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Hotel Nettuno(3 stars)Via A.Bafile XXIII Acc. Al Mare N.2 30017 Lido di Jesolo View on map
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Hotel review overview
Evil memory after check out!
- Hotel not recommended
- Families
- Translated
- Beach holiday
- July 2013
We had a good comparison with a, the price similar hotel in bibione! It began everything was relatively good, the room service was good and the cleaning staff very friendly! The breakfast was very family friendly, the had to be occastions and fas fell apart already high chairs. (tip: for 5 Euro when IKEA better) The scrambled eggs and fried eggs is very inconvenient - right in the middle of the grill gastrohof - toddlers with serious burns pulled - my friend had the painful contact made acquaintance, as he wanted to keep his son! The surcharge for babies was ... overpriced per day for a little water and bed - there were €1 7.00 also no possibility to keep children and the beds with! And this is the worst thing happened: On the last day our car, the hotel parking bumpers the back route - you have to the keys at the front desk each time, because the besucherautos reihenparken during the day, by the staff to have to be parked! After a long discussion with the local police was spoken, for private properties are not responsible! We wanted to leave - wife and two babies early in the morning in the room waited until after a long discussion with the owner the tortuous statement came late at night, it will be on the insurance manner. The discussion was a pain! The cctv has recorded the nothing! With the large trouble and after three hours sleep - damage to the car when we left! The damage was, luckily not so large, as of the date of the invoice for the owner wanted to know any more what €6 00.00! Yes what can you make from a distance? We are stuck on the costs, although the owners and the refund promised even confirmed in writing! Conclusion: this holiday can be very expensive - was already more expensive than a 4 star hotel in bibione with much better comfort and parking big enough with self parking! read hotel review
Directly on the beach
- Recommended hotel
- Friends
- Translated
- Beach holiday
- July 2013
Best location at all, right on the beach and in purchase promenade. Perfect value for money. Parking in front of the hotel. read hotel review
Just great for families!
- Recommended hotel
- Families
- Translated
- Beach holiday
- July 2013
It was a wonderful vacation and i can only recommend the hotel. Which was great, the breakfast (we had only rooms with breakfast), the pool, the small kitchen in the games room and free bicycle rental. It was our first time staying in this hotel, however definitely not for the last time. Small tip for families: noisy chef in the 5. the hotel apartments! read hotel review
Top hotel!
- Recommended hotel
- Families
- Translated
- Beach holiday
- June 2013
In june we were in this hotel for the 6. time. We are happy to come back here again and again. If we Jesolo drive, then only to this hotel. It lies directly at the beach - only separated by the beach promenade-and behind is the shopping street. The staff, as well as the hotel management were extremely friendly! The food is great, the pool is large, the room was large! This hotel we could with calm conscience only recommend it. Next year in june we will stay guests. read hotel review
Information about Hotel Nettuno
Hotel Information
Hotel amenities
- Meeting/Banquet Facilities
- Non-smoking room
- Play rooms
- Hotel safe
- Internet
- Lift
- Central heating
- Air conditioning
- Free parking
- Car park
Room amenities
- Satellite TV
- Safe
- Balcony
- Bathroom
- Hair dryer
- Restaurant
- Hotel bar
- Packed lunches
A choice of sports
- Fitness centre
- Outdoor pool
Spa offers
- Spa centre
- Special massages
- Sauna
- Steam room/ turkish bath
Other hotel information
- 24 hour reception
- Babysitting/Child services
- Airport transfer
- Currency exchange
- Pets allowed
- Wifi
- Newspaper
- Laundry service
Nearby - Hotels and Things to do
- Hotels
- Things to do & See


text: AKA Virginia Square Quick Specs Rates $195-$235Year Built 2007 View Large Interactive Map Address 3409 Wilson BlvdArlington, VA 22201 Web http://www.hotelaka.com/locations/virginia_square/default.aspx Phone + 1 703-294-6415 Fax + 1 703-294-6417 Toll-free 888-AKA-0310 Email email@example.com OverviewMeeting SpecsPhotos & videos Description Year Built: 2007Check in Time: 3:00 PMCheck out Time: 11:00 AMNumber of Floors: 8Total Number of Rooms: 84Rates: $195-$235 AKA Virginia Square Location & NeighborhoodIn Arlington, closest nearby city is Washington, DC. Near the Washington Metro Orange Line. AKA Virginia Square Rates & PoliciesAKA Virginia Square rates are Daily in USDStandard: $195-$235 Credit Cards Are AcceptedReservations must be guaranteed with a credit cardMeals: Continental Plan Nearby AirportsRonald Reagan Natl (3 miles southeast)Dulles Intl (19.25 miles northwest)Balt/Wash Intl (30 miles northeast)More Airports » AKA Virginia Square Room AmentitiesAKA Virginia Square amenities are in All rooms unless noted otherwiseCoffeemakerMicrowave OvenRooms for Non-smokersRefrigeratorCable/Satellite TelevisionInternet Access (High Speed & Wireless) Guest ServicesConcierge ServicesLaundry/Dry Cleaning ServiceFree Onsite ParkingWheelchair Access to Common/Public AreasCommon Area Internet Access (High Speed & Wireless) Nearby SightseeingPentagon (1 mile southeast)Arlington National Cemetery (1.75 miles southeast)United States Marine Corps War Memorial (Iwo Jima Memorial), Washington, DC (1.75 miles northeast)Albert Einstein Memorial, Washington, DC (2 miles northeast)Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Washington, DC (2 miles northeast)DiningCafe Mondegar, Mumbai, India (1 mile northeast)Cafe Divan, Washington, DC (2 miles northeast)1789, Washington, DC (2.25 miles northeast)Blacksalt, Washington, DC (2.50 miles north)Cafe Milano, Washington, DC (2.50 miles northeast) On-Site RecreationHealth ClubNearby RecreationGolf CourseHealth Spa/MassagePool (Indoor Pool, Outdoor Pool) AKA Virginia Square Meeting Rooms & Events1 Meeting Rooms holding 9 people. AKA Virginia Square Business ServicesBusiness CenterMeeting Room Internet Access (Wireless) AKA Virginia Square Images, Videos, & Virtual Tours Photos & Videos AKA Virginia Square ExteriorAKA Virginia Square LobbyAKA Virginia Square RoomAKA Virginia Square RestaurantAKA Virginia Square SuiteAKA Virginia Square SuiteAKA Virginia Square SuiteAKA Virginia Square Suite Images Powered by VFM Leonardo Nearby Arlington Hotels More Nearby Hotels Howard Johnson Express InnAmerican Inn of BethesdaBest Western Georgetown Hotel & SuitesComfort Inn & Suites AlexandriaDays Inn Alexandria/LandmarkDays Inn Connecticut AveDays Inn GatewayFairfield Inn & Suites DowntownHampton Inn & Suites Alex-Old Town/AreaHarrington HotelHoliday Inn ExpressKalorama Guest House at Kalorama ParkKalorama Guest House at Woodley ParkMotel 6Quality Inn Mount VernonThe Embassy InnThe Windsor InnTowne MotelTravelodgeComfort Inn Landmark Alexandria Hoteliers! Is your listing up to date? With over 130,000 hotels in our database, no other source compares to our depth of information. Click here to review and be sure the travel professional knows your hotel's latest details.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Drilling opponents plan rally in northeast Ohio
YOUNGSTOWN, Ohio (AP) — Anti-drilling demonstrators say a new movie is inspiring a protest in Youngstown, where deep injection of wastewater from hydraulic fracturing was linked to a series of earthquakes.
The group Frackfree America National Coalition planned a rally Friday afternoon. It's seeking to draw attention to an initiative it's pursuing that would prohibit drilling rigs, wastewater deep-injection wells and other oil and gas infrastructure around homes, schools, cemeteries, parks and national forests.
In the trailer to the movie "Promised Land," starring Matt Damon and John Krasinski, the land man played by Damon says an upcoming community vote will hurt his chances of getting people to sign new oil and gas leases.
The Youngtown-based group says it hopes its efforts will put up similar roadblocks in northeast Ohio.
The Herald-Dispatch welcomes your comments on this article, but please be civil. Avoid profanity, obscenity, personal attacks, accusations of criminal activity, name-calling or insults to the other posters. Herald-dispatch.com does not control or monitor comments as they are posted, but if you find a comment offensive or uncivil, hover your mouse over the comment and click the X that appears in the upper right of the comment. If you do not want your comment to post to your personal Facebook page, uncheck the box below the comment.


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The Rap Sheet
Learn how the E-N crime team does their jobs and read about the quirky characters they encounter and the sometimes bizarre things that can happen at a crime scene that don't make it into their stories.
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Red Ribbon Week approaches
Although Red Ribbon Week is nationally recognized Oct. 23-31, the "week" is celebrated with events in San Antonio starting in mid-October. [Read More]


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Pearl Demonator Off-Set Double Kick Pedals
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Join Date: Jun 2012
Posts: 44
Pearl Demonator Off-Set Double Kick Pedals
I recently tried a set of double Demonators at a local music center and after examining the pedals makeup decided that it was possible to make an Off-Set type pedal with a pair (two sets) of Demonator doubles.
The Demonators are pretty good value by themselves - longboards (not Axis longboard length, but the same length as Demon Drives in their longboard configuration, which is pretty much the exact same length as an Eliminator foot-board minus the heel plate, even though it somehow just feels longer), these boards are very thin but with lengthwise reinforcing veins underneath, so they are strong as well, and very very light. The point of an Off-Set type setup is not only to center the body, but to eliminate slave pedal lag and it does this not so much by eliminating it as by halving the load and distributing the lag equally, which is where the extra lightness of the Demonator longboard comes in. The single chain, lightweight cam, and shortened drive-shafts all help minimise the chances of feeling like you are playing two slave pedals (which you are).
