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Why Do Mexis Like Wrought-Iron Fences?
By Gustavo Arellano
By R. Scott Moxley
By Alfonso Delgado
Women For: OC are Stitching and Bitching
By Courtney Hamilton
Santa Ana River Ready for Its Renaissance
By Joel Beers
By Peter Maguire
Can Tech Ruin the Kim Pham Murder Trial?
By Charles Lam
MLG Anaheim: This eSporting Life
By Charles Lam
"After my swearing-in, the general president of our union at the time came to me and said, 'Here, you make OC go,'" Briceño says. "I saw that the workers were willing to work, but [they] didn't know how to fight back. We thought, 'How can we replicate here what had happened in Los Angeles?' Then, we gave them that opportunity. . . . That was very intimidating for Disney and the hotels. It's the workers who run our union, not the leaders."
With this decentralized mentality, Briceño and her peers negotiated a contract in 2004 that won the union no-cost family health benefits; before, members paid out of their own pockets. She also guided the union through consolidation. In 2004, HERE merged with UNITE (Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees) to create Unite Here; in 2008, Unite Here locals 681 and 11 (which represented Los Angeles County) combined and kept the 11 tag. "We saw the strength," Briceño says. "We saw corporations merge [and become] bigger and stronger, and we decided to do the same. That's the only page we've taken from their playbook."
Together, the two locals created a sprawling syndicate that represents around 18,000 to 20,000 hotel workers across Southern California. Those increased numbers meant Briceño and her colleagues began strategizing around a bigger picture as the 2008 contract negotiations with Disney loomed.
Across the United States, labor unions were losing concessions because of the battered economy, while health costs across the country spiraled upward. In response, Disney began asked Unite Here members to leave their health-insurance coverage and join Disney's Signature Plan, which the company claimed it would control. The company offered to contribute its share into the union's current health-care trust through 2010 (Disney pays $2.55 per hour for nearly every Unite Here employee), at which point the union had to join the Signature Plan—but pay 75 percent less in premiums than the other Disney unions.
In addition, Disney asked Unite Here to increase the amount of hours needed for people to qualify for health insurance. In response, the union let its contract expire in December 2008. It refused all the new demands. but especially the proposed health-care issue, and also rejected Disney's offer to extend the contract.
Briceño claims accepting the contract would set a dangerous precedent for the other hotels Unite Here represents, such as the Anaheim Hilton and Sheraton Park. "It's not fair to compare us to the other Disneyland unions," Briceño says. "It's fair to compare us to the hotels we represent, not the resort. We need to keep our industry standards. We represent working families living paycheck to paycheck, even with a union job. What Disney proposes would put some of our families on the streets. If the benefits fall here, they're going to fall everywhere. We're not willing to lose what we have."
Suzi Brown, spokeswoman for the Disneyland Resort, dismisses Briceño's stance, countering it's not fair for Unite Here to have a special dispensation for its health coverage. "This is the only union that isn't on our Signature Plan," she says. "It has to do with equity. It's the same plan that cast members in our other 30 unions participate in—66,000 Disney employees nationwide."
"It's supposed to be a negotiation, but they are so colossally arrogant they refused to even consider our case," says Beatriz Silva, organizing director for Unite Here Local 11. "Negotiations are about moving to the middle. We needed to make movements before accepting anything."
* * *
As a child, Julio Perez lived at an address that any American child would envy: across the street from Disneyland, on the west side of Walnut Street in Anaheim. But the neighborhood's reality quickly sours any rose-tinted nostalgia he might have for the place. The barrio (known as Tijuanita) is one of Orange County's densest, featuring apartment complex after apartment complex housing almost exclusively service workers employed in and around Disneyland. Perez's father was a laundryman at the Disneyland Hotel for a decade, yet he had to work a second job to make ends meet.
"My mom used to baby-sit the kids of a lot of Disneyland's hotel workers," says the 34-year-old, now the political director for the Orange County Labor Federation, which represents 24 Disney unions and has provided logistical support for Unite Here's efforts. "What I remember most about Disneyland growing up is people coming back exhausted to pick up their kids."
Perez remembered those days when, in March 2008, Unite Here approached him with a request. It planned to take it's contract negotiations public with a massive demonstration that would block the intersection of Harbor Boulevard and Convention Way, just down the street from Disneyland—but it needed people willing to get arrested as an act of civil disobedience. Perez had a clean record but didn't hesitate.
Sponsor Content


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The Rennell Island sea krait (Laticauda crockeri) is confined to the brackish waters of Lake Tegano (also known as Te-Nggano), Rennell Island, Solomon Islands.
Lake Tegano is part of East Rennell which is a World Heritage site.
The lake has a total area of 130 km2 and a flat bottom at an average depth of 40m and has many rugged limestone islands. The substrate type seems to limit the distribution of L. crockeri to shallow parts of the lake with a pitted limestone bottom.
The snakes seem to avoid deeper areas with fine sediment.
Laticauda crockeri feeds mainly on the dusky sleeper (Eleotris fusca) whereas the lake's population of Laticauda colubrina feeds on the Pacific shortfinned eel (Anguilla obscura) (Cogger H, et al, 1987).

subset: commoncrawl


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Get your fill of neat stuff over at Must Have Cool!
*Life of Pi is not nor has ever been a book/film about Cheezburgers. That is all.
Check the via link for more about this amazing chocolate train by Andrew Farrugia of Malta.
Check out YouTube flipbook artist Etoilec1's third episode of Dragon Ball Z depicting Gohan's epic battle against Jenemba. Head over to his YouTube channel to browse the rest of the flipbook collection.
Japanese LEGO artist Akiyuky spent over 600 hours to create this complex, Rube Goldberg machine-like assembly line that stretches over 100 feet in length.


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Pop-up replaces closed coffee shop
Changes at Golden Belt: Carrboro Coffee Roasters has opened a pop-up coffee bar at Golden Belt, the textile mill on East Main Street that's been redeveloped into artist studios, loft apartments, office and retail space.
The shop has a short-term lease for the space that previously housed Blend, a coffee shop that closed.
The pop-up serves brewed coffee, espresso drinks and non-caffeinated drinks from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. Monday through Friday.
It will also be used for training and outreach for the Roastery, which supplies coffee to cafés, restaurants and retail locations throughout the region.
"The goal of the pop-up is to use the space for immediate outreach and coffee service with an eye toward building out the full-service café Golden Belt deserves," Carrboro Coffee President Scott Conary said in a news release.
Carrboro Coffee operates two cafes: Open Eye Café in Carrboro and Caffe Driade in Chapel Hill.
In addition, they also provide coffee to Cocoa Cinnamon, Respite Cafe, Rue Cler, Guglhupf Bakery and Straw Valley Food & Drink.
Update on 'Que: The opening of the new downtown barbecue restaurant 'Que is nearing, according to Pitmaster Ed Mitchell.
The restaurant is opening at Diamond View III, the new building by the Durham Bulls Athletic Park and across from the American Tobacco campus.
The restaurant is a new venture for Mitchell, who was a partner in The Pit, a barbecue restaurant with locations in Raleigh and Durham that are part of the Raleigh-based Empire Eats restaurant group.
In the spring of 2011, Mitchell parted ways with Empire Eats to pursue his own venture.
Mitchell said in an interview Friday that the cold weather delayed onstruction work on the space, but he said they're targeting opening the restaurant the first week of April.
The restaurant will serve barbecue, ribs, chicken and a variety of sides.
"(Things are) coming together great – I just wish we didn't have the setback with the weather," he said.
Storage in Rougemont: A new storage facility, Affordable Rougemont Self-Storage Center, opened last week in Rougemont. It's at 8927 Mile Branch Road. For more information, call 336-364-7070.
Have an item for The Buzz? Contact Laura Oleniacz at firstname.lastname@example.com or at 919-419-6636.


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Confidential services, including non-medical counseling and specialty consultations, are available through Military OneSource. Eligible individuals may receive confidential services at no cost. Check eligibility. International Calling Options.
Log in to your Military OneSource account to access online counseling services.
Click here to access confidential non-medical counseling and resources to balance and improve work performance and overall health.
In July, Military OneSource can help you be ready for change.
If you would like to become a blogger for Blog Brigade, click the link below to find out how!.
If you're a homeowner, your real estate is likely to be your most valuable asset. If you live alone or with someone who will be moving out while you're on deployment, you may be worried about what will happen to your home while you're away. A vacant home is at risk for vandalism, break-ins and maintenance problems, such as burst pipes. If you rent out your home to a tenant or arrange for a house sitter to live there rent free during your deployment, you'll enjoy the peace of mind of knowing that your property will be protected and maintained until you return.
There are a number of reasons you may want someone to live in your home while you're deployed, including:
Choosing between a tenant or a house sitter will depend on many factors, including how long you'll be away, whether you expect the person living in your home to do chores on your behalf and how well you know one another.
You have several options to help you find someone to live in your home while you're away.
Before you settle on a tenant or house sitter, do the following:
You'll want to have everything in order before you leave your home in the care of another person. Be sure to:
On the day your tenant or house sitter moves in, you'll need to conduct a "walk through" of the property, if possible. Avoid later disputes by having the person verify and sign off on the condition of the property, including any existing damages. If you can't be present on move-in day, ask a trusted friend or your property management company to act on your behalf. At this time, you'll want to give the tenant or sitter everything he or she will need, including:
As a homeowner, you may have a mortgage question that the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau can answer. Visit "Ask CFPB" to access answers to common questions about purchasing and owning a home. Home ownership as a military service member involves deciding what to do with your home when you receive PCS orders: will you sell or rent? Listen to the podcast Preparing to PCS to learn how one Marine couple decided to handle home ownership and moving. If you have fallen behind on your mortgage payments, beware of scammers who target people when they are most vulnerable. Be sure to listen to Foreclosure Rescue Scams and Foreclosure Rescue Scams: Red Flags and Real Help to protect your investment.
Stay up to date on all things related to Service and Family Members.
Subscribe to the Service and Family Member RSS feed
Service members, family members, surviving family members, service providers and leaders rely on Military OneSource for policy, procedures, timely articles, cutting-edge social media tools and support. All in one place, empowering our military community.
Release 06.30.15.1.184.108.40.206.2


