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Pronunciation: /aŋˈɡəʊlə/
Definition of Angola in English:
Angola was a Portuguese possession from the end of the 16th century until it achieved independence in 1975. Independence was followed by years of civil war between the ruling Marxist MPLA and the UNITA movement; this was halted by the signing of a ceasefire in 2002
- 1
Angolan adjective& noun
- Example sentences
- In fact, Angolans are visibly patriotic, even more so than us.
- Many Angolans see the victory as a huge step forward for the southwest African country, whose only riches are in oil and diamonds.
- The idea that Mas Canosa could land at Mariel Harbor and take over was comical, especially after the Angolan war.
Words that rhyme with Angolabarbola, bipolar, bowler, bronchiolar, canola, carambola, circumpolar, coaler, Coca-Cola, cola, comptroller, consoler, controller, Ebola, eidola, extoller, Finola, Gorgonzola, granola, Hispaniola, kola, Lola, lunisolar, mandola, molar, multipolar, Ndola, patroller, payola, pianola, polar, roller, Savonarola, scagliola, scroller, sola, solar, stroller, tombola, Tortola, troller, Vignola, viola, Zola
Definition of Angola in:
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A.V. Jennings, Home Builder
Image: Architectural Model - A.V. Jennings House
Source: Museum Victoria
In 1932, 35 year old Albert Victor Jennings was an experienced real estate agent working at his brother-in-law's agency in the growing suburb of Glenhuntly. At that time, there were no new homes to sell as construction had stopped due to the Depression and many building industry workers were without jobs. In an effort to create work for himself, Jennings mortgaged his own Glenhuntly home and contents and raised a £700 overdraft to start his own homebuilding business. This was enough to pay wages by not enough to finance the building of homes, so Jennings decided to pre-sell homes from architect prepared plans instead of the traditional builder's approach of building and then selling. The decision proved to be a corner stone of Jennings' later sales policies.
Working with architect Edgar Gurney and builder William Vine, A.V. Jennings established a company that continues to build houses across Australia. Jenning's house building philosophy was premised on a tradition of solidity, homeliness and value for money.
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Architectural Model - D.C. Gallager House, Glenhuntly, 1932
Model of D.C. Gallager House, Glenhuntly, Victoria. This house was designed by A.V. Jennings' first architect Edgar Gurney and built by E. F. Barnard in 1932. It is located on the corne ...From: Melbourne, Australia Images: 1

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The Trans Nzoia government is planning to set up a Sh2 billion holding company. Speaking to the Star in his office yesterday, Deputy governor Stanley Tarus said the company will have subsidiaries.
He said they are holding meetings with investors ahead of the launch The subsidiaries are maize milling, milk cooling plants and soya beans processing firms. The board of directors will be formed to manage the company. Wananchi, investors and saccos will be allowed to buy shares.


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"It's Not His Fault"
You have to feel sorry for redditor MechaArif. He had a birthday with a party and a nine-year-old ate the entire birthday cake.
It was my birthday and my friends and family were over, which included my distant cousin and her 9 year old overweight son. We just got done with the pizza and were about to go eat the cake when we walk in on the 9 year old (who i'll call Jake). Jake had eaten all the cake and had frosting on his hands and around his mouth. Of course right then Jake's mom comes in and says stuff like "It's not his fault" and "why is the cake out anyway?". Right then I told her "Get out, NOW." and she said that she wouldn't because AND I QUOTE, "It's not ONLY your birthday MechaArif, it's all of ours too." after that my mom stepped in and told her she needed to leave. Luckily we had a second cake and ate that instead. Unluckily for me it had no frosting, but unluckily for her she's not getting any Christmas presents. So here I am after my party, venting this on Reddit.
His story is the first in a huge thread where he invited people to tell the stories of parents who defended the most outrageous behavior from their children. After reading some of the stories (reading them all would take quite a while), tell us if there have been anything similar in your experience. I can't recall any parent ever defending a child's bad behavior to me, but then I haven't worked among the public in many years. Link
(Image credit: Flickr user Solo)
Newest 3 Comments
And she said that this birthday was not only HIS birthday? LOL Where does that type of thinking even come from? Can children no longer accept that they only have one birthday a year? Do they feel jealous when they get invited to some other kids' bash? What's with that? Amazing.
Wow. I'm an almost-overweight almost-28-year-old and I certainly couldn't eat a whole cake at once.
I used to work at a toy store. I had someone complain to a manager that I was rude because I pointed out to her that her children were pulling pool chemicals off the shelf and I shouldn't have told her kids "No." I didn't even say anything to the kids!


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One Courthouse SquareInverness, Florida "LaGrange" Rounding out this season, LaGrange is a trio of Florida Musicians featuring John French, vocals and rhythm guitar; Paul Smithson, guitar, mandolin... Read more
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GeForce Go linux drivers
2 Attachment(s)
I have a gateway MX3414 laptop with a 6100 Go card in it. I installed OpenSuse which worked great with the 'nv' driver. I installed nvidia's drivers using the NVIDIA-version.run script, it returned successfull. However when I start X (after changing 'nv' to 'nvidia' in xorg.conf) using /usr/X11R6/bin/X all I get is black screen. For you entertainment I have attached a copy of my /var/log/nvidia-installer.log file and a log from starting X with the nvidia drivers.
Any help would be appreciated.
Re: GeForce Go linux drivers
You may get better response in the linux forum.
Re: GeForce Go linux drivers
Could you post your xorg config file (or just run nvidia-bug-report.sh). The log file looks correct upto now, the only thing I can think is wrong is that the driver mentions it tries to use 1280x800 and I wonder if it has a modeline for it... Try using lets say 1024x768 which it finds acceptable, just as a test.
Re: GeForce Go linux drivers
2 Attachment(s)
Ok, I tried it at 1024x768 and still no love. I have attached my xorg.conf file, and the log file from the 1024x768 attempt. I used the exact same xorg.conf file to run 1024x768 exept I removed the '"1280x800" "1280x768"' from the 24 depth section.
