text:
A lift off process is used to separate a layer of material from a substrate by irradiating an interface between the layer of material and the substrate. According to one exemplary process, the layer is separated into a plurality of sections corresponding to dies on the substrate and a homogeneous beam spot is shaped to cover an integer number of the sections.
1. A method of separating at least one layer of material from a substrate, said method comprising:
providing first and second substrates and at least one layer of material between said substrates, said at least one layer of material being segregated into a plurality of sections separated by streets;
forming a beam spot using a laser, wherein said beam spot is shaped to cover a region including an integer number of said sections and any of said streets between said sections in said region, said integer number of said sections being greater than one; and
irradiating an interface between said first substrate and said sections using said beam spot, wherein said inadiating is performed for a plurality of regions until said first substrate is separated from all of said sections.
2. The method of
3. The method of
moving said substrates and said layer on a stage; and
comparing a position of said stage with a predetermined value, wherein said laser is triggered based on said position to form said beam spot and irradiate said interface between said first substrate and each said integer number of said sections.
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17. A method of separating at least one layer of material from a substrate, said method comprising:
providing a first substrate having at least one layer of material formed thereon;
etching said at least one layer of material to segregate said at least one layer into a plurality of sections separated by streets on said first substrate, said sections conesponding to dies;
attaching a second substrate to said sections;
forming a homogenous beam spot using a laser, wherein said homogeneous beam spot is shaped to cover an integer number of said sections including any streets between said integer number of sections, said integer number of said sections being greater than one;
irradiating an interface between said first substrate and said sections using said homogeneous beam spot, wherein said irradiating is performed for each said integer number of said sections; and
separating said first substrate from all of said sections.
18. The method of
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26. The method of
moving said substrates on a stage; and
comparing a position of said stage with a predetermined value, wherein said laser is triggered based on said position to form said beam spot and irradiate an interface between said first substrate and each said integer number of said sections.
27. The method of
28. The method of
29. The method of
30. The method of
forming a metal substrate over said sections and said streets prior to attaching said second substrate;
cutting at least said metal substrate at locations between said sections; and
removing at least a portion of said metal substrate after separating said first substrate from said sections.
31. A method of separating at least one layer of material from a substrate, said method comprising:
providing a first substrate having at least one layer of GaN formed thereon, said at least one layer of GaN being segregated into a plurality of GaN dies separated by streets;
forming at least one film on said GaN layer, said at least one film including a reflective film;
attaching a second substrate including Molybdenum to said at least one film;
forming a beam spot using a laser, wherein said beam spot is shaped to cover an integer number of said sections including any streets between said integer number of sections, said integer number of sections being greater than one; and
irradiating an interface between said first substrate and said GaN layer to separate said first substrate from said layer of GaN.
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This application claims the benefit of co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/557,450, filed on Mar. 29, 2004, which is fully incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to separation of layers of material and more particularly, to separation of layers of material, such as a substrate and a film grown on the substrate, by irradiating an interface between the layers.
GaN/InGaN-based Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs), known as "Blue LEDs," have a promising future. Practical applications for these GaN/InGaN-based LEDs have been expanding to include such products as mobile phone key-pads, LCD backlights, traffic lights, commercial signs, automotive lights, outdoor full-color display panels, household illuminative devices, and others. In these and other applications, these high-brightness LEDs may replace conventional light sources such as incandescent and fluorescent lights. Blue LEDs are characterized by high light output at lower energy input than conventional light sources (energy saving, high efficiency) and a longer working life. Their high performance and reliability shows promise for their successful replacement of conventional light sources; however, there is a need to improve current LED designs to overcome currently-known limitations and inherent drawbacks. Better and more precise manufacturing techniques help advance blue LED design by cutting waste, increasing yields, and allowing more advanced and complex or improved designs to emerge, advancing the technology through more flexibility in Design for Manufacturability (DFM). Such improved manufacturing techniques simplify and reduce the cost of their manufacture.
Blue LED's may be fabricated by depositing GaN/InGaN layer(s) on a sapphire substrate. Once the LED devices have been fabricated, the wafer is separated into individual dies. One current die separation process involves the following steps. First the sapphire wafer is thinned to less than 100 μm in thickness by grinding and lapping the backside of the wafer. Next the wafer is mounted to dicing tape and then scribed along the streets between the die by means of a diamond scribe tip or UV laser beam. Finally, the wafer is fractured along the scribe lines by means of a fracturing tool. After fracturing, the dicing tape is stretched so as to physically separate the die from one another so that subsequent automated pick and place operations can be performed. This process is referred to as "scribe and break" die separation.
A major cost of LED fabrication is the sapphire thinning and the scribe-and-break operation. A process known as LED lift-off can dramatically reduce the time and cost of the LED fabrication process. LED lift-off may eliminate wafer scribing by enabling the manufacturer to grow GaN LED film devices on the sapphire wafer, for example, and then transfer the thin film device to a heat sink electrical interconnect. In this process, the laser beam profile fires through the back of a sapphire wafer to de-bond the GaN LED device and transfer it to a substrate where it can then be packaged onto a heat sink and/or optical reflector. Using special wafers, the sapphire growth substrate may possibly be re-used, and the cost of LED fabrication can be reduced. Additionally, this approach is fast, delivering increased LED light output, and has low operating costs due to low stress on the UV laser.
Current designs of GaN LEDs have inherent limitations that hamper efforts to improve performance and reliability. The designs have also been associated with electrostatic discharge problems. As shown in
First, the Ni/Au film 16 absorbs a substantial portion of the LED light output. The Ni/Au film 16 is very thin (usually less than 100 Å), in order to make it transparent to LED light, since it has limited transmittance to the emitting light. Approximately 25% of the light emitted by the LED itself is absorbed by the Ni/Au film 16. Furthermore, a significant percentage of the emitted light is lost in transmission through the sapphire. Some of light directed towards the sapphire substrate 14 is reflected to the front surface due to the difference in refractive indices between the sapphire wafer and its surroundings. The Ni/Au thin film 16 absorbs the majority of this reflected output light as well.
Secondly, the Ni/Au film 16 is sensitive to moisture, resulting in performance degradation over time. To maintain the film's transparency, thin Ni/Au is deposited by metal evaporation, and then heat-treated in an ambient air or an O2 environment. The Ni/Au film 16 forms an oxidized compound, NiOx with an Au-rich structure. When moisture penetrates to the oxide film over long-term operation, the LED device 10 will be damaged.
Third, the Ni/Au film 16 experiences a degradation in the performance efficiency of the InGaN MQW light-emitting layer 12 b due to a current crowding effect. Since the current spreading Ni/Au film 16 has lower resistance than the n-GaN layer 12 c, the current may crowd in the region 18 near the n (−) electrode 20 (see
Fourth, the horizontal-electrode configuration may create the effect of a current bottleneck, resulting in low reliability. The current supplied through the p (+) electrode 22 spreads across the Ni/Au film 16, and flows from p-GaN 12 a through InGaN 12 b to n-GaN 12 c. Since the n (−) electrode 20 is horizontally located at the n-GaN 12 c, the current is bottlenecked in the area 24 at the electrode 20 (
A LED structured with a vertical electrode configuration overcomes many of the drawbacks of the horizontal LED structure. As shown in
One example of the construction of a high-brightness vertical LED is show in
The vertical structure may be created using a UV-laser lift off process. One approach to UV-laser lift-off involves the selective irradiation of the GaN/Sapphire interface with a UV laser pulse, utilizing the absorption difference of UV light between the GaN (high absorption) thin film layers and the sapphire substrate. Commonly, the GaN layers are hetero-epitaxially grown on a sapphire wafer. To facilitate GaN crystal growth, a buffer layer may be deposited at a relatively low temperature, around 300� C. While the buffer layer helps to grow the GaN layer at a high temperature, the buffer layer contains a very high density of various defects due to a large lattice mismatch. The crystal defects, such as dislocations, nanopipes and inversion domains, elevate surface energy which consequently increases absorption of incident UV light. The incident laser beam for the lift-off process carries an energy density well below the absorption threshold of the sapphire wafer, allowing it to transmit through without resulting in any damage. In contrast, the laser energy density is high enough to cause photo-induced decomposition at the interface, which allows debonding of the interface.
Studies exist regarding the UV laser lift-off process. Kelly et al. demonstrated decomposition of GaN by laser irradiation through transparent sapphire, using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at 355 nm. (see M K Kelly, O. Ambacher, B. Dalheimer, G. Groos, R. Dimitrov, H. Angerer and M Stutzmann, Applied Physics Letter, vol. 69 p. 1749, 1996). Wong et al. used a 248 nm excimer laser to achieve separation of˜5 μm thin GaN film from a sapphire wafer (see W. S. Wong, T. Sands and N. W. Cheung, Applied Physics Letter, vol. 72 p. 599, 1997). Wong et al. further developed the lift-off process on GaN LED using a 248 nm excimer laser (see W. S. Wong, T Sands, N W Cheung, M Kneissl, D. P. Bour, P. Mei, L. T Romano and N. M Johnson, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 75 p. 1360, 1999). Kelly et al. also demonstrated the lift-off of 275 μm thick, free-standing GaN film using a raster scanning of Q-switched 355 nm Nd:YAG laser (see M K. Kelly, R. P. Vaudo, V. M Phanse, L. Gorgens, O. Ambacher and M Stutzmann, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 38 p. L217, 1999). Kelly et al. also reported their difficulty in overcoming extensive fracturing of GaN thick film upon the laser lift-off process, due to high residual stresses from a GaN-sapphire wafer. Id. In this study, the authors had to heat the GaN/sapphire wafer to 600� C., but they could not completely offset the fracturing problems caused by the residual stresses.
