text:
Brass Nozzles Datasheets
from Armstrong International
The 038 nozzle is suggested for washdown applications below 140 ˚F (60 ˚C). It comes with a black, heavy-duty, field-replaceable cover. The rear trigger reduces operator fatigue, and the unit conforms to the familiar spray nozzle design common in many facilities. The nozzle is also... [See More]
- Material: Brass
- Application: Cleaning; Washdown
- Media: Water
- Flow: ? to 420
from BEX Spray Nozzles
SPRAY CHARACTERISTICS: ABO Series air blow-off nozzles project a. flat fan-shaped curtain of gas in a direction. parallel to the axis of the nozzle body. Gases. most commonly used are air and steam. ABO. nozzles are designed with large maximum free. passage sizes to reduce clogging and minimize. the... [See More]
- Material: Brass (optional feature); Stainless (optional feature); Others on Request
- Application: Cleaning; Spray Drying
- Media: Air; Hydraulic; Steam
- Flow: 301 to 28276
from CDF Industries
General Pump Spray Tips are built using an innovative design and manufacturing approach that ensures accuracy and provides consistent durability and performance for all types of high pressure cleaning systems. Tips offer high application flexibility, unique construction, positive identification, and... [See More]
- Material: Brass
- Application: Cleaning
- Media: Chemical
- Flow: 300 to 3354
from Clippard Instrument Laboratory, Inc.
Air jets are used extensively within themanufacturing environment. They aredesigned to deliver a concentratedflow of air or liquid to a specific loca-tion. They are used in blowoff, clean-ing, drying, part ejecting, and coolingapplications. Clippard's new air jetproducts provide a wide variety... [See More]
- Material: Brass
- Application: Cleaning
- Media: Air; Fuel: Liquid
- Maximum Pressure: ? to 200
from EXAIR Corporation
Model 6019 Adjustable Air Jet is an adjustable version of the Model 6013 High Velocity Air Jet. These models include Stay Set Hose [See More]
- Material: Brass
- Application: Cleaning; Spray Drying; Cooling
- Media: Air
- Pattern: Solid Cone
from Festo Corporation
Air nozzle LPZ-RB-150-B Sound pressure level=90 dB(A), Ambient temperature=-10 - 50 Â °C, Pneumatic connection=Male thread M12x1.25, Materials note=Conforms to RoHS, Materials information, housing=(* Brass, * Nickel plated) [See More]
- Material: Brass
- Temperature Range: 14 to 122
- Media: Air
from General Pump
The Rotomax is designed to improve the cleaning efficiency of your high pressure washer by producing a rotating action that greatly expands the contact area of the cleaning stream, while providing the impact of a zero-degree nozzle. [See More]
- Material: Brass; Ceramic; Plastic
- Application: Cleaning
- Media: Water
- Flow: 91.2 to 241
from Nex Flow Air Products Corp.
Nex Flow ™ nozzles are designed to fit into small spaces. We have an adjustable nozzles for some applications and then a few different nozzles with varying force, depending on the application. Model 47001 Air Nozzle is a small brass nozzle to fit into small spots and used by many machine... [See More]
- Material: Brass
- Application: Cleaning
- Media: Air
- Pattern: Stream
from BETE Fog Nozzle, Inc.
