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LinuxWorld Summit: Linux Replacing Other Enterprise OS
The Coming Tide
Linux is rapidly replacing Unix, Windows, and old-style mainframes for mainstream enterprise use, despite lingering issues ranging from the availability of enterprise server applications to the quality of desktop Linux software, according to attendees at this week's LinuxWorld Summit in New York City.
During a keynote panel on Wednesday, C-level executives from three enterprises said they've achieved benefits ranging from cost savings to lowered server downtime from swapping out their earlier operating environments in favor of Linux.
During another presentation in Manhattan, R. Carl Drisko, a speaker from Novell, pointed to Linux-based implementations of grid computing not just in financial services, but in manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and the airline industry, as well.
"I have a large group of customers who have decided to move off of other platforms--including just about any platform you could name -- to run on Linux," Drisko maintained, during a follow-up interview with LinuxPlanet.
Linux has definitely stepped beyond the era of limited deployments at the development and small department levels, agreed Steve Garone, VP and senior analyst, application and integration infrastructure, at Ideas International.
"I'm saying this based on what I'm hearing at the conference, as well as on what I've been seeing in many other places," the analyst told LinuxPlanet.
The transitions to Linux haven't exactly happened overnight, however. During Wednesday's keynote panel, representatives from E-Trade Financial and Cendant Travel Distribution Services each said their companies each started to take Linux seriously as a potential cost-cutter way back during the economic slump of a few years back.
When the bubble burst in 2001, E-Trade looked at both Linux and Windows as possible replacements for its expensive Sun Solaris environment, said Josh Levine, chief technology and operations officer at E-Trade.
For its part, Cendant considered both Linux and proprietary Unix as potential alternatives for its long-time mainframe environment, said Robert Wiseman, the company's chief technology officer.
In fact, to help mitigate risk, Cendant for some time ran the three operating environments--Linux, Unix, and old-fashioned mainframe--alongside one another, Wiseman said.
"(But) now, everything we do is open systems," Wiseman told the audience in New York City.
Citigroup Technologies, on the other hand, integrated Linux into its mainframe environment more recently, upon migrating to IBM's newer zOS mainframe platform, said Aaron Graves, a senior VP.
Citigroup is using Linux to run its back-end credit card processing environment on the mainframe.
All three enterprise initiatives are now planning further steps into Linux deployment. ETrade, in fact, is now contemplating the possibility of producing its own Linux distribution, Levine said.
ETrade is also looking at enterprise-wide deployment of Linux at the desktop level some time over the year ahead.
"The biggest challenge [to desktop Linux] is making it look like Windows. If [Linux software makers] gave that up, maybe [desktop Linux] would actually work," according to Levine.
ETrade won't exactly be alone with Linux on the desktop. For example, two states in the US are about to start deploying the SuSE Linux desktop environment, said Novell's Drisko.
Still, users see some lingering barriers to server-side Linux, too. "What's on my wish list? I'd like all of the applications that aren't yet available on Linux to become available for Linux," said Levine, in an interview with LinuxPlanet after his presentation.
"I'd also like everything that does run on Linux to work better on Linux--and for all of it to work better together."
Graves told LinuxPlanet that he's particularly interested in getting Sybase to offer a version of its database for zOS, and that he's been trying to prod Sybase in this direction.
Novell's Drisko took issue with the notion that interoperability issues might be slowing some Linux deployments.
"Linux distributions are more or less the same, under the covers. Red Hat and SuSE are each trying to differentiate, but we're doing so mostly at the level of management tools that run on top of Linux. There's not a lot of forking, and we interoperate (with Red Hat) all the time," he told Linux Today.
Also, over the past year, more than 1,000 ISVs have signed on to develop applications for Linux, according to the Novell exec.
But, he added, not all developers are yet convinced, particularly when it comes to porting applications to the relatively costly zOS mainframe platform.
"Developers need to see the need, and some incentives might help," Drisko said. IBM, he suggested, might help to drive zOS migration by making the zOS platform more economically accessible to application developers such as Sybase, even to the point of "giving it away."
Solid state disks (SSDs) made a splash in consumer technology, and now the technology has its eyes on the enterprise storage market. Download this eBook to see what SSDs can do for your infrastructure and review the pros and cons of this potentially game-changing storage technology.
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- 2Linux Top 3: RHEL 6.7, BackBox Linux 4.3 and RoboLinux 8.1
- 3Linux Top 3: SLES 11 SP4, Chromixium OS 1.5 and Canonical Licensing
- 4Linux Top 3: VirtualBox 5, Point Linux 3.0 and OpenSUSE Leap 42.x
- 5Linux Top 3: Linux 4.2 rc1, 4MLinux 13 and antiX15
- 1Linux Top 3: Korora 22, Zorin 10 and Oracle Linux 6.7
- 2Linux Top 3: RHEL 6.7, BackBox Linux 4.3 and RoboLinux 8.1
- 3Linux Top 3: SLES 11 SP4, Chromixium OS 1.5 and Canonical Licensing
- 4Linux Top 3: VirtualBox 5, Point Linux 3.0 and OpenSUSE Leap 42.x
- 5Linux Top 3: Linux 4.2 rc1, 4MLinux 13 and antiX15
- 1Linux Top 3: Korora 22, Zorin 10 and Oracle Linux 6.7
- 2Linux Top 3: RHEL 6.7, BackBox Linux 4.3 and RoboLinux 8.1
- 3Linux Top 3: SLES 11 SP4, Chromixium OS 1.5 and Canonical Licensing
- 4Linux Top 3: VirtualBox 5, Point Linux 3.0 and OpenSUSE Leap 42.x
- 5Linux Top 3: Linux 4.2 rc1, 4MLinux 13 and antiX15


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Phone: Call us 3-10 p.m. at 649-941-7700
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Windsong Resort
Stubbs Road, Grace Bay, Providenciales
Turks and Caicos Islands
Look for the Havana Club entrance, just behind the Windsong "Reception" entrance. Parking is complimentary.
Please arrive 45 minutes before showtime.
Enjoy a luscious dessert and specialty coffee before the show.
Don't miss our talented performers. See our show dates & times.Read More...
Choose the Havana Club for your private or business functions.Read More...
Superb French wines from the Languedoc-Roussillon region.

subset: commoncrawl


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ingly competent and able to engage in learning across all four strands of scientific proficiency from the very beginning of their science education.
We begin with a discussion of young children's knowledge of the natural world. This knowledge can emerge as a consequence of a child's everyday interactions with the world as well as a result of the ways in which the culture and its adult members explicitly impart information to children. In some areas of instruction, such as reading, the role of preexisting knowledge and understanding may be relatively modest, but in the area of science education, children bring a great deal that is relevant. A major challenge is to build on students' existing knowledge of the natural world to help them understand and use scientific knowledge.
Next we identify aspects of young children's thinking that can serve as the foundation for developing scientific reasoning in the elementary grades. For example, young children understand that one thing can represent another (such as a toy airplane or a scale model), which provides a starting point for modeling. Finally, we consider precursors to children's understanding of how scientific knowledge is constructed. We include here their understanding of the ideas and beliefs held by other people and their ability to assess the credibility of different sources of knowledge.
Several themes run repeatedly through the research on young children's emerging understandings of natural systems and their reasoning. The following three themes help organize the research summaries that follow:
Concern with explanation and investigation are central to children's learning and thinking at all ages. Even the youngest children are sensitive to highly abstract patterns and causal relations. They use this information to guide the ways in which they generalize, make inferences, and make sense of the world. There is increasing recognition of the richness and variability of children's understandings that involve implicit and explicit, nonsymbolic and symbolic, associative and explanatory components. There is no simple concrete to abstract progression in children's development.
Children develop explanatory insights in specific domains. Some key domains of understanding may have a privileged status in helping with the emergence of science. These include mechanics, folk biology, some aspects of chemistry (e.g., an initial understanding of different substances), and folk psychology, as explained below. These four domains have universal shared components throughout the world and for children from all backgrounds in the United States. They form an important cognitive common ground on which to build more sophisticated scientific understandings. Roots of these


text: Soccer – Barclays Premier League – Arsenal v Newcastle United – Emirates Stadium by Alan Duffy | 30th, December 2012 Tweet *ALTERNATE CROP* Arsenal's Theo Walcott celebrates with the match-ball at the end of the match after scoring a hat-trick Posted in | No Comments » By Alan Duffy on December 30th, 2012 in . You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site. Like Us Follow @waatpies Share this article Tweet


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Pearland, Texas Pet Friendly Hotels & Lodging
United States » Texas » Pearland
Looking for a hotel in Pearland, TX that you can bring your pet to? We made sure that each one of the hotels below are pet friendly, so you can enjoy your trip with your pet by your side! Once you have found a pet friendly hotel, you can book your stay instantly from our website or call 866-212-1803 to speak with a pet travel agent.
Browse Pet Friendly Hotels In Pearland, Texas
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1855 N Main Street, (Hwy 35) - Pearland, TX (Map)
With a stay at Best Western Pearland Inn in Pearland, you'll be within the vicinity of Clear Creek Golf Club and Almeda Mall. This motel is within the vicinity of 1940 Air Terminal Museum and Southwyc...
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9015 Broadway St - Pearland, TX (Map)
With a stay at Candlewood Suites Pearland, you'll be centrally located in Pearland, convenient to Southwyck Golf Club and Clear Creek Golf Club. This hotel is within the region of Pearland Town Center...
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9002 Broadway - Pearland, TX (Map)
Located just 15 minutes from downtown, the La Quinta Inn & Suites Pearland is the place to stay for business, vacation, and family travel. Our warm and friendly staff takes pride in their superior servic...