Everything you need (apart from a hacksaw to shorten the drive-shafts) comes with the pedal: A drum key, and the two Allen-keys needed for the set-screws. The posts are modular so all that was involved was unscrewing a few screws, flipping the cams around, shift a few things here and there, and screwing things back in place. Everything is symmetrical and It's also possible to make a 'lefty' double kick out of the standard double in a matter of half an hour, with no extra parts needed, due to Pearl making handy symmetrical screw-holes in the foot plates. The beater holders, cams, and beater angle cams were stuck on pretty well and even after removing the set-screws they were a very tight fit and needed a couple of love-taps from the persuader to let go completely.
I previously made an Eliminator double middle pedal set but they were too heavy for my preferences and the chain slack was still there when playing fast. Not so with the Demonators. I found it hard to get the chain to slacken when going fast, which is the complete opposite to the Eliminators. The actual un-modified Demonator pedal by itself is a surprise, faster and more foot-stickingness than expected. And they are cheap (to buy).
It is also possible to swap the cams on the Demonator for Eliminator cams and therefore have a lightweight, longboard, Off-Set type Eliminator with interchangeable cams, although widening and re-tapping of a couple of holes in the footboards may be required.
After making this pedal, from two sets of double pedals, I am leftover with a complete single Demonator pedal, and everything for another complete single pedal, bar a base-plate and clamping mechanism. I am going to custom make an extended base-plate for the leftovers, so I can change the angle of the chain more along the lines of the Tama Speed Cobra pedal, and see how that works (for speed, of course). Along those lines, someone has already made a Tama Speed-Cobra Off-Set type pedal here:
How does the Demonator middle pedal play? Well, frustratingly, I was not as good as George Kolias the moment I sat down and tried them, and not even two whole days later. But I assume that will happen when I buy some Axis pedals anyway. So even though you are obviously playing two slave pedals, it feels far more responsive than say, a standard pair of Eliminators. The fact that both pedals are equal quickly highlights which foot is weaker, and I can no longer blame the slave for the misdeeds of the master. I am finding the center-pedal setup allows me to train my weaker foot appropriately, instead of compensating for differences in pedal responses.
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Shirley Ann Burns-Jackes, age 79 of Monroe, died Thursday, January 26, 2012 in her home.
The family will receive friends from 10am until a Memorial Service at 12noon on Saturday, February 11, 2012 from the Ford Chapel-Martenson Family of Funeral Homes, 23620 N. Huron River Dr., Rockwood. Rev. Charles Packer, pastor of the First Congregational Church in Rockwood will officiate.
Born July 2, 1932 in Bedford, Iowa, Shirley was the daughter of Newt & Norma (Cleary) Burns. She married Franklin Jackes on February 11, 1995. Shirley was in Medical Billing for Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville Dentistry Department for some 10+ years, retiring in 1993.
Shirley was a member of the VFW Post 1308 Ladies Auxiliary in Alton, Illinois.
An avid gardener and collector, Shirley loved reading especially about Natural Medicine and Healing as well as spending time on her computer, but her greatest passion was her family especially her grandchildren.
Shirley leaves to cherish her memory Franklin, her husband of over 16 years; children: Steven D. Daniels and his fiancée Linda Rees of South Rockwood, Sherri (Kevin) Jackson of Brownstown, George (Elaine) Vincent of Fort Worth, Texas, Jeff (Tara) Kimble of Breaux Bridge, Louisiana and Claude Kimble of Maurepas, Louisiana. She is also survived by eight grandchildren and five great grandchildren.
Sadly Shirley was preceded in death by a son Larry Daniels, her parents, a brother and two sisters.
For more information or to leave an online condolence, please visit our website at www.allore.com.


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Never Trust an Expert
A couple of nights ago, I gave a presentation to a group of eager individuals who are either launching or advancing their speaking careers. During our 90 minute discussion, I gave dozens of tips and techniques for growing their business.
At the end of the evening, one attendee asked, "What is the MOST important tip?" I thought about this for a minute and replied, "I don't know."
Although this answer may seem like a cop out, it is in fact the truth. No one REALLY knows what made them successful. More importantly, they have no idea how others can replicate their success. They may be able to look at a series of events that led to a particular outcome. But most likely the "most important tip" is something completely different than what is seen on the surface.
Last year I attended a "book marketing" conference led by a well known author who has sold millions (and millions) of books. His promise was to provide steps and tools that made him successful so that others can also reap the rewards. Thousands of people have tried his formula over the years and as far as I can tell, none have come even close to his level of success. Those that achieved some level of success did so by riding on the coat-tails of this author, leveraging his name and network.
I am not implying that these experts are misleading or malicious. Not at all. The issue lies in our inability to find the correct correlations between cause and effect. Too many hidden factors play a major role – ones that we might never consider or notice. Most experts use anecdotal evidence to support their conclusions. "It worked for me and a few of my buddies, so it should work for you." This is faulty reasoning. Maybe the expert's "10 Steps to Financial Wealth" were not the true causes of their success.
There are many, harder to measure factors that often play a substantial role. Your attitude plays a larger part than you might think. Your Rolodex of contacts can be a huge part of the equation. Being in the right place at the right time has launched many businesses, including Microsoft. Or sometimes plain old dumb luck is the real cause. Fortunately, in the case of luck, people can create their own luck. Studies show that those who are less goal-oriented are luckier than "goalaholics" because they are open to possibilities outside of their narrow goal-focus.
So the next time someone makes a suggestion – or someone tries to sell you their 5 steps to success – be skeptical. Although it may be great advice, it may also be (unintentionally) misinformed counsel. They may not know the REAL cause of their success. Then again, this blog entry is my advice to you – so it too should be taken with a grain of salt.
P.S. Notice this entry is entitled, "Never TRUST an Expert" and not 'Never LISTEN to an Expert."
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4 Comments
- April 18, 2007 at 1:02 pm
I was reading your post when one of the things that really stood out for me was the honesty and integrity that is embedded in goal free living.
How often are we willing to say, "I don't know."
How often are we willing to say, "this is my way but what is your way?"
I catch strands of eastern thought in your approach: As the Buddha was dying, Ananda asked who would be their teacher after death. The Buddha replied to his disciple… "Be lamps unto yourselves…"
Thanks for shedding light on honest methods in living.
David Zinger
- April 18, 2007 at 3:27 pm
Nice touch, Stephen. For the life of me I can't completely understand why more people don't just say "I don't know."
Perhaps the search for formulaic answers is a quest for "The" checklist of success in a given area. I've read little that didn't have some worthwhile, underlying principle. But the value lies in how we personally figure out how to apply a variation of it to our personal situations.
Keep writing…
- April 23, 2007 at 12:50 pm
Your post reminded me of the time, many years -ago when I first became a (junior) management consultant. One of the biggest problems with new consultants is that they believe their employer has employed them as an expert and also believe experts always have the answer. I was no exception but fortunately learned the lesson early before I did any damage to a client. The mark of a real expert is that they are able and willing to say 'I don't know'. The sort of 'expert' who is not able to say 'I don't know' is also teh sort that talks all the time and does not listen. I could add the advice – never listen to an expert who does not listen.
- April 24, 2007 at 8:55 am
Thanks for the comments.
It's interesting that my "I don't know" comment struck a chord. I love what you said, Gareth, "Never listen to an expert who does not listen." If that were the case, I wonder how many experts would be left to listen to.
For me, every interaction with a client (or individual) is an opportunity for personal and professional growth. David, as you point out, we all have opinion, but they are just that – opinions. And I am completely open to changing mine.


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Embodiments of the present disclosure include an optical probe capable of communicating identification information to a patient monitor in addition to signals indicative of intensities of light after attenuation by body tissue. The identification information may indicate operating wavelengths of light sources, indicate a type of probe, such as, for example, that the probe is an adult probe, a pediatric probe, a neonatal probe, a disposable probe, a reusable probe, or the like. The information could also be utilized for security purposes, such as, for example, to ensure that the probe is configured properly for the oximeter, to indicate that the probe is from an authorized supplier, or the like. In one preferred embodiment, coding resistors could be provided across the light sources to allow additional information about the probe to be coded without added leads. However, any device could be used without it being used in parallel.
1. A single wire physiological sensor identification system comprising:
a physiological sensor which senses one or more physiological characteristics, wherein the physiological sensor comprises at least two devices electrically connected to a single signal line that supports communication between the physiological sensor and a patient monitor, and
one of the at least two devices is a single wire identification device which communicates identification information about the physiological sensor to the patient monitor by providing a series of digital bits on the single signal line.
2. The system of
3. The system of
4. The system of
5. The system of
6. The system of
7. The system of
8. The system of
9. The system of
10. A noninvasive optical sensor which outputs one or more signals indicative of one or more physiological characteristics comprising:
at least one light emitting source which emits light of two or more wavelengths, wherein the light emitting source is electrically connected to a first signal line and emits light in response to a drive signal from a patient monitor on the first signal line;
a photodetector which detects the emitted light after the light has been attenuated by a tissue sample, wherein the photodetector also communicates an indication of the detected light to the patient monitor on a second signal line; and
an identification device which communicates with the patient monitor on the first signal line, wherein the identification device comprises a single wire semiconductor identification device.
11. The sensor of
12. The sensor of
13. A noninvasive optical sensor which outputs one or more signals indicative of one or more physiological characteristics comprising:
at least one light emitting source which emits light of two or more wavelengths, wherein the light emitting source is electrically connected to a first signal line and emits light in response to a drive signal from a patient monitor on the first signal line;
a photodetector which detects the emitted light after the light has been attenuated by a tissue sample, wherein the photodetector also communicates an indication of the detected light to the patient monitor on a second signal line; and
an identification device which communicates with the patient monitor on the first signal line, wherein the identification device comprises an active circuit device.
