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Paper coating pigments comprising mechanically delaminated kaolin particles. The pigments possess the opacification, smoothness and printability advantages of conventional delaminated kaolin pigments but have desirably low viscosity and gloss not characteristic of conventional delaminated kaolin pigments.
1. A novel hydrous kaolin pigment adapted for use in coating paper adapted to be printed by gravure or offset and comprising kaolin particles which have been subjected to the process of mechanical delamination, said kaolin particles having the following characteristics:
particle size (e.s.d. as determined by sedigraph)
at least 95% finger than 10 micrometers
37% or less than 0.5 micrometers
12% or less finer than 0.2 micrometers
median particle of size at least 0.70 micrometers
The ratio of ##EQU2## surface Surface area of 12.5 m2 /gm or less (BET method) viscosity
brookfield viscosity, measured at 20 rpm and 67-68% solids: 175 cp or less
brookfield viscosity, measured at 20 rpm and at 100 rpm at 72% solids: 300 cp or less; and
hercules viscosity, measured at 1100 rpm and 67-68% solids: dyne endpoint
black glass scatter
scatter coefficient at 457 nm: ≧100 m2 /Kg
scatter coefficient at 577 nm: ≧80 2 /Kg gloss at least 75%.
2. An aqueous slurry containing the pigment of claim 1.
3. An aqueous paper coating composition containing the kaolin pigment of claim 1 and an organic binder.
4. A paper web coated with the kaolin pigment of claim 1.
This invention relates to novel mechanically delaminated kaolin clay pigments especially useful for coating lightweight printed paper. In particular, the invention relates to delaminated kaolin coating pigments which possess a unique combination of desirable properties not possessed by other kaolin pigments.
Kaolin clay piqments are obtained from kaolin crudes. The crudes contain kaolin particles, oversize (grit) and fine and coarse particle size impurities. Some of impurities (e.g., fine ferruginous or titaniferous impurities) impart undesirable color to the clay. Other impurities have an undesirable effect on the rheology of the kaolin.
The kaolin portion of kaolin crudes is "polydisperse" in the sense that the particles occur over a range of sizes and shapes. Thus, a kaolin crude will not contain particles of a single size, such as, for example, particles all of which are 2 micrometers. Typically a degritted kaolin crude will contain particles ranging in size from sub-micron or colloidal to particles 20 micrometers or larger.
Kaolins from different ores, or even from different zones in the same deposit, can vary widely in the content of impurities, particle size distribution as well as the morphology of the kaolin particles. In general, kaolin particles finer than about 2 micrometers are composed of individual platelets, and particles larger than above 2 micrometers are composed of stacks or booklets of finer particles. Particle sizes of kaolins are conventionally determined by sedimentation using Stokes law to convert settling rates to particle size distribution, and assume a spherical particle shape for the kaolin particles. Hence, the use of the conventional term "equivalent spherical diameters (e.s.d.)" to designate particle size.
Kaolin clay pigments are widely used to coat and to fill paper products and they are also used as functional fillers in paints and plastics. Such pigments are available in a large number grades, the selection of which by the user is determined by price and performance. It was formerly the practice to simply use relatively coarse kaolins to fill papers and to employ finer grades of kaolin to coat paper. In paper the coarser kaolin fillers functioned primarily as pulp extenders. When used to coat paper, the finer kaolin pigments improved opacity of the paper, provided a smooth, ink-receptive surface and gloss which improved print quality and aesthetic appearance.
It has long been recognized in the industrial minerals industry that mechanical delamination of kaolin stacks present in the coarse particle size fractions of many kaolin crudes provide kaolin pigments with improved opacification as well as enhanced smoothness in paper coating. See, for example U.S. Pat. No. 3,171,718, Gunn et al.
During mechanical delamination, large kaolin particles are disaggregated into smaller particles having a higher aspect ratio, principally by parting clay crystals along basal cleavages. It has also been recognized that a relative narrowing of the particle size distribution of mechanically delaminated as well as nonelaminated kaolin particles results in pigments providing improved opacity and smoothness to paper along with improved printability. Such pigments are disclosed as being especially advantageous when used in the manufacture of light weight coated paper for rotogravure printing (see GB 2,058,734). The characteristics of delaminated pigments are particularly beneficial in the coating of groundwood--containing paper basestock, which is typically of substantially lower uncoated sheet brightness and of rougher surface than chemical wood-free basestock.
Delaminated pigments in clay-water slurries and in paper coating color formulations, however, have substantially poorer high shear rheological characteristics (higher viscosity) than undelaminated pigments. Superior rheology in coating color formulations permits the paper coating equipment to run at higher speeds, which directly increases the productivity of existing coating equipment, or it permits the formulation of coating colors at higher solids, thereby reducing drying time and hence increasing the efficiency of drying equipment. Thus, with the use of conventional delaminated pigments, papermakers must balance the tradeoff between paper opacification (quality) and efficiency of production (productivity).
Coating color viscosity is a key issue with paper coaters facing capacity constraints. A clay-water slurry that has equivalent viscosity to a comparable slurry at only 2-3% higher pigment solids represents an improvement of significant commercial importance.
Generally, paper makers seek to use clay coating pigments capable of forming clay-water slurries at 67-70% solids which have a low shear viscosity below 1000 cp, preferably below 500 cp, when measured by the Brookfield Viscometer at 20 rpm. High shear viscosity for these slurries should be such that they are no more viscous than a slurry having a Hercules endpoint viscosity at 16 ×105 dyne-cm of 500 rpm, preferably 800 rpm, using the "A" bob. Those skilled in the art are aware that when using the Hercules Viscometer and measuring endpoints of 1100 rpm or higher, viscosity is reported in units of dyne-cm at 1100 rpm. It is conventional to use the abbreviated term "dyne". A "2 dyne" clay slurry is less viscous than a "9 dyne clay" slurry at a given solids level.
Kaolin pigments produced by mechanical delamination are currently commercially made and marketed as delaminated pigments by various producers with processing facilities located in Georgia and South Carolina, using as raw material sources the Cretaceous and Tertiary kaolin deposits of the region. However, none of the commercially available delaminated kaolin pigments have the unique desirable combination of high opacification and the low viscosity characteristic of some undelaminated pigments.
An object of the invention is to provide kaolin pigments which possess the opacification, smoothness, and printability advantages of a delaminated kaolin pigment with narrow particle size distribution and with exceptional high and low shear viscosity that provide paper-makers with productivity enhancements.
This invention stems from our discovery that certain kaolin crudes, such as those available in the Rio Capim area of Para, Brazil and Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil are capable of providing delaminated kaolin pigments having both desirable low viscosity not normally associated with delaminated pigments, desirable optical properties of opacification normally associated with coarse particle size delaminated kaolin pigments, and desirable optical properties of gloss not normally associated with delaminated pigments. It is not known why the delaminated pigments of the invention are remarkably superior to known delaminated and undelaminated kaolin pigments.
Accordingly, the present invention provides novel kaolin pigments comprising kaolin particles which have been subjected to the process of mechanical delamination. Pigments of the invention possess the following distinguishing combination of properties or characteristics:
Particle Size (weight percent finer than stated equivalent spherical diameter, e.s.d., as measured by Sedigraph)
At least 95% finer than 10 micrometers
37% or less finer than 0.5 micrometers
12% or less finer than 0.2 micrometers
Median particle size: at least 0.70 micrometers
The ratio of ##EQU1##
Surface Area of 12.5 m2 /gm or less (BET method using N2 as adsorbate)
Brookfield viscosity, measured at 20 rpm
[#2 spindle] and 67-68% solids: 175 cp or less
and, most preferably, Brookfield viscosity, measured at 20 rpm [#2 spindle]and at 100 rpm [#2 spindle] at 72% solids: 300 cp or less
Hercules viscosity, measured at 1100 rpm [A-bob] and 67-68% solids: dyne endpoint
Opacity and gloss (as measured by black glass)
scatter coefficient at 457 nm: >100.0 m2 /Kg
scatter coefficient at 577 nm: >80.0 m2 /Kg
gloss: at least 75%
Other aspects of the invention comprise aqueous paper coating compositions containing the pigment of the invention and an organic binder and paper webs coated with kaolin pigments of the invention.
