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TALLAHASSEE, Florida -Gov. Rick Scott is preparing to sign into law one of his top priorities from the spring legislative session -- a tax break on manufacturing equipment.
The measure will eliminate state sales taxes on purchases of manufacturing equipment for businesses like Danfoss Turbocor in Tallahassee. The company makes state-of-the-art compressors for heating and air conditioning systems.
Supporters of the legislation believe it will boost Florida's manufacturing industry and help create good jobs.
Currently only about four percent of Florida's jobs are in manufacturing. They pay an average of $52,000 a year -- about $10,000 more than the average wage in Florida.
David Hart of the Florida Chamber of Commerce calls the tax break a smart move.
"This change is a way to make us more competitive and attract some of those jobs, which by the way, that sector, manufacturing jobs, pay about 122 percent of the state average for salaries so great jobs to bring to our state."
The tax break comes at a time when Florida's manufacturing industry is experiencing new growth. The latest figures show Florida's 18,000 manufacturing businesses grew 3.3 percent from 2010-2011. The rest of the state's economy grew 0.5 percent.
Florida ports are praising the legislation. JAXPORT CEO Roy Schleicher says it will help boost Florida's exports.
"With JAXPORT's exceptional connections to global trade lanes, manufacturers can already get their goods quickly to market. In order to attract more manufacturing, adopting this legislation will eliminate unnecessary obstacles to their success so we fully achieve our mission of providing jobs and opportunity for Florida citizens."
The tax break would start in 2014 and continue through 2017. Then state lawmakers will review the measure to see if it's working.


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many people are afraid to buy clothes in bright hues. what you may not realize, is that purchasing a piece in a colour can actually give you just as much mileage, if not more, than a neutral. different accessories can completely change the look of an item. it's all about being creative!
the basis of this outfit was the coral skirt. this coral maxi is obviously a big statement and the main attraction. in order to let it shine, i paired it with a simple white tank top that is form fitting to balance out my proportions and highlight my smallest point; my waist. my trick to breaking up two contrasting colours is to bring them together with a longer necklace. this particular charm necklace has some hints of colour in it, and i played with that by adding more brights in the bangles. for additional interest, i threw on a surprise turquoise and brown shoe, with a coordinating brown structured over the shoulder bag.
aritzia tank // modcloth 'always play flare skirt' // urban outfitters necklace // river island bangles // front & co. purse // kelsi dagger sandals

subset: commoncrawl


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Israel News - Stay Informed, Pray Informed
Many children in Israel live below the poverty line with one in three children affected.
The OECD average of child poverty is 13 percent; Israel is in last place of the OECD rank. Around 750,000 children in Israel are affected by poverty, mostly among the Arab and ultra-Orthodox communities.
In general, the larger a family is the higher the probability that they will be affected by poverty. According to the Israel National Children's Council's 2014 report, almost half of all families with four children and 60 percent of families with five or more children were classified as poor.
Any day of the week, family chatter and the happy shouts of children fill the air at Mini Israel. In its eleventh year of popularity, the park offers a tour of Israel in miniature. Conveniently situated in the foothills near Jerusalem, and just a half hour from Israel's tourist hub, Tel Aviv, the venue is accessible by car and by bus.
Readers and followers of the Word of God in the Old and New Testaments agree that God's ways are not man's ways - in other words, choosing to follow a holy path is very different from living a worldly life, beset by good and evil.
What time is it? It's summer time! Israel's children look forward all year to the long vacation. There is no shortage of sunshine, and so many activities to choose from. First of all, there is every parent's favorite: summer school! Then, there are week-long nature camps, and day camps featuring a plethora of hobbies and crafts.


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Looking for Food
Luz is going to the farmers market today. She is taking her 3-year-old daughter, Vanesa, with her, to search for food. Thousands of mothers for many years have come here daily to find food for their families.
Join Luz and Vanesa as they look for food by clicking on the image below to a…
One House in Bogotá
I am walking down the streets of Soacha, a town of 500,000 that surrounds Bogotá. The neighborhood is called "San Nicolas," a poor sector with two-story houses made from brick. Above the rooftops hang electric cables.
Shoes are draped over the cables, hanging from their laces. They seem to me to be part of the…
Christmas in Colombia
The main room is decorated with Christmas posters. Children are laughing and talking. One can feel the atmosphere of Christmas, the musicians do not stop singing, while children finish eating dessert.
Looking Beyond the Horizon for New Hope
Maritza, from the window of her one floor house, is watching me as I come towards her home. It is made from planks of wood, painted in blue heaven, and between plank and plank the sunlight streams inside.
To get to Maritza's house, I jumped from stone to stone to keep out of the mud…


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ECU offers innovative and practical courses across a variety of disciplines and we have a vibrant research culture. ECU is a leader in developing alternative entry pathways to higher education.
We have three campuses in Western Australia. Joondalup and Mount Lawley in the Perth metropolitan area and our South West campus in Bunbury, 200km south of the Perth CBD.
ECU provides a variety of services and facilities that go beyond the classroom, with opportunities for personal development and social interaction for students and staff.
ECU welcomes students from all over the world. We're home to more than 3500 international students.
At ECU we concentrate our research in areas of strength to deliver tangible outcomes.
There are several ways to get involved with research at ECU.
ECU has a lively research community that is committed to supporting research students.
Our Office of Research and Innovation provides comprehensive support services to researchers.
Mutually beneficial ECU collaborations and partnerships with industry, educators and the wider community.
Our Faculties are actively involved in a range of community partnerships.
ECU is a leader in the rapidly emerging area of simulated learning and teaching in health.
We welcome the general community to engage in events on-campus.
Don't miss our annual Open Days at Joondalup on 19 July, Mt Lawley on 9 August and Bunbury on 23 August.
Help us improve our content by rating this page.
The School of Law and Justice undertakes important research work in a wide range of fields and disciplines. Most staff members are associated with one or more of the School's research programs. With factors constantly reshaping the face of Law and Justice, it is imperative to be committed to continuous learning and research.
The Sellenger Centre is located within the School of Law and Justice. The Centre is focused on the production and delivery of high impact, applied and relevant research, education, training and development in specialised areas of corrections, law, justice and policing.
The Centre for Innovative Practice is a faculty-wide research centre that conducts research into innovation in the professions and organisations. Innovation may be related to new products, services, new processes or innovative marketing.


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Texas Politics
Political Coverage from Austin to Texas on the Potomac in D.C.
Posts filtered on Tag
Republican cites 'mental health' claim from Wendy Davis lawsuit
AUSTIN – Republicans are making hay of the lawsuit that Sen. Wendy Davis, D-Fort Worth, filed against the Fort Worth Star-Telegram after a losing race for city council. Erick Erickson of RedState zeroed in on language in the lawsuit that cites "dam… [Read More]
What will Perry do on Medicaid?
Gov. Rick Perry seems to be viewed as something of an enigma on the Medicaid issue, despite his repeated promise to stand against using the "broken" program to cover more people as allowed under the federal health-care law. Top GOP lawmakers are working to come up with an alternative to Medicaid expansion that would provide […] [Read More]


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|Pedals Discuss Pedals
|Thread Tools
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
Great: one post construction on the left side, smooth footboard, nice design
Good: round cam, strap drive, no excess weight (slim cam, small screws etc.)
Bad: folding mechanism (unnecessary and probably expensive, though it's cool and practical to some degree), mechanism for attaching to a drum hoop (should be much simpler and safer), durability is questionable
Ugly: no separate footboard angle and beater angle adjustability, beater shaft makes dents in a drumhead even when it's in its highest position, price
Coming late April, early May is what I've been told...
Re: Sonor Perfect Balance Pedal (JoJo Mayer)
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
...in any situation where an artist has teamed up with their company to create something, it's not BS. Those infomercials that make ordinary items out to be inconvenient, like the metal wallet commercials that depict a normal wallet as the worst thing in life just so they can make their product look better, that's marketing BS.
The reality is the market will decide the fate of the JoJo pedal. If it doesn't sell, then SONOR will have to resign itself to using marketing BS like the infomercials.
I wouldn't sell the designers at SONOR (or any drum co) short when it comes to being artists.
Most drum gear is designed with input from a group/variety of performers. IMO its the best way to come up with the best product. Relying on one person's input makes the product too personal/specialized and limits sales. The price has to be jacked-up to cover the difference.
I doubt the PERFECT BALANCE pedal will outsell TAMAS IRON COBRA (pick any model) for instance, which is an example of a product designed with input from many artists, not just one specific artist.
Below is another pedal designed pretty much by one guy.
Last edited by Les Ismore; 04-04-2012 at 01:23 PM.
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
So true Les.
The JoJo pedal has many things I find interesting, and I want to try one out.
Although, I pulled out my old Camco, and it feels better than all my other pedals and I started using it again after almost 20 years!
It's about the least "advanced" pedal out there that isn't a "budget" pedal (a new one is only $129 with a bag, and free ship all over the net).
Round cam, no real "resistance" to my foot, yet still feels solid. Very smooth, "speed of return" same as going forward....
Lots of stuff JoJo was talking about in his video on the new pedal.
I picked up another Camco on eBay for $33, so I'll have my usual "backup" on gigs.
My band Artificial Agent here: http://drummerworld.com/forums/showthread.php?t=116637
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
$250 is the steet price on these, available for pre order now. And did anyone see Tama jacking up the price on the IC? Now they're $200 for the single. Ouch.
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
Just yesterday I pulled apart my old Pearl P-100 double and converted the slave into a single. I've played a DW5000 for years but sometimes try out my other pedals for the sake of practice and to not get too reliant on the action of one pedal, even though they're all set up much the same. I then went and ordered some straps to convert the pedal into a strap drive.
