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In Detroit, the hub of U.S. auto manufacturers, the reaction was mixed, with some saying that auto companies need to make this happen and others arguing that manufacturers would be forced to pass down the costs of meeting these regulations to consumers.
Just two months after the Big 3 automakers came to Washington, D.C., requesting a bailout and promising more fuel-efficient vehicles, the state of automakers remains weak. General Motors said today that it will cut 2,000 jobs at plants in Michigan and Ohio because of slow sales. Changing its strategy so it falls in line with the government may not be as easy as in a better financial climate.
Job cut announcements -- some of which Obama addressed -- also flowed in today. Home Depot Inc. said it plans to eliminate 7,000 jobs while closing four dozen of its smaller home improvement stores. Sprint Nextel Corp. said it is eliminating about 8,000 positions as it seeks to cut annual costs by $1.2 billion.
Obama has swiftly moved to reverse several other Bush-era policies.
Last week, he signed an executive order to shut down the controversial detainee center at Guantanamo Bay within a year's time.
He also overturned the "Mexico City policy" and opened the way for federal funding to flow to international organizations that provide abortion-related services, a Reagan-era law that was overturned by President Clinton and then reimposed by Bush.
Obama, who is also in the process of pushing his stimulus plan, met with Republican leaders last week to discuss the economic package. But despite the bipartisan approach, Obama showed there were clear limits.
And Monday, in another symbolic turn from the Bush administration, Obama appointed as his special envoy for climate change Todd Stern, the U.S. negotiator on the Kyoto Protocol agreement that the Bush administration withdrew from in 2001.
In a subtle criticism of presidents past, Obama stated in his remarks today that alarms about energy dependency have been sounded, but that no concrete measures have been taken.
"Year after year, decade after decade, we've chosen delay over decisive action. Rigid ideology has overruled sound science. Special interests have overshadowed common sense. Rhetoric has not led to the hard work needed to achieve results," he said. "Our leaders raise their voices each time there is a spike in gas prices, only to grow quiet when the price falls at the pump."
But despite his early steps, going beyond rhetoric may be a challenge for the new administration as well.
"I'll be looking to see whether the president can use his ability to communicate in order to build the political support that's necessary to do what we've known for long that are important," Levi said. "Ultimately, big steps to change the way we use energy are going to require tough decisions from congressmen, and those are not going to happen without presidential leadership."
With a myriad of issues -- from the economy to two wars abroad -- facing the newly minted president, it remains to be seen how Obama's energy and environmental agenda will unfold in the coming years.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.


text: Installation of waste water treatment plant and water treatment plant – turn key project for a German customer. The capacity of a line is projected for 3 000 l/hour. Technology of waste water treatment is based on principle of vacuum evaporation with consequent discharge of concentrate to crystallizing evaporator with an aim of its reduction and crystallizing. The target is to close a cycle of hexavalent chrome and separation of heavy metals with a possibility of further usage.