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Resolving conflicts, disagreements and arguments
It is a normal part of growing up to have occasional arguments and disagreements, to fall-out with friends, from time to time, and not always to get on with other people.
As a school community, it is part of our ongoing duty of care to ensure children feel safe and protected from harm. While, at the same time allowing them the freedom and space to learn how to manage risk, encounter conflict and try and resolve their problems for themselves.
It is a delicate balance to strike. When things go wrong for children it is often our instinct to get involved and 'sort things out'. But, in satisfying this instinct we deny children the opportunity to learn about taking responsibility and making decisions for themselves.
Nevertheless, there are times when things can be too difficult or overwhelming for children to cope with on their own and they need adult support and advice in order to come to a resolution.
It is our aim to strive for this balance. To protect children from harm and unhappiness, while allowing them the freedom and opportunity to learn from their experiences, both good and bad. We are not advocating a community without boundaries or rules, but striving to build a community where respect is not something demanded but enshrined in values and codes developed over time. We aim to create a school that 'wraps around' the children rather than forces them to fit in.
Support and Mediation
Most problems are the normal, everyday kinds of conflict that happen all the time in schools and most of the time adults don't need to get involved. They are usually low-level disagreements and after a while children learn how to deal with them for themselves.
It is our school policy to support children as they learn this process, not to deny them help if they want it, but to give them as much opportunity to sort out their problems for themselves without taking over and doing it for them. In most circumstances adults will use the following procedure:
1. They listen
2. They reflect back – "I can see you are very upset." " I can understand why you are annoyed."
3. They give the child the opportunity to resolve the problem for him/herself – "Is this something you can sort out for yourself or do you need my help?"
4. Depending on the answer the adult does or does not get involved. "Ok, I'll try and help, but I might not be able to sort it out in a way you want." (If the adult does get involved then they need to talk to the other child/children without jumping to conclusions. Children can become very frustrated if they feel they are being treated unfairly, especially by an adult. And adult intervention can frequently make things worse, even when they are trying to make things better.)
5. The adult listens carefully to both sides, while insisting that each side respects the others opportunity to speak.
6. They might then offer a suggestion to resolve the problem – "Well, are you still playing with the spy -x-ray glasses?" " YES." "OK, will you pass them on to…. When you've finished?" "ALRIGHT"
7. Ask for agreement from both sides – "Is that OK for you? And how about you?" (Inevitably there will be times when an agreement can't be reached and then either the two parties will have to agree that they can't resolve their differences at this time and do something apart or they may need further support in the form of mediation, see below).
Mediation is used when children feel the problems they are faced with are more serious than they can cope with on their own. Mediation allows children the chance to speak and to be heard. It allows them the opportunity to discuss their problems and to listen to the point of view of others. However, it is not meant as a final resort or as a cure-all, but as one further opportunity for children to resolve their disagreements and conflicts for themselves.
Mediation is used for more serious incidences, not as a first step. The children will always be offered the choice of using or not using mediation. We recognise that some children might not feel comfortable using mediation and may choose not to participate.
Mediation follows the following procedure:
Step 1. Everyone gets the chance to speak without being interrupted. Remember – No one is to blame. "Lets hear from each person, one at a time, nobody is going to be interrupted and no one is to blame."
Step 2. Everyone says how he/she feels about what happened. "Can you please tell us how you feel about what happened?"
Step 3. Everyone says their best hope for how things will end up. "What is your best hope for how this problem will be sorted out?"
Step 4. Everyone makes a suggestion on how to resolve the problem. "What could we do to put it right?"
Step 5. Finish with an agreed resolution or go back to step 1. "Are you happy with how this is sorted, or do you think you need more time?"
Mediation can be quite a time consuming process, particularly if the problems underlying the conflict are deep-seated and long-standing. Some problems don't have 'quick-fixes' and children can't be told to simply like each other or just be friends.
There is often no one to blame with conflicts that come to mediation. Usually they involve friendship issues or disagreements that have come to a head and have caused a fall out. Typical subjects for mediation include: children being mean to each other; friends refusing to play or not letting others join in; name-calling and cruel words; children feeling excluded or left out.
These are not trivial matters, the children involved can often feel very upset, victimized and picked on, but the issues dealt with in mediation are not bullying. They are the usual differences and conflicts that children struggle with as they learn what it is to be part of a community. Mediation provides them with a structure and a means to work through these problems and a way to learn how to resolve their differences though reasoned argument rather than anger or violence.
Mediation is not the proper forum to deal with bullying. Bullying is a very serious matter and far too difficult for young children to deal with on their own. For this reason it is important to identify bullying as bullying early and to deal with it quickly.
To help us in this process we have consulted the Norfolk County Council's Schools Bullying website where they provide professional advise on bullying. After consulting educationalists from across Children's Services they have reached a consensus on a definition of bullying.
Bullying can range from physical violence to verbal abuse and being cut out of social groups. It also includes abusive texts, e-mails or nasty notes put on websites (known as cyber bullying). Bullying is not a one off incident such as a fight or when two equals have the odd fight or quarrel.
The DCSF (Department for Children, Schools and Families) defines bullying as:
'Behaviour by an individual or group, usually repeated over time, that intentionally hurts another individual or group either physically or emotionally". (DCSF, 2007)
This definition includes the three key characteristics of bullying i.e. It is:
* Deliberately hurtful (including aggression)
* Repeated often over a period of time
* Difficult for the victim to defend themselves against
Rigby (2002) described bullying as a 'systematic abuse of power'. It is this imbalance of power that is key in considering whether an incident is bullying or not.
In circumstances such as these we will immediately take action to protect the child who is being bullied and start working with the child who has been doing the bullying in order to prevent it happening again.
Of course, our aim is to create a supportive school environment where children learn early how to deal with differences and conflict, and have opportunities to develop skills and attitudes to prevent bullying occurring in the first place.


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Golf World
The Unsinkable Henrik Stenson
The mischievous Swede's climb to No. 3 in the world should surprise no one. Comebacks are his thing
Henrik Stenson has a rash.
Unfortunately, it's spreading over an indelicate part of his anatomy. Even more unfortunately, it appeared during a tournament in South Africa and now, a few days later, he's squirming in a rental car outside his new home in southern Sweden, some 5,000 miles from the office of his personal physician in Florida.
Which is why Stenson, with considerable dexterity, snapped a selfie of the afflicted area and texted it to his doctor. And why his doctor texted back: "Does it itch?" And why Stenson, alight with boyish glee, replied: "No, you idiot! I just wanted to send you a picture of my ass."
The phrase "thanks for sharing" pops into your head again and again as you're made party to the intimate moments of Stenson, an incorrigible smart-ass who has scratched toward the top of the World Ranking despite a rash of setbacks (psychic, physical, personal) that required extensive therapy. "I'm not Tiger Woods-famous," protests the 37-year-old Swede. "I'm not even the most famous golfer in Sweden. I'm not even the most famous Henrik in Sweden." With apologies to Annika Sorenstam and soccer legend Henrik Larsson, any of that could change in an instant.
Unlike his childhood hero -- the great brooding tennis player Bj�rn Borg -- Stenson doesn't ooze milky Swedish angst. He talks in a kind of sardonic rumble, laughing often and easily. "Henrik is a lot drier than most Swedes," says his caddie, Gareth Lord, a native of England. "He's more British. He does irony really well."
Related: Golf World's 50 Best Modern Players
This is an unrepentant prankster who (literally) shocks other players by tricking them into signing autographs with a low-voltage pen, who has hit a shot in his underpants, who named his snowmobile Stalin (it's a red menace) and who insists the best tip he ever passed along was: "Don't eat yellow snow." (Evidently, Stenson learned the hard way). "You never grow up," Stenson says. "You just learn how to act in public."
Asked how he'd prefer to die, he breaks into his trademark grin, an airy acceptance of whatever's next. The full catastrophe! "Peacefully in my sleep like my grandfather," he deadpans. "Not screaming and yelling like the passengers in his car."
Between the ropes -- his clear green eyes concealed by wraparound shades -- Stenson often seems to be the calmest player on the course, the one with a slow resting heartbeat, the best in a tight spot. A spectacularly smooth mix of power and touch, he moves with the sure economy of a practiced artist. "He's brilliant at getting into the 'delivery' position early," says Pete Cowen, his swing coach. "Three-quarters of the way through his downswing, he almost has the capacity to change his mind about what shot he is going to hit."
Stenson is perhaps the most ridiculously rational player on the PGA Tour. Few rival his mental clarity, his ability to identify how best to get from point A to point B. "Henrik always looks like he's decided never to doubt any decision he makes," says retired Swedish pro Helen Alfredsson. "No matter how weird things get -- and with Henrik, things have gotten pretty weird -- he moves on."
Where Stenson has been and where he is now is no laughing matter. In May 2009 he won the so-called fifth major, The Players Championship, climbing to No. 4 in the world. A couple of months earlier he had learned that one of his sponsors, Stanford Financial Group, had been shut down by the feds for operating a Ponzi scheme. Stenson ultimately lost a significant chunk of his savings, perhaps as much as $7 million. The scam's mastermind, Allen Stanford, was later convicted of fraud and sentenced to 110 years in prison. No money has been returned to Stenson.
Related: Henrik Stenson: Steal my feel
Not surprisingly, Stenson's game soon headed in the same direction as his brokerage account: south. Still, he made no excuses, even when beset by serious health problems -- one brought on by a waterborne parasite he picked up while vacationing in the Maldives. He struggled mightily, making only 14 of 25 cuts worldwide in 2011 and finishing in the top 20 just twice.
By February 2012, Stenson had slipped to No. 230 in the world and appeared to be in a slow slide to oblivion. But in 2013 -- for the second time in his career -- he resurrected himself, putting together a torrid run that few golfers besides Tiger Woods have experienced over the last decade. Starting at the Scottish Open, he practically ran the table with six top-three finishes in eight events. He finished second in the British Open and WGC-Bridgestone Invitational and third in the PGA Championship.
After winning the Deutsche Bank Championship (finishing at a commanding 22 under) and the Tour Championship, he claimed a lucrative double by becoming the first player to win the FedEx Cup on the PGA Tour and the European Tour's Race to Dubai in the same year. At the DP World Tour Championship he hit a staggering 68 of 72 greens in regulation and ended the final round with a tap-in eagle on the 18th. That secured an eight-under 64 for a tournament-record 25 under and a six-stroke victory. He closed out 2013 third on the World Ranking and well within reach of the top two, Woods and Adam Scott.
A victory at the DP World Tour Championship in Dubai was also on the docket in '13. Photo: Andrew Redington/Getty Images
Counting the $10 million bonus he pocketed after the FedEx clincher at East Lake and the $1 million Race to Dubai bonus, Stenson amassed nearly $18 million in on-course earnings during his final 11 events of the 2013 season. "It's only money," says Stenson, smiling like he just found a set of gold-plated Honmas in his Christmas stocking. "And money is only paper."
Has all that papering changed his life? "I guess the big difference is media interest," Stenson says. "Until very recently only five reporters would show up at my press conferences. Now it can be anywhere up to seven." He's joking, of course. These days journalists tend to throw themselves at him in thick, lapping waves.
Borg's relationship with Swedish journalists was so bad that he addressed them in English. Stenson is adept at handling the press. "Henrik has tremendous integrity," says G�ran Zachrisson, the most prominent golf commentator on Swedish television. "He's the same now as he was as a teenager. He's never been afraid to speak his mind, and he doesn't ingratiate himself just for the sake of it. We appreciate his bluntness."
- Keywords:
- golf,
- golf world,
- henrik stenson,
- fed-ex cup,
- franz lidz,
- tiger woods,
- adam scott