In spite of the advantages from UV-laser lift-off, GaN LED manufacturing has been limited due to poor productivity caused by low process yield. The low yield is due in part to high residual stresses in a GaN-sapphire wafer, resulting from a Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposit (MOCVD) process. The MOCVD process requires an activation temperature of over 600� C. As shown in
When an incident laser pulse with sufficient energy hits a GaN/sapphire interface, the irradiation results in instantaneous debonding of the interface. Since the incident laser pulse has limited size (usually far less than 1 cm2), it creates only a small portion of the debonded or lifted-off interface. Since surroundings of the debonded area still have high level of residual stress, it creates a concentration of stress at the bonded/debonded border, resulting in fractures at the border. This fracturing, associated with the residual stress, has been one of the obstacles of the UV-laser lift-off process.
Currently, there are different ways to perform laser lift-off processes on GaN/sapphire wafers. One method involves raster scanning of a Q-switched 355 nm Nd:YAG laser (see, e.g., M. K. Kelly, R. P. Vaudo, V. M. Phanse, L. Gorgens, O. Ambacher and M. Stutzmann, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 38 p. L217, 1999). This lift-off process using a solid state laser is illustrated in
Both processes employ raster scanning, as shown in
As shown in
Currently, a common size of sapphire wafers is two-inch diameter, but other sizes (e.g., three-inch and four-inch wafers) are also available for the hetero-epitaxial growth of GaN. For a GaN/sapphire wafer, the level of residual stresses varies in the wafer, and compressive and tensile residual stresses may exist together. The existence of the residual stresses may be observed by wafer warping or bowing. When a laser lift-off process relaxes a large area of a continuous GaN/sapphire interface, as described above, a severe strain gradient may be developed at the border between the debonded and the bonded interface. This strain gradient may cause extensive fracturing of the GaN layer.
When a target material is irradiated with an intense laser pulse, a shallow layer of the target material may be instantaneously vaporized into the high temperature and high pressure surface plasma. This phenomenon is called ablation. The plasma created by the ablation subsequently expands to surroundings. The expansion of the surface plasma may induce shock waves, which transfer impulses to the target material. The ablation may be confined in between two materials when the laser is directed through a transparent material placed over the target. During this confined ablation, the plasma trapped at the interface may create a larger magnitude of shock waves, enhancing impact pressures. The explosive shock waves from the confined ablation at the GaN/sapphire interface can cause not only separation of the GaN layer from the sapphire substrate but may also fracture the GaN layer near the laser beam spot (see, e.g., P. Peyre et. al., Journal of Laser Applications, vol. 8 pp. 135–141, 1996).
Accordingly, there is a need for an improved method of separating GaN thin films from a sapphire wafer by addressing the problems associated with residual stress, which lead to low yields due to the fracturing of separated film layers. There is also a need for processes that can be extended to any lift-off applications to address one or more of the problems discussed above.
These and other features and advantages will be better understood by reading the following detailed description, taken together with the drawings wherein:
This detailed description describes exemplary embodiments of processes consistent with the present invention, which address the problems associated with existing lift-off processes and increase productivity. Applications of the invention are not limited to the following exemplary embodiments. Although the exemplary embodiments refer to GaN and sapphire and the GaN/sapphire interface, other types of substrates and layers of material may be used which are known to those skilled in the art. Also, a sacrificial layer can be provided between the GaN (or other layer of material) and the sapphire (or other type of substrate).
Referring to
When the plasma 108 is expanding, as shown in
At a laser energy density under the ablation threshold of GaN (˜0.3 J/cm2 at 248 nm), for example, the instantaneous separation of the GaN/sapphire interface 106 may not be successfully achieved, as shown in
The parameters of the laser irradiation, such as the wavelength and energy density, depend on the types of materials being separated. For example, the optimum laser energy density for separating GaN from sapphire is discussed above. A laser wavelength of 248 nm is also desirable for separating GaN from sapphire. It is well known to those skilled in the art that the photonic energy of 248 nm (5 eV) is between the bandgaps of GaN (3.4 eV) and sapphire (9.9 eV). This indicates that the 248 nm radiation is better absorbed in GaN than in sapphire and the selective absorption causes the ablation resulting in separation.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that other laser wavelengths may be used to separate other types of materials. For example, a buffer layer may be used between the sapphire substrate and the GaN layer(s) to facilitate epitaxial growth of the GaN. Examples of the buffer layer include a GaN buffer layer and an Aluminum Nitride (AlN) buffer layer. Where an AlN buffer layer is used, a laser at 193 nm may be used because the photonic energy of the 193 nm laser light (6.4 eV) is in between bandgaps of sapphire (9.9 eV) and AlN (6.1 eV).
According to one embodiment of the present invention, as shown in
According to one example, a GaN/sapphire LED wafer 116 contains symmetric and repeating patterns of sections 112 to form the same-sized LED dies, which are generally in a few hundreds of microns of square or rectangular size. The symmetrical and repeating sections 112 may be separated by streets 114, for example, which determine borders for the LED dies and provide sacrificial spaces for die separation, for example, using a scribe and break process. Although the sections 112 in the exemplary embodiment correspond to individual square-shaped dies, those skilled in the art will recognize that other configurations and shapes, such as rectangular shapes, may be formed.
The GaN film can be separated into sections 112 through selectively removing or etching of GaN layer(s) on the streets 114. One method of selectively removing GaN layer(s) on the streets 114 is through reactive ion etching, which is generally known to those skilled in the art. This process has a few drawbacks, including slow etch rate and the requisite handling of hazardous chemicals. Another method includes the selective etching by a diode pumped solid state UV laser with a variable astigmatic focal beam spot formed by an anamorphic beam delivery system, as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/782,741, which is fully incorporated herein by reference. The variable astigmatic focal beam spot can effectively adjust its size to an optimum laser energy density, which selectively ablates GaN layer(s) on the streets 114, leaving the sapphire substrate unaffected (see
According to another method, the etching can be performed using a patterned laser projection (e.g., using an excimer laser). A patterned excimer laser beam can also be used to dry pattern the GaN streets or the devices into shapes or to pattern other thin films such as ITO, metallization, or dielectric insulation layers, or for other devices or conductive or insulator layers. As an alternative to removing portions of a continuous GaN film to form the sections 112 and streets 114, the GaN can be formed (e.g., grown) on the substrate 110 as sections 112 and streets 114. The growth of the continuous GaN film, however, may be more economical as compared to the growth of GaN layers with patterns of streets 114 and sections 112.
According to a further method, the streets 114 between the sections 112 may be widened, for example, using reactive ion etching, after the substrate 110 has been removed. Re-etching the streets 114 may reduce or eliminate the possibility of current leakage at the side walls of the sections 112, for example, at the n-GaN and p-GaN junction.
A lift-off process may be used to separate the sections 112 (e.g., the GaN layer(s)) from the substrate 110 (e.g., the sapphire wafer) by irradiating an interface between the substrate 110 and the sections 112. The exemplary laser lift-off process may use a single-pulse process with a homogeneous beam spot and an energy density sufficient to induce a shock wave as described above. The single pulse process avoids overlapping exposures at the interface between the substrate 110 and the sections 112 and thus minimizes fracturing. The homogeneous beam spot may be used to irradiate the interface between layers being separated to substantially eliminate the density gradient, thereby facilitating effective lift-off. Both UV solid state lasers and excimer lasers can be used with a beam homogenizer to generate a homogenous beam spot for the lift-off process. One exemplary embodiment uses a KrF excimer laser at 0.248 nm. The gaseous laser medium with electrical discharge generates high average power with a large raw beam size. The application of the beam homogenizer is very effective with the large and powerful raw beam of the excimer laser. Also, providing an evenly-distributed laser energy density in a beam spot advantageously creates effective lift-off in the area with the single pulse irradiation.
