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I was fortunate to have worked with Mac during my first time home buyer experience. He is quick to respond, informative and detail oriented. I am the type of buyer who asks many questions and reads through every single document, and he was patient with me and the questions I had. After the home appriasal he helped me with negotiating a price I was comfortable with, with the seller. I was also working with a harder to work with (than normal) buyer and Mac helped me sort out some issues that came up. Overall I would (and have) recommended Mac to any of my friends who are looking to buy a place.
Mac Chinsomboon
47 Recent Sales (last 12 months)
Broker Associate (12 years experience)
- Specialties:
- Buyer's Agent,
- Listing Agent,
- Relocation,
- Consulting
Ratings & Reviews
Mac is wonderful! I cannot express how much Mac has helped me find my perfect home. I recently moved to Boston and was looking to buy the perfect house. Mac made sure to help me with the houses I looked into and was very knowledgeable of the areas. He was always there when I called and was happy to answer any question I had. He was happy to meet me for open houses every time and he never pushed a sale on me. He wanted to make sure that I was buying my dream house.
When I found the house, he gave me the information on who to contact for inspectors, mortgage lenders, and attorneys. This made the buying process very streamlined and easy. When we needed a though punchlist, Mac was able to provide one. He's one tough negotiator and got a great price on our house.
During our walkthrough, Mac documented everything that needed to be fixed. He was there for the signing and made sure everything was done correctly. He followed up to see how I was doing after I bought my house.
I recommended Mac to my friends who are in the Boston area and want to buy a house. Mac is amazing!!! Very professional, knows the Boston area, and always puts in 110%
Thank you Mac!!!
Mac was very responsive. Within a couple of hours he usually got back to me with the information I requested. Without him showing me the home on such short notice I would have never been able to make an offer in time. The only skill he seemed to lack was negotiation but I am not sure if he really had an opportunity to negotiate on my behalf. Overall, he is a good person to work with, and facilitates the offer process.
Thank you for the kind words! It was a very rare instance (I don't expect to see one again any time soon) to find a foreclosed bank owned property in downtown Boston - and as was forewarned by me to you, banks sell these properties in "as-is" condition and do not negotiate - that was in my 10-page warning disclosure (in fact, I actually tell my clients to avoid these risky transactions, but I know you wanted it and saw the value) - we were one of many competitive offers, and as such, and in fact, I do not believe we were their first pick, but got lucky as their next fallback option - that required my persistence. I am happy though that you have a beautiful condo in the heart of Boston - enjoy and again congrats!!
Mac did a great job in finding us the right property in the area we were looking to purchase. He followed through on details and appointments and was very available to us. We highly recommend Mac...very flexible and easy to communicate with.He kept us posted on the necessary information with our purchase.
This is the second home Mac helped me find and buy. I am completely satisfied with his work. First of all, knowing my taste and what I was looking for he found the ideal place and I am so happy there. Then he is always punctual, detail oriented, responded to my queries and requests within the shortest delays and accommodated my tight schedule. Also helped with the negotiations (while I was in Europe) and made it work! All around totally happy with his work and professionalism.
We highly recommend Mac. He knows the market street by street, he always had useful insights to share about the places that we visited, e.g., what the chances are of the value going up or down in the future. He has an eye for all the small details and was able to give us accurate estimates on how much it would cost to repair or replace something. He is always very responsive by email or text message; he always replies within a few hours or at most a day. Once we found a house that we like, he walked us through all the paperwork and everything was painless. We highly recommend working with him!
Mac was very impressive during my house-hunt. I had selected four properties and we saw them all within 3 hours. We quickly decided on one of those and Mac was very responsive in the process of re-visiting the place to show it to family and friends, of making the offer (guided me skillfully to a price that was right where I wanted it to be at) and of getting everything set for the P&S within two months! Highly recommend Mac to anyone!


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|Grzegorz Błach <grzela@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
|Fri, 16 Mar 2007 18:31:20 +0100
Dnia 16-03-2007, Pt o godzinie 17:57 +0100, Gergo Szakal napisał(a): > *My* *sole* opinion follows: > * pkgsrc is here to stay, it works fine, you'd better contribute to (even smoother) pkgsrc integration > * postfix license is too restrictive (IBM), same for stunnel (GPL), developers of *BSD systems would like to avoid licenses that are more restrictive than BSDL. > I use DFly because it is better than linux for me (not because it has less restrictive license), and IMO postfix is better than sendmail, thus postfix should be used. Currently nobody should use mail server without sasl authentication. Postfix can be authenticated also with dovecot which is mainly pop3/imap4 server and is released partialy under MIT and LGPLv2.1 licenses. ____________________________________________________________________________ . com = 9,90, .pl = 29,90 www.nazwa.pl

subset: commoncrawl


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MARYVILLE —No foul play is suspected in connection to the death of a Blount County man whose body was discovered Monday in a Maryville field, authorities confirmed today.
Maryville Police Department Chief Tony Crisp said authorities determined that after an autopsy was conducted Tuesday on 43-year-old Michael Anthony Browning of South Everett High Road, Maryville.
"It showed his (manner of death) was not indicative to any type of foul play and we can safely rule out it was a homicide," Crisp said.
At about 4:20 p.m. Monday officers were dispatched to the field off McCammon Avenue after receiving a call that someone had found Browning's body on the ground near a set of electrical transmission towers.


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77206 Canyon Meadows Dr • Kennewick • Country Meadows
Stephenie Monson
Owner, General Contractor
Valiant Homes was created to make the client the central focus of the home building experience. While many builders are hiding themselves away from the buyer, Stephenie Monson is reaching out to include them in every aspect of building their custom home. Her portfolio proves that quality and style can be achieved at any budget.
Subcontractors & Suppliers
509.378.8790 • www.valianthomes.com
©2014 Tri-City Parade of Homes


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The Office of Information Services (OIS) is responsible for the development, implementation and support of statewide administrative (ISIS) applications and the Division of Administration (DOA) programmatic and desktop applications. More
LaGov is Louisiana's Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) project bringing one business system to the entire State of Louisiana. This new LaGov system is a strategic business initiative for Louisiana State Government using technology as a tool to provide more transparency and accountability for the state. More
Statewide Email provides email services for agencies under the authority of Act 772 at one or more of the consolidated data centers. This service includes the support of standard e-mail services including basic messaging, address book, scheduling of personnel and resources within and among departments, and optionsfor wireless service. More
The Office of Telecommunications Management (OTM) is responsible for establishing and coordinating all telecommunications systems and telecommunications services affecting the management and operations of the executive branch of state government and acts as the sole centralized customer for the acquisition, billing, and record keeping of all telecommunications systems or telecommunications services provided to state agencies. More
The Office of Computing Services (OCS) provides information technology support to the Division of Administration and centralized IT services to other departments under the authority of the CIO. More
The Chief Technology Officer serves as a technical advisor to the CIO in these areas: infrastructure management, policy, standards, security, and special projects. More


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Ethical issues attend the creation of animal-human chimeras.
Stubbornly Persistent
February 1, 2015|
Microorganisms continually challenge our assumptions of what life can achieve.
February 1, 2015|
Microorganisms continually challenge our assumptions of what life can achieve.
January 1, 2015|
Regulation of genome expression orchestrates the behavior of insect castes and the human response to social stress.
February 1, 2013|
The very cold, the merely chilled, and the colorful
December 1, 2012|
Can emulating our early human ancestors make us healthier?
October 1, 2012|
Cooperation, not competition, is the way forward.
June 1, 2012|
Why naked mole-rats and experimental gene therapies remind me of groundbreaking artists.
December 1, 2011|
After a roller-coaster of an October, The Scientist resumes publication under new ownership.
June 1, 2011|
Decades of vaccine research have expanded our understanding of the immune system and are yielding novel disease-fighting tactics.
March 1, 2011|
Did Erasmus Darwin foreshadow the tweaking of his grandson's paradigm?
February 1, 2011|
This is your brain on emotions.
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Icelantic's Winter On The Rocks: Macklemore and Ryan Lewis
Fri, Feb 1, 2013 7:30 pm
Red Rocks Amphitheatre, Morrison, CO
Sorry, this event has already taken place. Please see similar events below.
|Tweet | State Guides | Gift Certificates | Policies | Blog | About Us | TicketMasters sold out |


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Nathan Tondow joins REAL New York as a Licensed Salesperson with a strong sales background. With an extensive knowledge of the Manhattan marketplace, Nathan specializes in rental and sales residential apartments in the downtown area.
Nathan prioritizes the needs of his clients and holds their trust to the highest esteem. As a hard-working and driven salesperson, he never settles unless his clients are completely satisfied. With an honest work ethic, Nathan appreciates his long-lasting client relationships.
Originally from New Jersey, Nathan graduated from Rutgers University with a Bachelors Degree in Economics and History.