14. The sensor of
15. A noninvasive optical sensor which outputs one or more signals indicative of one or more physiological characteristics comprising:
at least one light emitting source which emits light of two or more wavelengths, wherein the light emitting source is electrically connected to a first signal line and emits light in response to a drive signal from a patient monitor on the first signal line;
a photodetector which detects the emitted light after the light has been attenuated by a tissue sample, wherein the photodetector also communicates an indication of the detected light to the patient monitor on a second signal line; and
an identification device which communicates with the patient monitor on the first signal line, wherein the identification device contains a registration number operable to identify a supplier of the sensor.
16. The sensor of
17. A method of communicating information including information indicative of a physiological parameter between an optical sensor and a patient monitor, the method comprising:
outputting one or more drive signals from a patient monitor to an optical sensor using at least a first signal line;
receiving at the patient monitor information indicative of a physiological characteristic from the optical sensor;
sending an identification request from the patient monitor to the optical sensor on the first signal line; and
receiving information indicative of an identification of the optical sensor at the patient monitor from the first signal line.
18. The method of
19. The method of
20. The method of
21. The method of
22. The sensor of
This application claims priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. � 120 to and is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/757,279, filed on Jan. 13, 2004, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 10/005,711, filed on Nov. 8, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,678,543, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/451,151, filed on Nov. 30, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,397,091, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/016,924, filed on Feb. 2, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,011,986, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/478,493, filed on Jun. 7, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,758,644. The present application incorporates the foregoing disclosures herein by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to more effective calibration and use of light-emitting diodes. More particularly, the present invention relates to an apparatus and method of calibrating and using light-emitting diodes in a sensor for use with an oximeter system.
2. Description of the Related Art
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are used in many applications. In certain applications, knowledge of the particular wavelength of operation of the LED is required to obtain accurate measurements. One such application is noninvasive oximeters conventionally used to monitor arterial oxygen saturation.
In conventional oximetry procedures to determine arterial oxygen saturation, light energy is transmitted from LEDs, each having a respective wavelength, through human tissue carrying blood. Generally, the LEDs are part of a sensor attached to an oximeter system. In common usage, the sensor is attached to a finger or an earlobe. The light energy, which is attenuated by the blood, is detected with a photodetector and analyzed to determine the oxygen saturation. Additional constituents and characteristics of the blood, such as the saturation of carboxyhemoglobin and scattering can be monitored by utilizing additional LEDs with additional wavelengths.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,653,498 to New, Jr., et al., discloses a pulse oximeter that utilizes two LEDs to provide incident light energy of two different, but carefully selected, wavelengths.
In conventional oximeters, the wavelength of each LED in a sensor must be precisely known in order to calculate accurately the oxygen saturation. However, the sensors are detachable from the oximeter system to allow for replacement or disinfection.
When a sensor is replaced, the LEDs of the new sensor may have a slightly different wavelength for the predetermined LED drive current due to manufacturing tolerances. Accordingly, conventional oximeters provide for indicating to the oximeter the particular wavelength of the LEDs for a given sensor. In one known system, a resistor is used to code each transmission LEDs. The resistor is selected to have a value indicative of the wavelength of the LED. The oximeter reads the resistor value on the sensor and utilizes the value of the resistor to determine the actual wavelength of the LEDs. This calibration procedure is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,621,643, assigned to Nellcor, Inc. Such a prior art sensor is depicted in
In conventional oximeters which provide an indication of the operational wavelength of each LED for each sensor, the oximeter systems are programmed to perform the desired calculations for various wavelengths. This complicates the design of the oximeter system, and therefore, adds expense to the oximeter system. Accordingly, it would be advantageous to provide sensors which exhibit the same wavelength characteristics from sensor to sensor.
In addition, conventional sensors require an additional LED for each additional wavelength desired. For replaceable sensors, each LED can add significant total additional cost because of the large number of sensors that are used in hospitals and the like. Therefore, it would be desirable to provide a sensor which provides more than one wavelength from a single LED.
Many LEDs are observed to exhibit a wavelength shift in response to a change in drive current, drive voltage, temperature, or other tuning parameters such as light directed on the LED. The present invention involves an improved method and apparatus to calibrate LEDs by utilizing this wavelength shift. In addition, the present invention involves utilizing the wavelength shift to allow a single LED to provide more than one operating wavelength. The addition of a wavelength provides the ability to monitor additional parameters in a medium under test without adding an LED. In oximetry, this allows monitoring of additional constituents in the blood without adding additional LEDs to the oximeter sensor.
The present invention also involves an application of the wavelength shift in LEDs to obtain physiological data regarding the oxygen saturation of blood without knowing the precise operational wavelength of an LED in the sensor.
One aspect of the present invention provides a tuned light transmission network for transmitting light energy at a preselected wavelength. The network has a current source configured to provide a preselected source current with a light emitting diode coupled to the current source. The light emitting diode is of the type that exhibits a shift in wavelength with a shift in a selected tuning parameter. Advantageously, the tuning parameter is drive current or drive voltage. A tuning resistor connected in parallel with the light emitting diode has a value selected to draw at least a first portion of the preselected source current such that a second portion of the preselected source current passes through the light emitting diode. The second portion of the preselected source current is selected to cause the light emitting diode to generate light energy of a preselected wavelength.
In the present embodiment, the tuned light transmission network also comprises a detector responsive to light energy from the light emitting diode to generate an output signal indicative of the intensity of the light energy.
Another aspect of the present invention involves a method for precalibrating a light generating sensor. The method involves a number of steps. A first level of current passing through a light source as required to operate the light source at a preselected wavelength is determined. A second level of current is then defined. The second level of current is higher than the first level of current. The second level of current forms a drive current. A resistor is then selected which when coupled in parallel with the light source forms a tuned light source network. The resistor is selected such that when it is connected in parallel with the light source, it draws a sufficient amount of the drive current such that the first level of current passes through the light source.
Another aspect of the present invention is a method of providing two wavelengths from a single light emitting diode. A light emitting diode is selected of the type that exhibits a wavelength shift with a change in drive current through the light emitting diode for a range of drive currents. A source of electrical energy is coupled to the light emitting diode to provide the drive currents. The light emitting diode is driven with a first level of drive current within the range of drive current to cause the light emitting diode to become active and operate at a first wavelength in response to the first level of drive currents. The light emitting diode is then driven with a second level of drive current within the range of drive current and different from the first level of drive current to cause the light emitting diode to become active and operate at a second wavelength in response to the second level of drive current.
In an embodiment where the light emitting diode is configured to transmit light energy to a medium under test, the method comprises further steps. While the light emitting diode is operating at the first wavelength, light is transmitted as a first light energy at the first wavelength through the medium under test. The first wavelength is chosen for a first predetermined attenuation characteristic of the light energy as it propagates through the medium under test. The attenuated light energy is measured from the light emitting diode with a photodetector. In addition, while the light emitting diode is operating at the second wavelength, light energy is transmitted at the second wavelength through the medium under test. The second wavelength is chosen for a second predetermined attenuation characteristic of the light energy as it propagates through the medium under test. The attenuated light energy is measured at the second wavelength from the light emitting diode.
In one advantageous embodiment, the method is used to determine the oxygen saturation of blood, and the medium under test comprises a portion of the human body having flowing blood. In this embodiment, the method further involves coupling the source of energy to a second light emitting diode which operates at a third wavelength distinct from the first and the second wavelengths. Further, the change in wavelength between the first and second wavelengths has a preselected value. Third light energy is transmitted at the third wavelength through the medium under test, and the third light energy is measured after propagation through the medium under test. Based upon the measurements, the oxygen saturation of the blood is determined.
In one embodiment, parameters in addition to oxygen saturation may also be determined relating to the medium under test when the first wavelength has a known value, and the change in wavelength between the first and the second wavelengths has a preselected value. In this embodiment, value of the second wavelength is determined, and another parameter is calculated relating to the blood. In one embodiment, the another parameter is the saturation of carboxyhemoglobin. Alternatively, another parameter is scattering. Yet another parameter is Methhemoglobin.
Advantageously, using the apparatus described above for tuning, the first light emitting diode is adjusted with an adjusting resistor such that the change in wavelength for an incremental change in current matches a preselected wavelength change. Preferably, adjusting involves placing the adjusting resistor in parallel with the first light emitting diode, and selecting the value of the adjusting resistor to cause the first light emitting diode to exhibit the preselected change for the incremental change in current.
Yet a further aspect of the present invention provides an oximeter sensor having a first light emitting device configured to generate a light at a first known wavelength with a resistor in parallel with the first light emitting device. Preferably, the light emitting device comprises a light emitting diode. In one embodiment, the resistor comprises an encoding resistor having a value indicative of the first known wavelength value. The value of the encoding resistor is sufficiently high such that the encoding resistor draws effectively insignificant current during active operation of the first light emitting device.
In another embodiment, the resistor comprises a security resistor, having a value indicative that the oximeter sensor is of a predetermined type. In addition, the value of the security resistor is sufficiently high such that the security resistor draws effectively insignificant current during active operation of the first light emitting device.
Still a further aspect of the present invention involves a method of tuning a light emitting diode to operate at a preselected wavelength within a range of wavelengths the method involves selecting a light emitting diode that exhibits a wavelength shift in response to a change in drive current within a range of drive current and driving the light emitting diode with a first drive current. The wavelength of the light emitting diode during operation at the first drive current is measured, and, if the light emitting diode is not operating at the preselected wavelength, the drive current is adjusted within the range of drive current to a second drive current such that the light emitting diode operates at the preselected wavelength.
Another aspect of the present invention involves a sensor configured to transmit and detect light. The sensor has at least one light emitting element, the light emitting element having an emission with a centroid transmission wavelength. The sensor further has first and second photodetectors, the emission of the light emitting element being within the response of the first and second photodetectors. A light directing member is configured to direct light from the at least one light emitting element to the first and second photodetectors. A filter positioned between the second photodetector and the at least one light emitting element has a transition band selected to encompass the centroid transmission wavelength.
