including strokes, and patterns.
So, feel free to explore this, and when you click Export, it will save the border out to the image. They are applied on export, which is fine, because then when you post to social media networks, or frame the images, you can have a stylized matte.
There are currently no FAQs about Enhancing Photos with iPhoto.
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Publisher(s): W.K. Kellogg Foundation
Funder(s): W.K. Kellogg Foundation
View Report (58 pages; 2.69MB; PDF)
Area of focus: Strengthen Preparation for College and Careers
This report describes the W.K. Kellogg Foundation's Engaging Latino Communities for Education (ENLACE) initiative to increase access to and achievement in higher education for Latino/a students. The program implementation varied among the 13 sites but focused overall on serving students (by raising standards and offering tutoring/mentoring in middle and high school), encouraging family/community engagement in education (by teaching them about what attending college entails for their children), and changing school policy (by creating educational partnerships and realigning curriculum). The report outlines the necessary steps to encourage college-track academics in schools, families, and communities.
Key Findings
+ ENLACE programs are associated with positive impacts on student achievement in select sites
+ ENLACE programs encouraged new school policies to incorporate college-track courses
+ ENLACE created partnerships between local school systems and institutions of higher education
Geographic Focus: Tempe, AZ; Santa Ana, CA; Santa Barbara, CA; Miami, FL; Tampa, FL; Chicago, IL; Las Cruces, NM; Santa Fe, NM, Albuquerque, NM; Bronx, NY; Austin, TX; San Marcos, TX; Brownsville, TX
Subjects/Keywords: Minorities, Hispanics/Latinos; college-ready standards; community; family
+ Successful strategy
= Observation
– Challenge
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Weddington Middle student takes third in spelling bee
Weddington Middle School Student Ashwin Subramaniam came in third at the 2013 Charlotte Observer Regional Spelling Bee.
Subramaniam, a seventh-grade student, came in third at last year's bee as well.
This year he was out of the bee after failing to spell "asthmatic."
"He made it so far. I'm so happy," Sumi Subramaniam, his mother and spelling coach, said. "You never know what word you'll get."
Sumi said her son was confused by the pronunciation of the word.
"That's okay, we have one more year," she added.
Subramaniam and his mother work on spelling for ten to 15 minutes every day, in addition to homework and other extracurricular activities.
"My son loves it," Sumi said. "It's his ambition."
He began spelling bees in the third grade when his teacher at Weddington Elementary suggested it.
"He always felt he could spell words and he's been a great speller," Sumi said.
Though his mother gets nervous during spelling bees, Subramaniam stays cool and collected.
"I usually get nervous, because I'm his mom. Ashwin's never nervous...(that is) one great thing I admire in my son," Sumi said. "He works very hard...he never gives up so fast."
Subramaniam also impressed his principal and the school system with his performance.
"I think it's wonderful," Weddington Middle School Principal Steve Wray said. "Ashwin works very hard not only at school, but after school working on his passion, which is spelling."
"He's just a fine young man in all aspects," Wray said.
John Jones, assistant superintendent for instructional programs, was also proud.
"Ashwin is a student who has committed so much time and effort to the craft of being able to compete in spelling bees and he has done very well," Jones said. "He's very determined...we've been very impressed with him."
"He makes a wonderful representative for our school system and we feel he certainly has what it takes to win regionally and one day nationally, even," Jones said.
Subramaniam's mother said they hope to compete again next year.
"We never give up," she said. "We have one more year."
"I'm very proud of him today and we're very happy that he made it so far," Sumi said.
The winner of the regional spelling bee goes on to compete in the Scripps National Spelling Bee in Washington, D.C. The Charlotte Observer pays for their trip. This year, Claire McCrea, a seventh-grade student from Hickory Public Schools won the bee.
For his third place finish, Subramaniam received a $150 Visa gift card and a $25 gift card to Barnes & Noble.


