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A method and apparatus for equalizing digital data signals is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of demodulating and decoding an input signal having input data to produce a data output, remodulating the data output to produce a training sequence including an idealized input signal, wherein the training sequence is comprised of adjacent symbols in the input data, and generating equalizer parameters from the training sequence. The apparatus comprises a demodulator (for demodulating an input signal to produce a data output), a modulator communicatively coupled to the demodulator (for remodulating the data output to produce a training sequence including an idealized input signal wherein the training sequence is comprised of adjacent symbols in the input data), and a parameter generation module communicatively coupled to the modulator (for generating equalizer parameters from the training sequence).
1. A method of equalizing an input signal comprising a lower layer signal non-coherendy layered with an upper layer signal, comprising:
delaying the input signal;
equalizing the delayed input signal according to equalizer parameters;
demodulating the input signal having input data to produce the upper layer signal;
remodulating the upper layer signal to produce a training sequence, wherein the training sequence is comprised of adjacent symbols in the input data;
subtracting the remodulated upper layer signal from the equalized and delayed input signal; and
generating the equalizer parameters from the training sequence.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
receiving and filtering the training sequence with a transversal filter; and
summing the delayed input signal and the filtered training sequence to create an estimated symbol sequence.
9. The method of
equalizing the input signal with a second equalizer before demodulation of the input signal;
equalizing the remodulated upper layer signal subtracted from the delayed input signal with a third equalizer.
10. The method of
11. The method of
12. An apparatus for equalizing an input signal comprising a lower layer signal non-coherently layered with an upper layer signal, comprising:
means for delaying the input signal;
means for equalizing the delayed input signal according to equalizer parameters;
means for demodulating the input signal having input data to produce the upper layer signal;
means for remodulating the upper layer signal to produce a training sequence, wherein the training sequence is comprised of adjacent symbols in the input data;
means for subtracting the remodulated upper layer signal from the equalized and delayed input signal; and
means for generating the equalizer parameters from the training sequence.
13. The apparatus of
14. The apparatus of
15. The apparatus of
16. The apparatus of
17. The apparatus of
18. The apparatus of
19. The apparatus of
a transversal filter for receiving and filtering the training sequence; and
a summer for summing the delayed input signal and the filtered training sequence to create an estimated symbol sequence.
20. The apparatus of
a second equalizer for equalizing the input signal before demodulation of the input signal;
a third equalizer for equalizing the remodulated upper layer signal subtracted from the delayed input signal.
21. The apparatus of
22. The apparatus of
23. An apparatus for equalizing an input signal comprising a lower layer signal non-coherently layered with an upper layer signal, the apparatus comprising:
a buffer, for delaying the input signal;
an equalizer, for equalizing the delayed input signal according to equalizer parameters;
a demodulator for demodulating the input signal to produce the upper layer signal;
a remodulator, communicatively coupled to the demodulator, for remodulating the demodulated input signal to produce a training sequence, wherein the training sequence is comprised of adjacent symbols in the input data;
a signal canceler, commumcatively coupled to the remodulator and the equalizer, for subtracting the remodulated demodulated input signal from the equalized delayed input signal;
a parameter generation module, communicatively coupled to the remodulator and the equalizer, for generating the equalizer parameters from the training sequence.
24. The apparatus of
25. The apparatus of
26. The apparatus of
27. The apparatus of
28. The apparatus of
29. The apparatus of
30. The apparatus of
a transversal filter for receiving and filtering the training sequence; and
a summer for summing the delayed input signal and the filtered training sequence to create an estimated symbol sequence.
31. The apparatus of
a second equalizer for equalizing the input signal before demodulation of the input signal;
a third equalizer for equalizing the remodulated upper layer signal subtracted from the delayed input signal.
32. The apparatus of
33. The apparatus of
This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/421,241, entitled "EQUALIZERS FOR LAYERED MODULATED AND OTHER SIGNALS," filed Oct. 25, 2002, by Ernest C. Chen, Tung-Sheng Lin, Weizheng Wang, and William C. Lindsey, which application is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
This application is also a continuation-in-part of the following co-pending and commonly assigned patent application(s), all of which applications are incorporated by reference herein:
Utility application Ser. No. 09/844,401, filed Apr. 27, 2001, by Ernest C. Chen, entitled "LAYERED MODULATION FOR DIGITAL SIGNALS."
Utility patent application Ser. No. 10/691,032, filed on sainu date herewith, by Weizheng Wang, Tung-Sheng Lin, Ernest C. Chen, and William C. Lindsey, entitled "UNBLIND EQUALIZER ARCHITECTURE FOR DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS," which application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/421,329, filed Oct. 25, 2002, by Weizheng Wang, Tung-Sheng Lin, Ernest C. Chen, and William C. Lindsey, entitled "INNOVATIVE UNDLIND EQUALIZER ARCHITECTURE FOR DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS."
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to systems and methods for transmitting data, and in particular to a system and method for equalizing digital data signals.
2. Description of the Related Art
Digital signal communication systems have been used in various fields, including digital TV signal transmission, both terrestrial and satellite. As the various digital signal communication systems and services evolve, there is a burgeoning demand for increased data throughput and added services. However, it is more difficult to implement improvement in old systems and new services when it is necessary to replace existing legacy hardware, such as transmitters and receivers. New systems and services are at an advantage when they can utilize existing legacy hardware. In the realm of wireless communications, this principle is further highlighted by the limited availability of electromagnetic spectrum. Thus, it is not possible (or at least not practical) to merely transmit enhanced or additional data at a new frequency.
The conventional method of increasing spectral capacity is to move to a higher-order modulation, such as from quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) to eight phase shift keying (8PSK) or sixteen quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM). Unfortunately, QPSK receivers cannot demodulate conventional 8PSK or 16QAM signals. As a result, legacy customers with QPSK receivers must upgrade their receivers in order to continue to receive any signals transmitted utilizing 8PSK or 16QAM modulation.
It is advantageous for systems and methods of transmitting signals to accommodate enhanced and increased data throughput without requiring additional frequency. It is also advantageous for enhanced and increased throughput signals for new receivers to be backwards compatible with legacy receivers. There is further advantage for systems and methods which allow transmission signals to be upgraded from a source separate from the legacy transmitter.
It has been proposed that a layered modulation signal, transmitting non-coherently upper as well as lower layer signals be employed to meet these needs. Such layered modulation systems allow for higher information throughput with backwards compatibility. However, even when backward compatibility is not required (such as with an entirely new system), layered modulation can still be advantageous because it requires a TWTA peak power significantly lower than that for a conventional 8PSK or 16QAM modulation formats for a given throughput.
Equalizers are widely used in communication systems, and are particularly useful when there are multipath and/or other distortion effects in the transmission channel. Equalizers can also be used to cancel "echo" in the system. However, such equalizers typically require apriori knowledge of the channel impulse response, or knowledge of a pre-determined training sequence that is transmitted in the channel. Since the training sequence is known, the channel impulse response can be determined from the training sequence and appropriately equalized. Blind equalizers, which do not have apriori knowledge of the channel impulse response or knowledge of the pre-determined training sequence, are known, but such equalizers typically exhibit poor performance.
Accordingly, there is a need for systems and methods for accurately equalizing communication channels that does not require apriori knowledge of the channel impulse response or a training sequence. The present invention meets this need and provides further advantages as detailed hereafter.
To address the requirements described above, the present invention discloses a method and apparatus for equalizing digital data signals. The method comprises the steps of demodulating and decoding an input signal having input data to produce a data output, remodulating the data output to produce a training sequence including an idealized input signal, wherein the training sequence is comprised of adjacent symbols in the input data, and generating equalizer parameters from the training sequence. The apparatus comprises a demodulator for demodulating an input signal to produce a data output, a modulator, communicatively coupled to the demodulator, for remodulating the data output to produce a training sequence including an idealized input signal, wherein the training sequence is comprised of adjacent symbols in the input data, and a parameter generation module, communicatively coupled to the modulator for generating equalizer parameters from the training sequence.
Referring now to the drawings in which like reference numbers represent corresponding parts throughout:
In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and which is shown, by way of illustration, several embodiments of the present invention. It is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and which show, by way of illustration, several embodiments of the present invention. It is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
The uplink center 104 receives program material and program control information from the control center 102, and using an uplink antenna 106 and transmitter 105, transmits the program material and program control information to the satellite 108. The satellite receives and processes this information and transmits the video programs and control information to the subscriber receiver station 110 via downlink 118 using transmitter 107. The subscriber receiving station 110 receives this information using the outdoor unit (ODU) 112, which includes a subscriber antenna and a low noise block converter (LNB).
In one embodiment, the subscriber receiving station antenna is an 18-inch slightly oval-shaped Ku-band antenna. The slight ovoid shape is due to the 22.5 degree offset feed of the LNB (low noise block converter) which is used to receive signals reflected from the subscriber antenna. The offset feed positions the LNB out of the way so it does not block any surface area of the antenna minimizing attenuation of the incoming microwave signal.
The video distribution system 100 can comprise a plurality of satellites 108 in order to provide wider terrestrial coverage, to provide additional channels, or to provide additional bandwidth per channel. In one embodiment of the invention, each satellite comprises 16 transponders to receive and transmit program material and other control data from the uplink center 104 and provide such material to the subscriber receiving stations 110. Using data compression and multiplexing techniques with respect to channel capabilities, two satellites 108 working together can receive and broadcast over 150 conventional (non-HDTV) audio and video channels via 32 transponders.
While the invention disclosed herein will be described with reference to a satellite-based video distribution system 100, the present invention may also be utilized with terrestrial-based transmission of program information, whether by broadcasting means, cable, or other means. Further, the different functions collectively allocated among the control center 102 and the uplink center 104 as described above can be reallocated as desired without departing from the intended scope of the present invention.
Although the foregoing has been described with respect to an embodiment in which the program material delivered to the subscriber 122 is video (and audio) program material such as a movie, the foregoing method can be used to deliver program material comprising purely audio information or other data.
The video channels are provided by a program source of video material 200A–200C [collectively referred to hereinafter as video source(s) 200]. The data from each video program source 200 is provided to an encoder 202A–202C [collectively referred to hereinafter as encoder(s) 202]. Each of the encoders accepts a program time stamp (PTS) from the controller 216. The PTS is a wrap-around binary time stamp that is used to assure that the video information is properly synchronized with the audio information after encoding and decoding. A PTS time stamp is sent with each I-frame of the MPEG encoded data.
In one embodiment of the present invention, each encoder 202 is a second generation Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG-2) encoder, but other decoders implementing other coding techniques can be used as well. The data channel can be subjected to a similar compression scheme by an encoder (not shown), but such compression is usually either unnecessary, or performed by computer programs in the computer data source (for example, photographic data is typically compressed into *.TIF files or *.JPG files before transmission). After encoding by the encoders 202, the signals are converted into data packets by a packetizer 204A–204F [collectively referred to hereinafter as packetizer(s) 204] associated with each source 200.
The data packets are assembled using a reference from the system clock 214 (SCR) and from the conditional access manager 210, which provides the SCID to the packetizers 204 for use in generating the data packets. These data packets are then multiplexed into serial data and transmitted.
The data stream therefore comprises a series of packets from any one of the data sources in an order determined by the controller 216. The data stream is encrypted by the encryption module 218, modulated by the modulator 220 (typically using a QPSK modulation scheme), and provided to the transmitter 222, which broadcasts the modulated data stream on a frequency bandwidth to the satellite via the antenna 106. The receiver 500 receives these signals, and using the SCID, reassembles the packets to regenerate the program material for each of the channels.
The tuner/demodulator 504 isolates a single, digitally modulated 24 MHz transponder and converts the modulated data to a digital data stream. Further details regarding the demodulation of the received signal follow.
The digital data stream is then supplied to a forward error correction (FEC) decoder 506. This allows the IRD 500 to reassemble the data transmitted by the uplink center 104 (which applied the forward error correction to the desired signal before transmission to the subscriber receiving station 110) verifying that the correct data signal was received, and correcting errors, if any. The error-corrected data may be fed from the FEC decoder module 506 to the transport module 508 via an 8-bit parallel interface.
The transport module 508 performs many of the data processing functions performed by the IRD 500. The transport module 508 processes data received from the FEC decoder module 506 and provides the processed data to the video MPEG decoder 514 and the audio MPEG decoder 517. In one embodiment of the present invention, the transport module, video MPEG decoder and audio MPEG decoder are all implemented on integrated circuits. This design promotes both space and power efficiency, and increases the security of the functions performed within the transport module 508. The transport module 508 also provides a passage for communications between the microcontroller 510 and the video and audio MPEG decoders 514, 517. As set forth more fully hereinafter, the transport module also works with the conditional access module (CAM) 512 to determine whether the subscriber receiving station 110 is permitted to access certain program material. Data from the transport module can also be supplied to the external communication module 526.
The CAM 512 functions in association with other elements to decode an encrypted signal from the transport module 508. The CAM 512 may also be used for tracking and billing these services. In one embodiment of the present invention, the CAM 512 function as a smart card, having contacts cooperatively interacting with contacts in the IRD 500 to pass information. In order to implement the processing performed in the CAM 512, the IRD 500, and specifically the transport module 508 provides a clock signal to the CAM 512.
Video data is processed by the MPEG video decoder 514. Using the video random access memory (RAM) 536, the MPEG video decoder 514 decodes the compressed video data and sends it to an encoder or video processor 516, which converts the digital video information received from the video MPEG module 514 into an output signal usable by a display or other output device. By way of example, processor 516 may comprise a National TV Standards Committee (NTSC) or Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) encoder. In one embodiment of the invention both S-Video and ordinary video (NTSC or ATSC) signals are provided. Other outputs may also be utilized and are advantageous if high definition programming is processed.
Audio data is likewise decoded by the MPEG audio decoder 517. The decoded audio data may then be sent to a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter 518. In one embodiment of the present invention, the D/A converter 518 is a dual D/A converter, one for the right and left channels. If desired, additional channels can be added for use in surround sound processing or secondary audio programs (SAPs). In one embodiment of the invention, the dual D/A converter 518 itself separates the left and right channel information, as well as any additional channel information. Other audio formats may be similarly supported, for example, multi-channel DOLBY DIGITAL AC-3.
A description of the processes performed in the encoding and decoding of video streams, particularly with respect to MPEG and JPEG encoding/decoding, can be found in Chapter 8 of "Digital Television Fundamentals," by Michael Robin and Michel Poulin, McGraw-Hill, 1998, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
The microcontroller 510 receives and processes command signals from the remote control 524, an IRD 500 keyboard interface, and/or another input device. The microcontroller receives commands for performing its operations from a processor programming memory, which permanently stores such instructions for performing such commands. The processor programming memory may comprise a read-only memory (ROM) 538, an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) 522 or, similar memory device. The microcontroller 510 also controls the other digital devices of the IRD 500 via address and data lines (denoted "A" and "D" respectively, in
The modem 540 connects to the customer's phone line via the PSTN port 120. It calls, e.g. the program provider, and transmits the customer's purchase information for billing purposes, and/or other information. The modem 540 is controlled by the microprocessor 510. The modem 540 can output data to other I/O port types including standard parallel and serial computer I/O ports.
The present invention also comprises a local storage unit such as the video storage device 532 for storing video and/or audio data obtained from the transport module 508. Video storage device 532 can be a hard disk drive, a read/writable compact disc or DVD, a solid state RAM, or any other storage medium. In one embodiment of the present invention, the video storage device 532 is a hard disk drive with specialized parallel read/write capability so that data may be read from the video storage device 532 and written to the device 532 at the same time. To accomplish this feat, additional buffer memory accessible by the video storage 532 or its controller may be used. Optionally, a video storage processor 530 can be used to manage the storage and retrieval of the video data from the video storage device 532. The video storage processor 530 may also comprise memory for buffering data passing into and out of the video storage device 532. Alternatively or in combination with the foregoing, a plurality of video storage devices 532 can be used. Also alternatively or in combination with the foregoing, the microcontroller 510 can also perform the operations required to store and/or retrieve video and other data in the video storage device 532.
The video processing module 516 input can be directly supplied as a video output to a viewing device such as a video or computer monitor. In addition, the video and/or audio outputs can be supplied to an RF modulator 534 to produce an RF output and/or 8 vestigial side band (VSB) suitable as an input signal to a conventional television tuner. This allows the receiver 500 to operate with televisions without a video output.
Each of the satellites 108 comprises a transponder, which accepts program information from the uplink center 104, and relays this information to the subscriber receiving station 110. Known multiplexing techniques are used so that multiple channels can be provided to the user. These multiplexing techniques include, by way of example, various statistical or other time domain multiplexing techniques and polarization multiplexing. In one embodiment of the invention, a single transponder operating at a single frequency band carries a plurality of channels identified by respective service channel identification (SCID).
Preferably, the IRD 500 also receives and stores a program guide in a memory available to the microcontroller 510. Typically, the program guide is received in one or more data packets in the data stream from the satellite 108. The program guide can be accessed and searched by the execution of suitable operation steps implemented by the microcontroller 510 and stored in the processor ROM 538. The program guide may include data to map viewer channel numbers to satellite transponders and service channel identifications (SCIDs), and also provide TV program listing information to the subscriber 122 identifying program events.
The functionality implemented in the IRD 500 depicted in
The present invention provides for the modulation of signals at different power levels and advantageously for the signals to be non-coherent from each layer. In addition, independent modulation and coding of the signals may be performed. Backwards compatibility with legacy receivers, such as a quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) receiver is enabled and new services are provided to new receivers. A typical new receiver of the present invention uses two demodulators and one remodulator as will be described in detail hereafter.
In a typical backwards-compatible embodiment of the present invention, the legacy QPSK signal is boosted in power to a higher transmission (and reception) level. This creates a power "room" in which a new lower layer signal may operate. The legacy receiver will not be able to distinguish the new lower layer signal, from additive white Gaussian noise, and, thus, operates in the usual manner. The optimum selection of the layer power levels is based on accommodating the legacy equipment, as well as the desired new throughput and services.
The new lower layer signal is provided with a sufficient carrier to thermal noise ratio to function properly. The new lower layer signal and the boosted legacy signal are non-coherent with respect to each other. Therefore, the new lower layer signal can be implemented from a different TWTA and even from a different satellite. The new lower layer signal format is also independent of the legacy format, e.g., it may be QPSK or 8PSK, using the conventional concatenated FEC code or using a new Turbo code. The lower layer signal may even be an analog signal.
The combined layered signal is demodulated and decoded by first demodulating the upper layer to remove the upper carrier. The stabilized layered signal may then have the upper layer FEC decoded and the output upper layer symbols communicated to the upper layer transport. The upper layer symbols are also employed in a remodulator to generate an idealized upper layer signal. The idealized upper layer signal is then subtracted from the stable layered signal to reveal the lower layer signal. The lower layer signal is then demodulated and FEC decoded and communicated to the lower layer transport.
Signals, systems and methods using the present invention may be used to supplement a pre-existing transmission compatible with legacy receiving hardware in a backwards-compatible application or as part of a preplanned layered modulation architecture providing one or more additional layers at a present or at a later date.
