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A fixture for dental illumination, in which an elliptical reflector and light source is used with a light gate and projection lens, these being set in an enclosing canister with the light emerging through the lens, an infrared filter in the path of the light rays to absorb unwanted heat radiation, and a dichroic filter on the surface of the lens facing the reflector to correct the light-rendering index of the emitted light. Without any filter, neither infrared nor visible, the color rendering index of the light from the device is 97.5. When the infrared filter is added, this drops to 88.0, but the addition of the dichroic visible-light filter brings this back to 97.5, which is very good.
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()R 3,70 ,92 SEARCH ROOM United States Patent V [151 3,704,928
Cmmbselal- SUBSTITUTE FOR MlSSING on Dec-$1972 [5 1 DENTAL LIGHT WITH DICHRQIC AND 1,279,638 9/1918 Blake ..240/41.a
INFRARED FILTERS OTHER PUBLICATIONS [72] Inventors: Peter M. Coombs, Newton, N.H.;
Ernest Davey, Lynn; Com-ad Degenkolb, et al., Dichroic Safeguards, Journal of ward Kowabki, Marblehead, both the S.M.P.T.E, V01. 76, No. 1,.1an. 1967, pp. 15-17 of Mass. Pr'ma Exam Dav'd Schonber [73] Assrgnee: Sylvnnla Electric Products, Inc. L- Kusmegr [22] Filed: Nov. 9, 1970 Attorney-Norman J. O'Malley, Laurence Burns and [211 App]. No.: 87,792 Ryan [57] ABSTRACT [52] US. Cl. ..350/l, 240/41.15, 240/41.3, A fixture for denial illumination in which an elliptical 5i] i t Cl :;35822 reflector and light source is used with a light gate and [58] d 163 166 projection lens, these being set in an enclosing e 0 canister with the light emerging through the lens, an
350/316; 240/4115 413; 353,55 infrared filter in the path of the light rays to absorb unwanted heat radiation, and a dichroic filter on the [56] References Cited surface of the lens facing the reflector to correct the UNITED STATES PATENTS light-rendering index of the emitted light. Without any filter, neither infrared nor visible, the color rendering 3,371,202 2/1968 Moore et a1. ..240/41.3 index of the light from the cievice is 97 5 w the 2,798,943 7/1957 Pndeaux ..353/55 X infrared filter iS added, this drops to 0 but the 2,827,554 3/1958 Gunther et a1 ..350/316 X dition of the (chi-oic visih|e iight filter brings ihiS 3,113,033 12/1963 Hoxie et al. ..350/1 X back to 97 which is very good.
1,349,706 8/1920 Worcester ..240/41.3
2,338,901 1/1944 Chiti ..240/4l.3 l C1alrn,2 Drawing Flgures PAIENTEDuEc 5 m2 UNCOATED WAVELENGTH IN MILL IMICRONS 400 425 wozsitzwzdmk PETER M. COOMBS ERNEST DAVEY C. EDWARD KOWALSKI INVENTORS ATTORNEY DENTAL LIGHT WITH DICIIROIC AND INFRARED FILTERS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION I. Field oflnvention This invention relates to fixtures for dental illumination, and in particular to such fixtures which utilize a heat-absorbing filter to prevent excessive heating of the patients face by infrared radiation.
2. Brief Summary of Prior Art Dental fixtures have been developed using a light source at one focus of an ellipsoidal reflector, and at the other focus a gate having an opening defining the extent of the beam. These provide a high intensity of light on the patients face, but since the light source is an incandescent lamp, most of its radiated energy is infrared, which does not assist the dentist in seeing, but can undesirably heat up the face of the patient on which it falls. A filter plate is used in front of the lens, that is between the lens and the patient's face to absorb the infrared and produce a cooler light.
The usual infrared filters have a broad cutoff and also absorb visible light in some parts of the spectrum. The quality of the light emitted from the fixture without the filter is such that its color-rendering index is 97.5, which is considered excellent, but the addition of the filter drops this index to 88, which is undesirable, since the dentist needs to see the patients teeth in their natural colors.
The glass filters available for cutting off the far infrared are found to transmit more in the green and yellow than in the blue, and since the incandescent source is comparatively low in blue radiation, this means that the green light will predominate and give the light a greenish tinge which is undesirable.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF INVENTION It is here that our invention solves the problem by using an additional filter which cuts down on the green and has high transmission for the blue. The filter also cuts down on the yellow, orange and red somewhat, but since the source is rich in these colors anyway, this merely helps to give a balanced light. The color temperature is raised to an acceptable balance, and the color rendering index is brought back to 97.5. We have discovered that this filter can best be utilized by making it of the dichroic type, which can be coated onto some light-transmitting part of the device. The dichroic filter was tried at the light gate, but the high radiation density at that point destroyed the dichroic coating. A coating on the back of the infrared filter, that is, on the side nearest the lens, was found to give secondary reflections back onto the gate, which was transmitted into the illuminating pattern, which was undesirable. A third approach was tried by coating the external surface of the infrared filter, but this left the coating vunerable to abrasion when cleaned.
We have discovered that all these disadvantages can be overcome by having a dichroic coating on the lens surface which faces the source of light. In the optical system used, this was the spheric side of the lens, the other side being aspheric.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF DRAWINGS Other features, objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following specification, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a graph of transmittance against wavelength for the infrared filter and for the dichroie filter on the lens; and
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal section through the centerline of the fixture.
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS In FIG. I, the dotted curve shows the transmission of the infrared filter for visible light and is to be somewhat low in the blue (400-500 millimicrons), higher in the green and yellow (500-600 millimicrons), and low again in the red (600-750 millimicrons). This, in conjunction with the incandescent filament source, produces a somewhat greenish light.
The full-line curve shows the transmission of the diehroie filter, which is high in the blue, and low in the yellow and green, rising somewhat toward the red.
Although only the visible transmissions of the filters are shown, the transmission of the infrared filter drops to zero at about 900 millimicrons and continues there up to at least 2,700 millimicrons, which was the limit of the measuring equipment.
Referring to FIG. 2, a cross sectional view of the medical and dental fixture is shown. The major components comprise a main housing canister I0, an optical system I2 located within the canister and a flexible boot l4 affixed to the rear end of the canister. The boot 14 covers and holds the electrical connections for a lamp [6. The lamp, being one of the components of the optical system of the fixture, is positioned within an ellipsoidal-shaped reflector I8. The lamp and reflector produce an intense source whose light is directed through a rectangular opening 24 centrally located in a fixed light gate 20. A spacing rim 22 spaces the lamp and reflector from the light gate so that an optimum amount of light produced by the lamp 16 passes through the gate opening 24 and thence to an aspheric lens 26, and an exterior heat absorbing cover glass 32.
The lens 26 and heat absorbing cover glass 32 are spaced from one another and held by a circular bezel 30. This segment of the optical system produces a very sharply defined rectangular light pattern.
The optically clad glass rod 40 shown in FIG. 2 is made of a glass rod probe with optically polished ends and encased within a metal casing. One end of the rod 40 extends into the housing 10, and passes through the reflector and terminates just short of the envelope 51 of the lamp, and perpendicular to the axis of the filament 50. The other end of the rod 40 extends outwardly from the housing 10 and is connected to a flexible fiber optic conduit comprised ofa standard bundle of flexible glass fibers 44 in the shape of a conduit having an approximately circular cross section.
With this arrangement the rod 40 collects from the filament light which travels over the conduit 44 to emerge at the light exit end 48.
The lens surface facing the source of light, that is, the back surface 28 of the lens 26 is coated with a dichroic filter 9 which transmits more blue light than green, and
which also passes the red. The filter can be made in the usual manner with successive thin coats or layers of magnesium fluoride and zinc sulfide, each about onefourth wavelength thick, there being 9 coats of magnesium fluoride and 10 coats of zinc sulfide in all. The coatings can be applied by vacuum disposition in the usual manner.
What we claim is: l. A dental lighting fixture comprising: an optical system including an ellipsoidal reflector having a light source disposed at one focus thereof; a fixed light gate disposed in front of said optical system, said gate having a rectangular opening disposed at the other focus of said ellipsoidal reflector;
a lens disposed in front of said light gate, said lens having a spheric side facing said light gate, the other side of said lens being aspheric;
a dichroic coating disposed on said spheric side of said lens, said coating having higher transmission of blue light than of green, yellow, orange or red light; and
an infrared absorbing glass fllter disposed in front of said lens, the combination of said dichroic coating and said filter yielding light of high color rendering index.
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Animal Care Services is offering low cost vaccination clinics for local pet owners. Because the community's pet vaccination rates are low, there has been an increase in the number of sick animals being brought into ACS as well as other local animal shelters and clinics. To help residents protect their pets from a host of serious and potentially deadly diseases, Animal Care Services will offer the clinics in partnership with local veterinarians every Monday afternoon from 2pm to 4pm and on the first and third Wednesday of each month from Noon to 2p.m. in the ACS shelter annex building located at 4710 State Highway 151. No appointments are needed and services will be available through our partnership with Leon Valley Veterinary Hospital and Petshotz. In addition to low cost pet vaccinations, residents will be able to get their dog or cat microchipped and licensed. All pets should be on a leash or in a carrier.
Animal Care Services
Join Animal Care Services and its partners as we strive to provide every healthy and adoptable pet in this community hope for a "forever" home with responsible owners.

