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Aesopic Conversations: Popular Tradition, Cultural Dialogue, and the Invention of Greek ProsePaperback Martin Classical Lectures
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- Publisher: Princeton University Press
- Format: Paperback | 504 pages
- Dimensions: 156mm x 228mm x 32mm | 771g
- Publication date: 14 November 2010
- Publication City/Country: New Jersey
- Sales rank: 491,906
Product description
Examining the figure of Aesop and the traditions surrounding him, Aesopic Conversations offers a portrait of what Greek popular culture might have looked like in the ancient world. What has survived from the literary record of antiquity is almost entirely the product of an elite of birth, wealth, and education, limiting our access to a fuller range of voices from the ancient past. This book, however, explores the anonymous Life of Aesop and offers a different set of perspectives. Leslie Kurke argues that the traditions surrounding this strange text, when read with and against the works of Greek high culture, allow us to reconstruct an ongoing conversation of "great" and "little" traditions spanning centuries. Evidence going back to the fifth century BCE suggests that Aesop participated in the practices of nonphilosophical wisdom (sophia) while challenging it from below, and Kurke traces Aesop's double relation to this wisdom tradition. She also looks at the hidden influence of Aesop in early Greek mimetic or narrative prose writings, focusing particularly on the Socratic dialogues of Plato and the Histories of Herodotus. Challenging conventional accounts of the invention of Greek prose and recognizing the problematic sociopolitics of humble prose fable, Kurke provides a new approach to the beginnings of prose narrative and what would ultimately become the novel. Delving into Aesop, his adventures, and his crafting of fables, Aesopic Conversations shows how this low, noncanonical figure was--unexpectedly--central to the construction of ancient Greek literature.
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Author information
Leslie Kurke is professor of classics and comparative literature at the University of California, Berkeley. Her books include "Coins, Bodies, Games, and Gold" (Princeton).
Review quote
Winner of the 2012 Charles J. Goodwin Award of Merit, American Philological Association Shortlisted for the 2012 Runciman Award, Anglo-Hellenic League "Kurke's learned and humane book aims to excavate the vibrant popular tradition assumed by Aesop's fables but now largely buried, and restore it to its place in cultural history... Aesopic Conversations is a brilliant and original book, which will transform the way we read early Greek literature."--Tim Whitmarsh, London Review of Books "There are large ideas in this book. Critical faculties will be honed by reading it."--Vivienne Gray, Bryn Mawr Classical Review "With her keen eye for symbolic expressions of ideological conflict, Kurke has thrust Aesop into the center of major political, philosophical and literary developments of the fifth and fourth centuries. Precisely because of its ambitions, many of the claims this book makes want weighing. But let it be said that if Kurke sometimes pushes the evidence, she never forces it, and she always gives space to alternative views in substantial footnotes."--Andrew Ford, International Journal of the Classical Tradition "[Kurke] consistently succeeds in keeping the main lines of her argument clearly in view. Cumulatively her discussion is both rich and persuasive and often quite witty. The Aesop who emerges is altogether a much more complex, influential, and interesting figure than the homespun rustic narrator of 'Aesop's fables.'"--Andrew Szegedy-Maszak, New England Classical Journal "[A] thoughtful and thought-provoking discussion, here and throughout the book: Kurke makes us look anew at familiar texts, and that is what literary criticism is for."--John Taylor, Anglo-Hellenic Review "Kurke's ... approach to the text(s) of the Life of Aesop [is] groundbreaking and sophisticated. While there have been a number of valuable studies of the Life of Aesop in recent decades, few have attempted to grapple in earnest with the specific challenges posed by its anonymity, textual multiplicity, and popular character."--Jeremy B. Lefkowitz, Phoenix "Kurke's is a very distinctive voice. Her scholarship is always trenchant, thoughtful, and articulate. Her argument is clear, even when intricate and extended, and it has no Aesopic aggressions or sleights of hand... There is much to admire and enjoy here."--Simon Goldhill, Classical World
Back cover copy
"Leslie Kurke is one of the sharpest and most original scholars of ancient Greek literary culture writing today. Informed, intellectually precise, and always engaged, her work has long been a pleasure and an education. Here she brings all of her considerable theoretical experience to the life and work of that least refined of ancient authors: Aesop. A hick, a foreigner, a slave, Aesop speaks with no kind of authority and yet by all accounts he is wise. Kurke takes this central conundrum as the starting point for a wide-ranging exploration of what it means in ancient Greek culture to be highbrow or lowbrow, gold or dross. Along the way there are some surprising diversions, numerous clever insights, and quite a lot of sophisticated and not so sophisticated fun."--James Davidson, University of Warwick"Aesopic Conversations" is a masterpiece. Breathtakingly original, the book illuminates the dynamics of the Aesopic tradition and the intellectual history of Greece. It succeeds in showing that the seemingly marginal figure of Aesop, a fable-telling alleged criminal and itinerant slave, had a central role in the invention of a fundamental medium for all of Western history--serious nonfictional prose."--Richard P. Martin, Stanford University"This brilliant and exciting book revises major parts of ancient Greek cultural and literary history by revealing the important influence of the Aesopic tradition. Kurke tackles big issues and treats topics with thoroughness and nuance."--William Hansen, professor emeritus, Indiana University
Table of contents
List of Illustrations xi Acknowledgments xiii Abbreviations xvii INTRODUCTION I. An Elusive Quarry: In Search of Ancient Greek Popular Culture 2 II. Explaining the Joke: A Road Map for Classicists 16 III. Synopsis of Method and Structure of Argument 46 PART I: Competitive Wisdom and Popular Culture 51 CHAPTER 1: Aesop and the Contestation of Delphic Authority 53 I. Ideological Tensions at Delphi 54 II. Th e Aesopic Critique 59 III. Neoptolemus and Aesop: Sacrifi ce, Hero Cult, and Competitive Scapegoating 75 CHAPTER 2: Sophia before/beyond Philosophy 95 I. Th e Tradition of Sophia 95 II. Sophists and (as) Sages 102 III. Aristotle and the Transformation of Sophia 115 CHAPTER 3: Aesop as Sage: Political Counsel and Discursive Practice 125 I. Aesop among the Sages 125 II. Political Animals: Fable and the Scene of Advising 142 CHAPTER 4: Reading the Life: Th e Progress of a Sage and the Anthropology of Sophia 159 I. An Aesopic Anthropology of Wisdom 160 II. Aesop and Ahiqar 176 III. Delphic Th e?ria and the Death of a Sage 185 IV. Th e Bricoleur as Culture Hero, or the Art of Extorting Self-Incrimination 191 CHAPTER 5: Th e Aesopic Parody of High Wisdom 202 I. Demystifying Sophia: Hesiod, Th eognis, and the Seven Sages 204 II. Aesopic Parody in the Visual Tradition? 224 PART II: Aesop and the Invention of Greek Prose 239 CHAPTER 6: Aesop at the Invention of Philosophy 241 Prelude to Part II: Th e Problematic Sociopolitics of Mimetic Prose 241 I. Mim?sis and the Invention of Philosophy 244 II. Th e Generic Affi liations of S?kratikoi logoi 251 CHAPTER 7: Th e Battle over Prose: Fable in Sophistic Education and Xenophon's Memorabilia 265 I. Sophistic Fables 268 II. Traditional Fable Narration in Xenophon's Memorabilia 288 CHAPTER 8: Sophistic Fable in Plato: Parody, Appropriation, and Transcendence 301 I. Plato's Protagoras: Debunking Sophistic Fable 301 II. Plato's Symposium: Ringing the Changes on Fable 308 CHAPTER 9: Aesop in Plato's S?kratikoi Logoi: Analogy, Elenchos, and Disavowal 325 I. Sophia into Philosophy: Socrates between the Sages and Aesop 326 II. Th e Aesopic Bricoleur and the "Old Socratic Tool-Box" 330 III. Sympotic Wisdom, Comedy, and Aesopic Competition in Hippias Major 344 CHAPTER 10: Histori? and Logopoiia: Two Sides of Herodotean Prose 361 I. History before Prose, Prose before History 362 II. Aesop Ho Logopoios 370 III. Plutarch Reading Herodotus: Aesop, Ruptures of Decorum, and the Non-Greek 382 CHAPTER 11: Herodotus and Aesop: Some Soundings 398 I. Cyrus Tells a Fable 400 II. Greece and (as) Fable, or Resignifying the Hierarchy of Genre 404 III. Fable as History 412 IV. Th e Aesopic Contract of the Histories: Herodotus Teaches His Readers 426 Bibliography 433 Index Locorum 463 General Index 478