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The Standard hotels are our primary hotel choices in this location, though availability is not guaranteed. If a given hotel is not available for your tour date, we will reserve you a room at a hotel of similar appeal and quality in the same area.
The beautiful and elegant Pousada Santa Esmeralda is located at an ecological paradise only 10.5 miles from the city of Bonito. The pousada's close proximity to the bright waters of the region's Formoso River makes it an ideal location for travelers wishing to experience adventurous Brazil.
The charming Pousada Surucua is located near the city center of Bonito and unites all the comfort and charm of a country inn with the amenities and facilities found in urban centers. The Pousada's close proximity to the town makes it an ideal location for travelers wishing to experience the best of the region.


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Latest Headlines
Leafs Hold On
Posted on 8 Oct 2010 by RJ Emptage.
No ten game wait this year, at least thanks to the superb play of J.S. Giguere. Looking like the proven winner he is, Giguere closed the door on Brian Gionta as the Canadien's Captain looked to tie the game with the net empty and the extra attacker on the ice. Something the Leafs have lacked in the last few seasons, Giguere seemed to carry his teammates on his back at the most crucial moment. A...
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Quick Thoughts on Kaberle
Posted on 16 Aug 2010 by Ben Fisher.
As any Leafs fan knows, Tomas Kaberle has survived yet another heavy round of trade speculation and, now that his no-trade clause has come back into effect, will remain in the blue and white once training camp opens next month. Here are a few random thoughts on the deal that wasn't: Keeping an established, puck-moving defenceman is a bad thing? I know that Leafs Nation is anxious to see their...
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Brian Burke Blew It
Posted on 16 Aug 2010 by Corey Krakower.
We've all heard the phrase "buy low, sell high". That short, simple expression is the very brief explanation as to why Brian Burke completely missed the boat on Tomas Kaberle. I do believe Brian Burke when he said that the recent offers for Kaberle were not good enough. There just isn't that big of a market for a 32 year old defenseman, coming off a bad year and who is a pending UFA. If...
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Leafs Nation: The Tomas Kaberle Missed Opportunity
Posted on 16 Aug 2010 by Mike De Petrillo.
Well, it's August 16. Not a particularly meaningful date; that is if you haven't been following the plight of long time Maple Leafs defenseman Tomas Kaberle all summer. (That is no disrespect to TSN's own Bob McKenzie who bashfully announced his birthday via Twitter this morning. Happy birthday Bob!) Tomas Kaberle – who's JFJ authored "summer window" NTC expired at m...
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10 NHL Trade Proposals
Posted on 31 Jul 2010 by Corey Krakower.
It's the dog days of summer for the NHL. The draft has passed, free agency is slow and there haven't been many blockbuster trades. That, however, doesn't mean that GMs aren't talking. Many players' names have become commonplace in the rumor mill, and it's only a matter of time before we see some action. Here are 10 trades I have worked on; all of which I feel can benefit both teams ...
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Answering the Questions
Posted on 29 Jul 2010 by Ben Fisher.
I realize that my last post was on the Leafs' marquee signing of Marcel Mueller (okay, so he's an intriguing talent, but hardly a groundbreaking acquisition at this stage), but the truth is that there hasn't been much going on in Leafs Land. Sure, Mike Van Ryn retired (shocker!), the team signed a few minor leaguers (stop the presses!) and Kris Versteeg and Colby Armstrong were introduced...
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Leafs sign Marcel Muller
Posted on 14 Jul 2010 by Ben Fisher.
On a day when the Blue Jays swapped shortstops and the Raptors finalized the Hedo Turkoglu-for-Leandro Barbosa deal, Brian Burke and the Maple Leafs weren't content sitting on the sidelines. The Leafs made their move on Toronto's Acquisition Wednesday, dipping back into the European talent pool to sign 22-year old German winger Marcel Muller to a two-year entry-level deal. The 6'2" Mull...
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Welcome Back – Buds bring back Kulemin, Mitchell
Posted on 6 Jul 2010 by Ben Fisher.
After bolstering the franchise with a pair of new additions, Toronto Maple Leafs GM Brian Burke was back at work on Friday bringing a pair of old faces back into the fold. Following the Colby Armstrong signing and the Kris Versteeg trade, forwards Nikolai Kulemin and John Mitchell returned to the Leafs after signing short-term contracts with the only NHL club that either has represented. While ...
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Leafs' Off-Season Outlook
Posted on 10 Jun 2010 by Ben Fisher.
The NHL season has now reached its conclusion, with Chicago's Stanley Cup win establishing the Leafs' 43-year Cup drought as the league's longest. Since my colleague Mike recently weighed in with a terrific look at all current Leaf matters (you can read it here), I figured I might as well offer my two cents with an off-season outlook. Tomas Kaberle Never one to overplay his hand, Brian Bu...
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Leafs Nation: Bits and Pieces
Posted on 8 Jun 2010 by Mike De Petrillo.
With Game 6 of the Stanley Cup Final set for tomorrow night, all eyes in the hockey world will turn to Philadelphia tomorrow night. Much the like the 2010 playoffs, the 'Hawks vs. Flyers match-up has been nothing but entertaining with fast-paced, physical hockey that has had its fair share of goal-scoring. No doubt a great showcase for the league and a far cry from the trap style empl...
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Leafs Nation: Summer Playbook – Part I
Posted on 6 May 2010 by Mike De Petrillo.
With the second round of the playoffs well under way and a relative lull in "other news" relating to the Blue and White, it's time to break down what I see as the "Summer Playbook" for the Toronto Maple Leafs heading into June's draft and the July 1 free agency period. 2009/2010 saw Brian Burke make a major push to solidify the defensive end for the Leafs – UFA signings and the tr...
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Toronto Maple Leafs' Year in Review: the season that was
Posted on 14 Apr 2010 by Ben Fisher.
When the Boston Bruins secured the second selection in the 2010 NHL Draft last night, it added another layer of pain to what was a tough 2009-10 season for the Toronto Maple Leafs. Jonas Gustavsson's heart troubles and Phil Kessel's shoulder surgery, an eight-game winless streak to start the year, the Tomas Kaberle mess and, of course, the Brendan Burke tragedy all made their mark on what w...