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Taylor Swift is reportedly dating a younger man.
The 22-year-old is said to be in the throes of a new romance with Robert F. Kennedy's grandson, Conor Kennedy who turned 18 last week.
It had been reported that the country starlet was dating Arnold Schwarzenegger's son Patrick, whose mother Maria Shriver is also from the Kennedy dynasty.
But RadarOnline reports that Taylor and Conor have been seen all over Westchester County in New York and the Kennedy compound in Massachusetts.
"I was out to lunch with a few friends in Mount Kisco and as we're walking down the street from the diner, we see Conor Kennedy emerge from a pizza shop with Taylor Swift right behind him," an eyewitness told the site.
"They were holding hands and both had huge grins on their faces. Taylor playfully leaned into him as they walked."
Conor's mother, Mary Richardson Kennedy, committed suicide in May and Taylor's parents are separating after 25 years of marriage.
"Conor and Taylor actually have a lot in common and can relate to each other," an insider said.© Cover Media


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GILBERT — While most of the traffic was exiting the parking lot outside Leonard Price Field late Friday night, there was one noticeable vehicle entering the Gilbert High School facility.
The Bishop England bus pulled up, and out stepped Ed Khouri, who wanted to inspect the pitch after a day of wear-and-tear.
The High School League changed venues for the state soccer championships, moving from Columbia's Memorial Stadium. The Bishops soccer coach was concerned about the field's dimensions as his team made final preparations for Saturday's state championship against Indian Land.
"We wanted to get it into their craniums," Khouri said. "We wanted them to be mentally ready."
But the Bishops claimed the Class AA state championship because they had heart. On a long, hot day, just 96 hours after surviving Academic Magnet in penalty kicks, the Bishops still had something in their tank.
Freshman Joel Bunting, who scored the Bishops' first goal earlier in the match, drilled home a goal with 19 seconds left in the second sudden-death overtime to give the Bishops a 4-3 victory over the Warriors.
"For us to bounce back after the Academic Magnet game speaks highly of this team's character," Khouri said. "That game took a lot of starch out of us. We, as coaches, had to get them back up mentally and physically. This was a big accomplishment for the Bishop England soccer program, and the class of 2013."
Bunting is only a freshman, and could spend the rest of his soccer career trying to dupliacate his accomplishment that ended the match at the 1:09.41 mark.
"The ball ended up in front of me, and I kicked it," said Bunting, who helped the Bishops claim their 16th state championship.
If only the game were that simple to dissect.
Indian Land led 2-0 just 12 minutes into the match on goals from Nick Retter and Garrett Gerdes.
In the 13th minute, Bunting scored and brought the Bishops back to life. That is when it got interesting.
Captain Mateo Gomez scored two goals in 94 seconds to give the Bishops a 3-2 lead in the 24th minute. But the Warriors countered with a goal 61 seconds later when Anthony Cutrone found the back of the net to tie the game heading into halftime at 3.
"It was a tale of two halves. That's the complexity of soccer," Khouri said. "You have to believe in yourself, believe you can score that goal even if it is in the final seconds. It can happen. That's why soccer is the greatest sport in the world."
Class AAAA: Irmo
Class AAA: Hilton Head
Class A: St. Joseph's
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5 Coffee Tattoos We Love
Even if I am as sick as everyone else is of hearing about "tattooed hipster baristas," I'll cop to also being kind of impressed that anyone loves making coffee enough to, you know, get it permanently inked onto one's skin. Here are a few of our favorite pieces. More


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Quirky Bedroom
Antiques and cameo-inspired artwork add charm to this bedroom design.
"I love her vintage bed and the little touches of nature around the house," says design*sponge blogger Grace Bonney, of painter Trish Grantham's bedroom. "She lives in Portland, Oregon, and I find that so many of the artists and residents there make a big effort to incorporate the outdoors into their homes. Trish has done it in a really unique way."
Comment Guidelines
We welcome your feedback on Houseandhome.com. H&H reserves the right to remove any unsuitable personal remarks made about the bloggers, hosts, homeowners and/or guests we feature. Please keep your comments focused on decorating, design, cooking and other lifestyle topics. Adopt a tone you would be willing to use in person and do not make slanderous remarks or use denigrating language. If you see a comment that you believe violates any of the guidelines outlined above, please click "Flag as inappropriate." Thank you.


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Recent Press Releases
Science is Elementastic at Jackson
Jackson Elementary School students were recently given the opportunity to participate in an after school science program. Dr. Angelika Henke of Elementastic, LLC, led the 4-sessions of hands-on science. Students in the program used real scientific equipment and wore white lab coats.
Sheboygan Area School District Press Release
January 25, 2011
January 25, 2011


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Skip to main content
It all starts in Development - that kernel of an idea. Here's Aynsley and Liam struggling with the finishing touches on a new series proposal that went out the door a few weeks ago.
Entering the new year and launching a new website, the folks at Paperny Films are back in full swing.
Independent TV producer Paperny Films and interactive agency Invoke Media are developing an Internet website and portable media application that lets users find the best street food vendors in any city, in support of the upcoming Eat St. television series.


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03 Mar 20141 Comment
What's missing from the 'Active Citizens + Effective States' formula in From Poverty to Power?
Oh dear. Be careful what you wish for. When I wrote From Poverty to Power (the book, not the blog), we came up with a nice subtitle that seemed to capture a common thread linking the very diverse topics covered in the book – 'How Active Citizens and Effective States can Change... Read More


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Hang tight!
Recipe by SMJAY
"Easy and delicious scratch cake topped with coconut walnut sauce. The mandarin oranges make it very moist. "
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1 cup
all-purpose flour
1 cup
white sugar
1 teaspoon
baking soda
1/2 teaspoon
1 teaspoon
vanilla extract
1 (15 ounce) can
mandarin oranges, drained
1/2 cup
chopped walnuts
3/4 cup
brown sugar
3 tablespoons
3 tablespoons
1/2 cup
flaked coconut
My husband and 15 yr. old son thought this cake was "the greatest"! It is very simple and the topping makes the cake. I used pecans and also added 1/2 of the mandarin orange juice to the cake mix,making it delicious and very moist. A wonderful, easy, supper dessert!
It was okay, something easy to make for potluck
17 Ratings
This is a nice easy and quick recipe. At first I couldn't believe there was no butter in the batter. But then I realized the more I mix it, the more liquid it becomes because the mandarin oranges becomes flakes.
You don't taste the orange, but it is a light and refreshing cake. If you are looing for something not overly sweet and can stand alone without a glob of icing on top, this is a good recipe
I made this yesterday and it's almost gone! My husband said, "I can't stay away from this cake!" ...and this from a man who doesn't like desserts without chocolate.
I didn't have coconut and didn't feel like using nuts so I made it without. The frosting really makes this cake!
I followed the directions perfectly, and then when it was finished baking, I put a cake tester in it and it cake out with all this stuff on it... so, I put the cake back in the oven and it wound up baking for another half hour. But when I toook it out and tried to flip it, it wouldn't flip, so I then decided to loosen the sides and it finally did flip, but when it finally flipped, I found out that the bottom was a sticky substance and stuck to the bottom, not allowing the cake to filp. So, I then cleaned out my pan, and re-greased it. I put the mixture back in and tried to let it re-bake. It turned out weird again and I finally decided to give up.
OMG!!!!!!! This cake really caught me by surprise,it is delicious! If you have not tried this recipe, you are missing out on a real treat. this is a recipe that I will keep. I can't wait to make it again.
easy, good. you don't taste the oranges though, but it a nice, light snacking dessert.
I made this healthier by using white whole wheat flour and cutting the sugar a little. I used pineapple instead of oranges. It's what I had on hand. I put the icing on as soon as the cake came out. Then, put it under the broiler 6 in. from heat for 3-4 min. until toasty brown. Very, very good!
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Mandarin Orange Cake III
Serving Size: 1/9 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 9
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 374
Calories from Fat: 129
Kale is the healthy, green leaf that transforms into a crunchy snack chip in your oven.
You can't go wrong choosing from over 400 pork chop recipes with ratings and tips!
Delicious recipes, party ideas, and cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for $7.99!
This light, moist orange cake has complex flavors and is completely flourless.
Ice cream on a cookie crust topped with whipped cream, fudge, and cherries!
Satisfy your sweet tooth with this nutritious idea.


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What You Should Know
|Star Rating
|2 or More Patented Ingredients
|Less Than $5 Shipping
|Trial Offer
|Rejuval Skin (2014 Editors Choice)
|Facial Toner
|IQ Derma
|Meaningful Beauty
Irilys is marketed as an anti-aging and anti-fatigue eye contour cream gel. Irilys is manufactured by the French Company Jeanne Piaubert Laboratories. The company, which manufacturer Irilys, is named after its founder Jeanne Piaubert, who was a Chemical Engineer and one of the first female Physiotherapists in France. She studied the effects of electric currents on the face and, in 1928, she opened up her own beauty salon. In the 1920s she began developing non-surgical lift and rejuvenation treatments for the skin and the body. The face and body care products manufactured by Jeanne Piaubert Laboratories can be purchased from on line shops or in the Jeanne Piaubert Beauty Institute in Paris.
Product Details
The official website for the Jeanne Piaubert range of products tells us that Jeanne Piaubert Laboratories have created a line of complementary anti-wrinkle care products designed to work in tandem. We are told that these products have been created for women over the age of 35. The Irilys anti-aging and anti-fatigue eye contour gel is one of the products in this anti-aging range.
The website tells us that Irilys contains draining and moisturizing ingredients in an exclusive multi layer structure which will enable the fine lines around the eyes to regain their density and softness. There are, however, no details given on the official website of what exactly these ingredients are. It is difficult to assess anti-aging products when we have no idea whether there are any precise active anti-aging ingredients present. The official website also does not give any price details but Irilys seems to be sold by online shops at a price of $50. There does not seem to be a money back guarantee, nor is there an offer of a free trial size sample from those selling this product.
The Good
- Irilys is manufactured by Jeanne Piaubert Laboratories which is a long established brand.
- There is an official website for this product.
- There is a whole line of specific anti-aging products in the Jeanne Piaubert Laboratories range.
The Bad
- Irilys eye contour gel cannot be ordered directly from the official website.
- There are no ingredient details given for Irilys.
- There does not seem to be a money back guarantee.
- There is no offer of a free gift with purchase.
- Obviously, this product affects the under-eye area only.
The Bottom Line
Irilys is certainly manufactured by a reputable company with an established client base, and a long-standing reputation. However we cannot recommend products when we have no information on ingredient details. There is already a detailed official website for the Company that manufactures Irilys, and adding ingredient details to this website would allow those interested in the range to compare this anti-aging eye gel to others on the market.