subset: commoncrawl


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After your fall clean-up is complete for the year, it is time to winterize your tools so that they are sharp, sanitized, and easy to find come spring.
Remove soil or vegetation from all tools using a wire brush, scraper or a strong stream of water. Wire brushes marketed to clean grills are handy because they usually include a scraper. Once everything has been cleaned and dried, lubricate all tool pivot points and springs. Finally, spray all bare metal parts and cutting edges with penetrating oil such as WD-40 to prevent rust.
When sanitizing garden tools, the usual ratio is a 10 percent solution or 1 part bleach to 9 parts water. Using a 1 cup measuring cup, this would be 1 cup bleach to 9 cups water. Use a heavy solution of 3 parts bleach and 2 parts water to disinfect tools used on plants that are known to be diseased. Sanitizing once per year for tools such as shovel and hoes is sufficient, but tools such as pruners and loppers should be sanitized after each use. This process with help prevent the spread of fungus, disease, insects, and insect eggs.
Check all tools thoroughly for loose screws or nuts and tighten them accordingly. Replace or repair broken handles and other bent or broken parts. Wheelbarrows, carts and wagons may also need some attention before winter. Clean them thoroughly and touch up paint chips with spray paint to prevent exposed steel from rusting.
With your array of garden tools and supplies, the key to great garage storage and organization is getting things off the floor and onto the wall. A pegboard attached to a wall is a great place to store garden tools when not in use. Hardware stores and home improvement centers have a variety of hooks and wall brackets for tools of all shapes and sizes. Don't forget the hoses and other watering aids. Before storing hoses, nozzles and other sprinkler attachments away for the winter, drain all the water from them and store in a dry location. Hose supports or reels prevent sagging and kinking. Regardless of your preferred storage method, having tools ready to go in the spring will make those early season chores that much easier.
Have a great Thanksgiving!
Rachael and Tobias
The telltale signs are here. First comes football season. Then the weather is absurdly amazing (we can dream that every autumn always starts out beautiful). Leaves start to fall. It is nearly time to give our landscape beds some attention.
After several hard frosts:
-Cut perennials back to soil level and remove debris.
-Consider which plants performed well and which did not. Make a note of any changes to be made it the spring.
-Remove debris from any annual plantings in the landscape.
-If we have a fall with limited rainfall, give the landscape a deep soak to prevent stress on the plants as they go into winter.
-Add a one inch layer of mulch to help conserve soil moisture and protect the root systems, especially for newly planted landscapes.
Removing debris such as leaves and other dead plant material from the landscape will prevent the spread of certain fungi that can overwinter on dead plant material and then continue to spread and infect new leaf tissue during the following spring. Taking the extra step to remove debris will also eliminate potential nesting areas created by unwanted critters.
You may want to consider leaving ornamental grass, coneflower, and black-eyed susan in the landscape over the winter months. Not only do they add structure and interest to the winter landscape, but they are also a food source for some native birds. If you decide to wait until spring to cut these perennials back, this should be done no later than mid- May to allow for the new growth to emerge.
Enjoy the Fall!
No centerpiece is as lovely as a vase of freshly cut flowers. Sure, you can pick up a bunch at most grocery stores, but who knows how long they've been sitting in that tub of water. Wouldn't it be great to be able to walk into your own garden and cut a beautiful bouquet? Here's how...
Site Selection: Choose a site with well-drained soil, plenty of sun and easy access to water. Prepare the soil by clearing the garden area of grass and weeds. Work organic matter, such as compost, into the soil.
Plant Selection: Decide on a color palette. It is best to include plants with different textures and of different sizes. Don't forget the greens! Add foliage plants for color and texture.
Harvesting the Flowers: Harvest flowers in the morning if possible. Cool air is better than hot afternoon sun for preserving fresh flowers. Use sharp scissors or cutting shears. If possible, choose flower stalks with a few buds that have not yet opened to prolong the life of your arrangement. Once you harvest your flowers, it is a good idea to give each stem a fresh cut just before placing them in the vase. It is best to make the fresh cut under running water to prevent air bubbles from getting into the vascular system of the stem and blocking water uptake. Cutting the stems at an angle will help them absorb more water. Remove any foliage that will be below the water line and place in warm water.
Caring for your Arrangement: The arrangement should be placed in a cool location, away from heat sources such as direct sunlight from a window, an oven, a heat vent, etc. The cooler the temperatures, the longer your bouquet will stay fresh. Using a floral preservative solution similar to the packets that come with flower arrangements can also help prolong the life of your arrangement. It is important to keep the water free from any leaves or plant material. Decaying plant material will clog the vascular system of the flower stems and cause them to wilt very quickly. Keep an eye on the water level of the vase. Fresh cut flowers can take up water at a surprisingly fast rate. Refill the vase before it runs out of water.
Common Cut-Flower Plants: Primary flowers: sunflowers, gerbera daisies, spider mums, roses, hydrangea, lilies. Accent flowers: alstromeria, delphinium, mini carnations, larkspur, asters, gladiolus,goldenrod. Greenery: Lamb's Ear, lavender, Bells of Ireland, ornamental grass.
Enjoy your cut flowers!
Ouch! Just like when you are pinched, pinching plant material is done by using your thumb and forefinger. In this case, it doesn't hurt. A clean, sharp pair of hand pruners will also work. You can either pinch off just the new leaves or you can take off several inches. Both will encourage branching. Most herbs are grown for their foliage. By increasing branching you will increase leaf production, making the plant more productive for you.
By pinching off the flowers on a young annual, you will encourage the plant to develop a better root system. This will lead to a healthier plant that is more drought tolerant and disease and insect resistant. Pinching of annuals is usually done very early in the season by growers when the plants are still growing in the greenhouses. However, if you are growing annuals from seed, you may want to pinch off the first several flower buds.
Pinching back perennials such as mums and asters will increase branching and flower production, making it a more compact, attractive plant. Asters and mums can both be pinched back several times before July 4th, or they can simply be cut in half around early June and will still flower in the fall. Beebalm is another perennial that will benefit from pinching. It can be cut back by one half in early to mid- May to encourage a more compact, full shape. This will delay the bloom period, but only by a week or two. 'Autumn Joy' sedum is another perennial that will appreciate some pinching. This plant tends to flop over quite readily before its flowers open. By pinching back before July 4th, you will help the plant to stay standing throughout the season.
Other plants that benefit from pinching: Herbs such as basil and rosemary will increase branching and leaf production after pinching. Some perennials that will benefit from pinching include chrysanthemum, tall garden phlox, yarrow, and Russian sage.
Not all plants will appreciate pinching. Leave columbine, astilbe, delphinium, daylily, coral bell, hosta, iris, foxglove and dianthus to their own devices and they will be fine.
Have a great day in the garden and don't forget the sunscreen!
After several years, some ornamental grasses have a tendency to thin or die out in the middle or outgrow their space. When this begins to happen, it is best to split the grass into two or more clumps. The best time of the year to split grasses is early spring as growing conditions such as soil temperature, sunlight and precipitation are optimal for successful transplantation and regrowth.
Before you begin, think ahead to cleanup and transplant. Tie off the plant every eight to ten inches so the debris is easily gathered for disposal. Prepare the transplant sites by digging holes and adding appropriate soil amenities such as compost and fertilizer. Trim the grass to a height of four to five inches. Dig around the entire plant with a shovel and pry it out of the ground. Once you have the plant out of the ground, lay it on its side. Next, determine the number of clumps you need or want. Using a sharp shovel or hand saw, divide the plant into the desired amount of clumps. Replant one clump back in the original spot and plant the other clumps in the prepared locations, making sure the crown of the plants are at or slightly above ground level. Water in thoroughly and cover with about three inches of mulch.
If you're looking for another spring project, check out our May newsletter's DIY section on planting spring bulbs. A small investment in time and bulbs now will yield beautiful benefits this summer.
Happy planting!
What is mulch?
Mulch in itself is material that is spread out over and around the roots of what you have planted. Two types of mulch are organic and inorganic mulch. Organic mulch includes grass clippings, leaves, bark mulch, newspaper and straw like pine straw. Inorganic mulch includes various types of rocks, stones and gravel. The advantage to using organic mulch is that overtime it breaks down and adds nutrients to the soil, thus making the soil richer. However, because it eventually decomposes, organic mulch will need to be replaced from time to time.
Why Use mulch?
Mulching is one of the most important ways to protect and maintain healthy landscaped plants, shrubs and flowers. Some
- it prevents weeds from coming through- organic mulches add to the nutrient base of the soil making the soil richer- helps to hold water and moisture in your plants and gardens, therefore you don't have to water as much- helps the roots maintain an even temperature- protects your soil from erosion- adds to the aesthetic appeal of your landscape by making it look more finished Applying Mulch
When applying mulch you want to put a layer of it 2-4 inches as close to the roots as possible. Remember to replace the mulch as needed if using organic materials. Make sure you don't use too much as too much of it will be a bad thing possible causing the roots to suffocate. You also want to make sure you keep any mulch away from tree trunks. Organic mulches are very beneficial but they can wind up being a habitat for insects. Most of these insects will not harm your plants but they may become a nuisance for you. Keep this in mind when using organic mulch close to your house. Pavement ants are known to love bark mulch. If put too close to your house you may have unwanted guests. Some people like to spread out a layer of plastic underneath before they apply mulch. This isn't a good idea because it dries out the soil underneath defeating the purpose of maintaining proper moisture for the root system. The best time to apply mulch is in late Spring once the ground starts to warm up. As a final mention on using mulch I can't emphasize enough how it can improve the aesthetics of your landscape. Whether you use colored bark mulch or beautiful colored rocks, it will really make your yard pop. It is well known that beautifully landscaped yards add to the value of your home.Article from www.LandscapingIdeasOnline.com
September - the harbinger of fall. The chores start to add up while the days get shorter and cooler.
It is time to start cleaning out landscapes and cutting back fading summer plants. It is also the time to give your peonies some attention. Labor Day is the signal that it is time to cut back peonies for the year. Did you know the peony is one of the few perennials that actually prefer to be transplanted and divided in the fall? Not to be confused with daylilies and hostas that perform better when transplanted in the spring, transplanting peonies just after Labor Day is usually the ideal time to complete this task.There are several reasons for dividing and transplanting peonies. Peonies prefer a good amount of sun, but can tolerate some shade. If the peony's location is heavily shaded by a tree or large shrub, the flowering can be reduced. Transplanting the peony to a spot with more sunlight will increase flowering. Another reason to transplant and divide peonies is overcrowding. Sometimes older, more established peonies can become overcrowded and as a result will produce fewer flowers. Dividing the peony will refresh and invigorate the plant.After the stems have been cut to near ground level, begin digging around the plant. It is best to dig straight down, about 6 inches from the plant using a sharp spade or shovel. If you are transplanting the entire plant, make a few passes around it, digging deeper with each pass (to about 14 inches) and at more of an angle. If you are dividing the plant, determine how much of the plant is to be removed and dig through the plant, segmenting the portion to be divided.
Now you are ready to begin prying the plant upward. It is normal hearthe snapping of the roots at this point. After all roots have been cut or snapped off, the plant can be lifted out of the hole with a shovel and carefully turned over so that it rests on its stems
Carefully loosen and remove as much soil as possible by either rinsing with water or using a sharp stick or screwdriver. If you have an assistant like Tobias, the paws come in handy for this step! Once soil has been removed, the plant can be cut and divided into sections with at least 5 "eyes" each. The eyes are the small pink nodes along the roots that are the stem buds for the next season's growth.
Each section is now ready to be planted. Dig a hole that is slightly larger than the root mass to be planted. (This is another task that Tobias is quite helpful with!) At the end of this step, the eyes should be planted at a depth of just 1-2 inches below soil level. If they are planted too deep they will fail to bloom for a few years. Peonies prefer well drained soil that is rich in organic matter. Adding peat moss or compost to the soil that is removed during this step is a good idea, but is not required. Place the root mass in the hole and begin to backfill the soil. Once the eyes are covered with soil, add a 1-2 inch layer of mulch to protect the plant from extreme freezing and thawing through the winter. In the spring the mulch can be removed after the threat of a hard freeze has passed.
Even if the peony is planted at the correct depth, poor flowering should be expected for the first year. After two seasons the plant should be back to full flowering potential.Love peonies, but disappointed in the short bloom period? Tobias suggests planting several different varieties of peonies. Selecting early and late season peonies can lengthen the bloom period to about 6 weeks!
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46033-001: Highway Safety and Information System Development
Project Data Sheet (PDS): Overview
At the annual country programming mission in December 2011, the Government requested ADB to provide policy advisory technical assistance (PATA) for a study to support Highway Safety and Information System Development. The TA will be one of the main activities of the strategic promotion program of "Internet-of-Thing" (IOT) in the 12th Five-Year National Development Plan. The TA will support the envisaged Highway and Waterway Transport Information Development under the 12th Five-Year National ... Read More
China, People's Republic of
|Project Number
|Type or Modality of Assistance
Technical Assistance
|Public sector (Sovereign)
|Approval Number
TA No. 8209
|Approval Date
|06 Nov 2012
|ADB Financing ($ thousand)
|Road transport (non-urban)
|Strategic Agendas
Inclusive economic growth (IEG)
Project Data Sheets (PDS) contain summary information on the project or program. Because the PDS is a work in progress, some information may not be included in its initial version but will be added as it becomes available. Information about proposed projects is tentative and indicative.
The Public Communications Policy (PCP) recognizes that transparency and accountability are essential to development effectiveness. It establishes the disclosure requirements for documents and information ADB produces or requires to be produced.
The Accountability Mechanism provides a forum where people adversely affected by ADB-assisted projects can voice and seek solutions to their problems and report alleged noncompliance of ADB's operational policies and procedures.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of, or reference to, a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
View the latest procurement notices for Goods, Works and Related Services, or Consulting Services.