Relative modulating frequencies cause the second layer constellation to rotate around the nodes of the first layer constellation. After the second layer CRL, this rotation is eliminated. The radius of the second layer constellation is determined by its power level. The thickness of the rings 702 is determined by the carrier to noise ratio (CNR) of the second layer. As the two layers are non-coherent, the second layer may also be used to transmit analog or digital signals.
Layered modulation applications include backwards compatible and non-backwards compatible applications. "Backwards compatible" in this sense describes systems in which legacy receivers 500 are not rendered obsolete by the additional signal layer(s). Instead, even if the legacy receivers 500 are incapable of decoding the additional signal layer(s), they are capable of receiving the layered modulated signal and decoding the original signal layer. In these applications, the pre-existing system architecture is accommodated by the architecture of the additional signal layers. "Non-backwards compatible" describes a system architecture which makes use of layered modulation, but the modulation scheme employed is such that pre-existing equipment is incapable of receiving and decoding the information on additional signal layer(s).
The pre-existing legacy IRDs 500 decode and make use of data only from the layer (or layers) they were designed to receive, unaffected by the additional layers. However, as will be described hereafter, the legacy signals may be modified to optimally implement the new layers. The present invention may be applied to existing direct satellite services which are broadcast to individual users in order to enable additional features and services with new receivers without adversely affecting legacy receivers and without requiring additional signal frequency.
In order for the subtraction to leave a clean small lower layer signal, the upper layer signal must be precisely reproduced. The modulated signal may have been distorted, for example, by traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) non-linearity or other non-linear or linear distortions in the transmission channel. The distortion effects are estimated from the received signal after the fact or from TWTA characteristics which may be downloaded into the IRD in AM—AM and/or AM-PM maps 1014, used to eliminate the distortion.
A subtractor 1012 then subtracts the idealized upper layer signal from the stable demodulated signal 1020. This leaves the lower-power second layer signal. The subtractor 1012 may include a buffer or delay function to retain the stable demodulated signal 1020 while the idealized upper layer signal is being constructed. The second layer signal is demodulated by the lower level demodulator 1010 and FEC decoded by decoder 1008 according to its signal format to produce the lower layer symbols, which are provided to the transport module 508.
Other equivalent methods of layer subtraction will occur to those skilled in the art and the present invention should not be limited to the examples provided here. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that the present invention is not limited to two layers; additional layers may be included. Idealized upper layers are produced through remodulation from their respective layer symbols and subtracted. Subtraction may be performed on either the received combined signal or a demodulated signal. Finally, it is not necessary for all signal layers to be digital transmissions; the lowest layer may be an analog transmission.
The following analysis describes the exemplary two layer demodulation and decoding. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that additional layers may be demodulated and decoded in a similar manner. The incoming combined signal is represented as:
Ignoring ƒU(•) and ƒL(•) and noise n(t), the following represents the output of the signal after removing the upper carrier:
After subtracting the upper layer from sUL(t) in the subtractor 1012, the following remains:
Any distortion effects, such as TWTA nonlinearity effects are estimated for signal subtraction. In a typical embodiment of the present invention, the upper and lower layer frequencies are substantially equal. Significant improvements in system efficiency can be obtained by using a frequency offset between layers.
Using the present invention, two-layered backward compatible modulation with QPSK doubles a current 6/7 rate capacity by adding a TWTA approximately 6.2 dB above an existing TWTA power. New QPSK signals may be transmitted from a separate transmitter, for example, from a different satellite. In addition, there is no need for linear traveling wave tube amplifiers (TWTAs) as with 16QAM. Also, no phase error penalty is imposed on higher order modulations such as 8PSK and 16QAM.
In an alternate embodiment of this backwards compatible application, a code rate of 2/3 may be used for both the upper and lower layers 1104, 1110. In this case, the CNR of the legacy QPSK signal 1102 (with a code rate of 2/3) is approximately 5.8 dB. The legacy signal 1102 is boosted by approximately 5.3 dB to approximately 11.1 dB (4.1 dB above the legacy QPSK signal 1102 with a code rate of 2/3) to form the upper QPSK layer 1104. The new lower QPSK layer 1110 has a CNR of approximately 3.8 dB. The total signal and noise of the lower layer 1110 is kept at or below approximately 5.3 dB, the tolerable noise floor 1106 of the upper QPSK layer. In this case, overall capacity is improved by 1.55 and the effective rate for legacy IRDs will be 7/9 of that before implementing the layered modulation.
In a further embodiment of a backwards compatible application of the present invention, the code rates between the upper and lower layers 1104, 1110 may be mixed. For example, the legacy QPSK signal 1102 may be boosted by approximately 5.3 dB to approximately 12.3 dB with the code rate unchanged at 6/7 to create the upper QPSK layer 1104. The new lower QPSK layer 1110 may use a code rate of 2/3 with a CNR of approximately 3.8 dB. In this case, the total capacity relative to the legacy signal 1102 is approximately 1.78. In addition, the legacy IRDs will suffer no rate decrease.
As previously discussed the present invention may also be used in "non-backward compatible" applications. In a first exemplary embodiment, two QPSK layers 1104, 1110 are used each at a code rate of 2/3. The upper QPSK layer 504 has a CNR of approximately 4.1 dB above its noise floor 1106 and the lower QPSK layer 1110 also has a CNR of approximately 4.1 dB. The total code and noise level of the lower QPSK layer 1110 is approximately 5.5 dB. The total CNR for the upper QPSK signal 1104 is approximately 9.4 dB, merely 2.4 dB above the legacy QPSK signal rate 6/7. The capacity is approximately 1.74 compared to the legacy rate 6/7.
The performance of the IRD 500 can be improved by the use of equalizers. Equalizers can be classified into two groups: those that either know or estimate channel impulse response, and those that operate without such knowledge. Information about such equalizers can be found in the paper "Adaptive Equalizer" by Qureshi, Proceedings of IEEE, Vol. 73, No. 9, September 1985, and in the textbook "Digital Communications," by John G. Proakis, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1995, in Chapters 10 and 11.
The first group includes equalizers that have apriori knowledge of the channel impulse response, and those that estimate the channel impulse response using prearranged training sequences known to both the transmitter and the receiver. The second group includes blind equalizers (which have no knowledge of the channel impulse response and do not attempt to estimate it). One type of blind equalizer is a decision feedback blind equalizer, which uses the digital output of the system to feedback to the equalizer computation. However, that type of decision-making process is very sensitive to the digital output error rate.
The "unblind" equalizer described below does not fall neatly into any of the above categories. Unlike the first category, no a priori knowledge of the transmission channel characteristics is required and prearranged training sequences are not required, thus saving valuable transmission capacity. The "unblind" equalizer has the same implementation advantages and provides performance better than a blind equalizer. However, the unblind equalizer does not require specific knowledge of the channel impulse response, nor does it need to dedicate transmission capacity to transmit training sequences. The unblind equalizer uses past received data to recover the transmission signal, and then uses the recovered transmission signal to define the equalizer format and parameters.
The unblind equalizer can also be used in combination with an adaptive equalizer to create an adaptive unblind equalizer, which can be used in applications where channel characteristics change over time.
Turning first to
In one embodiment, the equalizer parameters are generated by comparing a buffered or delayed version of the input signal with the pseudo-training sequence. This technique is illustrated in blocks 1214 and 1216 of
Signal y(t) is delayed by a time period τ approximating that of the remodulation and recoding process by buffer 1312 to produce y(t−τ). This delayed signal y(t−τ) is applied to both the parameter generation/update module 1314 and a second equalizer 1306B. The equalized y(t) signal, Ŝup(t)+Ŝlow(t), is provided to the signal canceller 1012 as well. Hence, the output of the signal canceller 1012 is
To an extent, the foregoing technique assumes that the transmission channel is, in a wide-sense, stationary, or has characteristics that vary slowly over time, at least as compared to the digital detection process of the receiver 500. The effectiveness of the foregoing technique is reduced in situations where channel variances over time are not smaller than those of the equalizer parameter update. The foregoing technique also assumes that even without equalization, the receiver can detect the transmitted digital information or a portion thereof at a certain range of data error rate. This may not be the case when this "unblind" equalization technique is combined for use with traditional training sequence equalizers or blind equalizers.
A determination may be made as to whether the unblinded pseudo-training sequence is usable to create an equalizer parameter update. For example, at any point in the system shown in
When the received data rate reaches a certain performance level, an unblinded pseudo-training sequence can be used to process the parameter update computation. The point at which there is sufficient channel performance (as measured, for example, by the BER) to generate a pseudo-training sequence varies from system to system, and largely depends upon the value of other communication system parameters.
Unblind equalizers can be used in a conventional and/or an adaptive manner. Conventionally, it is assumed that the channel 1304 characteristics are either time-invariant or slowly changing in time. In such circumstances, once the equalizer is defined, the same equalizer parameters (e.g. structure and coefficients) can be used without further change. Where the channel 1304 characteristics change significantly over time, an adaptive unblind equalizer can be utilized. In such cases, the parameter generation/update module 1314, 1604 can continually accept renewed data and continue to update the parameters of the equalizer(s).
In the case of multi-layer modulation, it can generally be assumed that the system is capable of detecting the transmitted information within certain error rates, even without equalization. In most cases, the upper layer may be demodulated with a relatively low BER. However, in general cases where the system includes only one layer of modulation, it may be difficult to adequately detect the transmitted information without equalization. In such cases, the more traditional equalizers (using training sequences or blind equalizers) can be used to improve the signal, with the unblind equalizer accepting the equalized signal and providing further performance improvements.
For example, the unblind equalizer can be used with a training sequence equalizer. A system using a training system equalizer assumes the signal channel is static during the data transmission. If the channel varies, the system has to wait until the next training sequence before the system can make any correction. The training sequence must have a length long enough to be able to adequately train the equalizer, and the training sequence must be repeated on a periodic or aperiodic basis in order to keep the equalizer updated.
Although the training sequence provides perfect knowledge of the transmitted data sequence, it consumes some of the transmitting capacity. Hence, it is not cost effective to use a long training sequence or to frequently use a training sequence.
The unblind equalizer can be used to ameliorate the weaknesses of the training sequence equalizer. This can be accomplished by using the unblind equalizer to update the training equalizer after the training sequence equalizer has established the equalizer and the communications link. An unblind equalizer can also be used without the need of any additional training sequence once the receiver is able to receive the transmitted data.
A system without a training sequence may require an equalizer to generate a sufficiently error-free signal to allow the unblind equalizer to effectively function. In this situation, a blind equalizer can be used before the unblind equalizer is employed. With the help of the blind equalizer, the system is able to receive the transmitted data. As soon as the system is able to do so, a pseudo-training sequence can be derived and the unblind equalizer can be employed. Since the unblind equalizer uses the received data as its training sequence, equalizer parameters can be more accurately determined, improving equalizer performance.
Additional improvements can be made to the architecture of the equalizer in order to avoid residual inter-symbol interference (ISI). ISI comes from symbols that have not been received and therefore its effects cannot be completely removed from an equalizer. Specifically, in a decision-feedback equalizer (DFE), residual ISI exists after equalization. With the present invention, however, ISI can be completely quantified and removed, which results in a nearly perfect equalizer for the processing of a subsequent signal.
Two pieces of information are required to construct an equalizer. The first piece of information is the channel model, such as frequency response of a filter or the multi-path characteristics of the signal propagation channel. The second piece of information is the transmitted symbols around the symbol being demodulated. The channel model and the adjacent symbols combine to determine the exact amount of distortions at the symbol time. Often, only partial information about these two pieces of information can be obtained, resulting in a suboptimal equalizer.
The present invention improves upon the unblind equalizer described above, and claimed in the co-pending and commonly-assigned Utility patent application Ser. No. 10/691,032, filed on same date herewith, by Weizheng Wang, Tung-Sheng Lin, Ernest C. Chen, and William C. Lindsey, entitled "UNBLIND EQUALIZER ARCHITECTURE FOR DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS,", which application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/421,329, filed Oct. 25, 2002, by Weizheng Wang, Tung-Sheng Lin, Ernest C. Chen, and William C. Lindsey, entitled "INNOVATIVE UNBLIND EQUALIZER ARCHITECTURE FOR DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS,", both of which applications are incorporated by reference herein.
The present invention uses a signal reconstruction technique to re-create a "training" symbol sequence from the received signal. By using these essentially perfect, re-created training symbol sequences, the channel model can be constructed very accurately. The present invention further offers a technique to obtain symbols adjacent to a given symbol. Specifically, the present invention decodes the received symbols around a given symbol with quasi error-free performance, re-encodes the decoded symbols into a nearly perfect signal and compares the re-encoded signal with the received signal to determine the exact channel distortion.
The highly accurate channel characteristics derived from the unblind equalizer described above and the nearly perfect adjacent symbols derived from the present invention combine to reproduce exact channel impairments, such as inter-symbol interference, which can be subtracted from the received signal to provide a nearly perfect equalization.
In the present invention, the equalizer constructs a pseudo-training sequence from the received data to determine the exact channel model. Consequently, there is no need for a training symbol sequence to be inserted into the payload data. Therefore, the technique is backwards compatible with existing signal formats and there is no throughput reduction. Thus, the present invention improves upon the unblind equalizer by offering an equalizer that uses a nearly perfect channel model and error-free symbols.
Contrast this with a conventional DFE, where symbols that occur after the current symbol cannot be observed, resulting in performance degradation in the feed-forward section of the equalizer. In addition, symbols that occurred before the current symbol are corrupted with uncoded bit errors because they are obtained prior to error correction. The uncoded bit error rate may be as high as 10% or more for a signal encoded by some advanced coding schemes.
However, the unblind equalizer obtains a quasi error-free symbol sequence through the reconstruction of the upper-layer signal. The present invention takes this one step further and uses the reconstructed, quasi error-free symbol sequence in place of a sub-optimal feed-forward section of the equalizer. Consequently, the reconstructed, quasi error-free symbol sequence obtained from the unblind equalizer provides nearly perfect knowledge about the channel model. The signal reconstruction process of the present invention provides error-free adjacent symbols, which results in a nearly perfect linear equalizer.
There are, however, some disadvantages to the present invention. For a layer-modulated signal, the equalizer output is delayed due to the re-construction of the upper-layer signal. Since demodulation is sequential between the two layers, the scheme relies on the upper-layer signal being demodulated and decoded correctly for the reconstruction of the symbols and therefore the channel model. For applications with signal formats other than layered modulation, a similar latency exists between the time the data is received for equalization and the time the equalizer coefficients are available. Generally, the amount of latency is on the order of a transport length of the FEC code.
Both the FF transversal filter 1904 and FB transversal filter 1910 comprise transversal (convolutional) filters with coefficients determined by the estimated channel model. The FF transversal filter 1904 is a "blind" equalizer that compensates for distortion from future symbols, which are not yet available. The FB transversal filter 1910 also includes an uncoded symbol detector. Without a training sequence, channel estimation is "blind" since it lacks the full knowledge about the symbols that are used in estimating the equalizer coefficients. Furthermore, symbol decision errors in the FB transversal filter 1910 degrade the performance of the equalizer.
The nearly perfect adjacent symbols provided by the present invention and the channel model provided by the unblind equalizer described above allow exact channel impairments to be reproduced, which can then be subtracted from the received signal for nearly perfect equalization. However, since all symbols are available from the re-encoding and re-modulation process, there is no need to use a DFE structure for the proposed blanket equalizer. The channel model is also nearly perfect since it is obtained from reconstructed symbols that are essentially error-free. As a result, the equalizer performance is significantly improved over a conventional DFE.
Preferably, in
The first equalizer 1306A works on the incoming composite signal and comprises a conventional DFE with FF and FB transversal filters (except that the channel model is nearly perfect as discussed above). The second equalizer 1306B works on the extracted lower-layer signal and also comprises a conventional DFE with the FF and FB transversal filters (and a nearly perfect channel model). The third equalizer 2100 works on the delayed version of the incoming signal, i.e., the previous or reconstructed symbol sequence {Ĩk}, and comprises the equalizer of
Note that, in this structure, the first and second equalizers 1306A and 1306B are optional. The receiver design can trade equalization performance for reduced hardware complexity. Most equalization gain is provided by the third equalizer 2100.
In conclusion, higher-order modulations, such as LM, require channel equalization to minimize linear distortion effects. The present invention proposes a method to perform equalization for LM as well as conventional signal formats. Coupled with the unblind equalizer, the present invention discloses an improved equalizer with a pseudo-training sequence for LM.
Generally, the computer 2202 operates under control of an operating system 2208 stored in the memory 2206, and interfaces with the user to accept inputs and commands and to present results through a graphical user interface (GUI) module 2218A. Although the GUI module 2218A is depicted as a separate module, the instructions performing the GUI functions can be resident or distributed in the operating system 2208, the computer program 2210, or implemented with special purpose memory and processors. The computer 2202 also implements a compiler 2212 which allows an application program 2210 written in a programming language such as COBOL, C++, FORTRAN, or other language to be translated into processor 2204 readable code. After completion, the application 2210 accesses and manipulates data stored in the memory 2206 of the computer 2202 using the relationships and logic that was generated using the compiler 2212. The computer 2202 also optionally comprises an external communication device such as a modem, satellite link, Ethernet card, or other device for communicating with other computers.
In one embodiment, instructions implementing the operating system 2208, the computer program 2210, and the compiler 2212 are tangibly embodied in a computer-readable medium, e.g., data storage device 2220, which could include one or more fixed or removable data storage devices, such as a zip drive, floppy disc drive 2224, hard drive, CD-ROM drive, tape drive, etc. Further, the operating system 2208 and the computer program 2210 are comprised of instructions which, when read and executed by the computer 2202, causes the computer 2202 to perform the steps necessary to implement and/or use the present invention. Computer program 2210 and/or operating instructions may also be tangibly embodied in memory 2206 and/or data communications devices 2230, thereby making a computer program product or article of manufacture according to the invention. As such, the terms "article of manufacture," "program storage device" and "computer program product" as used herein are intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer readable device or media.
Those skilled in the art will recognize many modifications may be made to this configuration without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, those skilled in the art will recognize that any combination of the above components, or any number of different components, peripherals, and other devices, may be used with the present invention.
This concludes the description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention. The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching.
It is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto. The above specification, examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the composition of the invention. Since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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DALLAS (AP) The Dallas Mavericks have signed first-round pick Shane Larkin, who is likely out until training camp in October with a broken right ankle.
Larkin is slotted to make $1.28 million in the point guard's first season under the rookie salary scale.
The Mavericks traded down twice in the draft and ended up with the rights to Larkin, the son of Hall of Fame shortstop Barry Larkin. He was taken 18th by Atlanta.
Larkin helped Miami to its first Atlantic Coast Conference title and a No. 2 seed in the NCAA tournament. Larkin led the Hurricanes at 14.5 points and 4.6 assists per game.
The 5-foot-11 Larkin broke his ankle while practicing for the summer league. He had surgery this month and should be sidelined about three months.
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I have just returned from hunting mule deer in the Heppner unit. We never saw any cats, but we did see their steaming scat. Thirty years ago it was quite common to see 30-40 doe's a day where we hunt. Now we are lucky to see 3-4. Man is not the predator in this situation as doe tags have not been issued for a very long time. Cats are killing the does. ODFW has the research and are finally acting appropriately. Cats kill on average one big game a week. Multiply that by 6000 cougar and you get 312000 animals killed by Cougar each year. Cougar have nearly destroyed the big game populations. The answer is not to ignore the problem, but rather to manage the animal populations so that there is a healthy balance.