Re: GeForce Go linux drivers
Where are the files? :)
Re: GeForce Go linux drivers
Um, they're totaly right there. Man, what? are you blind. They've been there the whole time.... Seriously ;) (silly file extentions :))
Re: GeForce Go linux drivers
OK, here is some more info that is hopefully helpful. When using the config attached I get the black screen but I can still ctrl+alt+backspace and kill it. However if I wait 5 min or so then X locks and I can not kill it however the OS is still running. When I add the 'Option "IgnoreDisplayDevices" "DFP,TV"' then X locks right away. Still in all cases it just gives me the black screen.
I also tried adding the following to the kernel module "options" NVreg_Mobile=1. However the whole OS locks when X starts.
Re: GeForce Go linux drivers
I have the same laptop as linuxninja39 and I have the same problem. I'm running Gentoo with the latest drivers (1.0.8762), however I have Xorg v7.
Re: GeForce Go linux drivers
Another data point. I wonder if there is something the matter with the memory allocation for this card. It shares the system memory and I can adjust the frame buffer size from the BIOS, but what the driver reports does not correspond:
Frame Buffer Size (MB), System Memory (KB), NVidia Memory (KB)
16, 498504, 131072
32, 482248, 131072
64, 449736, 262144
128, 384712, 131072
[Frame buffer size is set in the BIOS, system memory is MemTotal from /proc/meminfo and Nvidia memory is what is reported in Xorg.0.log as VideoRAM.]
The system memory decreases as I increase the frame buffer size in the BIOS, however except for the blip at 64MB where it doubles to 256M, the NVidia memory does not change.
Re: GeForce Go linux drivers
i am having the same problem:
same notebook and suse 10.1
Re: GeForce Go linux drivers
Please start X with the following command:
startx -- -logverbose 6
and then generate and post an nvidia-bug-report.log.
Re: GeForce Go linux drivers
1 Attachment(s)
Please note that the model number of my notebook is MX3410. While not the same as I had originally claimed it does have the same video adapter.
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Pucker Up: Peachy Pink Passion
Pucker Up: Peachy Pink Passion
I wanted to do something that wasn't a dark/bold lip, and I kind of went to a fall back… peach and pink. I started with a shimmery bronzy shade with peach undertones (MAC Honeymoon lipstick), which I then topped with a slightly orange gloss (MAC Nice to Be Nice Lipglass). I wanted some pink, so I then added a medium bright pink with gold shimmer gloss (MAC Pink Manish Lipglass) to finish.
See progression…
MAC Honeymoon Lipstick
MAC Honeymoon Lipstick, MAC Nice to Be Nice Lipglass
MAC Honeymoon Lipstick, MAC Nice to Be Nice Lipglass, MAC Pink Manish Lipglass
MAC Honeymoon Lipstick, MAC Nice to Be Nice Lipglass, MAC Pink Manish Lipglass
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Before I go any further, Forbes has asked that I always disclose any interests in a company I write about.
As I'm about to write about Netflix's apparent attempt to amp its Canadian launch of streaming video–with the use of actors posing as the general public–it seems only fair that you know that I am under contract with Netflix.
Yes, I pay them $8.99 for home delivery of 1 DVD at a time. OK, end of disclosure. ;-)
With that out of the way, let's examine the events surrounding Netflix's hyped up media event in Toronto. Apparently actors were hired to look extremely excited about the company's Canadian launch. Unfortunately for Netflix, the Canadian press got their hands on the script:
"Extras are to behave as members of the public, out and about enjoying their day-to-day life, who happen upon a street event for Netflix and stop by to check it out," reads an information sheet handed out to extras.
"Extras are to look really excited, particularly if asked by media to do any interviews about the prospect of Netflix in Canada."
Of course, Netflix's Steve Swasey, vice president of corporate communications, went into damage limitation mode–claiming that the actors were not supposed to have been mingling with the media and that their presence was part of a corporate documentary.
Except, they did mingle with the media. Not only that, they spoke with the media. And, they all used the same pre-baked soundbites–which is what raised the suspicions of the media.
Whether you believe this is all a big mistake, or that Netflix was busted trying to fake the unbridled passion of their customers, one thing we can all agree on is with Swasey's assessment that the event was "embarrassing to Netflix."
You can't fake your raving fans. Not on Twitter. Not on Yelp. Not on Amazon. And, certainly not by using actors on the streets of a major city.
Let this be a lesson to all of us. If it looks like a PR stunt, and smells like a PR stunt, we'll assume it's a PR stunt.
Maybe I should commission a movie version of my book, Radically Transparent. It may not make it to a movie theater, but I'll get it to DVD and you can rent it from Netflix. ;-)


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Fellowship of the Wheel
The Fellowship creates and maintains mountain biking opportunities in the greater Chittenden County region of Vermont, all through volunteer efforts, while promoting advocacy and leadership.
Andy Weis
PO Box 1566
Williston , VT 05495
Hinesburg Town Forest
(18 miles) The Hinesburg Town Forest is a unique and wonderfully varied 850 acre piece of land. It is marked by beautiful stands of firs, pines, and birches, as well as a mix of deciduous vegetation. It is a favorite trail network for beginner, intermediate, and advanced single track mountain biking.
Indian Brook Park
(7 miles) Multi-use path shared by hikers, horseback riders, dog-walkers and mountain bikers alike.
Mobbs Hill
(3.5 miles) Large stands of pine and hemlock, mixed hardwood forest. Some open meadow, old apple trees, wrecked cars, steep ascents and descents, areas of exposure along ledgy outcroppings.
Mobbs Valley
(5 miles) Variable terrain, expansive meadows, dense hemlock woods, open hardwood forest overlooking Mill Brook. 5 ravine bridges built by VYCC and a wonderful swimming hole!
Mud Pond Country Park
(4.5 miles) This designated natural area consists of 79 acres and offers a 2.3 mile round trip multiple use trail open to non-motorized travel. This area connects to the Five Tree Hill and Mud Pond Conservation Area. Parking is available on Mud Pond Road. Bike trails established by Fellowship of the Wheel offer Beginner to Advanced-Intermediate single track.