subset: commoncrawl


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Hold down Control (PC) or Command (Mac) key + mouseclick to select more than one option
|Avg. Dinner Entrée
|Greater than $25
|$18.01 - $25
|$12.01 - $18
|$7.01 - $12
|Less than $7
Posted by shotstop23 on 11/30/2007
Wow, what amazing chili and mahi mahi, decadent and delicious, some of the best UWS meals I've experienced. And to improve the experience even more, the restaurant is filled with beautiful waitresses! I felt like I walked into a modeling agency with smiling lovely service. The hostess seemed a little preoccupied, but overall, an amazing experience!
Posted by ddm on 11/20/2007
Was very unhappy the last time we went to our favorite UPW spot. One reason why Fred's used to be sooo great was you always felt welcome (like Cheers). Now it's all new faces with no warmth and they make you feel like your bothering them if you ask for anything! It's very sad! What happen to my favorite hang-out? Also, I think they have a new chef because even the food is lacking. The eggs bene are not good. I hope the owners can bring the place back to what it was years ago. Fun-Fresh & Warm.
Posted by uwsider on 11/17/2007
This place is the most friendly, warming and tasty place in the neighborhood. The burger, mac-n-cheese and 1/2 chicken are the best. it is always busy (a great sign) and always a great experience! THANKS FRED'S!
Posted by Anonymous on 11/15/2007
Wow. Didn't think brunch could be this subpar. My veggie wife orders a veggie burger adorned with a mystery piece of turkey (the kind that comes from a living creature, as in) on top. I order eggs benedict that arrives with solid yolks. What's more, it all tastes like...I'll spare Fred's and stop here.
Posted by DMG on 10/22/2007
I'm always happy with the great food and atmosphere at Fred's. I read the negative reviews and thought the place was about to shut down! So I promptly re-visited the restaurant and, as in the past, enjoyed great food, with generous portions, and great atmosphere.
Posted by CJ on 09/03/2007
This place is soo good. I'm pretty picky about the food I eat. I don't really complain about the petty stuff. The atmosphere is good, the service was really nice, and the food was delicious. I went here with 4 other people and we all had different items from the menu and loved it. I went back with my boyfriend a week later, and still great. The fish is the best I've had in a very long time. I recommend this place to everyone. There are some people who are just impossible to please. (comments below perhaps). Trust me, this place is good.
Posted by Anonymous on 08/29/2007
I agree that Fred's has gone completely downhill. 2 yrs ago when I moved into this neighborhood, this place was a quality restaurant with tasty food, good portions, and a friendly vibe. The delivery service was even great. But in the past year, I have had too many bad experiences. The number of things which I actually feel safe ordering anymore continues to decline. The burgers which used to be the best around now taste like they are being made with meat that is on the way out. I had brunch there recently and was served cold food. Another time, my brother and I ordered their awesome mussels, only to be served a bowl in which half the mussels never opened. How they couldn't see that before they served to us, I don't know. I ordered in quesadillas this past weekend which I threw out because they were so oily. The pico de gallo which came with them was complete mush. I don't know what accounts for the difference, but I definitely won't take anyone there to eat anymore, and I will only order in from them when I'm tired of all other options or I must have their mac-n-cheese, which is one of the few good things left!


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Georgetown Stew: A South Seattle Neighborhood blog
Georgetown is like an oasis in the industrial wasteland south of the city. A nosiy, polluted oasis, but loved intensely nonetheless. Here's a blog about strong community, staying creative and resisting gentrification.
Read all about it
This blog has been inactive for a while, if you couldn't tell. [Read More]
With the closure of I5 north from Spokane St. a lot of traffic is being diverted down Airport Way. It hasn't become the nightmare I thought it would be (I don't have a car so that helps!)… although the noise of commuter traffic at 7am has pushed the noise level around here a little over the edge. Usually I get a good break from 2am – 9am, but increased commuter traffic means the noise starts around 6am. It's a little more than grating, but hey, I pay cheap rent. An investment in my future ill-health I am sure. [Read More]
If you're coming to Georgetown this Sunday for the Art and Garden Walk, here's some tips… [Read More]
No Georgetown Dump
So we reduced some trucks and smell in smelly truckville. [Read More]
A New Stew
Greetings from the dirty south! My name is JD Roy and from this post on, I will be blogging for Georgetown Stew… [Read More]
Seattle's largest pothole to be filled
One down, and…. [Read More]
Trouble at the other Rainier Brewery
Admit it. You still read the Weekly. So do I. They nailed a story on the artists' trouble up the street, just north of the rail yard. Barely in Sodo, it's almost like watching the water rising: [Read More]
The old union hall
It's not so old, but the hall once the home of the UFCW local 1105 (now merged into local 21–retail clerks) is home of natural pet supply store, A Dog's Dream. It's like, natural, for dogs, y'know? [Read More]


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Once you unrar and get the .iso then use IMGBurn to burn the iso to DVD and put DVD in Wii then follow on screen instructions.
So are we suppose to burn the .iso file into the dvd and let it auto run in the wii?
And on a side note, does doing this keep the 3.3 updates? or bring it down back to 3.2u update? I updated the jap ver game of fatal frame 4 and semi brick the wii, so after the update, can i still play the fatal frame 4?
Thank in advance
Once you unrar and get the .iso then use IMGBurn to burn the iso to DVD and put DVD in Wii then follow on screen instructions.
I accidentally did the update from wario land shake it and it semi bricked my wii. Can i use the NTSC - U disk to work with the newest firmware. I can't get to my settings, but all games work
You can certainly give it go as long as your wii is also same region (NTSC-U) and if it doesn't work then you might have to use GeckoOS to load the disc.
I will try this. If it doesn't work, I will need help with the GeckOS and what it is. Is there a forum for this??
Thank you for your help
It worked thak you so much. How do I get rid of the double channels left behind. I have a double news and weather channel.
The following site has the information regarding duplicate channel remover
Duplicate Channel Remover - WiiBrew
Make sure remove the correct channels
i'm sort of a noob. would it be easier if i used the ISo version cuz i don't understand the .elf
I didn't realize there was an iso version availble. You can give it a try and see what happens.


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I am a PhD student at Carnegie Mellon University. My program is joint between public policy and machine learning. I am a member of the Event and Pattern Detection Laboratory, headed by Daniel Neill.
I have been working on methods in spatio-temporal statistics and causality on the machine learning side, applied to public policy / social science areas including crime, emotion, public health, and news consumption. The Event and Pattern Detection Laboratory at CMU has a collaboration with the City of Chicago, with which I am heavily involved. I spent summer 2013 at Microsoft Research NYC in the computational social science group.
I'm originally from Evanston, Illinois. I graduated from Harvard in 2008 with a BA in mathematics and computer science. At Harvard, I was on the board of the Harvard College Democrats and Harvard Hillel and I chaired the Harvard College Progressive Jewish Alliance. I took part in Harvey Mudd's fantastic Research Experience for Undergraduates in summer 2006. My undergraduate thesis was on connections between the Unique Games Conjecture and semidefinite programming-based approximation algorithms.
I lived in Lausanne, Switzerland from 2008-2011. I first worked and studied at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). In the fall of 2010, I joined the Mortality and Burden of Disease group in the Department of Health Statistics and Information at the World Health Organization, working on the Global Burden of Disease project and the Nutrition Impact Model Study.
(You may be looking for the other Seth Flaxman, who graduated from Columbia in 2007, worked at the Council on Foreign Relations, and is now running TurboVote. You can find him on LinkedIn.)