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The Broadway Bridge, which spans the Intracoastal Waterway, provides the primary access to Daytona Beach, Florida. Construction of the bridge, which replaced a now demolished four-lane bascule bridge, began in January 1999.
The main superstructure consists of precast segments erected in cantilever. There are 13 spans (consisting of predominantly 80m spans) totaling approximately 820 meters in length. The segments were constructed at a casting yard in Flagler Beach, Florida and then transported via barge to the jobsite for erection 25 miles down the waterway. The longest span is 80.5 meters. The Eastbound and Westbound roadways are each atop a 14.7 meter wide concrete box girder.
The longitudinal post-tensioning systems utilized on the project are the VSL ES5-12, ES5-19 and ES5-31 multistand anchorages. Each tendon consists of multiple 0.5" diameter "special" strand. The use of "special" strand, which has a slightly larger area than standard 0.5" diameter strand, allowed for the efficient use of the anchorage systems. The transverse systems within the bridge deck consist of VSL's SA6-4 Anchorage and VSL PT+ duct. The bridge contains approximately 690 tons of 0.5" diameter special post-tensioning strand and 150 tons of 0.6" diameter standard post-tensioning strand. In addition to the main segmental structure, there is also a post-tensioned flat slab approach.
As part of the new grouting specifications instituted by the Florida DOT to ensure protection of the post-tensioning tendons, VSL provided high shear grouting equipment and permanent grout caps. The 918m precast variable depth segmental bridge was dedicated on July 20, 2001.
© 2013 VStructural, LLC - exclusive licensee of VSL® Post-Tensioning Systems in the United States


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The GSMulti is a good LG Flashing software which provides a quick and easy way to flash your LG phone. However it erases the original firmware and completely replaces it. LG Cell Phone Software
The GSMulti works great on Windows XP and Vista, haven't try whether works on Windows 7 or not. The software woks for most LG Phone, like the Cookie, Arena and more.
To Download the LG GSMulti v3.0 Flashing Software:
Following the the tutorial on how to flash the LG Phone with the GSMulti v3.0
LG Cell Phone – Related Posts
It doesn't work :/
I have windows 7 and Vista and GSMMulti doesn't find my phone, everything says "Wait phone connecting" then "Cannot open error" on every COM… What am I doing wrong pls help
Have an KP501,
can this solve the problem like timeout error during packet reception??
my phone having model no gs500v hang after 2 mkinute. 2nd time i am facing this problem within 6 months. I am fad up with lg mobile phone
my phone having model no gs500v hang after 2 minute. 2nd time i am facing this problem within 6 months. I am fad up with lg mobile phone
itz not working
Itz working on Win 7 32bit ultimate .U have to install 2 USB drivers that already on the GS Multi installed folder.It works for me first time..but now Im having a error " Wrong S\W file.use combined fls file"..dont know what to do.
I am using lg fathom vs750. its frequently hang can any one help or suggest…
download software for mobil file
i want dawn load this web side
My LG T350i phone , Last 2 month opera Mini not work I am 2 time Flash, but not workly. How step in ones again run opera mini ??
I fixed a LG TE365 Rogers Canada with GSMulti. After unlocking, it was freezed on TE365 logo. But I had to change firmware to KS360.
good softwares
Pls I would be very grateful if someone can link to the downoading link og gsmuliti I av try my best downloading it but no way, thanks here is my email email@example.com or u can reach me through my contact 07051164254
el animal que puso el link d descarga del gsmulti k lo actualice que ya no existe


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Support Moments Widget on iusethis
We all love to keep photos of our beloved ones on our desk. With Moments you can easily keep your precious moments just a dash away from your sight.
Moments is a widget to hold your photos on Dashboard.
Just drag a photo from a Finder window, your iPhoto Library or a Safari URL and it will scale and keep it.
Of course you can change whenever you want, simply hit backspace to remove current photo.
Moments goes a step further. If you want, it can hold several pictures at once, and you can swap them by pressing
the spacebar, remove a picture hitting backspace or even start a slideshow with customizable delay.
Moments Widget comes in two flavors: Classic and Modern, both of them with ten different gorgeous
Italian wooden frames. You can have as many Moments as you want on your Dashboard,
they remember your settings and keep your photos as long as you want them to.
If you love to keep photos of your dears, Moments is what you were searching for. Just bring down Dashboard to see that smile or that precious moment you will never forget.
With many frames collections to come, you'll love Moments.
Minimum system requirements are Mac OS X 10.4 "Tiger" or later and an Internet connection (broadband recommended).
Do you have a cool idea to make Moments better?
Send me your suggestions for improvement.
Moments Widget is freeware and costs you nothing — this doesn't mean that
free donations aren't welcome!


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Real ratatouille, the classic Nicoise dish, is neither grilled, nor a salad. It is a stewed vegetable dish consisting of eggplant, tomato, pepper, zucchini, onion and herbs.
Thing is, all of those ingredients would make a delicious salad, particularly if they were grilled.
Of course, the dish needed to be deconstructed and reconstructed a bit, but the flavors and ingredients remain the same.
In fact, the smokiness and char that the grill adds makes for a nice contrast to the sweet vegetables.
Grilled Ratatouille Salad
Start to finish: 45 minutes
Servings: 8
2 small eggplants, halved lengthwise
Olive oil
2 cloves garlic, minced, divided
Salt and ground black pepper
1 large red onion, cut into 1/2-inch-thick slices
2 medium zucchini, halved lengthwise
1 pint cherry or grape tomatoes
1 tablespoon balsamic glaze
1 tablespoon herbes de Provence
Pinch red pepper flakes
1 red bell pepper
4 ounces goat cheese, crumbled
Heat the grill to medium-high.
Using a paring knife, slice shallow slits into the cut sides of the eggplant halves. Drizzle the eggplants with olive oil, then rub half of the garlic and a sprinkle of salt and black pepper into the flesh. Brush the onion slices and the zucchini halves with a little more olive oil and sprinkle them with salt and pepper.
Fold a large sheet of heavy duty foil into thirds the long way. Open the foil. Place the tomatoes in the middle third of the foil, then drizzle them with the balsamic glaze and 1 tablespoon olive oil. Sprinkle with the herbes de Provence, the remaining garlic, and the red pepper flakes. Stir gently to combine. Fold the foil closed, crimping the ends to make a packet.
Grill the eggplant, onion slices, zucchini halves, tomato packet, and red bell pepper (left whole) for 7 to 10 minutes, or until the vegetables are charred and tender, and the tomatoes are juicy.
Place the red pepper in a brown paper bag and crimp the top closed. Set aside.
Dice the eggplant, onion and zucchini and place in a large bowl. When the pepper cools slightly, rub the charred skin away, using the paper bag to assist. Cut the pepper into strips, discarding the core, and add to the other vegetables. Pour the tomatoes and their juices over the other vegetables and sprinkle with the goat cheese. Serve warm or at room temperature.
Nutrition information per serving: 160 calories; 90 calories from fat (56 percent of total calories); 10g fat (3g saturated; 0g trans fats); 5mg cholesterol; 15g carbohydrate; 6g fiber; 7g sugar; 5g protein; 300mg sodium.
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February 11Tree Planting Workshop1- 4 PM eastern$10 feeFulton County FairgroundsSee the agenda or call 219-843-4827.
February 17Lincoln Hills RC&D Forestry Committee's timber industry tourTell City, Perry CountyContact email@example.com or (812) 482-1171 ext 131.
February 17 – April 7Forest Management for the Private Woodland Owner6 – 9 pmSouthern Indiana Purdue Agricultural Center, DuboisRegister at 812-678-5049 or email@example.com.
February 24 – April 14Forest Management for the Private Woodland Owner6 – 9 pmNoble County Public Library, AlbionRegister at 765-494-2153 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
February 27Conserving Nature on Your Property8:30 AM – 3:30 PMRegistration fee.4-H Center, Whitley CountySee the flyer or contact firstname.lastname@example.com or 260-244-7615.
February 28Conserving Nature on Your Property8:30 AM – 3:30 PMRegistration fee.Turkey Run Inn, Parke CountySee the flyer or contact firstname.lastname@example.com or 765-492-5330
March 4Southern Indiana Cooperative Invasives Management (SICIM) Annual Meeting9 AM - 3 PMStoneGate Arts and Education Center, Bedford, Lawrence CountySee agenda or learn more at www.sicim.info.
March 10Southern Indiana Conservation Happenings9 AM - 3 PMMuscatatuck National Wildlife Refuge Visitors CenterSee agenda.Free, but register for lunch at firstname.lastname@example.com.
March 10-12Indiana Hardwood Lumbermen's Association Convention & ExpositionIndianapolis Marriott DowntownCall 317-875-3660 or www.ihla.org. March 19 & 21Winter tree identification classesNear Orleans, Orange County$5 fee for adults, children free.Contact email@example.com or 812-276-4757.
March 27-28Tree Farm Landowners ClinicMcCormick's Creek State Park Inn, SpencerSee agenda and registration form.Contact email@example.com or 765-494-2153.
March 28Ohio River Valley Woodlands and Wildlife Workshop8 AM- 5 PMSharonville Convention Center, Cincinnati, OhioSee www.tristatewoods.org for more info.Call 859-257-7597 or email email@example.com.
April 11IASWCD Southwest Indiana Forestry Committee's Family Nature FestLocation TBD.Contact email@example.com or 812-482-1171 x131.
April 11Annual wildflower hike Blue Springs Cavern, outside of Bedford in Lawrence CountyContact email@example.com or 812-276-4757.
November 6-7, 2015Woodland Owner Conference and IFWOA annual meetingJasper Inn, Dubois CountySee our annual meeting page for details in September 2015.
Check out the Purdue Department of Forestry & Natural Resources calendar for more natural resources events.