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Graduate Studies
Phone: 580.774.3790
Fax: 580.774.7043
General Information
Academic Load | Advisement and Enrollment | Application for Graduation| Candidacy for the Master's Degree | Course Numbering | Degree Completion Time | Grading System | Graduate Catalog| Inactive Students | Individual Study | Non-Discrimination Policy | Retention |Seminar Credit |Seniors and Graduate Study | Transfer of Credits | Unclassified Graduate Studies | Web/Online Study
Candidacy for the Master's Degree
Admission to graduate studies and to a degree program is not the equivalent of Admission to Candidacy for the master's degree. It is the responsibility of the student to initiate the application for candidacy after the completion of 24-30 semester hours. The candidacy form must be submitted to the Graduate Office no later than the first Monday after close of the drop/add date each semester. The degree candidacy form is to be completed by the student in consultation with his/her major advisor and forwarded to the Graduate Office. The degree candidacy form must include only the courses that apply to the graduate degree program.
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Lisa Werner and Gary Ramberg are the innkeepers and owners and responsible for making sure every aspect is ideal for you to be relaxed. Aside from answering the phone for reservations and fielding questions, they serve as your host to the finest the Harbor Country area has to offer.
We are always ready to help you plan your day and always love to share our favorite "places not to miss" with you. We have maps and coupons to share to help make your Harbor Country experience one to remember.
We are your area experts to help you enjoy your stay.
The guests at our inn our treated as an extension of our family. That's the feeling we want to impart to you -- whether you're a salesperson working the territory for a week, a corporate group on an intensive retreat or on a family vacation -- we'll make you feel at home.
We are the place to RENEW, RELAX, RETREAT!
Spa, Massage Therapy and Wellness Treatments - offering spa menu!
Meet The Captain, Our Official Mascot!
Last, but not least, there is The Captain our night watchman and full-time greeter who truly loves to have his picture taken with all our guests. His natural way of making us feel at home and at ease, even after a long-time on the road or across the freshwater sea is always welcomed. Though his real birthday is still unknown, the legend is that he dropped his bags at the The New Buffalo Inn around the turn of the century. Regardless, its customary for those celebrating a birthday at the New Buffalo Inn & Spa to toast The Captain. He is known for being friendly, and a solid listener who loves the company of all our guests. Though he may be a quiet little man and stoic in his appearance - we've all come to love him the same. We know you will too!
New Buffalo Inn & Spa | Renew Relax Retreat
231 East Buffalo Street, New Buffalo, MI 49117
© New Buffalo Inn & Spa. All rights reserved.


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The supply of housing inventory exceeds demand. Buyers have the advantage over sellers due to the abundance of homes on the market, with homes often selling at reduced prices. Price drops are common as sellers compete to find buyers.
Rent prices are relatively stable, and availability is good. If your yearly income is around $75,000, you can afford to rent in this market. Rent prices have not changed over the past 3 months. This is 131% lower than the state average of $1,268 and 353% lower than the country average of $2,480.
The average home price in 50063 is $124,298, which is 23.1% lower than the average sold price in 50063 ($161,533) . The average home price per square foot in 50063 is $65 and about 2% of all homes in 50063 sold in the last 6 months. For 50063 home values, real estate prices, and city market trends, research the 923 property records or search our 15 recently sold or 8 homes for sale listings. The listings and properties in 50063 are only a part of the 1,064,522 properties and 16,598 homes for sale in Iowa. Because of this, the average home price and average home value of 50063 also influence the average home price $103,883 and average sale price $162,831 of Iowa. Listing counts, 50063 home prices and home values in 50063 are sourced daily from listing and property data on realtor.com®, which is the most up-to-date and accurate aggregation of real estate listings in the industry and includes approximately 800 regional MLSs and is the official website of the National Association of Realtors®.


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For those of you who updated your unlocked iPhone 4 or iPhone 3GS to the iOS 5.1.1 firmware and are Jailbroken tethered you were probably in for a shock when UltraSn0w was not able to be installed. This is because the iPhone Dev-Team need to update UltraSn0w to be compatible with the iOS 5.1.1 firmware. Luckily for you however, a temporary solution was released called UltraSn0w Fixer for 5.1.1 that can unlock the iPhone 4 and iPhone 3GS on the following basebands — 01.59.00, 04.26.08, 05.11.07, 05.13.01, 05.12.01, 06.15.00.
If you would like to unlock your iPhone on the iOS 5.1.1 firmware with UltraSn0w Fixer for 5.1.1 you will simply need to add the 3rd party repository shown below. For those of you who do not know how to add a new repository into Cydia you will simply need to go into the Manage tab, Sources section, and then click the edit, followed by the add button.
A more in-depth guide to unlocking your iPhone 4 or iPhone 3GS running the iOS 5.1.1 firmware with UltraSn0w Fixer for 5.1.1 will be coming your way soon. Until that time please stay tuned and leave any questions or thoughts about this temporary fix in the comments section below.
Update #1: The how to guide for unlocking your iPhone 4 or iPhone 3GS with UltraSn0w Fixer for 5.1.1 has been published (click here for more information).


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Using the barter section of Craigslist, Steven Ortiz (17-years old) traded his used cell phone to eventually a silver 2000 Porsche Boxter. The cell phone trade got him an iPod touch, which he managed to barter up for a dirt bike and then to a Macbook. The Macbook got him a 1987 Toyota 4Runner, which he traded for a classic Ford Bronco SUV, which he finally traded for the Porsche.
"I don't have a job right now and I really don't like asking my parents if I can get an oil change, so I want to trade [the Porsche] for a mid-sized truck." – Steven Ortiz


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Rapidly rising global rates of chronic diseases portend a consequent rise in ESRD. Despite this, kidney disease is not included in the list of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) targeted by the United Nations for 25% reduction by year 2025. In an effort to accurately report the trajectory and pattern of global growth of maintenance dialysis, we present the change in prevalence and incidence from 1990 to 2010.
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) was responsible for 8.1 million deaths in 2013, the most recent year estimated, which was 14.8% of deaths worldwide. IHD was the leading cause of death globally among men and women in both 1990 and 2013.
Tobacco consumption is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality. The Saudi Ministry of Health started a national tobacco control program in 2002 with increased and intensified efforts after joining the World Health Organization Framework Convention for Tobacco Control in 2005.
The governments of high-income countries and private organizations provide billions of dollars to developing countries for health. This type of development assistance can have a critical role in ensuring that life-saving health interventions reach populations in need.
We analyzed data from a large household survey to identify barriers to health care in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) is an essential input into global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we estimated these quantities for acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries between 1990 and 2013.
Faith-based organizations (FBOs) have been active in the health sector for decades. Recently, the role of FBOs in global health has been of increased interest. However, little is known about the magnitude and trends in development assistance for health (DAH) channeled through these organizations.
Cancer poses a major threat to public health worldwide, and incidence rates have increased in most countries since 1990. The trend is a particular threat to developing nations with health systems that are ill-equipped to deal with complex and expensive cancer treatments. The annual update on the Global Burden of Cancer will provide all stakeholders with timely estimates to guide policy efforts in cancer prevention, screening, treatment, and palliation.
Objective: To collect, compile, and evaluate publicly available national health accounts (NHA) reports produced worldwide between 1996 and 2010.
In this Series paper, we examine whether well-functioning civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems are associated with improved population health outcomes.
Very little is known about how much is spent on surgical care delivery globally. Anecdotal evidence suggests that per-person expenditure on surgery varies enormously across countries. This cross-country and intervention-specific variation makes estimating global and country-level expenditure on surgery challenging; thus, these expenditure figures have not been produced to date.
We estimated the prevalence of any drinking and binge drinking from 2002 to 2012 and heavy drinking from 2005 to 2012 in every US county.
The socioeconomic and health effect of stroke and other non-communicable disorders (NCDs) that share many of the same risk factors with stroke, such as heart attack, dementia, and diabetes mellitus, is huge and increasing. Collectively, NCDs account for 34.5 million deaths (66% of deaths from all causes) and 1,344 million disability-adjusted life years worldwide in 2010.
Global deaths from cardiovascular disease are increasing as a result of population growth, the aging of populations, and epidemiologic changes in disease. Disentangling the effects of these three drivers on trends in mortality is important for planning the future of the health care system and benchmarking progress toward the reduction of cardiovascular disease.
Achieving universal health coverage and reducing health inequalities are primary goals for an increasing number of health systems worldwide. Timely and accurate measurements of levels and trends in key health indicators at local levels are crucial to assess progress and identify drivers of success and areas that may be lagging behind.
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) guidelines were significantly changed by the World Health Organization in 2010. It is largely unknown to what extent these guidelines were adopted into clinical practice.
Self-rated health reflects a person's integrated perception of health, including its biological, psychological, and social dimensions. It is a predictor of morbidity and mortality. To assess the current status of self-rated health and associated factors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, we analyzed data from the Saudi Health Interview Survey. We conducted a large national survey of adults aged 15 years or older.
Development assistance for health (DAH) has grown substantially, totaling more than $31.3 billion in 2013. However, the degree that countries with high concentrations of armed conflict, ethnic violence, inequality, debt, and corruption have received this health aid and how that assistance might be different from the funding provided to other countries has not been assessed.
Mammography ensures early diagnosis and a better chance for treatment and recovery from breast cancer. We conducted a national survey to investigate knowledge and practices of breast cancer screening among Saudi women aged 50 years or older in order to inform the breast cancer national health programs.
We aimed to consolidate all epidemiologic data about untreated caries and subsequently generate internally consistent prevalence and incidence estimates for all countries, 20 age groups, and both sexes for 1990 and 2010.
Dietary risks were the leading risk factors for death worldwide in 2010. However, current national estimates on fruit and vegetable consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are nonexistent. We conducted a large household survey to inform the Saudi Ministry of Health (MOH) on a major modifiable risk factor: daily consumption of fruits and vegetables.
Under the current paradigm, cost-effectiveness studies provide limited value to policymakers in low-resource settings. Studies appear with substantial delays in the academic literature and are often based on large-scale multi-intervention assessments in settings with drastically different infrastructure, resources, and cultures.
Easy-to-collect epidemiological information is critical for the more accurate estimation of the prevalence and burden of different non-communicable diseases around the world. The objective of this study was to develop and assess the performance of a symptom-based questionnaire to estimate prevalence of non-communicable diseases in low-resource areas
Pneumonia and diarrhea are leading causes of death for children under 5 (U5). It is challenging to estimate the total number of deaths and cause-specific mortality fractions. Two major efforts, one led by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) and the other led by the World Health Organization (WHO)/Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG) created estimates for the burden of disease due to these two syndromes, yet their estimates differed greatly for 2010.
Road traffic injuries are the largest cause of loss of disability-adjusted life years for men and women of all ages in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, but data on driving habits there are lacking. To inform policymakers on drivers' abilities and driving habits, we analyzed data from the Saudi Health Interview Survey 2013.