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Unported kick/mic help. What I'm doing isn't working
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Gold Member
Join Date: Jan 2011
Location: Houston, TX
Posts: 1,416
Unported kick/mic help. What I'm doing isn't working
So I finished building my 20x14 virgin kick, and its badass. The tone is so rich and full compared to my last kick. I love it.
I'm currently outfitting it with Coated PS3 on batter, smooth white PS3 on reso unported, nothing inside, and I love the feel and the tone from behind the kit. However, I play in a pop country conver band, and I'm trying to get an appropriate sound and its not working.
First, I miced up the reso with my Beta52a. It was way too mushy,
Next, I picked up a Audix D6. The EQ and presence is a major improvement, but it picks up a bunch of sustain from my reso.
I'm trying to figure out where to go from here, and I'm really trying not to port my reso or put anything inside if at all possible, otherwise I would have done it by now. I know there are a lot of threads on this, but most of them say to PS3 over PS3 is fine, but I'm not getting it.
Should put an ambassador and felt strip on my reso?
Should I felt strip the PS3?
I've thought about micing the batter head too, but I don't have the gear for that (I can't postion a mic stand that isn't in the way)...
Do you guys know of anything that works best for this?
"Lay the backbeat home."
-Donny Hathaway
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text: Healthy Recipes Healthified Impossibly Easy Chicken 'n Broccoli Pie Recipe E-mail recipe Print recipe To save this recipe, register now! Quick Info: Servings Contains Wheat/Gluten Contains Dairy Contains Egg Good for Leftovers Nutritional Info (Per serving): Calories: 160, Saturated Fat: 1.5g, Sodium: 420mg, Dietary Fiber: 1g, Total Fat: 5g, Carbs: 12g, Cholesterol: 95mg, Protein: 16g Exchanges: Vegetable: 0.5, Starch: 0.5, Lean Meat: 2 Carb Choices: 1 Recipe Source: Prep Time: 10 mins Cook Time: 25 mins Total Time: 45 mins Ingredients 1 1/2 cup(s) broccoli florets, frozen, thawed and drained 1 cup(s) cheese, cheddar, sharp, reduced-fat, shredded 1 cup(s) chicken, breast (cooked), cut-up 1 medium onion(s), chopped 1/2 cup(s) biscuit mix, low-fat, (all purpose baking mix) 1 cup(s) milk, fat-free 1/4 teaspoon salt 1/4 teaspoon pepper, black 2 large egg(s), or 1/3 cup fat-free egg product Recipe Tip: "81% less sat fat • 66% less fat • 38% fewer calories than the original recipe—see the comparison. Substitution Frozen broccoli cuts can be used for the broccoli florets. Variation Looking for more color? Frozen mixed veggies can be used instead of broccoli, or add 1/4 cup chopped red bell or roasted red peppers. " Preparation 1. Heat oven to 400°F. Spray 9-inch glass pie plate with cooking spray. Layer broccoli, 1/2 cup of the cheese, the chicken and onion in pie plate. 2. In medium bowl, stir baking mix, milk, salt, pepper and eggs with wire whisk or fork until blended. Pour into pie plate. 3. Bake 20 to 25 minutes or until knife inserted in center comes out clean. Sprinkle with remaining 1/2 cup cheese. Bake 3 to 4 minutes longer or just until cheese is melted. Cool 5 minutes. E-mail recipe Print recipe To save this recipe, register now!


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Heirloom Family and Corporate portraits as featured in
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First Prize, The Portrait Society of Atlanta, Fall 2007
Daler Rowney Award for Painting Excellence, Oil Painters of America National Show.
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In my experience, buyers seem a little nervous about choosing only one agent to represent them in finding and purchasing a home. Buyers often call and tell me that they are working with other agents but ask if I can help also. They almost seem to think it should be flattering that they want my help but in these situations, it is only wise to step back and review the situation.
One of the first questions an agent should ask a prospective buyer is, "Are you working with an agent already?" If a buyer has already signed an agency agreement, then it would be unethical for me to work with that buyer. I will not intentionally interfere with an established agency relationship. Many agents have gotten themselves into unintentional trouble by working with buyers that have a signed agreement with another agent but the buyer failed to reveal that piece of information. Also, in the state of Utah, it is required by law for an agent to have a written agency agreement for that agent to show other agent's properties.
Buyers may be reluctant to sign an agreement with one agent because they think that having several agents looking for properties will increase their chances of finding the right one. I have even had buyers call me on one of my listings and after determining that this property is not for them, they will ask me, "Do you have other properties like this but with 4 bedrooms instead of 3?" Understanding how an agent finds properties will help answer this question.
I am a REALTOR® which means I am a member of the National Association of REALTORs® . I am also a member of the Utah Association as well as the Utah County Association of REALTORs® . Being a member of these great organizations gives me the right to be a member of the Multiple Listing Service (MLS). The MLS is an online database of all properties listed in my area which is the state of Utah. So, when a buyer asks me if I have other properties besides the one they are calling on, I can say, "Yes, I have absolutely thousands of listings." Having access to the MLS means I can find you any property, with any criteria, anywhere in Utah. Thinking that several agents looking for your "dream home" will increase your chances is a common mistake that buyers make because every REALTOR® has the same access to the same database.
If you really are concerned about finding the perfect home, then it would be best to choose one agent that is 100% committed to you and has established a good enough relationship with you to understand what you are really looking for. This can take a little time, since most buyers realize that what they thought they wanted in the beginning may not be exactly what they end up wanting in the end. I have worked with many buyers in exclusive agency relationships where I have been able to help my buyers end up in a home that they absolutely loved but was not what they originally told me they wanted. It look time, a listening ear, an observant eye, a building friendship, and my experience in this business for me to see the subtle hints from their reactions to the homes we seeing and make the necessary changes in our search until we ultimately narrowed down the true definition of their "perfect home".
Maybe some buyers worry they will not be fairly represented by one agent. It is important when hiring any professional that you do some homework before signing a contract with them. No one automatically hires an Attorney or Doctor just because their name was listed first in the yellow pages. Ask around, get referrals, do some research. Interview agents and ask them how they handle situations that you have concerns about. You don't have to work with an agent just because his/her name was on the sign in front of a home you inquired about.
So, while it seems to be a popular tendency as buyers to try and do as much of the home buying process alone and hold off as long as possible to have professional representation, it would be in your best interest to hire a professional early on. Shorten search time, narrow down wants and needs more proficiently, avoid mistakes that could cost you legally and financially by having a professional's experience on your side, 100% dedicated to you and your interests. At least that is some of the benefits my past buyer-clients have enjoyed by hiring me as their agent. Read what my clients say about my service and professionalism in my section titled, "Letters from Clients"


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Mail Management Data
Data is compiled for each fiscal year.
This data is required under 44 U.S.C. §2904 "General Responsibilities for Records Management." Further, the Mail Records Management Tables are produced in part through the Simplified Mail Accounting Report (SMART), an Internet-based application that collects mail-related data from Federal agencies. The SMART users guide can be accessed at this link Smart Tool User Guide v5. The tables represent:
- Total Mail Expenditures by Agency
- Federal Agency - USPS Domestic Expenditure
- Federal Agency - USPS International Expenditure
- Commercial Carrier Expenditures
- Professional Certifications by Federal Agencies
The FY 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 Federal Mail Open Data Sets are provided to support transparency in Government.
The FY 2014 Summary of the Mail Open Data Set is provided to further explain the data. [PDF - 62.48 KB]
If you have any questions about the tables, or would like to offer comments or suggestions on its content, please contact us at email@example.com.


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Hackers could exploit a weakness in the Wi-Fi authentication process, known as PEAP-MS-CHAPv2 (Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol with Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol version 2), to access the user's log-on credentials.
"In vulnerable scenarios, an attacker who successfully exploited this issue could achieve information disclosure against the targeted device," the company said in a security advisory. "Microsoft is not currently aware of active attacks or of impact at this time. Microsoft is actively this situation to keep customers informed and to provide customer guidance as necessary."
Intercepting Encrypted Credentials
Here's how an attacker-controlled system could exploit the weakness: First, the system poses as a known Wi-Fi access point. This charade would cause the targeted device to automatically attempt to authenticate with the access point. That, in turn, would allow the attacker to intercept the victim's encrypted domain credentials.
At that point, an attacker could exploit cryptographic weaknesses in the PEAP-MS-CHAPv2 protocol to grab the victim's domain credentials. Finally, those credentials could be used to authenticate the attacker to network resources, and the attacker could take any action that the user could take on the network.
We caught up with Kevin O'Brien, an enterprise solution architect at CloudLock, to get his take on the exploit. He told us the pivot point is cryptographic weakness.
"We've seen this particular type of vulnerability before, including from Microsoft, whose ASP.NET framework had a similar issue a few years ago," O'Brien said. "We've seen it recently, in the now well-known Cryptocat exploit. And we'll see it again.
As O'Brien sees it, the issue is that Microsoft committed one of the cardinal sins of security: it took a good idea (encryption), implemented it badly and then released it to the market.
"What went wrong in the MS-CHAPv2 example here is that the protocol relies largely upon smoke and mirrors to appear confusing, either intentionally or due to a lack of understanding on the behalf of the original coders," O'Brien said. "As a result, the entire protocol is compromised, and it should cease to be used in favor of the far more robust open-source alternatives in the market today."
A Recipe for Mass Compromise
Mike Gross, Global Risk strategy director at 41st Parameter, told us the lesson: most mobile devices, by default, enable convenient access to known Wi-Fi and other networks, so users need to be aware of these settings and how they can protect themselves.
"While there are specific steps that businesses can take to protect their secure networks from unauthorized access, users will unfortunately still be vulnerable to attack unless they disable the option to automatically connect to known Wi-Fi networks -- something most consumers will not do because of the inconvenience involved in reconnecting every time they come home or walk into an airport," he said.
In many cases, Gross noted, a smartphone or tablet user may simply be strolling through his local airport where an attacker has set up a Wi-Fi hotspot mimicking that of the legitimate public Wi-Fi, using the airport code as a network ID and not requiring a password to connect. He called this scenario a recipe for mass-compromise, as mobile devices would likely connect to the known network without hesitation.
"Even if the Wi-Fi auto-join feature is disabled, consumers are not in the clear. They will likely still be prompted to connect to a Wi-Fi network and should be extra vigilant when traveling or in a public location where this type of network spoofing is possible," Gross said. "Smartphone software configurations and defaults are clearly set up with user convenience in mind, so consumers must take extra steps to protect themselves and the integrity of their mobile devices."
2. HoloLens To Roll Out to Devs in Year
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4. Sony Rolls Out New Xperia Phones
5. Siri Could Transcribe Your Voicemails