text:
VERDEN, Okla. — A former Oklahoma police chief is accused stealing from the city.
Thursday former Verden Police Chief Robert Belcher turned himself in to authorities.
The small town of Verden is known as what some people call a speed trap but just off the road police heavily monitor is where investigators said another crime happened involving Robert Belcher, the former Verden police chief.
"Mr. Belcher at the time was the police chief for the city of Verden," Grady County Assistant District Attorney Cortnie Cain said. "His job and his duties as police chief are to protect the residents of Verden from this exact thing."
This same thing authorities said is embezzling city funds.
"He was supposed to be using the fuel card for his vehicle that he used for employment purposes," Cain said.
Investigators believe he used his city-issued Fuelman card to fill up not only his personal vehicle but his girlfriend's vehicle as well.
It all came to light when city board members noticed numbers in the budget just didn't add up and the district attorneys office started an investigation.
Belcher was fired as chief over another matter prior to this crime.
He is also accused of refusing to give back property including a flashlight and binoculars that belonged to the city.
"Using resources from the city of Verden for personal use is absolutely a big deal," Cain said. "He knew he wasn't supposed to be doing that and he did it anyway."
Authorities said they believe Belcher had been using the fuel card for several months.
He is charged with embezzlement.


text:
Pronunciation: /sləˈvakɪə/ /sləˈvɑːkɪə/
Definition of Slovakia in English:
A country in central Europe; population 5,463,000 (est. 2009); official language, Slovak; capital, Bratislava.
Slovakia was dominated by Hungary until it declared independence in 1918 and united with the Czech-speaking areas of Bohemia and Moravia to form Czechoslovakia. The eastern of the two constituent republics of Czechoslovakia, Slovakia became independent on the partition of that country on 1 January 1993
- 1
- Example sentences
- There's a tented village of Slovakians living on that small patch of wasteland behind your local shops.
- American enlisted sat next to Polish officers, Korean NCOs and Australians sat together, Mongolians and Slovakians were together, as well as Albanians and Macedonians.
- The Slovakians ' ability to pass the ball around a pitch that was hardly conducive to an expansive approach embarrassed the ham-fisted attempts of Eriksson's men to mimic their hosts' fluency and rhythm.
Pronunciation: /sləˈvakɪən/ /sləˈvɑːkɪən/adjective& noun
Words that rhyme with SlovakiaCzechoslovakia
Definition of Slovakia in:
- US English dictionary
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How to Start a Successful Blog in One Hour (Better Blog Booklets)
by Steve Scott
Kindle Edition: 49 pages
List Price:
Editorial Reviews
Product Description
STEP-BY-STEP: How to Start a New Blog in the Next 60 Minutes
Booklet Length: 5857 Words
Don't think it's possible to quickly build a blog? Nowadays, you can register a new website and have it "go live" within minutes.
In "How to Start a Successful Blog in One Hour" you'll learn how to use WordPress to get a blog online in under an hour. Just follow this seven-step process and your brand new blog will contain: a theme, ten plugins and four tools for building an audience. The best part? The entire process will only take 60 minutes to complete.
Start Blogging TODAY...
Building a blog can be your first step to running successful web business. Most people get into blogging to make money. So this guide was written for anyone who wants to blog about a specific niche and generate online income.
It's not hard to start a blog. Really, it's a simple process that anyone can complete—even if you don't have a technical background.
This blueprint doesn't contain any fluff. Each step of the process is clearly identified. You will learn why each action item is important and how to implement it. That way you can take immediate action.
Follow the 7-Step Plan for Starting a Blog
"How to Start a Successful Blog in One Hour" provides a step-by-step strategy for getting your new website online. You can complete this process in 7 steps:
- Register a domain name
- Purchase web hosting
- Edit the name servers
- Use cPanel to start your blog
- Pick a WordPress theme
- Install WordPress plugins
- Use engagement tools
It's not hard to start a blog. Just follow this blueprint and you can do it in the next hour!
Would You Like To Know More?
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Scroll to the top of the page and select the "buy" button.
Related Titles
- How to Find a Profitable Blog Topic Idea (Better Blog Booklets)
- How to Write Great Blog Posts that Engage Readers (Better Blog Booklets Book 1)
- HOW TO START A BLOG THAT PEOPLE WILL READ: How to create a website, write about a topic you love, develop a loyal readership, and make six figures doing it. (THE MAKE MONEY FROM HOME LIONS CLUB)
- Blogging: Blogging for Beginners: The No-Nonsense Guide in Putting Up Your Own Blog (Blogging - Bloggin for Beginners - Blogging Guide - Blogging Tips ... Books - Blogging for Profit and Money)
- Zero to Blogger in 30 Days!: Start a blog and then join the 30 day blogging challenge to get results (Blogging book 1)
Scribendi offers Books and Software in association with Amazon.com. Portions copyright Amazon Inc. and its affiliates used under license.