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The Jazz Vocal Ensemble will perform its final concert of the semester at 7:30 p.m. April 4 in the Riney Fine Arts Center's Sebits Auditorium.
The group will present an eclectic program of vocal jazz featuring music by both classic jazz vocal groups, such as the Hi-Lo's and Singers Unlimited; as well as modern groups, such as Take 6 and Groove for Thought. They will also present vocal arrangements of big band classics by Count Basie and Gil Evans.
The ensemble had the privilege to open for the popular vocal group Pentatonix March 20 in Little Rock, Ark., for the American Choral Directors Association Southwestern Division Conference. To learn more about the conference, you can visit swacda.org.
Tickets are $9 for adults and $6 for seniors and students. They may be purchased online or by calling the Fine Arts Box Office at 316-295-5677.
For more information on this event or other Fine Arts events, please contact the Fine Arts Box Office at 316-295-5677 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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American Players Theatre
Founded in 1979, American Players Theatre is a professional theater devoted to classical work with an emphasis on Shakespeare. The company's 1,148-seat outdoor amphitheater, Up the Hill, resides beneath the sky in a setting of extraordinary natural beauty. The company also has a 201-seat indoor theater, Touchstone Theatre, nestled between prairie and woods. From June through October, the company produces eight plays in rotating repertory. Their mission is to explore the extraordinary qualities that have allowed the great plays of the Western canon to endure through the ages and make them vividly accessible to a large and varied audience. Education is central to the company's mission, and their outreach program enhances appreciation, understanding, and respect for language and classical theater in learners of all ages. They believe that sharing techniques that bring dramatic poetry to life can lead not only to an appreciation of Shakespeare's work, but a greater regard for all poetry and insight into some of the more mysteriously potent ways in which language can work.
For Shakespeare in American Communities, American Players Theatre will present student matinees of Much Ado About Nothing directed by David Frank and Romeo and Juliet directed by James DeVita. The company will provide related educational activities, including workshops, residencies, and post-show talkbacks. They anticipate reaching 150 schools from Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.


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Windhoek is an attractive city situated in Namibia's central highlands, surrounded by the impressive Auas and Eros mountains and clusters of hills. The climate is typical of a semi-desert country, with hot days and cool nights.
At 1650m above sea level Windhoek is only slightly lower-lying than Johannesburg, South Africa, and Denver, the 'mile-high' city in the United States. Tree-lined Independence Avenue provides a pleasant ambience of tranquillity and leisure to the heart of the city with its fountains and walkways and continental-style sidewalk cafes and beer gardens. Zoo Park in the mid-city adds to the relaxed atmosphere with its lawns, trees, shrubs and flowers.
Specialized shopping in the city includes distinctive jewellers ranging from classic to contemporary designs using local or imported gemstones, or designed for individual tastes by local goldsmiths. A special feature is individually designed hand-woven carpets and wall hangings made from karakul wool. A number of curio shops offer a wide range of African arts and crafts and there is a fine choice of Namibian semi-precious stones. Street vendors spread their wares on the pavements, reflecting Namibia's cultural heritage, in the form of woodcarvings, basketry and pottery.
The city is enhanced by stately buildings in the German architectural style of the turn of the last century. Old buildings include the historic seat of government which is known as the Tintenpalast, meaning Palace of Ink, and the Christuskirche with its graceful spire which provides the city with a striking landmark. The white-walled Alte Feste, which was once a fort and now a museum, reflects the history of the country. Three German-style castles designed by architect Willi Sander in the early 1900's add a romantic touch to the city. Imposing modern buildings in the central business district echo the forms, shapes and colours of this architectural heritage.
Windhoek offers every modern amenity, including comfortable hotels and pensions, as well as restaurants offering Namibian-style cuisine, which has developed its own particular flavour. Local venison like gemsbok, kudu and springbok is featured on the restaurant menus. Venison is also delicious when smoked or served as paté. Ostrich steaks, fillets and biltong (strips of dried meat) are also available. There is never a shortage of tasty meat dishes, as Namibia is a major producer of top-grade beef and mutton. Seafood specialties from the West Coast include succulent rock lobster, oysters, and fish such as kingklip, sole and steenbras.
Like other spheres of life in Namibia, the German influence is also apparent in local foods, offering a wide selection of traditional sausages and polonies, various types of bread, and superb confectionery. Local beer is light and refreshing and refreshing and brewed according to the traditional Reinheitsgebot (purity laws), using only natural ingredients.
More places of interest in Namibia
Etosha National Park | Fish River Canyon | Namib-Naukluft Park | Sesriem | Sossusvlei | Swakopmund | Waterberg Plateau National Park


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Enhance Your Accounting Career with a Master's in Accounting and Taxation
Specialize in taxation to enhance your career opportunities with a master's in accounting and taxation. The master's in Accounting with a Concentration in Taxation will introduce you to key concepts, rules and practices involving areas such as income taxation for individuals, corporations and partnerships, as well as excise tax on estates and goods. Through practical, interactive course work, you will gain the analytical and technical skills public and private companies, and municipal agencies require in their accounting professionals. Earning this master's in taxation online also allows candidates to sit for the CPA exam in most states, which can further advance your earning potential.
Taxation Concentration Courses
MS in Accounting - Taxation Concentration Courses
Required Courses
ACC 640 can be replaced with ACC-646: Intro to Forensic Accounting/Fraud Exam
MBA 610 Business Law - if exempt, no replacement, as long as total number of credits is obtained
ACC 550 Cost Accounting - if exempt, no replacement, as long as total number of credits is obtained
ACC 610 Financial Reporting I - if exempt, no replacement, as long as total number of credits is obtained
TAX 650 Federal Taxation of Individuals - if exempt, no replacement, as long as total number of credits is obtained
TAX 655 Federal Income Tax of Corporations and Partnerships - if exempt, no replacement, as long as total number of credits is obtained
Foundation Courses
For those who do not meet the minimum requirements, the following courses may be required:
Earn your Online Accounting Degree – Taxation Concentration from a Fully Accredited,
-Award Winning University
Taught by professional accountants, this master's in accounting and taxation program is designed to prepare you to meet the growing demand in the workplace for highly skilled accountants. By introducing you to topics involving taxation, you will gain the foundation you need to launch your career in this high-demand accounting specialty.
Along with helping enhance your career options, the online Accounting degree with a Concentration in Taxation is:
- Affordable - SNHU provides one of the most affordable degree programs in New England.
- Convenient - Courses are offered online and on campus.
- Flexible - Part-time and full-time options are available, starting at any of the four sessions offered throughout the year.
- Accessible - GMAT and GRE are not required for acceptance.
- Proven - SNHU is an accredited university that has been successfully graduating accounting students for more than 80 years.
Discover an Online Accounting Degree that Offers New Career Opportunities in Taxation
The online Accounting master's degree program, with a concentration in Taxation, will prepare you for a career as a tax specialist. Whether you want to work for a public corporation, a private firm or a governmental agency, you will gain the knowledge and skills to make an immediate impact.
Along with the comprehensive training in accounting practices and principles, this online accounting degree program will probe into the theory and practice of important tax-specific topics, including:
- Federal income taxation of individuals
- Federal income taxation of corporations and partnerships
- Excise tax on estates and gifts
- Federal taxation of gratuitous transfers during a taxpayer's lifetime
- Property transfers at death
Earning an Advanced Online Accounting Degree Can Help You Capitalize on Strong Employment
Growth Projections
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, "an increase in the number of businesses, changing financial laws and corporate governance regulations, and increased accountability for protecting an organization's stakeholders will drive job growth" for accountants and auditors between 2008 and 2018. The BLS projects that these professions will grow by 22 percent in that time period - much faster than average job growth for all other professions. By earning your online Accounting degree with a Concentration in Taxation from Southern New Hampshire University, you can position yourself to take advantage of this remarkable growth. And since this online Accounting degree program qualifies you to sit for most state CPA exams, you will have the foundation you need to advance your career even farther in the coming years. Southern New Hampshire University's Master of Science in Accounting with a Concentration in Taxation is a minimum of 36-hour degree program designed for accounting professionals. For students who have not earned a bachelor's degree in accounting or related business major, there may be two to three additional required courses to meet the master's in accounting with a concentration in Taxation degree requirements.
This program will be most suitable for students with an undergraduate degree in business and two years direct experience in the accounting field. Prerequisites may be required for some courses.
Admission Requirements
Acceptance decisions are made on a rolling basis throughout the year for our five graduate terms. You can apply at any time and get a decision within days of submitting all required materials. To apply, simply contact an admission counselor, who can help you explore financial options. Your counselor can also walk you through the application process, which involves completing a graduate application ($40 fee) and providing undergraduate transcripts.
Candidates are also required to submit a resume.


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Associate Professor of Medicine
Paul C. Rousseau, M.D., joined the Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics in September 2008 as an Associate Professor to lead the Division's Palliative Care program.
Nationally Dr. Rousseau is recognized as one of the leaders and founders in Hospice and Palliative Medicine. Dr. Rousseau has written numerous articles which continue to serve as landmark articles for the management of physical and psychological symptoms in the care of seriously ill and dying patients. He is also an expert and frequent speaker on the legal and cultural issues surrounding palliative sedation.
In 2007 Dr. Rousseau was awarded the Distinguished Service Award by the American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. He has over 300 publications in the field, which ranks him on the top .1% of all hospice and palliative medicine academic faculty.
Dr. Rousseau earned his MD at the University of Guadalajara School of Medicine, then completed an internal medicine internship at St. Joseph's Hospital. He competed his internal medicine residency at the University of Alabama at Montgomery. He has previously been a member of the faculty at Meharry Medical School and an Adjunct faculty member at Arizona State University and Midwestern/Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine. Dr. Rousseau is board certified in internal medicine, geriatrics, hospice and palliative care.
Dr. Rousseau's Curriculum Vitae (PDF Format)*
* Note in order to view this document you will need to have the free Adobe Reader installed on your computer. More on Adobe Acrobat.
More on Dr. Rousseau
Paul Rousseau, M.D.
Dr. Rousseau'sClinical Interests
EmpathyCommunication with patientsPalliative Sedation
© Medical University of South Carolina | 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425


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The all new Cybex Aton Q Infant Car Seat brings new safety innovations to the U.S.
Side impact protection has been optimized with side protectors that reduce space
between the Aton and vehicle so a transfer of crash forces happens much earlier
improving safety up to 40%.
The Load Leg Base features a height-adjustable Load Leg, a virtual standard in Europe,
which absorbs and distributes energy to the floor of vehicle, reducing forces on
the child.
Learn More about Aton Q
Sign up to stay informed about special promotions, contests, and insights from us
and our brands!
Building quailty brands and offering the best Customer Care is what we've been doing
since 1991. We look forward to serving you in the future!