While unique delaminated kaolin piqments have been produced from Rio Capim and Manaus crudes but not from presently known Georgia or other kaolin crudes, it is within the scope of the invention to utilize crudes other than those from Rio Capim and Manaus provided the delaminated products possess the spectrum of properties set forth above.
A typical commercially available delaminated pigment from a Georgia producer will have the following characteristics:
______________________________________Particle Size 79% finer than 2 micrometersDistribution 63% finer than 1 micrometers(weight % finer 43% finer than 0.5 micrometersthan e.s.d.) 16% finer than 0.2 micrometers ##STR1##Median Particle Size: less than 0.65 micrometersSurface Area 15.0 m2 /gViscosityBrookfield 275 cp @ 20 rpm @ 68% solids >300 cp @ 20 rpm @ 68-69% solidsHercules endpoint: 600 rpm @ 68% solidsBlack glass:scatter coefficient 100 m2 /Kgat 457 nm:scatter coefficient 75 m2 /Kgat 577 nm:gloss: 68%______________________________________
Some commercially available kaolin pigments marketed as delaminated pigments will exhibit better viscosity than is indicated above. These pigments may have dyneendpoint high shear viscosity at 68% solids. However, these particular pigments will be finer than the products of the invention and the above typical delaminated pigment, as measured by a higher surface area and the higher weight percentage of kaolin particles finer than the 0.5 micrometers and 0.2 micrometers control points. While the presence of fine kaolin particles improves the high shear viscosity of delaminated kaolin pigments, the presence of fines concomitantly reduces the scattering efficiency and opacification of the pigments, as quantified by a reduction in the black glass scatter coefficients of the "good" viscosity pigment below those values for products of the invention. For example, the "best" viscosity, commercially available delaminated pigment tested had the following characteristics:
______________________________________Particle Size(weight % finer 98% finer than 5.0 micrometersthan e.s.d.) 81% finer than 2.0 micrometers 67% finer than 1.0 micrometers 50% finer than 0.5 micrometers 21% finer than 0.2 micrometersMedian Particle Size 0.50 micrometers ##STR2##Surface Area 16.9 m2 /gViscosityHercules viscosity, 15.9 dynemeasured at 1100 rpm (A bob)and 68% solids:Brookfield viscosity, 290 cpmeasured at 20 rpm(#2 spindle) and 68% solids:Black GlassScattering coefficient at 67 m2 /kg457 nm:Scattering coefficient at 43 m2 /kg577 nm:gloss 71%______________________________________
Surface Area 16.9 m2 /g
Hercules viscosity, measured at 1100 rpm (A bob) and 68% solids: 15.9 dyne
Brookfield viscosity, measured at 20 rpm (#2 spindle) and 68% solids: 290 cp
Black Glass
Scattering coefficient at 457 nm: 67 m2 /kg
Scattering coefficient at 577 nm: 43 m2 /kg
gloss 71%
While the good high shear viscosity characteristics of this commercially available pigment, marketed as a delaminated pigment, will be perceived as advantageous, the comparatively low black glass scatter coefficients will be perceived by the papermakers as a reduction in paper and print quality, particularly in lightweight papers.
Products of the invention possessing the characteristics set forth in the accompanying claims have been made by various techniques, all involving the step of mechanically delaminated of kaolin crudes or fractions of crudes located in the Rio Capim river basin, Para State, Brazil. The Rio Capim kaolins are contained within an extensive sedimentary formation containing coarse and fine sands, clays and silts. The near-surface clay bearing members have been preserved from erosion in plateau tops. The clay members appear to be stratigraphically flat-lying, with high brightness kaolin horizons occurring underneath variously superficial laterites, sands, and discolored kaolins not suitable for processing. Underneath this waste material, typically there is an horizon of high brightness, low sand content kaolin which is an acceptable source material for products of the invention. In the northern portions of the Rio Capim kaolin district, in the vicinity of Igarape Cipoteua, the crudes can be described as coarse, with the -325 mesh [U.S. sieve] fraction typically having a cumulative particle size distribution of:
______________________________________Weight percent finer than Range Average______________________________________2.0 micrometers 72-39% 58%1.0 micrometers 55-25% 40%0.5 micrometers 34-8% 20%0.2 micrometers 13-1% 6%______________________________________
Further to the south, in the vicinity of Igarape Cupijo, the -325 mesh fraction of the crude kaolin is typically finer, averaging 75% finer than two micrometers and 60% finer than one micrometer.
Those skilled in the art know that the use of sedimentation to determine particle size of the thin platelets of mechanically delaminated kaolins results in values that do not truly reflect the size of thin flat plates. Inspection of micrographs (SEM) of the degritted -325 mesh crudes used in the practice of this invention indicate that, numerically, most of the discrete kaolin particles consist of crystals having 1 to 2 micrometers face diameter and less than .5 micrometers edge thickness. Those skilled in the art refer to particles of this size and crystal form as platelets. Typically the platelets in a suitable crude will have at least one well-formed straight edge, and occasional crystals will have six well-formed edges in a pseudohexagonal crystal habit. The coarseness of kaolin particle population is imparted by the kaolin crystals referred by those skilled to in the art as books and large plates. Books are stacks of kaolinite layers. In well-formed crystals the perfect, regular basal cleavage of kaolinite with straight edges at 60 degree angles are readily apparent. Typically the books in crudes used in practice of the invention can be described as roughly equant, on the order of 15 micrometers by 15 micrometers in size. Occasionally, books will develop the vermiform habit wherein the dimension perpendicular to the basal cleavage will be upwards of 40 micrometers in length, often curving at one end of the crystal. Another crystal habit is known as the plate wherein the face diameter is 10 to 15 micrometers and the thickness (the direction perpendicular to the basal cleavage) is on the order of 0.5 micrometers. Plates typically will have less well-formed edges than books.
In the Rio Capim, the degritted kaolin crudes from the "coarser" northern portion of the area appear to have a greater proportion of books and plates relative to platelets than in the "finer" southern area.
Typically the crude is initially crushed and then blunged in water, preferably containing a clay dispersant, such as, for example, a mixture of soda ash and sodium silicate, or a condensed phosphate salt, e.g., tetrasodium pyrophosphate or sodium polyacrylate. Generally, solids of the blunged clay are in the range of 30% to 65%, usually about 40% by weight. The blunged clay is then degritted by known means such as the use of screens or gravity settling to remove oversize (grit). Suitable for this purpose are 200 or 325 mesh (U.S. Standard) screens.
In an embodiment of the invention, the degritted slip of kaolin is then separated into one or more coarse and fine size fractions, the finer fraction being, for example, 70 to 90% by weight finer than 2 micrometers. Continuous centrifuges such as those equipped with nozzle bowls or scrolls can be used or gravity settling can be employed for fractionation. Excellent results were obtained with the crude used in an illustrative example by operating the centrifuge to remove and then isolate a fine size fraction of which about 90% by weight of the particles were finer than 2 micrometers and a coarse fraction which was about 25% by weight finer than 2 micrometers. The coarse size fraction remaining after centrifugation to separate the fines is employed as delaminator feed optionally along with a portion of the fines separated during centrifugation and/or a portion of degritted feed. When a fine fraction is separated in the first classification step, the population of particles comprising the delaminator feed consists of a higher proportion of large kaolin books and plates than occurs in population of kaolin particles contained within the kaolin slip prior to classification. Fines and/or feed are included in delaminated feed primarily to control the particle size distribution of the mechanically delaminated product. See Example 2.
In another embodiment of the invention, the degritted slip is subjected to delamination without an intervening particle size classification. This operation is referred to as "whole fraction delamination". See Example 1 and Example 3.