In one embodiment, the sensor comprises an oximeter sensor, and the at least one light emitting element comprises first and second light emitting diodes. Advantageously, the first light emitting diode has a centroid wavelength in the red range and the second light emitting diode has a centroid wavelength in the infrared range. Advantageously, the filter has a transition band which encompasses the centroid wavelength of the first light emitting diode.
In one advantageous embodiment, the light directing member comprises an integrating optical sphere having the first and second photodetectors positioned about the sphere so as to receive substantially equivalent portions of light from the at least one light emitting element.
In another embodiment, light directing member comprises a beam splitting member positioned to substantially equally divide light from the at least one light emitting member and to direct substantially equal portions of the light to the first and the second photodetectors.
Still another aspect of the present invention involves a method of determining the centroid wavelength of a light emitting element. The method involves providing a set of a plurality of predetermined ratios, each of the plurality of predetermined ratios corresponding to an associated centroid wavelength. Light is transmitted from the light emitting element to a first light detecting element to obtain a first intensity, and light is transmitted from the light emitting element through a filter which attenuates the light to a second light detecting element to obtain a second intensity. A ratio of the second intensity to the first intensity is then calculated. The ratio is compared to the set of predetermined ratios to reference the centroid wavelength of the light emitting element.
In one embodiment, the first and second light detecting elements comprise the same light detecting element.
The present invention has applicability to the use of medical probes and LEDs in general. However, an understanding is facilitated with the following description of the application of the principles of the present invention to oximetry.
The advantages of noninvasive techniques in monitoring the arterial oxygen (or other constituents) saturation of a patient are well-known. In oximetry, light of a known wavelength is transmitted through a medium (e.g., a human digit such as a finger) under test. The light energy is partially absorbed and scattered by the constituents that make up the medium as the light propagates through the medium. The absorption and scattering of the light energy by any given constituent depends upon the wavelength of the light passing through the constituent, as well as several other parameters. The absorption by a constituent is characterized with what is known as the extinction coefficient.
One wavelength is required for each separate constituent in the medium. The wavelengths used for oximetry are chosen to maximize sensitivity of the measurement (i.e., oxygen saturation, etc.). These principles are well understood in the art.
The amplitude of the energy incident on a homogeneous media having at least one constituent under test is approximately related to the amplitude of the energy transmitted through the media as follows:
where I0 is the energy incident on the medium, I is the attenuated signal, di is the thickness of the ith constituent through which light energy passes, εi is the extinction (or absorption) coefficient of the ith constituent through which the light energy passes (the optical path length of the ith constituent), and ci is the concentration of the ith constituent in thickness di. As well-understood in the art, this basic relationship is utilized to obtain oxygen saturation using conventional oximetry techniques.
It should be understood that the above equation is simplified for discussion purposes. Other factors such as multiple scattering also contribute to the resulting attenuation of the light energy. Multiple scattering is discussed in a paper by Joseph M. Schmitt entitled, "Simple Photon Diffusion Analysis of the Effects of Multiple Scattering on Pulse Oximetry," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 38, no. 12, Dec. 1991.
However, for further discussion purposes, the simplified equation (1) will be utilized. In procedures based on oximetry technology, the accuracy of the physiological measurement is impacted by the accuracy of the wavelength of the transmission LEDs because, as depicted in
Wavelength Tuned LEDs
One aspect of the present invention provides an apparatus and method for tuning each LED in a sensor such that the operating wavelengths for LEDs do not vary significantly from sensor to Sensor. The tuning is performed by utilizing the. wavelength shift exhibited in many LEDs in response to a change in drive current.
Accordingly, one way to obtain a selected wavelength is to drive the LEDs with the current necessary to obtain the wavelength. However, such embodiment would require an oximeter design which varies the LED drive current for each sensor.
In one advantageous embodiment, in order to avoid the added complexity of oximeter system design, a resistor is placed in parallel with an LED in order to adjust the drive current through the LED to a level which will result in a selected wavelength. In such embodiment, the oximeter system is designed to operate at the selected wavelength for each LED in the sensor. And, the oximeter need only provide a fixed drive current. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the design of the oximeter is simpler in that it need not take into account variations of wavelength from sensor to sensor. The oximeter can simply be designed to operate at the selected wavelengths and have a fixed drive current.
Each LED sensor manufactured for the oximeter is tuned, using the wavelength shift, such that the LEDs in the sensor generate light at the selected wavelengths for the oximeter.
The sensor 150 is illustrated with a first light source 160 and a second light source 170, typically LEDs. A first tuning resistor 162 connected in parallel with the first LED 160 forms a first tuned LED network 164. Similarly, a second tuning resistor 172 is connected in parallel with the second LED 170 to form a second tuned LED network 174. The sensor 150 further comprises a photodetector 180. A power source in the oximeter system, such as an LED driver 182, is coupled to the tuned LED networks 164, 174 in order to provide a predetermined drive current at the input of the tuned LED networks 164, 174. Advantageously, the LED driver 182 provides current to only one of the tuned LED networks 164, 174 at any given time. The photodetector 180 is coupled to receiving and conditioning circuitry 184 in the oximeter system 152. In operation, the photodetector receives the attenuated light energy and responds with an output signal representing the intensity of the alternative light energy. The oximeter system 152 further comprises a controller 190 with supporting resources and a display 192. The oximeter system receives the signals obtained from the sensor 150 and analyzes the signals to determine information regarding the medium through which the light energy has been transmitted. It should be understood that the oximeter system is depicted in simplified form for discussion purposes. Oximeter systems are well known in the art. One possible oximeter system comprises the oximeter system disclosed in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/320,154 filed Oct. 7, 1994, which has been assigned to the assignee of the present application. Other oximeter systems are well known and can be designed to operate at the selected wavelengths.
As depicted in
The tuning is now explained with reference to the first LED 160. The tuning is also applicable to the second LED 172. As explained above, in response to a particular drive current, different LEDs respond with different wavelengths, even though the LEDs were manufactured to generate the same wavelength. Tuning the first LED 160 in accordance with the present invention involves determining the amount of current required to operate the first LED 160 at the selected wavelength and adjusting the current through the first LED 160 in order to obtain the selected wavelength.
For instance, typical operational values for red LEDs used in oximetry range between 645 nm and 670 nm. For a particular embodiment of an oximeter, the oximeter may be designed to operate with a selected wavelength within that range, for example, 670 nm. However, the LEDs manufactured to produce the selected wavelength of 670 nm involve manufacturing tolerances typically in the range of .+−0.2-10 nm for the same drive current. However, for a typical LED used in oximetry, the drive current can be varied in order to obtain the desired output wavelength for the LED. For instance, as illustrated in
For purposes of discussion, the first LED 160 is defined to exhibit the wavelength characteristic depicted in
One particular advantageous method of selecting the tuning resistor involves the use of a semiconductor substrate resistor, such as the resistor 210 depicted in
Other methods of selecting the first tuning resistor 162, such as calculating the wavelength shift for a given current change for the first LED 160, and then selecting the appropriate resistor to cause the correct amount of current to flow through the LED to obtain the selected operating wavelength, can also be used. Similarly, a potentiometer could be used. Preferably, each LED for each sensor is tuned in a similar manner such that the operating wavelength is a selected operating wavelength for the sensor. For instance, a two wavelength oximeter operating may have selected wavelengths for the two LEDs of 670 nm and 905 nm. For each sensor, a first LED is tuned for the 670 nm selected wavelength, and a second LED is tuned for the 905 nm selected wavelength.
In sum, the tuning aspect of the present invention involves using the principle of wavelength shift in an LED to tune each LED to obtain a respective selected operating wavelength.
It should be understood that for some LEDs, the manufacturing tolerance may be too far from the respective selected wavelength to enable the use of the shift in wavelength to properly tune the LED; or the wavelength shift may be insufficient to obtain the selected wavelength. In one embodiment, such LEDs would not be utilized, and would be considered out of tolerance. Alternatively, if the obtainable wavelength shift is not sufficient to allow for proper tuning, it is also possible to use two LEDs having wavelengths very near each other and near the selected wavelength. One LED has a wavelength below the selected wavelength, and one LED has a wavelength above the selected wavelength. As the graph of
As another alternative, if sufficient wavelength shift is not available to allow for tuning all LEDs to the selected wavelengths, a few selected wavelengths could be used. For instance, for determining oxygen saturation, the selected red wavelengths could be 660 nm, 670 nm and 680 nm. The selected infrared wavelengths could be 900 nm, 920 nm, and 940 nm, independent of the red wavelengths. Each sensor would be tuned using the tuning resistors described above such that the red and infrared LEDs operate at one of the selected red and infrared wavelengths, respectively. An indicator would then be provided on the sensor, or the connector attached to the sensor, to allow the oximeter to determine which of the selected wavelengths is present on the sensor attached to the oximeter. Alternatively, a wavelength detection device could be provided with the oximeter system to determine which of the selected wavelengths is present in a sensor attached to the oximeter system. Although this embodiment requires some means for the oximeter to determine which of the selected wavelengths is present on the attached sensor, the selected wavelengths are precise from sensor to sensor.
Two-Wavelength LED
Another aspect of the present invention involves using the principle of wavelength shift in an LED for a given change in current in order to use a single LED to provide two operating wavelengths. This is advantageous in making physiological measurements, such as blood oximetry measurements, because for each additional wavelength added, the saturation of an additional constituent in the blood can be measured. For instance, with a two-wavelength oximeter, only the ratio of one of two constituents to the total of the two constituents (e.g., oxygen saturation) can be accurately monitored. If oxygen saturation is monitored with two wavelengths, other constituents which are significantly present in the blood affect the measurement of oxygen saturation.