text:
It brings out the best in all of us!
You, the students.
We want to know what you know by the time you're getting ready to leave Pikes Peak Community College. We've been developing a series of outcomes - or clear statements - of what we hope you've learned and will be able to do when you leave us. An outcome might focus on problem-solving, writing to a particular audience, or demonstrating reading comprehension. We choose a method to measure a particular outcome, and depending on the results, we make changes to improve course content or instruction.
We conduct assessment activities in the fall and spring semesters.
Most assessment activities take place in your classrooms. And in some cases, we ask instructors to randomly select an assignment you've already completed for another purpose, and we analyze that. Don't worry, though. We aren't focusing on you in particular. We want to know collectively how our students are doing.
It's necessary for our accreditation. In addition, it helps us look at what we do well and at what we could improve. In the end, it makes us better. We want to be confident that when you leave PPCC, you'll be successful at another school or in the 21st century workplace.
We'll be looking at the following skills and knowledge during these upcoming Assessment Activities:
- Reading – Demonstrate reading comprehension ability at or above the 14th grade level.
- Speaking –Use appropriate language and delivery style in a professional/academic and effective manner to convey a message.
Need more information?
Contact Carol Jonas-Morrison at firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Click Here To Watch This Video at Boynapped
Boynapped features young lads who are kidnapped, tied-up, gagged, teased and then either left bound or dumped off on the side of the road by their gay seducers.
Description: Olive-skinned Beauty Ryan Hilton Is Tied to the Floor of the Boynapped Mill by His Knees, Where He's Found by Adam Watson. Adam Soon Makes Ryan His Very Own Play Thing by Stretching Out His Upper Body
Permanent link to this video:
Code to embed player in blogs and forums, etc:
Post this video in the JUB Forums with this code:
Simply copy the above code into your JUB forum post and the movie will appear.