It is a feature of this invention to terminate the delamination when delamination is essentially complete and attrition of finer than 5 micron platelets begins to occur. The onset of undesired attrition may be controlled by determining the increase in the particle size fraction finer than a particular e.s.d. (e.g., 5.0 and 2.0 micrometers). Duration and intensity of delamination varies, depending on the source of crude, the blend of coarse and fine particle fractions in the delaminator feed, and the desired particle size distribution of the product.
The process of delaminating the clay can be practiced using fine milling media in a batch operation but is advantageously carried out in a continuous manner. Nonlimitinq examples of milling media are small ceramic balls, coarse sand, plastic cylinders, beads, or pellets of nylon, styrene-divinyl benzene copolymer, polyethylene or other plastic. The media acts upon a suspension of the clay in water.
Most preferably, the milling media is minus 20 plus 50 mesh (US sieve) styrene divinyl benzene copolymer beads. Generally the volume of beads to clay slurry varies between 20-70%, most preferably between 35% and 50%. The clay feed to the process should typically be controlled between 20% to 50% solids; however, optimum processing conditions are often achieved between 35 and 45% solids.
A suitable vessel used for the process contains vertical baffles and typically has a height to diameter ratio greater than 1.0 and optimally 1.5 to 2.0. Such a vessel is equipped with an agitation system containing multiple agitator elements attached to a vertical shaft. The number and spacing of the agitators must be optimized for the specific process conditions in order to impart the necessary combined shear and percussive and frictional energy input necessary to overcome the Van der Waals forces holding individual platelets in a stacked array. Energy input required for delamination will vary due to differences between crudes, process conditions, and equipment; typically requiring 10 to 50 horesepower-hour per ton of clay charged to the delaminators.
In continuous delamination, the clay is fed continuously into a delaminating apparatus and the discharge from the apparatus is advantageously combined with a fractionation of the clay, returning the coarser clay to the apparatus while removing only the finer clay of the desired particle size. The selective takeoff of finer clay, while returning the coarser clay to the vessel in which the delamination is taking place, has the advantage that the overall process yield can be improved and plates greater than 5 micrometers face diameter can be fractured to meet the desired particle size attributes. In this manner, the clay remaining in the apparatus during the continued operation is made up mainly of the coarser clay particles which are undergoing delamination and which are continuously freed from finer clay particles by the selective drawoff and fractionation and return of coarser clay particles.
In this continuous withdrawl of clay suspension, separation of finer clay and return of coarser clay to the apparatus is also advantageously continuous, and can be accomplished by subjecting the withdrawn clay to a centrifugal separation with return of the coarser clay to the apparatus, or by the use of one or more cyclone separators which will separate the finer clay fraction and return the coarser clay to the apparatus.
The slip of delaminated clay is then optionally centrifuged to remove oversize, e.g., particles larger than 2 micrometers, as an underflow and the overflow product which is then passed through a high intensity magnetic separator, followed by bleaching, filtration and drying to produce product of the invention. The centrifuged underflow containing oversize may be blended with appropriate levels of delaminated and/or undelaminated clay to achieve blends of desired particle size distribution and further processed in a conventional manner, e.g. magnetic purification and for bleaching, to produce other advantageous kaolin products.
The fine particle size fraction separated from the coarser kaolin in the first classification step (prior to delamination) may be processed in a conventional manner, e.g., magnetic purification and/or bleaching, to produce No. 1 or No. 2 grade coating clays.
As mentioned, it is within the scope of the invention to delaminate the degritted slip without first fractionating the slip. It is also within the scope of the invention to delaminate with grinding media other than plastic beads, e.g., by sand, zircon or glass beads or by the delamination process known as "superstrusion".
Delaminated kaolin pigments of the invention can be advantageously used as the single pigment in coating color formulations used to coat paper and paper board. However, it is also within the scope of the invention to employ pigments of the invention in blends with other kaolin and non-kaolin pigments, and to use the blends to coat paper and paperboard. Such blends may be produced prior to the preparation of coating color formulations or produced concomitant with the preparation of coating color formulations.
Delaminated pigments are particularly advantageous when used as the single pigment to coat ground wood-containing lightweight paper. A typical ground-wood containing lightweight paper basestock, suitable for coating, may have the following characteristics:
Basis weight: 24 lbs/3300 ft2 or 36 g/m2
Brightness: 67.5%
Opacity: 76%
In preparing coating color formulations, coating pigments are admixed in a conventional manner with other constituents and binders, materials that bind the coating pigments to the paper basestock surface. Coating color formulations will vary from mill to mill for the same end- use application, and will differ on the basis of the surface characteristics required by different printing methods commonly used. For example:
______________________________________Typical Light Weight Coated Paper - Coating Formulations______________________________________EuropeOffset Paper Rotogravure Paper______________________________________100 pts pigment 100 pts pigment10 pts Dow 685 4.8 pts Acronal ® 5485 pts PG280 0.5 pts Nopcote ® C-1040.5 pts Nopcote ® C-1040.5 pts Sunrez ® 700C______________________________________United StatesOffset Paper Roto Gravure Paper______________________________________100 pts pigment 100 pts pigment8 pts PG280 7 pts PG2808 pts CP640 A 4 pts CP620 A0.5 pts Nopcote ® C-104 5 pts Nopcote ® C-1040.5 pts Sunrez ® 700C______________________________________ pts = parts
All particle sizes used in the specification and claims are determined with the SEDIGRAPH 5100 particle size analyzer and are reported as equivalent spherical diameters (e.s.d.) on a weight percentage basis.
Light scattering and gloss were determined by coating the kaolin clay suspensions at 60% solids onto black glass plates at a coat weight of 7.0-14.0 g/m2 (expressed as dry clay). The reflectance of the coatings, after drying in air, is measured at wavelengths 457 nm and 577 nm by means of an Elrepho reflectometer. The 457 nm wavelength corresponds to the wavelength used in the TAPPI brightness measurement and the 577 nm wavelength to that used to measure opacity. The reflectance values are converted by the use of Kubelka-Munk equations to light scattering values (m2 /Kg). The light scattering values are a measure of the opacity potential of the clay. The higher values indicate that light, rather than passing through, is reflected and scattered back. The higher the light scattering value, the higher the opacity potential of the clay. The black glass gloss value is a measure of specular gloss at 75 degrees (15 degrees from the plane of the paper), and is widely used as a particle measure of surface quality and shinny appearance (which is conventionally equated with high quality). In many applications, high gloss values are desirable.
In preparing slurries for measurement of high shear (Hercules) and low shear (Brookfield) viscosity, Engelhard Corporation procedure PL-1 was used. Brookfield viscosity was measured using TAPPI procedure T648 om-88 at 20 rpm using the #1 or #2 spindle; in some cases Brookfield viscosity was measured at 100 rpm using the #3 spindle. All slurries were formulated with optimum amount of dispersant, following the PL-3 procedure of Engelhard Corporation. Descriptions of PL-1, PL-3 and Hercules viscosity measurement procedures appear in U.S. Pat. No. 4,738,726.
In the examples which follow, references are made to pigment brightness, which were determined in the conventional manner (TAPPI standard T452 m--58) using a G.E. Brightness meter.
In Examples 1 and 2 which follow, the kaolin clay crudes were obtained from deposits of the northern portion of the Rio Capim river basin of Para, Brazil. In Example 3, the kaolin crudes were a bulk sample obtained from deposits approximately 75 kilometers due north of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
This example demonstrates the embodiment of the invention in which a degritted slip of kaolin is subjected to mechanical delamination without first fractionating the slip. (Whole fraction delamination). The kaolin slip used as feed in the process was a sample of Capim kaolin, described above. The slip was prepared by blunging kaolin crude (pH 4.4) in water containing sodium polyacrylate (C211 brand) and soda ash as a dispersant, resulting in a slurry having a pH of 8.2 The slip was degritted in two stages, the first involving allowing the slip to remain quiescent (settle)for 5 minutes and then passing the nonsettled portion through a 200 mesh screen. The degritted slip at about 39% solids contained about 86% of the starting crude. Particle size of the recovered kaolin was 54% finer than micrometers. Brightness was 81.3%; TiO2 and Fe2 O3 were 1.08% and o.71%, respectively.