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Variant of tare
- any of several vetches, esp. the common vetch (Vicia sativa)
- the seed of any of these plants
- Bible a noxious weed thought to be darnel: Matt. 13:25-40
Origin of tareMiddle English small seed, vetch ; from or akin to Middle Dutch tarwe, wheat ; from Indo-European base an unverified form derwā-, kind of grain from source Sanskrit drvā, millet grass: used in Middle English and Early Modern English versions of New Testament to translated, translation Ecclesiastical Late Latin zizania, darnel

subset: commoncrawl


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Photos and Review by Oyster.com Investigators
The city's most historic hotel with rooms individually decorated in varying-era decor and a spectacular, elegant lobby
As far as history goes, this hotel has some serious cred. Built in 1891, The Oxford is cited as Denver's first hotel. With no two rooms alike, the decor is both lavish and era-themed, featuring a mix of early 20th century French, English, Victorian and American influences.
While parts of the hotel can feel old and stuffy (and creaky in certain spots), renovations are ongoing, slowly adding updates as needed (such as modern rainfall showers) without compromising The Oxford's rich past and historical charm.
The most dramatic element of The Oxford might just be its lobby -- a sweeping, graceful space richly decorated with a dark wood-wrapped fireplace, black-marble front desk, wingback chairs and interjections of leather at every turn. The marble and wrought-iron staircase (displaying The Oxford's own logo) leads to a small library and balcony that overlook the lobby.
Outside, this lost-in-time hotel is smack in the middle of modern-day Denver. And although it's conveniently located via a short walk to Coors Field, Denver's Performing Arts Complex, and area restaurants and shopping, two local hot spots -- The Cruise Room (an excellent martini lounge and Denver's first bar) and McCormick's Fish House and Bar are located right within The Oxford's walls.
Located in the heart of the Lower Downtown District (LoDo) within walking distance to major Denver attractions
Thanks to its "I was here first" development, The Oxford has prime real estate just a half block from Union Station, and within walking distance to restaurants, breweries, and Coors Field.
Lavishly decorated in early 20th Century decor, but some rooms may feel a bit dated and stuffy
The Oxford's claim to fame is being Denver's oldest and longest-running hotel. Although it has gone through many renovations over the years, some rooms fall short of modern expectations -- especially for a hotel of this caliber. History lovers and fans of period-style decor will appreciate the individually decorated guest rooms featuring a mix of French, English, Victorian and American styles from the early 1900s. No two rooms are alike, with different furniture, textiles art and even layouts. While some of the rooms offer renovated bathrooms with expansive claw-foot tubs and separate glass-enclosed walk-in showers, not all of the bathrooms have been updated.
A large, impressive fitness center and a spa, but no pool
The Oxford Club Salon and Spa is the shining star of The Oxford Hotel, with two stories of spa space, manicure/pedicure tables, make-up bar and hair salon stations overlooking Downtown Denver. The fitness center, though down in what feels like an unfinished basement, offers some of the most comprehensive machines in the Denver hotel industry, only outshined by Forza Fitness Center at the Ritz-Carlton, and possibly the Precor Center at The Curtis. The Oxford is pet-friendly, for those traveling with their furry friends.
Popular local seafood restaurant featuring fresh oysters, and a hip, art deco-themed lounge -- which happens to be Denver's first-ever bar
The Oxford is one of Denver's most notable historic hotels, ideally located in the lively LoDo neighborhood and in close proximity to area hot spots. Many of the 80 individually decorated rooms include luxe touches like claw-foot bathtubs, pillow-top mattresses, or bath butler service. Modern updates like free Wi-Fi, iPod docks and flat-screen TVs are standard, but some guests have found some of the room styles to be a bit stuffy and outdated. Despite the lack of a pool, the hotel offers ample entertainment with its beautiful two-story spa and The Cruise Room Bar, Denver's oldest bar.
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recipe: grilled pizza
Directions for pizza dough:
1 lb pizza dough, pre-made store bought is fine
Remove dough from fridge and cut in half. Roll each into a ball and place on a lightly floured board. Cover with a damp cloth until dough comes to room temperature, about 45 minutes.
Directions for toppings:
—ricotta spread:
8 oz fresh ricotta
1/4 C sun-dried tomatoes in oil, chopped
+1 tblsp sun-dried tomato oil
pinch of dry oregano
salt and pepper
Place all ingredients in a bowl and mix until combined and set aside.
1/2 bunch asparagus
In a fry pan, fill three-quarters with water and bring to a boil. Gently drop in asparagus spears and cook for three minutes then move to a bowl of cold water. Once cooled, cut asparagus into bite-size pieces and set aside.
—have set aside:
6-8 oz cheese per pizza—mozzarella or fontina
salt and pepper
chili flakes
Directions for grilling pizza:
Pre-heat grill to medium.
Roll out the dough on a lightly floured surface. Take your time and work the dough until its about 1/4" in thickness. Roll into a traditional circle or a more oval flat bread shape. Brush one side with olive oil and place on the grill—once on the grill you can easily brush the other side.
The dough will cook quickly, about 2 minutes. Flip the pizza and continue cooking an additional 2 minutes or until done. A little char is good, just don't burn it.
Remove from the grill and add toppings. Place the dressed pizza back on the grill over indirect heat and close the lid to the grill to warm the toppings. Depending on the toppings this can take between 2-4 minutes or until the cheese is melted. Remove pizza from the grill with tongs and serve hot.
Adam's hints:
—pizza is all about the toppings. Shop for in-season veggies and local cheeses.
—pre-made pizza dough is often at your local market in the deli department and a 1 lb bag can make two pizzas.
—roll out several pizzas at a time, stack with parchment paper between, then cover with a damp dish towel.
—prep out all of the toppings for guests to personalize their own pizza. If using a sauce, make sure it's kept warm. This allows the pizza to cook quickly on the grill.
—think outside the box when it comes to toppings and blending flavors. For example, caramelized onion, sage, blue cheese and walnuts. Or, fontina, roast sliced potato, sausage and rapini.


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The Journal Sentinel's team of Packers beat writers provide the latest news, notes and analysis
Lacy and Franklin sharing more than just carries
Green Bay – It's possible that Eddie Lacy and Johnathan Franklin will share the Packers' No. 1 halfback position this season. »Read Full Blog Post
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Franklin was supposed to miss OTA's because of the NFL's meathead graduation rules. However, today brought a statement from his camp that he had already graduated LAST June. Can you clarify for us, Tom?Hide replies
The media screwed up this one. Franklin did graduate in June 2012, so he is eligible for OTA's.
From what I read, Franklin himself said that to reporters today. Good to see that both UCLA players will be participating in all of the OTAs.
I remember last year that Andrew Luck missed OTA's because he had not graduated. He made a statement saying that he will not start with the Colts until he finished his degree and Stanford's school year doesn't end until June. I think that is very honorable of him to put his education first, even though the Colts were begging for him to get into town.
I am not sure he had a choice. NFL rules don't allow it whether the players wants to or not.
If the statement is true, he was probably taking graduate classes to maintain his eligibility.
Don't go to sleep on Dujuan Harris, people. Kinda funny how he is a forgotten man next to two rookies.
I'm licking my chops to see these two bring us a SB.Hide replies
do we all need to lick our chops, or will it work if just you do it?
the headline makes it seem all brokeback mountainish.Hide replies
lol, my mind didn't quite go there, but it wasn't too far off from that when I read the headline.
Careful the chief doesn't think that stuff very funny..................I do though.
They'll be going toe to toe.Hide replies
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NE Saratoga Street
CONTACT: Joseph Annett, 503-823-2934, email@example.com
Environmental Services will soon begin construction on a project in neighborhoods citywide to repair about 20,000 feet of sewer pipes that are deteriorating due to age. There will be construction at multiple sites in southwest, north, northeast and southeast Portland.This project will protect public health and the environment by reducing the possibility of costly breaks, leaks, blockages and sewage releases to the streets.
Construction Schedule
The work at your location tentatively scheduled for this spring and will consist of the following phases. The process will take about three to four weeks to complete.
- Jet cleaning of the sewer main
- Video recording and inspection of the sewer main
- Repairs to the sewer main or manhole that are required prior to lining
- Cured in place pipe lining process
- Routing of lateral connection to sewer mains
- Lateral repair to the curb as needed
- Restoration
There will be periods of inactivity during these phases.
Construction Methods
The city's contractor will make most of the repairs using cured-in-place pipe lining (CIPP) and open trench excavation. CIPP involves inserting a flexible resin liner that adheres to the inside of the pipe. Hot water or steam circulated through the pipe hardens the liner and gives the pipe a new interior surface. Workers access the pipe from the surface through a manhole, which reduces the need for excavation and minimizes surface disruption. You may notice an odor during the pipe lining process but it will dissipate quickly. To help reduce odors, run water in all sinks and basins to fill P-traps and completely cover floor drains with a wet towel or a zip bag filled with water. The contractor will excavate trenches to replace lateral connections to homes, manholes and storm drains.
Go to www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/methods for more details about construction methods.
What to Expect During Construction
- Construction crews will do most of the sewer lining work through manholes in streets.
- Typical work hours will be 7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Monday through Friday. The contractor can also choose to work on Saturdays if necessary.
- Roads will be closed to through traffic, but local residents will have access from one direction. You may experience delays.
- If work is right at your driveway and you have to use your vehicle, you will need to move it before the work starts.
- Preparation and restoration will take a couple of days to complete but the pipe lining process should only take one day at each location.
- You may notice an odor during the pipe lining process but it will dissipate quickly.
- On-street parking in or near the work area will be prohibited during work hours.
- Equipment and materials may be stored on nearby streets overnight.
- A city construction inspector will be on-site during work hours, and may be able to assist you with construction concerns. Inspectors typically wear a green City of Portland safety vest and hard hat.
- Let us know if you have concerns such as business operations, disability issues or medical deliveries.
We will notify residents in advance of night work at some locations.
The contractor will repair most of the pipe using cured-in-place pipe lining. Go to www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/methods for more information.
Go to www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/CIPP for more project information and to sign up to receive project updates by email.
The City of Portland complies with all non-discrimination laws including Title VI (Civil Rights) and Title II (ADA). To request a translation, accommodation or additional information, please call 503-823-7740, or use City TTY 503-823-6868, or Oregon Relay Serv


text:
In trading on Monday, oil & gas refining & marketing shares were relative leaders, up on the day by about 3.1%. Leading the group were shares of Amyris (AMRS), up about 14.6% and shares of Northern Tier Energy Limited (NTI) up about 6.5% on the day.
Also showing relative strength are construction materials & machinery shares, up on the day by about 2.7% as a group, led by Patrick Industries (PATK), trading higher by about 6.4% and Usg (USG), trading up by about 3.6% on Monday.