text:
The surplus cash from the sale of convicted killer Daniel Pelosi's home will go to Ammon's estate.
Lenders are scrutinizing both buyers and buildings, experts said.
Residential real estate transactions totaled $30.3 billion in 2012, according to experts.
A Brooklyn accountant is suing his church for booting him during a Sunday service.
An appraisal showed Stuyvesant Town is worth $2.8 billion, slightly more than half what it was purchased for in 2006.
Stuyvesant Town's senior lender CW Capital ended its legal wrangling with a rival investor, giving it "complete control."
Rose Associates was appointed Stuyvesant Town's property manager after spending nearly four years in the job.
Stuyvesant Town's senior investor has already postponed the complex's foreclosure auction twice this month.
After nearly two months behind locked doors, the lights are coming back on at the Chelsea Art Museum Thursday.
The complex's junior investor is trying to block the majority stakeholder from moving forward with its own foreclosure.
An investor battling for control of the property offered tenants a plan they would have the power to shoot down.
The move follows a judge's ruling last week that no party can sell the property until the court makes a decision.
A suit filed by the asset management company in control of Stuyvesant Town postponed the Aug. 25 auction.
The asset management that currently controls Stuyvesant Town is trying to fend off a bid by an outside party.
A museum's use of its permanent collection as collateral against a mortgage loan puts its charter at risk.
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Explores the new features found in the 3D digital compositor Nuke 6.
Provides both a solid foundation of the Nuke 5 core functions of keying, motion tracking, and color correcting, and an overview of 3D compositing.
"I absolutely love lynda.com. You have made learning easy and fun. I recommend it to everyone that I know." —Tom W.
more from our members »