Delamination was carried out in a pilot plant delamination simulator which consists of a stainless steel vessel nominally 10"ID by 15" high. Within the vessel are three vertical baffles approximately 1/2" wide extending the length of the vessel. The agitation system utilizes three ceramic cones mounted in a turban array where two or more cones can be mounted on the vertical shaft. The power for the vessel is provided by a 3/4 HP drillpress with variable speed control. To this vessel, approximately 2.5 gallons of clay slip are delaminated per batch utilizing the necessary bead volume ratio of styrene divinyl benzene copolymer to achieve optimum results. In this example, bead volume was 50% and residence time of the slip in the delaminator was 55 minutes. Bead size was minus 20 plus 50 mesh (US sieve), and shape was spherical.
Particle size of the delaminated product was about 70% finer than 2 micrometers. Brightness was 81.9%. TiO2 and Fe2 O3 analyseswere 1.08 and 0.72%, respectively, indicating the kaolin was not brightenedduring delamination. Solids of the delaminator discharge was 19.2%.
In one case the delaminator discharge was then charged to brightness enhancing equipment, described below, resulting in a finished Product A with 70% of the kaolin particles finer than 2 micrometers. In another case, the delaminator discharge was charged to a Sharples centrifuge whichdivided the slip into Product B, a fine fraction of 80% finer than two micrometers (77.3% yield and 19.2% solids), and a coarse reject fraction.
For both products A and B, the delaminated kaolin was then charged to a conventional high intensity magnetic separator using various throughput rates in order to remove colored paramagnetic impurities and thereby improve brightness. Prior to magnetic treatment the brightness of the feedkaolin was 82.3%; TiO2 and Fe2 O3 were 1.13 and 0.70%, respectively. The pilot plant High Intensity Magnetic Separator is fitted with a 1"ID ×20" high canister containing approximately 100 pads of 430 stainless steel. Space velocity calculations are utilized to simulate equivalent processing conditions for commercial scale HIMS units. Typically, commercial scale units have canisters 84 or 120 inch diameter ×20 inch high matrix. An important consideration in plant scale up is the performance of a process under varying capacities. Thus, in order to simulate future scale up requirements space velocities are varied typically to simulate production capacities of 20 to 40 tons per hour utilizing an 84" HIMS unit. At throughput rates between 20 and 40 tons perhour, products having brightness in the range of 87.7 to 88.4% were produced. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the 5-6 points increase in brightness as a result of magnetic separation treatment was unusually high; typical Georgia kaolins experience an increase in brightness of only 1 to 3 points by treatment in conventional high intensity separators.
Brightness of all magnetically purified products were further significantlyincreased by floccing the slip of magnetically purified kaolin with 6#/T aluminum sulfate (4.7 pH), treatment with a conventional sodium dithionitebleach reagent, followed by filtration and viscosity measurement. Brightness results for runs at various magnet throughput rates and bleach levels are reported below in table form for the 80% finer than two micrometer product. (The 70% finer than two micrometers product responded similarly)
______________________________________Brightness of Delaminated Beneficiated Kaolin ProductsBleach Magnetic Through-Put (tons/hour)#/T 0 t/hr 20 t/hr 30 t/hr 40 t/hr______________________________________ 0 82.3 88.4 87.8 87.8 7 84.2 89.6 89.4 88.810 85.0 89.6 89.4 89.113 84.7 89.6 89.5 89.2______________________________________
The characteristics of the two products A and B of this example:
______________________________________ A B______________________________________Particle Size% finer than 10 micrometers 98 100% finer than 5 micrometers 92 98% finer than 2 micrometers 72 80% finer than 1 micrometers 52 60% finer than 0.5 micrometers 28 32% finer than 0.2 micrometers 7 6Median Particle Size .94 .77 ##STR3## 2.57 2.50Surface Area m2 /g 10.6 11.5ViscositySolids % 67.0 67.0Brookfield #2 @ 20 rpm 97 cp 76 cp@ 100 rpm 77 cp 71 cpHercules @ 1100 rpm 5 dynes 5.2 dynes______________________________________
This example illustrates the production of a mechanically delaminated clay product of the invention from a coarse particle size fraction of crude anda byproduct No. 1 grade product.
The crude was blunged in water at 40% solids, resulting in a pH of 4.4. To facilitate subsequent processing the slurry was dispersed by adding soda ash (2 pounds per ton) and NR Brand sodium silicate solution (4 pounds per ton), resulting in a pH of 8.4.
The dispersed slurry was degritted by allowing it to settle for 5 minutes and then passing the nonsedimented portion through a 200 mesh scren (U.S. Standard) to remove grit. The size of the kaolin in the minus 200 mesh (degritted) slip was 54% by weight finger than 2 micrometers, Brightenss was 82.6%. Chemical analyses was 0.90 weight % TiO2 and 0.58% Fe2 O3.
The degritted slip at 32.7% solids was then divided in a Sharpless centrifuge into a fine fraction (93% finer than 2 micrometers at 20.6% solids) and a coarse fraction (22% finer than 2micrometers).
To the coarse centrifuge underflow fraction (22% finer than 2 micrometers) there was added a portion of the fines (93% finger than 2 micrometers) anda portion of degritted feed (54% finer than 2 micrometers) to produce a delaminator charge have a desired particle size of about 51% minus 2 micrometers. The blend of clays charged to the delaminator had a brightness of 82.8% and analyzed 0.90% TiO2 and 0.62% Fe2 O3.
The resulting blend of dispersed clays at 42.6% solids was then subjected to mechanical delamination in a pilot plant delamination simulator, described in the previous example, in a batch operation for 1/1/2 hours using minus 20 plus 50 mesh spherical styrene--divinyl benzene co-polymer beads; bead volume was 35% during delamination. Particle size distributionof the delaminated product was 62% by weight finer than 2 micrometers; TiO2 and Fe2 O3 contents were 0.86% and 0.64%. Brightness was 83.5%.
The slurry discharged from the delaminator, which had a distinctly pink appearance, was then separated in a Sharples centrifuge, recovering a delaminated fractionated product having No. 2 coating clay particle size specification (81% finer than 2 micrometers) and 84.1% brightness. TiO2 was 1.24%; Fe2 O3 was 0.61%. The delaminated product was then purified in a high intensity magnetic separator With a 430 stainless steel wool matrix. As a consequence of magnetic separation, the districtly pink color disappeared.
Portions of the mechanically delaminated, magnetically purified clay were then bleached with various amounts of sodium dithionite. Optimum bleach dosage was 12 pounds per ton, resulting in a bleached, delaminated producthaving a brightness of 90.2%. TiO2 content was 0.78%; Fe2 O3was 0.56%.
The 93% finer than 2 micrometer fraction of undelaminated clay from the initial Sharples classification (prior to delamination) was also magnetically purified, bleached and spray dried to recover a No. 1 coatingclay.
The delaminated product made in the above described procedure had the following characteristics:
______________________________________Particle Size:% finer than 10.0 micrometers >99% finer than 5.0 micrometers 99% finer than 2.0 micrometers 81% finer than 1.0 micrometers 56% finer than 0.5 micrometers 26% finer than 0.2 micrometers 3Median Particle Size: 0.88 micrometers ##STR4##Surface Area: 9.4 m2 /gSlurry ViscosityAt 68.5% solids:Brookfield @ 20 rpm: 80 cp@ 100 rmp: 70 cpHercules @ 1100 rpm: 6.4 dyne-end pointAt 71.7% solids:Brookfield @ 20 rpm: 170 cp@ 100 rpm: 132 cpHercules: 245 rpm @ 16 dynesBlack GlassScattering co-efficient at 457 nm: 113 m2 /KgScattering co-efficient at 577 nm: 81 m2 /KgGloss 82.5%______________________________________
It is within the scope of the invention to utilize feed to the delaminator which consists of coarse centrifuge underflow fraction (about 20% finer than 2 micrometers) and a portion of degritted feed (about 55% finer than two micrometers) to produce a delaminator charge of a desired particle size of about 35% minus 2 micrometers. The resulting blend of dispersed clays is then subjected to mechanical delamination under the conditions and in the manner described above. The delaminator discharge has a particle size distribution of about 60% finer than two micrometers. The slurry discharge is then charged to a Sharples centrifuge, recovering a delaminated fracitionated product stream with a particle size of about 80%finer than 2 micrometers, which is then purified as described above. The characteristics of the delaminated, fractionated product conform to the specifications of the products of the invention. This embodiment of the invention is not limited to the specific particle size variations set forth above.