Saxon Hill School District Park
(5 miles) Intermediate mountain biking with great "Flo".


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This invention is directed towards a method of using visible light at wavelengths of at least 500 nm and above in combination with a sensitizer having a flavin moiety to reduce any pathogens that may be contained in blood and blood components. By exposing the blood and blood components to light of 500 nm and higher, only the sensitizer that is bound to nucleic acids of the pathogens will be activated, thus destroying the sensitizer-pathogenic nucleic acid complex. Because unbound sensitizer is not activated at this wavelength, damage to blood and blood components caused by photolysis of unbound sensitizer may be avoided.
1. A process for pathogen reduction of a fluid containing blood or blood products which may contain pathogens having nucleic acids comprising:
adding to the fluid a sensitizer containing a flavin moiety;
allowing the sensitizer to bind to the nucleic acid of the pathogens to make a fluid having bound sensitizer and unbound sensitizer; and
irradiating the fluid at a wavelength of 500 nm to 550 nm, wherein only the bound sensitizer is activated and the unbound sensitizer is not activated;
thereby reducing the number of pathogens in the fluid.
2. The process of
3. The process of
4. The process of
5. The process of
6. The process of
7. The process of
8. The process of
9. The process of
10. The process of
This application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/377,524, filed Feb. 28, 2003, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/586,147, filed Jun. 2, 2000, now abandoned, which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/357,188, filed Jul. 20, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,277,337, which is a Continuation-In-Part of Ser. No. 09/119,666 filed Jul. 21, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,258,577. This application also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional No. 60/580,311, filed Jun. 15, 2004.
As pointed out by the NIH (National Institutes of Health) in a recent RFA (Request for Applications) "3.8 million Americans are transfused with 28.2 million blood components derived from 12.8 million units of blood donated by apparently healthy volunteers." Blood products are extensively tested for the presence of pathogens prior to administration in the developed world. Nevertheless, there exists a small, but finite risk of transmission of infectious agents in a transfusion. In its RFA, the NIH estimated the risk during transfusion "of a unit of screened blood is 1/1,000,000 for hepatitis A virus (HAV), is 1/30,000-1/50,000 for hepatitis B (HBV), 1/30,000-1/150,000 for hepatitis C (HCV), 1/20,000-1/2,000,000 for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 1/250,000-1/2,000,000 for human T-cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) types I and II and 1/10,000 for parvo virus B1. Furthermore, the estimated frequency of bacterial contamination of red blood cells is 1/500,000 units and the risk of platelet-related sepsis is estimated to be 1/12,000" as of the year 2000.
The risks of viral infection are due to the "window period," the period of time between the infection of a donor and the development of detectable levels of antibodies. The introduction of nucleic acid testing (NAT) has shortened the window period and further decreased the incidence of units of blood products containing pathogens. NAT was introduced for HIV and HCV in the United States in 1998. This new technology has greatly reduced the risk as the window period has been dramatically decreased. The window period for HIV was reduced from 22 days to 11 days and the window period for HCV has been reduced from 70 days to 8-10 days. This new technology has brought the risks per unit of donated blood to 1:1,800,000 for HIV and 1:1,600,000 for HCV. When these statistics are compared to the current risk of 1:220,000 associated with HVB, a virus for which NAT is not currently performed, the need for additional pathogen reduction technologies is apparent. As the blood supply in the developed world is relatively safe, any technology that further decreases the incidence of pathogens in blood products must itself be incredibly safe to be of net benefit to public health.
Sadly, blood products are still not screened prior to administration in many parts of the world. In underdeveloped countries, the cost of introducing testing protocols exceeds the local resources. The blood supply in too many countries tragically contains high levels of pathogens, especially parasitic organisms such as those responsible for Chagas Disease and Malaria. New technology which can improve the safety of the blood supply in underdeveloped portions of the globe must be simple and inexpensive if it is to receive widespread use.
A simple technology which has been used to sterilize at least some portions of the blood such as plasma is UV light. However, pathogens are composed of the same amino acid, nucleic acid, and lipid building blocks as plasma proteins, platelets, and red cells. Consequently, there is no known wavelength of light which can be selectively deposited into pathogens in the presence of blood products. Pathogens, plasma proteins, and platelets absorb UVB (280-320 nm) and UVC (200-280 nm) radiation. This inactivates pathogens, but with unacceptable damage to plasma proteins and platelets. Red cells absorb this type of radiation so strongly that one cannot inactivate pathogens with UVB and UVC radiation in their presence. UVA radiation (320-400 nm) alone does not inactivate a virus. It does, however, shorten the shelf life of platelets.
This fact has led practitioners to study sensitizers. By definition, sensitizers absorb light and initiate chemical reactions that inactivate pathogens. Thus, it is no surprise that sensitizers themselves undergo chemical change upon photolysis. Therefore, not only must the ideal sensitizer be innocuous, but every molecule it degrades to upon photolysis must be non-toxic and non-mutagenic as well.
Ideally, a sensitizer will absorb long wavelength light (λ>400 nm) that is not absorbed by plasma proteins or platelets. If the sensitizer binds only to pathogen, in the presence of plasma protein and platelets, radiant energy in the UVA or visible region of the spectrum can be deposited selectively into the pathogen, even in the presence of blood components. This can lead to inactivation of the pathogen, in principle, by various chemical reaction mechanisms.
In the absence of pathogen, the ideal sensitizer will not bind to transfusable blood product. Thus the ideal sensitizer must recognize and exploit a chemical difference between the pathogen and the blood product. There is a chemical difference between many pathogens and plasma proteins. Bacteria and many types of virus are encapsulated by phospholipid membranes or envelopes, but plasma proteins are not. Pooled plasma is treated with solvent detergent that dissolves membranes and inactivates many types of pathogens without damage to the plasma protein. Recently, Cerus Corporation has developed a technology for pathogen reduction of platelets that has been approved for use in Europe. At this time there is no pathogen eradication technology used to treat red cells before their administration in transfusion medicine, anywhere in the world.