According to one exemplary method, the lift-off exposure is performed using a step and repeat process. The homogenized beam spot 130 is shaped to include an integer number of segregated sections 112 (e.g., corresponding to an integer number of LED dies), as shown in
Due to its precisely controlled exposure with a single pulse in a small area, the exemplary laser lift-off exposure does not require heating of the LED wafer to offset the residual stresses. Exposure may be performed at room temperature. Because the laser light of the lift-off exposure travels through the sapphire wafer, damage or debris on the surface of the sapphire can make shadows at the GaN/sapphire interface, causing defects on the lift-off interface. The surface of the sapphire may be polished to remove any debris or particles. The lift-off exposure may also be applied to the target (e.g.. the interface 106 between substrate 102 and layer 104(s)) in a range of different angles θ, as shown in
The exemplary processes discussed above can improve the productivity and yield of the UV-laser lift-off process for successful industrial applications. An exemplary method consistent with the present invention combines the segregation of residual stress on a LED wafer and the homogenous beam laser exposure. The selective etching of GaN layers on streets isolates the film into small areas, which have minimal influence by residual stresses from its surroundings. In addition, the small areas themselves have minimal residual stresses, which will hardly affect the GaN film upon lift-off exposure. The homogenized beam delivers substantially uniform laser energy density in the spot. The precise laser exposure with a homogenized laser beam allows the proper lift-off with optimum laser energy density.
An example of the selective removal of the GaN layer on an actual wafer is shown in
Among the conductive substrates for the lift-off, Molybdenum has desirable properties, such as matching coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), high reflectivity in blue spectra and high strength with low ductility. Molybdenum has a CTE (4.8�10−6/K) that is relatively close to that of GaN (5.6�10−6/K). Metal compounds, such as PdIn and SnAu, may be used for the bonding of the conductive substrates on GaN. When using these bonding materials, the GaN and the substrate is heated, for example, up to around 400� C. A large mismatch of CTE between the GaN layers and the lift-off substrate may introduce another high level of residual stresses, which are detrimental to the bonding process. For example, although Cu has great thermal and electrical conductivity, it is not as desirable as a lift-off substrate with a 2 inch GaN/sapphire wafer because of its high CTE (16.5�10−6/K).
Molybdenum has reflectivity of about 55% in the blue spectral region, ranging from 350 nm to 450 nm. This value is comparable to other metals. For instance, the reflectivity values of major metals at 410 nm are as follows: gold (37%), copper (51%), Nickel (50%), platinum (57%), iron (58%), chromium (70%), silver (86%), aluminum (92%). Although the comparable reflectivity allows molybdenum to be directly used as a reflector (i.e., without a separate reflective layer), the light output can be maximized by deposition of a metal film with high reflectivity, such as aluminum and silver. A highly reflective film layer between GaN and molybdenum can increase the performance of a blue LED, for example, without introducing a high level of residual stresses. For example, aluminum can be deposited by sputtering on the GaN surface to form the reflective layer. Since the oxidation of aluminum film is detrimental to the bonding to the molybdenum substrate, another layer of metallic film can be deposited to prevent the oxidation and enhance the bonding. Examples of metallic films that do not oxidize and that will allow the molybdenum to adhere to the aluminum film include, but are not limited to, tin, zinc, lead and gold.
Molybdenum also provides advantages during the die separation process. Conventional diamond saw or diamond scribing are difficult to use for separation of a metal film, mainly due to its high ductility. Laser cutting and scribing is an alternative method for die separation. However, a metal film with high ductility, such as copper, requires 100% through cut for the separation, because the mechanical breaking is difficult on ductile substrates. Thus, the laser through-cut raises handling issues because it may not maintain the integrity of small dies after the cut. Molybdenum has high strength and low ductility. These unique mechanical properties of molybdenum facilitate the mechanical breaking, even when it is laser-scribed for about 90% of its thickness.
According to another exemplary method, a laser lift-off exposure may be combined with a technique of high speed motion control to maximize productivity. When the laser lift-off utilizes the step-and-repeat exposure with precisely designed beam stitching, it is desirable for the triggering of the laser to be accurate on the target. The fastest possible speed of the step-and-repeat process is also desirable to increase productivity. A special function of motion control can be used to compare the position of the motion stages and send a trigger signal to the laser at predetermined positions. The technique is referred to as 'position compare and trigger' or 'fire on fly.' While motion stages are in continuous motion, a processor in a motion controller is constantly comparing an encoder counter to user programmed values, and sending out trigger signals to a laser with matching values. Thus, the motion stages do not need to stop for the step and repeat, but may move in continuous motion, i.e., the laser fires on fly. For example, when the lift-off process utilizes a fire on fly technique, the homogeneous beam spot size of 1�1 mm2, with pulse repetition rate of a laser at 200 Hz, can perform the lift-off process of 2 inch diameter LED wafer within about a minute.
Although the exemplary embodiments involve forming the streets 114 and sections 112 before performing the lift-off process, the techniques described herein may also be used to separate continuous layers without first segregating a layer into sections. Although effective separation of continuous layers is possible, there may be micro-cracks formed where the laser pulses overlap.
Other exemplary methods may use unique techniques to scan the laser beam for the lift-off exposure, for example, to irradiate in a concentric pattern. These techniques may be used to perform lift-off of one or more segregated layers or one or more continuous layers on a substrate. The residual stresses in a GaN/sapphire LED wafer have a concentric distribution, where tension and compression exist together. The laser exposure, when crossing the wafer center, may cause large differences in the stress level at the interface between the separated and un-separated regions, i.e., the interface between the scanned and the un-scanned area. According to different methods, the beam may be scanned with a circular, spiral or helical exposure to relax the residual stresses along with locations at the same level of stresses. This method reduces the stress gradient at the interface between scanned and unscanned areas. Alternatively, a line beam with dimensions to minimize bending moment upon irradiation may be scanned across the interface, as discussed above.
One way to move the circular beam is using galvanometer scanners, which precisely control two mirrors in motion by rotary motors. Other beam spot shapes known to those skilled in the art may also be used, such as triangular, hexagonal or other polygon shapes. In the case of a polygon shaped laser pattern irradiating a polygon shaped die, the beam may be moved in a circular or spiral motion to overlay the die or groups of die and provide separation of the film from the substrate in a controlled pattern to relieve stresses in a controlled way.
Another alternative achieves the concentric scanning using a variable annular beam spot. As shown in
In summary, according to a method consistent with one aspect of the present invention, first and second substrates are provided with at least one layer of material between the substrates, the layer of material being segregated into a plurality of sections separated by streets. A beam spot is formed using a laser and shaped to cover an integer number of the sections. An interface between the first substrate and the sections is irradiated using the beam spot. The irradiating is performed repeatedly for each integer number of the sections until the first substrate is separated from all of the sections.
According to another method, a substrate is provided having at least one layer of material formed thereon and a homogenous beam spot is formed using at least a laser and a beam homogenizer. An interface between the layer and the substrate is irradiated with substantially evenly-distributed laser energy density using a single pulse of the homogeneous beam spot to separate the layer from the substrate.
According to yet another method, a substrate is provided having at least one layer of material formed thereon and a beam spot is formed using a laser. An interface between the first substrate and the layer is irradiated using the beam spot. The interface is irradiated in a generally concentric pattern to separate the layer from the substrate.
According to a further method, a first substrate is provided having at least one layer of material formed thereon and the layer(s) of material are etched to segregate the layer(s) into a plurality of sections separated by streets on the first substrate. A second substrate is attached to the sections and a homogenous beam spot is formed using a laser. The homogeneous beam spot is shaped to cover an integer number of the sections. An interface between the first substrate and the sections is irradiated using the homogeneous beam spot. The irradiating is performed repeatedly for each integer number of the sections. The first substrate is separated from all of the sections.
According to yet another method, a first substrate is provided having at least one layer of GaN formed thereon and at least one film is formed on the GaN layer. The film may include a reflective film. A second substrate including Molybdenum is attached to the film and an interface between the first substrate and the GaN layer is irradiated to separate the first substrate from the layer of GaN.
While the principles of the invention have been described herein, it is to be understood by those skilled in the art that this description is made only by way of example and not as a limitation as to the scope of the invention. Other embodiments are contemplated within the scope of the present invention in addition to the exemplary embodiments shown and described herein. Modifications and substitutions by one of ordinary skill in the art considered to be within the scope of the present invention, which is not to be limited except by the following claims.
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Recipe: Grilled Jalapeno Chicken
: October 31, 2013 : Updated: October 31, 2013 5:47pm
Makes 6 servings
6 chicken breasts or 1 whole chicken, cut into serving pieces
1/2 cup fresh-squeezed lime juice (from about 4 limes)
1/4 cup honey
2 tablespoons fresh cilantro leaves
3 jalapeño chiles, seeded and sliced
3 cloves garlic, minced
2 tablespoons soy sauce
1/4 teaspoon salt
1/4 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
Instructions: Place chicken in a zipper-top plastic bag. Combine lime juice, honey, cilantro, chiles, garlic, soy sauce, salt and pepper in blender and process until smooth.
Pour over chicken. Place plastic bag in refrigerator and marinate at least 8 hours or overnight. Flip bag occasionally.
Grill on medium-high heat, about 350 degrees, for about 45 minutes.
Per serving: 190 calories (14.7 percent calories from fat), 3 g fat, 75 mg cholesterol, 670 mg sodium, 14 g carbohydrates, 0 g dietary fiber, 12 g sugars, 26 g protein.