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A power amplifier used in a portable, radio frequency transmitter is switched between different modes of operation when transmitting differently modulated carriers. The first mode of operation corresponds to amplitude modulation (AM), while a second mode corresponds to angle modulation techniques such as frequency modulation (FM). A switching network alters the impedance of the power amplifier to match network for matching the impedance of the transmitter antenna in order to achieve maximum efficiency in each mode of operation. Various switching methods and impedance matching circuits are disclosed.
1. A transmitter for selectively modulating a carrier signal using a variety of modulation techniques, comprising:
a power amplifier having an input for a signal to be amplified and an output for supplying an amplified signal;
a load impedance connected to said amplifier output for receiving the amplified signal; and
means for varying said load impedance based on a parameter that depends on the selected modulation technique,
wherein the power amplifier maintains a linear mode of operation when the selected modulation technique is alternatively amplitude modulation, complex modulation, and constant amplitude modulation.
2. The transmitter as defined in claim 1, wherein said modulation techniques include:
frequency modulation, the amplitude modulation, phase modulation, and the complex modulation.
3. The transmitter as defined in claim 1, wherein said parameter further depends on a power transmission level of said power amplifier.
4. The transmitter as defined in claim 1, wherein said means for varying said impedance includes a variable reactance.
5. The transmitter as defined in claim 1, wherein said load impedance includes a plurality of matching circuits and said impedance varying means switchably connects one of said matching circuits to said amplifier.
6. The transmitter as defined in claim 1, wherein said load impedance includes a plurality of harmonic filter components and said impedance varying means to switchably connects at least one of said harmonic filter components to said amplifier.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/061,345, filed May 17, 1993 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,361,403, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/612,495, filed Nov. 14, 1990, now abandoned.
The present invention relates to radio frequency transmitter power amplifiers, and more particularly, to transmitters which efficiently amplify carrier signals modulated by different modulation techniques.
Radio transmission of information signals takes place by modulating the information signals on a radio frequency (RF) wave known as the RF carrier. Common modulation methods include Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), and Phase Modulation (PM). In AM, the amplitude or strength of the RF carrier is varied in relation to the information signal, while the freqency of the carrier itself remains constant. In FM and PM, the frequency and phase, respectively, of the RF carrier are varied while the amplitude remains constant.
For constant amplitude modulation techniques, such as FM and PM, efficient radio frequency transmitters of simple construction may be designed to achieve maximum efficiency at a single, constant amplitude. In contrast, because the RF carrier amplitude varies considerably in amplitude modulation, efficient AM transmitters are more difficult to construct and are usually less efficient than constant amplitude transmitters. For complex modulation schemes, such as Single Side Band (SSB) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), where both the amplitude and the phase of the carrier are modulated, transmitters capable of transmitting complex modulated signals are the most difficult to construct. Consequently, when a single transmitter is designed to transmit signals that in a first mode are constant amplitude FM or PM signals, and a second mode are amplitude modulated or complex modulated signals, the provision of an amplitude modulation capability for the second mode adversely affects the transmitter efficiency in the first mode.
The conventional solution for efficiently generating a high-power, amplitude modulated signal is to amplify a low frequency, modulating signal initially to a high power level up to half of the transmitter mean output power. The high power modulating signal is added in series with a DC power supply to the transmitter power amplifier in order to produce a modulated power supply voltage and hence a modulated power output. This procedure is called high-level modulation.
Of the various classes of power amplifiers, Class A, AB, B, or C, RF power amplifiers using high-level modulation operate at maximum efficiency in the non-linear, Class C mode of operation. However, the penalty for obtaining high amplifier efficiency is that transmitters that use high level modulation are large, heavy, and costly.
In applications where size, weight or cost considerations are more important than efficiency, such as portable, radiotelephone transmitters, low-level modulation techniques must be used. Low-level modulation techniques initially amplify the carrier to a low power level at which amplifier efficiency is immaterial. After the carrier is modulated, however, it must be amplified to a high power level using a linear power amplifier. Unfortunately, only lower efficiency Class A, AB, or B power amplifiers are capable of reasonably linear operation. Thus, high efficiency, Class C amplifiers can not be used in mobile radiotelephone transmitters that employ low-level amplitude modulation.
Class A amplifiers conduct current for an entire input cycle and therefore consume power continuously even when output power is not required. As is well known, the maximum theoretical efficiency of a Class A amplifier at full output power is 50%. However, because AM signals operate at a mean power equal to 1/4 the peak output power, the maximum theoretical efficiency at mean output power is only 12.5%. The failure to reduce power consumption for a corresponding reduction in power required results in this low efficiency. Fortunately, this disadvantage is partially overcome by a Class B amplifier.
Conventional, Class B amplifiers include two identical amplifiers arranged in a push-pull fashion and biased so that current is not consumed when output power is not required. When a sinusoidal, RF input signal enters a positive cycle, one of the amplifiers conducts current. Similarly, the other amplifier conducts current on the subsequent negative half cycle. Thus, each amplifier amplifies one-half of the sine-shaped current signal such that the mean output current equals 1/Pi times the peak output current. Accordingly, the total mean current for both amplifiers is 2/Pi times the peak output current. As the RF input signal level increases, the current delivered to the load increases proportionally until the output voltage developed across the load impedance is equal to the power supply voltage. At this point, any further increase in the RF input signal drives the amplifier into saturation. For linear modulation, driving the power amplifier into saturation distorts the modulated signal. For this reason, the amplifier must not be driven into saturation.
To achieve maximum efficiency in Class B, linear power amplifiers, the amplifier must be operated at the point just before saturation where voltage across the load equals the power supply voltage. The ratio of the output power to the power consumed at peak output current results in the theoretical maximum efficiency of Pi/4 or 78.5%. At less than peak amplitude, however, efficiency is determined based on two factors: (1) power consumption decreases in proportion to the output voltage and (2) power output decreases in proportion to the square of the output voltage. Consequently, the efficiency decreases linearly with the output voltage or amplitude. At a mean output voltage equal to one-half of the peak output voltage, the mean efficiency is equal to one-half the peak efficiency, i.e., 0.5 Pi/4 or 39%.
As is evident from the description above, the efficiency of Class B amplifiers is considerably better than that of Class A amplifiers at mean amplitude output level. The efficiency improves because Class B amplifiers reduce current consumption in proportion to the power demand. Nonetheless, the mean amplitude efficiency of 39% for AM transmission is low compared to the peak amplitude/full output efficiency of 78.5% for constant amplitude modulation.
The problem addressed by the present invention is the construction of a power amplifier that transmits both amplitude modulated and angle modulated signals at the same mean power output level without a significant reduction in efficiency. For example, if a Class B amplifier is used to transmit a one-watt carrier using AM transmission, the amplifier must amplify the modulation peaks so that four watts of peak power is output. If the same amplifier is then used to transmit a one-watt carrier using FM transmission, its efficiency would only be 39% instead of the 78.5% theoretically possible for FM transmissions. On the other hand, if the full power of 4 watts is used in the FM mode, the efficiency would be 78.5%, but the total power consumption would rise to twice that consumed in the 1-watt situation.
In battery-operated equipment, such as handheld radiotelephones, operating the power amplifier either at reduced power and half efficiency or at full power and full efficiency, has an equally negative impact on battery life. Therefore, a goal of the present invention is to construct an efficient power amplifier circuit that efficiently transmits AM signals at one power level and efficiently transmits angle modulated signals at other power levels.
A power amplifier of a type that is suitable for use in a portable, radio frequency transmitter is switched between different modes of operation when transmitting differently modulated carriers. The first mode of operation corresponds to amplitude modulation (AM), while a second mode corresponds to constant amplitude modulation techniques, such as frequency modulation (FM). A switching network alters the impedance of the power amplifier to match the impedance of the tranmitter antenna in order to achieve maximum efficiency in each mode of operation. Various switching methods and impedance matching circuits are disclosed.
These and other features and advantages of the invention will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art from the following description, read in conjunction with the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a function block diagram of a circuit for implementing the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of an impedance matching circuit that can be used in one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of an impedance matching circuit for use in another embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a general network schematic representing the output impedance seen by the power amplifier; and
FIG. 5 is a two-port schematic of the network shown in FIG. 1.
In the following description of preferred embodments, a system of the type that can be used to implement the present invention will be described. It will be appreciated, however, that specific applications of the invention are not limited to this particular system or to portable radio transmitters. Rather, the present invention is applicable to any situation where it is desirable to transmit RF signals using different modulation methods at maximum efficiency.
As described in the background of the invention, maximum efficiency in Class B, linear power amplifiers is achieved just before saturation of the amplifier when the output voltage developed across the load is equal to the full supply voltage. The power output PO at the saturation point is:
where RL is the load resistance presented to the power amplifier and VO is the peak voltage the amplifier can deliver. In the preferred embodiment, the load is the antenna impedance of a portable radiotelephone. Because the antenna impedance cannot be changed, a variable impedance matching network is located between the power amplifier and the antenna.
FIG. 1 shows one technique according to the present invention for varying the source impedance using impedance matching filter networks 22 and 23. A modulated, RF carrier is received by a power amplifier 21 for amplification to a power level suitable for radio frequency transmission. The power amplifier 21 is supplied with voltage from an external power supply, not shown. A switch 24 connects the output signal of the power amplifier 21 to one of the two impedance matching networks 22 and 23. A switch 25 connects output signals from either of the impedance matching networks 22 and 23 to an antenna or other load impedance 26. The switches 24 and 25 may be any conventional, electrical or electronic switch and may be actuated manually or automatically.
The impedance matching network 22 is used for a linear, Class B mode of operation of the power amplifier 21 at a first output level required for amplitude modulated (AM) or complex modulated transmissions. The impedance matching network 23 is used for a Class B or Class C mode of operation of the power amplifier 21 at a different level of output power corresponding to constant amplitude modulation transmissions. Each of the impedance matching networks may be designed independently, using techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in transmitter design art, to achieve maximum efficiency at the respective peak power levels associated with the varying amplitude modulation and constant amplitude modulation transmission modes. For example, the network 22 may be a fixed-filter network for transforming the antenna impedance 26 to a convenient impedance Za or to a convenient admittance Ya. Such a filter network 22 may also be used to attenuate undesirable harmonics or signals interfering at certain frequencies. The second, impedance matching network 23 may also be a fixed-filter network.
In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the impedance matching networks 22 and 23 between the power amplifier 21 and the antenna or load 26 may be reduced to a single switching unit 44 as illustrated in FIG. 2. A purpose of the present invention, as depicted in FIG. 2, is to present alternative load impedances to the power amplifier 21 depending on whether the switch 44 is activated. These alternative impedances are designed to equal, respectively, the optimum load impedance for the desired peak power in the varying amplitude modulation mode and the optimum load impedance for the desired power in the constant amplitude modulation mode. In contrast, the aim of an impedance matching network in the prior art is to present a single load impedance to the power amplifier that provides optimum efficiency under the assumption that there is only one type of modulation and only one power level.
Returning to FIG. 2, the power amplifier 21 is connected to a load impedance or antenna 26 through a filter network 30 by a length L of the transmission line 40. The filter network 30 filters undesirable radiation generated by harmonics at the carrier operating frequency caused by non-linearities in the power amplifier 21. At some point P along the length of transmission line 40, a reactance 42 may be switched in parallel with the load impedance 26 by means of a switch 44. The reactance 42 may be a capacitance, an inductance, or a transmission line stub. If a transmission line stub is used, both the stub and the transmission line can be fabricated as a conductor pattern on a multi-layer, printed circuit board or the like. The switch 44 may be a relay, a mechanically-actuated contact, or an electric switch, such as a PIN diode or suitable transistor.
In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, a harmonic filter network 32 is located between the power amplifier 21 and the load impedance 26 as shown in FIG. 3. The filtering network 32 includes a number of lossless reactances 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, and 74 in the form of capacitors and inductors. These reactances are usually fixed and designed to minimize the loss to the desired signal at a particular transmission frequency. In conventional applications of the filtering network 32, these reactances are switched to change the operating frequency of a harmonic filter or an antenna matching network. However, in this preferred embodiment according to the present invention, at least one switched or otherwise variable reactance element 74 is introduced into the matching network by a switch 76 or other reactance variance device controlled by a control line 50. The control line 50 may be connected to a manual switch or to a suitable control device for automatic control. The reactance element 74 may have a fixed or variable reactance. One example of a variable reactance is a varactor diode. Otherwise, a fixed reactance 74 may be switched into the network by a manual switch or electronic switch such as a PIN diode.
The switched or variable reactance element 74 is used to vary the load impedance in order to obtain a different power output level and still maintain a high efficiency. The magnitude of the switched reactance element 74 as well as the other reactances within the matching networks 32 are selected so that in a first modulation mode, when the switch 76 is open, the load impedance is a resistive load impedance R1. In the second modulation mode, corresponding to the switch 76 being closed, the overall load impedance is a resistive impedance R2. The resistive load impedances R1 and R2 are selected with respect to the power supply voltage to obtain two distinct power output levels at maximum efficiency in both of the constant amplitude modulation and the amplitude modulation modes.
Because switching a resistance/conductance into the circuit simply absorbs power and reduces efficiency, the antenna impedance must be changed by switching a lossless reactance/susceptance into or out of the circuit. Consequently, the filter network 32 must be designed such that a change in susceptance switched across point P to ground results in a change of resistance from R1 to R2 as seen by the power amplifier 21.
At the output terminal of the power amplifier 21, the load impedances for optimum efficiency are complex, i.e., Z1 and Z2. However, these impedances may be assumed to be resistances R1 and R2 at some point, even if that point is imaginary point or unaccessible, e.g., inside the power amplifier 21. In the design of the present invention, that assumption is a reasonable one.
Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 5, the design of the present invention is based on a two port model of the filter network 32. While the reactance (jb) 42 and the switch 44 are a part of the network 32, they have been shown separately for illustration purposes. The filter design is determined from the chain matrix of the two port network 32 which can be defined by: ##EQU1## It is known that the chain matrix of a passive, reciprocal network, such as the filter network 32, has a unity determinant, that is
Furthermore, it is known that, for a lossless network, a11 and a22 must be real, and a12 and a21 must be imaginary. Therefore, the chain matrix can be rewritten as: ##EQU2## By reciprocity,
When the two-port network 32 terminates at the point P, i.e., with the reactance jb switched out, the antenna admittance as modified by the filter network 32 is Ya=G+jB. Accordingly, because:
the input impedance R1 of the network seen by the power amplifier 21 is: ##EQU3##
Equation (1) is then set to be equal to the actual value of the desired load resistance R1 in the first modulation mode.
When the switch 44 is closed, an extra susceptance (jb) 42 is connected in parallel with the admittance Ya at point P modifying it to Ya+jb. In the second modulation mode, the impedance seen by the power amplifier 21 must now be equal to R2 and is given by: ##EQU4##
Manipulating equations 1 and 2 into separate equations for the real and imaginary parts result in:
which can be written in matrix form as: ##EQU5##
Since the right hand side of the equation is zero, a non-trivial solution is possible only if the determinant of the matrix is also zero. Because rows and/or columns of a determinant can be subtracted from each other without altering the determinant's value, we subtract row 1 from row 2 to obtain a simpler determinant: ##EQU6##
The simplified matrix may be multiplied resulting in the equation:
-(R1)(R2)(b2)+G(R2-R1)2 =0
Solving this equation for the switched susceptance b yields
Substituting b in the matrix and dividing both sides by all results in the following matrix equations: ##EQU7## From the first three equations (1)-(3), by taking the constant term 1 to the right hand side and changing signs resulting in: which can be solved to give
a12=p a11
a21=q a11
a22=r a11
Substituting in the reciprocity condition alla22+a12a21=1 results in:
(r+pq)a112 =1 and
a11 =1/sqrt(r+pq).
Hence a11, a12, a21, and a22 are determined.
At this point, a network with these chain matrix parameters must be determined. There is an infinite number of possible networks which have these same chain matrix parameters at one frequency. One simple example is a Pi network consisting of a series inductor L from port 1 to port 2, with a capacitor Cl from port 1 to ground and a capacitor C2 from port 2 to ground as illustrated in FIG. 5. The chain matrix for such a Pi network is ##EQU8##
Equating wL to a12, L equals a12/w. Equating 1-(w2)(L)(C2) to all, C1 is calculated using (1-a11)/wa12). Likewise, C2 is calculated using (1-a22)/(wa12). The fourth element a12 is determined by virtue of the constraint (a11)(a22)+(a12)(a21)=1.
If during the above procedure any negative component values should arise, the other sign of the susceptance b should be selected and the procedure repeated. In the case of transmission line networks, those skilled in the art may alternatively perform the design manually using Smith's Chart or semi-manually using one of a variety of computer-aided design programs such as Touchtone or Super Compact.
The invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments to facilitate understanding. The above embodiments, however, are illustrative rather than limitive. It will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that departures may be made from the specific embodiments described above without departing from the essential spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, the invention should not be regarded as being limited to the illustrated embodiments, but should be regarded instead as being fully commensurate in scope with the following claims.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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text:
Duke women's soccer players advance in World Cup
Despite losing 3-0 to Germany in the group stage, the U.S. under-20 women's national soccer team, featuring Blue Devils Mollie Pathman and Kelly Cobb, advanced to the quarterfinals of the 2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.
After finishing second in Group D, the U.S. will play North Korea in the knockout stage at Komaba Stadium in Saitama, Japan Aug. 31.
"At this stage, everything starts over," Pathman said. "It doesn't matter how we got here. It's how we learn the lessons along the way. And I think we have [learned]."
Playing at Hiroshima Big Arch, the U.S. started the tournament with a decisive 4-0 victory against Ghana Aug. 20 and then tied China 1-1 Aug. 23. The team then lost to defending champion and unbeaten Germany 3-0 Aug. 27 at Miyagi Stadium in Rifu, but because the U.S. won the goal-differential tiebreaker over China, the Americans secured their spot in the quarterfinals.
"Looking at our past three games, we're really happy with the challenges that they brought," Pathman said. "Every team was different, and from each game we learned a lot. And I think this will help us going forward in the tournament. We saw teams [from three different continents] and they all have very different styles."
By finishing second in its group, the U.S. earned a matchup with North Korea, the only team other than Germany that remains undefeated.
The North Koreans breezed through Group C, defeating Norway, Argentina and Canada. Additionally, it posted a tournament-high plus-12 goal differential, led by seven scores from Kim Un Hwa. In the match against Argentina, Kim notched five goals to spur a 9-0 win.
For the Americans, both Duke players could play a key role in a potential upset, after they earned considerable playing time in the group stage. Cobb earned her first start at center forward against the Chinese, and Pathman has played all 270 minutes of the tournament so far.
"Playing with Mollie's amazing," Cobb said. "It's a little different because I'm used to her playing left forward at Duke, and now she's playing left back, but she… plays the full 90 minutes. She's solid, in and out, goes after every ball and blocks the crosses."
In addition to playing with the best youth teams in the world, Cobb and Pathman have had the opportunity to explore the country, having matches in three different cities so far.
"It's been an amazing cultural experience," Cobb said. "We've been to a lot of memorial sites like the Peace Dome in Hiroshima [and] the Tsunami memorial here."
Meanwhile, Duke has opened its season without the two forwards, jumping out to a 2-1 record. Pathman and Cobb, however, have been keeping close tabs on their teammates via Skype and GoDuke.com, Pathman said.
"We miss our teammates," Cobb said. "We miss the atmosphere. We miss playing alongside them, but they're obviously doing amazingly and having a great start to the season… and I know that they're supporting us over here."
And when they return to Duke, Cobb and Pathman will have the wisdom of international competition to share with their Blue Devil teammates.
"Soccer-wise it is a great experience to be able to play against the top teams in the world, and every team has a different style so you get to learn a lot," Pathman said. "It's kind of like a crash course in soccer right now, and it's a great experience."