Design Features. Three-piece construction. Interchangeable spray tips. Integral strainer available (please refer to the Accessories PDF for more information). Male and female connections. Spray Characteristics. Relatively coarse atomization. Uniform distribution with tapered edges for use in... [See More]
- Material: Brass; Stainless
- Application: Painting; Lubrication
- Media: Air; Chemical; Ink; Hydraulic; Oil; Water
- Flow: 0.1800 to 1.92
from Bijur Delimon International
Application. GXL Injectors are positive displacement spring loaded devices designed for use in an automatic centralized lubrication system. These injectors deliver precise metered amounts of lubricant to bearings, bushings, pins and slides. They are normally mounted in remote manifolds located... [See More]
- Material: Brass
- Application: Lubrication
- Media: Other; Grease
- Maximum Pressure: 1450
from Cat Pumps - High Pressure Pumps & Systems
Balanced front load shut-off gun reduces operator fatigue. Light weight high impact-blend nylon body for durability. Stainless steel seat and ball assembly assures thousands of continuous cycles. [See More]
- Material: Brass
- Application: Cleaning
- Media: Water
- Flow: 480
from Keystone Adhesive Dispensing Equipment
For ITW ®/LTI A-Head applicators [See More]
- Material: Brass
- Pattern: Stream
- Media: Adhesive
- Orifice Size: 10
from Lechler, Inc.
The Series 136 AirMist nozzles are most appropriate when there is a need to finely atomize low viscous fluids, such as water. This series provides the finest atomization any of our nozzles can provide. AirMists are therefore most suitable for applications such as humidifying, cooling, and coating. [See More]
- Material: Brass; Stainless
- Application: Painting; Humidification; Chemical Industry, Cooling, Atomization of Viscous Liquids
- Media: Air; Ink; Hydraulic; Water
- Flow: 0.1300 to 0.6200
from Melton USA
Single Orifice Brass Button Nozzle for ITW ®/LTI A-Head Applicators [See More]
- Material: Brass
- Form: Button Nozzle
from Pneumadyne, Inc.
The modular design of Pneumadyne's Air Jet system makes it adaptable to an unlimited number of applications. Originally developed for increasing the productiving of vibratory feeders, Air Jets are also used in a wide variety of cooling, lubricating and moving applications. Six configurations of the... [See More]
- Material: Brass
- Application: Cleaning
- Media: Air; Hydraulic
- Angle: 0 to 90
from Spraying Systems Co.
In-line style WhirlJet spray nozzles feature a hollow cone spray pattern with a ring-shaped impact area and uniform spray distribution. The spray caps are interchangeable within each inlet connection size group. The in-line style has a lower profile projection when installed in a tee or piper... [See More]
- Material: Brass
- Flow: 329 to 1897
- Media: Chemical; Water
- Maximum Pressure: 3 to 100
from Suttner America Company
Applies a variation of chemical with metering action. Similar to ST-60, but with adjustable hose barb. [See More]
- Material: Brass
- Application: Cleaning
- Media: Chemical; Water
- Maximum Pressure: 3000


text:
What to eat the night before Thanksgiving?
My inlaws will hit ground around mid-afternoon the Wednesday before Thanksgiving and then will proceed to be "in the house" (both literally and figuratively) as we put together the holiday meal.
We do not like to go out to supper the night before Thanksgiving because we have too much work to do on the festive meal. I also would like to avoid cooking something different entirely when I am struggling to keep enough measuring implements, bowls and pans clean for cooking as DH and I use them.
I would love to find something that could be cooked and assembled the weekend before Thanksgiving and then frozen and either reheated or baked on Wednesday afternoon. Quick and easy would be a bonus. I am not averse to throwing a side salad together to accompany, but do not want to do much more actual cooking than that so DH and I can concentrate on the preparations for the festivities.
Any suggestions? Recipes?
Talk is closed, but that doesn't mean the conversations have to stop!
Check out this post for a more thorough explanation, and jump onto our Facebook page or our Twitter feed to keep the conversations going!

subset: commoncrawl


text: On Tuesday morning the hockey world was still buzzing with Boston's stirring comeback in Game 7. Or, depending on your viewpoint, Toronto's stunning collapse. A 4-1 lead midway through the third period was down to a 4-2 lead with 1:30 to go. That was down to a tie game with :30 left. It finally became a 5-4 game when Patrice Bergeron completed one of the most amazing Game 7s you will ever see. In any sport.