From Robbie Flume

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For groups from 10 people we have special cancellation and payment conditions. Our reservation department will contact you!!! - 8 weeks prior to arrival date free of charge - from 55 days to 5 days prior to arrival date 50% of the agreed total price - from 4 to 2 days prior to arrival date 75% of the agreed total price - one day prior to arrival date 90% of the agreed total price We will debit 50% of the agreed total price 8 weeks or less than 8 weeks before arrival from your credit card. Please note, towels and linen only included for private rooms Bed linen for Dorms: 3€ (from July 2014: 3.50 €) Breakfast: 6 € (from July 2014: 7€) Credit card fee (for total amount under 200€) : 2.95 € Late Check Out: 7.50 €
Cancellation Policy
Customers can cancel their reservation free of charge up to 2 days before arrival (local time). Payments made to HostelBookers are non-refundable.
Check-In/Out Details
Earliest check-in: 15:00
Latest Check-out: 10:00
Group booking?
Group of 15 or more traveling to Dusseldorf?Contact us directly
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The A&O is just 900 meters from the Central Station and can be easily reached by streetcar in just a few minutes. The main shopping street – "Kö" – is only 200 meters away. With its central location the A&O is easy to reach by car, train or streetcar. Read more
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|Shared Rooms A shared room (typically a dorm) is a bedroom which you share with other people from the property. The number of beds in a room is shown in the room name, e.g. '5 Bed Dorm', and you can book as many as you need. Some properties have male only dorms and female only dorms.
4 Bed Dorm - Mixed (Private bathroom)No meals or drinks included
6 Bed Dorm - Mixed (Private bathroom)No meals or drinks included
6 Bed Dorm - Female only (Private bathroom)No meals or drinks included
|Private Rooms A private room is a room that is not shared with other people from the property – in other words, you book and pay for all the beds in the room. If you are traveling alone, for example, but want to book a double room, you must pay for two people in order to book the whole room.
Single (Private bathroom)No meals or drinks included
Twin (Private bathroom)No meals or drinks included
Family Room (Private bathroom)No meals or drinks included
About A&O Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof
- 'All you can eat' breakfast for just 7 € from 6 till 10 a.m. (7 till 11 a.m. at the weekend)
- bar
- 24 hours snacks at our lobby-bar
- only non smoking rooms
- daily newspaper
- free luggage room
- check-out till 10 am (11 am at the weekend)
- Late-Check-Out till 2 p.m. on request (7,50 € per room extra)
- check-in at 3 pm
- internet terminals (1 €/20min) and high speed wifi (5 €/24h)
- free wifi in public areas in all rooms
- multilingual and friendly staff
- ticket sale (walkabout, sight-seeing tours,') and information
- credit cards VISA und Master (+2.95 Euro fee), Maestro (for free)
- For 5 € per night, you are allowed to bring your dog arround (only in double and single rooms).
- billard and table football
- free house safe
CHECK-IN 3 p.m.
Reserved rooms shall be available for occupancy from 3 p.m. on the agreed day of the client's arrival. The client shall not be entitled to occupy the room(s) earlier than this.
Ladies, in the event that you are an individual traveler and have booked a space in a multi- bed dorm we would like to inform you that we do offer 'Shared Women Dorms' if you would prefer.
In case you need a crib for your little child, please feel free to ask at the reception or book it in advance, so our stuff will place it in your room before you arrive.
CHECK-OUT 10 a.m. (11 a.m. at the weekend)
On the agreed day of departure the client must vacate the room by 10 a.m. at the latest. If the client does not vacate the room by that time we shall be entitled to charge 50% of the full room rate as published in the price list until 6 p.m. for reason of non-contractual occupation, and if the client vacates the room after 6 p.m. 100% of the full room rate will be charged. This shall not constitute any contractual claims on the part of the client.
Accommodation Information
- Until two days prior to arrival before 6 o'clock pm (local time at hotel/hostel) free of charge. In case of cancellation after this period a cancellation fee of 100% of the first night will be charged. In a case of non-arrival 100% of the first night will be charged. It's the same for short-term bookings, within two days before arrival.
- Any discounts or special offers booked through online booking engines cannot be cancelled.
For groups from 10 people we have special cancellation and payment conditions. Our reservation department will contact you!!!
- 8 weeks prior to arrival date free of charge
- from 55 days to 5 days prior to arrival date 50% of the agreed total price
- from 4 to 2 days prior to arrival date 75% of the agreed total price
- one day prior to arrival date 90% of the agreed total price
We will debit 50% of the agreed total price 8 weeks or less than 8 weeks before arrival from your credit card.
From the age of 14 you can stay in our A&O's all by yourself. All you need is a signed declaration of consent from your parents and a copy of the personal identification from the parent who signed the form.
Location Information
- Old Town 1,5 km
- Main station 0,9 km
- Opera house 1,5 km
- Konigsallee 0,6 km
- Frankfurt Airport 10,0 km
- Dusseldorf City Center 0,2 km
- Town Hall 1,7 km
- Rhein Tower 2,1 km
- "längste Theke der Welt" (Altstadt) – "world's longest bar" (historic city) 2,0 km
Other languages
- Deutsch: A&O Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof
- Español: A&O Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof
- Français: A&O Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof
- Italiano: A&O Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof
- Português: A&O Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof


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Opium Spatulas - Horn & Metal, circa 1900s-1930s Reg. No: ST 021272
- Summary:
- Two opium spatulas with horn handles, circa 1900s-1930s. Opium use was widespread in China between the 17th and 19th Centuries with the British East India Company importing large quantities of the drug. Chinese attempts to ban the opium trade and resistance against the foreign intervention it represented culminated in the Opium Wars of the early to mid-19th Century when force of arms ensured that Chinese ports remained open to opium.
Opium smoking followed Chinese migrants overseas, with the activity providing a means of relaxation and social interaction for a largely male community, who were often ostracised from the wider community. In 1867, a census of Chinese settlements in regional Victoria recorded at least 80 opium shops in 9 centres across regional Victoria. Opium smoking was legal in Victoria until 1905, although prior to this those who failed to pay import duties risked having supplies of opium confiscated.
- Description:
- There are two opium spatulas of slightly differing blade shape. Both have cylindrical handles of carved and polished brown horn and blades of inserted into the handles. The longer spatula has a tip which is curved and flattened to form a scoop and Chinese characters cast into the blade. The other spatula has a flattened blade which is of greater thickness along one side and shows a bend half way along its length.
- Acquisition Information:
- Transfer from National Gallery of Victoria (NGV), 1940
More information
|Tagged with:
|opium, narcotic drug usage, spatulas
|Themes this item is part of:
|Journeys of a Lifetime, Immigration Museum Exhibition, 1998-2015, Leisure Collection, Sustainable Futures Collection
|Primary Classification:
|Secondary Classification:
|Substance Use - Opiates
|Tertiary Classification:
|preparation equipment
|Place & Date Used:
|Victoria, Australia, circa 1900s-1930s
This item is part of the following themes:
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Mikasa Gourmet Basics Red Berries 16-pc. Dinnerware Set
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Decorate the dinner table with this Mikasa Gourmet Basics dinnerware. Sprigs of lush red berries look stunning against the pure white porcelain background, making this set the perfect choice for holiday dining and more. Create lovely, seasonally-inspired place settings with this Mikasa Gourmet Basics Red Berries dinnerware.
- Porcelain construction ensures lasting beauty.
- Details:
- 16-piece set includes: four 10 1/2-in. dinner plates, four 8-in. salad plates, four 20-oz. soup/cereal bowls & four 11-oz. mugs
- Dishwasher & microwave safe
- Model no. IND01-016
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Guidelines for Lib & Information Services for the American Deaf Community
The last Guidelines for Library & Information Services for the American Deaf Community was published in 1996. The same year as the Telecommunications Act of 1996. Both ironic and sad, as there's been little to nil action taken on either issue. Please consider the warp speed of technology, especially communications. Seventeen years from the time of the first Guidelines for serving deaf people in libraries, and these areas are few if not completely unavailable;
- Equal access to all the media; audio visual resources, captioning on all web sites, e- readers content, notice to schools with deaf programs and agencies serving deaf (OSDs) about interpreted local library programs
- Establish age appropriate resources & digital collections for the various linguistic and visual needs
While not exhaustive, these are a few areas an Outreach committee composed of Deaf & hearing members could really make a difference in the education of both deaf and hearing populations.
I look forward to more discussion!
Jo Bertloff
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- 210 views


text:
Why iPad didn't ship with iOS 4
It's been 2 weeks since Apple released iOS 4 (technically iOS 4.2.1) for iPad -- almost 5 months after iOS 4 for iPhone and 7 months since iPad was first released with iOS 3.2 -- and one of the more extreme criticisms hurtled its way is "why didn't iPad ship with iOS 4 to begin with?!"
Short answer: because the iPad hardware was ready and iOS 4 wasn't.
Long answer: keep reading after the break. (You've been warned).