If an additional constituent present in the blood has a significant effect upon the oxygen saturation reading for a particular patient, the failure to detect the constituent can be detrimental to the patient. An example of a constituent which, when present in the blood, will significantly impact the oxygen saturation reading provided by a two-wavelength oximeter is carbon monoxide. This is because the extinction coefficient magnitude for carboxyhemoglobin (depicted in the curve 106 of
In accordance with the present invention, the principle of wavelength shift in an LED is utilized in order to drive one LED with two appropriate drive current levels to provide two distinct wavelengths. In its simplest form, this is accomplished by first driving an LED (which exhibits wavelength shift with drive current change) with a first known drive current to a first known wavelength, and then driving the same LED with a second known current to a second known wavelength.
In the present example for blood oximetry, the first LED 254 is the shifting LED and is used to provide two wavelengths. In order to accurately provide two wavelengths, the wavelength shift principle is utilized. According to one embodiment, LEDs are evaluated at the time a sensor is manufactured, and an indicator is provided on the sensor which can be read by the oximeter system 252 to indicate the drive current change necessary in order to effectuate a desired shift in wavelength. Indicators may comprise a resistor on the sensor or sensor connector, a memory on the sensor or sensor connector, or a similar device. Alternatively, the indicator can provide a indication to the oximeter of the amount of wavelength shift which is obtained due to a preset drive current change. Another alternative is to provide a wavelength detector 268 for the oximeter, which allows the oximeter system 252 to detect the transmission wavelength of an active LED. Wavelength detectors, such as a monochrometer, are well known in the art. However, conventional monochrometers are expensive and bulky. This description sets forth a more practical approach to detecting wavelength below. In this embodiment, the LED driver 260 changes the drive current until the desired wavelength is obtained, utilizing the wavelength detector 268 to monitor the wavelength.
In one preferred embodiment allowing for a simpler oximeter design, in order to accurately provide two wavelengths with a single LED such as the first LED 254, a network 270 of a slope adjusting resistor 272 and the first LED 254 is slope adjusted such that a preselected change in drive current (ΔI) entering the first slope adjusted network, causes a preselected shift in wavelength (Δλ) in the first LED 254. In other words, as depicted in
Just as the first tuning resistor 162 tunes the first LED 160 to a particular selected wavelength for a selected drive current, a slope adjusting resistor, such as the slope adjusting resistor 272, can be used to alter the slope of the curve 122 exhibited for the particular corresponding LED network (e.g., the first slope adjusted LED network 270). In most instances, the slope adjusting resistor 272, if used to alter the slope, cannot also be used to tune the precise wavelength of the first LED 254. However, other methods and procedures to indicate to the oximeter what the particular wavelength of operation of the first LED for a given drive current can be utilized. For instance, an indicator (such as a resistor or low cost memory device) can be provided with the sensor 250 which can be read by the oximeter 252, which indicator provides the initial operating wavelength of the slope adjusted LED network 270.
Slope adjustment can be accomplished in the same manner as described above with respect to the semiconductor substrate resistor 210. However, the substrate resistor functions as the slope adjusting resistor rather than a wavelength tuning resistor (i.e., the substrate resistor is adjusted to cause a preselected change in wavelength for a preselected change in drive current for the LED/resistor network). In other words, for the first LED 254, the substrate resistor 210 depicted in
It should be noted that if LEDs are available that exhibit the same wavelength shift with respect to the same change in drive current, the first slope adjusting resistor 272 is unnecessary.
For determining oxygen saturation, the second LED 256 operates at a fixed infrared wavelength (e.g., 905 nm). Preferably, if the infrared LEDs exhibit manufacturing tolerances, the infrared LEDs can be tuned using a tuning resistor 274, in the same manner as the tuning resistor 162 of
In use, the sensor 250 of
In an oximeter system where monitoring of carbon monoxide and oxygen is desired, the first wavelength may be 660 nm, the second wavelength may be 675 nm or 680 nm and the third wavelength will be an infrared wavelength such as 900 nm or 905 nm. With these three wavelengths provided by two LEDs, the saturation of both oxyhemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin in blood can be determined. The use of two LEDs to perform measurements at three wavelengths reduces the cost of the sensor, which is particularly advantageous if the sensor is a disposable or replaceable sensor.
In addition to the uses described above, it should also be noted that the wavelength shift principal described above could be used to obtain, an additional wavelength with one LED for use in the ratiometric method of determining blood oxygen as described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/672,890, filed Nov. 21, 1991, which has been assigned to the assignee of the present application.
Measurements without Precise Wavelength Information
A further aspect of the present invention involves an apparatus and method of measuring the saturation of a selected constituent in a medium under test (e.g., oxyhemoglobin in blood) without knowing the precise operational wavelength of one LED. According to this aspect of the present invention, if the wavelength shift for an LED is known for a known change in drive current, the operational wavelength for the LED need not be known if other information is also available, as further explained below.
As explained above, obtaining a known wavelength shift for a selected change in current can be accomplished by adjusting presently existing LEDs, such that the LEDs react to a preselected change in drive current (ΔI) with a preselected change in wavelength (Δλ). Alternatively, if LEDs are available having a repeatable (from LED to LED) change in wavelength for a selected change in current, those LEDs can be used without adjustment. An understanding of this aspect of the present invention is explained with reference to arterial oxygen saturation determination using two-wavelength oximeters.
As explained above,
As illustrated by the first curve 102, the extinction coefficient of oxyhemoglobin for light transmitted between approximately 665 nm (indicated as λ1 on the graph) and 690 nm (indicated as λ2 on the graph) is substantially constant (more apparent when the Y-axis of
Assuming that incident light is represented by the letter I0 and the attenuated signal is represented by I, the attenuated signal is represented by Equation (1) above. In other words, for the LED sensor 250 of
Where light of wavelength λ is transmitted through tissue with blood containing two forms of hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin), Equation (1) can be expanded for these two constituents of blood:
d is the thickness of the medium.
ε1λ is the absorption coefficient of reduced hemoglobin at wavelength λ,
ε2λ is the absorption coefficient of oxyhemoglobin at wavelength λ,
c1 is the concentration of reduced hemoglobin,
c2 is the concentration of oxyhemoglobin,
εj is the absorption coefficient of the jth layer of attenuating material (not including oxyhemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin),
dj is the thickness of the jth layer of attenuation material (not including oxyhemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin), and
cj is the concentration of the jth layer of attenuating material (not including oxyhemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin).
Equation (2) can be further expressed as follows:
s is a value obtained by measuring I with the photodetector and calculating the ratio of I to IBL after taking the natural log.
For determining oxygen saturation, where the light is transmitted at a first red wavelength λ1, Equation (3) is expressed as follows:
Where light is transmitted at an infrared wavelength λIR, Equation (3) is expressed as follows:
When the wavelength λ1 and the wavelength λIR are both known, the oxygen saturation can be determined, as well-understood in the art. This is briefly illustrated with the following derivation:
Equations (4) and (5) become:
In matrix notation, Equations (7) and (8) become:
As well understood in the art, oxygen saturation is defined as the following ratio:
When the wavelength λ1 and the λIR are both known, the extinction coefficients, ε1λ
However, if the wavelengths for the transmission LEDs are not specifically known, the extinction coefficients ε will not be known. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the oxygen saturation can be computed without knowing the precise wavelength of one of the LEDs. For purposes of discussion herein, the LED in the red range is chosen for illustration of this aspect of the present invention. In accordance with the present invention, and as explained above, the red LED can be adjusted to exhibit a preselected wavelength shift, even though the precise wavelength may not be known. Accordingly, the red LED can be driven with two different drive currents to obtain two different wavelengths, the shift between which is preselected and known. However, as explained above, the precise wavelength may be unknown without some indication of at least the starting wavelength. In accordance with the present invention, as long as the preselected wavelength shift is known, the starting wavelength need not be known.
In an application where the extinction coefficients vary with respect to shifts in wavelength on the order of 1-3 nm, it would be possible to determine the wavelength without prior information regarding the wavelength or the wavelength shift. This would be accomplished by calculating the desired measurement (e.g., oxygen saturation) at several (e.g., two or more) different LED drive currents and using the change in the measurement in connection with an empirically generated data set (i.e., curves) of measurements with respect to wavelengths to determine the wavelength of the LED.
If the preselected wavelength shift is utilized, the oximeter system can make measurements at three wavelengths λ1, λ2 and λIR. Thus, a third equation in addition to Equations (3) and (4) is obtained.
Where the light is transmitted at a second red wavelength λ2, Equation (3) is expressed as follows:
As depicted in
Furthermore within the same range,
Δε1 is known for a known wavelength shift within the described range, because the change in the extinction coefficient Δε1 is substantially linear.
Substituting Equations (14) and (15) into Equation (4), (5), and (14) results in the following equations:
As explained above, S1, S2, and SIR are calculated by measuring I and IBL. Accordingly, S1, S2, and SIR, are known values. The extinction coefficients ε1 and ε2 for the infrared wavelength LED are assumed to be known because in the infrared wavelength of interest (e.g., 850 nm-920 nm) and more particularly 890 nm-910 nm), the extinction coefficient is substantially constant for both curves 102 and 104. In another embodiment, the accuracy would be improved slightly by tuning the LED. The extinction coefficients for oxyhemoglobin at λ1 and λ2 are also known, as long as the wavelength is in the range where the extinction coefficient remains constant. In the present example, this range is defined as 665 nm to 690 nm. Furthermore, because the change in the absorption coefficient (Δε1) for reduced hemoglobin is unknown for a known wavelength shift between λ1-λ2=665 nm-690 nm, Δε1 is also a known quantity because ε1 is linear with λ. The total thickness of the medium, d, generally is unknown for most applications. However, for the determination of oxygen saturation, as illustrated above, the thickness (d) cancels because saturation is a ratio.