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Like her famous Sex and the City character, Charlotte, Kristin Davis is a nurturing adoptive mother in real life. The actress helped rescue an orphaned elephant a year ago and this past spring made a trip to the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust in Nairobi, Kenya, to visit her little girl.
"She's my baby, Chaimu!" Davis told PEOPLEPets.com at the debut of Neil Lane's bridal collection with Kay Jeweler's, a launch benefiting St. Jude's Children's Hospital in Hollywood. "We went to see Chaimu and the other elephants and it's so gorgeous and amazing. These are elephants that are reared by humans so you can interact with them in an amazing way, but they are also reintroduced into the wild, which is very rare."
Davis, who now reportedly helps fund Chaimu's care, fell in love with the gentle giants on her first safari years ago and has been working to support the species ever since. In June 2009, she was with a group when they found the abandoned elephant in the lava slopes of Kenya's Chyulu Hill during a drought. Chaimu is now thriving and like any good mom, Davis is happy to show off photos of her baby. "If you want to see more about [the Sheldrick Wildlife Trust] go to my Facebook page," Davis said. "At some point everyone is going to be like, 'Stop with the elephant pictures!' I have so many from my trip I'm still finding them."
See more celebrity causes on PEOPLEPets.com:
2-Legged Dog Becomes a Hollywood Cause Thanks to Jackson Children
Katherine Heigl's Foundation Helps 21 Chihuahuas Fly to Vancouver
Kristin Davis's Passion? Her Adopted Elephant Chaimu!
Courtesy of Kristin Davis


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Tuscarawas News Detail
Gala to Feature Old Fashioned Sneak PeekPosted Dec. 12, 2013
The Performing Arts Center at Kent State Tuscarawas will hold an Old Fashioned Gala on Jan. 18, 2014 at 5:30 p.m. This black tie event will feature a sneak peek showing of the locally filmed movie, Old Fashioned, to be released nationwide later in 2014. Old Fashioned is the feature directorial debut for Rik Swartzwelder, who grew up in New Philadelphia and currently resides in Los Angeles.
Cost for the Gala, which includes a four-course dinner and champagne toast, is $100 per person or $75 for Performing Arts Center members. Proceeds benefit the Performing Arts Center Endowment fund. A cash bar will be available.
"Rik understands the importance of art in everyday life and has graciously agreed to let us feature his work at our gala, which will raise funds for the Performing Arts Center Endowment," said Mike Morelli, Performing Arts Center general manager. "He took our idea a step further and suggested a separate benefit screening open to the public, with the hopes to raise funds for a new arts scholarship specifically for Kent State Tuscarawas students. Rik and the production company want to give back to the community for their assistance in the film. We are thrilled to partner with them on with these two opportunities and grateful to be the host of the sneak peek and the benefit screening."
The benefit screening of Old Fashioned will be held Sun., Jan. 19 at 6 p.m. at the Performing Arts Center. Tickets are $10. Tickets to both events go on sale Dec. 16 with a special pre-sale for Performing Arts Center members beginning Dec. 12. Tickets can be purchased in person at the Performing Arts Center box office, online at www.tusc.kent.edu/pac or by calling 330-308-6400.
Old Fashioned was produced by Nathan Nazario, Dave DeBorder and Nini Hadjis, and was written and directed by Swartwelder. Filming took place in 2011 and 2012 in various locations in Tuscarawas County, with hundreds of residents serving as volunteers, providing support and locations, or appearing in the movie as extras. The film features Elizabeth Ann Roberts (Heroes, Medium, House M.D.) as Amber and Swartzwelder as her romantic interest, Clay.
Both Swartzwelder and Roberts will be in attendance at both screenings, as well as other members of the cast and crew.
"It is no secret that I absolutely fell in love with Tuscarawas County while filming Old Fashioned," said Roberts. "I am thrilled that we have an opportunity to screen the film with the loving and supportive community that helped bring this film to life."
According to Swartzwelder, "I've always said that Tuscarawas County is one of the most beautiful places I have ever seen – and I really think our film captures that beauty. It's so easy to take for granted just how special this place is. I'm definitely looking forward to sharing the experience of this sneak peek with friends, family and the very folks that helped nurture our film into existence. It just feels like the right way to begin the public journey of Old Fashioned."
A romantic drama, Old Fashioned centers on Clay Walsh, a former frat boy, who gives up on his reckless carousing and now runs an antique shop in a small Midwestern college town. There, he has become notorious for his lofty and outdated theories on love and romance. When Amber Hewson, a free-spirited young woman with a gypsy soul, drifts into the area and rents the apartment above Clay's shop, she finds herself surprisingly drawn to his noble ideas, which are new and intriguing to her. And Clay, though he tries to fight and deny it, simply cannot resist being attracted to her spontaneous and passionate embrace of life. Ultimately, Clay must step out from behind his relational theories and Amber must overcome her own fears and deep wounds as the two of them, together, attempt the impossible: an "old-fashioned" courtship in contemporary America.
The filmmakers of Old Fashioned will hold a local "official premier" pegged to the national theatrical release later in 2014. Details will be made available in the near future.


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Click Here to Watch the Whole Video in HD at Just Gone Gay
In the morning these studs were straight, but when we were done with them they had just gone gay for the first time!
Hot Gay Skyler Craving for Cocks In His Mouth and Ass.
Pixels: 320X240 | Bitrate: 350K
Pixels: 640X480 | Bitrate: 700K


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Celebrity Buzz
Your daily dose of hot news & gossip.
Posts filtered on Tag
Leann Rimes headed into treatment center
Singer Leann Rimes has enrolled in a health facility for treatment to address "anxiety and stress," E!Online is reporting. [Read More]
Baldwin brother (no, the other one) filming in Montgomery
Daniel Baldwin has come a long way from his "nude drug-fueled rampage" at New York's Plaza Hotel in 1998. A New York Daily News article from February of that year described what the police found upon responding to calls from guests as the then-37-year-old actor "naked and hallucinating from an apparent crack cocaine overdose." Since […] [Read More]
Dennis Quaid's estranged wife calls off divorce
Actor Dennis Quaid and his estranged wife Kimberly are reportedly giving their marriage another go, two months after she filed for divorce. Kimberly cited "discord or conflict of personalities" for the breakdown of their eight-year union and requested spousal support, a share of the star's assets, and the cost of her lawyer's fees when she […] [Read More]
Khloe Kardashian actually gets a job in Dallas
The Kardashian sisters constantly get ragged on for being famous for being famous and not having real job, but Khloe Kardashian—who recently moved to Texas when her hubby, Lamar Odom, was traded to the Dallas Mavericks—finally has a gig of her own. She'll be hosting a radio show on Dallas' Mix 102.9. It's an hour […] [Read More]
Reba, Cee Lo see Lambert and Shelton hitched
Blake Shelton recalled how he "fumbled" the proposal. [Read More]