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(Los Angeles Times) - A web of LAPD officers searched Monday for a Spider-Man performer in full costume who snatched $6,000 on Hollywood Boulevard.
The unidentified street performer made off with $6,000 from a Starline Tours operator as the worker left a company office Friday morning, police said.
Several performers in Spider-Man suits have been detained briefly for questioning since the incident, police said. But as of Monday morning, none were identified as the thief, said Officer Chris No of the Los Angeles Police Department.
Along with the cash, the Spider-Man performer also made off with credit card receipts.
The incident is the latest involving a character performer in Hollywood. In 2009, another Spider-Man performer was accused of assault. Fights between performers have been know to occur outside the landmark Chinese Theatre as they compete to earn money from tourists posing with them for photographs.
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text: |Pictured in Black - EFA1003: Features: -Bag. -Premium 1680 Denier Nylon. -Fully padded top for club-head protection. -Exterior and internal cinching strap system. -Included carrying case. -Extra long skid bars for bag protection. -Fits clubs up with 48" long. -Zipper protecting liner. -Sized to hold all stand bangs, most cat bags and staff bags. -Durable rubber bottom. -Easy-roll in-line skate wheels. -Five total pockets: 4 interior pockets for shoes and garments and one exterior. -Weight: 10 lbs. -Dimensions: 26" H x 17" W x 7" D.


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Gear Review
Super light and stretchy
- Gender: Female
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
These knee length shorts feel great! Slim fit without being restrictive anywhere even when squatting down. I don't like that the chamois is white but it has a good pad. The purple looks really sheer and almost two-tone in the pic and they aren't like that at all. Solid purple with white trim. My new fav pair of shorts to race MTB in!!
View More Details on SUGOi Lucy Women's Shorts


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The West Kowloon Cultural District will establish a new vibrant cultural quarter located on a dramatic harbour-front site in the heart of Hong Kong
Freespace Happening
Our first 'Freespace Happening' kicks off on 9 August with a mix of music, dance, sports, skateboarding and busking performances, alongside market stalls that shout originality and creativity. Come and join us!
9.8.2015 | West Kowloon Cultural District
New Thinking on the Development of Chuanju
Shen Tiemei will share her experience in developing and promoting Chuanju, and on the innovation and revitalization of traditional Chinese theatre, in conversation with Dr. Fredric Mao, who is dedicated to the rejuvenation of Cantonese opera in Hong Kong
22.8.2015 | Yau Ma Tei Theatre
Nursery Park Tree Tour and Workshop
Join us for an introduction to the Nursery Park and discover the different tree species that will be planted in the future park
International Workshop Festival of Theatre: Public Lecture on Documentary Theatre
This public lecture is led by Stefan Kaegi, the director of Rimini Protokoll. He is going to introduce audience to the type of theatre-making based on real people instead of actors and real-life stories instead of distant classics
6.8.2015 | Hong Kong Arts Centre
New Works Forum – Screendance Public Forum
Award-winning directors and choreographers Noémie Lafrance, Sue Healey, Yuri Ng and Maurice Lai together with the 20 workshop participants will engage in a discussion of the existing model of making screendance, upon the form, and its content, practice and presentation
1.8.2015 | Hong Kong Arts Centre
West Kowloon brings a series of Freespace Happening programmes from 9 August onwards!
The spirit of encountering genre bending performances in outdoor spaces returns this summer with Freespace Happening
'Tsang Kin-Wah: The Infinite Nothing'
M+ and Hong Kong Arts Development Council present 'Tsang Kin-Wah: The Infinite Nothing', a collateral event at the 56th International Art Exhibition of the Venice Biennale
9.5 to 22.11.2015 | Campo della Tana, Castello 2126-30122, Venice, Italy
West Kowloon Cultural District partners with Google Cultural Institute
The celebrated exhibition NEONSIGNS.HK joins the online platform
Arts Pavilion
A simple "baisun" (worship) ceremony took place on 15 May 2015 to mark the countdown to the completion of the Arts Pavilion
M+ presented YOKO ONO MORNING PEACE 2015, a global sunrise gathering on the morning of 21 June 2015, many have participated in thousands of different ways across the globe via social media. Take a look at the photo here
Performing Arts Internship Programme 2015-2016
Deadline for Intake 3 is 7 Aug. Don't miss out
Tea House Theatre
Get a sneak peek of the future tea house theatre, an intimate space to present small scale productions and recitals on the 1st floor of the Xiqu Centre
8 – 9.5.2015
- 18 Images
Highlights of Westkowloon Events and Activities in 2015
Take a look at the photos of the latest arts and cultural events. Hope to see you again in our upcoming events
West Kowloon Waterfront Promenade
The promenade features a play area, cycling track and a jogging path that is lit at night – perfect for adults and children alike. A picnic on the grassy areas offers dining with a million dollar view. Come and visit the promenade
M+ Collection
See a selection from the growing M+ Collection
M+, Museum for visual culture
Swiss architecture firm Herzog & de Meuron, working with Hong Kong-based TFP Farrells and Ove Arup & Partners HK, has been selected to design the M+ building
Xiqu Centre
A world-class arts venue for the preservation, development and promotion of Xiqu


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I am glad you said, "the law" and not JUSTICE. This is an isolated case and this girl is culturally American with American adoptive parents. You will break you own neck on such a narrow sighted concept of "law."
This girl has no cultural connection to Mexico.
I apologize ExcitedDelierium. By my Irish grandmother's prayers, I will agree with you that Judge Charles Corrigan is a disgrace to the Irish race, a loser that should be debarred.
The Irish came here as indentured servants. Irish children worked as slave labor in coal mines, serving as "trappers" who would crawl in tight spots to open and shut air ducts. The Irish came here legally and then were pressed into fighting in the Civil War.
You don't know your history. You are akin to the "No Nothings" that burned down Catholic Churches and the dwelling places of the teaching and nursing nuns.
Having said that, I will say that this country cannot afford to allow any illegal immigrants of any race at this time.
This is an extremely isolated case. The girl is not from Mexico really, she is culturally and linguistically an American. She is not a member of Mecha, she is not a proponent of the reconquista of the south west, she does not waive the flag of a foreign government to force her case.
Her adoptive parents make a huge mistake, they trusted the government. Any immigration official that does not give her a break is a mindless idiot.
This tragedy is not related to the big issues of illegal immigration. It just proves that our federal government does not protect us from invasion and at the same time will fail to help a young girl like this who is an innocent victim that has no one in Mexico to go back to.


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Download full brochure here and the Registration form here (pdf files)
Download full brochure here and the Registration form here (pdf files)
It is with great joy and anticipation that I invite you to join Patt and me for an exciting tour of Israel! The dates are November 10 - 19, 2012! We're calling this a 'Dan to Beersheba Tour' which will cover all of the key Biblical sites from North to South and from East to West.
I led my first Holy Land Tour in 1978 and it forever changed my life! It will be an amazing journey for you too since we will literally walk where the Lord Jesus walked…stand where Biblical patriarchs preached...sail on the Sea of Galilee…visit the Mount of Beatitudes…ascend Masada where zealots died…see the Caves of Qumran...float on the Dead Sea. You will also spend time in the holy city of Jerusalem. There you will visit the Temple Mount…City of David…Western Wall...Mount of Olives…Via Dolorosa -- then we'll seal our time with communion at the Garden Tomb.
We have secured Pamela Suran as our Tour Guide. She is a Jewish Christian and one of the few evangelical guides in the country. Pamela and I will be teaching at all of the Biblical sites.
So don't wait! Sign up now for the trip of a lifetime as together we will go… Up to Jerusalem!
J.L. and Patt Williams