Opportunity cost means if you only have $2 and you buy a soda, you can't also spend that $2 on a chocolate bar. You have to choose. Likewise if Apple has finite resources and time and they spend them on feature A, they can't also spend those same resources and time on feature B. They also have to choose.
Users, of course, want what we want and now, and this is nothing new to iOS. When the first iPhone shipped in 2007 it was lambasted in some quarters for not having the functionality of Palm's Treo. If someone's old Treo could do something, like MMS or copy/paste, why couldn't Apple's shiny new iPhone? Never mind iPhone could do something the Treo couldn't do -- run a stable, easy to use, multitouch UI. If Apple had spent their time feature matching the Treo or Windows Mobile, if they'd done MMS or copy/paste and not done multitouch, then in 2007 we would have gotten an Apple Treo or Windows Mobile device, not an iPhone. They chose -- forgive me! -- to think different. Or re-think different.
The same is true for Palm with webOS -- people complained about missing features like video recording, but what existing feature of webOS would they have given up for it? Cards? Synergy? Android had limited app storage and inconsistent UI but should Google have traded those for their mobile services innovations? Microsoft's Windows Phone 7, instead of re-treading the Windows Mobile of old for the umpteenth time, is a fresh, innovative take on the smartphone that's criticized for missing 3rd party multitasking and copy/paste (sound familiar?).
But Apple, Google, and Microsoft (and even Palm now with HP) have billions and billions of dollars. Can't they just throw engineers at any problem? Double teams? Triple teams? Unfortunately great engineers aren't robots (don't tell them!). You can't manufacture engineers, they don't scale linearly, and the competition for them between those billion dollar companies is fierce. Bigger groups don't always better products make anyway. Added complexity does not efficiency promote.
Apple runs like a startup. Small groups, intensely focused, engineers often moving to projects as priorities and schedules dictate. They spend far less money than most of their competitors and earn far, far more profits. So it seems to work for them. (Or at least under Steve Jobs it reduces the bureaucracy, internecine feuding, and design-by-committee that has plagued some competing products.)
What about time? Couldn't Apple have taken more time and waited to release the iPad until they had iOS 4.2 ready for it? Couldn't they have released the iPad in November 2010 in time for the holidays rather than April? Sure. They could also have waited until June 2010 to release the first iPhone so it would have multitasking out the gate. They probably wouldn't have lost first mover advantage -- no one was really moving in the smartphone or tablet space pre iPhone and iPad -- but who would that have benefited? Not the hundreds of millions of iOS users and the 7-million odd iPad users who bought their devices prior to iOS 4. We would have lost months or years of use and the market inarguably would not be where it is today absent the push Apple's iPhone and iPad have given it.
"Great artists ship," is a favorite quote of Apple CEO Steve Jobs, and the iPhone with iOS 1 and iPad with iOS 3.2 were fantastic, groundbreaking devices when they shipped. The hardware was top notch, the user experience revolutionary, and in many ways years and months later the industry is still catching up.
That's why -- crazy as it sounds -- it took 1 year for 3rd party apps, 2 years for copy/paste, and 3 years for 3rd party multitasking (1st party multitasking on iOS has been phenomenal since launch in 2007). And that's why it will probably (and hopefully only!) take 4 years for elegant notifications.
Moreover, iOS 4.2 was and is a free update. Apple didn't make anyone buy new software or new hardware or pay anything more than the internet bandwidth to download it. When iPad hardware was ready, it shipped. When iOS 4 for iPad was ready, it shipped.
Apple deserves criticism for many things -- why throw in AirPlay and AirPrint when they didn't have time to finish them by their self-appointed deadline? -- but not shipping iOS 4 for iPad back in April 2010 isn't one of them.
Have something to say about this story? Leave a comment! Need help with something else? Ask in our forums!
Reader comments
Why iPad didn't ship with iOS 4
It's all really a moot point. People cry like babies when software is released too early and missing features or is buggy. They also cry when they have to wait because the developer wants a solid release.
Kudos to Apple for at least getting the software right, even if they did botch the design and engineering of the iphone4.
Software is much harder to do than hardware. Hardware for the most part is commoditized and modular. You pick and choose. Software on the other hand, is a spiraling nightmare. New features have unpredictable costs, resources and schedules. With ever more features, complexity increases exponentially. More and more bugs cannot be squashed. Development cycles increase. It's a decent bet that Apple simply cannot maintain a yearly release cycle after iOS 4. iOS 5 maybe will be released in June 2011. iOS 6 in June 2012? Maybe not. It could be 18 months between cycles then, while the hardware continues its yearly pace.
iOS 4 really needs a 1 GHz device with 512 MB of RAM. My 3GS is the bare minimum for iOS 4. Bare minimum. It's been awhile in the desktop world for me to feel the need for new hardware due to the software "slowing down the system". Not so with iOS. Definitely feel that iOS needs a 1+ GHz and 512+ MB ram to smoothly run. Full-on multitasking probably needs 1.5 GHz and 1 GB RAM, and virtual memory to boot.
The real question is why didn't Apple have iOS 4 ready in late June for the iPad? It took them 5 extra months. I believe iPad 2 will ship with some version of iOS 4 but I hope that when iPhone 5 & iOS 5 launch in late June 2011,
we don't have to wait for the Fall again to get iOS 5 for our iPad 2.
what you fail to mention is all the features in the iphone/ipad that still dont exist that should exist such as mark email as read where is that feature or ringtones for sms messages and email and any other service apple never listens to there customer and thats why they are slowly losing me as a customer
@noaim: What feature would you take out to get one of those?
Apple doesn't listen to some specific customers immediately but they've shown they add features over time that many customers want, and create features many didn't realize they wanted until they saw them.
Rene is right. Those may be features you want or even rely on, but that doesn't mean everyone does. Apple, arguably just like any company, tries to include features that customers want OR advance the field/brand, or preferably both. In order to have such a tightly integrated product, they have to focus on specific feature sets, usually to the exclusion of others. There really isn't any way to avoid that and still have the kind of rigor that Apple has about its products.
The moral of the story is look at the big picture; specific features may come at any moment, but we can't count on our pet features coming as soon as we want them.
Rene, like someone else just said.. The more obvious miss for me is why didnt Apple have iOS 4 ready for the iPad when iOS4 was introduced to the iPhone and iPod touch? You didn't mention what was most obvious to me.
I don't blame Apple for rushing out the iPad months ahead of the nearest comptitior's tablet... But to have the iPad wait an extra season and a half for ios4 is just beyond me and wished you would of touched on that.
To all the people that are posting negatively about Rene, and his decision to write this article, please post a link with your blog, with better exciting stories... until then, shut it... Rene is a blogger, and is free to blog about what he wants, when he wants. Even if that is just blogging about his thoughts. good read on a slow sunday night if ya ask me.
I agree with the guy above me all the way
Apple does a fantastic job with their ui. Its no secret that they pioneered many of the standard features that a full on touch screen device contains now. For that they deserve full credit. However, they are guilty of forcing many of their customers into annual upgrades to obtain the newest features or software enhancements. They could've released the iPhone 3g in 2007, but what motive would anyone have had to buy again in 2008? What about waiting on video recording or mms? Simple features that even non smartphones with no real processing could do, the first 2 iPhones could not. Initially. How is it that the jailbreak community could give us feature sets long before the multi-billion dollar company could? You blame it on time vs talent? I say greed and a great understanding of the consumers willingness to spend for the next upgrade. Why is it that dell can offer the newest Intel processors in their basic laptops at half the price of the MacBook? The i3 & i5 are available in the 15 & 17 inch versions but not the 13. Why? Incremental upgrades are a must. I really like the ios ui. Its very intuitive, and the benchmark for which its competition is measured for a reason. Hopefully the stiff competition will make apple rethink their practices and ios 5 will be the hardware, software and carrier combination weve been waiting on since 2007.
Hardware is easy. Software is hard. That's why there were so many tablet-format devices at CES last year. The wannabes just mashed together components to "beat iPad to market." This is before iPad was announced, so actually it was "beat the Apple iSlate to market."
They did beat iPad to market, their software sucked, and now they're gone. (Remember the Lenovo IdeaPad U1 Hybrid Notebook? Or the Que e-reader? How 'bout the Notion Ink Adam Smartpad? No? Innovative Converged Devices Vega and Ultra Tablets anybody?)
Sure, people get angry at you if you ship your software late. If it's solid when it finally does ship, people will be happy. But if you ship buggy software, people will hate you forever. Even if it's on schedule.
As an aside, I think Steve will wait for CES to be over before saying word one about iPad 2. The media will compare every product at CES to any Apple product that remotely resembles it. Free non-stop Apple publicity during CES, and Apple won't even have a booth there. CES will just build hype for iPad 2.0. And all the wannabes will be forced to announce their products in the dark before iPad 2 is announced. Brutal for the wannabes. Beautiful for Apple.
@Cardfan, well said. To all of us it seems simple. For those that have to implement there are a lot of different variables to consider. It is not just a simple plug in to activate features, but a more integrated approach. Apple has a concept and has to fit features consumers "need" into that concept.