One of my biggest selling regrets was selling my old P-100 single. That was a great, great pedal and criminally underrated. I wish they still made it because I'd go and buy another one. It was simple, light, reliable, had a good action and was very easy to maintain. I like my DW5000 a lot but it's a little heavy.
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
The price is $249 in America from what I've seen.
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
Being a total Jojo fanboy, I'm intrigued. I want to try one and see how it feels. I really like the smooth foot board as I often play in socks and bear foot.
I'm pretty happy with my speed cobra right now but if I like this better I'll totally upgrade.
My youtube chanel.
My Photoblog
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
There's quite a lot of negativity here that I don't really understand.
You try the pedal, some may like it, some may not. Those that like then need to consider if they want it for the price.
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
They have a couple coming to the shop, and one of the guys that works there is getting one for sure.
They said it was $249.
Getting a call when they arrive.
Not as much money as I thought it might be.
Kind of expected with Sonor prices here, so I'm not surprised....but it's still $249...
My band Artificial Agent here: http://drummerworld.com/forums/showthread.php?t=116637
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
This seems to be the perfect pedal for me. Any other pedals that doesn't have this "catapult feeling" to 'em ?
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
I just saw this video tonight and like others here, I'm intrigued. That catapult feeling Jojo talks about is true - but I don't think I know what it's like to feel otherwise. That catapult feeling helps me in my groove for the music. I'm wondering what it would be like to have something that basically doesn't get in the way of translating what your foot wants to the bass drum.
I just went back to a strap pedal (Iron Cobra) and it does feel different from the chain, and I know for sure there is a catapult type of feeling to it. I may have to try the Jojo pedal, $250 is about average (hell, Tama is charging $200 for a single Iron Cobra these days, and the Trick I think is still over-priced - and the venerable DW9000 is almost $300). I'm surprised Sonor isn't charging more, they certainly could, and people would still buy it. Maybe I'll pre-order one. I'll take any help I can get, even if all I do is 1 & 3 on the bass drum, and 2 & 4 on the snare drum :)
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
Someone has to do the review!
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
I'm really interested in trying this pedal out: if it does what is says it does, it will be the perfect pedal for me.
Though I might put the Trick Pro V-1 beater on it, for the sake of "feel" when on another drum.
And I will admit, the hoop attachment mechanism here does have me concerned... I may end up being the guy that props up the pedal BEFORE attaching to a drum and just tighten the clamp, like I would any other pedal.
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
I've had the pedal for two weeks. It took some time to get use to it coming from a Speed King but its well worth it. This is a quality built pedal. I think the best way to describe what it feels like to play a pedal without the catapult feel is that it feels like your playing with no pedal. Again, I'm still getting use to it but every now and then when I'm deep in the pocket I forget I'm using a pedal, it just feels like the foot and the pedal are one. Very cool in my opinion. I do think the stem may be short for a 26 kick, I'll know when my new kit comes in next month. For now some photos.
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
I just bought the pedal today. I love it. It feels better than any other pedal I've tried for heel down playing and heel down doubles. I have not tried it yet with my rock playing....but even if it only works for my jazz playing, it was well worth buying, because it is the smoothest feeling pedal I've ever played. You can read more in my review here:
Once I try it out in a rock setting, I will post an update.....
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
OK...update. I don't think this is the pedal for slammin' rock. I tried it out with my rock band and I didn't like it. I don't think it's meant to be the right pedal for that music, however.
I DO think it is the best feeling, smoothest pedal EVER for heel down jazz playing however....
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
What! Its no good for rock!!??
Not worth the money then.
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
My experience is that it does work in a rock and roll environment. By rock and roll I mean the classic stuff, Zeppelin, Who, Stones etc (my favorite cover tunes). I did find it took a few weeks to get use to the feel but as I adjusted to the pedal the pedal seemed to help me with my technique. Now I find I can feather the bass drum as well as lay into some Bonham style triplets with equal ease. At times when I'm deep in the pocket it feels like there is no pedal. Strange but I love it.
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
I think it's great that you've found it works for you with rock. It still doesn't work for me there.....but it is the ULTIMATE jazz pedal. More on this : https://bit.ly/UNwrvY
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
With the money I paid for the pedal I'm happy it worked for me as well but lets keep in mind we are dealing with a subjective issue. Nice article thanks for sharing.
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
i agree! it is a completely subjective issue. By the way, your sonor kit is goregeous!
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
Thanks, I sold the Sonor kit though, I needed to try something different. Now I'm getting ready to take delivery on a new Mapex MyDentity kit, I'm going to combine that with a set of Paiste 2002's. Big maple shells and Paiste's, it should be a fun journey.
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
I bought a PB pedal as soon as they came out, absolutely love it. I just sold my Trick Pro 1V because ai like the PB pedal so much more. I love the strap drive feel, I like the balanced action of this pedal. i hated the way the Trick pedal tightened up as your beater got closer to the head. The footboard is great on the PB pedal and I like the single post design especially for when I am using a swivel technique to play. I can play heel down or heel up on this pedal, heel toe technique . I have used thispedal for jazz and Rock gigs and it works perfectly. You can play delicately and you can slam it and everything in between. I am planning on buying a second one soon for my practice kit.
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
TRICK could easily throw an extension spring on their PRO V frames and rule the world so to speak, they should consider it. They're that far away from capturing a big market.
They already have the cool mounting system, a smooth foot board, the pedal is way adjustable. They could employ a rocker bearing on the bottom of the spring TRICK style, an adjustable cam on top of the spring etc.etc. The bases are loaded for them, they just gotta put the thing in play.
Keep the compression spring model available, give the people a choice... the American way.
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
Got mine 3 days ago. Bought it right after Jojo's clinic at my music dealer. I simply had to had that pedal, plus they had a nice offer that night. Still getting used to it, have moderately tightened the spring tension but it still feels buttery to play.
Had my copy of Jojo's DVD signed. Also got that promo CD-ROM (those snippets explaining the pedal features, plus a few performances and exercises).
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
This is my first exposure to the pedal. The issue of a round cam is not what makes it linear. Where the axle goes through the cam is what defines the throw. Hence 'concentric' which places the axle in the middle of the cam so it rotates the same all the way through its movement, or 'accentric' which places the axle off-center in some way which accentuates the throw in some way - beginning, middle, end of stroke. It's about cam rotation, not cam shape.
That being the case there are and have been a number of pedals on the market which offer concentric movement.
One thing many players notice about chains and straps versus solid link: if you dance on your pedal the strap or chain can 'kink' slightly between strokes, from the springs pulling everything back into place. There can be considerable play in the strap/chain systems.
In seeing this is a spring driven system it is basically what all other pedals offer. Things are pulled back into place. Save for a Speed King and Trick which have springs pushing back. I have come to really loathe fighting expansion spring pedals. Some are better than others, but they all have the character of fighting you, especially if you tension the spring tightly.
I have come to love my Drumnetics so much everything else I own, while nice pedals, just cannot compare to magnet propulsion. Especially is that the case with magnets on the axle, as well as under the footboard. The thing, literally, almost plays itself.
Jo Jo talks about being one with the pedal. Concentric designs always have that feel. I have always preferred that.
Seeing this thread began a while ago it seems the PB has not caught on as Sonor hoped.
I do believe the clamping design has been misunderstood by some. It is an initial process which takes a little longer, but once you set it, it is off and on with just a couple twists of the tension knob.
I'm not sure a collapsing pedal is an important feature, save for someone loading a small set into a compact car.
Jojo mentioned he has tried every pedal out there in 20 years. I know he hasn't tried the new Drumnetics, and probably not previous versions, either. It is a true brain/foot marriage for me. I think it, I play it. Never put my foot on anything like the new version.
I hope it gets on the market soon.
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
One thing many players notice about chains and straps versus solid link: if you dance on your pedal the strap or chain can 'kink' slightly between strokes, from the springs pulling everything back into place. There can be considerable play in the strap/chain systems.
Makes no sense at all.
..."springs pulling 'everything' back into place". So this would exclude the foot board?
Hardly, the foot board cannot move upward without the strap/chain being taut.
The only way you could get your chain/strap pedal to 'kink' is by lifting the foot board from beneath while the beater is moving forward and who plays like that???
Its not possible.
Here's a mentally plausible explanation- The beater reaches its maximum backstroke angle and the foot board continues upward due to inertia causing slack in the chain/strap... your foot nowhere in sight b/c its 'dancing' on the pedal(s). Not reality.
Again, not possible to play like that.
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
There's an over 20min interview with Jojo up now:
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
Don't be too strict...
Issues with that pedal - at least concerning the first batches - have already been mentioned/discussed.
That video is from a member of the Derek Roddy forum - here's his orig. post:
He returned that pedal but might get it at a later time - presumably working from stock, with no issues.
I got my Jojo pedal just weeks ago and everything was fine. Seems those issues are gone
PS: I got mine as a special offer - 199 Euros is really fine... Bought it at one of Jojo's clinics.
Last edited by Bernhard; 12-15-2012 at 11:05 PM.
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
... and this @ 2:36, more than a few people have had this going on.
Not being too hard on it, tho for a $400 msrp single pedal this is a pretty crappy introduction, it shouldn't have this many issues, and from SONOR yet.
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
I think it just goes to show once again...that ANY company can have QC issues especially when introducing a new product.Granted product testing is done,but that same testing is not done on actual real world mass manufacturing.
When you produce that many products,Murphys law will always be in effect.There isn't a manufacturer on the planet,that dosen't have some slip through the crack issues on occasion,and I defy anyone to demonstrate to the contrary.
Sonor is a great drum company that has been making quality product for a very long time.They also have excellent customer service,and listen to consumer critisism.The'll work out the kinks.But don't expact 100%.