A successful photochemical technology that will eradicate pathogens present in blood products requires that the perfect sensitizer has the following properties: the ideal sensitizer must bind to pathogenic particles but must not bind to plasma proteins, platelets or red blood cells. Secondly, the ideal sensitizer should be non-toxic, non-mutagenic and must not break down to compounds that are toxic and mutagenic. It should be readily available, water soluble, and inexpensive. Finally, the ideal sensitizer must absorb UV and/or visible radiation. Absorption of radiation must produce a short-lived, highly-reactive toxin, which creates lesions in its immediate vicinity (e.g., only to the pathogenic particle to which it is bound).
Molecules that are currently under investigation, which fulfill many of the above-mentioned requirements, have flavin moieties and are members of the alloxazine family, in particular, riboflavin.
This invention is directed towards a process for substantially preventing damage to blood components in a fluid which contains pathogens having nucleic acids. The process includes adding to the fluid a sensitizer having a flavin moiety; letting the sensitizer bind to the nucleic acids of the pathogens; irradiating the fluid and sensitizer with light at a wavelength between 500-550 nm to activate the sensitizer which is bound to the nucleic acid of the pathogen; and inactivating the pathogen.
Riboflavin (RB, vitamin B2) is a vitamin essential to the human diet. It is present in aerobic organisms and is found in many foodstuffs such as milk, beer, eggs, yeast and leafy vegetables. It is also the precursor for flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which are major coenzymes that participate in a number of one-electron processes in the human body.
Riboflavin has absorption maxima at 220, 265, 375, and 446 nm in water and is yellow-orange in color. When aqueous solutions containing riboflavin are exposed to sunlight, riboflavin is converted into lumichrome (LC) under neutral conditions, and into lumiflavin (LF) in alkaline solutions. LC is also a known metabolic breakdown product of riboflavin in the human body.
Flavin systems are known to be photochemically active, and products of flavin photochemistry are known to react with a host of biological molecules, often with clinical implications.
Advantages of using riboflavin as a sensitizer include the fact that riboflavin is "Generally Regarded As Safe" or GRAS by the FDA. Its photochemical breakdown products (lumichrome and lumiflavin) are metabolites of riboflavin and thus are formed naturally in vivo. Inadvertent riboflavin photolysis takes place in the blood of neonates treated for hyperbilirubinemia. In vivo riboflavin photochemistry does not lead to an incidence of cancer in treated neonates. Secondly, riboflavin can be activated with visible light that is not absorbed strongly by plasma or platelets. Thirdly, platelets treated with riboflavin and light, under conditions which inactivate high titers of pathogen, circulate normally when reinfused into autologous hosts.
Thus, technology based on an endogenous sensitizer like riboflavin is much more likely to be both efficacious and safe than technology based on a synthetic sensitizer (e.g. a psoralen or methylene blue). Riboflavin also has the advantage over other possible synthetic photosensitizers because it is a naturally occurring, essential vitamin-with no known toxicity.
Use of riboflavin as a sensitizer in a pathogen reduction procedure to pathogen reduce blood and blood components has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,258,577 and 6,277,337.
Riboflavin Photophysics and General Photochemistry
Sensitizer photophysics and photochemistry of riboflavin, can be usefully summarized with the aid of the Jablonski diagram below. The sensitizer in its ground electronic state is referred to as S0. Upon absorption of light, the sensitizer is converted to an electronically excited state that, in the condensed phase, immediately (<<10−11 s) relaxes to the lowest vibrational level of the lowest excited state (S1). The lifetimes of S1 states in solution are usually in the range of 0.1-10 ns and are controlled by internal conversion (IC) and fluorescence (F) decay back to S0, by intersystem crossing (ISC) to a paramagnetic triplet state (T1) and by inter- and intramolecular chemical reactions. Because S1 is short-lived, bimolecular reactions of S1 will be inefficient unless the trapping agent is rather concentrated (0.1-1.0 M) or the sensitizer and the trap are complexed. A sensitizer bound to protein or nucleic acid will likely react in its S1 state. Common reactions of S1 are electron transfer and cycloaddition. Fluorescence quenching is characteristic of bimolecular reactions of S1.
Sensitizer triplet states are much longer lived than excited singlet states. Their lifetimes are typically controlled by bimolecular reactions, particularly reaction with oxygen, a molecule with a triplet ground state. This reaction often leads to the formation of singlet oxygen, a potent oxidizing agent that is employed in many lipid-targeted, photosensitized, viral inactivation strategies.
The generally accepted major photochemical processes available to riboflavin (RB) in the presence of a suitable substrate (R—H), such as electron-rich amino acids (e.g. tryptophan and tyrosine) or guanosine, are shown below.
The first step in the photochemistry of RB is the excitation of the singlet ground state (S0) to the singlet excited state (1RB*, S1). The singlet excited state can fluoresce (φF=0.26, τF=5 ns, 520 nm), or undergo rapid intersystem crossing, ISC, (φISC=0.7) to the triplet excited state (3RB*, T1, τT
Riboflavin Photochemistry as a Sensitizer
Nucleic Acid Targeted Sensitizers
All potential pathogens present in the blood supply (with the possible exception of prions) contain genomic nucleic acids. Viruses may be either RNA or DNA based, single or double stranded, enveloped or non-enveloped, but all contain nucleic acids. Genomic nucleic acids have the specific purpose to propagate the organism or cellular population in which it is located. Plasma proteins, platelets, and red cells do not contain genomic nucleic acids. Plasma proteins are composed of amino acids and do not contain nucleic acids. Platelets are generated from other blood cells but they themselves do not reproduce. Platelets do have mitochondrial DNA, but do not possess genomic DNA. Human red cells have no nucleus and do not contain any nucleic acid.