text:
NAB Show 2014 is just around the corner. This will be my 3rd year in attendance with SmallHD.
If you've been to Las Vegas for the annual event, you understand that consuming all the information around you is like trying to drink from a firehose.
In an effort to organize some of the chaos, I've compiled a list of NAB Show 2014 related resources.
#1 Traveling Discounts
If you're commuting from your hotel on the Vegas strip to the convention center, be sure to use the Las Vegas Monorail. It's fast, affordable, and easy to navigate.
#2 Onsite Services
Whether you're looking for a place to charge your phone, free wireless Internet or an ATM, this page is packed full of helpful resources.
Be sure to try Joel Deli Breakfast located in Central Hall; great deli sandwiches, bagels and potato salad.
#3 My NAB Show Mobile App
I downloaded this free app to my iPhone and suggest you do the same. It is the easiest way to access NAB Show 2014 information including seminar schedules, exhibitor information, and facility navigation.
You can schedule events and exhibits to visit in advance with the myNAB Show planner feature. Be sure to add booth# C7439 to your list.
#4 Info Sessions & Workshops
During NAB Show 2014, there will be many great speakers, workshops and seminars. Some require signing up, but many of them are open to the public.
If you're interested in seeing the latest feature upgrade to the C100 and C300 (as I'm sure this Facebook group is), or get a close look at the 70D's autofocus feature, Canon is offering an Operational Training Workshop.
If you enjoy the educational posts provided by Shane Hurlbut and Hurlbut Visuals, Shane will be hosting an informal meet-up on Sunday, April 6th. Details can be found here.
#5 Official Afterparties
Keep the party going after hours and enjoy a more relaxed social environment at the official NAB exhibitor afterparties. Bring your NAB Show Badge to take advantage of the nightly specials.
If you are going to NAB Show 2014, we'd love to meet you in person. Maybe we can grab a burger after the show at In-N-Out Burger.


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Franchise Encyclopedia ▪ Previous Season ▪ Next Season
Record: 44-38, Finished 2nd in NBA Midwest Division (Schedule and Results)
Coach: Herb Brown (44-38)
PTS/G: 109.4 (6th of 22) ▪ Opp PTS/G: 110.4 (20th of 22)
SRS: -1.00 (14th of 22) ▪ Pace: 108.8 (3rd of 22)
Off Rtg: 100.3 (9th of 22) ▪ Def Rtg: 101.3 (17th of 22)
Expected W-L: 38-44 (14th of 22)
Arena: Cobo Arena ▪ Attendance: NA
NBA 1977 Playoffs:
Lost NBA Western Conference First Round (1-2) versus Golden State Warriors (Series Stats)
Our primary support comes from users like you. Sponsor this page for $10. Your message will replace this ad.
Transactions listed are from July 1, 1976 to June
30, 1977.
Click on the Team for team roster and stats.
Click on the Player for career stats and accomplishments.
July 6, 1976
Signed Cornelius Cash as a free agent.
July 28, 1976
Waived Archie Clark.
August 5, 1976
Drafted Marvin Barnes from the Spirits of St. Louis in the dispersal draft.
October 20, 1976
As part of a 3-team trade, the Detroit Pistons traded Curtis Rowe to the Boston Celtics; the Boston Celtics traded Paul Silas to the Denver Nuggets; and the Denver Nuggets traded Ralph Simpson to the Detroit Pistons.
Waived Henry Dickerson.
November 5, 1976
Waived Cornelius Cash.
November 18, 1976
Sold John Mengelt to the Chicago Bulls.
June 10, 1977
Drafted Ben Poquette in the 2nd round (36th pick) of the 1977 NBA Draft.
Drafted John Irving in the 3rd round (58th pick) of the 1977 NBA Draft.
Drafted Bruce King in the 4th round (80th pick) of the 1977 NBA Draft.
Drafted Jim Kennedy in the 5th round (102nd pick) of the 1977 NBA Draft.
Drafted Herb Nobles in the 6th round (124th pick) of the 1977 NBA Draft.
Drafted Robert Lewis in the 7th round (144th pick) of the 1977 NBA Draft.
Drafted Tim Appleton in the 8th round (163rd pick) of the 1977 NBA Draft.


text:
Hang tight!
Recipe by jen
"This is a slightly work intensive carrot muffin recipe. Believe me, it's delicious!"
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2 cups
whole wheat flour
2 cups
all-purpose flour
2 tablespoons
baking powder
1 teaspoon
1/2 cup
packed brown sugar
1 teaspoon
ground cinnamon
1/4 teaspoon
ground allspice
2 cups
finely grated carrots
2 cups
1/2 cup
1/2 cup
melted butter
1 cup
chopped walnuts
1 cup
i used 1/2 c applesauce and 1/2 c ground flax in place of the butter and they turned out wonderfully! really tasty muffins, will definitely make again.
THis recipe was rather bland and tasteless. I was excited about trying a healthy muffin for lunches, but they were so gross no one ate them. More spice and flavouring definitely needed.
54 Ratings
I really liked these muffins alot!!! I made a few changes. I used half the ammount of molases and substituted honey for the other half. I also doubled the brown sugar. Oh and I love the spices so I doubled the ammount of cinnamon and allspice. I've made this recipe twice and my husband who hates muffins even likes them :) That's high praise coming from him.
I was looking for a way to get carrots into my toddler's diet and she (and daddy) really liked these. However, they weren't as big a hit with me and my older son. The molasses is a little overpowering for my taste (and I like molasses!) so I'll probably use less next time. I also substituted cardamom for the allspice and topped 'em with a basic cream cheese frosting.
I made almost 3 dozen mini muffins with this recipie. They are fantastic. Not to sweet, and moist with great ingrediants to make them nice and healthy.For mini muffins they took 10 minutes.
I'm sorry but these muffins were not as good as they sounded. All I could taste was baking soda! I can only hope that I did something wrong in the preparation because they were so wierd. I am a big fan of healthy food, so I know it wasn't the lower sugar that bothered me. These tasted very wrong. I threw them out into the woods for the squirrels to eat. I hope they like them.
Great muffins - I got some delicious crust with moist and chewy inside. Next time I will decrease the amount of sugar, though (may be the carrots I used this time were too sweet, though). Thanks!
Rave reviews from the kids. "Better than the ones from IGA!"
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Carrot Muffins
Serving Size: 1/24 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 24
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 214
Calories from Fat: 74
With our 2,700+ chicken breast recipes, you'll never serve the same old chicken again.
The firm, juicy texture of zucchini make them a perfect side to toss on the grill.
Delicious recipes, party ideas, and cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for $7.99!
These healthy muffins are packed with carrots, zucchini, nuts, and raisins.
Enjoy these tasty muffins for a healthy, hearty breakfast treat.
A great breakfast or lunch recipe for leftover quinoa.


text:
All hotels in Hong Kong, Hong Kong
1 room, 2 adults
167 Connaught Road West, Western District, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 855-239-9399
Courtyard by Marriott Hong Kong
Lowest price$117
available on 08/07/15
Best Price Guarantee
4-star hotel with restaurant, near Hong Kong - Macau Ferry Terminal
- Free WiFi
Main amenities
- 245 guestrooms
- Restaurant
- Free area shuttle
- 24-hour fitness center
- Business center
- Airport pick-up service
- 24-hour front desk
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Computer station
- Front desk safe
- Snack bar/deli
What's around
- In Western District
- Hong Kong - Macau Ferry Terminal (1 mi / 1.5 km)
- Soho (1.1 mi / 1.8 km)
- International Finance Centre (1.3 mi / 2.1 km)
- Lan Kwai Fong (1.5 mi / 2.4 km)
- Central Ferry Piers (1.5 mi / 2.5 km)
The hotel was nice. But neighborhood was empty. Little far from the MRT stations
The harbor side view was amazing. The room was western style and comfortable. The…
TripAdvisor Traveller Rating: 4.5
From 916 reviews
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $117
- Studio Suite (Special Offer)
- Executive Room, Harbor View (Special Offer)
- Executive Room, Harbor View (Special Offer)
- Executive Room, City View (Special Offer)
- Executive Room
- Executive Room, Harbor View
- Deluxe Harbour View Room (Special Offer)
- Deluxe Room, Harbor View
- Deluxe Room
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 245 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 32 floors
- Check-in time starts at 2 PM
- Check-out time is noon
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- Children (11 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- Pets not allowed
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in public areas
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in rooms
- No parking
- Free area shuttle within 5.00 km
In the hotel
Food and drink
- Restaurant
- Coffee shop/café
- Snack bar/deli
- 24-hour room service
Things to do
- 24-hour fitness facilities
Working away
- Business center
- One meeting room
- Computer station
- 24-hour front desk
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Accessible path of travel
- In-room accessibility
In the room
Home comforts
- Climate control
- Air conditioning
- Minibar
- Coffee/tea maker
- Bathrobes
- Slippers
- Iron/ironing board
Freshen up
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
Be entertained
- 32-inch LCD TV
- Pay movies
- Premium TV channels
Stay connected
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Phone
Food and drink
- Free bottled water
- Daily housekeeping
- In-room safe
Special features
DiningMoMo Cafe - This café serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner.
Courtyard by Marriott Hong Kong's small print
Also known as
- Courtyard Hong Kong
- Marriott Hong Kong Courtyard
- Courtyard By Marriott Hong Kong Hotel Hong Kong
- Courtyard Hong Kong Marriott
- Courtyard Marriott Hong Kong
- Courtyard Marriott Hotel Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Courtyard
- Hong Kong Courtyard Marriott
- Hong Kong Marriott Courtyard
- Marriott Courtyard Hong Kong
- Marriott Hong Kong
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
For transfers, guests must contact the property before arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


text:
A metals exhibit by artist Jillian Moore, "Nomen Dubium," continues through Feb. 10 in Gallery One of the Appalachian Center for Craft.
Moore creates her work to imitate life forms. Soft, organic shapes based loosely and speculatively on biology grow and morph across skin and fabric. Moore chooses vivid colors that are attractive on a base level. It is important to her that they be luscious, and she rationalizes her choices based on her amateur interest in biology.
Moore chooses materials and techniques that are transformative, resulting in objects that do not readily reveal the processes of their making. Copper may be hidden under layers of paint, the only exposed metal oxidized.
The electroforming process allows for wax forms to be coated in copper leaving a hollow shell with textural encrustations — evidence of the accretive nature of the process of building copper on a molecular level.
The resin pieces are light in weight, built on a core of carved foam that is strengthened by successive layers of an opaque, water-based composite resin. The clear epoxy resin is then layered with paint to create a depth of surface typically expected of glasswork. The slick gloss of the resin further mimics biology.
Moore has a bachelor of fine arts in metalsmithing from Western Illinois University and a master's of fine arts from the University of Iowa. Her work has received numerous awards and has been exhibited extensively.
The Appalachian Center for Craft is located about six miles from Interstate 40 at Exit 273 (Smithville /McMinnville). Go south on Highway 56. Turn left immediately after crossing Hurricane Bridge. This drive leads to the Craft Center. The gallery is open daily 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
For more information call 931-372-3051 or visit www.tntech.edu/craftcenter/.