In this example, processing steps described above in Example 1 for Product A were employed for crudes from deposits of kaolinitic sands located about75 kilometers north of the city of Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil.
The slip Was prepared by blunging the kaolin crude in water containing Calgon® dispersant, resulting in a slurry with a pH of 7.1. The slip was degritted in two stages, the first involving allowing the slip to remain quiescent for about 5 minutes and then passing the nonsettled portion through a 200 mesh screen (U.S. standard). The degritted slip at about 41% solids contains about 43% of the starting crude. Particle size of the recovered kaolin was 57% finer than 2 micrometers. Brightness was 82.6%, Fe2 O3 and TiO2 were 0.69% and 0.81% respectively.
Delamination was carried out in a pilot plant delamination simulator as described above. Bead volume was 50% and residence time was 45 minutes. The discharge of the delaminator was charged to a magnetic separator and then flocced and bleached with 6#/ton K-brite® sodium dithionite solution, then filtered, rinsed and dried using conventional procedures.
The delaminated pigment product of this example had the following characteristics:
______________________________________Particle Size 99% finer than 10 micrometersDistribution 93% finer than 5.0 micrometers(weight % finer 71% finer than 2.0 micrometersthan e.s.d.) 49% finer than 1.0 micrometer 27% finer than 0.5 micrometers 3% finer than 0.2 micrometersMedian particle size: 1.02 micrometers ##STR5##Surface Area: 9.2 m2 /gViscosity, measured at 70.3% solidsBrookfield @ 20 rpm: 100 cp@ 100 rpm: 80 cpHercules @ 1100 rpm: 7.7 dynesBlack GlassScatter coefficient at 457 nm: 108 m2 /KgScatter coefficient at 577 nm: 82 m2 /KgGloss: not measured______________________________________
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text:
Gear Question
I have a giant yukon fx bike, just wondering...
I have a giant yukon fx bike, just wondering if this fork fits on may bike, may old fork steer tube size is 1 1/8 and the 9 inches long. Thanks
Terran Siladi
I believe that The Yukon FX has a straight head tube, which means this fork, which has a tapered steerer tube, will not fit.
Sorry buddy!
View More Details on FOX Racing Shox 32 Float 140 RL

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Old Recipe Books
for Basic Home Cooking
If you like old recipes, you've come to the right place. This website is full of some great old fashioned recipes from the oldest cookbooks I could find. Most of the recipes are marked with the date of the cookbook, so you will know what they were using back then to prepare it. If they are not marked they are from my own recipe file. My favorite recipes require few ingredients, but some are so good, it's worth the extra ingredients.
Most of the recipes on these pages vary from the 1920's to the 1970's. It just seems they cooked food in simpler ways back then.
1893 Fannie Farmer Cookbook
Who was Fannie Farmer? Her recipe books have been around for years. Even the cookbook I have has been taped together. Which says only one thing, it's been used a lot! The problem that I have had with this cookbook is that many ingredients and utensils are not in use anymore.
"Fannie Farmer 1857-1915 American cookbook author and teacher and writer on cookery in Boston. A paralytic stroke prevented her from attending college, and she turned to cooking, at home and at the Boston Cooking School, from which she graduated in 1889.
She was director of the school from 1891 until 1902, when she opened Miss Farmers School of Cookery, established to train housewives and nurses, rather than teachers, in cookery. She edited The Boston Cooking School Cook Book (1896), one of the best-known and most popular of American cookbooks "
1922 White House Cookbook
The White House Cookbook I recently came across is so cool. The inside cover says that it was first copyrighted in 1897. The version I have has a copyright of 1922.
"A Comprehensive Cyclopedia of Information
for the Home"
Cooking, toilet and household recipes, menus, dinner-giving table etiquette, care of the sick, health suggestions, facts worth knowing, etc"
by Hugo Ziemann (steward of the White House)
and Mrs. F. L. Gillette
The Saalfield Publishing Company, New York, Akron Ohio, Chicago 1922 see this page
nice thing about this big thick( 609 page) book, along with the recipes, is the
cool pictures of the presidents wives. There is a dedication on the inside that
says: "To the wives of our Presidents, those noble women who have graced
the White House, and whose names and memories are dear to all Americans, the volume
is affectionally dedicated by the author." see
this page
-See a picture of President Wilson's wife, President Roosevelt's wife, President Harding's wife, President Cleveland's wife, President Taft's wife, President McKinley's wife,
-A collage of Louisa Catherine Adams, Mrs. Martin Van Buren, Mrs. Andrew Jackson, Mrs. Letitia Christian Tyler, and Mrs. President Harrison
-Another collage of A. Adams, Martha Jefferson Randolph, Martha Washington, Mrs. James Monroe, and D. P. Madison.
-A collage of Mrs. James Polk, Mrs. Abigail Fillmore, Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, Harriet Lane Johnson, and Mrs. Franklin Pierce.
-A collage of Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant, Mrs. Andrew Johnson, Lucy Webb Hayes, Lucretia Rudolph Garfield, Mrs. Harrison, Frances Folsom Cleveland, and Mary Arthur McElroy.
1927 Karo Corn Syrup Cookbook
Another favorite old recipe book is from 1927, and it's called the "Modern Method of Preparing Food by Ida Bailey Allen. The front page says, "International Nutrition Authority, "Author of "Mrs. Allen on Cooking-Menus-Service," "Your Foods and You," or "The Role of Diet." etc." See this page
I like it because they add little historical facts along with
the recipes, mostly about corn. I have included some of the articles such as,
Colonial Breakfasts Colonial
Lunches and Colonial Dinners
Also see 1800's Living Costs and Flour Milling History
The cookbook was apparently put out by the Karo Corn Syrup Company. The inside page says, Copyrighted, 1927 CORN PRODUCTS REFENCING COMPANY NEW YORK. Most of the recipes include either the Red Label or Blue Label Karo Syrup. In the back are quick menu ideas for their Bridge Parties.
1933 Betty Crocker Bisquick Recipe Book
My third favorite recipe book is an old Bisquick recipebook from Betty Crocker, copyrighted in 1933. I can just imagine how excited housewives were when they invented Bisquick, what a convenience!
The cost of this recipe book is 25 cents. I'll bet that was a lot of money to come up with during the Great Depression.Old Bisquick Recipes - Bisquick Biscuits - Bisquick Coffeecakes - Bisquick ShortCakes - Bisquick Cookies - Bisquick Desserts - Bisquick Donuts - Bisquick Muffins - Bisquick Quick Breads
1936 Old Kraft Cheese Recipebook
My third treasure find was an old Kraft recipe book from 1936. In the back of this little Kraft recipebook are pictures of all of the products they had during the 1930's. Such as their Kraft Dressings, Kraft cheeses, the huge block of American cheese, and who can forget the cute little reusable jars that the cheese spreads came in? See their recommended cheese tray.
The cover and back of the paperback book has designs that appear to be designs of dinner plates. The inside cover says, The cover design is a collection of rare plates, some of which date back as far as the seventh century B. C. The originals are in museums. Kraft Phenix Cheese Corporation, general offices... Chicago Copyright 1936
1937 Universal Cookbook
This is another old recipe book I have, and it is quickly becoming my favorite. It has beat out my 1950's recipe book for "ease of use."