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Written by Janet S / Jun 19, 2008
Before I go into the details of my latest dogging event, I should explain a bit about the men in my life. I am most fortunate to have 3 lovers, all of whom love to share me with other men and encourage me to explore my sexuality.
The first of my lovers is Bill, my brother-in-law. You may recall him from the story entitled Cheating Wife. Unfortunately Bill lives in the States so we rarely see each other although he does constantly send me e-mails and pictures that arouse me. (I love getting these from other men too!) The second and main lover is Sam who is also my employer and with whom I have most of my activities either with him or around him.
My third lover is Bob. Bob also is some distance away but this man turns me on like the proverbial faucet! He has the most alluring yet naughty ideas which he provides me along with incentives, pictures and e-mails which excite me to no end. Also he has a way about him to convince me to step out of my comfort zone and not just think and fantasize about these things, but actually do them! As a result of his persuasion, I have done many, many things some of which I never even dreamed of until I met my Bob. He has taught me so much and yet still challenges me to be even more slutty and nasty than ever and in so doing tapped into my innermost desires. He continues to peel back my layers exposing my raw sexual nature and then finds a way to tap into them in an every spiraling wonderful manner.
To illustrate, I will relate the events that happening within the past couple of weeks. Bob began by building on my enthusiasm for anonymous quick sex and encouraged me to go dogging, something I hadn?t done for quite a while because of the weather. Finally it peaked when I received his e-mail with, ?My orders,? to go that very night, no questions asked. He also detailed what I was to do and wear which I will subsequently make known to you. I should point out that I dearly love it when a man takes command and provides me with my instructions. I simply cannot say no!
It was a Monday night and my instructions came through that afternoon. At dinner, I told my husband James that I was going to the cinema that evening and perhaps stay out a bit later for a drink or two with my friends. James gave his usual grunt of approval. When it was time to leave, I went into the loo and removed all of my clothing and just wore my topcoat and shoes as Bob had instructed. I was very nervous to kiss James goodbye in this relative unclothed state but he could not really see that I was entirely nude underneath my coat. Once outside, I unbuttoned my coat and cinched it lightly with the belt as Bob had instructed and walked to the common garage a few blocks away. There I removed my coat and shoes and placed them in the boot, again according to his directions. I was extremely excited! I mean extremely not having anything about me or even close to me with which to cover up as I set the GPS and drove out of London proper arriving about dusk at the park.
I immediately lowered my window and turned on the inside light as a signal that I desired some action and in a few minutes a bloke came over to the car, leaned inside and groped my breast and began his discourse on how he wanted to fuck me. I stopped him quickly and told him that I wanted anal sex first. (This was in accordance with Bob?s instructions) Much to my surprise, he wasn?t interested and walked away! I sat there a few minutes wondering if I had made a mistake when I was startled by another man that came up from the back of the car to my window.
I didn?t hear what he said as I found myself staring at one of the blackest men I?ve ever seen. It was plainly evident through his black mesh T shirt that he was quite muscular. Even though I don?t recall what he said, he said it with a captivating deep English accent that charmed me. I can only remember stammering something about being, ?Fucked in my ass,? and being helped out of the car. Following Bob?s instructions, I moved to the front of the car and leaned over the bonnet as my strange black lover prepared himself. Soon I felt the head of his cock rubbing against my pussy lips and clit and then being inserted into my vagina and hearing him tell me he was just getting us ready. And did he ever! In seconds, his large, make that very large cock was into the hilt and stroking me causing me to stand up on my toes to allow his glorious entry. He stopped after a few strokes and moved his cockhead to my anus. I had previously lubed myself but still it was an effort as he pushed his huge dick past my sphincter and into me. He maintained heavy steady pressure until I could fell his testicles against my perineum. Thus impaled, I felt his two large hands clench my breasts tightly as he began to move his hips in the fucking ritual. With each thrust, I thought he would come out my belly; I?ve never had such a large cock inside me. As I loosened up, I began to more enjoy his penetration and pushed back and rotated against him as he withdrew almost his entire penis before inserting it to its full length up my nether region. As he thrust harder and faster, I found myself moaning with each forceful penetration and found myself grasping at the Jaguar ornament to steady myself. The pace quickened as he abused my rectum. I was however thoroughly enjoying the abuse and when he grunted and shot his massive ejaculation up my ass, I trembled and audibly came with him. He stayed deep in me until he was done then plopped past my sphincter into the cool air.
I was still in my orgasm when he exited and immediately spun around, dropped to a squat and took his still hard, but softening cock into my mouth. He screamed due to the sensitivity and grunted and groaned as I gently sucked my ass juice, semen and lubricant from his cock. As my mouth and tongue worked him over, he realized I wasn?t gong to stop and his sensitivity eased. Much to my delight, he grew hard again and as he did I bobbed up and down his shaft with increased speed and depth until I locked his cockhead in my lips and mouth massaged the tender underside of the head. This drove him insane and I felt his large hands encircle my head and felt him fold over me locking my mouth onto his cock. He now assumed control and began to actively and deeply fuck my mouth. He held me so tight and deep I could hardly breathe however, it so excited me, I found myself rubbing my clit harshly as he now abused my mouth. He began to call me names and tell me dirty things about being a cocksucker and such. Grasping me still harder and fucking me deeper, I found his cock swell and he again cried out as his second load spewed down my throat. I was amazed he had so much the second time and I also came the second time with him. It was fucking glorious!
Grunting he withdrew and moved back to regain his composure and, as he did a second man approached me directly with his exposed cock pointed right at my mouth. Immediately he was upon me, and, placing his hand behind my head, drew me onto his hard cock. Eagerly I began to perform fellatio as best I could with him dictating both the pace and penetration. It didn?t take long before he shot a very healthy thick load into my mouth which I swallowed with great enjoyment. He wiped some of his residue across my face before stepping away and allowing me a moment to regain my composure. I can tell you that this second sudden cocksucking excited me once again!
Still squatting, I turned and for the first time noticed an audience had gathered. From the shadows, a man emerged with 3 others following a bit behind. ?How?s about letting us have a go?? he queried tossing his thumb over his shoulder to indicate the men behind him. I didn?t have a chance or failed to answer thus indicating it was acceptable. They led me to the grass and placed me on all 4?s. The first no sooner began to fuck me royally when a second man replaced him and another took his position at my mouth followed by the third and the fourth rotating between my mouth and my cunt.
Somewhere around this time it began to rain. I remember feeling the cold drops on my back as I had a cock in my cunt, one in my mouth and another in each hand as the men took their quick turns with me. The rain quickly began to fall harder as they laid me on my back. I wrapped my legs around one bloke?s buttocks as he fucked me and I held another in each hand. About this time I lost track of who was where doing what and entered into a complete orgasmic state. At 1 point I was suspended being held up by my arms and legs and being fucked in my mouth and pussy at the same time. I know at least one creamed inside me and another 1 in my mouth. Plus I could feel hot sperm splatter across my chest washed away by the cold hard rain. By the time they were finished, I was soaking wet from their cum and the rain plus I had the most explosive series of orgasms I had ever felt.
Weakened I made my way back to the car. The harsh rain had ended and, in the dim light of the interior I could see bits of grass and streams of mud on my knees and body. My hair was dripping and I was shivering from the cold. I was still very cold when I arrived back at the garage but the rain had subsided. I gathered my coat about me and slipped on my shoes and dashed home and into the shower to quickly wash off the mud. No sooner had I stepped from the shower into the warm tub to soak when James wrapped on the door and entered my bath. I was quite surprised to see him.
He began to wash my back and I asked if wanted to make love. He told me he was not feeling well which it was why he was awake but that he was glad I was home. I was glad he hadn?t popped in 5 minutes earlier or I would have had some explaining to do!
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text:
Current Residence: So not telling you this either.
deviantWEAR sizing preference: ........
Print preference: ........
Favourite genre of music: Any thing that's fast and upbeat I hate slow songs.
Favourite photographer: Um … I don't know any.
Favourite style of art: Anything that takes my fancy.
Operating System: Huh??? I think it's a computer it may be a laptop. Not too sure.
MP3 player of choice: I-pod, as it is easy to use.
Shell of choice: What's this supposed to mean???
Wallpaper of choice: Something that's bright and colourful.
Skin of choice: What's this supposed to mean???
Favourite cartoon character: Emm … I like most of them especially Witch Hunter Robin and Naruto.
Personal Quote: Come back to me on that one.


text:
1. active - noun
· chemical agent capable of activity
Synonym(s): active_agent
Hypernym(s): chemical_agent
2. active - noun
· the voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is performing the action or causing the happening denoted by the verb; "`The boy threw the ball' uses the active voice"
Synonym(s): active_voice
Hypernym(s): voice
Antonym(s): passive_voice
3. active - noun
· a person who is a participating member of an organization; "the club issues a list of members, both the actives and the retirees"
Hypernym(s): person, individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul
4. active - adjective
· tending to become more severe or wider in scope; "active tuberculosis"
Antonym(s): inactive
5. active - adjective
· engaged in or ready for military or naval operations; "on active duty"; "the platoon is combat-ready"; "review the fighting forces"
Synonym(s): combat-ready, fighting
6. active - adjective
· disposed to take action or effectuate change; "a director who takes an active interest in corporate operations"; "an active antagonism"; "he was active in drawing attention to their grievances"
Antonym(s): passive
7. active - adjective
· taking part in an activity; "an active member of the club"; "he was politically active"; "the participating organizations"
Synonym(s): participating
8. active - adjective
· characterized by energetic activity; "an active toddler"; "active as a gazelle"; "an active man is a man of action"
Antonym(s): inactive
9. active - adjective
· exerting influence or producing a change or effect; "an active ingredient"
Antonym(s): inactive
10. active - adjective
· full of activity or engaged in continuous activity; "an active seaport"; "an active bond market"; "an active account"
Antonym(s): inactive
11. active - adjective
· in operation; "keep hope alive"; "the tradition was still alive"; "an active tradition"
Synonym(s): alive
12. active - adjective
· (of the sun) characterized by an increased occurrence of sunspots and flares and radio emissions
Antonym(s): quiet
13. active - adjective
· expressing that the subject of the sentence has the semantic function of actor: "Hemingway favors active constructions"
Antonym(s): passive
14. active - adjective
· (used of verbs (e.g. `to run') and participial adjectives (e.g. `running' in `running water')) expressing action rather than a state of being
Synonym(s): dynamic
Antonym(s): stative
15. active - adjective
· (of e.g. volcanos) capable of erupting
Antonym(s): extinct
16. active - adjective
· (of e.g. volcanos) erupting or liable to erupt; "active volcanos"
Antonym(s): dormant
17. active - adjective
· engaged in full-time work; "active duty"; "though past retirement age he is still active in his profession"
Antonym(s): inactive
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text:
On July 17, the Iowa Department of Agriculture (IDALS) will make available $1.4 million in statewide cost share funds. Last year the cost-share was a runaway success, with funding allocated to conservation on 100,000 acres in just two weeks.
The cost share is one component in IDALS Water Quality Initiative, which is guided by the Nutrient Reduction Strategy. A persistent criticism of the strategy, one that even EPA has brought up, concerns its lack of numeric criteria to measure the efficacy of producers' voluntary contributions to the health of Iowa's waters.
Iowa Agriculture Secretary Bill Northey says the Iowa Department of Agriculture is looking at a few ways to measure just how useful conservation practices are, including consistent measurement of water quality itself. But Northey says water quality alone wouldn't tell the whole story.
"Other ways of measuring is how active are folks in doing the kinds of things that we know help water quality? So, how many acres of cover crops do we have? How many folks are splitting their nitrogen application? How many folks are putting on nitrogen later in the season, or more precisely, putting it on when that crop needs it?" He says, "And, we're starting to gather some of those numbers. We have some mechanisms for pieces of it. Obviously we know who participates in our programs, but we're trying to make sure we learn who's doing it on their own out there that doesn't have a way where we're catching them as working with our programs; after all, that's where we hope we see real growth over time."
Northey says conducting frequent surveys could become costly, quick. Another approach may be to gather information through service providers, such as co-ops and other agribusinesses.
He says, "Maybe there'll be a real effort to look at working with those service providers that are working with farmers, that are selling them fertilizer, that are potentially delivering seed for cover crops, and they help up report what's being done out here."