text:
3 more file in local races
Three people filed for local races Tuesday.
In Granville County, two candidates filed for Board of Education: Tom Houlihan of Oxford for District 2 and Creedmoor resident Danny L. Eudy for District 6. School board seats are non-partisan.
In Warren County, incumbent Ruby Downey filed for District 3 county commission seat, as did Andy Riggleman of Norlina.
No one filed in Vance County or for state races representing the Tri-County on Tuesday.
The filing period runs until noon Friday, Feb. 28.
More information can be obtained by calling the Vance County board at (252) 492-3730, the Granville board at (919) 693-2515 and the Warren board at (252) 257-2114.
Contact the writer at firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow her on Twitter at @herding_stets.


text:
'Six Strikes' programs from ISPs & MPAA ignites in nine days: Here's what you need to know
- By Joel Hruska on November 19, 2012 at 11:17 am
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In nine days, five major ISPs — Comcast, AT&T, Time Warner, Verizon, and Cablevision — will activate the Copyright Alert System, colloquially known as the "six strikes" program. Implementation of the program has been delayed for nearly a year, while the various ISPs, studios, and publishers hammered out the details.
The five ISPs listed above have agreed to rely on the copyright infringement data provided by a data analytics program known as MarkMonitor. MarkMonitor is to be administered by Stroz Friedberg, a company that specializes in "Digital Risk Management & Investigations." Time Warner Cable, AT&T, and Verizon have shared (or leaked) information on how they intend to implement and communicate CAS; Cablevision and Comcast are unlikely to deviate much from their approach. Internet service providers have approached this idea very gingerly, fearing a consumer backlash.
Time Warner Cable
TWC will notify users by email or phone if they are found to have downloaded infringing content. The fifth or sixth time an infringement is detected, the ISP will display a pop-up message that only disappears after the user acknowledges that they've been notified they downloaded copyrighted material. Since multiple users frequently access the same modem, every system connected to the service will be notified.
Time Warner's final penalty is to block access to "popular sites" for several days. The company has not released a list of sites it blocks or any information on how long the block will last. It has stated that account termination is not an option.
Verizon will first notify customers, then force customers to acknowledge that the notification was received. It won't block any websites, but will severely throttle data connections for several days. The company hasn't given specific information on how much it will throttle connections, or for how long. It has also said that account termination is not a possible penalty.
AT&T will notify customers of infringement the first three times. After that, users will be blocked from accessing "certain websites" until they complete an educational tutorial, as discussed below:
We're all friends here
The Memo of Understanding (MoU) between the various ISPs, studios, and publishers is a world away from the arrogant, high-handed demands that characterized SOPA & PIPA. It reserves substantial power to the ISPs and gives them broad discretionary powers as far as dealing with cases of infringement. Thus far, ISPs are choosing not to exercise their right to terminate accounts.
The MoU is, in many ways, a model example of restraint and common sense. There's a defined seven-day grace period between each warning; customers can't rack up seven infringements in a single weekend. If the user appeals the infringement claim, no further action is taken until the appeal is resolved. There's also a 12-month limit on infringement claim counts. Rack up five strikes, then stay clean for a year, and you're back to strike one.
With a side dish of blatant self interest
Hollywood being what it is, there's already been a few issues along the road to smooth implementation. Stroz Friedberg, the company hired to oversee MarkMonitor, once lobbied extensively on behalf of the RIAA. The RIAA mysteriously forgot to mention that to both of its fellow studios and the ISPs. The Center for Copyright Information (that's the joint organization the two groups founded) was caught off guard by that detail, and has promised to bring in a second consultant to ensure that the work done by Stroz Friedberg was on the level.
I believe the movie and music companies when they say they have no intent of suing everyone. ISPs have come to the table on this topic with extreme reluctance; they've got zero interest in taking actions that could alienate customers. Nevertheless, the dynamics of the situation have subtly shifted. Now, if you allegedly commit copyright infringement, your name goes on a list. Your ISP may reset your number of strikes to 0 after a year, but that doesn't mean the MPAA/RIAA have waived the right to sue.
Next page: What to appeal? Pay up
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Neon Frank
I'm glad I live in a free country, free of MPAA, RIAA … oh yeah and the TSA, just for good measure haha
http://www.mrseb.co.uk/ Sebastian Anthony
Or so you think! The USA has pretty long-reaching arms :)
https://twitter.com/xarinatan Alexander ypema
This. It's pretty damn frightening how far this shit reaches, even just looking at how the wikileaks board is getting hunted down right now.
Right now a small civil war is going on on the internet. "Authorities" such as big media companies, governments, other intellectual property owners, et cetera are trying to find ways to keep 'information' out of the hands and minds of people, and people are trying to breach these barriers and get this information anyway. And by 'information' I really mean it in the broadest sense of the word, ranging from books, audio, video, software and other 'intellectual property' to things that governments are more interested in such as documents on how bombs are made and such.
The problem lies incredibly deep, so deep it's constantly overlooked; Take for example the word 'Intellectual property' by itself. Can you really claim (copy)rights on such thing as pure information? In a world where the internet enables people worldwide to effortlessly communicate within milliseconds to the complete opposites of the world, where technological progress is no longer impeded by HOW to get the information but by the laws and regulations around it, in a world where just 70 years ago it was almost unthinkable you could reach someone at the other side of the world at any time you wished.. I could go on for a while. My point is, right now we're going into a small war about the right of ownership of pure information, as it is simply impossible to contain information itself any longer.
It's more than just internet, it's everything we have to stand up or be put down! Think about it, with seeds for example. If I could throw a rock through your window, claim it as my property than take over your whole house to maek you pay my exorbitant fees for w.e I make up you'd be like WTF!?
This is exactly what monsanto and others do. Make no mistake, this is 'class warfare' except like usual by the rich to the 'poor' (everyone else).
Wake up, or get baked up. Watch what I linked, it's for the entire british Commonwealth including USA let's start there. Now, I don't know much of anything, how would this work in other places, why does it work etc. but, I've seen it work, and had it work from experience.
I think it has to do with kings, as in something non-human/non-existential cannot own/control something. Therefore around the commonwealth it's still the Queen who is ruler, and she has sworn an oath to ancient laws which she can't change. Since she can't no judge who gets his/her authority from that can. It does go deeper, and how she's breaking that oath by signing so called statues but truth is
No contract no control. I don't want to type out an essay, but knowing your freedom is the one and only answer. Thank you everyone who took the time to read this, and any who went to that link to learn and be free and stand up for it are my brothers/sisters in arms.
Joel Hruska
I don't have time to review hours and hours of broadcast, but I strongly suspect that he's talking bull. This sounds a great deal like the organizations that claim you can avoid paying income tax by using the right language, spelling your name a certain way, or claiming that the federal government lacks the authority to tax you because you aren't a citizen of a military base or district of Columbia, etc, etc.
They all fail.
Every time.
I can't tell if you're making a moral argument about what's right and wrong or actually advising that people have legal recourse to avoid punishment for such actions. If the former, cool. If the latter, the system doesn't work like that. ;)
He doesn't talk about all of that, you can review case law and I had a case withdrawn against me just last month despite me basically saying to their face, yeah I 'did' it what you gonna do?
A lot of those organizations have the right path, but wrong idea. The whole tax thing is this, and this guy breaks it down court can be defined as a group of assumptions.
If you're already in court, it's assumed you are there due to there being a contract, or some thing to bring you there. You just have to rebut them, one by one.
You can claim anything, there's just a way to go about it in court. If you don't have hours take minutes to review this:
10 maxims of all law: ask a lawyer about them especially this one
an rebutted affidavit becomes the truth/ruling.
Scroll down, like I said these are dudes from all over. They talk about peace love and all this other jackass shit. Some love jesus, Idc about that.
What they say is true, I can show you proof, personal proof that I'd be sitting in jail right now if this wasn't true.
People fail not knowing the method, they get you on process.
There's no moral argument really, there's more of the exploited than the exploiters. And it's about self interest I guess, if someone is stepping on your lawn you're not gonna shoot your neighbour, or your sister the dude stepping is getting full of buckshot.
edit – Also there's a lot of strategizing with this: you don't have to pay income tax, it is voluntary for you and the fiction. Income and wage are also legally two very different things. Income is taxable to tax wage is a crime and unlawful.
If you wish to fight it, you can just have to know how. It's like driving with your own plate probably not worth it but something like keeping yourself out of jail for the charge of 'bothering a peace officer because he owes you money'. Is always worth it.
F jail, and f slavery but it is a fight to free your body, take it one step one foot at a time.
Joel Hruska
Wages are income.
From that page: "Section 63 of the tax code, 26 U.S.C. § 63, defines your taxable income to be "gross income minus the deductions allowed" by the tax code."
"Thus, the tax statutes specifically provide that your wages ("compensation for services") are part of your gross income. Since no provision of the code allows you to deduct the value of your services from the compensation you receive, they are also part of your taxable income. So the tax laws do impose a tax on wages, regardless of whether anyone thinks they should."
Also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheek_v._United_States
The court *reversed* Cheek's conviction for willful failure to pay taxes, which may sound like a win for your side. It isn't. What the Court found was that Cheek's belief that he was not required to pay income tax was in good faith, and therefore could not be construed as willful infringment.
In considering Cheek's case, the Supreme Court upheld the IRS' argument that wages from ANY activity are income, regardless of who employs you. It remanded the Cheek case for retrial. During retrial, Cheek was convicted of tax evasion and served a year and a day in prison.
No one has ever taken this argument before a state or federal court and prevailed. Ever. Wages are income.
I ask that instead of using your enemies definitions which don't matter use black's law dictionary. Furthermore, all you do is ask the crown to speak in person. It's part of habeus corpus face your accusor.
The IRS also regularly processes A4V so don't trust what they do, except that they do it against you.
I'm not here to convince you, if you read further you'll discover more. As you might already know, I read up to what's relevant in my life. I know the Canadian Income Tax Act has no preamble and right then there that makes it illlegitimate.
You can believe all the bs you want, I can show you my side where I had my stuff withdrawn despite basically 'confessing'. I can show you a couple other sides, if you want to stick to this go ahead.
I'm on a phone, just do this and imagine me doing MINDFREAK. Go to your favorite law dictionary look up statute, it will say rules of a society.
Look up society itll say group brought together by mutual consent.
Look up consent itll basically mean freedom to join freedom to leave.
Now, if it's statute and they admit it is, its 'club rules'. A rule of a society a legal term for society not society like O we all society.
Society like thats the rule for your workplace, or that's the rule for the country club. "Government" is no different as it is not a lawful king or w.e you call it. I havn't even looked deeper into it, just that our laws apply for people and not non-existent entities.
Ok, so we get an idea from the 10 maxims (go ask a lawyer) that if there is no damage there is no claim. No claim/no dispute no case. Go into court and see a case where the parties come to an agreement no more case.
So we see that's law, as if noone has a problem there's no reason to 'fight'.
So these statues are a limitation on rights, but you are consenting to them. However, the place where it gets twisted is that you are consenting either
1. unknowningly
2. through fear
3. Masochism
3 being highly unlikely it is either 1 or 2. Fear in the sense of either you are scared of being arrested and having to go through court, or you don't want the trouble. I fit into 2.
You fit into 1. Violence is inherent in the system, that is and has been the modus operandi for awhile.
Keep reading. I applaud your skepticism, thing about the tax and any court case is the maxims apply. If you get them silent, or have the jury on your side it doesn't matter and sets precedent.
The specifics of it are that if you work through your SIN number or SSN for USA? that's making you a federal employee as your are receiving a benefit and the fee for that title is essentially tax.
It's all titles, such as citizen, baron, etc.
The realness of it is, 3 questions
1. Was I working as a gov. agent at the time of complaint?
2. Was I performing a function of gov. at time, if so what function?
3. Do you have evidence of a payroll scheme, as I dont volunteer and slavery is unlawful.
We know from s.32 of the charter that this applies to YOU (say how you want, truncated here) as well as R V. Dell 2005. We also see from s. 52 and R V. Big Drug Mart 1980 somthing that this is the supreme law of CANADA and any incon. makes it irrelevant.
If I was not acting as an agent/function/fuck you than we are in agreement also that by reading the above you have been MIND FREAKED and agree this matter is done.
Dog, I write all this bs in court. here:
My personal case.
I'll put my money where my mouth is: I don't watch all that tax shit, I won't pay when I grow up and I'll go in and do this same bs now and then smoke a blunt in a fed's face. Or however much I feel like doing that day, need to get my Claim of right filed which goes into all this, put the gov. on notice and gives you 'lawful excuse' in their books instead of fighting.
People have gotten their name as Do not arrest without express written consent of attorney general on the police database. People attach fees to services which you can do, such as you want to stop me wihtout seeing a crime committed this much money. And they win
Because police swear an oath to uphold the peace, nothing more really. None of this stopping you at border points to check your citizenship, or seeing if you are DUI.
Here's my personal bs
Me being :S as I realized the "law" but hadn't ever done process.
Exact affidavit from court is probably in there somewhere otherwise I'll bump and post in the morning.
Withdrawn, realized I still havn't posted a pic of the withdrawal thing you can get so I'll do that later too if anything. I don't guarentee it, like I'm your teacher emotionally attached to your success, and feeling a need to.
If after all this, and my own 3 threads you don't start to get it;
I salute you my slave.
May you know from examples such as this:
That the free body you arse-holes and butt-pirates.
Joel Hruska
If you're Canadian, obviously US law wouldn't apply to you. Your comment about the Canadian Tax Act implies this may be so.