text:
Search results in category Florida
Found 93 records | Page 1 of 10
phone: view phone954-522-5003
fax: view fax954-665-2885
website: www.new-life-house.com
e-mail: send an e-mail
phone: view phone407.330.9600
website: http://www.teenchallenge.cc
phone: view phone888-80-SOBER
fax: view fax954-922-0500
website: http://www.soberlivingreso...
e-mail: send an e-mail
4. Dignity House
in Florida by Randi Aberns
Women's structured sober residences with the highest standards,and commitment to keep our clients safe from those in active addiction.We provide an environment with strict adherence to halfway house rules, and the upkeep of homes is a high priority .
phone: view phone561.236.6907
fax: view fax561 3719009
website: www.dignityhouse.net
e-mail: send an e-mail
Since 2002, Healing Properties Florida Halfway House and Sober Living in Delray Beach's mission has been to provide a safe, clean and healthy halfway house for men recovering from the disease of alcoholism/addiction.
phone: view phone561.699.9026
fax: view fax561.265.4561
website: http://www.healingproperti...
e-mail: send an e-mail
The Swinton Place is a clean and sober complex for men who are seeking a place for sober living. An environment which is supportive of your recovery will be provided.
phone: view phone561.271.2137
website: www.theswintonplace.com
e-mail: send an e-mail
The curriculum of study includes but is not limited to:
Alcoholics Anonymous
Narcotics Anonymous
Cocaine Anonymous
The Sermon on the mount
The Fourth way
The Four Agreements
phone: view phone(941)286-1158
website: http://missionunity.org
e-mail: send an e-mail
8. Recovery Zone
in Florida, New York, Pennsylvania by Sober Team
Recovery Zone offers affordable housing for women in transition. It is an excellent fit for those persons seeking a recovery residence that is less restrictive than a traditional halfway house but not yet completely independent.
phone: view phone561-699-1577
fax: view fax561.243.0030
website: www.recoveryzones.com
e-mail: send an e-mail
phone: view phone954.462.4599
phone: view phone561.502.2939


text:
Posted at: 01/03/2013 10:06 AM
Ironwood police have arrested two people after a New Year's Eve fire.
The fire at 131 S. Mansfield Street was reported at about 9:38 p.m. All tenants were able to evacuate safely.
The Ironwood Public Safety Department says its preliminary investigation found the fire was caused by an active methamphetamine lab on the second floor of the building. Components used to manufacture meth are hazardous and combustible, and authorities say there was an explosion during the manufacturing process.
The Gogebic Iron Area Narcotics Team (GIANT) and Ironwood Public Safety officers executed two search warrants in Ironwood and arrested two Ironwood residents. They face possible felony charges.


text:
Gear Review
Dan Wenzelburger
Just one missing feature
I've used this vest 4 times now and I gotta say that very happy with my purhase. I wear a medium in castelli jerseys for the most part and the medium in this fits great and seems to stretch well. I'm 6ft and 155lbs. Started wearing on early morning rides in the low 50s but once it got into the mid 60s I had to unzip it. Anything above 68 and I'm taking it off completely because of the fleece collar just warms my neck too much. I'm actually looking forward to it getting colder so I can wear it longer. Only issue I have is I wish it had a back zipper to access my back jersey pockets or a small zipper pocket for keys/phone. Overall great though
View More Details on Castelli Fawesome Vest


text:
Board of Trustees
Elected by the people to govern Northside Schools, Trustees are the guardians of the public trust and, through the policies they make, are ultimately responsible for our schools. This responsibility and the accessibility of Trustees to the voters make the Board one of the purest examples of democracy in our society.
Northside Trustees represent over 172,000 households located in 355 square miles in northwest Bexar County and parts of Medina and Bandera counties. Northside continues to be the "destination" district in San Antonio for many families seeking a quality school system for their children and for employees seeking a quality place to work.
|Additional Board Resources
Since the Board of Trustees functions to support the District's instructional program, curriculum is at the heart of Trustees' responsibilities. Trustees set high academic standards and oversee the development of strategies and objectives for reaching those goals. There is continuous evaluation of program effectiveness. Northside is a Texas Recognized District.
School Staff
Trustees recognize the value of qualified teachers and other staff. They hire teachers and staff who are motivators and communicators and who have a genuine concern for students. Northside has one of the largest workforces in South Texas, more than 13,000 full-time and part-time employees.
Since the Board is legally responsible for all funds received for school purposes and for their expenditure, much Trustee time and energy is devoted to developing a sound budget.
Schools in NISD, the state's fourth largest school system, are modern, well-equipped and well-maintained.Since 1995, Trustees have secured authorization from District voters for $1.9 billion in bonds to build 46 schools and make improvements at all the others.
Community Involvement
Citizen involvement is encouraged by the Board of Trustees and is evident by the fact that hundreds of citizens serve on a variety of District and campus advisory committees. Continuous communication with Northside patrons is designed to involve as well as inform.
|Karen Freeman
President, District 7
|Randall Fields
Vice President, District 6
|Lynn Britton
Secretary, District 1
|Bennie Cole
Trustee, District 2
|M'Lissa Chumbley
Trustee, District 3
|Bobby Blount
Trustee, District 4
|Katie Reed
Trustee, District 5
Board Goals
Curriculum and Instruction
- Ensure the implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of Year Four Activities of the Five Year Strategic Plan for 2008-2013.
- Develop and implement plans to address transition from TAKS to STAAR.
- Increase communication with parents and the community about supporting students in the transition from TAKS to STAAR.
- Expand access to grade level curriculum for special education students through accommodations and modifications of curriculum and assessments and provisions of appropriate instructional arrangements.
- Select and provide focused support to schools to promote achievement at or above state performance as standards and benchmarks are defined.
- Continue to focus efforts on improving the quality of curriculum, instruction and assessment in Pre-AP, AP and Dual Credit courses.
- Promote a K-12 focus on college and career readiness, assessment, and communication with all stakeholders.
- Enhance Construction Careers Academy curriculum to allow for 2+2 partnerships with community colleges and four-year universities.
- Continue to make school safety a top priority by implementing digital video on NISD buses and designing digital video systems in NISD elementary schools.
Business and Finance
- Monitor and work with Interim Committee on funding formulas that provide support in efforts to establish a weighted-student funding system that recognizes all programs and services, to include academic instruction, instructional support, extracurricular activities, and technology, necessary to prepare students to contribute positively to society.
- Monitor and implement Education Jobs Fund that ensures appropriate reporting, accountability and transparency of resources and expenditures.
- Monitor the progress of the budget reduction plan and management of fund balance in anticipation of state funding proration and the 2013 legislative session.
Human Resources
- Continue to implement a plan for minority recruiting, hiring and career progression.
- Continue to make the community and employees aware of the issues and challenges that NISD faces as well as NISD's successes through traditional and social media.
Technology Services
- Complete implementation of the Data Warehouse and Administrator Dashboard.
- Begin implementation of the Student Information System, preparing for cutover to the new system in 2012-13.
Facilities and Operations
- Provide regular updates on bond progress to the community (parents, taxpayers, voters, residents) and employees.
- Begin planning and design of the Kelly Smith Technology Center, which includes plans to relocate NISD's primary Data Center.
- Continue planning and/or construction for three elementary schools and two middle schools from the 2010 Bond utilizing the CHPS (Collaborative for High Performance Schools) green-building program.
- Complete construction for the CHPS-designed Los Reyes Elementary School.
- Continue planning and construction on long-range projects in the 2010 Bond including, but not limited to, the Northside Swim Center, FM 471 N. Middle School, Cielo Vista N. Elementary School, Cielo Vista S. Elementary School, FM 471 #2 Elementary School, middle school science labs, additions at Michael Elementary School and O'Connor High School, and various infrastructure projects.