text:
AQAP kills 102 soldiers, parades 55 captured soldiers around Jaar
First a Yemen Times link to "Terrorism operations grow in Hadramout"
Next adding to AQAP's already substantial list of war crimes, including executions, use of children, amputations and crucifixions, from AJC:
The officials said Sunday's fighting in Abyan province killed 107 soldiers and 32 militants. Scores were wounded on both sides. The latest death toll was confirmed by medical officials in the area.
The military officials said the militants' surprise attack on army bases outside Abyan's provincial capital Zinjibar also led to the capture of 55 soldiers. The captives were paraded on the streets of Jaar, a nearby town that like Zinjibar has been under al-Qaida's control for about a year…The scale of Sunday's attack points to the combat readiness of the militants as they launch more and more attacks in a region that the United States considers a key battleground in the war on al-Qaida.
I am naturally curious how many of these terrorist commanders and fighters fought in Saada (2005-2010) against the Houthis when many al Qaeda fighters were allied with Saleh and Ali Mohsen against the Houthis– with the US's full knowledge and continuing support. As previously documented, some imprisoned al Qaeda were released from jail and send directly to Saada.
My concern, repeatedly expressed, about Al Qaeda fighters in Saada was that they were gaining battle experience. Saada was a training ground for al Qaeda's army. And once they have been desensitized to the blood on their hands, its very hard to walk back these type of fanatics from continuing bloodshed.
Update: Detained soldiers train Al Qaeda operatives on looted heavy weapons:
About 60 soldiers were detained and taken to the Taliban-style Al Qaeda-declared Islamic Emirate of Jaar in the southern province of Abyan on Sunday morning. More than 110 soldiers were killed and more than 150 other injured when Al Qaeda operatives attacked camps and positions in Dawfas area, at the circumference of Zinjubar, the capital of Abyan.
About 20 from Al Qaeda fighters were killed and dozens were injured, according to sources in Jaar.
"The detained soldiers from Dawfas battles were seen today Monday in Jaar training Al Qaeda fighters on the looted tanks and artilleries," said the local sources…The authorities were looking for three car bombs that were made in Arhab area, about 30 km north of the capital, where Al Qaeda has historic activities. Arhab is the village of the extremist cleric Abdul Majid Al Zandani, who is accused by US and UN of being a global terrorist. (ed- Arhab also subject to intense bombing 2011.) —
The threats of Al Qaeda to strike outside the battle field came also one day after security authorities said they had intelligence that three car bombs are somewhere ready to implement suicide attacks against Yemeni government and Western interests in Yemen.


text: Prev | Next Purchase this photo Billy Summers/The Putnam Herald In the first Junior Little League game of a double header on Saturday, June 8, 2013, in Eleanor, Hurricane pitcher John Johnson watches the runner on first before throwing the pitch. Gallery: Putnam in Pictures, Friday, June 21 Jun. 21, 2013 @ 08:32 PM The Herald-Dispatch / 2015 Did you miss something in Putnam County this week? Chances are, one of our photographers was there. ()


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WILLIAMSON - Many elderly adults are abused in their own homes, in relatives' homes, and even in facilities responsible for their care. In an effort to raise awareness and attention to this horrific problem, June has been proclaimed as National Elder Abuse Awareness Month by our nation's leaders.
If you suspect that an elderly person is at risk from a neglectful or overwhelmed caregiver, or being preyed upon financially, it's important to speak up. Civitas Media has researched documentation and conducted interviews regarding the warning signs of elder abuse, what the risk factors are, and how you can prevent and report the problem and will share those in this article.
What is elder abuse? Consider the elderly person in your community that you have spent time with in church services, civic meetings and neighborhood gatherings. When you see her coming to get her mail as you walk up the street, you slow down and greet her at the mailbox. She says hello but seems wary, as if she doesn't quite recognize you. You ask her about a nasty bruise on her forearm. Oh, just an accident, she explains; the car door closed on it. She says goodbye quickly and returns to the house. The next time you see her; she is walking slowly with a limp and has a laceration above her eye. She leaves the house less than before and seems to have become a recluse. Something isn't quite right about her. You think about the bruises and cuts, her skittish behavior. Well, she's getting pretty old, you think; maybe her mind is getting fuzzy, maybe she's getting clumsy. But there's something else that you can't quite put your finger on, something just isn't right.
As elders become more physically frail, they're less able to stand up to bullying and or fight back if attacked. They may not see or hear as well or think as clearly as they used to, leaving openings for unscrupulous people to take advantage of them. Mental or physical ailments may make them more trying companions for the people who live with them. Many seniors around the world are being abused, harmed in some substantial way often by people who are directly responsible for their care. In the U.S. alone, more than half a million reports of abuse against elderly Americans reach authorities every year, and millions more cases go unreported.
Elder abuse tends to take place where the senior lives; most often in the home where abusers are apt to be adult children; other family members such as grandchildren, or spouses/partners of elders. Institutional settings, especially long-term care facilities, can also be sources of elder abuse. Abuse of the elderly takes many different forms, some involving intimidation or threats against the elderly, some involving neglect, and others involving financial chicanery.
Physical elder abuse is non-accidental use of force against an elderly person that results in physical pain, injury, or impairment. Such abuse includes not only physical assaults such as hitting or shoving but the inappropriate use of drugs, restraints, or confinement. In emotional or psychological senior abuse, people speak to or treat elderly persons in ways that cause emotional pain or distress.
Verbal forms of emotional elder abuse include intimidation through yelling or threats; humiliation and ridicule and habitual blaming or scapegoating. Nonverbal psychological elder abuse can take the form of ignoring the elderly person, isolating an elder from friends or activities and terrorizing or menacing the elderly person.
Sexual elder abuse is contact with an elderly person without the elder's consent. Such contact can involve physical sex acts, but activities such as showing an elderly person pornographic material, forcing the person to watch sex acts, or forcing the elder to undress are also considered sexual elder abuse.
Elder neglect, the failure to fulfill a caretaking obligation, constitutes more than half of all reported cases of elder abuse. It can be active (intentional) or passive (unintentional).
Financial exploitation involves unauthorized use of an elderly person's funds or property, either by a caregiver or an outside scam artist. An unscrupulous caregiver might misuse an elder's personal checks, credit cards, or accounts; steal cash, income checks, or household goods; forge the elder's signature or engage in identity theft. Typical rackets that target elders include announcements of a "prize" that the elderly person has won but must pay money to claim, phony charities and investment fraud.
At first, you might not recognize or take seriously signs of elder abuse. They may appear to be symptoms of dementia or signs of the elderly person's frailty - or caregivers may explain them to you that way. In fact, many of the signs and symptoms of elder abuse do overlap with symptoms of mental deterioration, but that doesn't mean you should dismiss them on the caregiver's say-so. Frequent arguments or tension between the caregiver and the elderly person and changes in personality or behavior in the elder are identified as possible signs of abuse. If you suspect elderly abuse, but aren't sure, look for clusters of the following physical and behavioral signs.
Things to look for include unexplained signs of injury such as bruises, welts, or scars, especially if they appear symmetrically on two side of the body; broken bones, sprains, or dislocations; a report of drug overdose or apparent failure to take medication regularly (a prescription has more remaining than it should); broken eyeglasses or frames or signs of being restrained, such as rope marks on wrists or a caregiver's refusal to allow you to see the elder alone. In addition to the general signs above, indications of emotional elder abuse include threatening, belittling, or controlling caregiver behavior that you witness and behavior from the elder that mimics dementia such as rocking, sucking, or mumbling to oneself. Signs of sexual abuse may include bruises around breasts or genitals, unexplained venereal disease or genital infections, unexplained vaginal or anal bleeding and torn, stained, or bloody underclothing.
Neglect by caregivers or self-neglect on the part of the elder themselves id typically identified by signs of unusual weight loss, malnutrition, dehydration; untreated physical problems, such as bed sores; unsanitary living conditions: dirt, bugs, soiled bedding and clothes; being left dirty or not being bathed; unsuitable clothing or covering for the weather; unsafe living conditions (no heat or running water; faulty electrical wiring, other fire hazards) and desertion of the elder at a public place.
You are encouraged to keep a close eye on the elder's finances and look for significant withdrawals from the elder's accounts; sudden changes in the elder's financial condition; items or cash missing from the senior's household; suspicious changes in wills, power of attorney, titles, and policies; addition of names to the senior's signature card; unpaid bills or lack of medical care, although the elder has enough money to pay for them; financial activity the senior couldn't have done, such as an ATM withdrawal when the account holder is bedridden or unnecessary services, goods, or subscriptions.
Among caregivers, significant risk factors for elder abuse are the inability to cope with stress (lack of resilience); depression, which is common among caregivers; lack of support from other potential caregivers the caregiver's perception that taking care of the elder is burdensome and without psychological reward and substance abuse. Even caregivers in institutional settings can experience stress at levels that lead to elder abuse. Nursing home staff may be prone to elder abuse if they lack training, have too many responsibilities, are unsuited to caregiving, or work under poor conditions.
Many seniors don't report the abuse they face even if they're able. Some fear retaliation from the abuser, while others believe that if they turn in their abusers, no one else will take care of them. When the caregivers are their children, they may be ashamed that their children are behaving abusively or blame themselves or they just may not want children they love to get into trouble with the law.
When reporting elder abuse, the first agency to respond to in most states is Adult Protective Services (APS). Its role is to investigate abuse cases, intervene, and offer services and advice. Again, the power and scope of APS varies from state to state. You may also report the abuse to your local law enforcement office.
Our elderly residents have lived their lives taking care of and providing for their families. When they reach the age or physical state they can no longer care for themselves, they deserve to be loved, to have their needs met and most of all, to live out the remainder of their lives in a safe haven without fears of abuse of any shape, form or fashion. Please do your part to assure your family member receives the best of care, and is never abuse at the hands of another.
Step forward and report elder abuse. The life you save in the future could very well be your own.