To a crude, first approximation, any genomic nucleic acid present in a unit of donated blood is undesirable. The only genomic nucleic acid material in a unit of blood products would be due to either bacterial or viral pathogens. A sensitizer, which binds nucleic acids but does not bind to phospholipids or proteins, might be able to exploit this chemical difference and selectively inactivate virus and bacteria in the presence of plasma protein, platelets, and red cells. Therefore, technology that can damage the nucleic acid framework while leaving the remaining blood components untouched will be a useful method for sterilizing blood and blood components.
As discussed above, UV radiation damages DNA, but it also damages many other biological compounds as well. If a compound can bind DNA, and upon activation, cause enough damage such as nicks and cross-links, then the DNA cannot be repaired and replicated. Riboflavin is known to bind weakly to nucleic acid. It has been shown by Dardare et. al that riboflavin has little affinity for albumin and for phospholipids, but it does have a small but finite binding affinity for calf thymus DNA. From Scatchard plots, Kuratomi and Kobayashi have deduced that one flavin or alloxazine molecule is bound to every 500 nucleotides of native nucleic acids. Since riboflavin appears to selectively bind DNA, and since riboflavin can be photo-excited with low energy visible light, which is expected to be more selective with respect to undesired photolytic damage of the DNA bases themselves, riboflavin is under study as a sensitizer of nucleic acid damage in the presence of other biological chromophores. One possible site of riboflavin sensitized DNA damage is in the sugar backbone of the helix and the electron-rich guanosine residues.
Riboflavin sensitized photolysis of DNA produces 8-oxoguanosine and single strand breaks in addition to adducts of flavin and nucleic acid. Cadet and coworkers have shown that excited riboflavin can accept an electron from guanosine to form the guanosine radical cation. Subsequent hydrolysis of the guanosine radical cation also produces 8-oxoguanosine. Thus 8-oxoguanosine can be formed by more then one mechanism and at least by one mechanism without the intervention of singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide or superoxide ion.
Yamamoto, Nishimura and Kasai have analyzed the DNA of cultured mammalian cells (mouse lymphoma line L5178Y) exposed to riboflavin and visible light and found that 8-oxoguanosine was produced. Previously, Hoffman and Meneghini discovered that photolysis of green monkey kidney cells and riboflavin led to the formation of single strand breaks of the cellular DNA. Thus, it is a straightforward conclusion that photolysis of intracellular riboflavin produces intracellular oxidants that damage cellular DNA and/or that photolysis of extracellular riboflavin generates extracellular hydrogen peroxide that can passively transport to the cell nucleus and damage the cellular DNA. There seems little doubt that this is the mechanism for much cellular DNA damage but Cadet's work indicates that it is probably not the only intracellular riboflavin sensitized photochemistry which transpires. Furthermore, Ennever and Speck have demonstrated the flavin-nucleic acid adducts are formed when riboflavin and nucleic acids are exposed to visible light. The formation of these adducts is not oxygen dependent.
Photolysis of RB
It is well known that long-lived oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion are produced when riboflavin in water or growth medium is exposed to visible light. These effects are enhanced in the presence of electron donors such as tryptophan and tyrosine. Short-lived oxidants such as singlet oxygen are also formed upon photolysis of riboflavin.
The first step in the formation of long lived oxidants involves electron transfer from a donor (tryptophan, tyrosine, ground state flavin) to either the excited singlet or triplet state of riboflavin to form the flavin radical anion (RB�). The reaction scheme for the formation of superoxide from riboflavin (RB) is shown below.
There are many plausible mechanisms by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be formed from the radical anion of the flavin. An electron can be transferred from the radical anion of riboflavin to oxygen to form superoxide anion. Alternatively, protonation of the reduced flavin forms a neutral radical RBH�which can react with oxygen to form a hydroperoxy radical (RBOO�). The reaction pathway for the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from irradiated riboflavin (RB) is shown below.
Complete reduction of riboflavin forms leukoflavin, RBH2. This species is stable in solution in the absence of oxygen. However, it reacts very rapidly with oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide and to regenerate riboflavin. In this manner the photochemical formation of hydrogen peroxide can be catalytic rather than stoichiometric in riboflavin. The simplicity of the overall reaction of leukoflavin with oxygen is deceptive. The overall reaction is actually a multistep sequence involving superoxide ion.
Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide ion both react with guanosine residues of cellular DNA. Isolation and digestion of the cellular DNA yields either 8-oxoguanosine or 8-oxoguanine depending on the methodology employed to digest the nucleic acid.
Hydrogen peroxide also induces single strand breaks when added to nucleic acids, and is toxic to cells.
Action Spectra of Riboflavin
Action spectroscopy is a general approach used to identify the species containing the chromophore that is responsible for a specific photochemical or photobiological reaction. The most basic action spectrum consists of a plot of a specific response as a function of wavelength at a constant dose of irradiation (fluence), usually in terms of joules per square meter (J/m2). The "specific response" against which the irradiating wavelength is plotted against could be a wide variety of measurements ranging from lethality and viability to growth and induced mutation and even chemical yields and product ratios.
The absorption curves for nucleic acid and protein is shown in
Ideally, an action spectrum should have the following characteristics.
Systems used to study pathogen inactivation often include the study of bacterial viruses or phages, which are easy to handle, provide rapid results, are safer than working with human pathogens, and are available with a wide range of biological variation. For example, many studies aimed at understanding HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) have been performed using the feline variant (FIV) or simian variant (SIV).
Lambda phage is a bacteriophage that has Escherichia coli as its host. Lambda phage contains double-stranded DNA that is loosely encapsulated within a protein sheath. Approximately 50,000 DNA base pairs account for about 50% of the total lambda phage mass, the rest of which arises from protein. Lambda phage enters into the host via the receptor that transports maltose the cell. Once inside the host, the phage can reproduce.
One method for determining the titer of viable phage is by a plaque assay. Lambda phage plaque assays have been used in a wide variety of scientific investigations, including those involving the genotoxicity of illuminated riboflavin and viral inactivation from photosensitizers that bind DNA.
In a plaque assay, a sample containing the phage in question is diluted serially (10-fold) and each resulting solution is incubated in an excess of the bacterial host. This phage-host mixture is then plated out in agar with the appropriate growth media and the bacteria are permitted to propagate under favorable growth conditions specific for the bacteria.