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Property Management Legal IssuesThe best advice for legal issues is, "whenever possible, stay out of court!" Why? One word... expensive! Taking a case to court can actually do a property management company more damage than good. Unfortunately, there are cases where there is no other alternative than to go to court and plead your case.
Legally, property management can be a very sticky industry. Most of the time the legal issues arise from delinquent tenants, evictions, violations of the lease agreement, and discrimination offenses by the landlord. After reading this article, you may want to read and fully understand the Fair Housing Laws article to know what you can do to avoid discrimination when leasing your rental property. Fair Housing Law violations make up the majority of court cases brought against landlords. However, tenants can bring you to court for almost anything. An injury on your property due to negligent maintenance issues, unfair withholding of security deposit, and theft of intellectual property are just a few examples of possible law suits against a property management company. There are many things a property management company can do beforehand to reduce the chances of going to court or losing a court battle. In most cases, the party who loses a court case is liable to pay the winning parties legal expenses, which can be very costly.
Tips on how to avoid going to court against a tenant:
· Properly train your staff. There are right and wrong things you can say to a tenant; discrimination in property management and real estate is illegal. Train your staff to deal with each objection that may arise with tenants. Your staff should be trained so thoroughly that their responses are almost scripted to each and every objection. Train your staff how to properly fill out paper work. This is crucial. In court, documentation is key. If there are inconsistencies or errors in your paperwork, it could hurt your company in front of a judge.
· Fix maintenance issues when they arise. If there is a maintenance issue with a property, don't just sit on it and wait to fix it later. If a tenant hurts themselves on your property because of the problem you haven't fixed, they could sue you for negligence. It also looks good in court when a judge sees that your company has a track record of fixing problems in a timely manner.
· Use Arbitration when possible. If an issue escalates to the point of taking it to court, your property management company might want to consider settling the dispute out of court. In most cases, arbitration can prove to be more lenient and less costly than filing a lawsuit.
Following these procedures and keeping proper documentation may not keep your company out of court, but proper documentation and following procedures and the law will definitely help.
Email: email@example.com


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The Pregnancy Help Center in Torrance announces the 27th annual Walk For Life, "Every Step Matters," on May 17th, 2014. The leisurely seaside 5K, starting at 8:30AM from the south side of Veterans Park in Redondo Beach, welcomes everyone in the community, including seniors, families with children and babies in strollers and everything in between.
Each year, hundreds of individuals and families participate to support the work of the Pregnancy Help Center, a free medical clinic, which has been helping women in the South Bay since 1976 with pregnancy and STD testing, and now free ultrasound services.
This year, to celebrate the 257h anniversary of the Walk For Life, participants will enjoy music, activities for youth and families, food, prizes and more surprises.
To date, sponsors include: His Life Woodworks, Barden Electric, Farmers & Merchants Bank, The Business Referral Group of St. Lawrence Church, and Xero Solar.
Online registration is open at: http://www.ministrysync.com/event/?e=6079
For a printed registration form or more information, please contact the Pregnancy Help Center, 310-320-8976 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Their website is supportphctorrance.org.
The Intersection of Faith & Reason
Copyright © 2015. All rights reserved.


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Unlocking the Key to Deep Sleep
By Sarah Fenske
Making the Ferguson Commission Matter
By Danny Wicentowski
My Fake Boyfriend Became a Real-Life Crush
By Lindsay Toler
Rep. Jeffrey Pogue Bill Would Ban Unisex Bathrooms
By Danny Wicentowski
Darren Wilson Gives Speech to Nonprofit
By Danny Wicentowski
Angel Stewart and Other Victims of Violence Ask for Mercy
By Jessica Lussenhop
Obama Praises St. Louis' LaunchCode
By Lindsay Toler
By Lindsay Toler
These days, GOP leaders play down the idea that Hulshof is the anointed candidate. "There are supporters for both candidates on the state committee," says party chairman Doug Russell. "There are some that feel it would be better not to have a primary. Primaries are not always bad things. It's important to keep it on a positive level."
Since announcing her candidacy on January 26, Steelman has been on a tight and disciplined schedule, attending Republican events and cold-calling for dollars. At the end of 2007, her campaign committee had $296,773 in the bank. She's retained a consultant, Jeff Roe, a former Republican operative and author of the blog The Source. Roe had been working on her campaign for treasurer. When she entered the race for governor, his Kansas City-based firm, Axiom Strategies, quickly switched gears. Her deputy treasurer, Doug Gaston, took a leave from his official duties and began work on her gubernatorial campaign from Jefferson City. But as of the official candidate filing date on February 26, Steelman had yet to hire an experienced campaign manager.
It's too early to count Steelman out, says pollster and Saint Louis University professor Ken Warren. "Kenny Hulshof is popular in Republican circles, but to tell the truth, Sarah Steelman has more name recognition with the voters at large."
Dave Robertson, a University of Missouri-St. Louis political science professor, is less optimistic about Steelman's chances in the August 5 primary, mainly because he believes Hulshof will raise far more money. But, he adds, her youthful looks just might prove to be a valuable asset.
"In the battle of images, she can hold her own," he says. "Especially with Jay Nixon, who looks like this typical Missouri politician, upper-middle-aged white guy."
The Steelmans linger at Montauk's opening-day scene long enough to see a fisherman haul in a lunker. David and Sarah had only a few hours of sleep after attending a Republican dinner the night before in St. Charles, and David forgot to pack the tackle box. "I've fouled up the fishing," he proclaims. The couple, their son Michael, and David's mother, Maxine, climb into a black Chevy Suburban and head for breakfast at the lodge.
Sarah notices that the car rolling ahead of them belongs to Frank Barnitz, the Democrat who won the 16th District Senate seat that Steelman abandoned in her 2004 bid for treasurer. The Oldsmobile Aurora bears a Jay Nixon campaign sticker on the back window and a personalized license plate, number S-16. "I never used that plate," she says, almost under her breath. It's a modest-sounding but pointed observation.
To Steelman, whether a state official uses reserved license plates is an important distinction. "I just don't think elected officials should be treated any differently than regular citizens," she says. "It just doesn't seem right to me to have a special plate because you're elected by the people." (Her Suburban's plates say "LIVFRE.")
Steelman has built her career around such righteous assertions. And in the year of John McCain's presidential nomination, Steelman, a longtime supporter of the Arizona maverick, plays up her own independent streak. "That's why the 'establishment' doesn't always rally behind me," she says. "I'm interested in standing up for taxpayers and voters."
Recently, she had a run-in with fellow Republicans over Show Me Ethanol. The $82 million plant cannot qualify for a cheap, taxpayer-financed loan until its investors comply with the treasurer's strict conflict-of-interest policy. The Associated Press reported in January that the ethanol plant's 700 investors include Chillicothe state representative John Quinn, his wife Mary, and the governor's brother, Andy Blunt. Steelman's policy requires the elected officials and their relatives to sell their shares. As a result, the loan has been delayed for more than a year.
A top agriculture official and old senate colleagues paid visits to her office. "I caught so much grief from people," she says quietly, while sitting in a booth at the McDonald's in Salem. A Rolla Bulldogs baseball cap shields her eyes and her long hair falls down around her face like a protective curtain. The intense lobbying on Show Me Ethanol made her doubt her hard-line stance, she says. Then she sought advice from her two wise men, her 82-year-old father, John Hearne, and her father-in-law. "They agreed with me — of course not," she says, her voice rising to a stubborn tone. "Elected officials shouldn't reap the benefits."
Steelman avoids naming those who have opposed her various crusades. She says she harbors no grudges. Her husband, though, can't help but keep score. Says David Steelman: "I remember the enemies."
David Steelman plays a central role in his wife's campaigns. "He is a very, very analytical thinker, and that helps her," says Franc Flotron, a former senator from Chesterfield and friend of the family. Flotron adds, "She is by no stretch of the imagination David's pawn."
An older generation will remember David Steelman as the hotshot politician; his home district elected him as a state representative in 1978, the year he graduated at the top of his University of Missouri-Columbia law class. In the House, he rose to the rank of minority floor leader.
David Steelman earned a reputation as a gloves-off campaigner in 1992, when he ran for attorney general and lost to none other than Jay Nixon. The race was a slugfest. "That thing digressed into, 'You smoked dope. You didn't pay your child support,'" recalls Nixon's former campaign manager, Chuck Hatfield. Hatfield adds that Nixon had in fact admitted to trying marijuana, and Steelman's first wife had gone to court, seeking support for their daughter. A Steelman campaign with Sarah as the candidate would be just as aggressive, Hatfield predicts. "They're not going to overlook anything," he says. "They're not afraid to not only punch back, but to throw the first punch."
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Hawaii MVP: Eldon NakagawaPublished 11:13 PM HST Sep 23, 2012
He's the youngest ever Hawaii Open Chess champion, and he's has a big challenge coming up.
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10:15 am
Mon October 14, 2013
Health care overhaul overcoming stumbling blocks, official says
DEARBORN, MI (AP)-- Amid the political and technical problems since the launch of online health care exchanges, Adnan Hammad sees progress.
The community health director at Dearborn-based nonprofit ACCESS says his staff has helped hundreds of people enroll in plans under the federal health care overhaul and educated thousands about their options.
That's despite glitches that have frustrated consumers across Michigan and the country since debuting October 1st. Problems started to ease in the second week of the marketplaces.
They launched as the federal government partially shut down, with Republican leaders demanding votes to reopen the government be tied to dismantling President Barack Obama's health care law and cutting federal spending.
Hammad says he's not interested in the politics but eager to see the public health benefits of more uninsured people getting coverage.