Perfection does not exist.How can it?No matter what we make,we're imperfect beings,and therefore by default,will always make products that are less that perfect.")
Steve B
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
I think it just goes to show once again...that ANY company can have QC issues especially when introducing a new product.
Yup, and SONOR'S got em with this pedal.
This pedal has a lot of moving parts, the heel hinge being a major one (on any pedal), haven't seen such a fail since DW's 5000 first generation heel plate hinge. They're literally going out the door with slop/play and stiffness... Da soll mal einer mitkommen!
I'd wait for the second generation PB from SONOR, if it ever happens.
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
Just got the pedal yesterday. It feels like the pedal I've always wanted: smooth, no resistance, and just cool looking too.
I still need to adjust to the pedal, but that will happen with time. Overall, it's the best pedal I've ever played, hands down.
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
I got mine a couple months ago and after gigging heavy with it since my technique has definitely improved. The trouble now is, I've become a little dependent on the damn thing! I left it behind at a gig last week and had to go back to my Pearl 2000c for the night and Oh boy were my triple strokes nasty as hell!
This pedal is silky smooth and feels like there is zero resistance to your foot movement. It plays as fast as you can tap your toes. Therefore, you can very effectively practice your bass drum technique any time, any place by playing rudiments with just your feet tapping the floor.
The ironic thing about this pedal is you are basically paying a lot of money for very little technology. Its like those super light Porsche Carrera GT3's, they strip everything out of the car to make it light enough to perform at outrageous levels of speed, but charge way more than the "luxury" models with all the technology and driver aids.
Bottom line, this is a pedal for serious players interested in the finer details of drumming, not intended for thumpers. I expect this pedal won't be seen behind many "monster" kits!
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
A little update on mine: because I've encountered drums that I had to use that were equipped with metal bass drum hoops, I've had to use a different kick pedal from time to time... I've actually cannibalized an old model of the Gibraltar Intruder pedal and a Pearl Eliminator powershifter pedal to create a pedal with the best of both worlds. This pedal, I've been able to dial in a feel that comes VERY close to the Perfect Balance, but not quite... it is now my back-up pedal for gigs, should the PB fail (which it hasn't), or I end up using a kit that had metal hoops on the kick.
As for my Perfect Balance, while I still have the original beater it comes with, I've decided to switch it out for a Pearl quad beater for the time being, so I can use a harder plastic surface to clearly hear my articulation better.
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
This is clearly the best pedal I've ever used.
It showed up in the mail and I had about 20 minutes of messing with it before a gig and it felt perfect.
I was using an iron cobra rolling glide for a few years, but went back to my Sonor Phonic pedal that I've used for a good 25. The phonic pedal, after a few fixes worked well, but eventually the frame bent from use.
The Jojo pedal picked right up like I used it for years, except it feels more creative and spontaneous. I like it a lot and I can get a lot of power from it too.
Re: jojo mayer new pedal: VIDEO FROM MUSIKMESSE
Looks like Jojo is working on a Perfect Balance Hi Hat stand...as well as Secret Weapons 2.
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Don?t Waste, Donate at CWU: Food Drive for F.I.S.H. Food Bank
Name: Don?t Waste, Donate at CWU: Food Drive for F.I.S.H. Food Bank
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Do you have some non-perishable food items to spare in your pantry? Then bring them to the Center for Leadership and Community Engagement (CLCE) Don?t Waste, Donate food drive for F.I.S.H. Food Bank! You can drop off your items in the CWU Student Union and Recreation Center (SURC) Tabling Area, from now until Thursday, June 12 at 2 p.m. The Food Bank?s wish list includes the following items, but all donations are welcome! Breakfast grains Boxed Dinners Granola bars Garbage bags Juice Soup For more information, call (509) 963-1850 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Teaches you the fundamentals of Word for Windows 2007.
Takes you step by step through the process of creating a mail merge; find out how to prepare source data, create a document, and merge the two to create individualized letters, envelopes, labels, and more.
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The 22-year-old, who has made one appearance in the Europa League this season, is well down the pecking order in Michael Laudrup's plans.
Richards enjoyed a successful spell on loan at Crystal Palace last season, helping them promotion to the Premier League.
Swansea are thought to be ready to send the Wales international out on loan again so that he can get some valable first-team action under his belt.
The news of Richards's availability has alerted a number of sides with Huddersfield, Birmingham and Millwall all believed to be vying for his signature on loan.
Full-back Richards is highly-regarded at Swansea and signed a new contract last season to keep him at the Liberty Stadium until 2016.


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You learn something new every day! Although the 1911 Irish census has been digitised and made available on www.census.nationalarchives.ie I had no idea that one small part of the census was badly damaged with mould prior to its digitisation, a fact which is of even more interest to me as it concerns part of my home county of Antrim, in the town of Antrim itself.
The National Archives of Ireland has a document online outlining how the 250 forms affected were reclaimed and conserved prior to their digitsation - fascinating stufgf, and available at www.nationalarchives.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/1911CensusConservation.pdf
(With thanks to @learnaboutarchives)


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Eubank, Parks earn CIF Player of Year honors
Luke Eubank is still picking up victories.
The Newbury Park High ace right-hander played an instrumental role in leading his team to the CIF-Southern Secion Division 1 championship. Now he has been honored as the division's co-Player of the Year.
Eubank, who shares the award with Ty Moore of Mater Dei, is one of nine county players named to the all-CIF-SS baseball team, including six on the Division 1 squad.
Newbury Park coach Matt Goldfielder is the Division 1 Coach of the Year.
Joining Eubank on the Division 1 team are Taylor Zander of Newbury Park, Albee Weiss of Agoura, Hunter Virant of Camarillo and Sean Barry of Moorpark.
The Division 4 team includes two players from St. Bonaventure: Jordan Farris and Grant Gallego. Patrick Herrera of Santa Clara is on the Division 6 squad.
The star of postseason is now the CIF-SS Player of the Year.
Justin Parks, who helped Oak Park High win the Division 2 championship, is the division's top award winner.
Patrick Quinn of Oak Park is the Division 2 Coach of the Year.
Three other Eagles received spots on the all-CIF-SS team, and four other county players received Southern Section laurels.
Oak Park's Bradley Sakaida, Nick Fahn and Brendan Parks are on the Division 2 squad.
Jacob Delson of Westlake and Jonah Seif of Thousand Oaks are members of the all-Division 1 team.
Selected to the Division 3 team are Evan Yoshimoto of Camarillo and Sean Bisnett of Rio Mesa.
Standout pitcher Nancy Bowling of Royal is among seven county players who earned spots on the all-CIF-SS team.
Bowling, Amanda Lopez of Moorpark and Nicole Cheek of Simi Valley are on the Division 1 team.
Alison Stymacher of Rio Mesa is on the Division 2 squad; Christie Langlois of Oak Park is on the Division 3 team; Anneliese Lopez of Buena is on the Division 4 team; and Miranda Magana of Santa Paula is on the Division 6 team.
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text:
Here's a little puzzle to ponder. The following sentence is
grammatically correct, it just needs to be given the correct
Ann while Bob had had had had had had had had had had had a
better effect on the teacher.
Scroll Down for the Answer:
Okay, here's the answer to the puzzle. I'm going to give both the correct
punctuation and a little explanation. (Believe me, it needs it!!):
Ann, while Bob had had "had", had had "had had". "Had had" had had a better
effect on the teacher.
It has to do with grammar. "Had had" is the past participle (I believe) and
Bob had [written] the wrong answer on his HW assignment (or
whatever), which was "had". Ann had [written] the correct answer, which was
"had had". Thus, While Bob had had "had" [on his paper], Ann had had "had
had" on her paper. The fact that Ann had "had had" on her paper made the
teacher happy.
I was nowhere near close to figuring it out ... and even after I was given
the answer,I still had to have it explained to me 10 zillion times.... but
then again, that's why I'm not an English major!! ;-)\
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text:
A process for treating organic compounds includes providing a composition which includes a substantially mesoporous structure of refractory oxide containing at least 97% by volume of pores having a pore size ranging from about 15 Å to about 30 Å and having a micropore volume of at least about 0.01 cc/g, wherein the mesoporous structure has incorporated therewith at least about 0.02% by weight of at least one catalytically and/or chemically active heteroatom selected from the group consisting of Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zn, Fe, Sn, Mo, Ga, Ni, Co, In, Zr, Mn, Cu, Mg, Pd, Pt and W, and the catalyst has an X-ray diffraction pattern with one peak at 0.3° to about 3.5° at 2 theta (θ). The catalyst is contacted with an organic feed under reaction conditions wherein the treating process is selected from alkylation, acylation, oligomerization, selective oxidation, hydrotreating, isomerization, demetalation, catalytic dewaxing, hydroxylation, hydrogenation, ammoximation, isomerization, dehydrogenation, cracking and adsorption.
1. A process for treating organic compounds which comprises:
a) providing a catalyst which includes a substantially mesoporous structure of refractory oxide containing at least 97% by volume of pores having a pore size ranging from about 15 Å to about 300 Å and having a micropore volume of at least about 0.01 cc/g, and wherein the mesoporous structure has incorporated therewith at least about 0.02% by weight of at least one catalytically and/or chemically active heteroatom selected from the group consisting of Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zn, Fe, Sn, Mo, Ga, Ni, Co, In, Zr, Mn, Cu, Mg, Pd, Ru, Pt, W and combinations thereof, said catalyst has an X-ray diffraction pattern with one peak at 0.3° to about 3.5° at 2 theta (q);
b) contacting an organic compound-containing feed under reaction conditions with said catalyst wherein the treating process is selected from the group consisting of alkylation, acylation, oligomerization, selective oxidation, hydrotreating, isomerization, demetalation, catalytic dewaxing, hydroxylation, hydrogenation, ammoximation, isomerization, dehydrogenation, cracking and adsorption.