When an individual host cell is infected, the phage propagates and the host undergoes lysis. The ruptured host then releases its cellular contents and the propagated phage into the agar matrix, which then infects neighboring bacteria. This cycle continues until a "plaque" is formed, which is a small circular region devoid of bacterial growth in the bacterial lawn on the agar support. In this way, one can count the number of plaques on an agar plate originating from a solution with a known dilution factor. The starting titer of phage can then be calculated from the collected data. By comparing the titer of a sample before and after a specific treatment, the amount of phage inactivation can be determined.
Using the methods described above, an action spectrum of the riboflavin-sensitized inactivation of lambda phage may answer several interesting and useful questions.
The action spectra of the inactivation of lambda phage in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 μM riboflavin was determined between 266-575 nm. Each irradiated sample is based on 2.5 mL of solution in a 3.0 mL quartz cuvette. Each data point was performed in triplicate and the reported value reflects the average of these three values. As shown in
Action Spectra: 266-304 nm
It has been known for many years that UV radiation with wavelengths of less than or equal to 304 nm is lethal to cells. However, the effect of the addition of the photosensitizer riboflavin, on the action spectrum in this region was not known. As can be seen in
As shown in
Although the quantity of phage inactivation decreases with increasing riboflavin concentration when the sample is irradiated between 266-304 nm, this does not necessarily mean that riboflavin is acting only as a screening agent. One concern that exists when considering methods of pathogen inactivation is the possibility of host re-activation. Basically, defense and repair mechanisms (within bacteria and existing in hosts for viruses) have the ability to repair DNA damage and reverse pathogen inactivation. In systems that have undergone a specific type of stress that leads to damage (i.e. peroxides), particular repair mechanisms may be stimulated and be activated to repair this type of damage to the pathogens. The result is less-than-expected pathogen inactivation. Therefore, it would be beneficial to control the type of damage that is responsible for pathogen inactivation to a type that is more difficult to repair. As a result, the DNA damage would not be as efficiently repaired and the viral titer would remain low instead of rebounding due to DNA repair.
When DNA is irradiated with UV light, most of the damage consists of thymine-thymine dimers (T<>T). In terms of quantum yield, the majority of the energy of photoexcited DNA is lost to the system in the form of heat rather than chemical change. In the presence of riboflavin, the photochemistry of DNA could then follow a different pathway. If light that is absorbed by DNA results in a guanosine excited-state singlet, *G1, which then relaxes to the excited-state triplet, *G3, then an electron transfer can occur from guanosine to riboflavin. Alternatively, triplet thymine could undergo an energy transfer to riboflavin, which could then react with an electron donor such as guanosine. The guanosine radical cation can then be oxidized by water to form 8-oxo-guanosine, which is a lesion that is less easily repaired. Therefore, there may be a benefit from riboflavin in the inactivation of lambda phage from 266-304 nm that is manifest as a more lethal DNA lesion that is not as easily repaired by host reactivation.
Action Spectra: 308-575 nm
To achieve the same magnitude of log reduction that was observed between 266-304 nm, the energy required for the experiments between 308-575 nm was increased 50-fold from 0.1 J/mL to 5.0 J/mL.
This action spectra is shown in
The action spectra do not correlate perfectly with the absorption curve of either riboflavin or lumichrome over the entire wavelength regime. There appears to be essentially an identical amount of viral inactivation at 355 and 500 nm, although the optical densities (of solutions containing the same concentration of riboflavin) differ by a factor of five at these wavelengths. There also appears to be a large amount of inactivation at 320 nm, which was contrary to expectations, as riboflavin in water does not have an absorption maximum in this region. The inactivation at about 500 nm is slightly higher than expected compared to the absorption curve of riboflavin and the inactivation at 375 nm where riboflavin absorbs is lower than expected. Additionally, the region between 308 nm (the point at which the riboflavin switches from screening direct absorption of light by the phage to sensitized inactivation) and 350 nm appears to have more riboflavin sensitized inactivation than expected based upon the absorption curve of riboflavin.
An area where the inactivation in the presence of riboflavin is larger than expected is at 500 nm. Since there is no inactivation at this wavelength in the absence of sensitizer, the value added of riboflavin is very clear.
When the log reduction of phage is 0.5 logs or lower, concern exists that the magnitude error bars of the assay are approaching that of the data itself. Since the area in the action spectrum around 500 nm is of interest, a closer examination was performed in this region. Therefore, the action spectrum points were redone at 500, 510, 530, 550, and 575 nm with 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 uM riboflavin and with 25 J/mL of delivered laser radiation. When these results are examined, an interesting feature begins to emerge.
Examination of the data obtained after exposure to 25 J/mL between 500-575 nm reveals that there may be an additional inactivation maxima at 550 nm.
Since this action spectra now strongly suggests that there is another region of significant viral inactivation well beyond the absorption curve of aqueous riboflavin, the action spectra from 500-550 nm (
The data suggests that there may be a new region of increased viral inactivation in the region between 500-520 nm and possibly at 550 nm.
Binding of Flavins
Any riboflavin that is bound to phage in the action spectra studies is in such minute concentrations that a UV-visible shift due to bound flavin is impossible to obtain, although the effect of bound flavin could dominate the action spectra. Therefore any shifts in the UV-visible absorption spectra due to flavin binding to several biological macromolecules was studied.
A route to study the possible shift in absorption spectra due to riboflavin binding includes the study of aptamer binding. Aptamers are specific sequences of RNA that have a high binding affinity for a specific substrate. Several literature reports indicate that an aptamer that tightly binds FMN may be a suitable model to study absorption spectra shifts upon riboflavin binding. As mentioned above, FMN is the phosphorylated form of riboflavin. FMN is more water soluble then riboflavin, but the flavin moiety is identical to that of riboflavin. It can be extrapolated from the below data that riboflavin would behave identically to FMN. The aptamer sequence (GGC GUG UAG GAU AUG CUU CGG CAG AAG GAC ACG CC) was custom synthesized, purified, and deprotected and was used as received. The aptamer was prepared in RNAse free buffer PBS (autoclaved with 0.1% diethyl pyrocarbonate [DEPC]) containing 0.1 mM EDTA and 4 mM Mg+2. The magnesium was reported to be critical for proper folding of the aptamer and consequent binding of the flavin ring of FMN.