text: Prev | Next Tristan Wilds poses backstage with the award for outstanding motion picture for "Red Tails" at the 44th Annual NAACP Image Awards at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles on Friday, Feb. 1, 2013. (Photo by Chris Pizzello/Invision/AP) Gallery: Image Awards in Los Angeles Feb. 03, 2013 @ 08:20 AM Kerry Washington, the star of ABC's "Scandal," picked up a trio of trophies at the 44th annual NAACP Image Awards ceremony in Los Angeles this week. (u'nobuy',)


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Jewish American Princesses of Comedy! Four of today's funniest female comics salute the trailblazing and treasured pioneers of comedy with their own zany stories and hilarious stand up. Featuring such star comediennes as Cory Kahaney and Cathy Ladman, the ...
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By Jim GaramoneAmerican Forces Press Service
WASHINGTON, Feb. 10, 2003 Australian Prime Minister John Howard said today that if there is "a faint hope" of the Iraq problem being solved peacefully, the entire world must continue to put pressure on Saddam Hussein.
Howard spoke at the Pentagon following a meeting with Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld. He said he would appreciate another U.N. Security Council resolution on Iraq.
"The value of another resolution - and the stronger, the better - will be the additional diplomatic heat it puts on Iraq," Howard said. "If there is a faint hope of this thing being solved without military force, that faint hope is to be found in the whole world saying the same thing and saying it very loudly to Iraq and, most particularly, the Arab states, saying, 'Mate, the game is up.'"
Rumsfeld took exception to the characterization by pundits and the press that the United States would act alone. "I keep reading the word 'unilateral,' which I find kind of strange," he said. "The United States has already heard from a large number of countries that would participate in a coalition of the willing."
The secretary said the United States hopes that force can be avoided. The United States, along with other countries, hopes force will not have to be used and that there will be a better way to solve it. But the threat of force against Iraq is the only reason inspectors were allowed back into Iraq in November, he said.
"Absent that flow of forces, absent that indication that the international community is determined to see that country disarmed, (Iraq) would not be cooperating any better than they were a year ago," Rumsfeld observed.
Howard said Australia sees Iraq as a grave danger to world peace. "We face the threat around the world of weapons of mass destruction in the hands of rogue states and the frightening possibility that those same weapons could fall into the hands of international terrorists," he said. "That's the motivation for what Australia has been doing in partnership with the United States concerning Iraq."
Australia has "predeployed" special operation troops, some aircraft and ships to the region, Howard said. "Australia does not believe that all of the heavy lifting on something like this should be done by the United States and United Kingdom alone," he said. "You send a new and sharper signal when you predeploy and that's what we've done."
Rumsfeld thanked the Australian prime minister for his country's support in the global war on terror. "It's going to be a long effort, and it's going to take the steadfastness and purposefulness of people like you and countries like yours," he said. "We are most grateful."
Howard said Australia remains dedicated to working with the United States against terrorism. Hundreds of Australians died in an al Qaeda bombing of a club on the Indonesian island of Bali. "Any Western country and its people are targets of terrorist attacks," he said. "Nobody is immune to the threat of terrorism in the modern world.
"Anybody who imagines you're going to reduce terrorism by turning your back on problems such as Iraq, my view is you're going to increase the likelihood of terrorism, you increase the potential damage that further terrorist attacks will do."


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Student Life Center
Strosacker Hall
First Year Students
Summer Orientation is an exciting opportunity to become more familiar with BW's programs and people just when it can help the most - in the "calm" of the summer. You will meet current students who serve as Summer Orientation Leaders, register for classes and be able to experience a day and a half of college life. It will include helpful information about the upcoming BW experience, interaction with BW students, faculty, and staff, and shared time with other new students who will join you in the Fall of 2015. You will stay in one of the Residence Halls and get a sampling of BW food and fun!
Whether you are selecting to be a resident or commuter student in the fall, you are required to participate in the summer orientation and spend the night on campus.
2015 Summer Orientation Dates:
- June 26-27
- July 10-11
- July 17-18
- July 31 - August 1
First Year Orientation Session
Information about the First Year New Student Orientation Program, including how to register for one of our Summer Orientation weekends and how to best prepare yourself before you arrive on campus for your Orientation session.
First Year Orientation Schedule


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Evian Championship
Major Developments
This year's Evian Championship will count as the LPGA's fifth major and feature a re-designed course
EVIAN-LES-BAINS, France -- When the decade-long fight by Group Danone chairman and CEO Franck Riboud to make the Evian Masters an LPGA major ended in victory two years ago, there were a couple of significant tweaks that needed to be made to make it all happen.
The first was pretty easy: Change the name from the Evian Masters to the Evian Championship. A new name gives the Evian a new identity as a major -- and doesn't tread on the "Masters" title used by that little club championship in Augusta, Ga., every April.
Related: How does Inbee Park's historic season stack up?
Let the records start now, with the winner of the Evian Championship being distinguished from the winners of the Evian Masters because now it is a major. And then there was the matter of making the golf course a major championship venue. No one ever questioned the beautiful views seen from the Evian Masters GC, it's just that most of them were observed from side-hill lies.
Either the course needed some fixing or the players needed one leg longer than the other.
But if there is one thing Riboud has proven over the years of running what started as a Ladies European Tour event and now is the fifth LPGA major, it's that money is no object.
Evian already has a purse of $3.25 million that is matched in women's golf only by the U.S. Women's Open.
So with Steve Smyers working as the design consultant for the LPGA, Dave Sampson and his crew from European Golf Design literally worked under the snow and in a little more than 13 months since Inbee Park won the Evian last July rebuilt much of the course.
The result is a longer venue with vastly larger greens -- some maybe four clubs-worth from front to back on some -- much greater contouring of the putting surfaces and cleaner sightlines off the tee. That last part should eliminate the "Is that OK?" look players used to give to caddies after tees balls disappeared in blind valleys.
No. 5 was turned from a bad par 4 into a challenging and scenic par 3 framed against the Alps.
The closing stretched of 15-18 should provide thrills as what were three weak holes -- Nos. 15-17 -- and one goofy hole -- No. 18 -- were completely overhauled.
The green at 15 was lowered, making it possible to get to the par 5 in two. No. 16 was a 90-degree angle short par 4 and now it is a par 3 over water. No. 17 was a par 3 literally straight down a mountainside. Now it is a tough par 4.
And 18 was changed from the easy-birdie par 5 to a brutish par 4, requiring a shot into the green much like what Justin Rose had to hit at Merion on Sunday to win the U.S. Open. All 18 greens have been made more demanding.
The other thing that Sampson and Smyers have done is open up the sightlines for the fans. Trees were removed, spectator mounds were created and bleachers have been eliminated to clean up the sightlines.
Some challenging weather -- snow fell in May and the last few days have been very wet -- mean that the course is not as grown in as everyone would like, and you will hear some complaints when play starts Thursday -- if not sooner.
But bare spots in the sodded areas will merely be lined as under repair. One other thing rules officials will have to decide on before play begins is that several greens have bubbling issues -- trapped air under the surface -- and it will have to be decided in advance how that will be played. To burst or not to burst, that is the question.
- Keywords:
- ron sirak,
- golf,
- inbee park,
- golf world,
- evian championship,
- major championships,
- lpga


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If the game freezes, just click inside it (games can get unresponsive if you click elsewhere on the page).
Spongebob is setting up a show with the help of Patrick, or should we say we must help Patrick do his job to save funds by guiding him in placing the boxes at the right place and cheering for him. Move stuff out of Patrick's way by clicking on them and shaking your mouse in slimes and water. Good luck!
This game is part of a series: SpongeBob SquarePants