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The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/313,720 filed on Dec. 6, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,930,219, which is a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/995,227 filed Nov. 27, 2001 now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,762,143 and incorporated by reference herein, which is a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/390,276 filed Sep. 7, 1999, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,358,486 B1, to which priority is claimed.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a mesoporous material, particularly a catalytic material, and use of the mesoporous material for the conversion of organic compounds, particularly hydrocarbons.
2. Background of the Prior Art
Most of today's hydrocarbon processing technologies are based on zeolite catalysts. Zeolite catalysts are well known in the art and possess well-arranged pore systems with uniform pore sizes. However, these materials tend to possess either only micropores or only mesopores. Micropores are defined as pores having a diameter less than about 2 nm. Mesopores are defined as pores having a diameter ranging from about 2 run to about 50 nm.
Because such hydrocarbon processing reactions are mass-transfer limited, a catalyst with an ideal pore size will facilitate transport of the reactants to active catalyst sites and transport the products out of the catalyst.
There is yet need for an improved material having functionalized sites within a porous framework for processes directed to the catalytic conversion and/or adsorption of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds.
A process for treating organic compounds is provided herein. The process comprises: (a) providing a refractory oxide composition which includes a substantially mesoporous structure of containing at least 97% by volume of pores having a pore size ranging from about 15 Angstroms to about 300 Angstroms. The refractory oxide may include individual oxides, e.g. Al2O3, TiO2, etc. or mixed oxides, e.g. Al2O3—SiO2, TiO2—SiO2, etc. and further having a micropore volume of at least about 0.01 cc/g, wherein the mesoporous structure has incorporated therewith at least about 0.02% by weight of catalytically and/or chemically active heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zn, Fe, Sn, Mo, Ga, Ni, Co, In, Zr, Mn, Cu, Mg, Pd, Ru, Pt and W, and wherein said catalyst has an X-ray diffraction pattern with one peak at 0.3° to about 3.5° at 2 theta (θ); and, (b) contacting an organic feed under reaction conditions with said catalyst wherein the treating process is selected from the group consisting of alkylation, acylation, oligomerization, selective oxidation, hydrotreating, isomerization, demetalation, catalytic dewaxing, hydroxylation, hydrogenation, ammoximation, isomerization, dehydrogenation, cracking and adsorption.
A related case, U.S. application Ser. No. 10/313,720 (filed Dec. 6, 2002), the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein, claims a silica-based mesoporous material with catalytically and/or chemically active heteroatoms. While silica may be a suitable support for many reactions, its weak support-metal interaction renders it only modestly effective for heteroatom dispersion. As such, the supports of the present invention are almost always more effective for catalytic action than silica only-based mesoporous supports.
One aspect of this invention deals with an improved catalytic process for the demetalation and desulfurization of petroleum oils, preferably those residual fractions with undesirably high metals and/or sulfur and/or nitrogen contents and/or Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR). More particularly, this invention relates to a hydrotreating process for reducing high metals, sulfur and nitrogen contents and CCR of petroleum oils, again preferably those containing residual hydrocarbon components.
Residual petroleum oil fractions are produced by atmospheric or vacuum distillation of crude petroleum; they generally contain high amounts of metals, sulfur, nitrogen and CCR content. This comes about because practically all of the metals and CCR present in the original crude remain in the residual fraction, and a disproportionate amount of sulfur and nitrogen in the original crude oil also remains in that fraction. Principal metal contaminants are nickel and vanadium, with iron and small amounts of copper also sometimes present.
The high metals, sulfur, nitrogen, and CCR content of the residual fractions generally limit their effective use as charge stocks for subsequent catalyst processing such as catalytic cracking and hydrocracking. The metal contaminants deposit on the special catalysts for these cracking processes and cause the premature aging of the catalyst and/or unwanted side reactions such as cracking to coke, dry gas and hydrogen. During the FCC process, much of the sulfur ends up in the FCC catalyst's coke, which is burned during regeneration, resulting in substantial SOx emissions. Another major fate of the residua's sulfur is in the final cracked products, such as gasoline and light cycle oil (a blending component for diesel fuel and home heating fuel). Some of the nitrogen contributes to NOx emissions, and some nitrogen (the basic nitrogen compounds) becomes bound to the active sites of the FCC catalyst and renders it ineffective. CCR, a measure of a molecule's tendency to coke rather than crack and/or distill, is also an undesirable property for charge streams processed by catalytic cracking. Under the high temperature employed in catalytic cracking, molecules high in CCR thermally and/or catalytically degrade to coke, light gases, and hydrogen. Catalytic cracking is generally done utilizing hydrocarbon charge stocks lighter than residual fractions, which generally have an API gravity less than 20. The most common, cracking charge stocks are coker and/or crude unit gas oils, vacuum tower overheads, etc., the feedstock having an API gravity from about 15 to about 45. Since these cracking charge stocks are distillates, they do not contain significant proportions of the large molecules in which the metals are concentrated. Such cracking is commonly carried out in a reactor operated at a temperature of about 425 to 800° C., a pressure of about 1 to 5 atmospheres, and a space velocity of about 1 to 1000 WHSV.
Metals and sulfur contaminants would present similar problems in hydrocracking operations that are typically carried out on charge stocks even lighter than those charged to a cracking unit. Typical hydrocracking reactor conditions consist of a temperature of 200 to 550° C. and a pressure of 700 to 20,000 kPa.
It is evident that there is considerable need for an efficient method to reduce the metals and/or sulfur and/or nitrogen and/or CCR content of hydrocarbons, and particularly of residual petroleum fractions. While the technology to accomplish this for distillate fractions has been advanced considerably, attempts to apply this technology to residual fractions generally fail due to very rapid deactivation of the catalyst, primarily by metals contaminants and coke deposition.
Various embodiments are described below with reference to the drawings wherein:
The catalyst of the present invention includes a three-dimensional, stable, porous inorganic refractory oxide, which is substantially mesoporous in structure. The refractory oxide possesses a non-crystalline, but regularized (pseudo-crystalline) structure. Mesoporous materials are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,358,486 B1, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The term "refractory oxide" as used herein refers to inorganic metal oxides having a melting point above about 750° C. (1380° F.). The amorphous refractory oxide material of the present invention generally contains both mesopores and micropores. Micropores are defined as pores having a diameter of less than about 2 nm. Mesopores are defined as pores having a diameter of from about 2 nm to about 50 nm. The inorganic oxide material of the present invention has a volume percentage of mesopores of at least about 97% and preferably at least about 98%. The average mesopore size of the preferred catalyst as determined from N2-porosimetry ranges from about 2 nm to about 25 nm.
The catalyst includes, and is functionalized with, one or more catalytically active metal heteroatoms incorporated into the porous oxide's structure. The catalytically active metal heteroatom (i.e., excluding the mesoporous support) can be selected from Groups IB, IIB, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII, IVA, and IIIA of the Periodic Table of the Elements. Suitable metal heteroatoms include aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), tin (Sn), molybdenum (Mo), gallium (Ga), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), indium (In), zirconium (Zr), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), palladium (Pd), ruthenium (Ru), platinum (Pt) and tungsten (W), for example. The incorporated heteroatoms can be isolated and/or distributed as clusters in the porous matrix. They can be in an atomic form or molecular form (e.g., as oxide). The heteroatom content of the catalyst is preferably at least about 0.02% by weight of the catalyst. The atomic ratio of the heteroatoms to refractory oxide in the catalyst can be varied up to about 0.9, preferably from about 0.0001 to about 0.5.
The composition of the present invention has a characteristic X-ray diffraction pattern ("XRD") which shows at least one peak at 0.3° to 3.5° at 2 theta (θ), which corresponds to a basal spacing between 25 Å and 440 Å. Nitrogen adsorption tests reveal a tunable pore diameter ranging from about 15 Å (1.5 nm) to about 300 Å (30 nm), and a surface area ranging from about 300 m2/g to about 1,250 m2/g, and a pore volume of from about 0.3 cc/g to about 2.5 cc/g.
The composition of the present invention has a three-dimensional, randomly connected mesopore system, which facilitates mass-transfer of reactants and products, and avoids pore blockage.
The preferred refractory oxides of the invention include oxides of aluminum, titanium, vanadium, gallium, chromium, iron, molybdenum, zirconium, lanthanum, cerium, tungsten and magnesium, alone or in combination with each other or with silica.
Generally, the mesoporous, refractory oxide material of the present invention is prepared from a synthesis mixture containing at least one refractory oxide source, at least one heteroatom source, and at least one pore-forming organic templating agent.
In a first stage of the method for making the catalyst of the invention, the refractory oxide source, heteroatom source, and organic templating agent(s) are combined in aqueous solution to form a synthesis mixture (usually a gel).
In an intermediate stage of the method, the volatile components of the synthesis mixture (e.g., water, alcohol) are removed by conventional means such as drying with or without forced air flow. The drying can be conducted, for example, at 40° C. to about 130° C. for up to about 72 hours, more preferably from about 60° C. to about 120° C. for 6 to 36 hours.
In a final stage the organic templating agent(s) are removed by conventional means such as calcining and extraction. Typically, the calcining is performed at a temperature of from about 450° C. to about 900° C. with an oxygen-containing gas (e.g., air) for 2 to 20 hours, preferably at 540° C. to about 700° C. for about 4 to 15 hours. The extraction can be done using organic solvents at a temperature of from about 30° C. to about 100° C., depending upon the solvent used. Some alcohols with low or no toxicity are preferable as solvents.
Optionally, the method can include aging the synthesis mixture at 10° C. for up to 24 hours before removing the volatile components of the synthesis mixture.