text:
News Archive
January 12, 2007
U.S. House passes bill to overturn ban on federal funding for promising, controversial studies -- but veto expected.
January 12, 2007
Cuts to interest rates on subsidized loans, the new majority says, would be "the first step."
January 12, 2007
Move by student loan borrower advocate to create a PAC sparks disagreement about founder's influence and tactics.
January 12, 2007
Vote opens the door for Canadian institutions to join the college sports association.
January 11, 2007
The University of Michigan is resuming its admissions process -- without consideration of race or ethnicity. The university placed admissions on hold after a federal appeals court ordered it to immediately stop considering race and ethnicity -- as required by Proposal 2, adopted by Michigan voters in November. While considering legal options, the university put admissions on hold.
January 11, 2007
Bellevue Community College, in Washington State, has received final approval to begin its first bachelor's program: in radiation and imaging sciences.The University of Texas at Arlington is starting a master of fine arts program -- with student options including glass, intermedia, film, video and screenwriting, and visual communication.
January 11, 2007
Last Friday, on the first day of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's annual convention, the biggest college sports story of the day was the University of Alabama's hiring of Nick Saban to a record-breaking $32 million, eight-year contract.
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text: Brendan Kiley—who writes about theater, drugs, and more for The Stranger—has worked as a child actor in New Orleans, as a member of the junior press corps at the 1988 Republican National Convention, and, for one happy April, as a bootlegger's assistant in Nicaragua. His writing has appeared in Newsweek, the Boston Globe, the Forward, UTNE Reader, and the gently pedagogical pages of Education Update. He went to high school on Bainbridge Island, then attended the UW and the University of Chicago.


text:
Barbara Allen-Diaz Biography
Allen-Diaz was among 2,000 scientists recognized for their work on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), when the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded jointly to the IPCC and Vice President Al Gore in 2007. Allen-Diaz's contributions focused on the effects of climate change on rangeland species and landscapes. She has authored more than 160 research articles and presentations and is an active participant in her professional society; she has served on its board of directors and on various government panels.
In the Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Allen-Diaz served as Associate Vice President-Academic Programs and Strategic Initiatives since 2009 and as Assistant Vice President – Programs from 2007 to 2009. She is currently on leave from her position as a tenured faculty member in the College of Natural Resources on the Berkeley campus, where she has worked since 1986. Other CNR positions include Professor and Chair, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management; Associate Dean, Research and Extension; and Executive Associate Dean. She also holds the prestigious Russell Rustici Chair in Rangeland Management, in recognition of her strong program in range management and ecology. Her research has included the effects of livestock grazing on natural resources, oak woodlands and ecosystems of the Sierra Nevada.


text:
CHEYENNE - The hunting season for mourning doves will be opening Sept.1, and hunters are reminded that along with their bird licenses they must also have their Harvest Information Permit, commonly referred to as a HIP permit.
The HIP permit has been a federal requirement for all migratory bird hunters since 1998, and is sometimes overlooked by dove hunters. Although the permit is federal, one is needed for each state a hunter is licensed to hunt migratory birds, including snipe, rails, cranes, ducks, and geese. Youth under 14 who are not required to buy a license do not need the HIP permit, but the permit is needed by holders of pioneer and lifetime bird licenses.
In Wyoming, the permit is free online at wgfd.wyo.gov or $.50 at license agents and Game and Fish offices. To obtain the permit, hunters are required to identify the migratory species hunted the previous year and the approximate number harvested.
Wyoming's mourning dove season is Sept. 1 – Nov. 9 with a daily limit of 15 and 30 in possession.
(Contact: Al Langston (307) 777-4540)