text:
Posted: Thursday, July 11, 2013 4:10 PM
Lyle Lovett Tickets Foxwoods Mashantucket Norwich CT Fox Theatre CasinoSee Lyle Lovett in Mashantucket CT at Fox Theatre - Foxwoods Casino with tickets from the MyCityRocks Ticket Exchange.
July 12, 2013.
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The MyCityRocks Ticket Exchange often has exceptionally good deals for people looking for premium seats and suites, and tickets for sold-out events. Cheap and discount tickets are sometimes available. The prices for tickets listed in the Ticket Exchange are specified by each individual seller, and not by MyCityRocks, and may be more or less than the original face value of the ticket.
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Report all scam attempts to firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
We may still be stuck in the Pacific Northwest rainy season (read: October – May), but Multnomah County is already making preparations for this summer's wildfire season.
The county, along with the Oregon Department of Forestry and local fire departments, have developed a map of local neighborhoods that will be at the biggest risk of wildfire damage come summer. The danger zones run from Forest Park on the west side of the county all the way to Powell Butte. Knowing ahead of time which areas of the county will be at most risk will help fire departments and rescue agencies county-wide better prepare for the season and coordinate efforts in areas that don't have enough staff members to implement fire prevention programs on their own.
"Most of our fire districts, they've been thinking about this for a while," Cindy Kolomechuk, a community wildfire planner with the Forestry Department, told OregonLive.com. "It isn't very difficult to sit around and have them draw circles around particularly vulnerable areas and articulate why they're vulnerable."
This new map doesn't mean that residents shouldn't make emergency preparations of their own. The following are a few emergency preparedness tips you'll need in the case of an evacuation.
1. Identify and remove fire hazards in your yard or property, including dead grass, low-hanging tree branches, wood piles, and dense shrubbery.
2. Pack an evacuation bag, including extra clothes, an LED flashlight or emergency LED lantern, water, and a first-aid kit.
3. Coordinate evacuation routes with neighbors and local fire departments. Figure out where/with whom you will stay if you need to evacuate and keep in touch with them if a fire breaks out near your home.
4. If you have to evacuate, don't panic. Follow the instructions of the local fire department, get to your safe house, and let the professionals do their jobs.


text:
In a client-server system employing protocols such as RTP (real-time protocol), RTCP (real-time control protocol) and RTSP (real-time streaming protocol) for communicating real-time data stream, a method for using the same security parameters to secure by encryption and/or authentication, communication of the real-time data stream. The method includes establishing two or more security parameters for securing communications during the streaming session; establishing a session identifier associated with the security parameters; transmitting, from client to server, an RTSP message for requesting the real-time data stream, the RTSP message being secured with the security parameters; establishing a streaming session for streaming an RTP message containing the real-time data, the RTP message being secured with the security parameters; transmitting, from client to server, an RTCP protocol message containing statistics relating to the streaming session, the RTCP message being secured with the security parameters, and exchanging any one or more additional RTSP, RTP and RTCP messages in any order, each message being secured with the security parameters which are identifiable with the session identifier.
1. A method for securely streaming real-time data, the method comprising:
establishing security parameters for securing the real-time data;
establishing a session identifier associated with the security parameters;
securely transferring the real-time data by
exchanging two or more protocol messages for streaming the real-time data, each protocol message being secured by the security parameters; and
the security parameters being identifiable using the session identifier.
2. The method of
transmitting an RTSP message from the client to the server, the RTSP message requesting the real-time data stream; and
responsive to the request, transmitting by the server an RTSP message containing a list of RTP and RTCP ports for streaming the real data time stream.
3. A method for securely transferring a real-time data stream, the method comprising:
establishing one or more security parameters for securing the data stream;
establishing a session identifier associated with the security parameters;
transmitting an RTSP (real-time streaming protocol) message from a client to a server, the RTSP message for requesting the real-time data stream,
wherein the RTSP message is secured by the security parameters;
transmitting an RTP (real-time protocol) message containing the real-time data,
the RTP message being secured by the security parameters;
exchanging in any order two or more protocol messages selected from the group comprising: an RTSP message, an RTP and an RTCP, each message being secured by the security parameters; and
the security parameters being identifiable using the session identifier.