Optionally, the synthesis mixture can be heated in an autoclave at a temperature of from about 100° C. to about 220° C. for up to about 10 days, preferably at a temperature of from about 120° C. to about 200° C. for up to 96 hours, before removing the pore forming agent. The heating step in the autoclave can tune the mesoporosity to meet specific requirements. During the heating, inorganic species such as silicon and aluminum will coalesce to form an inorganic framework, while the pore forming agent forms aggregates to shape the inorganic framework. The size distribution of the aggregates determines the mesopore size distribution. However, the aggregate size mainly depends on the nature of the pore forming agent, the temperature of heating and the length of the heating time. So for a certain pore-forming agent, the mesoporosity of the final material can be tuned by manipulating the temperature and the heating time.
More particularly, in the first stage, the refractory oxide source, or refractory oxide precursor, can be primarily an inorganic compound containing some organic groups. Such compounds can be alkoxides, e.g., aluminum isopropoxide, and aluminatranes, e.g., triethanolamine-substituted aluminatranes. The refractory oxide source can alternatively be strictly inorganic, such as anhydrous or hydrated alumina gels or psuedoboehmite. In the case of making aluminum oxide, the alumina source also can be a crystalline source such as alpha alumina, but to facilitate reactivity, is preferably not a crystalline source.
The organic templating agent preferably contains hydroxyl (—OH) groups that form hydrogen bonds with the inorganic species (i.e., alumina and heteroatom). They may have atoms with a pair of electrons that can bond with the aluminum or heteroatoms. Such organic templating agents include glycols (e.g., propylene glycol, glycerol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol), alkanolamines (e.g., triethanolamine ["TEA"], triisopropanolamine), diethylglycol dibenzoate, triethylene pentamine, starch, and sulfolane. The organic templating agent should have a boiling point above 150° C., preferably above about 180° C.
The heteroatom source can be with or without organic groups and is typically added in the form of a solution. For example, in the case of aluminum, the source can be aluminum alkoxide (e.g., aluminum isopropoxide), alumina, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum nitrate, aluminum sulfate, or aluminum chloride.
The synthesis mixture can also include alkali or acid to adjust the pH of the mixture. Alkalis typically include organic alkali such as tetraethylammonium hydroxide ("TEAOH") and other tetraalkylammonium hydroxides, urea, and the like, or inorganic alkali such as ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and the like.
The solvents, reaction conditions, the order of adding and mixing components and the pH can depend upon the heteroatom and should be selected to avoid premature separation (e.g., precipitation) of the heteroatom. Premature separation can result in failure of the heteroatom to be incorporated into the refractory oxide structure.
The composition of the invention can be applied as catalysts, co-catalysts (a part of catalysts), catalyst supports, adsorbents and molecular sieves. Depending on the functionality of the incorporated heteroatoms, the composition can have weak, medium and strong acidity, consequently it can catalyze cracking, isomerization, alkylation, acylation, oligomerization/polymerization, dehydration of organic compounds and desulfurization. The composition can also have redox properties, which can catalyze epoxidation of alkenes (e.g., cyclohexene, octene, ethylene, or propylene), selective oxidation of alkanes (e.g. cyclododecane, cyclohexane), alcohols and amines, hydroxylation of aromatics and ammoximation of ketones. The composition can be used as co-catalysts or catalyst supports. For instance, addition of noble metals, e.g. Pd and/or Pt/ to this composition offers functionality of hydrocracking, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, and desulfurization. This composition can also contain all types of zeolites and zeolite-like structures, together with all possible heteroatoms mentioned above.
A typical example of the composition of the invention, which offers acidity, is the one containing aluminum and/or gallium. A group of industrially important reactions is alkylation, which conventionally uses corrosive Lewis acids such as AlCl3 and HF and generates large amount of wastes. The composition of this invention is environmental friendly and can replace the conventional catalysts. It can catalyze alkane or aromatic alkylation (including Friedel-Crafts alkylation) using olefins, alkyl halides or alcohols as alkylation agents. The aromatic compounds mainly include benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene and their derivatives, such as toluene, xylene, isopropylnaphthalene, di-phenyl oxide, or 2,4-di-t-butylphenol. The olefin alkylation agents mainly include alpha-olefins, preferably those with a carbon number more than two, preferably more than four. Suitable olefins include e.g., ethylene, propylene, and 1-hexadecene. Alcohol alkylation agents mainly include methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, benzyl alcohol, and cinnamyl alcohol. The alkylation reaction can be carried out at a temperature of from about 80° C. to about 400° C., under a pressure between 1 and 50 bars, preferably from about 90° C. to about 300° C. and between 1 and 30 bars.
Oligomerization and polymerization of olefins can produce fractions for gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel and lubricating base oil. The catalyst composition of the invention, especially those containing aluminum, chromium, gallium or iron heteroatoms, can be used as catalysts for oligomerization of olefins such as alpha-olefins with a carbon number larger greater than three. Reaction conditions, depending on the specific feedstocks and desired products, include a temperature ranging from about 25° C. to about 300° C., and a pressure ranging from atmospheric pressure to about 70 bars.
The catalyst composition of the invention can be used for the selective oxidation of organic compounds. Particularly preferred are those catalyst compositions containing one or more heteroatoms selected from transition metals including, for example, copper, zinc, iron, titanium, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum and tin. For instance, the composition containing titanium, zinc, chromium, iron and manganese can catalyze epoxidation of olefins including aromatics such as phenanthrene, anthracene and trans-stilbene. The oxidants used in this type of reaction include organic or inorganic peroxides, nitrogen oxides, oxygen and any gas mixture containing oxygen. The composition containing copper and zinc is particularly preferred for catalyzing the selective oxidation of alcohols to corresponding aldehydes. Hydroxylation of phenol and 1-naphthol can be accomplished using the catalyst composition containing tin, iron, copper, cobalt and vanadium.
In the prior art, acylation of aromatics was conventionally performed using Lewis acids, such as AlCl3, FeCl3, H2SO4, etc. which generated large quantities of waste. In contrast, the composition of the present invention, especially embodiments that contain aluminum, iron, gallium, indium, etc., replaces the Lewis acids. Acylation agents mainly include acyl halide, carboxyl acid anhydride. The aromatic compounds mainly include benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene and their derivatives. Acylation can be carried out at a temperature from about 40° C. to about 300° C., under a pressure of from about 0.5 bar to about 20 bars, preferably from about 60° C. to about 250° C., and a pressure of from about 1 to 15 bars.
When incorporated as heteroatoms in the mesoporous refractory oxide of the invention, transition metals such as cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, or combinations thereof, or noble metals such as platinum, palladium or combinations thereof, provide catalysts particularly suitable for hydrotreating process such as (1) hydrogenation of aromatics in gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel and lubricating oil; (2) hydrocracking of heavy fractions such as vacuum gas oil, residuum fractions and liquids derived from coal (coal oil); (3) CCR reduction, denitrogenation, desulfurization, and demetalation of hydrocarbons, including the above-mentioned fractions. Demetalation is particularly useful for the removal of iron, nickel, vanadium, copper, and arsenic. Hydrotreating reaction conditions typically include a reaction temperature ranging from about 40° C. to about 400° C., preferably from about 60° C. to about 350° C., and a pressure ranging from atmospheric pressure to about 300 bars.
Isomerization of hydrocarbons (e.g. n-butane, n-pentane, 1-butene and xylene) can be catalyzed by using the catalyst of the invention. Preferred catalyst compositions for isomerization contain zirconium, tungsten, gallium, iron, titanium and aluminum as heteroatoms.
Dehydrogenation of saturated hydrocarbons to unsaturated hydrocarbons can be catalyzed using the composition containing mainly vanadium, iron, gallium, cobalt and chromium. The saturated hydrocarbon can be, for example, propane, isobutane and ethylbenzene. The gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) normally ranges from 100 to 2000 hr−1, preferably from 500 to 1000 hr−1. The operating pressure normally ranges from about 7 kPa to about 600 kPa, preferably from about 7 kPa to about 400 kPa. The reaction temperature typically ranges from about 350° C. to about 650° C., preferably from about 450° C. to about 600° C.
Hydrocarbon cracking can advantageously be carried out using the inventive catalyst composition containing nickel, tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum, aluminum and/or gallium. Moreover, the catalyst composition of the invention can be used alone or together with zeolites. The hydrocarbon can be feedstock for fluid catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, etc. The catalyst composition can also catalyze the cracking of waste polymers to recover useful fractions of desirable chemicals.
The composition can be used as a catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch process. The process involves contacting a feed stream comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide with the catalyst in a reaction zone maintained at conversion-promoting conditions effective to produce an effluent stream comprising hydrocarbons. The gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) may range from about 100 volumes/hour/volume catalyst (hr−1) to about 10,000 hr−1, preferably from about 300 hr−1 to about 2,000 hr−1. The reaction temperature is typically in the range from about 160° C. to about 300° C., preferably from about 190° C. to about 260° C. The reaction pressure is typically in the range of about 5 bar to about 60 bar, preferably from 8 bar to about 30 bar.
The composition can be used to effectively and selectively adsorb particular compounds. Due to its tunable pores and functionalized pore wall, it allows various compounds to enter the pores and interact with functional heteroatom groups on or in the wall. For instance, the incorporated heteroatoms can have high but unsaturated coordination numbers, which enables the heteroatoms to form coordination bonds with oxygen-containing, nitrogen-containing, and sulfur-containing compounds, thereby effectively removing these compounds from streams. It can also be a base-acid interaction. For example, the composition containing aluminum can remove toxic compounds such as cyanuric acid and p-chlorophenol from streams. As such, the composition can be used as adsorbents and molecular sieves.