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terracotta planterbecause I love the timeless-ness of terracotta in such a modern shape— they make little trees and herbs pop!
eddy round outdoor tablelove eddy because you can cluster a few of them to make a staggered long table outside with friends and pull them apart for bistro grilling— when it's just the two of us during the week.
rex clover arm chairfor a fun pop of color on our very bare city deck.
Thanks to megan, associate product manager, for this submission.
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Two Southern defenders of the Negro's civil rights will speak in New Lecture Hall this week as a part of National Negro History Week program. Carl Braden will speak Wednesday at 8 p.m., and Dr. T. R. M. Howard will speak Thursday.
Braden, a Kentucky newsman, presently out of prison on bail, will look at the segregation problem through a specific incident. It 1954, Braden bought a house in a white residential section, which he promptly resold to a Negro war veteran, Andrew Wade. The Wades were terrorized in subsequent months by the Ku Klux Klan. The violence culminated in June, 1954, when their house was destroyed by a dynamite explosion.
In a Grand Jury investigation following the explosion, Braden was convicted of bombing his house for his own political ends and was sentenced, under a rarely-used sedition law, to 15 years in jail and a $5000 fine. He will speak on the significance of this case in civil rights.
Dr. Howard will speak the following night on the general problem of civil rights and segregation. Howard, president of the Mississsippi Council of Negro Leadership, will deal largely with pressure on individuals who attempted to get the Negro to exert his right to vote.
Dr. Howard will use this example of the Southern problem as he deals with the question of "Civil Rights in Mississippi."


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Pandoras Tower PAL WII-SUSHi
seeders: 29
leechers: 6
Pandoras Tower PAL WII-SUSHi (Size: 4.34 GB)
Sharing Widget
All Comments
bloodydarn207 • 31 January 2014, 20:27
Show comment
Good download, works on Dolphin, thanks.
Wanderer189588 • 06 November 2013, 01:00 Show comment
I have tried using this with up-to0date USB Loader v.70, v.70r15 and wiiflow and it works fine if you use PAL (just rolls for us ntfs folks), but no success when forcing to ntfs with any of the 3 different loaders I have tried....
Appreciate the upload for others though and open to suggestions if I am missing soething.
anonymous • 07 May 2013, 04:22 Show comment
is it full version................. anything rip from game or not
iAmber561 • 17 February 2013, 02:28
Show comment
Works great on my soft-modded Wii (4.3U) with force NTSC using WiiFlow.
CheifSmoke33 • 31 October 2012, 14:34 Show comment
Thanks for the upload i dont even think they sale this game in america so thank you and i love it^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Beapo82 • 11 September 2012, 23:01
Show comment
Burnt the iso image onto a DVD-R and it loads normally on my soft-modded 4.3E Wii. I haven't started the game yet but the game menu loads up fine! If I have any problems then I'll share them here! :) Thanks uploader! :D
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Unexp1ained1993, mmace12131473, Emiese533, shoe288, giorgions244, Sion_Zaphod232, CutTheGrass179, AzraDark80, Mored198468, fenix8532 ... And 85 more
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By tully | "Boredom at Its Boredest" by Michael Tully October 21, 2004 at 2:26AM
You're welcome, Boston.
Just kidding. I know I didn't help the team win last night's game by staying home (Johnny Damon took care of that), but I followed my instincts and the unhappenable happened. Now that this series is over, the slate is clean and I can watch the series from anywhere on a guilt-free conscience.
But, wow, this was almost--don't worry, I said almost--as magical as the Terps' run in the ACC Tournament last year. Not quite, but close. I actually do think it was more amazing than the Pistons' obliteration of the Lakers, because that series was over from the beginning (minus that horrific ending to game two).
I haven't left my apartment since the game ended last night, but I feel like hopping on the train just to see all the scattered newspapers being read by disbelieving, somber faces.
The fact remains, however, that if the Red Sox don't win the series, the season will NOT be considered a success. They better have that attitude in the locker room right fucking now. If not, they're gonna be in trouble.
Sorry Yankees. Couldn't have happened to a more deserving moron than Kevin Brown. And A-Rod showed his true colors the other night. Watching him repeatedly ground out was hilarious! As for Jeter, that guy is above hatred. But, still, if I may...HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA!!!


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Local popsicle shop shutting doors
Locopops closing Chapel Hill store: The gourmet frozen popsicle vendor Locopops is closing its Chapel Hill and Raleigh stores later this month.
However, Locopops' Durham store, on Hillsborough Road, is unaffected. It closes for its winter holiday break from mid-December through mid-January, however.
The company is closing two locations as it looks to refocus its business model on selling pops wholesale and at events, according to a post on its Facebook page.
"When we started, brick-and-mortar locations made the most sense," the post said. "But customer feedback tells me that folks increasingly want to enjoy Locopops during festivals, farmers markets, ball games, etc., and they want the convenience of grabbing a pop or pint while they're shopping for other items or getting a coffee. They're less and less likely to make a special trip for one item."
The last day of business at the Chapel Hill and Raleigh locations will be Oct. 27.
To find Locopops in the Chapel Hill area, go to Weaver Street Market, Johnny's Gone Fishing in Carrboro, the Looking Glass Café & Boutique Inc. in Carrboro, or the Saxapahaw General Store in Alamance County.
In Durham, they're sold at the Durham store on Hillsborough Road, at the café at the Museum of Life and Science, at Foster's Market and at Sam's Quik Shop.
To book Locopops for an event, send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com or leave a message at 919-286-3500.
Cupcakes at 140 West: Gigi's Cupcakes has opened at the new 140 West mixed-use development on Franklin Street in Chapel Hill.
Gigi's is a Nashville, Tenn.,-based cupcake chain. The location in Chapel Hill is owned by a local franchisee.
The shop is the second business to open at 140 West behind Lime Fresh Mexican Grill, which opened in April.
Other retailers that have committed to the project include the Eye Care Center, Old Chicago Pizza & Taproom Spicy Nine, and Gentlemen's Corner.
Have an item for The Buzz? Contact Laura Oleniacz at firstname.lastname@example.com, or at 919-419-6636.


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Click Here To Watch This Video at Club Amateur USA
Original, high-quality, digital MPEG movies featuring straight, bi-curious, bisexual, and gay amateur men baring it all for the camera.
Description: So, My Impetus With Owen Was to Show Him Exactly Why Men Have Prostates & Why He Should Embrace the Pleasure That His Own Can Give Him. Needless-to-say, He Found Out Exactly What His Prostate Can
Permanent link to this video:
Code to embed player in blogs and forums, etc:
Post this video in the JUB Forums with this code:
Simply copy the above code into your JUB forum post and the movie will appear.


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Daily Sales Up to 70% OFF Limited-time deals start every day at 12 pm ET.
Sea Stones, LLC is based in Windham, New Hampshire, close to the rocky New England beaches and rivers that shape the stones they use in their designs. Sea Stones bring the beauty of nature into homes, while still leaving our shores and forests unchanged. They gather stones from private rivers and beaches, with permission. When a stone is collected, they want to make sure there will always be a replacement for future gatherers. So for each one harvested, a new stone (purchased from a quarry) is planted in the water. Over the years, the water tumbles the rough 'seed' into a smooth, rounded stone.
Bottle Stopper
by Sea Stones


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Massachusetts police reach out to drug dealers on Facebook
CHARLTON, Mass. (AP) — Authorities in a Massachusetts town are reaching out to drug dealers who want to eliminate their competition. Full Story
Stagehands who worked Stones concert have paychecks bounce
BUFFALO, N.Y. (AP) — About half of the 200 unionized stagehands who worked last month's Rolling Stones concert outside Buffalo are still waiting to get paid. Full Story
One Direction's Louis Tomlinson forced to admit impending fatherhood
A day after band member Liam Payne confirms the news, Tomlinson acknowledges for the first time that he's going to be a dad -- after getting blindsided by question on 'Good Morning America.'