4. The method of
a first encryption key for encrypting outbound messages;
a second key for authenticating outbound messages;
a third encryption key for inbound messages; and
a fourth encryption key authenticating inbound messages.
5. A system for securely transferring real-time data stream, the system comprising:
means for exchanging RTSP (real-time streaming protocol) messages, the RTSP message being authenticated with a MAC (message authentication code) key;
means for transmitting RTP (real-time protocol) messages from server to client for streaming the real-time data, the RTP messages being encrypted with an encryption key, and authenticated with the MAC key;
means for exchanging RTCP (real-time control protocol) messages, the RTCP messages being encrypted with the encryption key and authenticated with the MAC key, such that the real-time data is securely streamed from a client to a server; and
means for performing one or more operations on the RTP, RTCP and RTP messages, the operations being selected from the group consisting of: encryption, authentication, and both encryption and authentication.
6. The system of
means for establishing a session identifier associated with the MAC key and the encryption key.
7. The system of
means for associating the MAC key and the encryption key with the session identifier prior to exchanging one or more RTSP messages.
8. In a client-server system, a method for securely communicating real-time data, the method comprising:
establishing security parameters for securely transferring the real-time data;
establishing a session identifier associated with the security parameters;
transmitting, from a client to a server, a first protocol message for requesting the real-time data, the first protocol message being secured with the security parameters;
establishing a streaming session for streaming a second protocol message containing the real-time data, the second protocol message being secured with the security parameters; and
exchanging additional protocol messages in any order, each message being secured with the security parameters which are identifiable with the session identifier.
9. The method of
a first encryption key for encrypting outbound messages;
a second key for authenticating outbound messages;
a third encryption key for inbound messages; and
a fourth encryption key authenticating inbound messages.
10. The method of
[0001] This application is related to the following U.S. non-provisional applications, U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______,entitled "KEY MANAGEMENT INTERFACE TO MULTIPLE AND SIMULTANEOUS PROTOCOLS" (Attorney Docket No. 018926-008000US); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/092,347, entitled "KEY MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL AND AUTHENTICATION SYSTEM FOR SECURE INTERNET PROTOCOL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT ARCHITECTURE" filed Mar. 4, 2002; U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled "ENCRYPTION OF STREAMING CONTROL PROTOCOLS SUCH AS RTCP AND RTSP AND THEIR HEADERS TO PRESERVE ADDRESS POINTERS TO CONTENT AND PREVENT DENIAL OF SERVICE" (Attorney Docket No. 018926-007900US), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/966,552, entitled "UNIQUE ON-LINE PROVISIONING OF USER SYSTEMS ALLOWING USER AUTHENTICATION" filed Sep. 26, 2001; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled "ACCESS CONTROL AND KEY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR STREAMING DATA" (Attorney Docket No. 018926-007700US), all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as set forth in full in the present invention, for all purposes.
[0002] The present invention relates generally to the field of data communication and more specifically to rights management and securing data communicated in a network.
[0003] A growing interest in streaming distribution of multimedia streaming content over Internet Protocol (IP) networks has resulted in a growing need for key management systems. One such streaming distribution system is the Aerocast Network™ developed by Aerocast, Inc. of San Diego, Calif. As discussed with reference to FIG. 1, although the existing phase 1 Aerocast Network facilitates delivery of content, it lacks security and key management for the network.
[0004]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a network 100 (by Aerocast) for facilitating streaming of content over a communication network.
[0005] Among other components, network 100 includes a content provider 102 for generating content intended for a consumer 116, Internet 114 through which content is streamed, and a central server 104 to which content provider 102 publishes its contents. Central server 104 contains a database 108 for storing content information, and a search engine 110 for searching database 108. Network 100 further comprises a provisioning center 106, and caching servers 112, 113 and 115.