My father was a Special Agent for the US Department of the Treasury for more than 30 years. He was a member of the Criminal Investigator Division, which means he spent time working cases against sometimes dangerous people who stole, cheated, and occasionally threatened the lives of others.
I became intimately familiar with the arguments of far-right militia groups, tax protesters, and survivalists when one of them decided to threaten my family directly.
In the United States, the defenses you are raising do not protect you at a state or federal level. I haven't just researched it, I watched it play out.
You still don't get* that there's no difference, I know more people having success with this in the US than Canada. Keep doing your thing though, I doubt you looked up anything in law dictionaries or anything.
Joel Hruska
I tried to look at the links you posted. All of them pointed to private posts I didn't have the right to view.
So I visited the main page and found this gem, referring to Queen Elizabeth II:
"At that Coronation ceremony, Elizabeth signed a binding contract, before God and the British people, that she would do her utmost to maintain The Laws of God… The very first time that she gave "royal assent" to any piece of man-made legislation, she broke her solemn oath with God and with the British people and she ceased to be the monarch with immediate effect. To date, she has broken her oath thousands and thousands of times, which is a water-proof, iron-clad, undeniable FACT. She is therefore without question not the monarch, but instead is a criminal guilty of high treason among her other numerous crimes."
We are known by the company we keep. You are keeping company with lunatics and fringe conspiracy theorists.Also, I looked up the Charter case. The fellow with the cocaine lost his appeal on the grounds that the bouncer acted appropriately. It was ruled admissible.
I won't debate this with you further. Good luck with your endeavors.
I understand that you are part of the population paid to keep the rest down; or consider yourself so due to your father's actions. To begin I would ask if you are being paid enough to not understand these things as police officers are until they lose everything in counter claims.
My second point being, so while it is clearly written that again in that case the charter does not apply to the private you continue to live in fantasy, good.
Thirdly, if you understand the basis of god in the commonwealth law system you would understand that you essentially asking for a cell with bubba! Both the const. And the charter mention god frequently the premise in law being that god created all equal with equal rights; as in, you have the lawful right to do what-so-ever as long as it does not damage me.
If you did read the article on the queen you would seen the precedent it set and the meaning.
Now, as you consider yourself a part of this 'warrior' grouping I implore you to look up the battles of chamkaur and muktsar as well as the battle of panipat and the entire wars betveen vic. And punjab.
Looking at the modern post 84 battles as well it is clear to see the army that grinds up invaders, and tyrants is alive and well and that the side you pick didn't really have a chance.
On a final note, a person only truly ever cares about their own freedom; there is never love, and brotherhood where there is greed involved. The grredy never do care about those in their hire, and it is obvious from your father you take it that you are on the correct side, will be well taken care of.
I waste my breath, obv. In r v dell they rules the bouncerz conduct admissable what else did they put in? Read line 6 again, after you stop being a sellout!
I end this, with, you are a shame to your people;
'A man has much trouble, understanding what he is paid not to'
Joel Hruska
Yes, clearly.
You chose the wrong side; let those who seek knowledge find it, and cherish it. How about you go look up the commerical lien process and see if that ain't true. http://lien.fmotl.com/ File one and take it to the sheriff's and see. You can always end it later on. :P It's yours.
http://www.facebook.com/ronald.wilson.3914 Ronald Wilson
You're a tax protester. Let me know how you enjoy federal prison.
People like you are the people moron senators cite when they make stupid laws like SOPA.
We have the same idiots in Britain at the moment – free man of the land nonsense. They claim to not have to pay taxes, have a right to drive a vehicle on the road without insurance, all sorts of BS.
Some people don't understand how currency works and think all products and services should be free.
I implore you you to read further to see what's really going on. There's also idiots squatting in houses, I've been on here for a while I won't tell you some bs. I also have success with this so yea..
http://profiles.google.com/payton323 Payton Chacalos
If when standing in front of a government building you and your friend pick up a rock and throw it through a window, you could be charged with vandalism and willful destruction of government property you could maybe get a year in jail and have to pay compensation. BUT…if you turn to your friend and say lets grab a rock and throw it through that window, and a government agent overhears you, and arrests you before you throw the rock, you could be found guilty of conspiracy to destroy government property that could get you up to 10 years behind bars or longer under conspiracy laws. Same would apply if you agreed to throw the rocks in e-mail conversation. Even if you actually never did. Welcome to Amerika! No, make that welcome to the planet of the Iron Law Of The Oligarchical Plutocracy
Please learn about what the law vs legalities are. That is the only way, attempting to wring your(our) way out of their traps, and rules is a never-ending bs struggle as they can just change them as they see fit.
Better to not put your fingers in the trap agree?
Scroll down to the t4tt videos etc. as in the ones not on the radio show.
Start there, message me back on the comment system to learn more.
This works, and it is the real law starting with the magna carta enshrined forever in blood and steel.
And, it works..
If someone can not speak up for themselves as we know they can do nothing.
Non-existent corporations are the same.
Neon Frank
In the case of Dotcom yes, however the MPAA, RIAA are only going after soft targets. If however they really were serious about copyright infringement the US Seventh Fleet would be steaming its way over to China as we speak…and its not.
Pirated movies and music in China is right there out in the open, not in some dark alley behind a smelly restaurant. There are movie "super stores" in Shanghai with amazing high quality pirated copies of music CDs, DVD and Bluray movies.
http://www.globalgeeknews.com pcnerd37
I've already moved to using a VPN but I am really curious to know how Comcast is going to handle things.
I suspect it'll be using an algorithm/whitelist as the manpower required to sift through everything would be horrendous for their profits (only thing that actually matters to them).
That, or having a smaller staff who do spot checks; if they hand out a strike or two to someone by accident, I don't think they'll care so a wider net is likely. If they know you use a vpn, they may find something in the 'contract' where they can question you or something. Idk,
usually though most of these contracts just say stuff like we do so so except where prohibited by law, etc etc.
Law is, do no harm, do no damage, commit no fraud. If they say 'we are investigating' ask them: are you a judge, or a peace officer and have you received a complaint of me damaging someone? (edit – also you could ask about warrant, but it's slippery; besides they'll have never received a complaint).
If so, who is this (you have a right to face your accuser) and what is the complaint about?
If they say, uhh no we just investigating then you have the right to inform them that arbitrary investigation are unlawful if for nothing else then because anyone could say it.
You can start billing them after that for trespassing on your personal space. If you take it to court, and say that your private domain, let's say your home network, in today's world is as much part of your 'home' as anything else, and pretty much a jury agrees you've now set a precedent.
God speed.
Joseph Gibbs
So much for the free an anonymous internet! Buch of BS wining babies cause they might miss out on sales on their already billion dollar inducstries.
http://pulse.yahoo.com/_CDQXGLDTL2M7E72W3UDYFABANY bob k
Time to get a private VPN with many servers outside the USA.
http://twitter.com/RRowleyTucson Robert Rowley
Looks like I'll be using proxies to download through.
http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1223563048 Angel Ham
In their defense, the poor Hollywood executives need the extra cash for Coke, Hookers and Mistresses.
What a joke! the USA just joined the likes of china, iran and other nations who control,monitor and censor their internet.
Seems like you are guilty until proven innocent because last time I checked, monitoring your entire cell phones calls needed a warrant, but it seems like what you do on the internet is public and anyone can track, record, analyze and basically do what the hell they want with your information.
Glad I don't live in the "freest" country in the world.
Adam Houldsworth
I like how they ask you to pay up-front for an appeal, to then get a refund. Instead, why not allow free appeals and charge people who get rejected? This will simply stop a lot of false positives from being handled as people won't want to pay and risk not getting a refund.
http://www.facebook.com/valerie.kramer.165 Valerie Kramer
They are so eager to slam customers who violate the rules but not nearly so eager to slam themselves. I bought a computer from Velocity Micro complete with Windows 7 Pro. It worked fine for a year or more then suddenly started saying Windows wasn't genuine. Microsoft said I had to resolve it thru Velocity Micro. VM took control of the computer and quickly located the statement that genuine windows was installed and said they couldn't do anything more at that time. I finally had to buy a new copy of Windows. Shouldn't that have been "theft of services" on their part or maybe "reckless endangerment" since they left my computer vulnerable to intrusion (since I could no longer apply Windows Updates) and they don't know if my machine is a home computer or something controlling life support, air traffic control, nuclear weapons, a driverless car or who knows what! We, the consumers, need to find some way to get these large corporations to be more fair!
http://profiles.google.com/payton323 Payton Chacalos
The dissident trouble makers have been sent to a re-education camp for social re-training.
Robert Kent
So what happens when someone hacks into my wireless router (easy to do) and downloads illegal content? How can I protect myself? Even the best encryption can be broken. Use a live cd and you can break into any router you want with little effort.
Robert Kent
How will the ISP's know what's buried in an encrypted ZIP or RAR file?
Robert Kent
If this does work (and I doubt it), people will start sharing files via snail mail using flash memory sticks. Friends will share with friends. This may slow piracy down for a while, but it won't stop it completely.
The problem is the high cost of software and media. Why would anyone pay $6.00 for a 24 hour movie rental when they could borrow it from a friend? Why pay hundreds or even thousands for a popular software suite when you can find it online for free?
Adobe recently created their Creative Cloud subscription service. All the CS6 software you want for as little as $19.99 per month (student pricing). I think this step alone will greatly reduce the amount of pirated Adobe products. More people can afford to use them legally. Autodesk allows students to download and use most of their products for free. It's a shame more software companies don't do the same.
Bug menot
The analogy of GM seeds = ecological vandalism is very apt. There's the opposite side of the coin where countries/communities threaten to burn any fields with GM seeds to prevent contamination of native crops. I think (true?) some places in the USA banned them outright to prevent entrapment and consequential damage to people's (uncomtaninated) seed crops.
Fighting the IRS over rather you owe them money is like fighting with a kid over rather they want more candy. You can not win on that argument. You can however move your income (and person) outside of their physical reach. It's one reason the 'tax citizens' versus 'tax residents' issue has reached amazing levels of stupidity, lately. People who have never set foot in the USA (at least, as working adult) somehow owe 10K's of dollars even though they actually had no taxable income but didn't report to the IRS. Most people trying to avoid the IRS (even having to file regardless of owing) however, are actually residents trying to work under the table while still using government services. Call an apple an apple. The whole federal taxes being legal thing was the whole point of the Whiskey Rebellion, BTW. The end result from centuries of inertia in our legal system is that it IS legal, according to the government's own standards. Rather you disagree is another matter entirely and you will find that enforcement doesn't care if you recognize their authority. They'll literally kill you if you don't pay and are effective enough at saying no. The commenter refering to retaliation against government agents and their families/pets/friends/… is the other side of the coin. We've had several terrorist attacks triggered by revenge cycles related to this.
The whole point of constitutional law is that it has it's basis on the common law system that predates it. That is, without implied consent, it's nothing but an old but interesting piece of paper with some group's political theories. If 1000 people thought it was the law that orange sweaters on a tuesday should get the electric chair, and the rest of the country (especially the police and courts who would think you're kidding at first) thought they were nuts, they'd not have anyone enforce the law, and be punished if they tried to enforce it themselves. This is basic government 101: It's the definition of a constitutional republic with elected representatives. There would otherwise be no difference between someone like Charlie Manson and any political party's leaders.
Just because it's a man-made law, doesn't make it against God, for the QE2 reference. The idea is to have the concious to speak up against an obviously immoral law.
Payton (Peyton?): I prefer the expression "Welcome to Planet Mother****er" Hey, it even applies across the universe whereever mammal-like animals evolve. :P
Joseph Gibbs: It has little to do with copyright. This has been coming ever since the PGP export restriction days. *hint hint*
They'll raise the $35 over and over like how they did to accused 'street racers' in California. You have a $7K-25K court fee over a $4K-35K car that you don't get back if you 'win'. Oh, and property goes on trial just like drug laws. Dontcha love greed?
Valerie Kramer: If you're using Windows (especially not VLK) for a critical system, you're either insane or your boss is. Apply recursively to boss's boss.
Robert Kent: They won't. They'll likely ID the encrypted file after getting passwords off of a 'warez' site and trying them all. You could ship out 4GB of random bytes in a tamper-evident fashion in order to start a key exchange if you're paranoid about public key encryption being cracked. You could even deliver them in person like WWII days. ;)
Well, on to what I really wanted to mention:
This smacks of the Jim Crow laws from the 1860's onward after the war ended. Now instead of being motivated by 'racism', it seems to be called 'class warfare'. Either way, it's an entire demographic being stepped on or preparing to be. I'm setting up a 2nd router that only allows traffic over a VPN located outside the USA, just so my brother (and WIFI/malware hackers) won't trigger fascist overreactions by colluding corporations. We can do banking over the nonVPN connection.
http://www.facebook.com/ronald.wilson.3914 Ronald Wilson
I don't condone piracy, but it is a monumentally unjust practice. Try suing a company and winning, see if you ever collect.
Someone I know was killed by gross neglect one time (illegally dumping waste in what was about 10 feet from his house in a residential zone). 10 years later, family hasn't seen a nickel.
Them OTOH, don't pay your bill for 3 months, enjoy disconnected services. Can't poay that? Enjoy garnished wages, a destroyed credit rating? Can't pay that? Enjoy a contempt of court charge and some jail. They don't garnish big business for you. They don't get charged w/contempt either.
When you get caught stealing from big business, you lose. When they get caught stealing from you and are found guilt in a civil suit, no one cares. Who does the law serve?