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Leggett ally gets $160k salary for commission post
The office of Montgomery County Executive Ike Leggett is spending nearly $160,000 on salary and benefits for Michael Subin, a longtime political ally and former County Council member, the Washington Examiner reports.
Subin is the executive director of the county's Criminal Justice Coordinating Commission, tasked with "coordinating communication" among Montgomery's law enforcement agencies, the Washington Examiner learned. The commission meets four times a year.
"It looks bad," one high-ranking county official who asked to remain anonymous told the Washington Examiner. "To be paying that much to one of your political buddies -- for, let's face it, not that much work -- is outrageous with our budget situation."
READ THE FULL STORY at the Washington Examiner
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HOME College Louisville Cardinals Gear Louisville Cardinals Auto Accessories Louisville Cardinals Auto Accessories Decals (62 items) Product ID: 1741480
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This item ships within one business day.
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Cheer on your Louisville Cardinals with this decal from WinCraft! Wherever your travels take you, let everyone know that you cheer for the Louisville Cardinals on game day! This easy-application decal is made from durable, precision-cut vinyl to keep the high-quality Louisville Cardinals graphics looking great! Shop for your favorite NCAA gear at Fanatics.com!
- Attaches to any smooth surface
- Durable, clear-cut vinyl construction
- Easy application with instructions
- Made in the USA
- Measures approximately 8" wide by 8" high
- Officially licensed
- Material: 3m Clear Cast Vinyl
Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


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A Matador Minute with Junior Guard Tonicia Tademy
Recently, junior guard Tonicia Tademy sat down with the Cal State Northridge media relations staff to discuss the ongoing women's basketball season. A transfer from Mt. San Antonio College, Tademy has provided an immediate impact for the Matadors, averaging 7.7 points and 6.0 rebounds per game. In fact, Tademy, despite being 5-5, has led the Matadors in rebounding the last three games and scored a season-high 16 points against Portland on Nov. 25.
Despite the team's early struggles, Tademy is confident in the team's ability to turn things around with the beginning of the Big West Conference season looming. She believes the team's season rests in its ability to use its defense as a catalyst for success.
1. What are your thoughts about the upcoming game against Montana?
"We need to go up there and just play our game. We need to make the easy plays, like lay-ups, and force Montana into playing the game at our tempo. The motto I use is: Go hard or go home. We just need to keep going and keep playing hard."
2. What type of mindset does a guard need to have to be an effective rebounder?
"You just have to want it. Rebounding is not determined by how big or small a player is. It is all about just getting the ball. To be honest, I hardly ever box out, to the dismay of my coaches, but like I said, it's all about getting the ball."
3. What is the difference between playing the point guard and shooting guard position?
"When I am playing point guard, I have to be a leader on the court and tell people where I want them to go. As a shooting guard, I am a little freer to get open and look for my shot. I have always played point guard; this season is the first time that I have played at shooting guard."
4. Is there a certain player that you try and mold your game after?
"That's easy: LeBron James. He's a beast. He goes hard all the time and he has really turned around the culture surrounding his team."
5. What have you learned so far from Coach Schulz and the other coaches?
"It's been a different, but good, experience. There is not too much yelling at practice, which is something I'm not necessarily used to. I am used to people getting on me for my mistakes and then dealing with it. The coaches here are a little more motherly and do a great job of teaching."
6. Who do you look to on the team during crunch time?
"I know that if the team needs a basket, that it is on me to try and figure out a way to get the team the lift they need. I also look to Katrina Thompson because she gives the team a spark. If the team needs something, whether it's a basket or a rebound, we know we can count on Katrina to get it done."
7. Have you ever wished you were taller so that you could play up front?
"Not really. I like playing in the backcourt. Well, I do like to play with my back to the basket because it allows me to use some of my different moves. But, I also like playing guard because you get to run."
8. What is driving force of motivation for the team as it enters conference play?
"It all starts on defense. We know that if we get stops on defense, it is only going to hype us up. We want to make an imprint on the conference and knock it out and to do so, it needs to start on the defensive side of the ball."
"I think others may doubt us after the start that we've had, but we know that we are capable of accomplishing. Now it is just a matter of going out there and informing everyone else."
9. What would you say to the CSUN community as to why they should attend women's basketball games?
"I would tell them that it is exciting. We play every minute of every game hard and they won't see any lolly-gagging from the Matadors. I'd tell them that if they want to see some good action, to come out and support us. We are going to play hard and fast."
10. Where do you see yourself in five years?
"I think I would like to get into coaching, maybe back at Mt. San Antonio. Obviously, if I could still keep playing, I would, but I think of myself as a leader and I want to show young women how it's done."


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Buy properties in Wakefield Road, Scissett, Huddersfield HD8 - 4 bedrooms
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Cuttlehurst, Scissett, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire HD8Detached house for sale - 4 bedrooms
A truly stunning 4 bedroom detached residence. This beautiful detached property offers spacious accommodation with fabulous grounds and private fishing lake. Internally benefiting from having a farmhouse dining kitchen with a wonderful blue Aga, as ... More details
Note: Distances are straight line measurements
- Denby Dale (1.7 miles)
- Shepley (3.0 miles)
Marketed by Yorkshire's Finest Denby Dale, HD8. Call 01484 954003