text:
They got me on these white women like Seal nigga.—
Baby girl you need to stop it, all that pride and self esteem got you angry bout this girl I'm wit in all them magazines.—
Baby she look like a star, but only on camera, only on camera, only on camera.—
I thought I found the girl of my dreams at a strip club. Mmm mmm, fuck it I was wrong though.—
Shout out to asian girls, let the lights dim some(dim sum).—
I know things get hard but girl you got it, girl you got it, there you go. Can't you tell by how they looking at you everywhere you go? Wondering what's on your mind, it must be hard to be that fine when all these muthafuckas wanna waste your time. It's just amazing, girl. All I can say is I'm so proud of you.—
But I gotta say, oh, baby, oh baby, why is this so familiar? Just met her, already feel like I know the real her.—
Tell Uncle Luke I'm out in Miami too. Clubbing hard, fuckin women, there aint much to do.—
Dying to meet your girlfriends that you said you might bring. If they're the ones that tell you that you do the right thing.—
We must've been here before, it's still fresh on my mind. You got that shit that somebody would look for but won't find. You must've done this before, this can't be your first time.—
I like a woman with a future and a past, a little attitude problem all good, it'll make the shit last. Don't make it too easy, girl don't take it too fast.—
And I love it when your hair still wet cause you just took a shower. Runnin on a treadmill and only eating salad. Sound so smart like you graduated college, like you went to Yale but you probably went to Howard.—
Cause you don't love them boys. Pussy run everything, fuck that noise.—
They say real girls aint never perfect, perfect girls aint real.—
All those girls that played me eat your muthafuckin heart out.—
Wrong way down a one-way, women don't get saved 'round me even on a Sunday.—
The girl or the world, you see someone gotta lose. I thought I could have it all, do I really gotta choose?—
To stay with this girl, you couldn't pay me. I respect a woman but this bitch is crazy.—
Callin my ex-girl or e-mailin my mama, you're the only one that's causin me this drama.—
I aint never graduated, I aint got no cap and gown but the girls in my class who were smart enough to pass be at all my fucking parties grabbin money off the ground.—


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Let's Stay Together: Couples That Came Thissss Close To Breaking Up But Stayed Strong- By Bossip Staff Categories: Coupled Up, News, We Broke It Here First!
Famous Couples That Almost Broke UpCouples break up every day. But it takes strong couples to stay together through the tough times. These couples stayed together when everyone else was giving their relationships a big fat, R.I.P. But despite the naysayers, they kept on trucking...for now.
The Clintons - Bill got the most famous beej in US history, but he and Hillary are still politicking like champs.
Lil Wayne and His Boo - A Twitpic surfaced of Wayne in some random chick's bed and it seemed to cause some issues. But apparently it worked out for the best in the end.
The Johnsons - Magic got caught cheating and had to confess about his HIV. Cookie stayed strong, too.
The Cutlers - They were actually broken up for a few months but the engagement is still on...for now.
The Odashians - Rumors have kept swirling about them and Lamar is on some other stuff these days so you never know.
The OchoCincos - Things were rocky when they were pushing their wedding back every two days. But it seems to be on the up and up now.
The Tips - T.I. kept messing up and Tiny had almost had enough. But she's stayed through the jail time and infidelity rumors too.
Breezy and Karrueche - We thought for sure by now they'd be broken up so Breezy could chop down Rihanna again. But they're still in love...maybe. Pics via WENN


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How sorry I am now that I let her understandable disbelief in my not-so-promising future influence me long past the "I'll show you!" stage. As I write this book in longhand on yellow lined paper that contains erasures, cross-outs, and indecipherable smudges, I look longingly at my assistant and dear friend, Terry Sims, typing away on his computer and I wish for a "doover" of that resentment.
Less than a year after I married Richard, I gave birth to a 9-pound, 31/2-ounce boy, whom we named Richard. We formed a family, and for the next five years I was working when I could land a role on a television show or a job as a chorus dancer. All the while, I put meals on the table, cooed and rocked, cleaned, and chatted with other moms in the park. I was cared for, and I was the best mom I knew how to be. When that marriage ended, I landed the role on The Dick Van Dyke Show; proudly I realized that I could take care of Richie and myself, at least economically. But emotionally I was not ready to take the helm and be the captain of the HMS Mary Tyler Moore. A few years later, in 1962, I married Grant.
Grant was unique in many ways, yet so recognizable to me as the protective alpha dog. Once again, a familiar and comforting mantle of safety draped itself around my shoulders, allowing me to express myself as an actress but making it necessary for me to take charge of little else.
It would be wrong for me to insinuate that I was forced into some kind of servitude. I did it to myself, inadvertently, as a diva in the making, perhaps? While I never felt the need to make anyone's life diva-difficult, I did feel it was appropriate for a man (father) to assume the role of decision maker, the one who took over when I was unable to, or disinterested in, taking the reins.
It felt right as an adult to have this captain's chair occupied by an intelligent, fiercely witty man, Grant, whose focus was to become the building of MTM Enterprises, Inc., including the care of its flagship, The Mary Tyler Moore Show. And, come on, let's be fair to me: Wasn't my contribution that I was free to help create the earnest, lovable Mary Richards, who, after all, was a major asset in the business that was "show"?
I was a mother, too, requiring no small amount of self, which kept me very busy being loving, organized about time spent together, and just hanging out. While I had the best of intentions and high hopes, I did, I think, miss out on some of the perks of motherhood, such as spending time in the park on a random afternoon, or sitting on the living room floor together playing checkers. While Richie was young, I did two series, The Dick Van Dyke Show and The Mary Tyler Moore Show. And truth be told, work was my focus before, during, and after. If I had it to do over, I wouldn't have pursued a career while I had a little boy to care for. My heart breaks when I think of the times missed, times with him. How predictable that without awareness I emulated my mother's behavior toward me.
But before I figured all that out I sailed through the process of launching the show, astounded and delighted by the creativity that surrounded me.


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FORT WAYNE — Churubusco Head Track Coach Zack Dock described Tuesday evening's Northrop IHSAA Girl's Track and Field Sectional as "a very good night."
The Lady Eagles used strong performances in the field events to send three athletes in four events on to next Tuesday's Northrop Regional competition.
The Lady Eagles placed ninth as a team with only two points separating them from seventh place.
Eagle junior Katie Monk qualified in both of the throwing events.
Monk tossed the discus 129 feet, 4.25 inches to take second, while throwing over the state standard and qualifying for the regional.
Monk also qualified in the shot put, where she heaved the shot 36 feet, 4 inches to take third in that event.
To read the rest of this story, see the May 15 issue of The Post and Mail. Don't have a subscription? Call (260) 244-5153 or subscribe to our e-edition [3]. For breaking news, sports updates and additional coverage, bookmark the homepage [3] and find us on facebook [3] and twitter [4].
[1] http://www.thepostandmail.com/sites/default/files/Katie Monk shot put 3a.jpg
[2] mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com
[3] http://www.thepostandmail.com/http
[4] http://www.thepostandmail.com/https


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ASHBURN, Va. (November 28, 2012) -- With all the focus on Robert Griffin III's running ability, it can be easy to overlook the fact that he's having the most accurate passing season by a Washington Redskins quarterback since Sammy Baugh.
Through his first 11 NFL games, Griffin has completed 67.5 percent of his passes, trailing only Alex Smith, Matt Ryan and Peyton Manning among regular starters. The only Redskins QB with a better percentage for an entire season is the legendary Baugh, who hit 70.3 percent in 1945.
Coaches say Griffin's ability to extend a play with his legs gives him more chances to find open receivers - whereas other quarterbacks might have to throw the ball away to avoid a sack.
The Redskins host the New York Giants on Monday night.


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Web of Angels by Lilian NattelFiction Wednesday, April 4th, 2012
In Web of Angels, bestselling novelist Lilian Nattel explores the vivid reality of what used to be called multiple personality disorder.
On the surface of things, Sharon Lewis is a lot like any other happily married mother of 3: she is the beating heart of a house full of kids, cooking and chaos, the one who always knows the after-school practice schedule, where her husband put the car keys and who needs a little extra TLC. Her kids and husband think she's a little spooky, actually, the way she can anticipate the tensions of any situation–and maybe they love her all the more for the extra care she gives them.
Life is definitely good until the morning Heather Edwards, a pregnant teenaged friend of the family, kills herself. The reverberations of that act, and the ugly secrets that sparked it, prove deeply unsettling to the whole family, and stir up Sharon's own troubling secret: she has DID, or dissociative identity disorder. And the multiples inside the woman the world knows as Sharon seem to know what happened to Heather, and what may be happening to Heather's surviving sister.
Will Sharon's need to protect the innocent cause her to finally come clean about her true nature with her family and friends, and not just in the anonymous chat rooms on the web where she's connected to others like herself? Will a woman with DID be able to persuade her quiet and respectable community that evil things can happen even in the nicest homes?
Praise for Web of Angels
"Right from the first sentence, Web of Angels is astonishing, shocking, loving. Lilian Nattel leads us in an exploration of how our communities cope with deep heartache, the loss of our young, and how we, as individuals, cope with trauma and the communities we carry within ourselves. Step into this novel and you will find yourself submerged; wake from it, and you will find yourself transformed. Web of Angels is a rare gift, perfectly named; within this novel, Lilian Nattel has offered us the work, the weave, of angels."
~ Gail Anderson-Dargatz, author of The Cure for Death by Lightning,A Recipe for Bees and Turtle Valley
"Groundbreaking, demanding, brave and beautiful. Web of Angels is a fiction about unspeakable evil rendered so (shockingly) true, the effect is devastating. The miracle is that, in Nattel's hands, this book becomes a testimony to the fierce kindness in the human spirit, which battles evil and wins. Ultimately the book offers hope for what seems impossible: healing."
~ Sheree Fitch, author of In This House Are Many Women and Kiss the Joy As It Flies
Read a REVIEW of Web of Angels
LILIAN NATTEL was born in Montreal and now lives in Toronto with her husband and 2 daughters. She is the author of The River Midnight andThe Singing Fire
© 2012 Random House of Canada Limited
Short URL: http://www.bookclubbuddy.com/?p=4150