Accordingly, for the determination of oxygen saturation, Equations (17), (18), and (19) provide three equations with three unknowns (εIλ
Accordingly, this aspect of the present invention permits the user to obtain physiological data without knowing the precise operational frequency of an LED.
Improved Calibration of LED Sensor
An additional aspect of the present invention involves an improved calibration technique for an oximeter sensor where a resistor is utilized to code the LED rather than tune the LED. As depicted in the prior art calibrated oximeter probe of
In accordance with this aspect of the present invention, one of the LED electrical connections can also be used for the coding resistor.
For instance, the coding resistor could be utilized for security purposes. In other words, the value of the coding resistor, and the placement across the LED 312 could be used to ensure that the probe is configured properly for the oximeter. For instance, the coding resistor could be utilized to indicate that the probe is from an authorized supplier such as a "Masimo" standard probe, "Patient Monitoring Company 1" probe, "Patient Monitoring Company 2" probe, etc.
In addition, it should be noted that the resistor need not be a passive element. Coding information could also be provided through an active circuit such as a transistor network, memory chip, or other identification device, for instance Dallas Semiconductor DS 1990 or DS 2401 or other automatic identification chip.
In order to read the coding resistor 332, the oximeter system 340 drives the first LED 312/coding resistor 332 combination at a level that is low enough that the LED draws effectively insignificant current because of the exponential relationship between I and V, as illustrated in the graph of
The current which flows through the coding resistor for the voltage applied is measured by the oximeter system by measuring the current through the first electrical connection 318. In turn, the oximeter system 340 determines the value of the coding resistor 332 which is preselected to indicate the type of probe, the operating wavelength or other parameters about the probe. In essence, by reducing the drive voltage across the first electrical connection 318 and ground to a low level that does not activate the first LED 312, the first LED 312 is effectively removed from the electrical circuit. In the present embodiment, it has been found that for conventional LEDs in the red and IR range, 0.5V is a particularly advantageous voltage. At 0.5V, current through the LED is generally less than 1 μA (an insignificant amount).
Preferably, the coding resistor 332 is chosen to be of a sufficiently high value that when the current supply to the first electrical connection 318 rises to a level sufficient to drive the first LED 312, the coding resistor 332 is effectively removed from the electrical circuit because of its high resistance as compared to the resistance of the first LED 312 at active operating currents.
Accordingly, a coding resistor can be used in connection with an oximeter LED sensor without the addition of an electrical connector dedicated to the coding resistor. This reduces the cost of the sensor in accordance with the present invention.
In one advantageous embodiment, the oximeter can monitor the coding resistor continuously by .providing a 0.5V coding resistor reading signal at a frequency different from the LED drive current. For instance, if the LED drive current is turned on and off at a frequency of 625 Hz, the 0.5V coding resistor reading voltage can be provided at a frequency much lower than 625 Hz, such that the 625 Hz signal can be easily filtered with a low pass filter with a cutoff significantly below 625 Hz, but with a pass band which allows the 0.5V signal to pass. This would allow the oximeter to continuously monitor the coding resistor 332 in case of a change in the sensor by the system operator.
This particularly advantageous embodiment of using the coding resistor 332 can also be utilized with a conventional back-to-back configuration for the red and infrared LEDs, as is typical in oximeters. Such a configuration is depicted in
Wavelength Detection
As briefly discussed above, in certain circumstances, it is useful directly to obtain information regarding the wavelength of an LED connected to an oximeter. As illustrated in
As depicted in
As seen in
As is well understood in the art, obtaining a beam splitter to precisely divide the light by 50 percent would be costly to construct. However, it is not necessary to obtain a 50 percent split of the light because imprecision can be accommodated with calibration. In an embodiment where no second filter 411 is provided, the system can be calibrated by activating the infrared LED. This is possible because the first filter 410 is transparent to the infrared wavelength, and thus, each photodetector 404, 406 senses the same signal. In such an embodiment, the intensity outputs from the first and second photodetectors 404, 406 can be compared and equalized through calibration constants during run-time. This compensates for imprecision in the photodetectors, beam splitter 408 and diffuser 407.
In an embodiment where the infrared is not used to calibrate, the photodetectors 404, 406, the beam splitter 408 and the diffuser 407 can be calibrated prior to delivery with a passive or active coding element 415 for each device. It should be understood that the box 415 represents one or more coding elements. It should also be understood that a single coding element could be used for all of the optical devices within the box 515. Preferably, the elements provided for calibration (those within the box in dotted lines labelled 515) in this embodiment are positioned in a reusable portion of the probe such that the increased expense is not too significant.
The filter 410 may also have imprecision due to temperature sensitivity and imprecision of manufacturing process. Therefore, in order to calibrate for imprecision with respect to the filter 410 (preferably a shot glass) due to shift in temperature, a temperature detector 405 is provided in a preferred embodiment. Because temperature sensitivity in shot glass filters are well known, by detecting the temperature, the shift in filter characteristics can also be determined. With respect to the imprecision in manufacturing, a passive or active coding element 415 can be provided on the probe to provide information about the variation from a selected (ideal) filter characteristic (transition band for filter).
Another preferred embodiment utilizing a filter configuration is depicted in
As with the embodiment of
As with the embodiment of
As with the embodiment of
As with the embodiment of
It should also be understood, that in one embodiment, a single memory element or other passive or active element (415, 432) could be provided with enough identification capability to provide characteristic information for each of the diffuser, the photodetectors, filters, and the beam splitter (or optical sphere). For instance, a memory device or transistor network could be provided with several bits of information for device.
In the present embodiment, with red (e.g., 640-680 nm) and infrared (e.g., 900-940 nm) LEDs in the LED networks 402, 420 of
The principle by which the sensors of
The filters 410, 430 preferably have a response as depicted by the curve 450 in
For LEDs having a centroid wavelength in the area of the transition band of the filter, a ratio of the overall intensity detected from a sensor LED without filtering to the intensity of the same sensor LED detected with filtering provides useful information, as further explained.
This ratio of the two areas can be determined from the ratio of intensities received from the photodetectors 404, 406 or 422, 424 as follows: Let the normalized intensity of the unfiltered light IL(λ) and the intensity of the filtered light, If(λ) be represented by the following equations.
The energy of the unfiltered light as received by the photodetector 404, 422 can be expressed as the integral over the range of wavelengths of the LED emission as follows:
where IL(λ) is the LED emission vs. wavelength (λ) and P(λ) is the photodiode response vs. wavelength (λ).
For simplicity, where the photodiode response is "1" (P(λ)=1) in the range of interest (λ1-λ2) (in other words, the light emitted from the LED falls within the range of the LED), the signal of the first photodetector 404, 422 (no filter) will be as follows:
Similarly, the energy of the light received by the second photodetector 406, 424 which has passed through the filter 410, 430 can be expressed as follows:
If all LEDs for a batch of sensors have the same peak emission and bandwidth in the area of interest (λ1-λ2), and can be represented by the same equation (30) except for a multiplicative constant I0, then a normalized ratio of the energies can be defined as follows:
The generalized ratio of equation (34) is a ratio of the entire area of the LED emission attenuated by filtering (designated with cross-hatching in
The function Enorm is single valued and monotonic in the area (λ1-λ2) and depends only on the centroid wavelength shift of the LED with respect to the center of the transition band, λ0, of the filter.
Accordingly, for a filter with a center of the transition band at λ0, the ratio of the energy detected by second photodetector (filter present) to the energy detected by the first photodetector (filter not present) in the wavelength range (λ1-λ2), will be a value between 0 and 1. The precise ratio depends upon the centroid wavelength for the LED under test. As can be seen from
In use, a ratio can be calculated to corresponds to each possible LED wavelength in the range (λ1-λ2). For instance, a test batch of LEDs representing the range of wavelengths (λ1-λ2) can be used to obtain corresponding ratios of the intensity of filtered light to unfiltered light. An accurate wavelength detection device, such as a monochrometer, can be used to measure the centroid wavelength for each tested LED. The centroid wavelength can be stored for each tested LED in association with the measured ratio for each tested LED. This leads to a normalized photodiode response, which can be referenced to obtain the wavelength of an LED having an unknown wavelength in the wavelength range (λ1-λ2).
In other words, for any LED having a centroid wavelength in the range (λ1-λ2), with a sensor as depicted in
Accordingly, with the sensor embodiments of
As mentioned above, knowledge about the precise wavelength of the red LED in an oximeter probe is generally more critical than knowledge of the precise wavelength of the infrared LED. Accordingly, the filters of the sensors of
Examples of preferable filter responses are depicted in
However, it should be understood that the principle explained above could also be used for the infrared LED, if the filters are chosen with the center of their transition band at λ0 selected at the anticipated or target infrared wavelength (e.g., 905 nm). In addition, the second filter 411 (
The wavelength detection described above could also be implemented with a sensor having only one photodetector, and a removable filter. The operator would initiate an intensity measurement as prompted by the oximeter without the filter. Then, the operator would place the filter in the light path between the LED and the photodetector, and initiate a second reading. The ratio of the second reading to the first reading provides the ratio Inorm, which is used to reference the operating wavelength.
In use, the wrap-around probe is placed on the digit of a patient, and the photodetector 508 is positioned opposite the emitter 506 so as to receive light from the emitter 506 attenuated by transmission through a fleshy medium.
In this embodiment, the wrap portion 602 is flexible and disposable after each use with a very low cost. The wrap portion has a flexible layer 626 made from polymer or other flexible materials and has a connector port 614 on the flexible layer 626. The connector port 614 has electrical finger friction connectors 616 which are adapted to couple to electrical finger friction connectors 620 (
The wrap around probe 600 has an aperture 624 that provides a window for the transmission of light energy from the emitters in the emitter portion 610. The emitters are positioned to transmit light through an aperture 628 (
In use, the wrap portion 602 is wrapped around a digit of the patient (e.g., a finger) and the detector 622 is positioned to receive light transmitted through the aperture 624 and through at least a portion of the digit. For instance, the wrap portion 602 can be wrapped around a finger in a manner that the detector 622 is opposite the aperture 624 from which light energy is transmitted.