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Health Department allows staff to reject flu shots based on religious grounds
EVANSVILLE - Vanderburgh County Board of Health members passed an employee flu-shot mandate allowing religious exemptions Thursday, an exclusion that came in the wake of resistance from some staff members.
"We'd prefer that it be mandatory for all people except for medical exemptions," said Dr. Ray Nicholson, Health Officer at the health department.
"But we have to keep a happy workforce."
Last October, the board mandated influenza shots for its roughly 60 employees, who authorities said may contract or pass the highly-contagious virus during encounters with the public.
The measure sat, however, pending a recommendation from county attorneys. This year, attorneys strongly encouraged that the board allow exceptions for religious reasons.
Nicholson said opposition from some employees prompted the exemption, though not all resistance seemed religion-based.
"A lot of people didn't feel that we were even a health facility," Nicholson said about some employees.
Health department officials said approximately 86 percent of employees received an influenza shot last year.
The religious exemption — which passed unanimously by the four members present from the seven-member board — didn't go through smoothly.
"'I'm a one-man religion. My religion doesn't believe in shots,'" said board member Dr. John Pulcini, giving an example of a claim authorities may encounter.
"So if you're going to do it with a religious exclusion, in my opinion" Pulcini said, "it would have to be a recognized faith that truly does have that edict, and have the statement from the pastor, and a tradition that shows that they do avoid medical care."
But none of Pulcini's suggestions were included in the final measure, largely because of comments from Nicholson.
"I'm married to a Christian Scientist who takes the flu shot every year, but her religion says don't take it," Nicholson said.
"But the problem is they don't have any pastors."
After the meeting, Board President Robert Stayman said the board is going to "be flexible" when it comes to religious exemptions.
"But by and large ...," he said, "I think we're going to ask for something from clergy."
Last year, Deaconess Hospital and St. Mary's Hospital enacted employee flu-shot mandates.
Both hospitals allow exemptions based on proven allergies to the shot. St. Mary's allows religious exemptions. Deaconess doesn't list religion as an exemption, but will accept a "valid note from clergy," nurse Kymber Baumholser said.
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"Y&R" hunks.
Check out this video clip of various actors from "The Young and the Restless" when they visited "Entertainment Tonight" for a photo shoot and to discuss their characters.
Find out which Y&R stars will appear on The Price Is Right. Learn about ex-"OLTL's" Ted King's Someone To Love role.
Join us on Twitter @soapoperafan and Facebook. Come tweet and Facebook with us about "The Young and the Restless," all the other soap operas, "Dallas," "Glee," "Grey's Anatomy," "Pretty Little Liars," "Revenge," "Vampire Diaries," and "Venice The Series."
Header photo: CBS
- Candace Young


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Kinsella on Liberty Podcast, Episode 094. This is the audio for episode 004 of Liberty Talk, a weekly Google hangout-based podcast with Jeffrey Tucker and me (Google Plus page; Youtube Channel).
This week we talked to Cody Wilson, Director of Defense Distributed, inventor of the world-first working 3D printed gun, "The Liberator", and director of DarkWallet. See his Indiegogo campaign to fund Bitcoin Dark Wallet (see video below). Jeff asked him to recommend some of the books that had influenced him. They are:
- The Society of the Spectacle, by Guy Dubord
- The History of Sexuality, by Michel Foucault
- On the Genealogy of Morality, by Nietzsche
Podcast (kinsella-on-liberty): Play in new window | Download (Duration: 1:01:30 — 69.0MB)


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Replacement Leathers for Peacock Stirrups hold rubber band to stirrrup. Pair.
Sturdy Replacement Rubber Bands fit any size peacock stirrups. Sold in pairs.
Ridged Replacement Stirrup Pads in black. Pair.
Fillis Stirrup Pads in white rubber offor a classic look that's appropriate for everyday use or show. Pair.
The economical Glycerine Soap Bar is the tried-and-true method of cleaning and conditioning your leather tack. This saddle soap bar weighs 10 ounces.
Fiebing's Saddle Soap is an easy-to-use paste formulation that lubricates leather fibers as it cleans. This saddle soap is neatly packaged in a tin and offered in colors to best suit the tack color.
Designed to provide a non-slip grip, Super-Grip Stirrup Pads have abrasive centers.
The Belvoir Glycerine Soap Bar thoroughly and easily cleans all of your leather. This soap comes in a convenient re-sealable tray so it's easy to store and won't dry out. This soap will remove sweat, dirt, grime and mold so all of your leather looks like new.
Packaged in a convenient tube with flip top lid, Effax® Lederbalsam Cream is an easy to apply leather conditioner. It's rich and natural blend of lanolin, avocado oil and beeswax nourishes your leather, making it supple and more resistant to wear. 150 ml.
Horsing Around Soap™ Castile Saddle Soap has a fabulous scent and all-in-one properties to make your tack cleaning routine pleasant, easy and quick. This handmade, low-sudsing, mild saddle soap cleans, conditions and polishes leather in one step and it contains no colorants, phthalates or parabens. 4 oz.
Horseman's One Step is formulated with lanolin to clean, protect and shine leather in just one application. This unique all-in-one leather cleaner and conditioner is great for everyday use and show preparation. 15 oz.