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Desituating Action: Digital Representation of Context Jonathan Grudin Microsoft Research RUNNING HEAD: DESITUATING ACTION Jonathan Grudin, Microsoft Research, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA, 98052 firstname.lastname@example.com Jonathan Grudin is a Senior Researcher in the Adaptive Systems and Interaction Group at Microsoft Research, focusing on computer supported cooperative work and the adoption and use of technologies supporting collaboration. ABSTRACT Many psychological studies have shown that when we act, and especially when we interact, we consciously and unconsciously attend to context of many types. Sensors can pick up some but not all context that is acquired through our senses. Some context is lost, some is added, and captured context is presented in new ways. Digital aggregators and interpreters do not aggregate and interpret the same way we do. Missing or altered context disrupts our processing of information in ways that we may not recognize. To address the disruption we may use additional sensors to capture and deliver some of the missing context. Learning to handle these new conduits is then a further source of disruption, and on it can go. With greater knowledge of context, we can work and interact more efficiently, assuming that we can take learn to take advantage of the information without being overwhelmed. However, converting contextual information to a digital format changes it in specific ways. Transient information becomes more permanent, local information is made available globally, and information that once spread slowly can spread much more quickly. The information can enable us to work more efficiently, but these changes in its nature have profound indirect effects. The potential loss of privacy is widely discussed, but other effects may be more significant. In particular, the loss of confinement and transience of information creates an environment that is fundamentally unnatural, in conflict with the one we evolved to live in. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. DISCUSSION OF THE DEY ET AL. FRAMEWORK 2.1. A Major Contribution 2.2. Benefit and Cost of Simple Applications 2.3. Defining Context: Theory And Practice 2.4. Context and Communication 2.5. Context When Location-Awareness Is Perfect 2.6. Two Scaling Issues 2.7. When Is Some Context Better Than None? 3. ENHANCING EFFICIENCY 4. THE TRANSFORMATION OF CONTEXT 5. FENCING IN THE LAST FRONTIER 5.1. Privacy: Concerns May Be Misdirected 5.2. The Separation Of Action From Time And Space 5.3. Desituated Action: When Local Becomes Global 5.4. Informal Interaction: Endangered or Irrepressible? 6. CONCLUSION 1. INTRODUCTION In this essay I describe a key challenge for the context-aware applications outlined by Dey, Salber and Abowd (2001 [this special issue]): Recognizing and communicating context is a path to more efficient and effective use of technology, but capturing context digitally alters it fundamentally. The context that is captured is removed from its context, namely the context that is not captured. Furthermore, aggregation or interpretation that is done by software differs from aggregation and interpretation that are done by biological, psychological, and social processes. Finally, once digital information reaches a network it could appear anywhere on the planet at any future time. Consequently we find ourselves in a new situation, a new context. Until we adjust, it is almost inevitably disruptive. Sensible reactions to the disruption range from capturing yet more context to creating security features that block or filter contextual information. The former continues the cycle of disruption and compensation, the latter can add substantial overhead and undermine the benefits accrued by capturing context in the first place. In Section 2 I frame the discussion. Dey et al. define context broadly but then focus on a narrow range of applications. They postpone consideration of broader aspects of context, scaling and indirect effects. Sections 3 and 4 introduce the key point of this essay, that representation of context can boost efficiency, but fundamental changes occur when information is made digital. Section 5 explores and illustrates the consequences of this transformation. 2. DISCUSSION OF THE DEY ET AL. FRAMEWORK 2.1. A Major Contribution The authors have done a great service by setting out a lucid framework for contextaware applications and by developing that framework through the design and construction of five simple applications. The paper makes a compelling logical argument for the elements of their architecture. The enterprise of context-aware applications becomes very intellectually appealing. The analogy of the evolution of graphical user interfaces seems helpful. In addition, they describe their tools being used by people not involved in the tool development, a nice illustration of human-centered tool design. 2.2. Benefit And Cost Of Simple Applications The applications that helped develop the ideas and tools were used in a university research setting. This seems the right approach for this very complex research topic. Iterative design of applications and tools is essential to discovering what is needed. A full-fledged real-world application would take too much time to allow sufficient iteration. By gradually tackling more complex applications the authors can make methodical progress. They realize that in scaling up to address real-world problems, their architecture will evolve. Whether this occurs through the addition of layers or through more fundamental redesign, the kind of experimentation described here will identify requirements for future context-aware application architectures. The price paid for relying on simple prototypes in research settings is well known: This is not user-centered design. Dey et al. argue convincingly that, similar to the inventors of GUIs, they have identified and addressed a crucial issue. However, despite exemplary research lab testing, the first GUI inventors were not commercially successful. They attributed this to factors that include a lack of understanding of their customers and an architecture that did not scale in various ways (Johnson et al., 1989). Until real applications are tried, we do not know what is involved in making them work, or even whether or not they are workable.1 2.3. Defining Context: Theory And Practice The paper does a nice job of distilling a definition of context from the literature, concluding that ―context is typically the location, identity, and state of people, groups, and objects‖ where state refers to ―physical, social, emotional or informational state.‖ In practice, however, the authors restrict themselves to location and identity. This bias is pervasive. For example, the active badge call-forwarding application of Want et al. (1992) is described as ―arguably the first context-aware application.‖ This ignores, for example, prior work on the media space concept of ―What You See is What I See‖ (WYSIWYS), which posited a need to preserve context in communication systems. The authors are aware of their restricted focus, concluding that there is a need for ―moving beyond the environmental context used in traditional context-aware research.‖ However, their five applications focus on location and identity. I had to choose whether to consider context in terms of the broad definition or to restrict my remarks to location, presence, and sensor-based context. The essay focuses on location-aware systems, but the challenges are even greater when we go beyond environmental context to include ―emotional and information states.‖ 2.4. Context And Communication Another important distinction contrasts what are essentially individual productivity tools with systems in which interpersonal interaction is central. Context issues scale up dramatically when communication among people is involved (as illustrated by the WYSIWIS work). Location-based work, including that of Dey et al., focuses primarily on individual productivity. Even when locating people is the point, the interaction is handled outside the context-aware application. A location-aware museum guide is a purely individual productivity system. A system that allows one to link notes to a recorded lecture involves multiple people, but the primary use is for individual productivity, not communication. Similarly, an automated In/Out board is primarily an efficient tool for individuals, it does not directly support much communication. It supports one ‗bit' of communication, not insignificant, but dramatically different from, say, a videoconferencing application. Videoconferencing 1 Consider the most complex prototype, the Conference Assistant. It is a valuable design exercise, but is it a viable application? Will people enter keywords hoping that a system will identify interesting sessions, or prefer to skim the program or proceedings? Keyword matching is unreliable, and people often use criteria other than content: Some prefer panels, others avoid panels; many are guided by a speaker's notoriety or track record, and many make their decision based on what else is available at the time. Notes can be linked to recorded audio, video, and slides, but few conferences record any of these, and for a range of social factors this seems unlikely to change. Would you make the effort to continually indicate your current level of engagement on the chance that a colleague is looking for a session to join? How comfortable would you be knowing that there is a public record of when you slipped in and out of a presentation? Such questions suggest that a field study of conference attendance would be valuable prior to full implementation of this system. introduces a raft of additional context issues: What are the other people talking about, what are they doing, what do they already know about the matter at hand, what documents do they have access to, what is their emotional state, how are they reacting to what is being said, where is their gaze really directed, and so forth. By focusing on individual productivity tools, Dey et al. took a reasonable research approach: Context problems arising from interaction are the focus of other researchers. In considering this work, keep in mind that issues surrounding interaction must also be addressed if we consider context in its broadest sense. 2.5. Context When Location-Awareness Is Perfect The role of environmental or location awareness in the broad picture of context is revealed when we have perfect or near-perfect awareness of physical context, as in nonmobile environments such as desktop computer use. Location is known, other context problems remain, affecting both individual and group use of technology. Temporal context is lost: Applications do not generally record or make much use of a person's history. Attentional context is missed: Applications do not know where a user's attention is focused, whether he or she is busy or open to interruption, talking to someone or on the phone, and so forth. User modeling has not been very successful at representing ―physical, social, emotional or informational states.‖ Progress has also been slow in supporting small groups of desktop system users. At the first Computer Supported Cooperative Work conference, Trigg, Suchman, and Halasz (1986) noted the lack of software support for ―mutual intelligibility,‖ the communication of context. In an echo appearing over a decade later, Erickson and Kellogg (2000) claimed that software applications are ―socially blind,‖ despite the efforts of many researchers and developers in the intervening years to address the problem. Organizational information systems are also lacking. A visitor or new employee rarely finds tools that provide useful context, such as good online building maps, guides to organizational structure and document repositories, and in-house expertise locators. Dey et al. call for capturing impromptu meetings, but rarely can records be accessed after an event even for scheduled meetings in reserved conference rooms. In conclusion, many context issues remain when location is known. 