text:
SKETCH DUMP by nika-channWatch
Omg... these freakin' sketches have been weights on my back forever. They're just haunting me, like... "Nicole...finish...me..."
But I know I will never be able to finish them (or more like I am too lazy), so... here they are.
ACTUALLY, I may finish a few of them now that I think about it (the Mustang/Lust one is growing on me...)
Anyways... this is a major sketch dump for me. It has everything from FMA to Naruto to unfinished meme panels to Square Enix games. It also has sketches from a year ago to a day ago, and sketches that took me five minutes to sketches that took an hour+. WHEW.
Enjoy a glimpse into my sketch life.


text:
|Kathern Lucille Harrod
|Friday, 29 August 2014 07:46
Kathern Lucille Harrod, 89, of Winter Haven, FL departed this life on Tuesday, August 26, 2014. The Evarts, KY native was born April 18, 1925 to the late Wilson and Elsie Smith Huskey and was the wife of the late Clyde E. Harrod.
She was a retired inspector for Philip Morris Tobacco Company and a member of Poplar Spring United Baptist Church.
She is survived by one son, Bennie Eugene Harrod of Winter Haven, FL; one daughter-in-law, Peggy Burwell Harrod of Winter Haven, FL; one granddaughter, Ella Harrod Patton (Aaron) of Lafayette, IN; one grandson, Michael David Dodson (Kara) of Media, PA and seven great-grandchildren, Elijah James Patton, Dylan Carter Dodson, Jacob Wesley Patton, Samuel Richard Patton, Kathryn Elizabeth Patton, Caroline Zidek, and William Charles Dodson.
Bro. Jonathan Lindsey will officiate the graveside service.
• Sunday, August 31, 2014 at 2:00 PM CST
Poplar Springs Church Cemetery


text:
Up to 25% Off + Extra 3% Back
Shop the Dick's Sporting Goods clearance section to save up to 25% off More Info » footwear, apparel, fan gear and more. Sign up for their Scorecard program to receive an extra 3% back, exclusive coupons & event and free shipping on 1,000s of items. Plus receive a $10 reward for every $300 spent (300 points).Activate Coupon Used 275 times


text:
Rant & Rave: Eyeshadow Pencils
This Week's Topic: Eyeshadow Pencils
Share: Tell us what you love, hate, or are otherwise indifferent to about eyeshadow pencils–you know, kind that look like short, wide eyeliners? Better than a regular cream eyeshadow? Worse?
my answer: They have their place — I don't think it's a product I reach for as often as a cream eyeshadow, but they're particular useful for traveling, since they can be used as both a cream eyeshadow as well as an eyeliner. It can be a risky formula, though, as some work well and others are disappointing.
Discussion and debate are highly encouraged, and we expect community members to participate respectfully. When asking a question, please check the FAQ section (above) for information about purchasing, price, dupes, and the like. If you have general feedback or need technical support, please contact us.
Comments that include advertisements, self-promotion, insults, etc. may be in violation of our comment policy and subject to deletion. Please see our comment policy for more information.


text:
Are Ludwig Supraphonics really that good a snare
View Single Post
Platinum Member
Join Date: Oct 2007
Location: Detroit, Michigan
Posts: 4,532
Re: Are Ludwig Supraphonics really that good a snare
I am not offended by anyone liking a different sound than I do. Nothing works for "everyone".
You like what you like, and there's nothing to argue about in that regard.
I'm with Les on the feel of the 402. It's not the sound, I like it, and it's not really dated to me, but I haven't been playing them since the 60's either (to get "sick" of it).
I just didn't get the feel for the 402 and I tried 3 different times. I do like my HAMMERED 402, so go figure.... The 400 did ZREO for me.
I just like a heavier snare.
I dig my Acrolite Classic 6.5 though! It's weird, but it feels more solid to me for some reason than the 402. The sound is a lot more to my liking. It has elements of the 402, but it has a fatter sound overall to me.
The cosmetic splay stuff on Ludwig (or others) I could give 2 craps about really. The price (has been discussed) has gone up, but so has everything else, so whatever.
I LOVE the sound of the Supralite 6.5. It's a heavier shell than a 402 also. The lower price is great, and I don't care that it's a seamed shell. It has a
more controlled sound than a seamless to my ear, with nice singing overtones.
ALL the seamed shell snares made by companies that copy Ludwig's shell do. MOST people put dampening on their snare anyway, so what's the difference?
I saw a lot of nice stuff at the Chicago show last May, and TBH, the Supralite was my favorite sounding snare. I have so many dang snares now (that don't get into the rotation) that I haven't bought one (yet).
I may sell something in the near future, so I may justify the purchase of one. One friend said, "if you don't have to sell something, why do it" but, I'm just at the point of not wanting a bunch of stuff that just sits and isn't used. It's not really the $150 bucks or whatever.
My band Artificial Agent here:
View Public Profile
Send a private message to KarlCrafton
Find all posts by KarlCrafton