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All That Divides Us
Elinor Benedict
232 pages
Published: 2000
$13.95 paper
$9.95 ebook
All That Divides Us
Volume 4 of the Swenson Poetry Award series
foreword by Maxine Kumin
The poet's voice is clear, direct, yet artful. The sensibility that prevades these poems is that of a mature woman with an inquiring mind and a strong sense of family attachments. Almost every poem delivers a sidelong irony, a study in contrasts that is always overridden by the sense of common humanity shared by two disparate cultures. —Maxine Kumin
When the poet commands us to listen, it is as if for a moment we stop reading and strain to hear the echoes of those voices. Reading becomes an act of hearing the past, of hearing that cry for freedom that wells up from humanity itself. —David Lee Garrison
Although the poems in this collection are not narrative, they do present a narrative, gradually unspooling the tale of the poet's rebel aunt, who left the family "to marry a Chinaman" in the 1930s. It's an old story, full of poignancy, mystery, family pride, and doubt. When the aunt returns to die, the poet, now grown, discovers in herself the need to reclaim the connections that her family had severed. She travels to China several times—to learn. Gradually, through wide-eyed insightful poems, we see the poet rebuild with her Chinese cousins a sense of generation, family, and humanity—bridging over all that that divides us. Elinor Benedict has also received the Mademoiselle Fiction Prize, a Michigan Council for the Arts Award, and an Editor's Grant from the Coordinating Council of Literary Magazines (CLMP). She earned an M.F.A. in writing from Vermont College and her work has also appeared in various literary journals and in five chapbooks.
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text: I had hombrew on 4.1U and installed it with bannerbomb. Nothing was loading through HBC so I formatted it. Now when I go to SD channel it will ask me to load the boot file, I click yes and all I get is a black screen/ I have tried numerous files and formatted the card serval times and I used a 1gb and a 2 gb card with same results. Please Help me


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Amelia Earhart Elementary School for International Studies opened on September 4, 2001 and was authorized as an International Baccalaureate (IB) World School in February, 2005. We are very proud to be formally authorized as an IB Primary Years Programme school; we were the first public elementary school in California to acquire this authorization. In addition to the regular curriculum required by the state and district, each grade level writes six units of inquiry based on the six themes handed down by the International Baccalaureate Organisation: Who We Are, Where We Are in Place and Time, How We Express Ourselves, How the World Works, How We Organize Ourselves and How We Share the Planet. Portfolios of student work are kept from Kindergarten to 5th grade, and at the end of 5th grade, the students complete a personal project or Exhibition, going in depth into a subject of their choice. As an homage to the international theme of our school, we celebrate an annual Festival of Nations in May wherein each classroom becomes a specific country and students travel the world with a passport and valise in hand to collect the fun artifacts and information that the teachers have prepared.
Amelia Earhart Elementary School has an Academic Performance Index (API) of 854. It is a magnet/choice school with the student population comprised of neighborhood students as well as students from within the Desert Sands school district chosen to attend through a lottery process. Our school educates students attending Kindergarten through Fifth Grade.
Our principal is Mr. Brad Fisher, who has ten years of elementary school experience, having both taught fourth and fifth grade. In addition Mr. Fisher worked as an assistant principal at La Quinta High School for two years. Our IB Coordinator is Mrs. Tracy East. The Earhart Community is a collaborative culture which continues to be guided by our mission and vision stated below:
The Amelia Earhart Community recognizes the unique value of each child while providing inquiry-based learning in a safe, supportive environment to develop life-long learners with a global perspective.
The Amelia Earhart Learning Community will model international perspectives while guiding each child toward developing the PYP profile within himself/herself. In doing, so we prepare our students for academic excellence and leadership in our global community.
Together we are:


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Effenberg had been linked with the record German champions after another potential employer, Schalke, extended the contract of their head coach Jens Keller at the weekend.
However, Bayern's director of sport Matthias Sammer says Effenberg has turned down the offer.
"I am and was always in contact with Stefan," he told Sport1 television. "In the talks we held, it became clear that this is not what he wants to do.
"I certainly cannot imagine him coaching our reserve team in the fourth division."
Effenberg, who has completed studying for a coaching badge, has made it clear he would be keen on starting his coaching career in the Bundesliga next season.


text:
International Education Programs
» About
» Programs
» Admissions
» Program Policies
» Meet Our Faculty
» Sites
» Commencement
» Contact Us
» Recruiting Students for Programs in Several Locations
» Interested in starting a program in your area?
The Lincoln International Academy
Managua, Nicaragua
Program already in progress.
Please contact the International Education Center for more information.
Program: Master of Education concentration in International Teaching
Site Coordinators: Adolfo Gonzalez


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2014-15 Performance Schedule
Book, music and lyrics by Rupert Holmes
E.M. Pearson Theatre
Thursday – Saturday, October 23, 24, 25, 2014, 7:30 p.m.
Sunday, October 26, 2014, 2 p.m.