In one embodiment, the probe 600 is used for the calibratable probe of
It will be understood that the apparatus and method of the present invention may be employed in any circumstance where a measurement of transmitted or reflected energy is required, including but not limited to measurements taken on a finger, an earlobe, or a lip. Thus, there are numerous other embodiments which will be obvious to one skilled in the art. Furthermore, the apparatus and method of the present invention may be employed for any LED application that is wavelength sensitive. The present invention may thus be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential, characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the following appended claims. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of these claims are to be embraced within their scope.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
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Review Preview: Sugo's Spaghetteria
Categories: Restaurant News & Reviews
|Wikimedia Commons
This week I visit Sugo's Spaghetteria, the new venture from the Del Pietro family in Frontenac.
You know who's enjoying this recession? Besides repo guys and Paul Krugman's booking agent? McDonald's. Profits are up as cash-strapped folks opt for the Dollar Menu and the $2 latte. While most of us spend our time praying we aren't next on the firing line, Ronald and Grimace are driving around town in an Escalade, tossing wads of cash at all the mewling urchins.Check back here late tomorrow to see what I think.
We can gnash our teeth about fast food and empty calories another time. From a business standpoint, it's utterly, icily logical: Give people more for less. You can't argue, let alone try to compete, with that.
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Posted at: 02/14/2013 6:31 AM
A Georgia man is behind bars in Rochester after police say he illegally sold dozens of handguns and hundreds of rounds of ammunition locally.
The U.S. Attorney's Office says Liddon Young sold guns and ammunition to a Rochester-based associate over the past four months and that person then sold the items to others.
Police arrested Young last week.
The U.S. Attorney's Office says federal agents and local police recovered 14 handguns, more than 800 rounds of ammunition and a bulletproof vest.
If convicted, Young faces a maximum of 10 years in prison.


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Las Vegas, NV Mattress Store
Mattress Outlet USA
Mattress Outlet USA provides quality beddings, mattresses, and floor products to the Las Vegas and Henderson, NV areas. Our store is dedicated to providing high quality products and excellent customer service for our customers.
Learn More About Mattress Outlet USA:
- Discontinued models
- Mismatched sets
- Factory overstocks
- Floor samples
For your convenience, we also provide free local delivery and set-up within 25-mile radius with a purchase of $599 and above.
Contact Mattress Outlet USA at 702-255-5855 or visit our other stores.
Contact Information


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The Comfort Inn® hotel is ideally located less than one mile from America the Beautiful Park.
The Days Inn Delta, Colorado, is a hotel complete with an on-site restaurant and lounge. The hotel is open 24 hours a day, with an on-site customer service
Delta, Colorado Vacations - Travel guide to Delta, Colorado accommodations and vacation packages. Visit Delta, Colorado for getaways and adventure travel. Plan your Delta, Colorado vacation today.


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Notes From HPSBY Herschel Smith
6 months, 2 weeks ago
Allowing a citizen's fundamental rights to be stripped without his having been found guilty of a crime, especially on the say-so of an ex-partner with strong motives, flies in the face not only of due process, but also in terms of the nature of rights, and the powers of government supposedly bound by delegated authority. "Do you know of any other right that that requires a citizen to undergo a compelled interrogation under penalty of perjury as a precondition to receiving (or being denied) permission to exercise it?" writer Don Cline asks … For her part, Giffords has not explained …
Anything. She hasn't explained anything at all, except by her actions that she is still a meddling collectivist control freak who is butting into the business of other people. I am reminded of the comments by reader menckenlite concerning mandatory state review.
Control freaks love psychiatry, a means of social control with no Due Process protections. It is a system of personal opinion masquerading as science. See, e.g., Boston University Psychology Professor Margaret Hagan's book, Whores of the Court, to see how arbitrary psychiatric illnesses are. Peter Breggin, Fred Baughman and Thomas Szasz wrote extensively about abuses of psychiatry. Liberals blame guns for violence. Conservatives blame mental illness. Neither have any causal connection to violence.
Take a look at what this Ukrainian granny can do.
The government is still trying to financially choke the firearms industry. You do realize that this administration is full of pathological liars who will say one thing and do another, don't you?
Chris Murphy on Islamic militants in Paris. Because he's a pathetic rube and a tool.
Via Mike Vanderboegh, White House still focusing on domestic "extremists" (because Obama hates America).


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Wolfpack Women's Tennis Falls in ACC Quarterfinals
April 26, 2013
CARY, N.C. – The NC State women's tennis team was defeated, 4-0, by North Carolina in the quarterfinals of the 2013 ACC Women's Tennis Championship Friday afternoon at the Cary Tennis Park.
The Tar Heels (25-2, 10-1 ACC) came out swinging at the start of doubles play with an 8-2 victory in the No. 2 spot, as Zoe De Bruycker and Ashley Dai defeated the Wolfpack's sophomore duo of Nicole Martinez and Elisha Hande. UNC clinched the doubles point shortly after when Gina Suarez-Malaguti and Tessa Lyons outlasted senior Chloe Smith and sophomore Sophie Nelson, 8-4, at the No. 3 spot, and took a 1-0 lead in the overall match.
NC State (14-9, 4-7 ACC) could not flip the momentum in its favor at the beginning of singles play, as UNC collected a victory in the No. 4 spot when the 56th-ranked Caroline Price defeated freshman Rachael James-Baker, 6-2, 6-1 to give the Tar Heels a 2-0 lead.
North Carolina pushed the Wolfpack to the brink when Lauren McHale downed Hande, 6-2, 6-4, at the No. 5 spot, before 36th-ranked Whitney Kay clinched the match with a 6-4, 7-6 (5) victory over Smith in the No. 3 spot.
The Wolfpack will await word from the NCAA Selection Committee on an at-large bid to the 2013 NCAA Championship. The selection show will be aired live on Tuesday, April 30 at 5:30 p.m. on NCAA.com.
Tennis Match Results
Singles competition
Doubles competition
1. #61 Caroline Price/Whitney Kay (UNC) vs. Joelle Kissell/Tatiana Illova (NCSU) 5-6, unfinished
2. Zoe DeBruycker/Ashley Dai (UNC) def. Nicole Martinez/Elisha Hande (NCSU) 8-2
3. Gina Suarez-Malaguti/Tessa Lyons (UNC) def. Chloe Smith/Sophie Nelson (NCSU) 8-4
Match Notes:


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Since both Captain America and Thor have their own corps, I searched and wondered why Iron Man didn't have one, I thought since he Captain America and Thor are Marvel's big three, why not give him his own corps. So based off the character similarities between the pre-existing corps, I am making my suggestion for the corps.
Captain America - Thor; The leader of course will be none other than Iron Man
Winter Soldier - Beta Ray Bill; Bringing in Warmachine to play the part of the loyal sidekick
USAgent - Thunderstrike; The anti-hero counterpart would be Guardsman
Commander A - Dargo Ktor; I know there is Iron Man 2020 who could be the future Iron Man, but I think it could be better if the future Iron Man was from the same time period as Commander A and Dargo Ktor, so I am suggesting Silver Centurion (which is also a name of one of Iron Man's armors)
American Dreamer is the only Captain America Corps member that doesn't have a Thor Corps counterpart, but that could be easily fixed by bringing in Thunderstrike from the MC2 timeline, of course I would change his name to Thunderstrike Jr. as he is the son of the other Thunderstrike, and Iron Man's MC2 counterpart would be Mainframe
I also wanted to add in my own addition to each team, Agent 66 - Lady Sif - Rescue (Pepper Potts) as the female counterparts/love interests.


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Haven't watched any wrestling in years, and this is still some of my favourite content on the site.
And yay! Jared's back!
On this first Powerbombcast of the new year, the whole gang gets back together to talk Royal Rumble predictions, the debatable value of Batista's return, watching New Japan Pro Wrestling into the wee hours, and what the WWE Network means for our collective viewing habits.
This podcast is only available to subscribers.Upgrade your account now
Haven't watched any wrestling in years, and this is still some of my favourite content on the site.
And yay! Jared's back!
Love this feature!
The day has come, brother.
SNES Royal Rumble intro song!
As someone who just watched a NJPW PPV for the first time recently, this gonna be good!
I will say that I haven't watched a wrestling PPV, but there is a crazy curiosity to try the Royal Rumble. It was the combo of listing to these and there being NOTHING on TV one night over Christmas break and I catch Universal HD's 5-hour replay of that week's WWE shows that got me re-started on watching wrestling (last time was during the height of WCW just as the NWO stuff was starting in the late 90's).
is that Danny Brown in the thumbnail
This podcast is the reason why I am going to see a live Raw in my area even though I haven't watch wrestling since the NWO/Attitude Era.
Its gunna be stupid fun!!
I can't tell you how happy I am to see Shinsuke Nakamura on the front page of Giant Bomb dot com.
Re Subbed for this glad I had 12 dollars in my account :D
I love the Powerbombcast.
Last time I turned on wrestling, there was a guy grinning because a giant snake was on his face. So they're doing something... interesting, I suppose?
DDP Yoga!
More time needs to be spent burying Jeff Jarrett!
I would watch a WWE network show where they just brought people on to bury Jeff Jarrett.
The cream of the crop has arrived.
I would pay more money to get a weekly wrasslin podcast.
Wrestle Kingdom was dope.
Also, I agree with Jeff. I want to be able to sit down and just watch Nitro. It's a bummer that the WWE Network isn't going to do that.