2.6. Two Scaling Issues The authors note that wide-scale deployment of context-aware applications will require vast arrays of sensors, widgets, interpreters, aggregators, discoverers, and services. It will involve extensive relaying of information and require the recording of comprehensive histories of activity of all components and interactions. Scaling up will raise technical issues and require higher-level abstractions. Rapid progress is likely in addressing the technical issues. But how useful will the structure emerging from this bottom-up effort be? Consider the analogy of an ant colony, with its many basic sensors that detect water, food, temperature, other ants, threats, and so forth. The colony exhibits aggregation, interpretation, and discovery. It works beautifully. But its repertoire is quite limited, and it took millions of years of trial and error to arrive at an architecture to accomplish that much. Top-down approaches to context problems are illustrated by the Cyc project (Lenat, 1995). Cyc, intended to be a repository of ―common-sense‖ information and reasoning that spans all domains of knowledge, is another architecture that promotes the reuse of contextual information by diverse applications. Although Cyc has been criticized on grounds ranging from technical to ontological, its basic rationale is compelling and similar to that of the context-aware framework. Perhaps bottom-up architectures for context-aware applications that seek higher-level abstractions will merge with top-down efforts such as Cyc. But it is not clear that Cyc will deliver on its promise (originally forecast to take ten years, Cyc is almost 20 and its anticipated size has grown an order of magnitude). On the whole, partial implementations of Cyc are not useful. Will the same be true for the equally ambitious vision of context-aware applications? 2.7. When Is Some Context Better Than None? ―You are only about six acquaintances away from anyone else in the world.‖ ―A butterfly flaps its wings in Beijing and a month later a typhoon strikes Bali.‖ Such familiar claims point to the extreme interrelatedness of people and events, the density of the contexts in which we function. Psychological studies have demonstrated that people respond unconsciously to shifts in context at all levels—sensation, perception, cognition, emotion, social. Human beings make handling context look easy. This can lead us to underestimate the subtleties and complexities of digitally acquiring, representing, and acting on contextual information. Dey et al. note that considerable information is required to establish useful context. They write, ―a component that acquires context information should maintain a history of all the context it obtains.‖ Even if there is no pending request for the information, ―in the future… an application may need (it)… the architecture must support the storage of context.‖ But we can't represent, much less store, it all. Anyone's actions could affect us, but we can't yet represent 6 billion people. Anticipating tomorrow's weather possibilities could be useful, but we can't track all Chinese butterflies. In what circumstances can we collect enough context to be useful? When will the value of the available information outweigh problems caused by the distortion introduced by partial representation of context? This is explored in the sections that follow. 3. ENHANCING EFFICIENCY Digital technologies will, I believe, enhance safety, improve accountability, and provide more equal access to resources and opportunities. There is a growing consensus that efficiency gains from digital technology contribute to rising productivity. Providing additional context digitally can increase efficiency by providing context in online settings that is normally available in physical settings. When we interact face to face, I can tell at a glance who else is present, how you are reacting to what is said, what objects are around, and so forth. When we interact online, explaining all this verbally is inefficient, but if it is not explained, confusion often results. The solution is to convey more of the context automatically. The digital representation of contextual information can also help by obviating the need to track down the information in other ways. A location-aware museum guide is more efficient than a pamphlet one must search through. A route finder that senses the location of your vehicle saves you from working out a path; if you can also avoid a congested highway it is even more efficient. An automatically recorded meeting eliminates the need to take detailed notes or consult with someone who attended. If it provides a more accurate record of what was done than would otherwise be available, this can increase efficiency as well. Even when a new technology will increase efficiency, it often disrupts existing practice initially. Disruptions can be addressed in three ways: (i) the technology can be rejected; (ii) over time new practices and conventions governing its use can emerge that reduce the inefficiencies; (iii) the technology can be enhanced to compensate for the problems, often by delivering additional contextual information. Even when the benefits of a new technology already compensate for the disruption, (ii) and (iii) can amplify the benefit. The following examples illustrate the patterns described in (ii) and (iii): A real-time application sharing technology enables a group to meet virtually, saving travel time. However it results in confusion at first: Participants are uncertain who else is present, what they are referring to, and so forth (Mark et al., 1999). This is handled by developing social conventions such as announcing arrivals and departures, or technologies that increase the shared context such as videoconferencing. Intercom, the Dey et al. call forwarding system, automatically routes calls to the phone nearest to you, enabling callers to reach you more efficiently. However, it can create misunderstanding or confusion when a caller assumes that you are in your office. Providing additional context by letting callers know where you are and who is with you eliminates this source of confusion. Presenters who use a desktop video telepresentation system miss seeing audience reactions, so designers build in features such as chat channels and emotion or applause meters, which presenters then must learn to handle (Begeman et al., 1986; Isaacs et al., 1994). The desire for greater efficiency presses us toward ever greater representation of context. The context-aware application architecture of Dey et al. is motivated by this inexorable drive. Consider again Intercom, which automatically routes calls to the phone nearest Sam unless someone else is in the room, in which case it first discretely inquires. Efficient, but potentially embarrassing if someone is standing in the hall by an open door, within earshot. To deal with this, we could extend the system to include sensors monitoring the doors to the room (are they open or closed?) and detecting people within earshot outside open doors. If we model individual differences in auditory acuity we could do even better. In such ways, representing some context digitally can lead to pressure to provide and use yet more digital context. 4. THE TRANSFORMATION OF CONTEXT Putting contextual information on a digital network fundamentally transforms it. It can lead to relatively subtle distortions as well as to very substantial shifts in use. The physical world presents a dense multi-dimensional contextual space. Different aspects of context assume different levels of importance, and these can vary over time. Technology designers must determine which contextual threads to capture and where to place the significance cutoff points. These decisions are based partly on the importance of a particular type of information, and partly on what can be captured or inferred easily or economically. Context that is expensive to capture must have a big payoff, context that is relatively easy to capture only requires a small payoff. When both salience and ease of capture determine what context is represented, there can be an unevenness across context threads. In one case only highly salient information is provided (because capture is expensive), which could cause people to overrate the salience of other information that is available mainly because providing it is easy. Conversely, when a lot of relatively unimportant context is provided because it is inexpensive, people may fail to realize that other, expensive context is missing. Anything that does not ―make the cut,‖ (i.e., is not captured) is invisible to someone inspecting the digital record at a different location or time. Anything that is recorded instantly achieves a potential pervasiveness and immortality that it did not have before. A word spoken in an unrecorded meeting is heard only in that room and is gone once the echo subsides. When sucked digitally into a network it can potentially be heard anywhere in the world, in real time or at any future time. This profoundly changes the nature of that information and the contexts created from it. A well-known problem with the quasi-immortality of data that reaches the network is that erroneous information can be impossible to fully correct. A more subtle problem is that contextual information that is represented digitally is never completely accurate, because some of the related context is not included. For example, when New Jersey moved to publicize and seek comment on planned prisoner paroles, opponents argued that members of the public ―would not necessarily have all the background that the parole board does… a whole file of information about education programs, work release and other programs the inmate had been involved in, information not included in a six-line description on the Web site.‖ (New York Times, 7 November 1996). This could arguably be addressed by providing more context online (the inexorable tendency noted above), but would people read it? Another example: a conference program committee made all reviews of all papers visible to the full committee via the Internet to make deliberations more efficient. One person complained that the review was now taken out of context: Instead of being read only by people familiar with the paper, it would be seen by people who had not read the paper. Learning to work in a world of increasingly context-aware applications is one of the greatest challenges that we face. Efficiency gains can be realized by representing and communicating information digitally. Increasing the available contextual information can help, but raises concerns about privacy, accuracy, and interpretation. The genie is out of the bottle, loose in a world increasingly committed to efficiency. We must learn to live comfortably with it. The next section explores and illustrates key challenges. 5. FENCING IN THE LAST FRONTIER 5.1. Privacy: Concerns May Be Misdirected Direct marketers argue that they can more efficiently match supply and demand by collecting personal information—our neighborhood, purchases, hobbies, medical records, family additions, and so forth. Efficiency can conflict with a desire for privacy. Loss of privacy is often seen as the primary risk in embracing ubiquitous computing. Feelings about privacy are important. Watchdog groups, legislators and executives, European governments, standards organizations, and many researchers are focusing on privacy issues. Dey et al. suggest that privacy concerns can be addressed by assigning to each widget an owner who establishes rules governing access. This is not a serious suggestion, given the vast numbers of widgets and the fact that application-independence will enable each to be queried for purposes unimagined by the owner. Everyone would become a full-time widget maintainer. For example, the decidedly not deaf DUMBBO mobile meeting board prototype, which automatically detects and records conversations carried out in its vicinity, has a location widget ―for each possible location of the mobile board.