text:
London Design Festival 2011: British designer Mark Holmes presents a lamp shaped like an incandescent bulb for his design brand Minimalux in London this week. More »
Tag: Minimalux
Colour and the Machine by Minimalux
London Design Festival 2010: more from Mark Holmes of Minimalux (see the new collection Part 1 in our earlier story), this time a series of machined and anodised aluminium desktop objects. More »
Part 1 collection by Minimalux
Minimalux by Mark Holmes
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Thousands of nutritious recipes. Choose your kind of healthy. Learn more
I am an experienced cook (over 30yrs) and am not afraid to try anything, in fact enjoy a challenge which the whoopie pies definately are And they are difinately not worth the time, energy, effort or expense- <br/>This recipe is pretty time consuming, the dough is sticky & hard to form and the marshmello center is impossible to fill it is so sticky & the cookie/cake part didn't stay together too well crumblining at the slightest touch and the flavors lacked, too sweet for the marshmello and no real flavor for the cookie/cake part- I just didn't like them, peroid BUT because they were made with the butter blend, no fat milk, & egg yolk my hubby thought they were pretty good- so.... plus others have rated them higher..so, this is my opinion & experience with them.
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A sector of data to be recorded on a magnetic medium is formatted by dividing the data sector into a plurality of data segments. Recorded with each segment is a time code which is identical for all segments in a given sector. During recordation of the data and time code for each segment, a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) signal is generated and the CRC signal is recorded after the data and the time code. As data in a segment is recorded, it is also temporarily stored. The temporarily stored data is combined according to a prescribed function with data in the succeeding segment and that function is temporarily stored for combination with the data in the next succeeding segment so that after all segments of data have been recorded there is a function that uniquely represents the data in all data segments. The function is recorded as a check segment. On recovery of the data, an error in any given segment can be detected by employment of the CRC signal associated with the segment containing an error. Reconstruction of the data in the erroneously recorded or read segment can be achieved by combining the contents of the correctly recorded and read data segments and the check segment, provided that the time codes read in these segments are identical.
1. Apparatus for recording data in the form of a sector of serially occurring binary bits onto a storage medium comprising means for sequentially grouping the bits into n data segments wherein n is a positive integer greater than one and each data segment includes 1/n times the number of bits in said sector, means coupled to said grouping means for transmitting the bits in a data segment to said storage medium, means coupled to said grouping means for temporarily storing a data segment of bits, means coupled to said grouping means and said storing means for combining in accordance with a prescribed function the bits of the data segment in said storing means with the bits in the immediately succeeding data segment thereby to update the contents of said storing means as each data segment is transmitted to said storage medium, means responsive to the bits in a data segment for generating a CRC signal, means for coupling the CRC signal to said transmitting means so that the CRC signal is applied to the storage medium in association with the data segment in response to which the CRC signal is generated, and means for transmitting the content of said storing means to said storage medium for storage thereinafter the nth data segment and the CRC signal associated therewith, thereby to establish a check segment containing a data pattern representative of the data stored in all said data segments.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said combining means includes means for producing an exclusive OR function so that the prescribed function is an exclusive OR function whereby the data pattern established in the check segment is the exclusive OR function of all said data segments.
3. Apparatus according to claim 1 including means for producing a time code bit pattern and means for applying said time code bit pattern to said storage medium adjacent each said data segment and said check segment.
4. Apparatus according to claim 3 including means for coupling said time code bit pattern to said CRC signal generating means so that the CRC signal applied to said storage medium is a function of the data in said data segment and said time code bit pattern.
5. Apparatus according to claim 1 in combination with switch means for interconnecting said grouping means said storage medium, said temporary storing means and said CRC signal generating means, said switch means including a ROM having a plurality of input terminals, a plurality of output terminals, a plurality of control terminals, means for generating said prescribed function, a first one of said input terminals and a first one of said output terminals being connected to said grouping means, a second one of said input terminals and a second one of said output terminals being connected to said storage medium, a third one of said input terminals and a third one of said output terminals being connected to said temporary storing means, and a fourth one of said input terminals and a fourth one of said output terminals being connected to said CRC signal generating means, and a control and timing circuit coupled to said control terminals for effecting recordation of said data segments and said check segment.
6. Apparatus according to claim 5 wherein said prescribed function generating means includes means for generating an exclusive OR function.
7. Apparatus according to claim 5 wherein said control and timing means is constructed and arranged to effect recovery of data from said storage medium and includes first interconnecting means for interconnecting said second input terminal to said first, third and fourth output terminals to transfer one data segment from said storage means to said grouping means, said temporary storing means and said CRC generating means, said CRC generating means generating a CRC signal in response to the data in said one data segment transferred from said storage medium, second interconnecting means being operable after said first interconnecting means for comparing said fourth input and said second input so as thereby to compare the CRC signal generated in said CRC generating means with the CRC signal transferred from said storage medium, said switch means including a fifth output terminal and being adapted to couple a flag signal to said fifth output terminal in response to inequality of the generated and transferred CRC signals.
8. A method for storing a sector of serially occurring data bits onto a storage medium comprising the steps of recording onto the medium a first segment of data, the first segment having 1/n times the number of bits in the sector, wherein n is a positive integer greater than one, deriving a first CRC signal from the data in the first segment during recording thereof, then writing said first CRC signal onto the medium after said first segment, temporarily storing the data in the first segment, then recording a second segment of data onto the medium, said second segment having 1/n bits, deriving a second CRC signal from the data in the second segment during recording thereof, then writing said second CRC signal onto the medium after said second segment, combining the data in the second segment with the temporarily stored data from the first segment in accordance with a prescribed function to form a data block uniquely representative of the combination of the data in all segments previously recorded, temporarily storing the data block, repeating said recording, deriving, writing, storing and combining steps for all segments from the third segment to the nth segment, the final combining step producing a combined data block, and then recording the combined data block onto the medium as a check segment after the nth segment.
9. A method for storing a sector of data on a magnetic medium comprising the step of serially dividing the sector into a plurality of segments wherein each segment contains less data than the sector, recording each segment on the magnetic medium, recording after each segment a time code indicative of the time of recording the sector, generating from the data in the segment and the time code associated with the data a CRC signal having a value representative of the data and the time code, temporarily storing the data in each segment as it is recorded, generating from temporarily stored data a data block that is a prescribed function of the temporarily stored data and the data in all previously recorded data segments, and recording the data block as a check segment after all data segments have been recorded so as to afford reconstruction of the data in one data segment from the data in the other data segments and the check segment.
This invention relates to an improved format for recording data on a magnetic storage medium and the like and more particularly to a format that affords identification and correction of recording errors.
Data stored on magnetic disks is typically organized in sectors each of which has a unique address followed by a stream of data. The address permits the sector to be identified so that the desired data can be recovered or read. Because the weakest links in a magnetic storage system are the magnetic medium and the medium/head interface, erroneous recording and recovering of data usually arises from magnetic deficiencies rather than from electronic deficiencies. If the stored data is incorrect due to inaccuracies in recording or recovering the data, it is desirable to know that an error has occurred and to be able to correct the error.
One technique for affording an indication whether an error in data recording and/or recovering has occurred is known as a Cyclic Redundancy Check as described in Signetics "BiPolar/MOS Microprocessor Data Manual," Copyright 1977, at page 112. Cyclic Redundancy Check is referred to hereinafter as CRC. In a CRC system selected data bits are combined in accordance with a prescribed equation to produce a CRC signal which is recorded in a sector after the data is recorded in the sector. If on recovering the data and the CRC and subjecting the data to the same equation to derive a new CRC, the new CRC is different from the recorded CRC, such difference is an indication of erroneous recording and/or reading. The CRC system merely indicates the existence of an error but does not permit correction of the erroneous data recording.
In accordance with the present invention a sector of data composed of a plurality of data bits in binary or other form is converted into a group of data segments wherein each data segment is of uniform length and is smaller than a sector. If each sector is grouped or formed into n data segments, then each data segment has 1/n times the number of bits as in the entire sector so that all bits are recorded. Each data segment is recorded with a timing pattern and a CRC field that is related only to the data segment, and in addition the data in each data segment is combined with the data in all other data segments in a unique manner to produce a check segment which is recorded after all data segments are recorded. The check segment, which can be created by combining all data segments in an exclusive OR circuit, is a function of the contents of all data segments so that if one data segment is in error, its true value can be recovered by properly combining the correctly recorded data segments and the check segment. The identity of the supposed erroneous data segment is established in accordance with the prior art by comparing each CRC field with the data in its associated data segment. Accordingly, the present invention not only provides for an indication of erroneous recording but also a procedure for reconstructing the erroneously recorded data into correct data.
The above-mentioned timing signal is used in conjunction with each segment and is prevented from changing until the completion of recording of all segments in a sector. Accordingly, only if the timing signals associated with all segments in a sector are the same does the circuit attempt to recover the data.
An object of the invention is to so format data before its recordation onto a magnetic disk or like medium that any errors in recording or reading are made known and certain types of errors can be corrected.
Another object of the invention is to provide a circuit for achieving the last-mentioned object which can be introduced into existing equipment without substantial modification thereto. This object is achieved because the circuit of the invention is adapted for installation between an existing central processing unit and an existing disk drive unit and is adapted to operate on the data without adversely affecting data flow between such existing units.
The foregoing, together with other objects, features and advantages, will be more apparent after referring to the following specification and the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a data transmission system in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a portion of FIG. 1 in more detail.
FIGS. 3A-3D are block diagrams of a portion of FIG. 2 in alternate positions and in still more detail.
FIG. 4 is a pictorial diagram of a sector of data recorded in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 5 is a pictorial diagram of the header of the data format of FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is a pictorial diagram of the data segment of the data format shown in FIG. 4.
Referring more particularly to the drawings, reference numeral 12 indicates formatting apparatus according to the invention which is shown in association with a peripheral processing unit (PPU) 13 coupled to a main bus 14 to which a central processing unit (CPU) 15 is also connected. Formatting apparatus 12 is connected between PPU 13 and a disk storage system or disk drive 16. Peripheral processing unit 13 is a part of an existing computer and is controlled by the computer for effecting writing of data into disk drive 16 and reading the data therefrom. As is typical of systems of this nature there is a data bus 18 extending from peripheral processing unit 13 and a command/status bus 20. The data is supplied to and from the peripheral processing unit over the data bus, and command and other related control signals are supplied to and from the processing unit on command/status bus 20. There are circuit paths between formatting apparatus 12 and disk drive 16; they will be described in more detail herinafter.
Formatting apparatus 12 includes a nanoprocessor 26, which controls data flowing between peripheral processing unit 13 and disk drive 16, and a microprocessor 28, which is connected to command/status bus 20 and disk drive 16. Microprocessor 28 controls nanoprocessor 26.
FIG. 2 shows in more detail the construction of nanoprocessor 26. Data is coupled on bus 18 to an input/output FIFO shift register 30 which has its output coupled by a circuit path 32 to a switch 34. The functions of switch 34 will be described subsequently. Among other things, switch 34 couples data via a circuit path 35 to disk drive 16. Switch 34 also couples data to a first buffer 36 via a path 38 and to a second buffer 40 via a path 42. Buffers 36 and 40 function to store data temporarily during transfer of data between PPU 13 and disk drive 16 for purposes that are explained below; the buffers can be embodied in RAMs. Switch 34 also couples data to a CRC generator 44 via a path 46 and to input/output shift register 30 via a path 48. Additionally, switch 34 receives data inputs from first buffer 36 on a path 50, from second buffer 40 on a path 52 and from CRC generator 44 on a path 54. Finally, switch 34 has a flag output path 55 on which appears a state signal indicative of accurate (or inaccurate) recordation or recovery of data.
The circuits enumerated in the preceding paragraph respond to command signals supplied over bus 20. Such signals are processed by microprocessor 28 to cause nanoprocessor 26 to convert data received by it on bus 18 into a format according to the invention. The specific nature of the format is dictated by a control and timing circuit shown schematically at 56. Because the elements that constitute control and timing circuit 56 are not per se novel, a description of the various functions performed by the control and timing circuit suffices to afford an understanding of the circuit. There are signal paths between the control and timing circuit 56 and each of the elements previously specified. More specifically, there is a control path 60 extending from the control and timing circuit to input/output shift register 30, a control path 62 extending to CRC generator 44, a control path 64 extending to second buffer 40, a control path 66 extending to first buffer 36, a control path 68 extending to switch 34 and a control path 70 extending to disk drive 16.