The invention disclosure presents a new type of mesoporous or meso-microporous refractory oxide containing heteroatoms, having a randomly connected three-dimensional pore structure with tunable pore sizes. It offers a new, cost-effective process to synthesize the mesoporous refractory oxide without any surfactant involved. It provides new diverse catalytic materials, and it provides the processes to apply the composition in catalysis and separation.
Various features of the invention are illustrated by the Examples given below. X-ray powder diffraction patterns (XRD) of the resulting materials were recorded using CuKa radiation on a Philips PW 1840 diffractometer equipped with a graphite monochromator. The samples were scanned in the range of 0.5-40° 2 theta (θ) with steps of 0.02°. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed using a Philips CM30T electron microscope with a LaB6 filament as the source of electrons operated at 300 kV. Nitrogen sorption isotherms were measured on the Quantachrome Autosorb-6B at 77° K. Mesoporosity was calculated using the Barrett, Joyner and Halenda (BHJ) method. All composition parts are by weight unless indicated otherwise.
This example shows how to incorporate aluminum into silica without heating in an autoclave before calcination.
First, 1 part aluminum isopropoxide (Al(iso—OC3H6)3) was added into 26 parts of an aqueous solution of tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH, 35%) while stirring. After dissolution, 38 parts of triethanolamine (TEA) together with 8 parts of water were added into the above solution under stirring. Then, 26 parts of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) were added under vigorous stirring. A clear solution was obtained. The stirring was continued for 1 hour, and then the synthesis mixture was aged at room temperature overnight and dried at 98 C in air for 24 hours. Finally, the synthesis mixture was calcined at 570° C. for 10 hours in air with a ramp rate of 1° C./min.
This example demonstrates the incorporation of heteroatoms with heating in an autoclave before calcination. 3.3 Parts of aluminum isopropoxide were added into a bottle with 42 parts of TEOS and stirred for an hour. A mixture of 7.6 parts of TEA and 25.8 parts of water were added into the mixture of TEOS and Al(iso-OC3H6)3 under stirring. After 2 hours stirring, 21 parts of TEAOH were drop-wise added into the above mixture and a thick gel formed. The gel was dried in an oven at 98° C. for 22 hours and then transferred into an autoclave at 190° C. for 16 hours. Finally the gel was calcined at 600° C. for 10 hours in air.
This demonstrates the incorporation of aluminum and its stability of the composition. 3 Parts of aluminum isopropoxide were added into a bottle with 38.8 parts of TEOS and stirred for 1.5 hours. A mixture of 23 parts of TEA and 21 parts of water was added into the above mixture under stirring. After 2 hours stirring, 23 parts of TEAOH were drop-wise added into the above mixture and after 0.5 hours stirring it turned into a clear solution. The solution was dried in an oven at 100° C. for 4 days and then transferred into an autoclave at 190° C. for 7.5 days. Finally it was calcined at 600° C. for 10 hours with a ramp rate of 1° C./min in air.
Elemental analysis showed the Si/Al ratio to be 99.2.
The material obtained in Example 3A was boiled in water for 17 hours, but its XRD pattern, seen in
The material obtained in Example 3A was calcined at 900° C. in air, but its XRD pattern (
This is an example to use inorganic heteroatom sources to incorporate aluminum into silica. 7.2 Parts of aluminum nitrate nonahydrate were dissolved into 20 parts of water. Then, 61.4 parts of TEOS were added and stirred for 0.5 hours. Another mixture with 56.3 parts of tetraethylene glycol and 24 parts of water were added into the above mixture under stirring. After 1 hour stirring, 49 parts of aqueous solution of tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH, 35 wt %) were added and after 0.5 hours stirring the final mixture turned into a thick gel. The gel was dried in an oven at 100° C. overnight and then transferred into an autoclave at 180° C. for 3 hours. Finally, it was calcined at 600° C. for 10 hours with a ramp rate of 1° C./min in air.
Elemental analysis showed the Si/Al ratio of 15.3. Its XRD pattern showed an intensive peak at about 1 degree in 2 theta (θ). Nitrogen adsorption revealed a narrow pore size distribution centered at 4.5 nm, a specific surface area of about 786 m2/g, and a total pore volume of about 1.02 cm3/g.
This illustrates the incorporation of vanadium into silica. 1 Part of vanadium (IV) acetylacetonate was added into a bottle with 41 parts of TEOS and stirred for 2 hours. A mixture of 30 parts of TEA and 25 parts of water were added into the above mixture under stirring. After 2 hours stirring, 20 parts of TEAOH was drop-wise added into the above mixture and after 0.5 hours stirring it turned into a hard gel. The gel was aged at room temperature for 24 hours and dried in an oven at 100° C. overnight and then calcined at 700° C. for 10 hours in air and finally turned into orange powder.
Elemental analysis showed the Si/V ratio to be 50.5.
Here, titanium incorporation is demonstrated. 1 Part of titanium (IV) butoxide was added into a bottle with 31 parts of TEOS and stirred for 2 hours. A mixture of 22.5 parts of TEA and 17 parts of water were added into the above mixture under stirring. After 1 hour stirring, 18.5 parts of TEAOH were drop-wise added into the above mixture and after 0.5 hours stirring it turned into a thick gel. The gel was aged at room temperature for 22 hours and dried in an oven at 98° C. overnight and then calcined at 700° C. for 10 hours in air and finally turned into white powder.
Elemental analysis showed the Si/Ti ratio to be 49.6.
Here is a demonstration of the incorporation of three different heteroatoms. 42 Parts of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) were mixed with 30 parts of triethanolamine (TEA) for 1 hour to get mixture I. Mixture II was prepared by dissolving heteroatom sources into 22 parts of water. 1 Part of gallium nitrate, 0.54 parts of zinc chloride and 0.9 parts of tin chloride were used for Examples 7, 8 and 9, respectively. Mixture II was drop-wise added into the mixture I under stirring. After the combined mixtures I and II were stirred for 0.5 hours, 24.5 parts of tetraethylammonium hydroxide were drop-wise added while stirring. After being stirred for 2 hours, the three mixtures were each observed to be clear solutions and finally 0.5 parts of ammonium hydroxide (27-30 wt %) was added. After being stirred for another 2 hours, the mixtures were statically aged overnight. The mixtures were dried at 98° C. for 24 hours and each turned into dried gel. The dried gels were charged into autoclave at 180° C. for 2.5 hours and finally were calcined at 600° C. in air for 10 hours.
This example demonstrates the simultaneous incorporation of two types of heteroatoms into silica. First, 2.7 parts of aluminum isopropoxide were mixed with 0.86 parts of vanadium (IV) acetylacetonate and 34 parts of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) to get the first mixture. The second mixture contained 34 parts of TEA and 21 parts of water. Then the second mixture was drop-wise added into the first mixture under stirring. After stirred for 1.5 hours, 16.8 parts of tetraethylammonium hydroxide were drop-wise added while stirring. The synthesis mixture turned into a thick gel. The gel was statically aged at room temperature overnight, dried at 100° C. for 42 hours and then heated in an autoclave at 180° C.
The preparation of a palladium-containing catalyst was demonstrated. 65 Parts of the material in Example 1 was mixed with 35 parts alumina and water is added to this mixture to allow the resulting catalyst to be extruded. The catalyst was calcined at 480° C. in 5 v/v/min nitrogen for 6 hours followed by the replacement of the nitrogen flow with 5 v/v/min of air. The calcining was completed by raising the temperature to 540° C., maintaining that temperature for 12 hours. Palladium was incorporated by impregnation with an aqueous solution of a palladium tetraammine salt, Pd(NH3)4Cl2. The extrudate was then dried at 120° C. overnight and calcined at 300° C. in air for 3 hours. The final catalyst has 0.8 wt. % of palladium, surface area of 630 m2/g, particle density of 0.83 g/ml, and pore volume of 1.21 cm3/g.
Alkylation of naphthalene with 1-hexadecene was carried out in a flask with mechanical stirring. Catalysts of Examples 1, 2, and 3A were used. 1 Part of catalyst was loaded in the flask and heated up to 200° C. under vacuum for 2 hours. After the catalyst was cooled down to 90-100° C. under nitrogen, a mixture consisting of 6.5 weight parts of naphthalene and 26 parts of 1-hexadecene was injected into the flask under stirring. The temperature was raised up to 200-205° C. and kept constant. The reaction mixture was analyzed by gas chromatography with WAX 52 CB column. Reaction results using different catalysts are summarized in Table 2.
Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene with chlorobenzene was conducted in a flask with magnetic stirring. Catalysts of Examples 7 and 9 were used. 1 Part of the catalyst was loaded in the flask and heated up to 180° C. under vacuum for 4 hours. After the catalyst was cooled down to 80° C. under nitrogen, a mixture consisting of 102 parts of benzene and 8.2 parts of benzyl chloride were introduced into the flask. The temperature was constantly kept at 60° C. The reaction mixture was analyzed by gas chromatography with WAX 52 CB column. Reaction results using different catalysts are summarized in Table 3.
Oligomerization of 1-decene was performed in a stirred batch reactor. The catalyst of Example 2 was used. In the reactor 1 part of catalyst was activated by heating in nitrogen at 200° C. for 2 hours. 25 Parts of 1-decene were added by syringe under nitrogen flow. The reaction was carried out at 150° C. for 24 hours. After the reactor was cooled down, the product was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) with a WAX 52 CB column. For each test, mole % decene conversion and dimer selectivity is presented in Table 5.
Acylation of 2-methoxynaphthalene to 2-acetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene is performed in a stirred batch reactor. The reactor with 16 parts of catalysts made in Example 2 is heated at 240° C. under vacuum for 2 hours and then filled with dry nitrogen. After the reactor is cooled down to 120° C., 250 parts of decalin (as a solvent), 31 parts of 2-methoxynaphthalene, 42 parts of acetic anhydride and 10 parts of n-tetradecane (as an internal standard) are injected into the reactor. After 6 hours reaction, the reactor mixture is analyzed by GC with a WAX 52 CB column, and it is found that the conversion of 2-methoxynaphthalene reaches 36.5% with 100% selectivity to 2-acetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene.