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Main News Page
Thursday, March 31, 2011
More items for
Coating Materials
New "shield-like" coatings made from fly ash could provide a cheap, durable solution to protecting rebar from corrosion and repairing the nation's crumbling bridges and roads, scientists are reporting.
Coatings made from some of the millions of tons of ash left over each year from burning coal could extend the life of those structures by decades and save billions of dollars in taxpayer money, scientists reported this week at the 241st National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society in Anaheim, CA.
ACS is the world's largest scientific society and a global leader in chemistry research.
Extreme Durability, Low Cost
New coating material made from fly ash is hundreds of times more durable than existing coatings and costs only half as much, said the academic-industry research team, led by Charles Carraher, Ph.D., of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Florida Atlantic University.
The project also involves Blue World Crete Holdings of Pompano Beach, FL, and two engineering researchers at FAU.
More than 450 coal-burning electric power plants in the United States produce about 130 million tons of fly ash each year, creating "enormous waste disposal problems," said Carraher. Almost 70 percent of the waste ends up in landfills every year, he said.
"Our research indicates that this waste could become a valuable resource as a shield-like coating to keep concrete from deteriorating and crumbling as it ages," said Carraher.
Edbrown05 / Wiki Commons
Carraher said the new material could be used to coat and protect steel reinforcing bar ("rebar") from corrosion and is suitable for repairing damaged concrete.
Classifications and Specifications
Laboratory tests have shown that the coating has excellent strength and durability when exposed to heat, cold, rain and other simulated environmental conditions harsher than any that would occur in the real world, Carraher said.
For example, he said, the coating protected concrete from deterioration amid exposure to air pollution acids that were 100,000 times more concentrated than typical outdoor levels in the environment.
The coated concrete remained strong and intact for more than a year of observation, while ordinary concrete often began to crumble within days, he said.
Carraher cited U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that it will cost up to $1.3 trillion to repair, restore and replace concrete in domestic wastewater and drinking water systems. He also noted accounts that say this work must be completed by 2020 to avoid environmental and public health crises. Crumbling concrete roads and bridges will require hundreds of billions more.
The coating could extend the lifespan of those structures with enormous savings, while helping to solve the fly ash disposal problem, Carraher said.
Fly Ash in Concrete
Fly ash has been used in concrete in the United States since the early 1930s and hit its stride in 1948, when the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation used 120,000 metric tons of it in constructing the Hungry Horse Dam in Montana. The fly-ash mixture replaced about 35 percent of the Portland Cement in the project, although it "constituted a health hazard in the mixing plant because of the constant presence of dust in the air," the Bureau of Reclamation later reported.
US Department of the Interior
Advocates and suppliers say fly ash use improves concrete performance, making it stronger, more durable, and more resistant to chemical attack. One of the most important fields of application for fly ash is Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavement, according to the Federal Highway Administration, which encourages the use of fly ash in concrete.
Comment from Sukhdeo Karade, (4/1/2011, 3:26 AM)
Any idea about binder?
Comment from paul mellon, (4/1/2011, 10:05 AM)
Sounds like another case where encapsulated coal waste can be potentially be beneficial. It is noteworthy that once again, another federal agency confirms that the "dust" in coal waste is a health hazard. Coal slag abrasives are unencapsulated and when used as intended generate lots of dust which contain heavy metals.
Comment from Bill Jenkins, (4/1/2011, 10:05 AM)
With all due respect, "hundreds of times more durable" because the coatings contain fly ash? I'd have to call BS on that one.
Comment from M. Halliwelll, (4/1/2011, 10:48 AM)
Fly ash mixtures are not anything new...they've been used in other industries for quite some time. Like Bill, I think the "hundreds of times more durable" is a bit of a stretch, but I know it can improve some of the characteristics of the mix. Handling the fly ash, though, can be an issue. I know from personal experience in dealing with a few former coal fired plants that fly ash can be contaminated by some significant concentrations of heavy metals and the dust gets everywhere.
Comment from Doug Mall, (4/1/2011, 11:14 AM)
I am wondering what kind of hazards you would have to report on the MSDS for the paint, and what kind of liability you would incur, even if the government WANTS this kind of coating...
Comment from tim hady, (4/1/2011, 2:57 PM)
Putting it in landfills? Finding a use for it is great, how about putting it back into old mines?
Comment from Peter J. Bakke, (4/4/2011, 11:48 AM)
There is a middle ground for this by-product, which involves private, public and government. Fly ash becomes costly when handled too many times. The private sector can reach out to the utilities and government to help in making available the land, power, tax incentives and dollars to build outside of the power plants facilities to manufacture cement products (i.e. siding, shingles,precast pipe, drywall), while providing a commodity that will create jobs, safely remove the fly ash, create a tax base on the sale of goods and create development alog side these industrial facilities. This needs all parties on board without the sideline protestors and couch potatoes complaining.
Comment from Tom Schwerdt, (4/4/2011, 12:39 PM)
Only Paul would find a 1948 warning about dustiness in a related material as "once again" a health hazard and use it to attack coal slag abrasives.
Comment from Tom Schwerdt, (4/6/2011, 8:25 AM)
Tim, you are probably thinking of old-style mines with actual shafts and tunnels. Current coal mining is largely strip mining (including "mountaintop removal" style) - not really something you can easily put it back "into." Vast amounts of fly ash are used as a partial portland cement replacement in concrete, improving things like ASR (alkalai-silica reaction) resistance.
Join the Conversation:
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An optoelectronic device such as an LED or laser which produces spontaneous emission by recombination of carriers (electrons and holes) trapped in Quantum Confinement Regions formed by transverse thickness variations in Quantum Well layers of group III nitrides.
1. An optoelectronic device comprising:
a substrate; and
multiple quantum well (MQW) layers formed of Group III nitrides in which carriers recombine to emit photons, the layers being formed over the substrate and wherein the layers periodically vary in thickness along a continuous length thereof.
2. The device of
3. The device of
4. The device of
5. The device of
6. The device of
7. The device of
8. The device of
9. The device of
10. The device of
11. The device of
12. The device of
13. An LED comprising:
a substrate; and
multiple quantum well (MQW) layers formed of Group III nitrides in which carriers recombine to emit photons, the layers being formed over the substrate and wherein the layers periodically vary in thickness along a continuous length thereof.
14. The device of
15. The device of
16. The LED of
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/083,703, filed Feb. 25, 2002, of which the entire teachings is incorporated herein by reference.
Light emitting diodes ("LEDs") are p-n junction devices that have been found to be useful in various roles as the field of optoelectronics has grown and expanded over the years. Devices that emit in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum have been used as simple status indicators, dynamic power level bar graphs, and alphanumeric displays in many applications, such as audio systems, automobiles, household electronics, and computer systems, among many others. Infrared devices have been used in conjunction with spectrally matched phototransistors in optoisolators, hand-held remote controllers, and interruptive, reflective, and fiber-optic sensing applications.
An LED operates based on the recombination of carriers (electrons and holes) in a semiconductor. When an electron in the conduction band combines with a hole in the valence band, it loses energy equal to the bandgap of the semiconductor in the form of an emitted photon; i.e., light. The number of recombination events under equilibrium conditions is insufficient for practical applications but can be enhanced by increasing the minority carrier density.
The minority carrier density is conventionally increased by forward biasing the diode. The injected minority carriers recombine with the majority carriers within a few diffusion lengths of the junction edge, generating photons at a wavelength corresponding to the bandgap energy of the semiconductor.
As with other electronic devices, there exists both the desire and need for more efficient LEDs, and in particular, LEDs that will operate at higher intensity while using less power. Higher intensity LEDs, for example, are particularly useful for displays or status indicators in various high ambient environments. High efficiency LEDs with lower power consumption, for example, are particularly useful in various portable electronic equipment applications. An example of an attempt to meet this need for higher intensity, lower power, and more efficient LEDs may be seen with the development of the AlGaAs LED technology for the red portions of the visible spectrum. A similar continual need has been felt for LEDs that will emit in the green, blue and ultraviolet regions of the visible spectrum which ranges from 400 nanometers (nm) (3.10 eV) to 770 nm (1.61 ev). Because red, green, and blue are primary colors, their presence is necessary to produce full color displays or pure white light.
As mentioned above, the wavelength (s) of photons that can be produced by a given semiconductor material is a function of the material's bandgap (Eg). This relationship can be expressed as s(nm)=1240/Eg(eV). Thus smaller bandgap materials produce lower energy, longer wavelength photons, while wider bandgap materials are required to produce higher energy, shorter wavelength photons. For example, one semiconductor commonly used for lasers is indium gallium aluminum phosphide (InGaAlP). This material's bandgap depends upon the mole or atomic fraction of each element present, and the light that InGaAlP can produce is limited to the yellow to red portion of the visible spectrum, i.e., about 560 to 700 nm.
In order to produce photons that have wavelengths in the green, blue or ultraviolet (LV) portions of the spectrum, semiconductor materials with relatively large bandgaps are required. Typical candidate materials include silicon carbide (6H—SiC with a bandgap of 2.5 eV) and alloys of indium nitride (InN with a bandgap of 1.9 eV), gallium nitride (GaN with a bandgap of 3.4 eV) and aluminum nitride (AlN with a bandgap of 6.2 eV). Since these nitrides can form solid solutions, the bandgap of these alloys (AlInGaN) can be tuned potentially from 1.9 eV to 6.2 eV with a corresponding wavelength varying from 653 nm to 200 nm at room temperature.
Aluminum indium gallium nitride (AlInGaN) is a very attractive LED candidate material for green, blue and UV wavelengths because of its relatively large bandgap at room temperature and because it is a direct bandgap material rather than an indirect bandgap material. Generally speaking, an LED formed in a direct bandgap material is more efficient than one formed in an indirect bandgap material because the recombination of carriers occurs directly without the help of phonons (lattice vibration) and the photon from the direct transition retains more energy than one from an indirect transition.
Because the bulk gallium nitride (hexagonal GaN; a=0.3189 nm, c=0.5185 nm) substrates are not readily available, AlInGaN layers are typically grown on a sapphire (hexagonal alpha-Al2O3; a=0.4578 nm, c=1.299 nm) or on a silicon carbide substrate (hexagonal 6H—SiC; a=0.308 nm, c=1.512 nm). The AlInGaN films grow by lattice matching epitaxy on 6H—SiC, and by domain matching epitaxy on sapphire. The AlInGaN growth on sapphire involves a 30/90 degree rotation in the basal plane, and 6/7 domain matching of the major planes between the film and the substrate. The differences in lattice constants and coefficients of thermal expansion between the film and the substrate cause misfit strains which result in high dislocation densities in AlInGaN layers, typically around 1010 cm−2. When carriers (electrons and holes) are trapped by dislocations, they recombine non-radioactively without generating light.
In accordance with a first embodiment of the invention, an efficient optoelectronic device of the type which produces spontaneous emission by radiative recombination of carriers (electrons and holes) is formed of a layered quantum well (QW) structure in which the thickness of the QW layers varies periodically. It is believed that the thickness variations result in the formation of Quantum Confinement (QC) regions, which trap the carriers. If the QC regions are smaller than the separation between dislocations, the trapped carriers recombine radioactively and efficiently produce photons. In another embodiment, Al is added to InGaN to increase the wavelength to produce a AlyInxGa(1−x−y)N Laser Device (LD) or multiquantum well (MQW) LED.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.
A description of preferred embodiments of the invention follows.
In accordance with the invention, InxGa(1−x)N based multiquantum well (MQW) light emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser devices having high optical efficiency, are fabricated in which the efficiency is related to the Thickness Variation (TV) of the InxGa(1−x)N active layers. The thickness variation of active layers is found to be more important than the In composition fluctuation in quantum confinement (QC) of excitons (carriers) in these devices. In the invention, we have produced MQW InxGa(1−x)N layers with a periodic thickness variation, which results in periodic fluctuation of bandgap for the quantum confinement of carriers. Detailed STEM-Z contrast analysis (where image contrast is proportional to Z2 (atomic number)2) was carried out to investigate the spatial distribution of In. We discovered that there is a longitudinal periodic variation in the thickness of InxGa(1−x)N layers with two periods, one short-range (SR-TV, 3 to 4 nm) and other long-range thickness variations of (LR-TV, 50 to 100 nm). It was also found that the effect of variation in In concentration is considerably less than the effect of thickness variation in the LED structures which exhibit high optical efficiency. A comparative microstructural study between high and low optical efficiency MQW structures indicates that thickness variation of InxGa(1−x)N active layers is the key to their enhancement in optical efficiency.
As shown in
A schematic of an LED structure set forth in
In order to create the thickness variation, the growth temperature of part of the n-type layer (˜0.1 micron) near the active region is lowered. The preferred temperature range is between 880 and 920 C, while conventional growth temperature is between 1000 and 1050 C. Wafer A was grown under the preferred growth conditions, while wafer C was grown under the conventional growth temperature. (See FIG. 7).
We have analyzed the InGaN/GaN MQW structures using STEM-Z transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in which the image contrast is proportional to Z2 (Z=atomic number). Since the atomic number of In (49) is much higher than that of Ga (31), the contrast due to In is enhanced by two and a half times compared to Ga, and the image contrast is dictated primarily by the In concentration.
In contrast to the high optical efficiency specimens (FIGS. 3-5), a specimen with relatively low optical efficiencies is shown in
The change in bandgap of InxGa(1−x)N alloys can occur as function of the composition 'x' and the thickness 'Lz' of the superlattice. For a typical active layer composition (x=0.4), the change in bandgap is estimated to be as follows: x=0.4, bandgap=2.58 eV; x=0.5, bandgap=2.43 eV; x=0.3, bandgap=2.75 eV. This amounts to a +/−25% change (from x=0.4) in active layer composition. Experimentally observed composition fluctuations are less than +/−5%, which should lead to a less than 0.07 eV change in the bandgap. On the other hand, thickness variation from 3 to 2 nm can change the bandgap by more than 0.2 eV. Experimentally observed LR-TV is in the range of 20 to 50%, and SR-TV is less than 10%. Based on this analysis, we believe that the QC regions are defined principally by the thickness in InGaN layers.
An LED is fabricated by forming an ohmic contact 20 on the top p-type GaN surface 10 of FIG. 2 and forming another contact on the n-type GaN surface 4 after it is exposed by etching the p-type GaN layer 10 and the active region 8. The light output power of LEDs from two such wafers is shown in FIG. 7. The output power of the LED from the specimen with InGaN thickness variation 22 is about a factor of 2-3 higher than that from the specimen with uniform InGaN thickness 24. Thus our experimental results on a comparative study of high- and low-efficiency LEDs demonstrate that thickness variation coupled with indium concentration variation is the key to enhancing the optical efficiencies in LEDs. We believe that the thickness variation is caused by two-dimensional strain in the InxGa(1−x)N layer below its critical thickness. Since strain energy increases with thickness, the uniform thickness breaks into a periodic variation by which the free energy of the system can be lowered. Since the strain also increases with In concentration, some fluctuation in In concentration is also expected. This phenomenon of thickness variation has been well documented for pure germanium thin film growth on (100) silicon below its critical thickness where no composition fluctuation is involved references. We have modeled the thickness variation and derived the following relation for TV period (λ):
We have estimated a typical value of λ using the following parameters for our growth conditions. For In0.4Ga0.6N, shear modulus is estimated to be 82 Gpa, Poisson's ratio to be 0.3, surface energy 4,000 ergs/cm2, and strain 2%. These values result in λ of 80 nm, which is in good agreement with observed LR-TV. Since the period varies as ε−2, the large misfit strain initially could lead to observed SR-TV.
Although we have shown the formation of QC regions 2 due to thickness variation in InGaN, a similar effect can be obtained in AlInGaN for shorter wavelength LEDs. In this case, superlattice can be formed between AlInGaN and AlGaN or between AlInGaN layers with different alloy compositions.
The QC regions 2 can also be beneficial for laser diode fabrication.
While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.
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CFPB regulations limiting loan originator pay have leveled the playing field for credit union recruiters.
Find complete coverage of the final stress test rule, which the NCUA board approved April 24.
NCUA Board Member Michael Fryzel provides a behind-the-scenes look at the rule's development and explains his no vote.
The federal regulator is honored by a human resources research firm.
The percentage of minority employees at the NCUA increases by 1.6 percentage points from 2011 to 2013.
Democrat members of the House Financial Services Committee say the April 2 hearing belongs in court, not Congress. Republicans disagree.
Multi-agency rule that applies to state oversight of appraisal management firms is a Dodd-Frank mandate.
WASHINGTON — CUNA President/CEO Bill Cheney also tells GAC he has never been more optimistic for the credit union industry.
Director Richard Cordray said Dodd-Frank requires additional reporting, and CFPB is considering its own new requirements.
Online tool provides an overview of how federally insured credit unions measure up against current and proposed capital standards.