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A polymeric solution capable of gelling upon exposure to a critical minimum value of a plurality of environmental stimuli is disclosed. The polymeric solution may be an aqueous solution utilized in vivo and capable of having the gelation reversed if at least one of the stimuli fall below, or outside the range of, the critical minimum value. The aqueous polymeric solution can be used either in industrial or pharmaceutical environments. In the medical environment, the aqueous polymeric solution is provided with either a chemical or radioisotopic therapeutic agent for delivery to a specific body part. The primary advantage of the process is that exposure to one environmental stimuli alone will not cause gelation, thereby enabling the therapeutic agent to be conducted through the body for relatively long distances without gelation occurring.
1. A method of reversibly sterilizing a mammal, comprising
providing a polymeric compound comprising a methacrylamide derivative and a hydrophilic comonomer, that remains a solution until exposed to critical minimum values of at least two environmental stimuli, wherein the polymeric compound forms a gel upon exposure to the critical minimum values of the at least two environmental stimuli;
delivering the polymeric compound to a lumen or other body region in need of closure when the polymeric compound is a solution; and
exposing the polymeric compound to the critical minimum values of the at least two environmental stimuli such that the polymeric compound forms a gel in situ in the lumen or other body region resulting in reversible sterilization of the mammal.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. A method for sterilizing a male mammal wherein the sterilization is reversible, comprising:
delivering a polymeric compound comprising a methacrylamide derivative and a hydrophilic comonomer, that remains a solution until exposed to critical minimum values of at least two environmental stimuli, and forms a gel upon exposure to the critical minimum values of the at least two environmental stimuli, to vas deferens of the male mammal when the polymeric compound is a solution; and
exposing the polymeric compound to the critical minimum values of the at least two environmental stimuli such that the polymeric compound forms a gel in situ in the vas deferens thereby reversibly sterilizing the male mammal.
5. The method of
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/603,730 filed Jun. 23, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,660,247, issued Dec. 9, 2003, which is incorporated herein by reference.
This invention was made with Government support under Contract No. DE-AC06-76RL01830 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The U.S. Government has certain rights in the invention.
The present invention relates in general to reversible gel compounds in which gelation is the result of response to a plurality of environmental stimuli. More particularly, the present invention is directed to polymeric solutions which gel in response to exposure to a critical minimum value of at least two environmental stimuli, such as in vivo stimuli found in human or other mammalian bodies. The gelation response can be reversed by reducing the value of at least one of such environmental stimuli to less than (or outside the range of) the critical minimum value.
The use of reversible gelling compounds is well known in the art. In the context of this art, "gel" means a form of material between the liquid and solid state that consists of physically crosslinked networks of long polymer molecules with liquid molecules trapped within the network—a three-dimensional network swollen by a solvent. If the solvent is water, the gel is termed a "hydrogel".
Gels may be classified as either a chemical gel or a physical gel. The former are formed by chemical covalent bonds, resulting in a product called covalently cross-linked gels, and are not reversible. The latter are formed by secondary physical forces, such as hydrogen bonding or hydrophobic or charge interactions, and are reversible.
Commercially available block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide-b-ethylene oxide) (PEO/PPO/PEO; Pluronics (BASF, Mount Olive, N.J.) or Poloxamers (ICI) are the best known examples of reversible, thermally gelling polymers. PEO/PPO/PEO copolymers are a family of more than 30 different nonionic surfactants, covering a wide range of liquids, solids and pastes with molecular weights ranging from about 1000 to 14,000. Concentrated solutions of PEO/PPO/PEO copolymers form reversible gels at high temperatures and revert to liquid state upon lowering of temperature. Gelation temperature depends on polymer composition and solution concentration.
Aqueous solutions of PEO/PPO/PEO copolymers demonstrate phase transitions from sol to gel (low temperature sol-gel boundary) and gel to sol (high temperature gel-sol boundary) with monotonically increasing temperature when the polymer concentration is above a minimum critical value. The mechanism of gelation of PEO/PPO/PEO copolymers is still uncertain.
Thermoreversible gels are also formed by several naturally occurring polymers such as gelatin (a protein prepared from partial hydrolysis of collagen), polysaccharides such as agarose, amylopectin, carrageenans, Gellan™, and the like. All of this class of biopolymers form hydrogels when cooled. By contrast, cellulose derivatives gel by a different mechanism: they are sols at low temperatures and become gels at high temperatures. The sol-gel transition temperature is affected by substitutions at the hydroxyl group of cellulose.
Novel biodegradable triblock copolymers of polyethylene glycol and poly(lactic/glycolic acid)(PEG/PLGA/PEG) were developed, and as aqueous solutions exhibit sol to gel transition at body temperature. A nonresorbable thermoreversible gel based on copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide with acrylic acid (poly(NiPAAm-co-AAc)) have been developed, and demonstrate reversible sol-to-gel transition at physiological temperature ranges due to lower critical solution temperatures exhibited by polymers of the N-isopropylacrylamide.
As an example of a different gelling mechanism, charged, water soluble polymers may form reversible gels in response to pH change in solution. For example, chitosan solutions exhibit a sol-to-gel transition at a pH of about 7.0, when pH changes from slightly acidic to neutral. The pH-triggered transition is slower than the transition caused by changes in temperature.
Chemically cross-linked gels are used extensively as matrices in chromatography and electrophoreses analytical methods to separate molecules according to molecular weight and charge. Additionally, efforts have been made to deliver drugs to human patients via reversibly gelling polymers, as well as topical applications and for ophthalmic delivery of therapeutic agents. It is known to use copolymer polyols which are available commercially under the trade name Pluronic™, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,188,373.
In-situ gelling compounds have been proposed for use in implantation of drug delivery systems (for example, in cancer treatment), as well as injectable matrices for tissue engineering. Stimulus induced in-vivo gelation is a process that produces no toxic polymerization residues and results in no heat generation.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,318 discloses a reversibly gelling aqueous composition that undergoes significant viscosity changes to simultaneous changes in both temperature and pH. The '318 composition is comprised of a combination of at least two separate and distinct reversibly gelling polymers—one of which is temperature sensitive (such as methyl cellulose or block copolymers of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene) and the other being pH sensitive (such as a polyacrylic acid). The composition is intended for use as drop instillable, oral and injectable drug delivery vehicles, and for topically applied lubricants, wetting agents and cleaning agents.
Other approaches to injectable polymers have included single-stimulus polymers, as for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,485. Gelation of the aqueous polymer solution is responsive to a change in a single environmental stimulus, such as temperature, pH or ionic strength.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,732,930 discloses a chemically cross-linked gel composition comprised of a polymerized product that is obtained by polymerization of isopropylacrylamide monomer, a source of metal ions, a crosslinking agent and a liquid medium. The product exhibits a reversible phase transition function that results in a drastic volume change in response to changes of the liquid medium composition temperature or ion concentration.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,334 discloses a method for vascular embolization by introduction of an aqueous solution of a thermosensitive polymer which gels in vivo at the body temperature of a patient. Obviously, such a thermosensitive gelling response will be inoperative in a process wherein the polymer must travel a substantial distance within the patient's body prior to gelation (such as when the gel is introduced through a catheter running from the femoral artery to the brain).
PCT published application number WO 99/56783 discloses a hydrogel for the treatment of aneurysms, whereby the gel carries both a radiopaque agent (permitting the radiogel to be visualized under fluoroscopy) and a therapeutic agent. The hydrogel is delivered through a catheter into an aneurysm, where the hydrogel becomes more viscous upon reaching body temperature or upon exposure to bodily fluids. The gelled compound blocks flow into the aneurysm, and can be adapted to deliver a human growth factor to promote growth of a cellular layer across the neck of the aneurysm.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a single injectable aqueous gelling solution that is sensitive to at least two environmental stimuli, and more preferably, a compound that is sensitive to at least two in vivo environmental stimuli in a human or other mammalian body. The compound of the present invention will gel when exposed to critical minimum values of the environmental stimuli and is preferably a reversibly gelling compound, such that when the critical minimum values of all (or at a minimum, at least one) of the environmental stimuli fall below or outside the range of sensitivity, the gelled compound returns to an un-gelled condition.
The ideal multiple stimulus reversible hydrogel comprises an aqueous-based solution or compound having low viscosity at formation conditions, but exhibits rapid gelation at physiological conditions. It gels in response to multiple in-situ environmental stimuli, and is reversible. It must have reasonable mechanical strength and have biocompatibility with the host tissue.
The following references disclose processes or compounds useful in this art:
The present invention comprises an aqueous polymeric solution capable of gelling upon exposure to a critical minimum value of a plurality of environmental stimuli. A "plurality" of environmental stimuli may be any number equal to or greater than two, although in most cases the process of the present invention will utilize two stimuli. The aqueous polymeric solution is capable of having gelation reversed if all, or at a minimum, at least one, of the environmental stimuli fall below (or outside a range of) critical minimum values. The environmental stimuli may be any stimulus that induces gelation, and is exemplified by temperature, pH, ionic strength, electrical field, magnetic field, solvent composition, chemical composition, light, pressure and the like. The critical minimum values for each of these stimuli may vary depending upon the local environment in which the gel is used, and will likely be markedly different between medical (or, in vivo) and industrial uses.
In vivo environmental stimuli may be either associated with human patients, or in veterinarian use with domestic or farm animals. For example, the product and process of the present invention may be used with cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, dogs, cats, and the like. The environmental stimuli may be either conditions that are naturally found within the area of use (e.g. "ambient"), or they may be externally imposed. Generally speaking, when injected into a human, the aqueous polymeric solution of the present invention is injected into a specific locus within the body—either a cavity (such as a post-operative tumor site) or a conduit/duct (such as a blood vessel) or into a tissue mass (such as a tumor).
The polymeric solution may either be a carrier for a pharmaceutically active therapeutic agent (in which case it will typically be an aqueous solution), or it may merely act as an inert blocking mass. An example of the former is the injection of chemicals or radioisotopes delivered through a catheter to a tumor mass; an example of the latter is injection of a gelled mass into a tubular body so as to cause a restriction therein (e.g. an aneurism of a blood vessel or the vas deferens for purposes of reversible sterilization in males). Likewise, the polymeric solution may be used in industrial situations wherein it may not be an aqueous solution.
It would be of great medical benefit in in vivo environments, if an aqueous polymeric solution could be transported in a catheter within the body for extended distances without gelation. For example, if it is desired to implant a quantity of radioisotope in a gelled mass within the brain, a catheter may be inserted into the patients femoral artery and the therapeutic agent is transported from that locale to the brain. Through use of the process of the present invention, for example, the two stimuli to induce gelation may be temperature and pH in the blood stream, such that warming of the liquid polymeric compound alone (within the catheter) will not cause gelation. It is not until the compound contacts the blood in the brain, and is induced by the pH or ionic strength of the blood to gel, that gelation occurs.
The reversible, stimulus-sensitive gels of the present invention are intended primarily for use in medical environments, such as the embolization of blood vessels at remote anatomical locations. However, it is to be understood that the gels of the present invention are not limited to medical applications—they will find uses outside medicine. For example, uses as drilling muds in the drilling of oil or other deep wells; subterranean use to block transport of noxious pollutants in an aquifer; the sealing of any industrial conduit to block passage of materials therein, and the like.
There are specific uses of gelling polymers wherein it is greatly preferred that the gelation response occur only when the polymer solution is exposed to multiple stimuli. As used herein, the stimuli may be any environmental stimulus that, in combination with at least one additional stimulus, causes the gelation reaction of a polymer solution. For example, such stimuli as temperature, pH, ionic strength, electrical field, magnetic field, solvent concentration/composition, surrounding chemical concentration/composition, light or pressure. While it is probably preferred in most cases that gelation result from two stimuli, it is within the context of the present invention that gelation occur in response to three or more stimuli.