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6px API
6px has developed a powerful and scalable API (accompanied by SDKs) for image processing in the cloud, providing the critical infrastructure for developers to create smart image-based applications and services. The platform was designed to support the growth of photo-oriented applications and was influenced by the architecture of companies like Instagram, Pinterest and Snapchat that run their services at scale with high resilience. We offer a monthly recurring, pay as you grow pricing model. This allows any developer or company to integrate with 6px, with no hidden fees, and predictable pricing.
PHP, Python, Ruby, iOS, Android, Node.js, Javascript
API Key, API key/secret
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Cars & Trucks
Behind the wheel of vehicles of all types.
Yearly Archive for 2011
What's the first family vehicle you can remember?
I actually can remember the first car my family purchased. Our transportation was limited to Harley-Davidson motorcycles until I was about 6 years old, so I was old enough to remember the big event of a used 1952 Chevrolet Deluxe Styleline Sedan, painted Beach White, rolling onto our oyster-shell driveway. What's the first family vehicle […] [Read More]
Porsche's new eco-friendly 4-door sports sedan
I recently drove Porsche's new 2012 Panamera S Hybrid. My eyes finally are starting to adjust to Porsche's first four-door sports sedan's body and, except for its $95,000 base price tag, it's a practical offering. The Panamera S Hybrid, which visually matches up with its Panamera siblings, is propelled by an eco-friendly hybrid powertrain and […] [Read More]
Playboy's 2012 Car of the Year
Playboy magazine announced the Jaguar XKR-S has been named its 2012 Car of the Year. Playboy's Car of the Year choices are particularly worthy of mention because its panel is led by Ken Gross, a seasoned automotive journalist and hot-rod enthusiast who was former executive director of the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles. The […] [Read More]
The Snake returns
Chrysler Group LLC announced it will revive the Dodge Viper, which had ended production in July 2010. The automaker will reopen the Conner Avenue Assembly Plant in Detroit for the production of the next-generation SRT Viper, and will begin building the new sports car in late 2012. This news, Chrysler reports, means jobs for nearly […] [Read More]
Would you pay extra for inflatable rear belts?
Ford has introduced inflatable rear seat belts on the 2012 Explorer and Flex as a $200 option, and has plans to introduce the belts on a couple of Lincoln models. The system includes a conventional web belt over the lap and an inflatable shoulder belt, which, in the event of a crash, inflates via cold […] [Read More]
Reviving a nameplate: Dodge to sell all-new Dart
Dodge has announced (and released partial-image teaser photos of) its all-new four-door Dart sedan, set to enter the compact-car segment for the 2013 model year. The Dart name — launched in the 1960 model year — is being revived after decades. (Chrysler Group Photo) Dodge announced it will be reviving an old nameplate — Dart […] [Read More]
Are you an oil-change addict?
In the past, changing oil every 3,000 miles or three months was the industry standard recommendation. That recommendation was based on oil quality and engine technology from the 1970s, which have greatly improved. Today, it's common to seen oil-change recommendations that more than double the 3,000 miles. [Read More]
2013 Mustangs unveiled
Ford pumps up power big time with its 2013 Shelby GT500. It's powered by an aluminum 5.8-liter supercharged V-8 that cranks out 650 horsepower and 600 lb.-ft. of torque, making it the most powerful production V-8 engine in the world. [Read More]
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The 127th edition of of Log Buffer, the weekly review of database blogs, has been published by Robert Treat on zillablog.
As the web's only technology-neutral compendium of database blogs, Log Buffer thrives on reader contributions, such as story suggestions, comments, and foremost, volunteer editors like Robert (who, by the way, today joins LB's multiple-edition group). He knows that publishing an edition of Log Buffer on his blog is an excellent way (and a fun way) to present his perspective on database blogs in an established venue. I invite you to do the same— send me an email and I'll get you started.
Here is Robert's Log Buffer #127.
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Three teaser banners have emerged from Capcom's Captivate event. Although, those are rather pixellated, some good editing has made the hints, far less than subtle ones.
As you can see, after modifying the pixels and decreasing their sizes, some rather familiar faces have emerged. The first banner definitely looks like it has a Monster Hunter logo and, well, Monster in it. While, the second one is a bit confusing, even now, but the figure looks like Phoenix Wright.
But, it's the third image which is the most interesting, that's definitely, Dead Rising 3. The protagonist and the logo are starky similar to the franchise's ones.
All in all, Captivate's turning out to be quiet exciting and we can't wait for the info blowout, in a few days time.
You can view small size images and the larger one below.
Pingback: Sign Games » Blog Archive » And in other PC gaming news…()


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Contact No: +91-9966957210
1. SAP Test Acceleration and Optimization (SAP TAO)
The highly secure and mission-critical nature of enterprise resource planning (ERP) data requires many SAP customers to test their ERP applications and business processes regularly. Many SAP customers use expensive customized manual procedures to test processes and applications.
2. HP Business Process Testing (HP BPT)
Business Process Testing is a role-based testing model. It enables Automation Engineers and Subject Matter Experts to work together to test an application's business processes during the application's development life cycle.
3. HP Quick Test Professional
Resource Management: Although you could keep saving your resources as attachments (for backward compatibility), you can upgrade to a new, fuller mode of work. This includes a whole new Resource module in QC, and allows for some very neat tricks on Function Libraries, Tests and Object Repositories etc.
4. Manual Testing
What is verification?
A: Verification ensures the product is designed to deliver all functionality to the customer; it typically involves reviews and meetings to evaluate documents, plans, code, requirements and specifications; this can be done with checklists, issues lists, and walkthroughs and inspection meetings.
5. SAP Manual Testing
6. HP Load Runner
9. SAP PI - Process Integration
10. SAP XI - Exchange Infrastructure
Copyright © Mysaptesting.com. All rights reserved.
Web Design & Web Development


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Okay. My character/enemy has to rotate on the X & Z values when following targets, but I understand that the character controller doesn't rotate in these directions. So currently, if I use:
The character will start jittering all over the place. I think this is because it's forcing the controller down and trying to ground it whilst the transform is trying to rotate it. Is there a way around this problem? I've heard that there's a rigidbody solution, but would I still be able to use something like:
With any other method? I need to be able to move the character with physics as I would normally, basically being able to do everything I can with the character controller, but be able to rotate on each axis and ground the character simaultaneously. If anyone knows of any alternatives, please let me know.
Thanks in advance.
asked Jan 29, 2012 at 12:04 AM
add new comment (comments are locked)


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You guys are right, this Romano is just another stupid democrat. He should not be allowed to vote?
No, I don't want to date you debthikes.
LOL...debthikes is a sunday catholic. How boring....
dem party splitting........
No real difference...?
Must you interview the dumbest people?
Wow..a non-story from the PD. It must be a day that ends in "y".
Umm....check the "want ads" . There are a ton of jobs in the medical industry, RIGHT NOW!
Good ones...with benefits.........now.
Hegel....turn-off Air Amerika, and pay attention
she's a regular sven-golly
she's a regular sven-golly
The germans of the early 1930's.....and now the democrats in 2008. Hitler was not elected....he stacked the deck. Exactly how Cafaro is in office.
keep your eyes closed to brunner, and history has told us where it will lead.
Ms. Hitler won't win re-election...
("dissent we be wiped out")
stupid liberals...
Old man 2 mc....preach on....
line of duty?
Sadly...he died for a losing cause.
time for bilary to step down from politics all together.
boo-hoo dennis....


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Interesting Things
The garbage collection bug we encountered on Monday has popped up in new places:
Rspec version < 1.1.11 + Linux ruby 1.8.6 patchlevel > 114 =
(small explosion)
libxml version 0.5.4 (11 versions out of date) + Linux ruby 1.8.6
patchlevel > 114 = (another small explosion)
Also, speaking of libxml:
- ActsAsSolr was incompatible with more recent versions of libxml, but
David has submitted a fix which has been incorporated into
mattmatt's github fork.
Ask for Help
"Turning off cache-busting for test environment replaces cache-busting junk with ??. Is there a way to make it replace it with nothing instead?"
With cache busting on, you have would have to test like this:
admin_button.should have_tag("a > img[src ='/images/v3/admin/image_name.png?12121212?']")
which is awkward.
We turned it off by adding the following to config/environments/test.rb (google said to do it)
But, then we had to do this:
admin_button.should have_tag("a > img[src ='/images/v3/admin/image_name.png??']")
Is there a way to turn off cache-busting that doesn't put weird/ugly question marks at the end of your image names?
"with_tag & have_tag don't work in non-controller (e.g. model) rspecs?"
Yes, they don't. Use
Hpricot instead. Or


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As a Jani-King franchise owner, you can start a commercial cleaning franchise with an investment that works in today's uncertain economy.
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August 28 @ 11:00 AM - 11:30 AM - MRGN 129
Pete Dunn will provide an informational briefing and answer questions about the new NIH Financial Conflict of Interest requirements. This workshop is hosted by Discovery Park.
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA, (765) 494-4600
© 2008 - 2011 Purdue University. An equal access, equal opportunity university.
If you have trouble accessing this page because of a disability, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com.
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