The inside cover says, "Universal Cookbook... New - Revised...by Mary Ellen Quinlan... University of Chicago... with ADVICE TO THE HOUSEWIFE. Compiled from bulletins of the Department of Agriculture Prepared by United States Government Experts. BRIDGE! What to Serve!
Copyright 1937 - Published by The World Syndicate Publishing Co. Cleveland, Ohio New York, NY
1940 Old Better Homes and Gardens Binder Cookbook
The picture on the right is an old Better Homes and Gardens binder cookbook, the Copyright inside says 1930, 1937, 1938. Fifth Edition 36th printing, Jan 1940. Patent Pending. Published by Meredith Publishing Company, Des Moines Iowa.
It is about to fall apart, and I haven't really opened it up to see what is inside, but whoever owned it, also added some recipes, and there are notes from the 1940's thru the 1960's.
What Makes Old Recipes Unique?
Will you find these old recipes anywhere else on the web? Absolutely not! What is so unique about old recipes? They are unique because the simplest ingredients are used, and makes for some very basic easy cooking.
Collecting Old Recipe Books
I didn't really ever think about old recipes that much, until I found myself looking for some basic, old fashioned, simple, recipes I used to cook when I was younger. I found a recipe book from the 1950's at a yard sale. Then one day when I went to a thrift store, looking for more recipes, I was fortunate to find three more old recipe books. I now have a little bit of a collection going. It seems people like to collect old books, but for some reason they don't want old recipe books, so I am delighted.
What's New?
- Other Cookbook recipes on this website include:
- a 1959 Farm Journal Cookbook,
- a Pillsbury Bakeoff Recipebook;
- The Cookie Collection cookbook;
- Old Time Recipes recipebook;
- Recently added recipes include some that my mother and sisters had in Indiana, including an Amish Cookbook.
- Recent recipes are from Southern South Dakota, where we recently moved to Tripp SD.
- Added a 1982 Ladies in Pink Recipe Book;
- a 1987 Recipebook called "Everyone's a Winner";
- a 1998 Platte SD Hospital recipe book called "Neighborhood Delights"
- added a 2001 Cedar County "Classic Creations";
- a Zion Lutheran Church cookbook from Delmont, SD
- added canning recipes from an old binder called "Kitchen Club Recipes,"
- and recipes from Trinity Lutheran 1945 Cookbook, Yankton, SD
- added to my collection of cookbooks:
- The New York Times 1961 Cook Book;
- Betty Crockers Binder Cookbook #9800;
- The 1946 Joy of Cooking;
- 1930 Meals Tested and Approved, Good Housekeeping Institute;
- Gold Medal Jubilee 1880-1955 recipebook;
- 1922 Royal Baking Powder Recipe Book;
- The 1935 Service Cookbook by Ida Allen Bailey;
- a 1928 Modern Priscilla Cook Book;
- a 1972 Farm Journal Cookbook;
- A Warrick County "Cooks for Life."
- 1978 German Cookbook
- I recently added more Recipebooks to my collection.
- An old 1950's recipebook from Tripp, SD called Community Digest,
- a 1964 Ladies Aids Recipebook from Tyndall SD.
- Then I grabbed a 1922 Fannie Farmer Cookbook, the Boston Version at the Antique Mall in Mitchell.
- At a flea market in Sioux Falls I found an Old 1914 Pillsbury Recipebook.
- The Home Demonstration Clubs, Davison County, SD, it's pretty old, but no date.
- Added... What's Cooking in Rapid City, South Dakota, compiled by Bethel No. 5 International Order of Job's Daughters, copyright 1970
- a Honey of a Cookbook, 1972 by Dogwood Tree Fine Country Foods, Henry's Drive-in
- 1963 Better Homes and Gardens, Meals in Minutes
- found a 1979 Fannie Farmer paperback cookbook, apparently the first paperback.
- Added... a 1978 Pennsylvania Dutch Cooking Recipebook
- 1980 Chinese Cooking for Beginners by WEI-CHUAN Huang Su-Huei
- Updated the oldrecipebook pages into a new format and larger font.
- Added... Armour SD Holiday Cookie Cookbook 2001 to the website
- Added the 1970's Sunbeam MixMaster Recipe booklet to the website
-added the Pennsylvania Dutch Cooking recipebook to the website
-added the old Rival Crockpot Recipe Book Manual to the website
Food for Thought:
"Anyone who does not read good books has no advantage over the one who cannot read." see this quote
"All these recipes are reliable. If they fail, it must be for want of that ingredient, so necessary in every recipe - "a spoonful of COMMON SENSE."
"We may live without poetry, music and art,
We may live without conscience, and live without heart;
We may live without friend, we may live without books;
But civilized man can not live without cooks."
"He may live without books - what is knowledge but grieving?
He may live without hope - what is hope but deceiving?
He may live without love - what is passion but pining?
But where is the man that can live without dining?" Owen Meredith
More Cool Stuff
Quitting Smoking with E-cigs? - Read how it worked out for this couple.
Made in USA? - Why does everything in the house have a Made in China tag?
Prepare for a Recession? - A list of some things to do to try to prepare.
Home Remedies for Colds - Have a cold? Here's a cool site of old fashion remedies.
Drink More Water - Will drinking more water help you lose weight? Find out the facts.
Baby Shower Food Ideas - Here's some food ideas for the perfect baby shower party.
Wedding Reception Ideas - How to setup a buffet table. Create a party buffet with the ideas on this wedding website. There are wedding recipes too.
Stop and Shop Peapod- Order online with Stop and Shop Peapod. They will deliver groceries right to your door. Get the Promo Code!
Safeway Now Delivering in: Arizona, California, Maryland, Oregon, Virginia, Washington and Washington, D.C. - SAVE $4.95 on Your First Delivery. Enter promo code DFIRST at checkout. $50 Minimum order required
East Coast Beaches - Do you spend your summer as a slave to the stove? Get refreshed at an East Coast beach.


text:
Exit polls in Florida are showing that Jews only made up one percent of the electorate in today's Republican primary. Since that is down from three percent in the 2008 GOP primary, Nate Silver of the New York Times concludes that this may show a lack of enthusiasm for the Republican field among Jews. That might mean, he writes, there may be reason for Democrats to think Jewish resentment of President Obama's attitude toward Israel may not be carrying over into the 2012 election. But Democrats would be foolish to seize on such flimsy evidence for proof they are not in trouble with Jewish voters.
It is true that a drop in GOP Jewish registration shows none of the candidates generated enough Jewish buzz to get more voters to switch party affiliation as in 2008. But the comparison is unfair, because the man who drove that mini-surge in Jewish Republican voters was Rudy Giuliani. Though he flopped in the Florida primary four years ago, the former mayor of New York was a big favorite of the Jewish and pro-Israel community. None of this year's Republican crop can claim that kind of loyalty from Jews, but the ultimate winner of the GOP nomination will have one thing going for him: he'll be running against an incumbent president who is rightly viewed by many Jews as having distanced himself from Israel.
Florida is a state where Jewish swing voters could affect the outcome in November. That's why Obama is trying so hard to make Jews forget his record of non-stop quarrels with Israel's government in the last three years. Any Republican, especially a relative moderate like Mitt Romney, will be well-placed to take advantage of this Democratic problem.


text:
Two recent college graduates, Anne, an ambitious law student and Amir, an aimless escalator attendant and aspiring sculptor move into a 300 square foot apartment and try to start a life together. But the combination of their small apartment, their threateningly handsome neighbor across the hall and unexpected visitors from the past make them realize that maybe they aren't as perfect for each other as they previously had thought.
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text:
The familiar term "sports hero" is an oxymoron. No offense to the amazing athletes who deliver clutch catches, tackles, dunks or pitches, but "hero" should be reserved for the truly heroic.
For instance, South Carolinian Lou Brissie, who died at age 89 Monday at a veterans hospital in Augusta, was a real hero.
OK, so he objected to being called a "hero." As he put it: "I don't think I am. I knew some."