‖ In the unlikely eventuality that people would agree to manage the many locationspecific widgets, privacy concerns could still foster a resistance to DUMBBO. Another example: To foster informal interaction, audio and video was used to link three public areas in two buildings occupied by one corporate division (Jancke et al., 2001). Although these were public spaces and viewing was largely reciprocal, 5% to 10% of employees felt the system violated their privacy and two or three objected violently. Privacy concerns appear to be growing. Nevertheless, privacy may not be a major issue in the long run. Whether or not Scott McNealy's recent widely-publicized dictum ―You already have zero privacy. Get over it,‖2 reflects the current reality, we are moving in that direction, as outlined in the provocative book The Transparent Society (Brin, 1998). Privacy is a relatively new concept and, as currently conceived in developed countries, a relatively new phenomenon. Through most of our existence, human beings lived in small groups or single-room family dwellings, and worked in open spaces. When people see benefits that outweigh risks, they voluntarily adjust their comfort levels regarding privacy. Surveillance cameras are accepted in banks, stores, and increasingly in outdoor public places to reduce crime. (In the Jancke et al. study, employees upset at the cameras deployed to foster informal interaction shrugged off hidden surveillance cameras deployed in the building for security.) Despite wellcirculated accounts of the extensive collection, aggregation, and interpretation of credit and debit card transactions to identify purchasing patterns, people would rather use them than make the effort to carry cash. In some organizations, employees cheerfully allow open access to details of their online calendars because it is extremely efficient for scheduling meetings and a range of other purposes (Palen, 1999). Teams that are initially skeptical about working in large open spaces (―war rooms‖) change their views after experiencing improved efficiency in communication and collaboration (Teasley et al., 2000). In my company, individual offices are the rule, but telephone support centers adopt open office plans in order to more easily share expertise in response to calls. In general, people adjust by redefining privacy and by establishing new practices and social protocols (Friedman, 1997; Murphy, 1964; Palen, 1999). Just as people who live in buildings with paper-thin walls may adopt a convention of ignoring what they cannot help overhearing, people who allow open access to their calendar details assume that people will access information only when needed and would be offended by an inquiry that revealed ―snooping.‖ Being able to block off a calendar entry or reserve a conference room is deemed an adequate balance. Privacy is ultimately a psychological construct, with malleable ties to specific objective conditions. Why then the uneasiness, the widespread attention to privacy? It may reflect an awareness at some level of something more fundamental than privacy that is being challenged: The steady erosion of clearly situated action. We are losing control and knowledge of the consequences of our actions, because if what we do is represented digitally, it can appear anywhere and at any time in the future. We no longer control access to anything we disclose. In a U.S. job interview, a prospective employee would be offended if an employer asked ―Do you have children?‖ Yet the same employee might at some point ask about schools, and once employed discuss family freely. It is not privacy as much as control of the circumstances of disclosure that is at issue. Of course, if the prospective employee has ever discussed family matters on a newsgroup, the employer could potentially access the information prior to the interview. It is control of disclosure that is going away. 2 Illustrating the problem of accuracy of digital information, McNealy's precise words may be lost to history: Typing his name and ―privacy‖ into a search engine turned up 5 variations in wording, all in quotation marks. Many also appear if his name is misspelled ―MacNealy‖or ―McNeally.‖ 5.2. The Separation Of Action From Time And Space If people had less privacy in pre-history than most of us do today, they experienced something we do not: immediacy. Almost every action was a response to a threat or opportunity directly before them. In the words of Masanao Toda (1999), people in the wilderness state acted in the ‗here and now.' Our emotions and urges—anger, empathy, fear, desire, establishment of social status, and so on—evolved to function well in situations in which people reacted to events in front of them. ―Real-time and collocated,‖ we might say. Advanced agriculture led to larger social units in which social status must be worked out across time and space, in which anger or fear are often triggered by distant events, and so forth. Toda argues that over the past several thousand years we worked out, with only mixed success, societal approaches to social control that channel emotions and urges that are often maladapted to the ―asynchronous, distributed‖ situations we are now often in.3 The distancing from the immediacy of cause and effect has been increased steadily by technologies such as transportation, but above all by communication technologies. Writing, printing, telegraph, telephone, film, radio, television—all allow us to address people across time, space, or both. In politics, for example, oratory and response to the local audience were once central. With television it is riskier to tailor comments to a local audience (comments can be relayed anywhere), and highly edited multimedia productions are replacing speechmaking in national campaigns. Immediacy gives way to a focus not anchored to a single place or moment. The Internet and Web exemplify the communication and storage technologies that are completing the rupture of action from time and place. When captured digitally and put on a network, a remark or event can show up any place, anytime. It may not, but it could. So we never truly know the full context in which we act—where, when, or by whom our actions may be interpreted. Casual email can turn up in a court case years later, for example. Context-aware platforms make available information from the past and present to help inform our current activity; ironically they also insure that we cannot grasp the full geographical and temporal contexts of our current actions. The next section illustrates and discusses this phenomenon. 5.3. Desituated Action: When Local Becomes Global Several years ago, researchers at Bellcore built a system to archive and search newsgroups, in order to access contributions by people they admired. To test it they entered the names of colleagues. ―We found,‖ one recounted, ―that we were discovering things about our colleagues that we didn't want to know.‖ (Jim Hollan, personal communication, 1992.) 3 It is probably no coincidence that the hugely popular horror and action film genres, live and televised sporting events, amd video games place viewers in ‗here and now' situations that we are physically built for but sheltered from in most daily life. Prior to Deja News, and to some extent still today, newsgroup discussions felt like conversations in a room, ephemeral chatter among like-minded people. But what is written could later be read outside of that context, by anyone, anytime, anywhere. Those who post to a newsgroup or create a web page, anyone with any information from or about themselves on a network, may think that they know when, where, and by whom it will be accessed, but they cannot be sure. The likelihood of information reaching different parties varies, but we can never be confident that we are operating in a local context. Long ago, people always operated in a local, situated context. To a large degree we usually still assume that we are. A major change wrought by digital media is that when past indiscretions were recorded, they were unlikely to surface. This is no longer true. Consider these two cases. ―I went on the job because one of the two models got sick, and the other one was Claudia Schiffer. Obviously I was kind of the nobody, so she got all the work—it was a week in the Seychelles, and they were like, Well, we'll shoot a couple covers on you when we get a chance. I was 17, maybe 18, and they asked me to take off my top for one of these pictures.‖ — Amber Valleta, model and actress, New York Times, June 25, 2000. ―It just brought up a lot of questions, because now that I'm older and married and I have a 14-year-old stepdaughter, and she sees me naked on a Web site, I'm like: How am I going to respond to her?‖ — Rosie Perez, actress, New York Times, June 25, 2000. Two unknown young women allowed photographs, assuming that their distribution would be limited. When the women became successful, the photos were commercially exploitable. This could have happened prior to the Web, but family members and friends would probably not encounter one published in a salacious magazine, and the magazine issue would soon be difficult to find. Now and forever, anyone with Internet access can stumble across the pictures by typing the actress's name into a search engine, an action that a well-meaning friend, family member or fan might do. As more information is represented digitally, the lives of less famous people will be similarly accessible.4 A Ph.D. student approaching graduation and the job market wrote ―Thinking about that reminds me of numerous discussions I've been having with grad students and junior faculty about presentation of self on the WWW. There's a real dilemma for these people about how much to ‗personalize' their home pages. They're concerned that presenting self means offending others or worse yet projecting bad self image to recruiters or peers so recently (at least among the people I spoke with) a lot of folk have begun depersonalizing their pages. I've thought this through and put a disclaimer at the top of my page as I don't really want to lose the intimacy of putting things on my page that I think are fun... although I am still debating removing a fairly strong political statement...‖ (Rebecca Grinter, email message, 20 August 1995) 4 On 8 January 2001, the online New York Times published a list of movies put on an amazon.com site, prior to his notoriety, by an accused mass murderer, along with an analysis of his comments posted on newsgroups. The film ‗Nightmare Before Christmas' was taken as evidence of an attraction to violence, the journalist apparently unaware that it is a gentle comedy. This observation made early in the life of the Web was on target. Not long afterwards I was on a hiring committee that rejected a candidate because the committee chair felt ―her web page isn't professional.‖ She was evaluated on her current web page. Today, services are archiving large regions of the Web. Soon, prospective employers and others may be able to access old web pages—graduate student pages written for friends and other grad students, unpolished undergraduate pages, even embarrassing high school statements. Brin (1998) describes a lawsuit seeking a computer-based FBI compilation of publicly available information from courthouses across the U.S. The Supreme Court ultimately backed the FBI's right to withhold it, arguing that although the information was public, citizens had benefited from a ―practical obscurity‖ because only the police or wealthy organizations had the resources to collect it all. Of course, once the dispersed public information is made available digitally anyone could compile it without having to ask the FBI. In some cases, the ―practical obscurity‖ that parolees and actresses once had only has to last a few hours to be useful. An Edupage summary of a Financial Times article (5 December 1995) titled ―Tokyo Exchange Says Internet Is Too Fast‖ reveals a change in context wrought by the speed of information dissemination: ―Because of ‗insider trading' restrictions that ban company officials and media representatives from dealing in securities for 12 hours after they learn earnings results, the Tokyo Stock Exchange wants companies to stop sending such results over the Internet right after they're announced in news conferences.