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Geek Speak
Geek Speak is where the world of Geekdom comes alive.
Yearly Archive for 2010
Free 'Doctor Who' screening Wednesday, Aug. 18, at Drafthouse Westlakes
('Doctor Who' BBC America site) Ask the Doctor to take you to Rio de Janeiro, end up in a small Welsh village set to burst with a Silurian invasion. Ain't that always the way with a bow-tie loving Time Lord? This month, those digging dandies of Doctor Who Fans Unite delve into adventures most dire […] [Read More]
'Return of the Jedi' missing lightsaber scene & 'Star Wars' Blu-ray news
Now this looks all sorts of nice. Mostly. Attendees at "Star Wars" Celebration V got two scoops of original trilogy goodness: a never-before-screened "Return of the Jedi" clip featuring Luke Skywalker piece together his lightsaber and news that the complete "Star Wars" saga will hit Blu-ray Disc next fall. The above deleted scene presumably takes […] [Read More]
VIDEOS: 'Doctor Who' theme with a didgeridoo, metal guitars & more versions
Know what happens when you happen upon a clip of world music trio Manta (above) crank out the "Doctor Who" theme with an acoustic guitar, cello and didgeridoo? You scour YouTube for further inane covers of that classic sf electronica. Hit the jump for a heavy metal version, a ukulele version, Capt. Jack himself performing […] [Read More]
Help Doctor Who Fans Unite build a TARDIS
(Wikipedia) The Doctor's not about to give us the keys to his TARDIS (Time And Relative Dimension In Space) so it's up to us "Doctor Who" fans to build our very own. Doctor Who Fans Unite hope to do just that when it hosts a TARDIS build planning meeting Friday, Aug. 13, at 7 p.m. […] [Read More]
REVIEW: 'Scott Pilgrim' scores epic win with frenetic charm
('Scott Pilgrim' official site) "Scott Pilgrim vs. The World" propels its source material straight out of the comic shop and right through the arcade and into your old Nintendo Entertainment System, only to jolt up your funny bone and zap your heart right between the eyes. It's that rapid-fire fast, that happily furious and most […] [Read More]
VIDEO: 'Scott Pilgrim' trailer recreated with 'Scott Pilgrim' graphic novel
You do know this movie is based on a graphic novel, right? BTW, here's the original trailer for comparison. Neat, huh? (radiomaru aka "Scott Pilgrim" creator Bryan Lee O'Malley) Related: • New 'Scott Pilgrim vs. The World' trailer delivers epic sweet/cool combo punch • Scott Pilgrim enjoys the plush (toy) life Got geek news, events, […] [Read More]
September explodes with 'Clone Wars' third season and online game
('Star Wars: The Clone Wars' Cartoon Network site) "Star Wars: The Clone Wars" returns to Cartoon Network next month with 22 shiny new episodes of animated intergalactic adventure and now we know exactly when the fun begins. Tune in Friday, Sept. 17 at 8 p.m. for the one-hour season 3 premiere event. And check out […] [Read More]
'Star Wars' Crawl Creator turns boring prose into epic episodic prologue
('Star Wars' Crawl Creator) Next to that blare of brass, every geek gets goose-pimples at first sight of the opening crawl to a "Star Wars" movie. Now you, too, can make prose fade into space like George Lucas did, preferably without any Trade Federation mumbo-jumbo. The "Star Wars" Crawl Creator lets you transform an online […] [Read More]
'Nemesis' comic gets Tony Scott to direct movie adaptation
(Marvel.com) Here comes another Mark Millar comic to the big screen. Tony Scott ("True Romance," "Enemy of the State") has been attached to direct the movie version of "Nemesis," Millar and artist Steve McNiven's creator-owned limited series about a white-clad baddie with the wealth and brains of Batman but the criminal instincts and chutzpah of […] [Read More]
PIC: 'Firefly' redone as 'Star Trek'
(imgur) I'm just now getting around to the greatness that is "Firefly" (I know, I know!) so stuff like this just makes me giggle and want to cuss in Chinese. Mal > Kirk? Hmm… (blastr) Related: • S.A.'s Summer Glau to voice Supergirl • PIC: Mr. Spock and son • 'Trek Babe Supreme' celebrates Kirk's […] [Read More]
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me + lynyrd skynyrd
equals big weird fun! Get yer redneck on with me at Taste of Chicago Saturday night at 6:40 on the Ronnie Van Zant Memorial Stage... The smell of death surrounds you!
1 comment
Posted 2 days later
The Skynyrd set was nothing short of amazing. Spot on playing incluidng a 10 minute Free Bird as finnisher complete with Robbie's Gersoe and Fulks wailing on twin leads.
For an agining baby boomer who went to college in the south and fell hard for Southern Rock, it was a loving trip down memory lane
Your loss if you missed it.