This is an excellent post but there is another angle that I am not seeing getting any press:
The 4.2 release was delayed by wifi issues. For some users there us a big wifi issue after installing. If you have the problem you experience one or both of the following:
- slow internet (thought to be dns related) slow email and browsing and videos that time out
- wifi that hangs 5 minutes of no internet activity. Turning airplane mode on and off brings it back until the next time you sleep your screen. This is related a combo of the following: your router and settings, amount of interference, strength of signal, the iPad hardware itself and how sensitive to signal strength.
Rolling back to 3.2.2 fixes it entirely. To see how big the problem is you can do a quick search if rpthe apple forums. Thevgood news is that apple has engaged some users and collected info about their setup. So hopefully a fix is in the works.
The bad news is that no one is writing about the issue that is effecting a lot of people. This would help to getva fix faster. The other badcthingbis that apples support staff are not aware of the issue. And worse posts in the apple forum to show people how to downgrade temporarily are being removed as are some posts asking people to elevate the issue with the press.
Imagine the headlines:
Apple releases update with some users having big wifi issues
Apple not acknkowledging big flaw in latest iPad update removes posts telling people how to downgrade to be able to use their broken devices
Ok I'm not a writer but you get the point.
I love the new updates that Apple has added into this device. However I am not in favor of the side button become a mute option & making the screen lock a software based button.
That's what happens whenever you buy an Apple product. They don't want to give you everything all at once. They need a reason to get you to upgrade to the next release. Look at the original iPhone to the iPhone 3Gs. Nothing major changed that should not have been included in the original. Same will happen to iPad. Don't buy one until iPad 4 is out.
@Mike P - Um, nothing changed from the iPhone 2G to the iPhone 3GS? That's just simply wrong.
The change from the iPhone 2G/3G to iPhone 3GS represents the biggest performance improvement that the device line will ever see. It was a real doubling of performance going from the ~430 MHz ARM11 based CPU and PowerVR MBX GPU to the 600 MHz Cortex-A8 CPU and PowerVR SGX535 GPU. You will never see that kind of performance improvement between generations ever again. This was real improvement for all applications and ops. The move to dual-core won't get you that.
You could not put most of the stuff in the original as it simply wasn't possible.
@Mike A. - "The real question is why didn't Apple have iOS 4 ready in late June for the iPad?"
It's answered in the article. Apple does not have infinite resources. You pick and choose how to best apply the resources you have. There are many basic rules of thumb about project management that you have to think about.
- The best programmers, engineers are 10x as productive as the average programmer, engineer.
- The best programmers, engineers are 10x as rare as the average programmer, engineer.
- Increases in manpower, resources will not have proportional increases in productivity.
- You become less efficient as the team gets bigger and generally will produce lower quality products.
- Increases in manpower may mean productivity goes negative. (Progress goes backward, not forward, even slowly).
iOS 4 wasn't available for the iPad in June because all of their resources were devoted to getting iOS 4 for iPhone/iPod touch out the door. And they didn't have enough time for that. They really needed another 3 months. You want your teams small with the best people. So Apple has to pick and choose.
This isn't a walk in the park. It takes real money, really talented people, and really difficult choices to get something designed, engineering, built, checked, shipped, supported and maintained.
I got distracted when Rene claimed that Apple had to choose to include feature A or feature B instead of waiting to release the product until it had basic features that defined the then-existing smartphone market.
Granted, they were redefine it, but that doesn't insulate them from a fair point of criticism.
I am also surprised (for some reason) to see statements like those that claim anyone who is disappointed in a product has only themselves to blame - as if research can ever replace actually experiencing the device.
Re: "Apple deserves criticism for many things — why throw in AirPlay and AirPrint when they didn't have time to finish them by their self-appointed deadline? — but not shipping iOS 4 for iPad back in April 2010 isn't one of them."
By the logic of the article, Apple did the right thing by releasing even half-finished products so that users could enjoy that half-functionality during the time it would've taken to finish baking them.
It's all worthy of criticism and it's all good for those who enjoy the product without the "essential" features or functionality.
Good for the latter. Too bad for the former...except that there were a number of people who became highly skeptical of the iPhone BECAUSE one ought to be able to assume that a modern device has certain features or will have them within what one might consider a reasonable amount of time. Again, like so many things, it's not just about the hard facts you dig up, but about trusting the sources of those facts and the object of them.
Two years for copy/paste exceeds what this user would call a reasonable amount of time.
This is inching dangerously close to rant territory, but I will mention the awful video quality over 3G. Most wouldn't know about that until they bought and used the device on 3G (as opposed to display models on wifi networks). It affects YouTube, Safari, the BBC News app, etc. Plenty of other smartdevices play YouTube video clearly enough to recognize text and faces over 3G.
It's all worth a gripe.
The post is factual and logical and well written, but unfortunately it's not very relevant after OS 4 is already out for iPad. I kinda wish you were able to write this a few months ago it would have made more sense.
If you'd like to learn more about Apple's development style, they use style called "Agile development," which basically consists of the stuff Rene described: "Small groups, intensely focused, engineers often moving to projects as priorities and schedules dictate." If you are interested in learning more, google Agile Development.
Rene, I hope you thoughtfully consider a possible article on something that's bugged me for a while, and that is why did it take 2 years for copy/paste or 3 years for user multitasking? It's bugged me that people continue to harp on it negatively, and that no one has actually addressed it that I have seen. I personally don't always agree with your posts (and sometimes I've been as negative as the people here today! :)) but you seem to be willing to actually approach these subjects which can be informative and entertaining. I personally believe the answer to this is in Apple's Agile development process, and that it's a Good Thing.


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Kyle Rudzinski checks the wiring on a solar panel.
Dawn breaks late high in the Andes. But life in the town of Santa Rosa, Peru still starts early. From weaving alpaca blankets to cooking potato soup for breakfast, residents in this rural town begin every day by the sun, which blazes across a grassy, treeless landscape. Families stay busy throughout the day's waking hours to stave off chills from a morning frost. And on this winter's day there's lots of work to warm hearts; for the first time ever, many will get the gift of light.
Canadian-based nonprofit Light Up the World and Peruvian nonprofit partner Kuyacc Ayni are in town working with locals to install small solar energy systems that provide enough power for two LED lights and one compact fluorescent, or CFL. On this day students from Texas Tech's Center for Energy Commerce are also in town, assisting with the installations.
Christian Miguel Candela Barra of NonProfit Kuyacc Ayni teaches Texas Tech students how to wire a solar energy system.
Students, Peruvian families, and solar experts work side-by-side throughout the day, but often in the dark. Thatch roofs and adobe walls offer minimal insulation during cold August nights. And without glass, windows would simply be openings for blustery winds. Homes are pitch black throughout the day, making it tough to do household work. The faint light from sheep dung fueled fires fill homes with smoke, harming the health of mothers and children as they go about their days indoors.
Madison House Alum, Kyle Rudzinski works in the dark, connecting an indoor batter. It's 10 AM and very bright outside but pitch black indoors.
For some families handheld flashlights are an option, but with battery costs hovering around $2.20 USD every week, it's a costly option. That's where Light Up the World and Texas Tech come in. Every year Texas Tech partners with Light Up the World on the World Energy Project, an experiential learning, service-based study abroad course. The World Energy Project creates tremendous opportunity for both students and the communities it serves. By paying for a complete solar energy package over time through microfinance, Peruvian families save money by paying less for their system than for batteries; they save time by avoiding the three hour trek to the nearest town to buy expensive batteries; they can be more efficient with high quality light indoors; they can avoid poor indoor air quality by relying on fire less; and they can offer their children an opportunity to pursue education at night. And with an adapter, families can power radios to connect them with their fellow Peruvians.
Life gets busy. So busy sometimes, it seems like there's just no time for community service. I felt that way earlier and decided it was time to make time for service. Despite ample opportunity as an undergrad to volunteer with service trips like, Alternative Spring Break, I had never traveled for service. So I resolved to spend time working on a clean energy project abroad rather than take a traditional vacation.
After hours of online research I was fortunate enough to serve as a translator on the World Energy Project while learning about solar energy systems, microfinance, and Peruvian culture. And next June I'll be returning to Peru to lead Texas Tech students on the World Energy Project.
The University and Madison House instill the importance of lifelong service in students. And that tradition of service extends well beyond Grounds. For me, pursuing that tradition led to an incredibly powerful experience and a rewarding opportunity to help people. Your local UVA Club may be partnering with Madison House to hold a service event, or you can simply find something you care about in your community and make a few hours to volunteer. So, if you haven't thought about service much since you last walked the Lawn, consider building on Virginia's tradition to serve and get involved.
A light shines in a home in Peru…
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|Skirt: Buffalo Exchange| Shirt: H&M| Lips: MAC CB 96|Sunglasses: H&M|
One of my favorite things about being near my mom and sisters again is popping by their place every now and then. Today I stopped by Keighley's before heading off to do some work. We quickly made ourselves comfortable on her couch where we talked about crows attacking Piper, frustrations with the blog (yes, this blog), and husbands who never scour the bathroom. I envied her beautiful entertainment center and knick-knacks, and enjoyed the smells from her pile of clean laundry she was folding.