As used herein, the stimuli responsible for gelation must reach a "critical minimum value" to effectively cause gelation. Values outside of this critical minimum value will cause the polymer composition to flow as (or similar to) a liquid. The critical minimum value will depend upon the particular environment—and the value for a single stimuli (for example, temperature) may be radically different depending upon the use. For example, in the context of a polymer solution injected into the blood stream of a human body wherein temperature and pH are the stimuli responsible for gelation, the critical minimum value for temperature is approximately 35–37� C. (internal body temperature) and the critical minimum value for pH is approximately 7.0–7.5 (the pH of blood and many other interstitial fluids). On the other hand, the critical minimum value for gelation in oil-field applications may be in excess of 70� C. and pH of less than 6.0 or greater than 8.0. For ease of description, and as described herein, any stimuli condition that falls outside that required for gelation is denoted as "below" or "less than" the critical minimum value, even though the value may be higher. For example, while room temperature may be on the order of 20� C. and therefore below the critical minimum value (37� C.) to induce gelation, a temperature of 50� C. may likewise inhibit gelation because it is too high, and as defined herein is also "below" the critical minimum value.
Gelation is the change in viscosity from a fluid-like composition to a solid-like composition. While the degree of "solidness" may vary from application to application, generally speaking gels of the present invention will exhibit viscosities in the full range of from paste-like to solid-like.
In certain situations, it is critical that gelation of the gel be reversible. For example, the pre-operative embolization of vessels for tumor treatment may be necessary to successfully shrink such tumors; it is not desired that blood flow be forever blocked in such vessels due to severe tissue damage. Upon return to environmental stimuli conditions that are "below" the critical minimum values, the gel reverses its viscosity and returns to a solution that is transportable within its immediate environment. The gels of the present invention are highly stable and do not exhibit phase separation upon standing or upon repeated cycling between the liquid and gel state. It is especially important that once gelled in situ, that the gel composition remain gelled indefinitely, or until intentionally reversed. For example, it is anticipated that gels of the present invention can be designed that will remain gelled for as long as many years.
Also, as used herein, the word "environmental" refers to the myriad of stimuli that might induce gelation. In industrial, non-medical settings such environmental stimuli may comprise chemical composition, temperature, light, pressure, and the like. In the context of human or other mammalian bodies, the word "environmental" typically refers to well-known conditions within the body that can impact the gel (temperature, pH, ionic strength, etc.).
The polymers useful in the present invention include but are not limited to thermally reversible copolymers that are useful as a gel that forms without substantial syneresis when the thermally reversible copolymer is in an aqueous solution. Syneresis is defined as water expelled from a copolymer matrix upon gelation. Substantial syneresis is more than about 10 wt % water expelled from the copolymer matrix. According to the present invention, it is preferred that the syneresis be less than about 10 wt %, more preferably less than about 5 wt % and most preferably less than about 2 wt %. Substantially no syneresis is syneresis of less than about 2 wt %, preferably 0 wt %.
As an example of the sort of polymers that can be synthesized according to the present invention, and not intending to be limited by the recitation of specific compounds, the thermally reversible copolymer can be a linear random, block or graft copolymers of an [meth-]acrylamide derivative and a hydrophilic comonomer wherein the copolymer is in the form of a plurality of chains having a plurality of molecular weights greater than or equal to a minimum geling molecular weight cutoff. According to the present invention, the minimum geling molecular weight cutoff is at least several thousand and is preferably about 12,000. The presence of a substantial amount of copolymer or polymer chains having molecular weights less than the minimum geling molecular weight cutoff results in a milky solution that does not gel. Further, the amount of hydrophilic comonomer in the linear random copolymer is preferably less than about 10 Mole %, more preferably less than about 5 Mole % and most preferably about 2 Mole %. When the hydrophyllic comonomer is AAc and the thermosensitive co-monomer is NiPAAm, the amount of AAc in the linear random copolymer is preferably from about 1 mole % to about 2.5 Mole %, most preferably from about 1.6 Mole % to about 1.9 Mole %. The structure of linear chains is not cross linked. Moreover, the block or graft copolymer structure is one in which a linear chain is shared by randomly alternating portions of the [meth-]acrylamide derivative and the hydrophilic comonomer.
The [meth-]acrylamide derivative is an N-alkyl substituted [meth-]acrylamide including but not limited to N-isopropyl[meth-]acrylamide, N,N-diethyl[meth-]acrylamide, N-[meth-]acryloylpyrrolidine, N-ethyl[meth-]acrylamide, and combinations thereof.
The hydrophilic comonomer is any hydrophilic comonomer that co-polymerizes with the [meth-]acrylamide derivative. Preferred hydrophilic comonomers are hydrophilic [meth-]acryl-compounds including but not limited to carboxylic acids, [meth-]acrylamide, hydrophilic [meth-]acrylamide derivatives, hydrophilic [meth-]acrylic acid esters. The carboxylic acid may be, for example, acrylic acid, dimer of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and combinations thereof. The hydrophilic acrylamide derivatives include but are not limited to N,N-diethyl[meth-]acrylamide, 2-[N,N-dimethylamino]ethyl[meth-]acrylamide, 2-[N,N-diethylamino]ethyl[meth-]acrylamide, or combinations thereof. The hydrophilic [meth-]acrylic esters include but are not limited to 2-[N,N-diethylamino]ethyl [meth-]acrylate, 2-[N,N-dimethylamino]ethyl[meth-]acrylate, and combinations thereof.
The polymer composition most likely having primary application in medical applications is a hydrogel, wherein water is the solvent. Obviously, introducing non-aqueous solvents into a human or other mammalian body can have significant side effects. However, in industrial settings, the solvent may comprise any well-known organic solvent.
In medical applications, the gels of the present invention may be utilized to deliver therapeutic agents to various body locations, including but not limited to intravenous and subcutaneous therapies, tissue supplementation, parenteral delivery, vascular and therapeutic embolization, tumor therapy, blockage of bodily conduits, and the like. Any biologically active compound having therapeutic qualities may be delivered by the process of the present invention, including but not limited to proteins, polypeptides, polynucleotides, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, and the like.
Classes of therapeutically active or diagnostic compounds that will most likely be administered by the process of the present invention include but are not limited to anti-cancer drugs, radionuclides, antibiotics, immunosuppressants, neurotoxins, antiinflammatory agents, imaging agents, and the like.
It is to be understood that while the biological uses of the products and processes of the present invention will find particular application with humans, other types of animals may be similarly treated. Because the cost of these procedures is relatively expensive, they typically will not be useful in a commercial sense with a broad range of animals. However, research applications of this technology with non-mammalians may be feasible. Other than humans, the invention will find particular application with cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, dogs, cats, and the like.
Generally speaking, compositions of polymers of the present invention will be found in very broad ranges. A reversible geling solution may be made by mixing the reversible polymer with an aqueous solution in an amount of about 70 wt % to 99 wt %.
N-isopropylacrylamide was recrystallized from n-hexane and dried under vacuum. Acrylic acid was distilled under reduced pressure. 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile was purified by recrystallization from methanol. Dioxane was sonicated, degased and purged with deoxygenated nitrogen prior to use. Either nad hexane (reagent grade) were used as received. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (pH=7.4) was made by dissolving 0.272 g of anhydrous KH2PO4, 2.130 g of Na2HPO4xH2O and 8.474 g of NaCl in 1.0 liter of ultra-pure water. pH of the solution was adjusted to 7.4 with ORION 720A pH-meter.
The copolymers were obtained by free-radical solution copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) with a proper comonomer; 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate (DMAEA) for KK-11copolymer and acrylic acid (Aac) for Mj-114 copolymer. A positively ionizable, weakly basic copolymer was synthesized in dioxane, using 97/3 mol % ratio of NIPAAm and DMAEA, using AIBN as a free-radical initiation. The monomers (5.000 g, 4.415�10−2 moles of NIPAAm and 207.3uL, 1.365�10−3 moles of DMAEA) were dissolved in dry, degassed dioxane (24 mL) and flushed with dry, deoxygenated nitrogen for 0.5 hour. After adding AIBN (4.8 mg, 2.93�10−5 moles in dioxane solution (about 100 uL), the mixture was purged with nitrogen for additional 10 minutes. The polymerization was conducted at 70� C. for 19 hr under pure nitrogen. The reaction mixture was then cooled to RT, diluted with dioxane (24 mL), poured into 3/1 v/v mixture of ethyl ether/hexane and vigorously stirred for about 2 hours. The crude polymer was then filtered, washed with ether and dried in vacum overnight. Dry polymer was dissolved in 200 mL of UP water and filtered through a nylon membrane (pore size 0.45 um). Crude polymer solution was purified by ultrafiltration (three times) using a 30KD MWCO membrane. The purified solution was freeze-dried to obtain a dry polymer powder (yield 84–85%).
The molar masses were analyzed by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), using the following equipment:
Reversible sol-gel transitions of the poly(NIPAAm-co-DMAEA) and poly(NIPAAm-co-Aac) polymer solutions were studied using dynamic rheology (Rheometric Scientific SR 2000). The polymer solutions were placed between parallel plates with diameter 2.5 mm and gap 0.5 mm. The Dynamic Temperature Ramp Test (DTRT) was conducted under controlled stress (2.0 dync/cm2) and frequency (1.0 radian/sec.). The heating-cooling cycle temperature gap was established for 21–37� C. with increment 0.3� C. A 10% polymer solution in water and PBS was investigated.
The properties illustrated in
Different behavior of the polymer solutions in water versus those in PBS proves that it is possible to deliver the water solution to a remote anatomical location via a long needle or catheter in a sol (non-gelled) state. The polymer water solution will gel upon contact with body fluids at physiological temperature.
A copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide with hydrophilic comonomer, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate (DMAEA) was synthesized in dioxane by a free radical polymerization. After a two-step extensive purification, by precipitation and ultrafiltration the NDAEA copolymer was lyophilized to obtain the copolymer in a powder form. This powder was then dissolved in water to form an aqueous solution.
A 2 ml sample of this solution, warmed up to 37� C., was placed in a 2 ml syringe equipped with a 30 Gauge needle. The needle was immersed in a phosphate buffered saline (PBL) solution also warmed up to 37� C. The warm copolymer solution from the syringe was injected into the warm PBS solution. Instantaneous gel formation was observed; the injected gel formed a "string".
An additional 2 ml sample of the same aqueous solution was heated gradually from room temperature up to 40� C. No gel formation was observed even at 40� C.
Yet another 2 ml sample of the same solution, equilibrated at room temperature, was placed in a 2 ml syringe equipped with a 30 Gauge needle. The needle was immersed in a phosphate buffered saline (PBs) solution also equilibrated at room temperature. The room temperature copolymer solution from the syringe was injected into the room temperature PBS solution. No gel formation was observed—the injected polymer solution simply dissolved in the buffer.
Thus, the impact of multiple stimulus gelation is evident in temperature and proper ionic strength is required to cause gelation of the NDAEA copolymer. Change in only one stimuli was ineffective to cause gelation.
A copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide with hydrophilic comonomer, 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate (NDAEA) was synthesized in dioxane by a free-radical polymerization. After a two-step extensive purification, by precipitation and ultrafiltration, the NDAEA copolymer was lyophilized to obtain the copolymer in powder form. This powder was then dissolved in water to form an aqueous solution.
A 2 ml sample of this solution, warmed to 37� C., was placed in a 2 ml syringe equipped with a 30 Gauge needle. The needle was immersed in a PBS solution also warmed up to 37� C. The warm copolymer solution from the syringe was injected into the warm PBS solution. Instantaneous gel formation was observed, the injected gel forming a "string". Another 2 ml sample of the same aqueous solution was heated gradually from room temperature up to 40� C. No gel formation was observed even at 40� C.
Yet another 2 ml sample of the solution, equilibrated at room temperature, was placed in a 2 ml syringe equipped with a 30 Gauge needle. The needle was immersed in a PBS solution also equilibrated at room temperature. The room temperature copolymer solution from the syringe was injected into the room temperature PBS solution. No gel formation was observed; the injected polymer solution simply dissolved in the buffer.
Having thus described a preferred exemplary embodiment of the present invention, it should be noted by those skilled in the art that the disclosures herein are exemplary only and that alternatives, adaptations and modifications may be made within the scope of the present invention. Thus, the present invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments illustrated herein, but solely by the scope of the claims appended hereto.
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