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Not to worry, Onondaga County is ranked 12th out of 1824 counties nation wide for highest property taxes, by The Tax Foundation. So quit whining 11 other counties have it worse.
PILOTs for retail malls only shifts business from one side of the city to the other. That mall was going in without a PILOT deal, it's just a game for developers to grab more money and profits at the expense of taxpayers. Congel bluffed and the city leaders fell for it. Simple as that!
It would have been developed with or without all the tax deals. What a bunch of hogwash. Syracuse taxpayers just padded the pockets of the wealthy as usual while taking business away from other malls who were paying their full tax bill.
What better way for the prez to deflect attention away from a sinking economy than an al Qaida hit.
Well if the government is helping the "poor" farmers who may have had a loss, how about the snow plowing businesses and public plow drivers who lost money because of a lack of snow, don't forget the ski slopes and the ski retailers and hotels who lost money.How about the tow truck drivers? Snow tire manufacturers and salt miners and salt haulers? Snow shovel sales, snow blower sales and snow blower repairers? Heaven forbid anyone should lose any money.....with the exception of the average tax paying citizen who gets screwed in good weather and bad.
There are reasons why Wegmans is closing stores in NY and building new ones in other states. THE COST OF DOING BUSINESS IS CHEAPER EVERYWHERE ELSE!!! They could have built farther East towards Albany, no they knew the potential profits were higher out of state. I don't blame them one bit. Smart management!
When you have to wait for the cable guy, you get angry, when you get angry, you forget to get groceries, when you forget to get groceries, you get hungry, when you get hungry, you get more angry and stupid, when you get angry and stupid, you go to Taco Bell and don't know how to order your taco, when you don't know how to order your taco, you get the wrong food, when you get the wrong food, you drive your car through the window, when you drive your car through the window, you get arrested. Don't get arrested, get rid of cable.
In a contract signed three years ago workers gave up pay and benefits, Large said. jeffyg, they already gave up ground. Have you given any up in your job?
Even funnier is how much we pay administrators with masters and doctorate degrees and they can't even balance a checkbook!
941 local governments and boards are in Onondaga County, how many of them have incompetent people like this guy making decisions? Too many government entities with too many corrupt politicains filling their pockets and taking care of their pals.
There are 1388 local governments and boards running Onondaga, Cayuga, Oswego and Madison counties
26 villages? That's not counting the ones who don't have elections. Does anyone think that just maybe we have too many governments running the area?
When too many people's goals in life revolve around having the newest type of cell phone and the latest version of video games and people think it's more important to post minute by minute activities on twitter and their daily lives are all over facebook, while dropping out of school or opting for a GED, or think it's cool to have babies as teenagers...is anyone really surprised that so many are in this mess? There are jobs, maybe they don't pay alot, then get two of them, or maybe get a rake and a lawnmower or a shovel, or maybe work hard in school. America home of just too many lazy people looking for a handout or blaming someone else for their problems. Just get of your duff and pull yourself up!!
When you fail math, you don't get a high school diploma,when you don't get a high school diploma, you may end up in the fast food industry, when you end up in the fast food industry and can't do math, you may end up getting shot. Don't end up getting shot, Learn math and get an education.
I agree, spending and funding are screwed up. It may sound crazy but state aid cuts actually do help. The cuts force administrators and boards to rethink how they spend. Again I bring up Auburn, despite years of dropping enrollments and under utilizing school buildings and some staff, they only closed a building after the state cut aid, when it could have been done years ago. Cuts are painful for schools, but so are recessions for the private sector. Usually companies come out more lean and efficient after a recession and schools will do the same, and yes there may be casualties along the way. Locals just need to get it right and labor associations and unions in the public sector need to cooperate with hopes for better times in the future.
Did I mention that we are looking at a $5 million deficit for this coming year?
no the sky is not the limit for local property taxes and are way too high already, but more from the state, who is broke already is not the answer. More money is not the answer, changing the way they do business is.
cso, let me give you an example. Some here in Auburn compared Auburn to Scarsdale School District located in Westchester County. They said we got more of a dollar cut per pupil than Scarsdale, but failed to mention that Auburn gets about $33million in state aid, while Scarsdale only gets around $6million. Scarsdale spends around $23,000 per student, Auburn around $14,000. I just can't see the state handing Auburn $9,000 more per student which would be about $38million more than they are now. The state is broke and locals are just going to have to find a better way. I think that maybe poorer districts in NYS still do better than some of the wealthy ones in other states. The problem is maybe they have to spend their limited funds more carefully and maybe reset their priorities. Here in Auburn, our super's wage/benefit package currently ranks him among the top 25% highest of some 700 districts and earns more in pay than the govenor. If that's where the priorities are, something seems horribly wrong.
Obviously wealthier areas who can afford to pump more money into their schools have the right to do so. So while they can fund their schools with more local aid, why should the state be responsible for bringing less wealthy districts up the same level as the wealthy districts? Wealthy districts may not have gotten as much a dollar cut in aid in the past few years, but they also don't get nearly as much in the first place. It all comes down to poorer districts living within their means and it means maybe paying less out in labor agreements, where most of the money goes.
Wake up cso. All districts need to live within their means and judging by some of their labor contracts,they haven't. At first some of the aid cuts may hurt, until superintendents and boards get the message that just can't spend all that "free money" at will.


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Prime95 and CPU stress testing
Does anyone use this? I found Prime95 to be the best stress test of the CPU for stability. I don't think the "95" in the name means Win 95 since it runs under any Win OS.
Anyway it calculates an uber prime number to 400 iterations. It reports any result errors it encounters in a log. What is neat is that it can detect very subtle CPU errors before any of the typical symptoms appear (like Windows errors and crashes to desktop).
Say you recently did some overclocking and you very occasionally experience a crash to desktop, maybe once in every 8-12 hours or so, you can't be sure if its a hardware problem or maybe the drivers you just installed, or maybe its just a buggy game... In situations like this prime95 is ideal. Just run the stress test over night, if it gives you no errors and no warnings then your CPU is stable :)
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Clinton urges Southern states to seek cooperation
LITTLE ROCK, Ark. (AP) — Former President Bill Clinton urged Southern governors to seek cooperation as they try to expand research and development in the region, praising Kentucky andArkansas for their success cutting the number of uninsured.
Speaking to the Southern Governors' Association at the group's annual meeting in Little Rock, the former Arkansas governor said that states that find ways to network and cooperate will have the most success. The group is focusing on promoting and expanding research and development in the South.
"We are living at a breathtaking moment of possibility, and if we blow it, shame on us," Clinton said. "There are a lot of people who know more about various details of their (research and development) strategy, but I know this: Cooperation works, networking works, empowering people works."
Clinton praised his home state and Kentucky for their success in expanding coverage through the federal health care overhaul, a law that has been unpopular in many Republican-leaning states throughout the region.
Arkansas last year approved a compromise plan to use federal Medicaid money to purchase private insurance for low-income residents, and hundreds of thousands have enrolled for coverage through the state-run insurance marketplace Kentucky set up under the law.
The two states had the highest drop in the number of uninsured residents in a poll released by Gallup earlier this month. Arkansas saw a drop of about 10 percentage points in its share of uninsured residents, from 22.5 percent in 2013, to 12.4 percent by the middle of this year. Kentucky experienced a drop of nearly 9 percentage points, from 20.4 percent of its residents uninsured in 2013, to 11.9 percent.
Clinton praised both states' approaches as "practical solutions to a genuine challenge."


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ORLANDO, Fla., May 9, 2014 /PRNewswire/ — After exploding onto the web TV scene by amassing millions of members less than 18 months following its launch, Rabbit TV's operating company FreeCast Inc today announced a crucial move toward becoming a frontrunner in the industry. The company has named Christopher Savine, former SVP/CFO of Time-Warner/Netscape/AOL, RR Donnelly, and Cenveo, as their new Chief Financial Officer, part of an aggressive strategy to further establish itself as a leader in the Internet TV space.
Savine, who will oversee financial operations, joins FreeCast from his previous position as EVP/CFO of Cenveo, where he reworked the company's organizational structure to generate over $100M in cost savings. Prior to his tenure at Cenveo, Savine served as EVP on the management team at RR Donnelly, where he oversaw a series of high-level acquisitions to help grow the company from a $2B operation to a global organization worth over $8B. As CFO of Netscape in the early 2000s, Savine successfully integrated the company into the Time Warner/AOL family, where he later served as Senior Vice President of Finance, spearheading profitability strategies and developing a business model for the profitable transitioning of members from dial-up to broadband.


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Possibilities with a kimono sleeve dress
The Asian style of dressing has always attracted people from all cultures. The kimono sleeve dress has particularly captured my imagination as far as styling goes. Kimono sleeves are modeled after the Japanese kimono and they gained popularity during World War II when Asian styles became more wide-spread.
A kimono sleeves dress is very versatile and can do double duty as both a Winter and Summer dress. It can be dressed up or dressed down, depending on how you want to style it. Here is a look at some ways in which you can style it.
The summer look: You can wear it as a loose tunic with flats or casually wear it with a belt. A kimono sleeve dress works as the perfect ensemble when the weather is warm.
The winter look: This dress can be also be worn as a cozy winter tunic with tights and boots.
The casual look: You can pair this dress up over your favorite skinny's for a casual appearance.
The cocktail look: Pair this dress up with some funky accessories and platform heels and you are good to go for a cocktail party.
The traveler look: Nothing can be more comfortable than a pair of leggings with a kimono sleeve dress. You can either style it with a belt or leave it loose depending on your comfort level.
There are different ways to style a kimono sleeve dress and change it up.
What other dress could give you so many possibilities? So go for this timeless piece.


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VIEWS: 18 PAGES: 6 CATEGORY: Lawyers and Legal Services POSTED ON: 2/2/2013 Public Domain
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