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Watervale Lodge
Affordable, Quality Accommodation in Inchanga
Accommodation and delicious home-cooked meals in Inchanga – close to Cato Ridge, Camperdown, Valley Of A Thousand Hills, Botha's Hill, Drummond, Shongweni, Hillcrest, Kloof, Gillits and Pinetown, (halfway between Durban and Pietermaritzburg) – in a secure and beautiful country setting.
Accommodation and delicious home-cooked meals, where your requirements are met with warmth and a smile. Delicious breakfasts and home-made meals are served in the dining room and pub or, if you prefer and the weather allows it,outside on the verandah, or in the outside pub/braai area in the fresh country air.
The comfortable en-suite rooms inside the Main Lodge and the outside en-suite rooms, as well as the log cabins with separate outdoor ablutions, carry the flavor of Africa, and are located in a quiet and beatifull African Setting.
Campers are welcome and can camp in the grassy areas close to the log cabins and ablutions or anywhere else on the 25ha surrounding the Lodge, all of which are surrounded by an electric fence. Wake up in the morning to the sounds of the abundant bird life and take a walk in the grounds where you may be lucky enough to encounter some of the small wildlife at Watervale, such as Oribi and Duiker. A few Hamerkop families have also made Watervale their home.
The more energetic at heart can take a leisure 5km walk up the valley, to take in the stunning views from the 850m high crest whilsy also enjoying the fascinating flora and fauna en route.
From Pietermaritzburg on N3, take off-ramp at Exit 43 (approx 42 km from Pmb) and turn left at the top of ramp. Take first turn-off to left (D 732 sign-posted Watervale Lodge) and follow the road to the Lodge. (approx 2.6km)
From Durban on N3, take off-ramp at Exit 43 (approx 43km from Durban) and turn right at the top of ramp. Cross over N3 and take first turn-off to left (D 732 sign-posted Watervale Lodge) and follow the road to the Lodge. (approx 2.6km)