The difference spectra were obtained with both 100 and 200 μM each RNA aptamer and FMN. Only the data for the 200 μM concentrations are shown in
The negative values in the difference spectrum (ca. 370 and 445 nm) are due to the lower molar absorptivity of the bound flavin compared to the free flavin. If one could obtain a spectrum of pure aptamer-bound FMN, the result would be an absorption spectrum with an absorbance greater than or equal to zero at all points (i.e. no subtraction error). One can express the final concentration of the species after binding by the following equation, where χ is the concentration of the FMN-aptamer complex at equilibrium.
This difference spectrum is shown in
In an attempt to correct for the subtraction error of the difference spectrum and to obtain a spectrum close to that of pure nucleic acid-bound flavin, the spectrum of free FMN was systematically diminished and subtracted from the spectrum containing the bound flavin. The results of this study are shown in
For example, in the spectrum shown in
If the flavin is bound within the phage, the flavin absorption spectrum may shift due to the differing dielectric constant of the binding region. To probe this area, the absorption spectrum of an aqueous solution of riboflavin was compared to a solution (with the same riboflavin concentration) containing different ratios of other solvents in an attempt to observe an absorbance shift due to a change in the dielectric constant.
As can be seen from
Using the outcome of these aptamer studies, it may be hypothesized that if the majority of light below 500 nm is removed, it may be possible to selectively activate only riboflavin which is bound to nucleic acids. Because these studies show that unbound riboflavin is not activated at wavelengths of 500 nm and higher, only riboflavin which is bound to nucleic acids will be activated. Selective activation of bound riboflavin may decrease the potential for indiscriminate damage to cell membranes by the photolysis of unbound riboflavin, which as described above, produces hydrogen peroxide. This effect may be of greater concern in a pathogen reduction procedure of red blood cells due to the high level of oxygen which are present in red blood cells.
The method of this invention requires adding the riboflavin to the fluid to be pathogen reduced. The riboflavin and fluid may also be mixed together. Mixing may occur simply through the addition of riboflavin or a solution containing the riboflavin to the fluid to be decontaminated. Mixing may also occur via mechanical means within the illumination chamber.
In an embodiment, the fluid and riboflavin are placed in a photopermeable container such as a blood bag and irradiated in batch mode, preferably while agitating the container to fully distribute the photosensitizer throughout the fluid and expose all the fluid to the radiation.
The fluid containing the photosensitizer is exposed to light at a wavelength of above 500 nm to activate only the riboflavin and pathogenic nucleic acid complex. As discussed above, unbound riboflavin is not activated at this wavelength, so collateral damage to the cells caused by the photolysis of unbound or free riboflavin will be avoided. Light at a wavelength above 500 nm may be obtained by using LEDs which produce light in a very narrow band centered at 500 nm (not shown). Light in a broader spectrum such as that produced by fluorescent bulbs 50 (shown in
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September 14, 2009
America East Player of the Week
Meg Shea (Sr. / F / Melrose, Mass.) – field hockey
CAA Defensive Player of the Week
Devon Jackson (Jr. / LB / Williamstown, N.J.) – football
Tuesday, Sept. 8
Women's soccer: at Harvard 1, UNH 0
Friday, Sept. 11
Men's soccer: UNH 0, UMass 0 (2ot) (at UVM)
Women's soccer: Northeastern 1, at UNH 0 (2ot)
Volleyball: at Rhode Island 3, UNH 1
Saturday, Sept. 12
Volleyball: UNH 3, Brown 1 // Syracuse 3, UNH 0 (both at Rhode Island)
Field hockey: UNH 2, UC Davis 0 (at UVM)
Football: UNH 23, at Ball State 16
Sunday, Sept. 13
Men's soccer: Portland 1, UNH 0 (at UVM)
Men's cross country: 1st place at America East Pre-Meet (at UVM)
Women's cross country: 4th place at America East Pre-Meet (at UVM)
Women's soccer: at UNH 0, UMass 0 (2ot)
Field hockey: UNH 3, Penn 2 (at UVM)
Tuesday, Sept. 15
Volleyball at Bryant, 7 pm
Friday, Sept. 18
Women's soccer at Colorado College, 6 pm
Volleyball vs. Wyoming, 7 pm**
2nd Annual Holly Young Invitational (Arizona State vs. Harvard, 4:30 pm)
Saturday, Sept. 19
Volleyball vs. Harvard, 12:30 pm // vs. Arizona State, 7 pm (Pack the Arena)**
2nd Annual Holly Young Invitational (Wyoming vs. Arizona State, 10 am //
Wyoming vs. Harvard, 4:30 pm)
Field hockey vs. Holy Cross, 1 pm
Men's soccer vs. Colgate, 5 pm
Sunday, Sept. 20
Women's soccer at Air Force, 1 pm
- UNH captured first place at the six-team Pre-America East Meet, which was hosted by UVM. The Wildcats, with 39 points, beat the nearest of their five competitors by 24 points.
- Senior Josh Kearns (Ridgefield, Conn.) placed third overall to lead a pack of four 'Cats in the top 10. He completed the 8,000-meter run in 25 minutes, 40.80 seconds.
- Classmate Wesley Dinnan (Juneau, Alaska), freshman Cory Sinotte and grad student Ben Jenkins (Francestown, N.H.) placed sixth, ninth and 10th, respectively.
- UNH raced to fourth place at the Pre-America East Meet, which was hosted by UVM. The Wildcats placed ahead of Albany and St. Michael's College in the six-team meet.
- Sophomore Keely Maguire (Georgetown, Mass.) was the top 'Cat in fourth place overall. She ran the 5,050-meter course in 18 minutes, 49.91 seconds.