text:
Privacy and Cookies
Italian investigators have opened an inquiry after an Airbus A320 operated by the Hungarian division of budget carrier Wizz Air apparently suffered a landing-gear failure at Rome.
The aircraft (HA-LWM) had been operating flight 3141 from Bucharest to Rome Ciampino with 165 passengers and six crew, and was scheduled to land a 07:35.
But as it approached Ciampino from the north, at 07:23, the crew executed a go-around after problems emerged with the aircraft's undercarriage, says Italian civil aviation authority ENAC.
It turned to head north and entered a hold just east of lake Bracciano. At 07:52 its crew declared an emergency and requested to divert to the main Rome Fiumicino airport.
Massimo Arno
Wizz Air says the landing-gear was "faulty" and that the aircraft carried out an emergency landing at 08:15. The aircraft appears to have come to rest with its left-hand engine and rear fuselage contacting the runway and its nose-gear off the ground.
Passengers were evacuated using the slides, says the carrier: "Crew and passengers have reported no injuries and are being assisted by the airline."
ENAC says the landing took place on runway 34R and that the aircraft is "resting on one side". NOTAM information from Fiumicino states that runway 16L/34R was closed "due to crash of aircraft".
"Wizz Air will work with the authorities on the investigation and sincerely apologises to all affected passengers for any inconvenience caused by the emergency landing," says the airline.
ENAC says it is co-operating with the Italian judiciary and police, as well as investigation authority ANSV, to collate technical data from the accident site which will enable the aircraft to be moved and the airport to resume full operations.
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text:
This invention relates to a recording sheet for ink jet printers which gives an image by the use of an aqueous ink containing a water-soluble dye, coated or impregnated with either of or a mixture of two kinds of water-soluble polymers: one whose polymeric unit is alkylquaternaryammonium (meth)acrylate and the other whose polymer unit is alkylquaternaryammonium (meth)acrylamide, said water-soluble polymers containing not less than 50 mol % of a monomer represented by the following formula (1), ##STR1## where R represents hydrogen or methyl group; n is an integer from 1 to 3 inclusive; R1, R2 and R3 represent hydrogen or the same or different aliphatic alkyl group with 1 to 4 carbon atoms; X.sup.⊖ represents an anion such as halogen ion, sulfate ion, alkylsulfate ion, alkyl- or aryl-sulfonate ion and acetate ion and Y represents oxygen or imino group.
1. A recording sheet for ink-jet printers capable of forming water-resistant images by the use of an aqueous ink containing a water-soluble dye, said sheet being coated or impregnated with at least one water-soluble polymer containing not less than 50 mol % of repeating monomer units represented by the following formula (I): ##STR5## wherein R represents hydrogen or methyl group; n is an integer from 1 to 3 inclusive; R1, R2 and R3 represent hydrogen or the same or different aliphatic alkyl group with 1 to 4 carbon atoms; X.sup.⊖ represents an ion; and Y represents oxygen or imino group.
2. A recording sheet according to claim 1, characterized in that said at least one water-soluble polymer contains not less than 80 mol % of said monomer represented by the formula (I).
3. A recording sheet according to claim 1, characterized in that said recording sheet is coated with a coating material containing said at least one water-soluble polymer and synthesized silica.
4. A recording sheet according to claim 1, characterized in that said recording sheet is coated with a coating material containing said at least one water-soluble polymer, synthesized silica and polyvinyl alcohol.
5. A recording sheet according to claim 1, characterized in that 1 to 50 parts by weight of said at least one water-soluble polymer is used on the basis of 100 parts by weight of pigment.
6. A recording sheet according to claim 5, characterized in that 1 to 30 parts by weight of said at least one water-soluble polymer is used on the basis of 100 parts by weight of said pigment.
7. A recording sheet according to claim 1, characterized in that the amount of said at least one water-soluble polymer to be applied on a sheet by coating or impregnation is 0.05-2.5 g/m2.
8. A recording sheet according to claim 1, wherein Y represents oxygen.
9. A recording sheet according to claim 1, wherein Y represents imino group.
10. A recording sheet according to claim 1, wherein a mixture of water-soluble polymers is used, one of which contains not less than 50 mol % of the monomer represented by the formula (I) in which Y represents oxygen and another containing not less than 50 mol % of the monomer represented by formula (I) in which Y represents imino group.
11. A recording sheet according to claim 1, wherein the anion X.sup.⊖ is selected from the group consisting of halogen ion, sulfate ion, alkyl ion, alkylsulfonate ion, arylsulfonate ion and acetate ion.
This invention relates to a recording sheet for ink jet printers which makes ink images formed on the sheet very water-insoluble or water resistant.
Generally, in ink jet printers, in which ink drops are forced through small nozzles by piezoelectric pressure or by oscillation onto paper, an image is formed using dot matrix. In ink jet printing, an aqueous ink of low viscosity consisting of direct dyes or acid dyes is commonly used. For assurring to eject stable ink drops usually, it is rare to use normal printing ink into which pigments or resins are added. On account of that, it is taken for granted that the ink jet record is inferior to ordinary printing in such quality as color density, gloss, light resistance, water resistance, and so on.
However, along with spreading of application fields of ink jet recording system and extending of color printing, requirement for better quality such as water resistance and light resistance has been increasing, as well as for better recording performance such as resolution degree, color density and clarity of color tone.
As for measures for the improvement in resolution degree, color density and clarity of color tone, such proposals that coating color composed of a silica-containing pigment and a water-soluble macromolecular binder should be applied on a recording sheet at a rate of not less than 10 g/m2 are made in Japanese patent laid-open publications Nos. 55-51583, 56-148583 and 56-148585, for example. In this respect, the present inventors have already proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,478,910 that images superior in contrast and color reproducibility are able to be obtained by the application of a mixture composed of silica and a water-soluble macromolecular binder, the silica having a Rosin-Rammler distribution equivalent value (n) of not less than 1.10 and a specific surface area of not less than 200 m2 /g, measured according to the BET method.
Other than the above, for the purpose of improving water resistance of ink jet-recording images, a process of applying a water-soluble ink on a cationic polymer coated sheet has been proposed.
As a typical cationic polymer for the use, cationic soaps, such as polyethylene imine and polyallylpyridinium halide (Japanese patent laid-open publication No. 56-84992), water-insoluble polymer latex including a copolymer prepared from a monomer with tertiary amino group or quaternary ammonium group and a hydrophobic monomer (Japanese patent laid-open publication No. 57-36692), an electroconductive agent of quaternary ammonium salt type (Japanese patent laid-open publication No. 58-177390), a diallyldialkylammonium halide (Japanese patent laid-open publication No. 59-20696), a dicyandiamido-formalin polycondensate (Japanese patent publication No. 59-146889), a polyalkylene-polyamine-dicyandiamidoammonium condensate (Japanese patent laid-open publication No. 60-49990), a thiourea compound (Japanese patent laid-open publication No. 61-163886) and the like have been proposed.
Moreover, in connection with the above, the combined use of a cationic polymer of these kinds and a polyvalent metal compound has been proposed in Japanese patent laid-open publications Nos. 59-106989, 60-187582 and 61-14979.
Water resistance to images given by these proposals is due to the fact that a water-insoluble complex is formed by the bonding of a direct dye or an acid dye in ink and a cationic polymer, stated in the proposals. However, a recording sheet coated with these cationic polymers has such disadvantages as follows. That is, in the case that cationic soaps, such as polyethylene imine and polyvinylpyridinium halide or cationic polymers, such as diallyldialkylammonium halide and polyalkylene-polyamine-dicyandiamidoammonium condensate are used for a recording sheet, a prominent improvement in water resistance to images can be certainly recognized in the recording sheet than in the one without these kinds of additives. But all colors or a certain color in an image more or less varies from their original color (hereinafter referred to as color difference) or loses light and brightness, with the result that darkish and contrast-poor images are always formed.
It seems that light absorption spectrum pattern of a dye is widely different from that of a dye obtained by great change in their aggregation condition or the formation of too large a macromolecular complex when dyes in ink and such cationic polymer produce a complex.
Moreover, when a basic water-insoluble polymer latex composed of a cationic monomer and a hydrophobic monomer is employed for the production of a ink jet recording sheet, the sheet is inferior in ink absorbability, supposedly due to the presence of hydrophobic group required for the latex formation; therefore, some ink on the latex surface does not undergo water resistance, and this makes the water resistance to images insufficient. Also, due to the reflection arising on the particles of latex boundary, this fact provides whitish, contrast-poor image which is inferior in color density.
Recently, high speed, high density and high accuracy full color printers and pictorial color printers, which provide as good an image as photography and printing, are increased mostly adopting their unique ink jet recording system that a colored image by a direct color development treatment is obtained. Accordingly, a recording sheet used in the system is strongly requested to have good water resistance to image and good color reproducibility, not to mention good ink absorbability.
Under the circumstances, the present inventors have made an intensive study to eliminate all drawbacks of conventional systems and finally accomplished the invention.
It is an object of the invention to provide a recording sheet for ink jet printers which can give an image with excellent water resistance and good color reproducibility.
The object of the invention can be accomplished by an ink jet recording sheet which gives an image by the use of an aqueous ink containing a water-soluble dye, characterized by being coated or impregnated with either of or a mixture of two kinds of water-soluble polymers: one (a) whose, polymeric unit is alkylquaternaryammonium-methacrylate and the other (b) whose polymeric unit is alkylquaternaryammoniummethacrylamide, said water-soluble polymers having a main structural monomer unit monomer represented by the following formula (I), ##STR2## where R stands for hydrogen or methyl radical; n is an integer from 1 to 3 inclusive; R1, R2, and R3 represent hydrogen or the same or different aliphatic alkyl groups with 1 to 4 carbon atoms; X.sup.⊖ represents an anion such as halogen ion, sulfate ion, alkylsulfate ion, alkyl- or arylsulfonate ion and acetate ion; and Y represent oxygen or imino group.
The water-soluble polymer to be used in this invention is a polymer or a copolymer including alkyl-quat.-ammonium (meth)acrylate or alkyl-quat.-ammonium (meth)acrylamide. When it is a copolymer, it is desirable to contain not less than 50 mole % of the above quat.-ammonium salt and more desirable to contain not less than 80 mole % of the same salt. If the content of the salt is less than 50 mole % in the water-soluble polymer, the water-resistance and color reproducibility of images formed on a recording sheet cannot avoid lowering.
The other fraction of the water-soluble polymer of the invention may be nonionic or cationic monomers if they can polymerize with the above quat.-ammonium salt. That is, the water soluble copolymer can contain one or more than one kind of such monomers as ethylene, butadiene, styrene, vinyl acetate, lower esters of methacrylate, alkylamine methacrylate, methacrylamide, methacrylonitrile, acrylamidoalkylamine, vinylpyridine and the like to such extent that they do not deteriorate its water-solubility.
The cationic, quat.-ammonium salt type polymer or copolymer of this invention is produced by causing a monomer with tert.-amino radical to polymerize and then making the obtained polymer quaternary with an alkylation agent or by directly causing a quat.-ammonium salt type monomer to polymerize or copolymerize.
In order to cause such monomers to polymerize or copolymerize, conventional processes, such as aqueous solution polymerization process by the use of radical polymerization initiator or redox type polymerization agent, reversed phase emulsion polymerization process, reversed phase suspension polymerization process, which is conducted by emulsifying or suspending a monomer aqueous solution in an organic solvent, precipitation polymerization process, which is conducted in an organic solvent that dissolves a monomer but not a polymer, and any other analoguous polymerization processes can be adopted.