But if Lou Brissie doesn't rate hero status, who does?
He didn't just become an all-star pitcher in the big leagues. He did so after almost losing his left leg in combat.
Born in Anderson and raised in Ware Shoals, he was only 16 when he signed a contract with the Philadelphia Athletics. Connie Mack, the team's owner and manager, agreed to pay for three years of the hot prospect's education at Presbyterian College.
Then came World War II.
From Tuesday's Augusta Chronicle: "Brissie twice tried to enlist before he was 18, but his parents refused to sign the papers. Finally, in 1942, he enlisted and went through infantry basic training and by 1943 was deployed to Italy with the 88th Infantry Division."
And: "On Dec. 7, 1944, Brissie's unit, advancing in northern Italy, was hit by a German artillery barrage. A 170 mm shell exploded directly at Brissie's feet, breaking both his ankles and shattering the bones in his lower left leg into 30 pieces."
Doctors warned that if the leg weren't amputated, he could die. Cpl. Brissie, citing his planned baseball future, replied, "Doc, I'll take my chances."
A mere year and a half later, Mr. Brissie, who was awarded the Bronze Star and two Purple Hearts, was again pitching in an Upstate textile-mill league.
Then, in 1947, though his left leg by then was more than an inch shorter than his right after 23 operations, he went 23-5 with the Savannah Indians of the South Atlantic League. By season's end, he was pitching for Philadelphia in the American League.
He went 14-10 and 16-11 for the Athletics the next two years, making the 1949 AL all-star team.
Though he retired from the mound after the 1953 season with the Cleveland Indians, he stayed in baseball, serving as national coordinator of American Legion baseball and later as a scout.
Mr. Brisse, who used crutches for the last two decades of his life, also served as a strong inspiration to other Americans scarred by battle.
In recent years, he frequently visited U.S. military members wounded in Iraq and Afghanistan.
As Augusta baseball historian Lamar Garrard told the Chronicle: "Lou was the embodiment of an American hero — a great man, a gentleman who always thought of others first."
So when you think about what makes a hero, on or off the field, think about Lou Brissie.
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text:
Horsebytes -- A blog for Seattle-area horse folks
I look at the roadside and see good grazing, at a fallen tree and see a jump. My phone autodials the farrier and my Mini hauls feed, so naturally my blog is about horses.
Monthly Archive for June, 2012
Tiger, tiger
I pulled the Mini Cooper off the side of SE Tiger Mountain Road and waited, holding my cornflower-blue helmet and wearing my spare half-chaps and breeches, ready for a ride that had all been arranged via Facebook. Once, it would have been a little black dress and a phone call, but times have changed. It […] [Read More]
Project Aisleway
All eyes were on me as I stepped from my vehicle. That's normal — at the barn, anyway. Something was different today, though. I sensed more than the usual attentiveness to my arrival. Galen was riveted, even although he is not on my list of horses to work with and knows it. Goshen, alone in […] [Read More]
I'll get by with a little help from my friends
"Do you guys like champagne?" Mary Krauss asked Cathy and myself as we grazed Danny and Galen near her rig. Silly question. Ten minutes later, we were hosting the champagne in the refrigerator in Cathy's camper, held to celebrate when Mary's daughter Clara finished her fifty-mile ride on her pony, Benny. Mary and I were […] [Read More]


text:
By Gerry J. GilmoreAmerican Forces Press Service
MILWAUKEE, Sept. 15, 2004 Upon receiving a high-level memorandum last year authorizing his command to reach out to improve the military's supply and transportation systems, U.S. Transportation Command's leader interpreted it in just one way.
Air Force Gen. John Handy recalled today at the National Defense Transportation Association annual conference here that the memo gave him the license "to get things done." The Sept. 2003 document had come from Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld. It designated TRANSCOM as DoD's Distribution Process Owner.
And the command, headquartered at Scott Air Force Base, Ill., has been getting things done. For example, in mid-January, Handy noted, a deployment and distribution operations center was set up in Kuwait that has greatly facilitated U.S. Central Command's supply and personnel distribution systems.
Improvements in communications and supply asset visibility, the general observed, enabled the recent turning back of 1,700 containers not needed by U.S. forces in the Persian Gulf.
In fact, he continued, an examination of supply and transportation operations has resulted in avoiding more than $280 million in costs since January.
That represents "a lot" of savings to taxpayers, reduced headaches for military logisticians, and improved customer service for warfighters, Handy noted.
This kind of transformation continues as a partnership, Handy asserted, noting that military logistics and transportation organizations and civilian contractors routinely team up to find joint solutions to thorny supply and transport problems.
Today, Handy said, one challenge is to incorporate more proven private-sector business practices and technology into the military logistics and transportation systems.
"We're now just discovering" how useful those practices can be in improving supply and transportation services to war fighters, he concluded.
Related Sites:U.S. Transportation CommandU.S. Central Command
Related Articles:Radio ID Tagging Aims to Improve Military Logistics


text:
Serie B side Frosinone have sacked Coach Guido Carboni and brought in Salvatore Campilongo, announced the club.
The final straw proved last night's 2-0 home defeat to Livorno, which left them in penultimate place with just 19 points from 21 games.
This evening Frosinone released a statement confirming Carboni had been fired and thanked him for his work.
New Coach Campilongo will be presented to the media on Sunday at the Stadio Comunale.
Think you know your Italian football? Share your knowledge, tips and comments to win cash prizes in OLBG's tipster competition - £11,000 to be won monthly!


text:
Sylvia P. Leveillee
NORTH SMITHFIELD- Sylvia P.(Parent) Leveillee 102, formerly of Woonsocket, died Sunday in St. Antoine Residence, where she was a resident for over thirty years. She was the wife of the late Maurice Leveillee.
Mrs. Leveillee was born in Woonsocket the daughter of the late Adrien and Marie (Riendeau) Parent.
She was a dental assistant for Dr. Paul Cote and Dr. Eugene Toupin for many years, retiring in 1972.
She is survived by a nephew; Maurice Parent of Havelock, NC, and a niece, Paulette Valentin of Woonsocket, and was the sister of the late Sylvio Parent.
A committal service will be held Tuesday at 10:00AM in the chapel of St. Jean Baptiste Cemetery, Bellingham, MA.
Calling hours and flowers are respectfully omitted. Please visit: www.fournierandfournier.com [1] for guestbook.
[1] http://www.fournierandfournier.com


text:
August 4, 2015
GRANJENO, Texas (AP) - Fresh off his electoral victory in May,
Granjeno Mayor Vicente Garza Jr. has embarked on a quixotic project.
He's betting against long odds that a casino could secure the
future of his indebted South Texas town of 485 residents that was
founded in 1767 but not incorporated until 1993.
The only hitch is that the sort of gambling Garza ultimately
envisions, with slots and poker tournaments, is illegal in Texas.
Garza signed a letter earlier this month requesting an opinion from
Attorney General Greg Abbott, who has taken a narrow view of the
state's gambling laws previously.
Granjeno clings to a sharp curve in the road a mile from the Rio
Grande. It has a single city employee, a beer joint is its only
business, and most residents are related with one another.
But things are happening. The border fence that put Granjeno in
the spotlight last year when plans had it running through yards and
homes is taking shape instead just behind property lines on the
south side of town. A new international bridge to Reynosa, Mexico,
is under way to the west.
And Garza, at 24 years old, is the eldest of a new leadership
triumvirate striving to pay off debts and make Granjeno
(Copyright 2008 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)
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text:
Rome in AfricaPaperback
List price $49.65
You save $0.73 (1%)
Free delivery worldwide
Dispatched in 4 business days
When will my order arrive?