Based on Charles Dickens' unfinished novel, The Mystery of Edwin Drood recreates the lively, bawdy world of a Victorian era British music hall. A distinguished company of actors attempts to tell the story of the upstanding young Edwin Drood who mysteriously disappears, presumably murdered. But who did it? Was it his drug-addicted, romantic rival John Jasper? The infamous Princess Puffer? Reverend Mr. Crisparkle? Helena or Neville Landless, immigrants from Ceylon? Someone else? In the end, the audience gets to decide! Winner of the 1986 Tony Award for Best Musical, the show's most recent Broadway revival was produced in 2012 to coincide with the bicentenary of Charles Dickens' birth.
by Frederick Knott
Directed by Paige Joosten
Westlund Theatre
Thursday – Saturday, November 13, 14, 15, 2014, 7:30 p.m.
Sunday, November 16, 2014, 2 p.m.
Frederick Knott's thriller is the story of Susy Hendrix, a recently blinded housewife who unwittingly possesses a doll filled with illicit drugs. Three hardened criminals present an elaborate and dangerous con scheme in order the get it back. In a desperate battle of wits, Susy attempts to turn her sightlessness into an advantage in order to find the truth and protect herself and her family. This masterfully constructed thriller plays on themes of darkness and light as it moves from one moment of suspense to another, building toward an electrifying, breath-stopping final scene. A Broadway hit, it is probably best remembered by the highly-regarded 1967 film version featuring Audrey Hepburn and Alan Arkin.
Conceived and written by Guest Artist Jon Ferguson and Mark Rosenwinkel
E.M Pearson Theatre
Thursday – Saturday, February 19, 20, 21, 2015, 7:30 p.m.
Sunday, February 22, 2015, 2 p.m.
An original theatre piece, this world premiere is inspired by the Henry VI plays of William Shakespeare, and the video game Skyrim. More than simply a recreation of a bygone world, however, the stage will be turned into a modern arena of company warfare, where business suits mingle with epic sword battles and dramas of intrigue. An idealistic but reluctant hero becomes an unwitting pawn of the powers competing for corporate dominance. Personal ambition and pride compete for the public's loyalty, which is proven as fickle and uncontrollable as ever. In the end, the hero must decide whether to remain faithful to his ideals, or compromise for his own survival in a world that seems outside of everyone's control.
Guest Artist Jon Ferguson, founder and Artistic Director of Theatre Forever, is a critically acclaimed director and theater- maker, specializing in collaboratively created new work and radical adaptations of classics. His work has been seen at The Southern Theater, the Guthrie Theater, Open Eye Figure Theatre, The Edinburgh Fringe Festival and The New York Clown Theater Festival.
Westlund Theatre
Thursday – Saturday, March 19, 20, 21, 2015, 7:30 p.m.
Sunday, March 22, 2015, 2 p.m.
This weekend will feature a workshop production of one or more modern plays, rehearsed and performed in a "staged reading" format. It will be a chance for our advanced acting students to "show their chops" in challenging and dynamic roles, using new work from the contemporary theatre.
E.M. Pearson Theatre
Thursday- Saturday, April 23, 24, 25 2015, 7:30 p.m.
Sunday, April 26, 2015, 2 p.m.
Our third annual dance concert, again featuring choreography by Professor Jan Puffer, director of the Dance Program, as well as student works, in a wide variety of styles. Come join us for this wonderful spring event!
Other Performances:
Frauenshuh Ampitheatre
Thursday, September 25, 2014 at 10 p.m.
Scenes, music and poetry from Shakespeare's works, performed by starshine and firelight in Concordia's outdoor amphitheatre.
E.M. Pearson Theatre
Monday, December 15, 2014, 5 p.m.
Scenes from acting classes, dance recitals and other theatre projects.
E.M. Pearson Theatre
Monday, May 4, 2015, 5 p.m.
Scenes from acting classes, dance recitals and other theatre projects.


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Three bear cubs found in Oconee County to be released
LONG CREEK -- Three bear cubs found apparently abandoned in Oconee County earlier this year will soon be released back into the wild after several months in Tennessee.
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Dior Dreamskin
6 reviews
16% would repurchase
Package Quality: 4.2
Price: $$$$
Package Quality: 4.2
Price: $$$$
on 2/3/2015 8:06:00 AM
Age: 44-55
Skin: Combination, Fair, Warm
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
ALLERGIC! My skin became inflamed due to using this for just a few days. It feels 'mask-like' on skin and looks good though feels tight. Super expensive. If you have sensitive skin, I would suggest you avoid this.
on 4/4/2014 4:47:00 PM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Very Oily, Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
NOT RECOMMENDED for OILY skin!
Absorbed pretty quickly but felt heavy in pores.
Temporarily made skin look good like a primer.
Made my skin much much more oily just in two days of use. It took me a whole week to get my very oily skin balanced again.