The best part about sisters: they love you no matter how you look. I came to her door with a hair mask on and wrapped in a bun, a three-peated outfit, and sunglasses to cover the swollen eyes I get from allergies. Somehow, she still managed to compliment me.
No one can brighten your day like moms and sisters can (and an awesome new skirt that I exchanged old clothes for!).


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After seeing this thread and of course knowing there was such a thing as Twitter, and looking at the site itself and not understanding it at all, I joined the other day. Now what do I do?
This message board is only an archive. Click here to go to the current message board.
After seeing this thread and of course knowing there was such a thing as Twitter, and looking at the site itself and not understanding it at all, I joined the other day. Now what do I do?
I have a Twitter account and check in on it from time to time, but I'm not really that much into it. Though I have had Clive Barker and Fairuza Balk reply to questions I've asked, so that was pretty cool.
No tweeting for me. I'm not that interesting!
Twitter is a lot of fun during things like the Oscars, when people can get quite snarky.
Besides following people, so that you see everything they tweet, you can also search what are called hashtags. For example, last week Kansas City had a big fire on the Plaza, the premier shopping/dining district. People were using the hashtag #plazafire to discuss it in their tweets, so that made it really easy for me to keep up with the latest, much faster than the news was being updated. Also, on Fridays, if you search for the hashtag #ff, you will see recommendations of people to follow.
And then of course, you can tweet as well. General commentary, stuff about trending hashtags, cool links, etc. You can even retweet the tweets of others you find interesting.
I am not much into social media. I have never had a facebook or twitter account........I do rather like the SKMB though!!
I do have a twitter, but I wish I knew how to put my user name up. Just not sure how to do it, I've even tried the whole copy and paste thing, but it doesn't recognize the address. It's either something to do with A E Angel (my pen name) or the name of my book. I hope you can find me, I do like to tweet. (Wink! Wink!)
Just go to Twitter and click on your name in the upper left-hand corner. Then copy the URL (e.g. https://twitter.com/BevVincent). People will be able to find you that way.
I've never done it. I've gone to a couple of accounts and read some but don't really understand how it works. I guess the only way to figure it out is to get an account and try it.


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Filters: Keyword is Human Biology Division and Keyword is January 2013 [Clear All Filters]
A model for the design and construction of a resource for the validation of prognostic prostate cancer biomarkers: the Canary Prostate Cancer Tissue Microarray.. Advances in anatomic pathology. 20(1):39-44. Abstract. 2013.
The cell fate determinant Llgl1 influences HSC fitness and prognosis in AML.. The Journal of experimental medicine. 210(1):15-22. Abstract. 2013.
Nucleotide variation in IL-10 and IL-12 and their receptors and cervical and vulvar cancer risk: A hybrid case-parent triad and case-control study.. International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer. Abstract. 2012.
Body mass index, tumor characteristics, and prognosis following diagnosis of early-stage breast cancer in a mammographically screened population.. Cancer causes & control : CCC. 24(2):305-12. Abstract. 2013.
Reproductive factors and risk of estrogen receptor positive, triple-negative, and HER2-neu overexpressing breast cancer among women 20-44 years of age.. Breast cancer research and treatment. 137(2):579-87. Abstract. 2013.
Comparison of Genome-Wide Binding of MyoD in Normal Human Myogenic Cells and Rhabdomyosarcomas Identifies Regional and Local Suppression of Promyogenic Transcription Factors.. Molecular and cellular biology. 33(4):773-84. Abstract. 2013.
53BP1 expression in sporadic and inherited ovarian carcinoma: Relationship to genetic status and clinical outcomes.. Gynecologic oncology. 128(3):493-9. Abstract. 2013.
Palindromic nucleotide analysis in human T cell receptor rearrangements.. PloS one. 7(12):e52250. Abstract. 2012.
Genetic architecture of variation in the lateral line sensory system of threespine sticklebacks.. G3 (Bethesda, Md.). 2(9):1047-56. Abstract. 2012.
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Arch Kitchen Cabinets1940 Ellesmere Rd, Scarborough, ON M1H 2V7
- 416-759-8261
- Get directions
- Website
We were treated like something the man scraped off his shoe, once we started pointing out one rookie mistake after another. * preliminary measurements used to manufacture the cabinets instead of waiting to measure the finished room. with framing and drywall *slope required by code, for the basement drain was ignored when designing his precut surfaces *Far too little space allowed for door opening and customer blamed for the walls not fitting his "Custom kitchen" He seemed to be trying to move product into a space where it didn't fit. Arch has a shop but I suspect they build prefab rather than "CUSTOM" as advertised, because estimator insisted on regular sizes for cabinetry. *the dimensions signed for, were never confirmed and the 90" turned to 88" when the peninsula cabinetry was moved in tighter to fit the length of the wall, and now our oven door does not open all the way without hitting the cabinet door handles.- UNRESOLVED. *upper cabinets similarly did not open past the ceiling mounted pot lights *one cabinet was delivered in the wrong size and had to be returned *another was incorrectly installed at the wrong height *obvious blemish in finished surface where too long a screw was used to attach finish panel *kick plate uneven due to improper order of installation *no valances were provided for the under-mount lighting, even though the drawings submitted to the electrician clearly specified them. There was no haggling on the price of this job, and there was never a rush to finish, There is no excuse for the level of incompetence and unprofessionalism we experienced. The tone was condescending and accusatory. Everything that went wrong was someone else's fault. even the customer's. WE HIRED THEM because they are supposed to know what they are doing WE WON'T ever use ARCH KITCHEN CABINETS again
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Validating web forms is a critical skill for any web developer, ensuring that the data that's submitted is complete, accurate, and nonmalicious before it's sent off to the server. Join author Ray Villalobos in this course as he shows how to validate input from site visitors with HTML5, JavaScript, and jQuery and then process the data with PHP. Plus, learn how to email form data and save it in a MySQL database so that it's ready for other applications.
If you're a premium member of the lynda.com online training library, or if you're watching this tutorial on a DVD rom, you have access to the excercise files used throughout this title. In the Exercise Files folder, you'll find folders for each video in this series. Inside those folders you may see a single forms folder. And usually I'll start the movie by having pulled that folder into my desktop. And opened those files into my text editor with a preview in one of my browsers. You may also find a folder. That has a Finish folder and a Working folder.
The Working folder is the version of the files when I start the movie and the Finish folder is the version of the files when I finish the movie. In some folders you may also see a code snippets file. That file has some code that I'll copy and paste occasionally into the text editor. In this movie, I'll also be working with files from the server. In that case, I will have copied the files into my FTP application and pulled the preview directly from the web server. Unlike most courses, these files are not necessarily in sequential order. I highly suggest that you start each movie by looking for the folder for that movie, opening the Working folder, and copying the Forms folder onto your desktop.
If you're a monthly member, or an annual member of lynda.com, you don't have access to the exercise files. But you can follow along from scratch with your own assets. So let's get ready to start validating and processing forms.
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Ken Rosenthal and Jon Paul Morosi of Fox Sports reported that the Dodgers have agreed to trade Nate Eovaldi and Scott McGough to the Marlins for Hanley Ramirez and Randy Choate. Surprised? So is basically everybody else. The Miami Marlins' shocking midseason rebuild continued with a blockbuster trade after 2 a.m. ET Wednesday: They sent mercurial star Hanley Ramirez and ... Read More »
Dodgers Acquire Hanley Ramirez & Randy Choate For Nate Eovaldi & Scott McGough
According to Ken Rosenthal and Jon Paul Morosi of Fox Sports, the Dodgers have traded Nate Eovaldi and Scott McGough to the Marlins for Hanley Ramirez and Randy Choate. BLOCKBUSTER: Hanley Ramirez & Randy Choate to #Dodgers, Nathan Eovaldi & Scott McGough to #Marlins, sources tell @Ken_Rosenthal and me. — Jon Morosi (@jonmorosi) July 25, 2012 I'll have complete analysis ... Read More »
Matt Kemp Is Awesome, This Time For A Reason Unrelated To Baseball
So everybody knows Matt Kemp rules on the field, but this is even better than his play. This Is Matt Kemp. My little sister has AML She met him last Tuesday and he has worn her bracelet ever since. I don't care if you are a dodger fan or not this man means more to my family then you will ... Read More »
Dodgers Reportedly Move On From Ryan Dempster To Matt Garza
According to Ken Rosenthal of Fox Sports, the Dodgers are now "very unlikely" to land Ryan Dempster, but it seems like the team is still in on the chase. The Dodgers are "very unlikely" to trade for Dempster according to Ken Rosenthal of FOX Sports (on Twitter). They prefer not to trade prospects for a rental, making Matt Garza a ... Read More »
Dodgers Sign Two More 2012 Draftees, Finish With 33 Of 41 Picks Inked
Last time around, I noted that the Dodgers had signed 31 out of their 41 draft picks in 2012, including all 11 in the bonus pool. Since then, the signing deadline has passed, but not before two more players inked deals with the team: 16th round OF Josh Henderson and 20th round RHP Jharel Cotton. ========== Complete Coverage Of The ... Read More »
Down On The Farm: Week Of July 9th – Magill, Pederson, Santiago, Sweeney, Rathjen
It was a down week for some of the Dodgers minor league affiliates. The Chattanooga Lookouts and Rancho Cucamonga Quakes both had 2-4 weeks. The Great Lakes Loons checked in with the best record at 5-1. The Albuquerque Isotopes had an abbreviated week due to the Pacific Coast League All-Star Game. The Loons and Ogden Raptors scored the most runs ... Read More »
Stephen Fife set for MLB debut as Chad Billingsley heads to DL … sigh
Previously, I took a look at potential Chad Billingsley replacements at AAA in Stephen Fife and John Ely, wondering whether Ely would ever get another crack. Well, today the Dodgers put Billingsley on the 15-day DL and promoted Fife to start. The Dodgers placed right-hander Chad Billingsley on the 15-day disabled list on Tuesday with an inflamed elbow flexor tendon, ... Read More »
Trade Rumors: Dodgers On Ryan Dempster, Shane Victorino, Jimmy Rollins
The Dodgers being in on Ryan Dempster has been beaten to death already, but competition is apparently heating up. The Dodgers and Tigers are among the most serious suitors for Cubs right-hander Ryan Dempster, Morosi reports. Ten teams have reportedly shown interest in Dempster. That deal that was on the table? Price has probably gone up a bit if the ... Read More »
Chad Billingsley will only miss one start, but will his replacement be Stephen Fife or John Ely?