Oxidation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone was carried out in a stirred batch reactor. The reactor with 1 part of catalysts is heated at 180° C. under vacuum for 4 hours and then filled with dry nitrogen. After cooled down to 55° C., 100 parts of acetone, 10 part of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) and 7.5 parts of cyclohexanol were introduced the flask; and the reaction temperature was kept at 55° C. After 5 hours reaction, the reactor mixture is analyzed by GC with WAX 52 CB column; and the performance of different catalysts is summarized in Table 6.
This example demonstrates the preparation of FCC catalyst using the composition of this invention and compares its cracking results with that of a catalyst using MCM-41.
Catalyst preparation was as follows:
About 35 wt % of the composition of Example 4 in a silica-alumina-clay matrix was prepared. 130 parts of the composition of Example 4 were ball-milled for 14 hours in 230 ml H2O. The product was rinsed from the mill with 52.5 ml of H2O. A slurry was prepared containing 827 g of H2O, 33.5 parts of kaolin clay (Georgia Kaolin Kaopaque), and 175.4 parts of hydrous silica (Philadelphia Quartz N-brand). The slurry was stirred and 16.4 parts of H2SO4 (96.7%) were added over a 30 minute period. 22.9 Parts of Al2(SO4)3.16H2O dissolved in 92.2 of H2O were added dropwise. 396 Parts of the ball-milled MCM-41 slurry (11.36% solids) were added to the silica-alumina-clay slurry, and the mixture was vigorously stirred at 800 rpm for 30 minutes and then filtered.
The solid was re-slurried in H2O and spray dried. The spray-dried product was slurried with H2O and the fines floating on the slurry were discarded. The remaining solid was exchanged with 1N NH4NO3 (5 cc NH4NO3/g of solid). The solid was washed with H2O, filtered, and dried in an oven at 120° C.
A 50 g sample of this material was calcined at 540° C. for one hour in N2 and 6 hours in air. The remainder of the oven-dried solid was steamed in 45% H2O at 650° C. for 4 hours. Prior to admitting steam to the reactor, the sample was heated to 650° C. in N2. Air was gradually increased over a ˝ hour period while the N2 flow rate was increased. After the ˝ hour period steam was admitted for the 4-hour period.
For comparison, a FCC catalyst containing 35 wt % MCM-41 was prepared in the same way as described above. The original MCM-41 had a surface area of 980 m2/g, a pore size distribution centered around 2.5 nm, and a pore volume of 0.72 cm3/g. It contained 5.4 wt % Al2O3, similar to 5.3 wt. % in the material of Example 4. Properties of the steamed catalysts are shown in Table 7.
The two catalysts in Table 11 are evaluated for cracking Joliet Sour Heavy Gas Oil ("JSHGO") in a fixed-fluidized bed unit at 516° C. and one minute on stream. The JSHGO used had the properties shown in Table 8. The catalyst-to-oil ratio is varied from 2.0 to 6.0 to examine a wide range of conversions. The yields are summarized in Table 9, given on a constant coke (4.0 wt %) basis.
A medium pressure hydrocracked bottoms fraction was subjected to catalytic dewaxing and hydroprocessing. The feed was processed in cascade operation over fixed bed reactors. Eighty grams of HZSM-5 dewaxing catalyst was loaded into a first reactor and 240 g of the invention catalyst as described in Example 19 was loaded into the second reactor. The feed is passed over both catalysts at 175 bar, 1.0 LHSV over the dewaxing catalyst, 0.33 LHSV over the hydroprocessing catalyst. The temperature in the first reactor was maintained at 307-321° C. to give a target pour point of −6.6° C. The properties of the bottoms fraction are described below in Table 10.
UV absorbance of the product was used to determine the aromatics in the lubricant base stock. The absorbance at 226 nm is a measure of the total aromatics while the absorbance at 400 nm (×103) is a measure of the polynuclear aromatics. For comparative purposes over Pd/MCM-41, catalysts prepared in accordance with the procedure described in Example 11 were also tested. The results of the runs are summarized in the following Table 11.
Comparing the performance of the Pd/MCM-41 catalyst with the catalyst containing Pd on the composition of this invention, it is apparent that the composition of this invention is much more effective in saturating aromatics.
This example demonstrates using the composition of the invention as a catalyst for hydrotreating of a coal liquid. While the specific coal-derived liquid exemplified here is a liquefaction product of the H-Coal process (using Illinois No. 6 coal as the starting material), other coal liquids (e.g. coal tar extracts, solvent refined coal, etc.) can be similarly upgraded. The catalyst sample was made in the same way as described in Example 3A. However, the method included hydrothermal treatment in an autoclave at 190° C. for a relatively short period of time of 4 days. Nitrogen adsorption showed mesopores with a size centered at 11 nm with a surface area of about 630 m2/g. Elemental analysis showed a Si/Al atomic ratio of about 99.6.
The material is further impregnated with an ammonium heptamolybdate solution. Particularly, 45.12 parts of an aqueous solution containing 6.38 parts of ammonium heptamolybdate is added to 40 parts of the above material. The resulting wet material was dried at 120° C. and calcined in air at 538° C. under conditions sufficient to decompose ammonium heptamolybdate and generate MoO3, thereby producing a molybdenum impregnated material.
The molybdenum-impregnated material is then impregnated with a nickel nitrate solution. Particularly, 48.2 parts of an aqueous solution containing 9.3 parts of Ni(NO3)2.6H2O is added to the molybdenum-impregnated material. The resulting wet material is dried at 121° C. and then calcined in air at 538° C. to decompose nickel nitrate and generate NiO, thereby producing a nickel and molybdenum impregnated material. Elemental analysis shows that the final material contains 15.0 wt % of MoO3 and 6.4 wt % of NiO.
For comparison, an MCM-41 material is used, which has a surface area of 992 m2/g, a pore size distribution centered at 3.5 nm, and a pore volume of 0.72 cm3/g. It is impregnated in the same way as described above and finally contains 15.2 wt % of MoO3 and 6.7 wt % of NiO.
Their activities for hydrotreating are evaluated using Illinois H-coal as feedstock. Table 12 shows the properties of the feedstock.
These two catalysts are presulfided for a period of 1 hour in a 500 cm3/min flow of 10% H2S in H2 at 230° C. and a total pressure of 680 kPa. Hydrotreating is conducted at a temperature of 350° C., a pressure of 6890 kPa, a hydrogen flow rate of 500 cm3/min, a liquid hour space velocity of 0.33. Table 13 shows the comparison of activity in terms of denitrogenation, Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR) reduction, and desulfurization.
The catalyst of this invention shows much higher activity, which partially should be attributed to its unique pore structure. It has relatively large pores with three-dimensional connection, which can accommodate and transport large molecules such as present in coal liquids.
This Example demonstrates the preparation of Fischer-Tropsch catalyst and its catalytic performance. Twenty (20) parts of Al-containing material made in Example 1 is dried at 200° C. for half an hour under N2 flow. It is then mixed thoroughly with 2 parts of Co2(CO)8 in a glove box. This mixture of solids is placed into a tube furnace boat in a sealed tube and removed from the glove box. Then it is heated in flowing helium at 100° C. for 15 minutes, raised to 200° C. over 10 minutes, then heated at 200° C. in helium for half an hour. The final catalyst contains 16 wt. % Co.
The above catalyst is treated with hydrogen prior to test. It is placed in a small quartz crucible in a chamber and purged with nitrogen at 8.5×10−6 Nm3/s at room temperature for 15 minutes. It is then heated at 1°C./min to 100° C. under flowing hydrogen at 1.8×10−6 Nm3/s and held at 100° C. for one hour. It is then heated at 1° C./min to 400° C. and held at 400° C. for four hours under flowing hydrogen at 1.8×10−6 Nm3/s. The catalyst is cooled in hydrogen and purged with nitrogen before use.
A pressure vessel containing the catalyst and n-octane is heated at 225° C. under 69 bar of H2: CO (2:1) and held at that temperature and pressure for 1 hour. The reactor vessel is cooled in ice, vented, and an internal standard of di-n-butylether is added. C11-C40 hydrocarbons are analyzed relative to the internal standard by GC.
A C11 + Productivity (g C11 +/hour/kg catalyst) is calculated to be 234 based on the integrated production of the C11-C40 hydrocarbons per kg of catalyst per hour. The logarithm of the weight fraction for each carbon number ln(Wn/n) is plotted as the ordinate vs. number of carbon atoms in (Wn/n) as the abscissa. From the slope, a value of alpha is obtained to be 0.87.
While the above description contains many specifics, these specifics should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but merely as exemplifications of preferred embodiments thereof. Those skilled in the art will envision many other possibilities within the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the claims appended hereto.
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Your connection to your rig
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To get more information on ETC Networking products contact an ETC authorized dealer near you.
ETC manufactures a range of equipment to meet the diverse needs of customers worldwide. See what is available in your area.
ETC's powerful Net3 system gives you an open network with the highest degree of reliability. Net3 products use industry-standard ACN communications to migrate functions of existing protocols into a network-native environment. Net3 allows you to connect to any network and start controlling the system.
ETC pioneered Ethernet-based networking in entertainment-lighting systems, with the power to transmit DMX, video and remote-focus data on a single wire. Our Net3 suite, powered by ACN (Architecture for Control Networks), goes beyond that, giving you an open network with the highest degree of reliability and streamlined system control for greater flexibility and efficiency. And with our leadership in the development of the ANSI standard for ACN, we continue to innovate in entertainment and architectural control using Ethernet-based protocols.