- Publisher: ROUTLEDGE
- Format: Paperback | 288 pages
- Dimensions: 156mm x 230mm x 24mm | 499g
- Publication date: 1 April 1993
- Publication City/Country: London
- Edition: 3, Revised
- Edition statement: 3rd Revised edition
- Illustrations note: illustrations, 4 maps, 9 site plans, 87 b&w photographs
- Sales rank: 866,549
Product description
Nearly three thousand years ago the Phoenicians set up trading colonies on the coast of North Africa, and ever since successive civilizations have been imposed on the local inhabitants, largely from outside. Carthaginians, Romans, vandals, Byzantines, Arabs, TUrks, French and Italians have all occupied the region in their time. The Romans governed this part of Africa for six hundred cities, twelve thousand miles of roads and hundreds of aquaducts, some fifty miles long. The remains of many of these structures can be seen today. At the height of its prosperity, during the second and third centuries AD, the area was the granary of Rome, and produced more olive oil than Italy itself. The broadening horizons of the Roman Empire provided scope for the particular talents of a number of Africa's sons: the writers Terence and Apuleius; the first African Roman Emperor Septimius Severus, famous Christian theologians like Tertulllian and Saint Augustine - these are just some who rose to meet the challenges of their age.
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Review quote
'This is the only account of Roman Africa in English that is both readable and reliable, and in the twenty years since its first publication it has established itself as the standard account. This new third edition has been thoroughly revised to take into account recent research, including the international excavations at Carthage. It is indispensable for students and general readers who wish to study the history of one of Rome's wealthiest provinces, and for visitors to the area who want to understand the background to North Africa's spectacular Roman remains.' - Colin Wells, Trinity University, Texas


text:
To much bend
One of my barrel horses has to much bend at the 2nd barrel!!! What should I do he drops his shoulder to close to the barrel which causes us to knock it over. Any help with me great.
*would be great
Lift up with your inside hand to tilt his nose around instead of allowing him to use so much of his body. tilting his nose in will but his balance to the outside shoulder more, and you'll have a better follow through from behind. It'llbe a little difficult at first, but if you take the pattern at a slow canter, you should catch it pretty quick. Good luck :)
Posted via Mobile Device
Use your inside thigh to push that inside shoulder into the outside rein, then use outside rein to steer him around the barrel. If that doesn't work don't cue him for the turn until his haunches are at the barrel (instead of when his shoulders are at the barrel.
If you ride in a leverage bit, use it to your advantage. Practice circles with his nose tip out, and moving his shoulders around. Gotta get better control of his shoulders
Alrighty thanks
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text: WELCOME FOLKS! Funny radio commercials (ads, spots)—best creating, making, bringing in and keeping audiences—is our business / calling / forte / métier / speciality (studying the Thesaurus is our fav hobby and you can tell). But wait. Hold on there. We have a serious side too. We are really serious about making the absolute best greatest radio commercials everyone will notice and remember and that's good for your business. We really really love to write and produce original radio campaigns. We can also produce for you your own scripts / websites / blogs / video presentations / phone messages — just about everything audio — and make them phenomenally amazing. That's because we have just one single goal. We want you to be heard. And remembered. Radio advertising for small businesses—this is what we're really good at. So give us a call.


text:
Kristin Green is the interpretive horticulturist at Blithewold and has worked in the gardens since the summer of 2003. She is a Rhode Island Certified Horticulturist and has a BFA in painting from the University of Washington. Kris writes a regular column for East Bay, RI and South Coast, MA newspapers, and has written articles for Fine Gardening and other magazines. Kris's e-mail address is firstname.lastname@example.com.
Her book Plantiful: Start Small, Grow Big with 150 Plants that Spread, Self-Sow, and Overwinter, published by Timber Press, is available now wherever books are sold.


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Posts Tagged «spam»
Google's war on spam and how encryption could finally win it – for the spammers September 22, 2014 at 12:35 pm
Just about everybody wants encryption to move forward to one extent or another, but as one former Google researcher points out, truly large scale encryption would be the end of the internet as we know it.
Largest cyber-attack in history causes global internet slowdown March 27, 2013 at 4:09 pm
If you've noticed that some websites have been slow recently, there's a good reason for that. A huge distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack was launched against spam-fighting organization Spamhaus, and it's being called the biggest cyber-attack in history. With traffic peaking at over 300Gbps, this attack has had repercussions across the world.
Programmer creates 800,000 books algorithmically, starts selling them on Amazon December 14, 2012 at 2:29 pm
A college professor has a patented system for algorithmically compiling data into book form. Thanks to this system, Amazon now has over 800,000 books for sale from his company. Computers won't be replacing humans for writing the great American novel or entertaining the masses on TV, but it is obvious that computers will be an increasing fixture in the analysis and translation of content.
Diving into DMARC: Can it really end spam, or at least phishing? February 7, 2012 at 11:43 am
A little like the boy who cried wolf, anti-spam groups are once again trumpeting the arrival of a new tool in their arsenal. Following on the lead of SPF and DKIM, the latest innovation is DMARC. Find out what it actually does and whether it will matter to you.
Breaking and fixing the world's primary spam defence: CAPTCHA November 3, 2011 at 3:40 pm
Prior to captchas, web-based service providers would have to employ whole teams of paid workers to keep up with the spam. Now, there's just the captcha — and much in the way that robots have allowed us to keep up with manufacturing demand, have revolutionized the management of online services. But what if the captcha breaks?
Google now blocking all co.cc subdomains from search, but who's next? July 6, 2011 at 2:10 pm
Companies like Google do have the power to block entire "bad neighborhoods" from showing up in its search results — but what happens when it eventually blocks .ru?
Botnet takedowns reduce spam by 90%, but more action needed July 5, 2011 at 9:32 am
The war against botnets and spam rages on. With several victories against the networks themselves on the books, it's time to hit the bad guys where it really hurts: their wallets.


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Download: California - Managed Services Tax Guide
The ASCII Group has requested tax advisement specific to each State to help clarify when you should or should not be charging state sales tax related to IT services. Based on these responses, we have created a state-specific tax guide to help IT providers resolve or clarify sales tax questions related to applying sales tax.
The questions posed were generated by MSPs, VARs and IT providers that are active members of the ASCII Group IT Community. Each state has provided a response and this guide is intended as a general framework as to how the tax code applies to each of the question raised.
Each state's advisement herein is provided simply as tax advisement and is not considered an official ruling by the State. This guide is provided to you courtesy of The ASCII Group.
A link to download the Tax Guide will be emailed upon submission.
"After reviewing competing quotes, ASCII's Business Insurance came in thousands of dollars less than anyone."
Networthy Systems, Inc.
Houston, TX
Member Since 2007


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Everyone that has talked smack about the guy the last couple of years, this is what he's given us:
Big men that ENSURE that any given week, we can dominate any given team in the trenches.
Reggie Bush for a low round draft pick.
Ryan Tannehill. Davone Bess. Brian Hartline. Anthony Fasano.
Vontae Davis, who has regressed MAJORLY.. for a 2nd and late pick..
Lots of picks and lots of money this offseason...
More than anything.. a BIG, STRONG, TOUGH team that can bang and play ANY style of football required of it.
If you are a Dolphins fan and aren't encouraged by what we've seen this year, you might want to find another team. I'm afraid nothing will ever be good enough for you.
We get a legit #1 receiver and just keep this core INTACT..we will be a force to reckoned with for years to come.
THAT SAID...this year is far from over. Tannehill has shown that he's got it. I, for one, am pumped.


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Tag Archives: private club headhunter
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August 5, 2015
COLLEGE STATION Texas A&M University System regents have approved ground leases to allow private developers access to school land.
The Eagle (http://bit.ly/15acUzg ) newspaper reported Sunday that the action frees up A&M officials to enter into ground leases with private companies.
Chairman Phil Adams says the regents discussed the items Saturday during a closed-door executive session. The negotiations, new to Texas A&M, would allow private companies to use their own capital to construct the projects.
State Rep. John Raney of Bryan this year authored a bill that gave regents the authority to sell or lease Texas A&M land. The measure cleared the way for such public-private partnerships.
One proposal would be a 4,000-bed West Campus Housing Project that would be built on 46 acres along University Drive.
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