‖ Prior to the Internet, officials could make money on financial news. They had to wait 12 hours, but the news spread slowly, so they retained an advantage. The Internet gets the news out quickly; by the time officials can trade, it is too late. The FBI and Tokyo exchange responded to potentially disruptive effects of efficient information dissemination by making efforts to stop or slow its spread. Such responses are unlikely to succeed. 5.4. Informal Interaction: Endangered or Irrepressible? Toda (1991) outlines several roles played by informal spoken conversation, such as gossip or chatting. These include establishing, maintaining, and repairing status. Essential to the effectiveness of chatting is that it is ephemeral and restricted to a small audience, that it occurs in the here and now. Teenagers asked why they like messaging sometimes respond that they like its informality – unlike email, you don't have to worry about spelling and grammar. This is ironic to those who used email in the 1980's, because email was often lauded in the same terms – unlike written or typed correspondence, it was informal, you didn't have to worry about spelling or grammar. At the first CHI Conference, John Seely Brown argued seriously that a ―spelling decorrector‖ should randomly insert errors in email to insure informality. Email changed when the cost of memory plummeted, making it economic to save email after reading and sending it. Email had been ephemeral, confined to the ‗now.' True, a recipient could forward email to someone on the same network before deleting it. Senders generally assumed that recipients would not forward (or print) gossipy email, assumed that their remarks were restricted to the here and now, and violations were a surprise. Thus email had much the same characteristics and could serve much the same role as chatting. But people saw value in being able to consult it later. As memory prices fell and email became archived more often, it gradually lost its informality. Spelling correctors were added. But it is a slow process; the Iran-Contra and DOJ-Microsoft cases exposed email sent with assumptions of ephemerality, email that in some cases arguably contained the posturing that Toda describes as a central facet of chatting. Email was no longer confined to the here and now. But a need for informal ephemeral interaction persisted, to serve the functions described by Toda. Online chatting and instant messaging meet this need. But what next? ―I wish I had a record of that great comment made in that chat session…‖ An aid to productivity? Smith et al. (2000) describe a prototype ―threaded chat‖ application that archives chat, commenting that they were ―fencing in the last frontier‖ of ephemeral interaction. In a study of the system, people sometimes went back to correct the spelling of earlier comments. By being archived for possible later viewing, it lost informality. Whether or not this was the reason why, users were not enthusiastic about threaded chat. It is not clear that archived chat will become the norm, but even if it does, it seems unlikely that it will turn out to be the last frontier for ephemeral, here and now, informal conversation. Informality serves important roles in social functioning. We are likely find a way to work it into our lives, to work around context-awareness systems that would record it, and thereby ensure, perhaps, a limit to the totality of captured context. 6. CONCLUSION In this essay, I noted that context-awareness is a much broader domain than awareness of identity and location. When we represent context digitally we represent only some of it, which can change the impression it makes. This can lead to an effort to represent more context. At the same time, putting information on a network changes it fundamentally by giving it a much broader potential audience. It shifts activity that was often local to a global stage, altering its nature and its uses. This contributes to a shift away from action in the ―here and now‖ that marked much of humanity's history to action that has consequences across space and time. One can view this pessimistically, but the rapid embrace of digital technology clearly reveals our confidence that the benefits—efficiency, safety, accountability, access to resources—far outweigh the costs. I confess to a qualm about this potential immortality of digital information: The loss of second chances, fresh starts. In static societies people's reputations may have faded slowly, but in today's complex and dynamic world, the capability to begin over is useful. We have been able to recreate ourselves when we go to university, change jobs, or move, distancing ourselves from others' expectations and assumptions about us. This capability is disappearing. The web site a teenager creates today may be accessed far in the future by potential employers, colleagues, spouses, children. No one will fear that their past will catch up with them because we won't leave our pasts behind. To me this is daunting. Starting over can be a way to grow, to experiment and optimize one's potential. Without this opportunity, people may have to be more honest, brave, and tolerant of the inconsistencies and behavioral shades of gray that context-aware platforms will capture. NOTES Acknowledgments. The author is grateful for conversations around these topics with many people, especially Steve Poltrock, and also to Anoop Gupta, A. J. Brush and the MSR Collaboration and Multimedia Group. He is particularly grateful to Masanao Toda for copies of chapters of his manuscript in progress. Support. The author received support from National Science Foundation grant #IRI9612355 for research cited in this essay. Authors' Present Addresses. Jonathan Grudin, Microsoft Research, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052 firstname.lastname@example.com HCI Editorial Record. (supplied by Editor) REFERENCES Begeman, M., Cook, P., Ellis, C., Graf, M., Rein, G. & Smith, T. (1986): ―Project Nick: Meetings augmentation and analysis‖, Proc. CSCW'96. Revised version in Transactions on Office Information Systems, 5, 2, 1987. Brin, D. (1998) The transparent society: Will technology force us to choose between privacy and freedom? Perseus. Dey, A. K., Abowd, G. D. & Salber, D. (2001). A conceptual framework and a toolkit for supporting the rapid prototyping of context-aware applications. Human-Computer Interaction, 16, xxx-xxx. Erickson, T. & Kellogg, W. (2000). Social translucence: An approach to designing systems that support social processes. Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 7, 1, 59-83. Friedman, B. (1997). Social judgments and technological innovation: Adolescents' understanding of property, privacy, and electronic information. Computers in Human Behavior, 13, 3, 327-351. Isaacs, E.A., Morris, T. & Rodriguez, T.K. (1994). A Forum For Supporting Interactive Presentations to Distributed Audiences. Proc. CSCW '94, 405-416. Jancke, G., Venolia, G.D., Grudin, J., Cadiz, J.J. & Gupta, A. (2001). Linking public spaces: Technical and social issues. Proc. CHI 2001, 530-537. Johnson, J., Roberts, T.L., Verplank, W., Smith, D.C., Irby, C.H., Beard, M. & Mackey, K. (1989). The Xerox Star: A retrospective. IEEE Computer, 22, 9, 11-29. Lenat, D. B. (1995). Cyc: A large-scale investment in knowledge infrastructure. Communications of the ACM, 38, 11, 32-38. Mark, G., Grudin, J., & Poltrock, S.E. (1999). Meeting at the desktop: An empirical study of virtually collocated teams. Proc. ECSCW'99, 159-178. Murphy, R. F. (1964). Social distance and the veil. American Anthropologist, 66, 12571274. Palen, L. (1999). Social, individual & technological issues for groupware calendar systems. Proc. CHI 99, 17-24. Smith, M., Cadiz, J.J. & Burkhalter, B. (2000). Conversation trees and threaded chats. Proc. CSCW 2000, 97-106. Teasley, S., Covi, L., Krishnan, M.S. & Olson, J.S. (2000). How does radical collocation help a team succeed? Proc. CSCW 2000, 339-346. Toda, M. (1991). Common sense, emotion, and chatting, and their roles in interpersonal interactions. SCCS Technical Report 90-1-01. Chukyo University. Toda, M. (1999). The urge theory of emotion and social interaction. Unpublished manuscript. Chukyo University. Trigg, R., Suchman, L. & Halasz, F. (1986). Supporting collaboration in Notecards. Proc. CSCW'86. Want, R., Hopper, A., Falcao, V. & Gibbons, J. (1992). The Active Badge locator system. ACM TOIS, 10, 1, 91-102.
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ARTH:412 Contemporary Art.
Critical issues in art from 1950 to the present, defined by radical changes in values for the art market, art criticism and public taste. Lively presentations by students will support or contest recent art criticism, involving them in both analysis and debate. 4 SH. CC: Ethics Intensive, Oral Intensive.
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We wanted to send out a special thank you to everyone who used BlackFriday.com this year and helped make the holiday such a fantastic experience! We hope that you enjoyed using the site and found all the amazing deals you were looking for. We're already excited for Black Friday next year, and we'd love to hear from you so we can make the site even better. Contact us and tell us what you'd like to see!
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Want to set your local edition?
Select an edition for more focused local news coverage when you visit mlive.
Don't worry. You can change this setting at any time to another local edition.
When I spoke with Sharan Levine, she said she often fertilized the tree and took other steps to make sure the soil was healthy throughout the years. More recently, the Levines spent time searching for multiple arborists and risk assessors to provide a prognosis for the tree, much like a medical problem where patients seek a second a third opinion. They also had a second large oak in the back of the property evaluated, which so far appears healthy, according to an arborist I spoke with who is working on the project.
From what I've found, both spellings are acceptable according to tree experts. The Arbor Day Foundation uses bur oak, with one "r" and other newspapers have printed this spelling.
Here is the URL to the Arbor Day Foundation's bur oak information page: http://www.arborday.org/treeguide/treeDetail.cfm?id=17
Here is the URL to the Arbor Day Foundation's bur oak page, if you would like more information about the tree species: http://www.arborday.org/treeguide/treeDetail.cfm?id=17
Also, here is the URL to a Chicago Tribune article bur oaks: http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-04-19/classified/ct-sun-garden-0422-morton-bur-oak-20120419_1_bur-oak-tallgrass-prairies-tough-tree
I hope this is helpful.
Thank you for pointing out the mistake.
I'm sure you could still attend even if you do not live within the village limits. I was told yesterday 36 people had signed up so far, so it's looking to be a pretty sizable turnout on Saturday.


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Americas Best Value Inn & Suites of Fallon is ideally located on US Hwy 50 in the center of Fallon, within walking distance to shopping, several area casinos, and restaurants. Nearby attractions include Rattlesnake Raceway, Lake Lahontan, and Sand Mountain Recreation Area.
The property offers standard rooms as well as deluxe rooms which offer a Queen sized bed, separate sitting area with pullout sofa-sleeper, dry bar, microwave, refrigerator. Amenities at this pet-friendly property include continental breakfast and wireless high-speed Internet.