After a scare the other day due to the results of his first MRI, which led to speculation that he could miss up to a year, Chad Billingsley's second MRI came back with much better news for him and the Dodgers. Manager Don Mattingly said he doubts Tuesday's starter will be Chad Billingsley, who took an MRI on Monday — ... Read More »
Chad Billingsley's Surprise Elbow Strain
"Surprise! I'm sore!" – Chad Billingsley's Elbow So Chad Billingsley's elbow is messed up, and he's due for a second MRI on it today after the first MRI found a strain. Chad Billingsley was scratched from his scheduled start for the Dodgers on Sunday with right elbow pain and said after the game that MRI results showed "flexor muscle and ... Read More »
How Can One Play Lead To Eight Fails? The Dodgers Know!
In case you missed it last night, this is how the Dodgers lost, and it's … failtacular. That's the only way I can describe it. There's so much to observe in that one GIF/play that it was hard to absorb at the time. Dodgers fans were left asking themselves "What the fuck just happened?" even hours after the game was ... Read More »
Joe Paterno Gave Some Interesting Quotes About His Image & The Death Penalty In 1987
Was browsing around the Internet yesterday, reading up on the Penn State University scandal, and stumbled upon this article by Thomas Ferraro of United Press International published on May 17th, 1987. What stood out to me were Joe Paterno's quotes on his image… "Joe Paterno shifts uncomfortably on the couch of his office at Penn State University and makes a ... Read More »
Dodgers Have "Deal On Table" For Ryan Dempster Involving Two Pitching Prospects
According to George Ofman of WBBM in Chicago, the Dodgers have an offer on the table for the Cubs' Ryan Dempster that involves two pitching prospects. Cubs have at least 2 deals on table for Dempster. One from Tigers including young lefty and from Dodgers for two pitching prospects. — George ofman (@georgeofman) July 14, 2012 I've already explored the ... Read More »
Around The Web: Dodgers Mid-Season Grades, Evaluting Scouts, Umpire Strike Three Calls
Mike Scioscia's Tragic Illness: Mike Petriello gave his mid-season grades for the offense. Thought he was a bit friendly to Bobby Abreu given that most of his production wasn't so much skill-based as luck-based. Mike Scioscia's Tragic Illness: Mike Petriello gave his mid-season grades for the pitchers. I don't quite understand why Chris Capuano gets an A basically for his ... Read More »
Down On The Farm: Week Of July 2nd – Ely, Magill, Santiago, Hermsen, Martinez
With the Dodgers signing all of the players they drafted in the first 10 rounds, the minor league rosters have received ample reinforcements. The latest to sign: Paco Rodriguez. He was assigned to the Great Lakes Loons. As for on-field performance, the Arizona League Dodgers are on fire. The team is 13-2 on the season and ahead of the second-place ... Read More »


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60 Years Ago July 22, 1955 Among the 26 young men accepted into the School of Veterinary Medicine at Missouri University is J. O.
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Hard Maple
Ask Our Best Price Guarantee! Email or Call for a quotation NOW:
For Deal of the Week go to: http://bestwoodfloor.blogspot.com/
Available In: Mercier, Goodfellow, Somerset, Preverco, Mirage, Bruce, Johnson, Homerwood, Armstrong, Mohawk, Shaw.
Botanical name: Acer saccharum. Grows in: North America.
Color: Heartwood is creamy white to light reddish brown; sapwood is pale to creamy white.
Grain: Closed, subdued grain, with medium figuring and uniform texture. Occasionally shows quilted, fiddleback, curly or bird's-eye figuring. Figured boards often culled during grading and sold at a premium.
Black maple (B. nigrum) is also hard; other species are classified as soft.
Durability: Above average.
Hardness/Janka: Janka: 1450; (12% harder than Northern red oak).
Dimensional Stability: Average (9.9; 15% less stable than red oak).
Workability: Hard maple's density makes it difficult to machine and work with hand tools. It is difficult to sand because of density, and because light color makes sander markers show more than on darker woods. Extra care must be taken during sanding and finishing, as sanding marks and finish lines are more obvious due to maple's density and light color.No known problems with nailing.
It takes finish well; May be difficult to stain.


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Apple Releases HD Movie Purchases in iTunes
The word has gone out: Apple is now allowing you to do more than just rent movies in HD, they're letting you buy them. You're looking at spending a bit extra for the HD version - $19.99 to be precise. They're pushing preorders for a few movies (Quantum of Solace and Twilight) but there are also a few you can buy right now (Saw V, for example. Sadists rejoice!).
The movies also come with an SD version bundled in for your iPhone and iPod. Which is great and all, but how's-about Apple provide us with an iPhone that doesn't need such primitive down-scaled resolutions. iPhone HD looking more likely to anyone? If it comes, we're still doubting it would be the 720p that these videos come in (our money's on iPhone HD with 480p), but it would be a sight better. We're still hoping against hope here, but maybe 2009 could be the true "Year of HD," ...4 years late, but still very welcome.
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Reader comments
Apple Releases HD Movie Purchases in iTunes
Or you buy the Blu-Ray for home, and get the Digital Copy (suitable for iPhone) free :-)
"iPhone HD looking more likely to anyone?"
GRRRR! no!
any of the current, non-HD video clips that apple pushes out would still have more than enough resolution to satisfy a "480p" screen, which apple couldn't market as "HD" because it ISN'T HD!
also comment #1 has it .. zero need for HD on a mobile device, at least when it comes to viewing video. for reading text it might help, a little, but for movies it is practically irrelevant at the physical dimensions of the iPhone.
Valid points, but I think you guys are missing something: HD doesn't mean 720p, and it isn't just for video. It's screen density and it's screen real-estate. If you go back and check out our post on resolution independence, we go over the Nano already being 202dpi, the BlackBerry Bold already hitting 217dpi, and HTC already putting out 480x800px screens.
That's a lot of space for writing, for surfacing the web, for using XLS sheets, and if it's resolution independent, it's a lot of depth for zooming out and getting bigger views.
And it's clear like crystal.
HD is just a marketing term. TV is going HD. Cameras are going HD. iTunes is going HD. Maybe Apple will use that term, maybe not.
But as component prices fall and batteries get better, Apple will pull the switch on higher density (HD) iPhones.
I for one can't wait. I want more on Mobile Safari, never mind iPod!
Also: NOT AVAILABLE IN CANADA :(
Erm. iPhone HD this summer : maybe.
me buying a 20 dollar file : Maybe not.
I'll stick to what already works for me !! ^_^
I think the iPhone HD looks more like a possibility, and likely will be announced in the summer but do I see any need for it? No.
"HD doesn't mean 720p, and it isn't just for video."
HD doesn't mean 720p but it DOES mean at higher than standard definition which 480p really isn't. that is, essentially, "standard definition". and in my comment i did mention it'd help with text rendering but text already renders very well at small sizes on the current screen.
okay so spreadsheets will look better but this post isn't about spreadsheets. it's about video and putting HD video on a standard definition 480p device is silly and ridiculously inefficient.
of course higher resolution is going to happen eventually but you don't see the Blackberry or HTC people calling their screens HD - because they aren't HD.
And here in sweden we are still waiting to be able to rent or buy any movies from iTunes. :(


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