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8 Movies To Help You Weather Hurricane Sandy
Forgetting Sarah Marshall
5 of 8
The Judd Apatow formula goes to Hawaii in this 2007 comedy. Jason Segel stars as a guy who heads off to the islands to get over his ex, played by Kristen Bell. Lots of laughs and Russell Brand ensue.


text:
Source: Environmental Leader, December 18, 2013
The EPA announced Tuesday it has released screening data on 1,800 chemicals found in industrial and consumer products, food additives and drugs.The data, which was gathered through a variety of advanced techniques including robotics and high-throughout screening, is available through the EPA's new interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability dashboard. The dashboard and the data is part of an ongoing collaboration, known as Tox21, between the EPA, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences/National Toxicology Program, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences and the Food and Drug Administration to improve chemical screening, the agency says.
The vision is for the dashboard to evolve into an iCSS web application that will become the portal to access all EPA computational toxicology research data and studies including aggregated public sources of chemical toxicity data, animal toxicity studies and high-quality chemical structures and annotations.
Access the U.S. EPA's new interactiveChemical Safety for Sustainability dashboard


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If you're running the Boston Marathon on April 16,
congratulations! It's quite an achievement to be participating in
the oldest city marathon in the world. In fact, this historic race
began in 1897 with just 18 runners. Now the elite international
road race annually attracts more than 20,000 registered
participants (26,895 people in 2011), including top athletes from
around the world. Not to mention more than 500,000 spectators
lining the streets between Hopkinton and the finish line in
downtown Boston.
If you aren't participating this year, keep in mind that the 117th
Boston Marathon is scheduled for Monday, April 15, 2013. According
to the Boston
Athletic Association website, next year's applications
will be accepted beginning September 2012. And, remember, the
Boston event is one of the very few marathons that require you to
meet a qualifying time before you even can enter. "The Boston
Marathon is a huge, elite event," says Maureen
Petrasko, president of NZ Manufacturing. "It's for the
serious runner - very serious runner." So, if you're determined to
qualify, step up your game plan now!
Training for a marathon is a major undertaking that requires time
and motivation, as well as a certain level of fitness. You should
be able to run for at least 30 minutes without stopping before you
even consider such an enormous feat. During your actual training,
your mileage should gradually increase each week, with your longest
run being 18-20 miles. Here are our other "super-six tips" to
Only 1% of people around the world can say they've actually
finished a marathon. And you're about to be one of them! So good
luck with your training and remember to have fun!