The amount of the water-soluble cationic polymer or copolymer of this invention to be used is different according to how much it is applied on a sheet or the variety and amount of pigment or binder to be used in association therewith. However, the polymer or copolymer has to be used in at least the same chemical equivalent as a dye or dyes in ink; moreover, it is proper for them to be used as much as up to 1.5 times the chemical equivalent of ordinary dyes. Use of more than the above only result in uneconomy although almost no trouble results therefrom.
In the meantime, a recording sheet is commonly coated with a pigment, binder and additive. As a pigment, silica, synthetic silicate, talc, kaolin, clay, ground and precipitated calcium carbonate, other calcium carbonates, acid terra abla, aluminium hydroxide, diatom earth, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, barium sulfate, urea-formalin resin powder, polyethylene micro-powder, polystyrene micro-powder and the like can be used singly or in combination.
As a water soluble binder, PVA, oxidized starch, etherificated starch, other starch derivatives, gelatin, casein, carboxymethylcellulose, other cellulose derivatives, polyvinylpyrridone and the like can be used singly or in combination.
As a latex or emulsion binder such as styrene-butadiene copolymer, methylmethacrylate-butadiene copolymer, acrylic ester copolymer, polyvinylacetate, ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer can be used if necessary.
As an additive, pigment dispersing agent, surfactant, ultraviolet-ray absorbing agent, releasing agent, viscosity adjusting agent, agent for giving cross-links and water-repellence in binders can be used if necessary.
In connection with pigment, silica-based pigments are favorable; especially, wet-processed, synthetic amorphous silica, composed mainly of silicon dioxide, is very suitable for the use in the invention. When the silica and the polymer of this invention are mixed with polyvinyl alcohol in the character of a water-soluble polymer binder, they are the most desirable materials in view of color density and clarity images formed on the recording sheet.
The quantitative proportion of a pigment, water-soluble polymer binder and the quat.-ammonium salt type polymer of the invention in one material should be determined according to what property is requested for the recording sheet; moreover, it may be changed according to how much other additives are used together or how much the material is applied on the recording sheet.
Generally speaking, however, based on 100 parts by weight of a pigment, the amount of a water-soluble polymer binder is desirable to be 10-40 parts by weight and more desirable to be 15-30 parts by weight; the amount of the polymer of this invention is desirable to be 1-50 parts by weight, more desirable to be 1-30 parts by weight and most desirable to be 2-15 parts by weight. It is because when the amount of the polymer of this invention is less than 1 part by weight, images formed on the recording sheet are poor in water resistance; reversely, when it is more than 50 parts by weight, the recording sheet tends to lose the ink absorbability because of the excess amount of the polymer, relative to the other material.
However, in the case that less than 1% of cationic surfactant is added together, images formed on a recording sheet have sufficient water-resistance, even if the amount of the polymer of this invention is less than 1 part by weight. Likewise, in the case that less amount of the material is applied on a recording sheet, the sheet would not lose the ink absorbability, even if the polymer of this invention amount to more than 50 parts by weight.
Additionally, when the amount of a water-soluble polymer binder is under the prescribed proportion, the bonding force of the material to a recording sheet becomes insufficient; as a result, the material shakes off the recording sheet. Reversely, when it is over the prescribed proportion, the effectiveness of a pigment is decreased, the recording sheet tends to lose the ink absorbability; in consequence, images formed on the recording sheet become sticky and lose clarity due to the uneven ink diffusion into the recording sheet.
When the amount of the quat.-ammonium salt type polymer of this invention is under the prescribed proportion, the improvement in the water resistance to images comes to be insufficient; and when it is over the prescribed proportion, the color of image becomes so changeable and the lightness becomes so lower that the reproducibility of color tends to be insufficient.
The amount of the quat.-ammonium salt type polymer of this invention to be applied on a recording sheet by coating or impregnation is commonly in the range from 0.05 to 2.5 g/m2 as solid and desirable to be in the range from 0.1 to 1.5 g/m2, as solid. In such case, it gives a sufficient water resistance to images.
The methods of coating color on the paper can be carried out by conventional devices, such as a size press, gate-roll coater, air knife coater, spray and the like. For a great amount of coating color an off-machine can be used; for small amount of coating color an on-machine can be used.
Meanwhile, it is still unclear why the quat.-ammonium salt type polymer of this invention provides an excellent result in improving the water resistance to images and the color reproducibility of ink; however, the present inventors have the following idea for the reason.
The bonding between a cationic polymer and a dye used in the ink jet recording system is generally ionic. But it can be assumed that the conformation of a polymer, which results from the polymer chemical structure, form and size, the cationicity strength of a polymer and the population of cationic radicals in a polymer give a large influence to the binding strength of the polymer and the dye, which may supposedly further determine the superiority or inferiority of the water resistance to images and color reproducibility of ink.
In view of the above, in order to increase the water resistance to images it is necessary that a cationic polymer and a dye are bound with strong affinity and a complex of the polymer and the dye would not be readily separated from a recording sheet by water.
Furthermore, in order that a cationic polymer and a dye have a strong bond, it is required that many cationic radicals exist in the polymer and have the structure approachable to a dye molecule. Additionally, when a cationic polymer has such three-dimensional network structure a sufficient water resistance is obtained owing to a dye surrounded in three dimension network. If, however, the dispersion condition of a dye would be affected by strong ionic bond, capture by a polymer and hydrophobic or substituted radicals, the reflection or absorption spectrum inherent to the dye could change, which may deteriorate the clearness of images and increase their color difference.
In this respect, in the quat.-ammonium salt type polymer of this invention, cationic radicals are populated densely and dye molecules are firmly captured by virtue of good spatial relation between ester and cationic radicals and between amide and cationic radicals; in addition, being water-soluble and linear, the polymer neither has any such three-dimensional network structure nor almost causes and such change in the dispersion or aggregation condition of a dye by the presence of hydrophobic or substituted radicals that the color difference of images can be controlled to the minimum extent.
The invention will be explained in more detail according to the following examples, in which parts and percent are intended to indicate by weight unless otherwise described.
Polymer Preparation Example 1 (Polymer A)
Dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate was made quaternary by the use of methylchloride so as to give β-methacroyloxytrimethylammonium chloride. One hundred and three grams of the product were dissolved in 110 g of water having passed an ion exchange filter, in which 0.14 g of ethylenediamine, 0.23 g of azobisisobutyronitrile (polymerization initiator), and 0.3 g of 1% polyoxyethylenenonylether aqueous solution were mixed. After the air in a reaction vessel was substituted for nitrogen, 5.3 g of 1% potassium persulfate and 8.24 g of 2% tetramethylethylenediamine were added thereto.
Reaction was made at 40� C. for 4 hours and then completed at 60� C. for 2 hours. After the reaction, produced polymer was separated and rinsed with acetone, and then dried under reduced pressure; as a result, some polymer powder yielded.
Polymer Preparation Example 2 (Polymer B)
Polymerization was carried out in the same procedure as in Example 1, with the exception that dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate was made quaternary by the use of dimethylsulfate and 140 g of the quaternary product was used.
Polymer Preparation Example 3 (Polymer C)
Polymerization was carried out in the same procedure as in Example 1, with the exception that 110 g of methacrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride were used.
Polymer Preparation Example 4 (Polymer D)
Put in 324 g of distilled water were 24 g of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride and 1.0 g of 10% polyvinylalcohol aqueous solution. Substitution of the air in a reaction vessel for nitrogen was made. Subsequently, 67.4 g of β-methacroyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride and 3.2 g of styrene were added thereto with stirring to cause emulsification.
When temperature reached 60� C., 2.9 g of 1% potassium persulfate and 0.2 g of sodium hydrogensulfite were added to make polymerization for 5 hours.
After reaction was over, acetone was put in the reacted solution to separate and rinse a produced polymer, which was then dried so as to give powder.
Polymer Preparation Examples 5 to 7 (Polymers F, G and H)
Each of polymerization were carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 by the use of 163.5 g of β-methacroyloxyethyldimethylepichlorhydrinammonium chloride, 162.7 g of β-methacroyloxyethyldiethylbenzylammonium chloride and 116 g of 4-vinyl-N-benzylpyridinium chloride respectively.
Polymers F, G and H were obtained as a result.
Polymer Preparation Example 8 (Polymer M)
Dissolved in 1200 g of degassed water were 101.7 g of β-methacroyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride. The aqueous solution was heated to 60� C. in the nitrogen atmosphere; subsequently, 51.03 g of styrene and 2.8 g of divinylbenzene were added thereto. After solution of 5.24 g of 2.2-azobis(2-aminodipropane) dihydrochlorate dissolved in 3.8 ml of degassed water was added thereto and stirring and heating were made for 3 hours, the solution mixture was cooled down to 25� C. A polymer with 13% solid content and 17.5 cps viscosity was obtained as a result.
Preparation for Determinations and Tests
(1) Determination of the Cationicity of Polymers
The cationicity of polymers used in the examples was determined as in normality by the colloid titration method.
One milliliter of 1% polymer solution is taken out with exactness, to which 20 ml of pure water, 2 ml of acetic acid and 2 drops of Toluidine Blue indicator are added. The solution mixture is titrated by the use of 1/400N polyvinylpotassium sulfate. The amount of cationic polymers to be used for the comparison of their properties is decided inversely proportional to the determined normality so that the same amount of cation is contained in every prepared composite.
(2) Color Density of & Water Resistance to Recorded Images
The ink spot method is applied for the determination of the color density and the water resistance of images formed on a recording sheet.
The ink spot method: a certain amount of ink resting on the top of a glass rod of diameter about 8 mm is put directly on top of a recording sheet and an excess amount of the ink is removed by a blotting paper put thereon shortly thereafter so as to give an ink spot.
The method has a characteristic that influences involved in colorimetry, which arise following the variation in the proportion of recorded and unrecorded areas brought about by a change in the ink dot size caused by the surface propery of a recording sheet, can be eliminated.
Three primary colored inks, cyan, magenta and yellow, available on the market as for use in ink jet printers under the tradename "Ink Jet Color Image Printer IO-700" of Sharp Corporation were used.
A reflection densitometer (RD 915 type product of Macbeth Co., Ltd.) is used for the determination of the reflection density of each colored ink spot.
If the color density before and after 24 hours' immersion in town water are expressed as A and B respectively, then the percentage of the color fastness of images to water (%) is expressed as follows: ##EQU1##
(3) Color Vividness & Color Difference of Images
In this invention, hue difference and saturation difference are used as a criteria to estimate the color vividness and color difference of images.
Generally, color is indicated by the three attributes: lightness (L), hue (H) and saturation (S). According to color specification system which CIE recommends, CIE's representation system there are used L*, a* and b*,