There is a pattern store 72 which has an input 74 from control and timing circuit 56 and an input 76 from microprocessor 28. Pattern store 72 has an output 78 coupled to the input of switch 34. The pattern store is loaded from microprocessor 28 with a time signal for recordation in disk drive 16 which time pattern is prevented from changing during recordation of a given sector. Additionally, there is a control path 80 extending from microprocessor 28 to disk drive 16 for providing timing signals during recording and recovery of the data. A data path 81 extends from disk drive 16 to switch 34; data is transmitted over path 81 upon readout of the data from disk drive 16. A circuit path 82 from disk drive 16 to control and timing circuit 56 and a circuit path 83 from the disk drive to microprocessor 28 convey signals indicative of the status of the disk drive to the control and timing circuit and the microprocessor.
Although switch 34 can be embodied in a variety of forms, a suitable form, seen in FIGS. 3A-3D includes a read only memory (ROM) 84. At the upper left are the data inputs to the ROM which correspond to those seen in FIG. 2. At the right hand side are outputs of the switch corresponding to those shown in FIG. 2. At the lower left, control path 68 is seen to be composed of a plurality of lines, and the digital signal pattern on the lines dictates the interconnections established between the data inputs and the data outputs of the ROM. ROM 84 also is capable of generating an exclusive OR (XOR) function, such function being pictorially and schematically indicated at 85 and being described more fully hereinbelow.
As will appear subsequently, the above-described apparatus produces a data format schematically depicted in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6. Shown in those figures is a portion of a single data track on a magnetic medium in disk drive 16, the portion at the left hand extremity of each figure leading the portion at the right hand figure as the magnetic medium moves relative to a conventional read/write head (not shown). Referring to FIG. 4, each sector 86 begins with a header gap 87 which identifies the beginning of a sector and synchronizes the clock in disk drive 16. Next is a header 88 which uniquely identifies the sector so that the sector can be addressed. Gap 87 and header 88 are permanently written on the magnetic medium. As seen in FIG. 5 header 88 includes a sync portion 90, which can be composed of a bit pattern suitable for preparing system logic for receipt of further data. Next, the header has a location or address field 92. Location field 92 can include a plurality of bits, e.g., 32 bits, that provide a unique address for each sector 86 within a given disk drive system. Finally, the header includes a CRC portion 94 which contains a prescribed number of bits, e.g., 15, and has a value derived from the specific signal recorded in location field 92 so that on readout of the data a comparison of a CRC signal generated from the data stored in location field 92 and the CRC signal stored in portion 94 indicates whether an error exits in the reading process. Following header 88 is a gap 96 which produces a signal indicating termination of the header segment and commencement of a first data segment 98. The composition of the information written in first data segment 98 is seen in greater detail in FIG. 6.
Data segment 98 commences with a sync field identified at 100. The sync field defines the beginning of a data segment and is composed of a binary signal, e.g., a series of eight ones, for preparing system logic for ensuing data. Next is a data field 102 in which is recorded a segment of data, i.e., a portion of the data in the entire sector. In one system designed in accordance with the invention there are nine data segments exemplified by data segment 98, and the data field in each contains 115 32-bit words or a total of 3,680 bits. Next, data segment 98 contains a time code portion 104 which can be a series of 32 bits indicative of the time of writing the data. As has been indicated and will be recapitulated subsequently, microprocessor 28 in cooperation with pattern store 72 assures that the time code recorded in each segment will be uniform throughout all segments in a given sector. Finally, data segment 98 includes a CRC portion 106 which includes a signal having a value that is a function of the information recorded in data field 102 and time code portion 104 so that upon readout, comparison of the recorded CRC signal with a CRC signal generated from the data field and time code portion as they are read from the medium in disk drive 16 provides an indication of errors or the lack thereof in writing or reading of the data.
The remaining data segments which are identified in FIG. 4 by the legends SEG 2-SEG 9 are equivalent to data segment 98 and are recorded in sequence on the magnetic medium. After data SEG 9 is recorded a check segment 108 is generated and recorded. Check segment 108 is identical in format to data segment 98 and the information recorded in data field 102 of check segment 108 is a prescribed function of the data recorded in the data fields of the preceding nine data segments. Such function is exemplified in the apparatus shown in FIGS. 3A-3D as an exclusive OR (XOR) function. Thus, if the data field in one of the data segments is erroneously written or read, the content of such data segment can be reconstructed from the function recorded in the data field of check segment 108 and the data recorded in the remaining correctly recorded and read data segments.
The procedure for producing the check segment data field will be explained in connection with FIGS. 2 and 3A-3D. Referring to FIG. 2, data coupled over bus 18 to shift register 30 is applied to switch 34 over path 32. Under the control of control and timing circuit 56 acting on paths 60 and 68, the data field of the first data segment is recorded on disk drive 16 over path 35. The connections effected by switch 34 for recording the data in the first data segment are shown in FIG. 3A. Simultaneous with application of the data over path 35 to the disk drive, the data is also applied to second buffer 40 over path 42 for temporary storage and to CRC register 44 over path 46.
Data in the second data segment (see FIG. 3B) is similarly transmitted by switch 34 from circuit path 32 to circuit path 35. The data is also applied to CRC generator 44 over path 46. Additionally, the incoming data field for data segment 2 is combined with the data previously stored in the second buffer (applied over circuit path 52) to produce an XOR function at 85. The XOR function is applied to first buffer 36 over path 38 for temporary storage in that buffer.
During recordation of data in the third data segment (see FIG. 3C) switch 34 couples the data from path 32 to path 35 and to path 46. In addition, the data is combined with the contents of the first buffer (applied over circuit path 50) to produce an XOR function of the data contained in data segments 1, 2 and 3. Such XOR function, produced at 85, is supplied to the second buffer on path 42 for storage in that buffer.
The above procedure is alternated for succeeding data segments, switch 34 directing data as depicted in FIG. 3B during even segments and as depicted in FIG. 3C during odd segments. When the data fields in all data segments have been recorded, the data field in check segment 108 is recorded, and switch 34 controls data flow in the manner seen in FIG. 3D. The content of the second buffer, after recordation of the data field for the ninth data segment, is the XOR function of all preceding data segments and such is directly connected to path 35 for recordation in disk drive 16 and to path 46 for transmission to CRC generator 44. The connections effected by switch 34 as seen in FIG. 3D are for the case where the final data segment is an odd data segment. Obviously, if the final data segment were an even segment then circuit path 50 from the first buffer would be applied to circuit path 35.
Operation of the formatting apparatus of the present invention is typically commenced when CPU 15 sends data on main bus 14 to peripheral processing unit 13 with a command to store the data. Referring to FIG. 2, the data is conveyed over path 18 to shift register 30 and the command signals are conveyed over path 20 to microprocessor 28. The microprocessor loads pattern store 72 on path 76 with the signals for time code portion 104 (see FIGS. 4-6). When the appropriate header 88 is read by the read/write head in disk drive 16, a signal is applied on path 55 to control and timing circuit 56. The latter circuit applies a signal on path 68 which forces switch 34 to write over path 35 a series of zeros to form gap 96 on the medium in disk drive 16. Next, the control and timing circuit 56, acting over path 68, forces switch 34 to write a series of ones which constitute sync portion 100 of the first data segment 100. Then one segment of data from shift register 30 is coupled by switch 34 from circuit path 32 to circuit path 35 to effect recordation of data field 102 in disk drive 16. During such recordation of the data field of data segment 1 (see FIG. 3A), such data field is coupled over circuit path 42 to second buffer 40 in which the data is temporarily stored. At the same time, the data is coupled over path 46 to CRC generator 44. Upon completion of the recordation of the data field, a time code signal is coupled from pattern store 72 on path 78, and under the influence of the control signal on circuit path 68, the time code is transmitted over circuit path 35 for recordation in the disk drive and over circuit path 46 to CRC generator. Upon completion of recordation of the time code, CRC generator 44 generates a CRC signal that is a function of both the data recorded in data field 102 and the time code recorded in time code portion 104. Such CRC signal is connected by switch 34 from circuit path 64 to circuit path 35 for recordation in disk drive 16. Thereafter, a gap equivalent to gap 96 is recorded under control of the signal on circuit path 68 which causes switch 34 to force a series of zeros on path 35.
Data segment 2 is recorded next and commences with a sync signal 100. Then data from register 30 is connected over path 32 through switch 34 to circuit path 35 to establish data field 102 for data segment 2. The data is also coupled to CRC generator 44 on path 46. See FIG. 3B. Simultaneously with recording the data field for data segment 2, the content of second buffer 40 is applied to switch 34 on path 52 and is XORed with the data entering on path 32 by means of XOR function 85. The XORed data is conducted on path 38 for temporary storage in first buffer 36. The XORed data is stored in first buffer 36 during completion of recording of data segment number 2 which includes a time code portion 104, a CRC portion 106 and a gap 96.
Recordation of the third data signal then proceeds with recordation of a sync portion 100. During recordation of the data field in data segment 3, switch 34 is supplied with an appropriate control signal over circuit path 68 to effect the connections shown in FIG. 3C. As seen in FIG. 3C, data from register 30 is connected from input circuit path 34 to output circuit path 35 for transmittal to disk drive 16 and to path 46 for transmittal to CRC generator 44. The data is also XORed with the data stored in first buffer 36, the output of the XOR function being connected via path 42 to second buffer 40. After the data field for segment 3 is stored in disk drive 16, a time code, CRC signal and gap are recorded.
The data fields for subsequent even numbered segments are handled as seen in FIG. 3B which shows that as the data field is conveyed to disk drive 16 and to CRC generator, the data is XORed with the contents of second buffer 40. The data fields in subsequent odd segments are handled as shown in FIG. 3C in which as data is recorded in disk drive 16 the data is XORed with the contents of first buffer 36.
The final segment in sector 86, as explained previously in connection with FIG. 4, is a check segment 108. After a sync portion 100 of the check segment is recorded in disk drive 16 the output of second buffer 40 is connected to circuit path 35 for recordation in the disk drive and to circuit path 46 for transmittal to CRC generator 44. At this time, the second buffer contains the XOR function of the data fields in data segments 1-9, inclusive. When the data field for check segment 108 has been written, a time code and CRC signal are recorded and storage of the data sector is complete.
Read out of the data occurs when a unit, such as CPU 15, on main bus 14 calls for the data sector recorded as described next above. PPU 13 and the circuit of the invention cause the data in the addressed sector to be delivered from disk drive 16 to the main bus. After the desired sector is located by identification of its header 88, the data is conveyed from disk drive 16 to switch 34 on path 81. Switch 34 connects the data to register 30 on path 48 and to CRC generator 44 on path 46. The output of register 30 is coupled to PPU 13 on data bus 18 to effect delivery of the data to main bus 14. When the data from data field 102 of the first data segment has been read, the time code is applied by switch 34 to CRC generator 44 and to first buffer 36 so that the time codes in subsequent segments can be compared with the temporarily stored time code. After the time code has been read, CRC generator 44 contains a newly generated CRC signal that is a function of the data field and time code in the first data segment. Such newly generated CRC signal is applied to switch 34 on path 54 for comparison with the CRC signal 106 as read from the medium in disk drive 16 and as applied to switch 34 on path 81. The result of the comparison is manifested on flag output path 55, one state indicating equality of the two CRC signals and an opposite state indicating inequality. The flag is applied to microprocessor 28 through control and timing circuit 56 for transmission with status information over main bus 14 to the CPU.
Read out of subsequent data segments is as described in the immediately preceding paragraph except that the time code in each succeeding data segment is compared with the time code stored in buffer 36 from the first data segment. A flag signal indicating equality or inequality of the time codes is applied to flag output path 55 and to the main bus.
When check segment 108 is applied over path 81 to switch 34, it is coupled over path 42 for temporary storage in buffer 40. The flag signals produced on flag output path 55 are conveyed to microprocessor 28 through control and timing circuit 56. Microprocessor 28 determines whether the time code for the segments match and whether the CRC signal for each segment is correct. If only one segment has a CRC error and all other segments have matching time codes, the microprocessor produces a status signal that indicates that the data can be recovered. The status signal is made available to the CPU on main bus 14. If the circuit of the invention is so instructed by the CPU, the check segment temporarily stored in buffer 40 is applied to switch 34 on path 52 and then to register 30 on path 48 for delivery to the main bus.
Thus, it will be seen that the present invention provides a data format for recordation in a disk drive which permits both detection of occurrence of an error and reconstruction of the data when only one segment has been erroneously recorded. This mode of operation is made possible because, as the data field and time code in each segment are recorded, a CRC signal for that individual data segment and time code is produced and recorded and because the data in each data field are accumulated and combined according to a prescribed function with data in all other data fields to produce a check signal from which data in one segment can be reconstructed if the data in such segment are erroneously recorded or read out and if the time code in every segment is identical. In the specific embodiment described above and shown in the drawings, the prescribed function employed in combining all data fields to produce the check segment is an XOR function; such function is exemplary, not limiting. Because the formatting apparatus of the invention can be introduced between an existing peripheral processing unit and an existing disk drive, the advantages of the invention can be achieved without significant equipment replacement or redesign.
Although one embodiment of the invention has been shown and described, it will be obvious that other adaptations and modifications can be made without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention.
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