- Three other UNH runners placed in the top 20. Junior Erica Jesseman (Scarborough, Maine), senior Courtney Hamer (Andover, Mass.) and junior Allison Letourneau (Kingston, Nova Scotia) finished 13th, 14th and 17th, respectively.
FIELD HOCKEY (3-2, 0-0 America East)
- UNH captured first place a the Sheraton Catamount Field Hockey Classic by defeating UC Davis (2-0) and Penn (3-2). UNH generated a 39-13 shot advantage at the tourney and has outsthot the opposition, 102-63, this season.
- Senior forward Meg Shea (Melrose, Mass.) extended her goal-scoring streak to five games with one goal against UC Davis and two vs. Penn, including the game-winning tally in that game. Shea has scored eight of the team's 16 goals this season.
- Katherine Nagengast (Westborough, Mass.) recorded her first career shutout with a two-save effort vs. UC Davis.
- Shea was joined on the All-Tournament Team by teammates Kate Collins Smyth (Parteen, County Claire/Ireland), Kendall Deck (Bridgewater, N.J.) and Whitney Frates (Woodstock, Vt.).
- Ninth-ranked UNH defeated Ball State, 23-16, to record its fifth consecutive win against an FBS opponent. In previous years, the Wildcats defeated Army, Marshall, Northwestern and Rutgers.
- UNH's defense held Ball State to 129 yards of offense, including 27 in the first half.
- Sean Jellison (Amherst, N.H.) scored on touchdown runs of 5 and 8 yards vs. the Cardinals. He had 98 total yards with 55 on the ground and 43 through the air.
- Devon Jackson (Williamstown, N.J.) recorded eight tackles (five solo, three assisted), including a sack and two for losses; he also forced a fumble on Ball State's last possession of the game to secure the victory.
- Joey Orlando (Bethlehem, Pa.) had four receptions for 70 yards, including a 26-yard TD that gave UNH the lead for good.
MEN'S SOCCER (1-3-1, 0-0-0 America East)
- UNH went 0-1-1 at the 19th Annual Smith Barney Classic at UVM with a scoreless tie vs. UMass and a 1-0 loss to Portland.
- Colin O'Donnell (Hampden, Mass.) made a stellar save on a penalty kick vs. the Minutemen to keep the match scoreless. He was selected as the America East Man of the Match in that game.
- Josh Bronner (Belchertown, Mass.) was selected the America East Man of the Match for the Portland game.
WOMEN'S SOCCER (1-4-1, 0-0-0 America East)
- UNH went 0-2-1 last week with a scoreless tie vs. UMass and 1-0 losses to Harvard and Northeastern (in double overtime).
- Senior goalkeeper Ally Yost (Langhorne, Pa.) recorded a 0.30 GAA and .960 save percentage in the three matches with 24 saves and one goal allowed in 296:38; she was injured in overtime vs. Northeastern but did not yield a goal in her 96:38 of action. Yost made a career-high 10 saves in the shutout vs. UMass.
VOLLEYBALL (2-7, 0-0 America East)
- UNH went 1-2 at last weekend's Art Carmichael Invitational at the University of Rhode Island with a 3-1 win against Rhode Island and losses to URI (3-1) and Syracuse (3-0).
- Senior middle blocker Lindsay Fogarty (Pleasanton, Calif.) led the team in kills in all three matches and was named to the All-Tournament Team. She reached double digits each match and tallied 33 overall with a .344 hitting percentage.
- Kate Uitti (Pinckney, Mich.) is now 118 assists away from 3,000 in her career. Only one other Wildcat – current assistant coach Stacy Barnett – has reached that milestone.
- UNH will hold its 2nd Annual Holly Young Invitational this weekend with Arizona State, Harvard and Wyoming coming to town. "Pack the Arena" night is scheduled for Saturday, Sept. 19 against ASU at 7 p.m.
MEG SHEA, field hockey
Meg, a senior forward from Melrose, Mass., was honored as the Player of the Week by America East on the heels of her selection to the All-Tournament Team at the Sheraton Catamount Field Hockey Classic. She scored three goals last week to lead UNH to a pair of wins and first place at the tourney. Against Penn, she leveled the score, 1-1, in the ninth minute and struck again with 1:59 remaining in the game to break a 2-2 tie and give the Wildcats a 3-2 victory. One day earlier, Shea scored in the 68th minute to secure the 2-0 win against UC Davis.
DEVON JACKSON, football
Devon, a junior linebacker from Williamstown, N.J., recorded eight tackles (five solo, three assisted), including a sack and two for a loss, to spearhead UNH's defensive effort in the 23-16 victory at Ball State and garner the CAA's Defensive Player of the Week award. Devon also forced a fumble on Ball State's last possession of the game to secure the victory, which marked UNH's fifth straight win against an FBS team.


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We all that Naya Rivera is hot — and apparently, so does she! Since today is the Glee actress' 27th birthday, we decided to take a look at some of her candid Instagram photos and find the most sultry pics.
Browse through our gallery to see Naya's hottest images and in the comments, let us know which one is your fave!
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I Do
Last Saturday Amanda and I finally got married. If you haven't seen me tweeting or writing much over the past couple of weeks, this has been why. There is so much planning to go into a wedding, but then the last 24-48 hours it seems that nothing is done. It's almost like an A1C, you put all this effort and management into it for 3 months and then it happens and it seems like you haven't done anything to improve it.
My sugar was a bit high throughout the day from stress and nerves, but it didn't go over 250. I had some Skittles in my tux pocket just in case that low blood sugar decided to pop up.
In the end, diabetes did not get in the way of one single thing on this special day.
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Laura K. permalinkJuly 24, 2013
Congratulations Chris & Amanda! My very best wishes for long, happy future together…
July 24, 2013
Woohoo! Congratulations, Chris!


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Music, praise and worship and choir songs by the VBFA Choir led by Music Pastor Rev. Gary Grisham at Van Buren First Assembly of God, Arkansas. Pastor Bobby L. Johnson. VBFAtv.
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