Here, enjoy this picture of Regal
I'm glad someone else finally said they think Sheamus is coming back at the Rumble. I hope it's true, too. I just hope and hope they don't make his character an awful mess again.
oooo, been looking forward to this. *contented sigh*
I think I need to go watch some more New Japan Wrestling.
Yes! Bless Batista's skinny jeans.It's a new Powerbombcast!
you talk shit on the Young Bucks then we have a problem.
"Kofi Kingston is the complete package" - said no one ever.
Being athletic does not equal being good at wrestling. John Morrison was the same thing. Just because someone can do flips and shit does not mean they are a good wrestler. Also, he is terrible at speaking into a microphone.
And Dan is SO RIGHT about Brock. You other people are fools. FOOLS! Brock being a bad talker is EXACTLY the point. He's a giant, dumb bully. Of course, he can't speak! He's a fucking animal. Animals can't speak! He just destroys people. It's amazing.
Brandon Stroud said it best:
"Long story short, if a guy comes up to me and says WHAT IN THE BLUE HELL DO YOU THINK YOU'RE DOING, I'M GONNA TURN THIS SUMBITCH SIDEWAYS, SHINE IT UP REAL NICE AND STICK IT STRAIGHT UP, YOUR CANDY ASS I'm going to make a dismissive wanking motion at him with every part of my body. If he shows up and seems confused but hates me and his face is all red and he's ALIEN YELLING I'm going to piss my pants and bolt."
In one week Giant Bomb has put pictures of Bleach and Shinsuke Nakamura as podcast header images and those are both things that I like but never possibly imagined would have crossover potential here.
Ibushi, Nakamura, Okada and Devitt could all be big stars in the Anglosphere. Right?
I never thought that I'd see Shinsuke Nakamura and Giant Bomb crossover but today is a glorious day.
I'm surprised they didn't wait until after Wrestlemania.
I'm surprised they didn't wait until after Wrestlemania.
You mean the Rumble?
NJPW Fun Facts:
-Last year the NJPW PPVs almost always started with a junior tag match, and while in WWE "two teams always face off" is a recipe for disaster, Forever Hooligans and TIME SPLITTERS was ALWAYS money. It's always a fun spot-fest.
-Shelton X Benjamin - it's X and the X is for "Mr. X", or TBD, and he came in and was a challenge for Nakamura's IC belt last year. He's a member of Suzuki-Gun (pronounced "goon") which means Suzuki Army. Also, the Suzuki-Yano Toru rivalry is basically Wile E Coyote vs. Smug Asshole Road Runner, except this time it also involved the corpse of The Great Muta. Toru Yano has been promoting his DVD (which features him and other bad guys Jado and Gedo going to an amusement park and also drinking).
-"The Gracies didn't understand wrestling" is the storyline they're going with, sadly enough.
-Bullet Club's whole point is "foreigners gone heel," and things like WWE/WCW style run-ins make Japanese smark fans' heads EXPLODE. Except in this case their fearless leader, Prince Devitt, also wound up body painted like a Titan from Japanese manga/anime Attack on Titan. Because Japan doesn't understand swear words, some of their backstage/after show promos get REAL blue. Anderson also refers to guys like Scott Hall and Kevin Steen as "Brother Razor" and "Brother Steen" on Twitter. It's goofy heel fun.
-NWA's owner, Bruce Tharpe, is the biggest heat magnet.
-Goto and Shibata have been KILLING each other this last year. I was lucky enough to go to a PPV in person, and Goto vs Shibata at that show wound up being a double KO. THEY KNOCKED EACH OTHER OUT.
-Apparently Naito was HUGE and over as hell in 2011 and early 2012...until he blew out his knee. They've tried to rocket him back up to that point by winning the annual G1 Climax tournament, buuuuuuuuuut versus Okada he's had no chance to gain any traction.
-Okada is also 26 years old. He's the future.
-Shinsuke Nakamura is nicknamed "Swagsuke" on the wrestling Internet for very obvious and good reasons.
Here, enjoy this picture of Regal
I did, thank you.
It's funny, because the things Jeff is saying about what he wants in WWE Network and ditching cable TV completely is basically the attitude I've taken with ditching cable TV, but just replacing it with Giant Bomb content. Giant Bomb site content IS my TV content. Weird.
So, why does everyone hate Batista? He seems just as talented as most of the other people they push...
Also, wtf was that super loud thumping that would periodically happen. Several times I thought someone was knocking on my wall it was so loud and clear, lol.
So, why does everyone hate Batista? He seems just as talented as most of the other people they push...
From the wiki he was apparently kind of a dick. There was a story where he was in the locker room talking about how big he was and how all the wrestlers (they were in there with him) were scrubs; Booker T stood up to him for the other guys and they fought. After the fight was over all the wrestlers were happy with Booker T.
This show is at the core of why I love this site. VPN + WWE network bills are your fault, you monsters.
Oh man I've been waiting on this. You fuckers got me back into watching wrestling so now I need that regular PBCast fix. ;) Great stuff as ever!
EDIT: William Regal is absolutely my favourite wrestling commentator right now. I don't think he'd ever fit on the main show, he's way too British and his style just wouldn't fit that pacing, but he's fantastic on NXT. And I will hear no wrong about Renee Young, that lady is gorgeous and adorable and well-spoken and aaaahhh!
And I noticed that a month or two back the WWE official YouTube channel put up that video of Batista turning on HHH during the post-Rumble contract signing, and pretty much all the top-rated comments were "they need to bring this guy back", so he's obviously pretty popular. I think he's fine, not a great talker but I used to enjoy his style.
If Marty Friedman is a thing that happens in Japanese wrestling, count me in. Literally the best thing he's done in years.
Haven't watched any wrestling in years, and this is still some of my favourite content on the site.
So glad I'm not alone on this.
As far as the WWE Network thing goes, Over the Edge '99 won't be there according to them. The only one apparently.
Dan's Cena story at 30 minutes changed my whole perspective on that dude.
God Damn I have to watch this!!!
New Japan is really keeping the shitty haircut dream alive.
I liked this episode but man I think Dan is INSANE in his Brock Lesnar love.
Man, Shinsuke Nakamura got fuckin' CRAZY since the last time I watched New Japan. (Like years ago when I was in college ...)
@the_reflection: They are the best thing in wrestling.
I love these and would vote for a video version of the chat because there's nothing greater than seeing dudes in their 30s talk about wrasslin.
Brian Christopher...oh Brian Christopher. Such a creepy human being. Has has father's creepy cackling laugh, and was part of one of the worst gimmicks ever. "Too Much" was really weird, although i enjoyed "Too Cool" but i was a kid, and the dancing stuff really got me. He also released a few very very terrible songs "Jabroni" and "Puppies(Feat. Jerry Lawler)" if i could find videos of them on youtube i would post them here, but they are very bad. I think they might be on spotify if you are THAT curious....
Re: how long it takes for old wrestling to become embarrassing, there is a fine line. Lots of the Attitude era is downright cringeworthy. But i still think the whole Austin/Mcmahon feud is one of the greatest angles in wrestling history. A lot of the stuff surrounding it was very embarrassing though. the crowd, the treatment of women, Jerry Lawler, although a great commentator said some downright creepy/terrible things to push buttons. A lot of it is goofy fun though, especially once you get into the era of Undertaker's Ministry and the Corporate Ministry. But mostly the treatment of women and the frat boy mentality that is extremely embarassing.
I think all 3 members of the Shield are totally capable of going solo. Especially Seth Rollins who I keep saying good things about, that match he had on a few months ago on RAW with Daniel Bryan was amazing.
Thanks Alex for mentioning Joey Styles, my favourite announcer. I also really like Mike Tenay, another guy who actually cares about what the moves are that are being done in the ring and the wrestler's backrounds. How did the WWE have Jim Ross and Joey Styles on their payroll at the same time and not use either of them? Mindblowing.
Oh wow when Jeff mentioned how he liked CM Punk doing commentary! He used to do colour commentary on a regular basis in ROH and IWA-MS and was amazing at it, he could totally do that after he retires and should probably be at that table more now.
Oh God, watching the Royal Rumble was so incredibly painful. I loved watching how every fan in that stadium started losing hope and any ounce of caring once entrant #20 came in. By the time #25 hit, they were all gone. WWE is so incredibly predictable + they didn't even bother to pretend like they cared when they didn't even include Bryan in the Royal Rumble match. Some friends and I talked back and forth about why this actually happened and by the end of the discussion we realized none of the interesting and cool things discussed or brought up would ever happen. Anyone who didn't admit that Batista wouldn't be in the Royal Rumble for the title was fooling themselves, sadly.
I sure am glad I did not pay money for that ppv as it was pitiful. The best match was before the show even started with the Road Dogg and Billy Gunn winning the titles for the first time in 14 years. Now the best person on the mic in the company has a title...even though we know the NA Outlaws are only around to promote the WWE Network. Also, WWE doesn't really care for the tag team titles which is apparent by the fact the match wasn't even technically part of the PPV.
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Tom Stuckey recently joined the National Wild Turkey Federation as senior vice president of development. Stuckey will lead the development department, which is responsible for discovering and cultivating relationships with upper-level donors to the Federation.
I am thrilled to join the NWTF at such an exciting time, said Stuckey. The hooks were set the first time George Thornton, NWTF CEO, gave me a tour of the future site for the new Palmetto Shooting Complex and outdoor education center.
The Palmetto Shooting Complex will be a destination for shooting and outdoor enthusiasts, and is a big focus of the development department. Save the Habitat. Save the Hunt. programs will also benefit from the work of the development department.
Stuckey has been an Federation member since 1973 and is a former Federation Grand National Calling Championships winner. He has appeared in numerous hunting TV shows, magazines and news articles.
Before joining the Federation, Stuckey worked for Outdoor Marketing Group, a leading representative for many manufacturers in the shooting sports industry.
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