______________________________________Lightness: L*,Hue: H* = tan-1 (a*/b*) andSaturation: S* = C*/L*where C* is equal to a*2 + b*2.______________________________________
If colors in each unrecorded and recorded areas in the comparative sheet (blank example sheet) into which no polymer for water resistance is added, and in the example sheet into which polymer is added, are represented by Lo*, ao*, bo* and Ls*, as*, bs*; moreover, the lightness, hue and saturation of each recorded area in the former and latter calculated by the above equations are represented by Lo*, Ho*, So* and Ls*, Hs*, Ss*, then the color vividness and color difference deviation can be expressed as follows:
______________________________________Color vividness: ΔH* = Hs*--Ho*Color differences: ΔS* = Ss*--So*______________________________________
L*, a* and b* of respective colors can be obtained by the measurements of colored ink spots with a Z-80 type color difference meter, produced by Nihon Denshoku Kogyo K.K. Values of lightness, hue, saturation and hue difference and saturation difference, i.e. color difference and color vividness can be obtained by putting each measurement result in the above equations.
Tables 1 and 2 show that the smaller the absolute value of the hue difference which a recorded area in an example sheet has, compared with a that in the blank example sheet, the smaller the color deviation is; and the larger the positive value of the saturation difference which a recorded area in an example sheet has, compared with that in the blank example sheet, the better the color vividness is.
The structure of every cationic polymer used in Examples and Comparative Examples to clearly show the effectiveness of a recording sheet of this invention will be given as follows:
Polymers within the invention: ##STR3##
Polymers without the invention: ##STR4##
A coating color with 15.4% solid content was prepared by mixing 500 parts of slurry containing 17% of man-made silica (pigment) with a specific surface area of 220 m2 /g, mean aggregation diameter of 2.5 microns and a Rosin-Rammler distribution equivalent number (n) of 1.3 with 150 parts of 10% polyvinylalcohol (PVA 117 type product of Kuraray Co., Ltd.) aqueous solution and then adding thereto a proper amount of water. Added to 1000 parts of the coating color were 36 parts of 20% Polymer A solution.
Neutralized paper with a weight of 60 g/m2, which was manufactured by using Fourdrinier machine by the addition of 20 parts of precipitated calcium carbonate (PC type product of Shiraishi Kogyo K.K.) to a material pulp composed of 80 parts of LBKP of 350 ml c.s. freeness and 20 parts of NBKP of 400 ml c.s. freeness was used and was coated with the materials by means of a wire bar so that the coating weight was about 10 g/m2.
In order to prepare a recording sheet, the coated sheet was gloss calendered so that the Beck's degree of smoothness was 100 seconds.
Before the determination of the color density, color deviation and water resistance, an image was made on the recording sheet by the ink spot method mentioned above.
Table 1 shows the result. Compared with a recording sheet of Comparative Example 1, the one in Example 1 proved to have good color fastness to water after 24 hours' immersion in water. The color difference obtained from ΔH*, is within 0.05; the color vividness, obtained from ΔS*, is in the positive value although it is small, which means the image in Example 1 is more clarity than the standard one.
Three sorts of recording sheets were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 by replacing Polymer A with Polymers B, C and D respectively, provided as for Polymer B, whose counter ion is methylsulfate ion, 31 parts of its 18% aqueous solution, as for Polymer C, 29.1 parts of its 20% aqueous solution and as for Polymer D, 22.3 parts of its 20% aqueous solution were prepared and used.
As shown in Table 1, Polymers B, C and D gave excellent water resistance, color density and clearness, as well as small color deviation, as in Example 1.
A sheet produced in the same way as Example 1, except that polycation is not added to a paint to coat the substrate with, is used as a comparative recording sheet. The color deviation, clearness, and color density of images recorded on the sheet are used as a criterion for comparing polycations capacity by the ink spot method.
In place of Polymer A within the invention, the following polymers E-M were mixed respectively so as to make up a paint composite; their amount is decided based on the determined cationicity of their own, as given in Table 1.
Every recording sheet corresponding to Polymers E-M was prepared in the same way as in Example 1, with all other conditions kept unchanged.
The detail of the polymers is as follows:
______________________________________Polymer E: polymer of dimethyl-2-hydroxypropylammonium salt (Neofix REY, product of Nikka Kagaku Kogyo K.K.)Polymer F: polymer of quat.-ammonium salt of ethylmethacrylate (organic electroconductive agent)Polymer G: polymer of quat.-ammonium salt of ethylmethacrylate (organic electroconductive agent)Polymer H: polymer of benzylvinylpyridinePolymer I: polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride (PAS-H 10 L, product of Nitto Boseki Co., Ltd.)Polymer J: polyethyleneimine (Epomin P 1000, product of Nihon Shokubai Kagaku Kogyo K.K.)Polymer K: dicyandiamidoformalin polycondensate (Neofix FY, product of Nikka Kagaku Kogyo K.K.)Polymer L: polyallylamine hydrochlorate (PAA-HCLH, product of Nitto Boseki Co., Ltd.)Polymer M: Basic water-insoluble latex______________________________________
The color difference, color vividness, density and wate resistance given by the addition of these polymer, which were also determined by the ink spot method, are shown in Table 1 as Comparative Examples.
It becomes evident from Table 1 that the water resistance is improved by the addition of these polymers, as seen in Comparative Examples 5 and 6, where it is comparable or rather better than in Examples of this invention, but the color difference is remarkable in every case.
These polymers, although they have similar structure to that of the polymers within this invention, are poor in the water resistance expecially when they a strong hydrophilic or hydrophobic group on the side chain, as seen in Comparative Examples 3 and 4.
Polymer M in Comparative Example 10, a basic water-insoluble latex, showed bad result in the color density and water resistance, contrary to the inventors' expectations. This may be related to poor ink absorbability of the composite due to strong hydrophobicity of the polymer.
A coating color with 31.25% solid content was prepared by mixing 170 parts of slurry containing 50% of precipitated calcium carbonate (PX, product of Shiraishi Kogyo K.K.) with 150 parts of 10% PVA binder aqueous solution. Added to the paint composite was 12 parts of 20% Polymer A aqueous solution. The mixture was applied on a sheet so that the application amount was about 30 g/m2.
A recording sheet was prepared in the same way as in Example 5 without Polymer A and by replacing Polymer A with Polymer G respectively.
Table 2 shows the result of the recording sheets with Polymer A (Example), the recording sheet without Polymer A (Comparative Example 11) and with Polymer G (Comparative Example 12).
It becomes clear from Table 2 that in Example 5 the color difference is better than in Comparative Example 10 and color vividness is good, whereas in Comparative Example 12 the water resistance, color difference and color vividness are all poorer than in Example 5.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________ Com. Ex. Examples Comparative Examples 1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10__________________________________________________________________________Polymer none (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) (J) (K) (L) (M)mg eq./l g 4.57 3.63 4.76 4.66 7.37 3.31 2.88 4.02 4.23 20.99 3.93 9.21 2.94PolymerCoatingMaterial*.sup. 1Silica 85 85.0 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85PVA 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15Polymer 4.68 5.89 4.49 4.59 2.90 6.46 7.43 5.32 5.06 1.02 5.44 2.32 7.27Quality ofProducedImage(1) ColordensityCyan 1.77 1.75 1.75 1.79 1.73 1.84 1.91 1.71 1.88 1.80 1.80 1.75 1.72 1.38Magenta 1.74 1.70 1.80 1.79 1.78 1.80 1.81 1.75 1.85 1.72 1.68 1.77 1.74 1.40Yellow 1.57 1.63 1.60 1.60 1.56 1.66 1.75 1.60 1.64 1.62 1.54 1.62 1.66 1.25(2) Water-resistance*.sup. 2Cyan 91.0% 0.0 -3.2 -1.7 -3.0 43.5 10.6 69.8 7.4 6.1 62.8 -0.5 -2.3 63.1Magenta 88.5% 7.6 7.9 9.8 8.3 83.3 52.5 80.9 2.7 17.0 80.4 37.9 46.4 72.1Yellow 77.1% -1.9 1.2 2.4 2.1 36.1 0.5 40.0 -5.2 5.4 53.9 -1.2 6.0 64.7(3) Colordifference(H*)Cyan 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.03 0.04 -0.22 -0.25 -0.17 -0.28 -0.25 -0.31 -0.30 -0.25 -0.04Magenta 0.00 -0.03 0.01 0.03 0.01 -0.09 -0.17 -0.10 -0.22 -0.33 -0.41 -0.25 -0.37 -0.01Yellow 0.00 0.04 -0.02 0.00 -0.03 -0.97 -3.01 -3.11 -3.11 -0.17 -0.15 -0.18 -0.16 -0.07Total 0.00 0.08 0.03 0.06 0.08 1.27 3.43 3.38 0.61 0.75 0.87 0.73 0.78 0.12(Absolute)(4) Colorvividness(S*)Cyan 0.00 0.12 0.14 0.10 0.15 0.13 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.04 -0.15 0.11 -0.09Magenta 0.00 0.18 0.09 0.11 0.08 0.01 0.01 -0.05 0.10 0.07 0.03 -0.12 0.04 -0.05Yellow 0.00 0.07 0.13 0.09 0.10 0.03 0.05 -0.03 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.04 -0.07Total 0.00 0.35 0.36 0.30 0.33 0.17 0.09 -0.03 0.16 0.13 0.08 -0.24 0.19 -0.21__________________________________________________________________________ *1 Part by weight in solid content *2 The negative symbol shows that color has deepened after immersion in water
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________ Example Example 5 Comp. Ex. 6__________________________________________________________________________Polymer (A) none (C) (A)mg eq./l g Polymer 4.57 2.88 4.57Coating Material*1 Silica Silica Silica Silica Silica Silica SilicaCalcium carbonate 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85PVA 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15Polymer 2.4 0 1 3 5 10 30 50Quality of Produced Image(1) Color densityCyan 1.01 1.12 0.98 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.81 1.84 1.57Magenta 1.11 1.03 1.09 1.75 1.74 1.70 1.71 1.73 1.79 1.74Yellow 1.06 1.08 1.06 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.62 1.66 1.69 1.63(2) Water resistance*2Cyan 0.3% 93.6 65.6 89.8 43.5 10.6 2.3 -2.0 -5.2 -7.3Magenta 9.3% 89.5 66.6 91.5 61.9 48.9 10.8 4.4 -1.0 -1.1Yellow 0.9% 80.2 59.7 72.3 31.9 11.2 -0.2 -1.8 -5.7 -1.5(3) Color difference (ΔH*)Cyan -0.08 0.00 - 0.25 0.00 0.00 -0.02 -0.05 -0.05 -0.06 -0.04Magenta -0.04 0.00 -0.10 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.05Yellow -0.02 0.00 -3.43 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.07Total (Absolute) 0.14 0.00 3.78 0.00 0.03 0.09 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.16(4) Color vividness (ΔS*)Cyan -0.15 0.00 -0.77 0.00 0.04 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.19 0.13Magenta -0.11 0.00 -0.96 0.00 0.02 0.09 0.15 0.17 0.21 0.22Yellow 0.14 0.00 -3.41 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.09Total -0.12 0.00 -5.14 0.00 0.08 0.26 0.36 0.41 0.50 0.44__________________________________________________________________________
In order to study the relation between the effectiveness and the amount of Polymer A, 1, 3, 5, 10, 30 and 50 parts of it were added into a mixture composed of 100 parts of silica and 100 parts of PVA, respectively. A recording sheet was prepared with these coating colors in the same manner as in Example 1. Table 2 shows the result, from which it becomes evident that the polymer of this invention exhibits good water resistance to images at a comparatively small addition amount; on the contrary, it does not give bad influence to the color difference and color vividness at a large addition amount.
According to the invention, a recording sheet with good ink absorbability that gives high color density, excellent water resistance, less color difference and high color vividness to images can be formed; therefore, when such recording sheet is employed for a high density, high accuracy full color printer, ink jet recorded images with high color reproductivity to the original color can be obtained.
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Dr. Cyril Meyerowitz is Director of the Eastman Institute for Oral Health and Professor and Chair of Dentistry at the University of Rochester Medical Center. He received his dental degree from the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa in 1973 and completed a 2-year Postdoctoral General Dentistry Program and an MS in Oral Biology in 1979 at the University of Rochester. He is a Fellow of the Academy of General Dentistry and a Fellow of the American College of Dentists. He has served as a Commissioner on the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA) of the American Dental Association (ADA) and Chair of the Commission's Postdoctoral General Dentistry Review Committee.
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Like many parents in the Boston Public Schools, Naama Goldstein of Allston is an accidental activist. She was watching an education forum online when she saw panelists gushing about lengthening the school day. The moment, she told me, felt like an "awakening."
"I was struck by the group-think on ELT," she told me. "Absolutely everybody is behind this. Why?"
"ELT" is educational jargon for "extended learning time," and Goldstein is right that, in many circles, it's assumed to be universally good. Longer days do seem to solve a lot of problems at once: allowing more time for personal instruction, gym, and the arts; matching school schedules with the needs of working parents.