text:
The suburban dad who's dragging go-go into the future
- Tom Oehser (Photo: Jay Westcott)
CORRECTION: In an earlier version of this story, Tom Oehser's Internet handle appeared as Tom Cat. It is Tomcat.
Local law enforcement jurisdictions seem to think that the Capitol Heights Ballroom is at 5401 Norfield Road, but Tom Oehser knows the street address is actually 5400. He also knows that Backyard and Raw Image aren't playing Marygolds on Sunday nights anymore — they're at Venus Lounge.
The D.C. Police Department's controversial go-go report, which keeps track of shows around the DMV, contains those, and other, inaccuracies — things that would never sneak onto Oehser's Gogobeat.com site.
"I don't know why they're so bad," Oehser says of the police's go-go listings. "It's almost like only certain officers know about certain shows and are willing to feed the information back," he says. "They can't be reading a [go-go events] site like Go-Go Central, because they'd go nuts.
"They'd have to read through 6000 topics on which band is better: ABM or MOB? And if you do that, you'd just go mad and you wouldn't be able to be a police officer and work on the go-go report," he continues. "Maybe it's just that simple."
Knowing more about go-go than the cops offers no great bragging rights, but being able to singlehandedly compile a comprehensive list of events that is superior to what the police's Intelligence Unit is putting together does. Especially since Oehser has never played in, managed, or promoted a go-go band, and isn't a long-time follower of the music. He's a 48-year-old white guy—a computer programmer, husband, and father of two — who really only got into go-go about five years ago but happens to compile some of the most comprehensive, easily navigable go-go listings in the city.
Oehser spends next to nothing to populate his site with the event listings. "My total cost aside from my own labor has been about $50," he says. But time is another matter. Although his one-man operation does more than an entire unit of police officers, a few more hands would help ease his burden. Oehser originally envisioned Gogobeat.com as an interactive website where members of the go-go community could add their own events. That dream has largely been a bust.
"I had this vision that I could convince others in the community to update it and edit it and contribute and post their shows on it — yeah, not so much," he says. "Right now, if I go on vacation or get sick, it mostly doesn't get updated. I'm at the point where I have to get other people to update it. You wanna update it?"
Finding the Beat
Oehser's go-go journey began as perhaps no other has: a stop at the Wilkes Barre, Pa., resort the Woodlands Inn, on his way to a family vacation in the Adirondacks.
While Oehser grew up in Glover Park, where "no one ever stuck a go-go flier on a windshield," he remembers seeing go-go bands on the street beating buckets. As a young man, he was moderately interested but was more into "Grateful Dead, psychedelic stuff, and blues." Besides, he saw it as something unique to street corners. "My first impressions of go-go were, OK, it's non-electric, purely percussive and it's cool," he says, "But I didn't make any kind of connection that you'd do it at 2 a.m. in a club."
As D.C.'s Deadhead scene dried up, he started going to bars in Georgetown and Dupont Circle, which he found to be "small, and fairly uptight." He gave up on discovering new music and started staying in. Until the Woodlands Inn.
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text:
July 30, 2015
The rain is something several people have been very excited when we got a glimpse of what's to come Sunday evening.
In the next 24 hours, there's a possibility of rain reaching anywhere between 3 to 4 inches in some parts of the Brazos Valley.
"It's great. It's just great. Every bit we can get is great," said a Bryan resident.
"We've needed it and need more. Keep praying," said a College Station resident.
The rainfall means roads could be slippery, so police advise drivers to be extra cautious.
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text:
Train Day to revisit Naples' rail history
See 1950s Southwest Florida through Naples Depot's models
National Train Day
What: A day with model trains, a reconstructed model town and economy and rides on the outdoor track
Where: Naples Depot, Cultural Center, 1051 Fifth Ave. S., Naples
When: 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., Saturday, May 7
Admission: Free
Information: (239) 262-6525
All aboard! National Train Day rolls into Naples on Saturday, May 7, at the Naples Depot Cultural Center. Organizers want to raise the awareness of the importance of trains to the history of Southwest Florida — also, they add, it's a chance to play with really neat model trains on exhibit there.
"It's our playground," says Si Lyle, volunteer at the Naples Depot. And an elaborate playground it is. The layout at the depot is a labyrinth of model trains — some big, some small.
The colorful Lionel Train Layout Room features a series of toy model cities with nine trains zipping around a complex layout of miniature rail routes.
"When I look at this thing, I look at it as being interactive and attention-getting," says Michael Fleming, another volunteer at the depot. "A way to show all of the different kind of things that make up a good hobby."
This Train Day, however, will include much more of Florida's history along with its trains. Attendees at the free event will see trains set up on 12 different modules, each representing a different part of Southwest Florida economy in the 1950s.
"You're going to see ... fruit and vegetable, packing and shipping, which was a huge industry. You're going to see the timber industry, fishing industry. You're going to see the downtown layout," says Fleming. "One will represent the middle of Naples itself with residential area."
A module of the downtown Naples area will feature a scale model of Four Corners, just a block from the depot itself.
The railroad first came to Naples in 1927 and greatly contributed to the economic growth. Since agriculture has always been a big part of that growth, trains were vital to transporting goods out of town.
Volunteers can explain the importance of real trains but introduce people to smaller model ones. Their hope is to raise visitors' level of enthusiasm for trains and what they meant to this country.
Mohammed Lati, another train enthusiast and volunteer who is planning the event, wants not only to entertain but to educate as well.
"The most important thing is to introduce people back to the train," he says.
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text:
Posted at: 12/14/2012 9:39 AM
Updated at: 12/14/2012 7:46 PM
(ABC NEWS) -- Adam Lanza, the 20-year-old who killed 20 children and six adults at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut this morning, was "obviously not well," a relative told ABC News.
Family friends in Newtown also described the young man as troubled and described his mother Nancy as very rigid. "[Adam] was not connected with the other kids," said one friend.
Late today, police said Nancy Lanza's body was found in the family home. According to sources, Lanza shot his mother in the face, then left the house armed with at least two semi-automatic handguns and a semi-automatic rifle.
State and federal authorities believe his mother may have once worked at the elementary school where Adam went on his deadly rampage, although she was not a teacher, according to relatives, perhaps a volunteer.
Police had initially identified Ryan as the killer, until he sent out a series of Facebook posts saying it wasn't him and that he was at work all day.
Sources told ABC News that Ryan, 24, works as a senior person in Ernst and Young's tax practice in Manhattan.
"He's a tax guy and he is clean as a whistle," a source familiar with his work said.
Ryan has worked at the firm 4 years.
Today the NYPD and FBI went to Ernst & Young and removed Ryan's laptop and other possessions, which is part of the normal investigative process.
Officials were interviewing Ryan and his father, but neither person was under any suspicion, multiple sources said.


text:
101 Fall Outfit Ideas
55 of 101
From: 101 Fall Outfit Ideas
Yes, you can wear that white blazer well into fall -- and Elizabeth Olsen demonstrates how. Dress up a gray T-shirt and slouchy black pants with a crisp white blazer and heels for an office-appropriate look.
Tags: Elizabeth Olsen


text:
All merchandise linked within this site is approved by the Jack Jablonski BEL13VE in Miracles Foundation.
Sales proceeds fund advancements in Spinal Cord Injury Recovery and also provide financial assistance so others with spinal cord injuries will have access to the same therapies that are helping Jack in his recovery.
If you have any questions on your order, need assistance placing an order, or would like to arrange for a bulk order or for items to sell at an event, please contact us using the email link below. Thank you.


text:
Session L37: Focus Session: Vacancy and Grain Boundary Effects in Graphene
8:00 AM–11:00 AM, Wednesday, March 5, 2014
Room: 705/707
Sponsoring Unit: DMP
Chair: Kurt Gaskill, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
Abstract ID: BAPS.2014.MAR.L37.15
Abstract: L37.00015 : Thermal and electrical conductivity of defective graphene: From grain boundaries to haeckelite
Preview Abstract MathJax On | Off Abstract
Zhen Zhu
(Michigan State University)
Zacharias G. Fthenakis
(Michigan State University)
David Tomanek
(Michigan State University)
We study the effect of structural defects on the electronic and thermal conductivity of graphene from first-principles calcluations. After optimizing defective structures using density functional theory, we describe ballistic charge transport using the non-equilibrium Green's function formalism and thermal transport using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. We find that both the electrical conductance $G$ and thermal conductivity $\lambda$ depend sensitively on the nature, concentration and arrangement of 5-7 and 5-8 defects, which may form grain boundaries in the honeycomb lattice of graphene or, at large concentrations, convert it to haeckelite. Lines of defects in graphene turn both $\sigma$ and $\lambda$ anisotropic. In a defective structure of graphene nanoribbons interconnected by haeckelite strips, the electrical conductance $G$ increases, whereas the thermal conductivity is quenched by up to 1-2 orders of magnitude, mainly due to the reduced phonon mean free path. We conclude that defects play a profound role in the electrical and thermal transport of graphene.
To cite this abstract, use the following reference: http://meetings.aps.org/link/BAPS.2014.MAR.L37.15