ETC lights Les Miserables
When acclaimed theatrical lighting designer Ken Billington brought his magic to the new touring production of the Tony Award-winning musical Les Misérables this summer, he relied on ETC's Eos and Ion consoles for full-rig lighting control.
ETC Unison Paradigm gives integrated lighting control to Helsinki Music Centre
ETC recently installed three separate Unison Paradigm control systems at the new Helsinki Music Centre in Finland.
CBN TV studios upgrade to ETC Selador LED lighting
One of the longest-running programs in broadcast history, CBN's The 700 Club, had been using an analog lighting system for much of its run -- the last 30 of 45 on-air years. The show, which is accessible to 1.5 billion people around the world and airs weekdays, was due for a technical overhaul – from lighting fixtures to control.
ETC Mosaic controls Choctaw Casino's spectacular special effects
For vacationers on the road to the Choctaw Casino Resort, the guest experience begins on the approach to the hotel, with the series of LED-illuminated, color-changing pylons that flank the boulevard.
ETC Unison Mosaic system lights up festive Sundance Square, Fort Worth, Texas
Fort Worth-area residents and visitors are being treated to a feast for the eyes again this holiday season—the festive lights outlining historic Sundance Square.
National WWII Museum, New Orleans, LA
The National World War II Museum's new 70,000-square-foot $60-million complex, comprised of The Solomon Victory Theater, Stage Door Canteen, and The American Sector restaurant opened November 6, 2009, part of the Museum's $300-million expansion.
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text: Home Gallery Video July 6 Creativity Top 5: July 6 Published on Jul 06, 2009 Editor's Pick Rate this Ad You must be registered to rate the ad. Please Login or Register Now About Tagstop5 CategoryTop 5 Latest Creativity News on Ad Age The Mill Names Kneale CCO and Knucklehead Opens in U.S. Goodby, Silverstein & Partners Shutters Its New York Office Anatomy of an Ad: MasterCard's Priceless Soccer Surprise Advertisement Ad Age Creativity Video Creativity Top 5 Learn more Related work Creativity Top 5: The Week of July 20 - July 24, 2015 Creativity Top 5: The Week of July 13 - July 17, 2015 Creativity Top 5: The Week of July 6 - July 10, 2015 Want to see your work in our gallery? Submit now


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I had one hell of 2012. By far one of the worst yet most rewarding years. I learned a lot about myself and have become happier than I probably have been in years.
My goal for 2013 is to continue what i started and to let no one take it away. That includes Myself. I am my worst enemy sometimes. Today that seemed to be the case.
I let my anxiety get the best of me again and started having panic attack after panic attack since about noon. I swear its one of the worst feelings ever. heart beating so fast, having troubles breathing , tears just keep flowing, and my anger and lack of patience just keeps growing. I tried to calm down using the tools I learned but nothing worked.
Now that I am home I had to pop a couple Xanax. I really hate having to rely on pills everyday to be "normal" What do you do though?!
Sometimes I feel like I need to apologize for my actions but then I question it. I mean why should I apologize for the person I am?? This is me!! I don't know what else tell ya. Work with me and not against me and things work out for the best.
Could I have handled things better today? Yes. I know that and I am trying . I really really am. How do you train your brain to do something so different from it ever has in such a short time? You cant. Its an every day process.
Do people really think that I purposely try to be mean ?! Not at all.
I actually question whether I am mean. I am more direct than anything. Lets not sugar coat things let's get to the point. Yeah i can see how the bluntness can be misconstrued. People just don't like to hear certain things. Myself included. Again though that's who I am. do I need to apologize for that?
The only things I will ever apologize for is that I am an over achiever, a giver and people pleaser.
I don't want to be average and just skate by in life. I believe in challenging yourself every day and to continue to grow. Even after accomplishing one goal there is always another one you should strive to achieve. If you ever feel that you have accomplished everything…. well then you just don't have enough goals in life.
Those that know me know that I am also giver. I have this amazingly big heart that wants to help and save others . I hate that about myself. I wish I could go back to the way I was and have no emotions and not care. I think life would be so much easier.
So tonight I find myself upset and hurt at the same time. Upset because I was not able to control my reaction today and keep myself calm. I hate that feeling of "failure". Hurt because all the good things I did I will probably be the one to get in trouble.
Do I care?? Of course. I am also a perfectionist. I strive to please other people. more fine qualities about myself I hate. I am working hard on this too because I know I will never be perfect nor do i want to be! Its so unrealistic. I know this. Without the mistakes and learning experience what would life be.
On the other hand though maybe I shouldnt care. sometimes I am just so conflicted.
My therapist tells me I need to lower my expectations of people. I have done that a lot already . So the question is how low can /should you have to lower them?! At some point people need to be accountable. Myself included.
I will be the first to tell you if I am out of line or if I messed up somewhere. I am fine with that because you know what that goes back to the perfectionism and I am probably beating myself up for the mistakes . I don't need to make 74 excuses but I am also not going to be the one to take full responsibility because someones elses lack of communication or doing what they should be.
I think I need to revisit this boundary thing. I need to start taking more of a backseat to things and let them play out the way they do. I need to stop being a YES person and start being a NO person. If you have no sense of urgency , why should I ?? It sounds like a sucky attitude but why should some people go out of their way to help those that wouldn't return the favor.
My therapist also tells me to be "Curious and not furious " and "don't judge" . I have found this to be very hard to do. In my mind its making excuses for people. I guess I just keep on trying.
Today I think the physical pain and the amount of stress just got the best of me.
I let people who have no importance in my life get to me . Why?!?!
I am so scared of ending up where I was in August. I don't want my anxiety to get out of hand again and the last thing I want is to have another battle with depression.
Things in my life are soooo good. They really truly are. how do I keep it this way?! I know I am going to have bad days but how do I keep them minimal. How do I keep myself from feeling like I am always failing someone? No matter how many accomplishments I make , at the end of the day I wonder if its Myself that I continue to fail?
At this point my happiness and health is all that matters. I have this amazing little boy that relys on me and looks up to me. I dont want to let him see me feel this way.
Tomorrow is another day. Another day I try to be the best I can be in the most positive and productive way for me. Another day to use what I have learned from my previous experiences and handle things different. Another day to teach my brain something new.
Tomorrow is another day I continue to believe in God and let him take the lead in my life. He's brought me thus far and I know he will never leave me. In some crazy twisted way all the obstacles he has made me face has made me stronger and made me the person I am today. I don't always feel strong. In fact somedays I feel so helpless . So many days my faith is tested, but I choose to continue to believe. What do I have to lose?
Theres only two people who truly know everything about me and everything I have gone through in these short 32 years. Thats God and myself. Through everything I know I am a good person. I will never let anyone tell me differently.
I know there are so many people out there that feel the same way I do and go through the same things I do. I choose to share with you so that you know you are not alone. I am not ashamed of who I am anymore and neither should you be. People will always say negative things to or about you because they just dont understand or know the whole story. I know it hurts but dont let yourself fall into their trap and do the negative talk to yourself.
I would love to hear from some of you and hear your stories. Hear how you handle every day life when sometimes you feel like you are just spinning your wheels.
Stay strong and believe. Believe you!


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Tonight is the night, folks, for VH1 Storytellers: Jason Mraz, which airs at 11 p.m. ET/PT. Since Mraz's Twitter followers had a significant impact in choosing his setlist for Storytellers, it's them we can thank for the tearjerker performance of "I Won't Give Up", which even caused Mraz himself to cry while telling the story of writing such a touching song. We caught up with Mraz to find out what he thinks of the sobbing at his shows. Turns out he doesn't mind it at all.
"I've always thought of my music as medicine, and sometimes you need that medicine," he said. "Some people need that medicine more than others." Medicine so good it makes you bawl is awfully powerful. Although he thinks his songs are touching, he doesn't think they invoke waterworks, but if they do, he wants people to let it flow. "I like to look at a crowd and see some people crying," he said. "It's the equivalent to smelling pot smoke at a concert. It's like, man you smuggled that in here, and you're choosing to burn it during my song. That is the greatest honor."
Be sure to honor Jason Mraz with your tears (we won't tell if you don't) by tuning in to VH1 Storytellers: Jason Mraz tonight on VH1 at 11 p.m. ET/PT.


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What does RAZ mean in Food?
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text: Doc says we are too negative. Let's get the annual positives thread kickin around to talk about the good things in Revsville. I'll start: I'm excited to see Andy Dorman return, and how much influence Cisse may have in the midfield. Two technically proficient central midfield players who, for now, add much needed depth and talent to a squad that needed better play centrally.


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In Wyoming, we believe that everyone is entitled to a fresh cup of coffee.
Cheyenne Coffee Company has rounded up some of the best Arabica beans available. You're sure to find that perfect cup of coffee when choosing from our selection.
All packages consist of ground beans. These are not shipped in a fancy gift box but that option is currently in the planning stages.
Cheyenne Pack - $15.00
Premium Pack - $18.00
Click here to Order
Click here for more varieties of Cheyenne Coffee
Spring at the Roastery
Buy 2 weeks worth of coffee at a time and keep the beans in an airtight container. Grinding your own coffee beans will give you the freshest cup of coffee.
A. Grind your beans just before brewing. If you just don't want to be bothered with grinding your own beans, we will be happy to grind them for you.
B. Use fresh water. If your water is not the best tasting, or if you have hard water, use bottled water or a water filter. Avoid distilled water.
C. Use the right amount of coffee. Use a minimum of 2 tablespoons for each 6 ounces (3/4 Cup) of water. Using too few coffee grounds can make your coffee taste bitter due to overextraction.
D. Serve your coffee fresh. Don't let your coffee sit on a hot burner for hours. Try using a thermo carafe.