Please try a sample before purchasing it.
on 3/22/2014 9:27:00 PM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Normal, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Other, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Blue
Very heavily fragranced, I seriously disliked that. The product actually burned my eye area.
So I stopped using it around my eyes, but continued to use it for about 5 weeks. It basically felt like a thin silicone mask to me. I never saw any benefit to my skin or in using it under my foundation. On the contrary, I wasn't in love with how my various foundations performed on top of it.
Wish I had sent it back to Dior for a refund when it was possible. I actually saw benefit to my skin when I stopped using it! But that credit goes to the Skinceuticals CE Freulic that I recently started using.
I've been seriously disappointed in the majority of Dior products that I've purchased recently. I guess I'll stick with their brushes and brush cleaner and stop wasting my money on their other products.
on 3/21/2014 5:26:00 PM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Normal, Fair, Neutral
Hair: Brunette, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Hazel
I have been using a sample pot of this from a Dior Boutique for two weeks now and can say I will not be purchasing a full size. This is a thin but not watery serum that has some glow to it, to be used over moisturizer but under makeup--basically a primer that is skincare too. It does make my foundation look nice and smooth like a primer would, and the texture of this product is very nice. Its not thick or sticky and doesn't affect my foundation in a negative way. However, this product is not sustainable for me to use. Alcohol is very high on the ingredient list, so much so that this product burns my skin when I apply it. For reference though, I don't use any skincare product or makeup product with alcohol, so it could be that I am thus overly sensitive if I do try something with alcohol. I wanted to try this product, despite seeing alcohol on the ingredient list because it looked so nice in the pot and the description seemed interesting. As well, many new foundations these days have alcohol, and I wanted to see if I was missing anything. After two weeks of wear, the burning when I apply this is still present, and my skin feels like it has a slight sunburn all day every day when I've used this. I have read that alcohol in high concentration in skincare actually hurts your skin. This does give a pretty glow to the skin, so I wonder if mixing it with a foundation, versus applying it on its own, would help to buffer the burn and still maintain the pretty glow. This product dos nothing to prolong the wear of my foundation, so its not totally like a primer in that respect. It doesn't add any color to my skin or change my foundation color. Dreamskin is over $100 retail. In comparison, Armani Fluid Sheers are more shimmery on me, whereas Dreamskin is pure luminous glow, no discernible shimmer. Nice product, wish it didn't have alcohol.
on 3/14/2014 10:17:00 PM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Normal, Fair, Neutral
Hair: Black, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Brown
I stumbled on this unexpectedly when I got a deluxe sample in my Selfridges online order. I already have a pretty complicated skincare regime so I usually just rebuy my old favourites. I would have never thought about trying Dior skincare.
Anyway, within 3 days of using my sample, I was totally sold on it and decided to buy it. Yes, it is really expensive and it comes in only a 30 ml/1 oz size. However, I've been using my sample for 3 weeks, twice a day and I still haven't finished it because a small amount is enough to spread over my face.
This is a pinky peach, thick cream that goes over your moisturiser as the last step in your skincare routine. In the morning, I put it over moisturiser, under sunscreen. At night, it's the last thing I put on my face. The immediate effect this gives is a smoothing one with a slight glow. I'm going to say that there's alcohol and silicons in this (hence the spreadability) but it doesn't affect my opinion of the product as it hasn't dried out my skin and the silicons in it are not annoying me as they don't give the weirdly-smooth finish that some primers like Benefit Pore-fessional have. In short, my skin feels matte and naturally smooth after putting this on.
After 3 weeks, I noticed that my skin has become a lot smoother. There is also a slight glow to it even when I don't put Dreamskin on my face, so it can't be the silicons fooling me. By the way, this is not an oil-control type of thing so if you're oily, you still need your usual products. There is also a strong floral fragrance to this. I like it, it's quite inoffensive and generic smelling. I'm happy to add this wonderful product to my skincare arsenal.
on 3/4/2014 9:35:00 PM
Age: 44-55
Skin: Dry, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
This product is called a "skin perfector" but darned if I know exactly what it's supposed to do. For me, it didn't do a thing after a month of use. It didn't work well as a primer, alone, it really didn't do anything to blur or disguise fine lines or pores, it didn't improve my complexion, it didn't add moisture...what else is there? It felt nice going on, but that's about it. It's an apricot colored lotion, and it has a little radiance to it. along the lines of MAC's Strobe Cream, but more subdued, however I didn't notice any difference at all. For the price-over $100, I expected to see some difference...but nothing. Needless to say it went back. Maybe another Dior product would have worked better, but this was useless to me.
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