[0006] In operation, consumer 116 wishing to access content by content provider 102, streams the content from the closest caching server, in this case, caching server 115. In conventional systems without caching servers, consumer 116 desiring such content streams obtains content directly from content provider 102. Not only does this result in poor content quality, delays associated with inadequate bandwidth may result. By using the caching servers, network 100 avoids disadvantages associated with direct streaming of digital content from content provider 202. Caching servers 112, 113 and 115 may be local DSL (digital subscriber line) providers, for example.
[0007] Network 100 provides a further advantage. When searching for content, consumer 116 need not search any and all databases on Internet 114. All content providers (including content provider 102) on network 100 publish descriptions of their content to a single central database 108. For streaming video content, for example, such descriptions may include the movie name, actors, etc. In this manner, when content is desired, consumer 116 uses search engine 110 to search database 108. When the content is found, database 108 thereafter provides a link to content provider 202 having the desired streaming content. Content provider 102 is then accessed by consumer 116 to obtain more detail. Such details include pricing information, etc.
[0008] A mechanism is provided whereby consumer 116 provides a list of caching servers closest to it to content provider 102. In response to consumer 116's request, content provider 102 selects the appropriate caching server closest to consumer 116 for streaming the content. It should be observed, however, that in today's Aerocast network content is streamed in the clear by network 100. Disadvantageously, because it is unprotected, the content may be intercepted by an unauthorized consumer resulting in substantial losses to content providers and consumers. Some of these disadvantages are resolved by the aforementioned related patent applications commonly owned and concurrently filed herewith, and hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in its entirety in the present specification.
[0009] Generally, to deliver, manage and control streaming content, several different protocols may be employed. For example, a collection of protocols are RTP (real-time protocol), RTCP (real-time control protocol) and RTSP (real-time streaming protocol) may be employed for stream real-time data. RTP which is specified in RFC (request for comments) 1889, which runs on top of UDP (user datagram protocol).
[0010] Among other functionalities, RTP provides end to end transport functions for real time transmission of content such as audio and video over point to point or multicast services. RTCP (Real-time Control Protocol) is a companion protocol providing QoS (quality of service) monitoring and delivering statistics on the media stream session, which may be used by the sender to adjust its timing. In addition, at least in a point-to-point case (and possibly in the multicast case) RTP and RTCP are accompanied by RTSP (Real-time Session Protocol), used to request particular content, provide content description, pause and re-start the media stream for point-to-point connections, etc.
[0011] While protection for RTP packets are provided, conventional digital rights management systems provide little or no protection for RTSP and RTCP packets. Disadvantageously, such a system would be open to additional denial of service attacks due to lack of RTCP and RTSP message integrity and would not provide user privacy (e.g. for user viewing patterns). Moreover, there is no single key negotiation for each streaming session that would provide all of the keys necessary for each of the protocols associated with the media streaming (e.g. RTP/RTCP/RTSP).
[0012] Therefore, there is a need to resolve one or more of the aforementioned problems and the present invention meets this need.
[0013] According to a first aspect, this invention is a single key management system for creating a set of security parameters for a collection of related protocols. Protocols such as RTSP (real-time streaming protocol), RTP (real-time protocol) and RTCP (real-time control protocol) messages are secured. These protocols which permit streaming of real-time data from a server to client, are secured by security parameters. A security parameter may be a MAC (message authentication code) key, content encryption/decryption keys, etc.
[0014] In one aspect, for example, security parameters include an encryption key for encrypting outbound messages and an authentication key for authenticating outbound messages. Security parameters may also include decryption and authentication keys for inbound messages. Advantageously, all security parameters needed for a streaming session are created at one time. Moreover, an identifier is employed for collectively tying all of the related protocols.
[0015] According to another aspect of the present invention, a method for securely transferring the real-time data stream is taught. This method includes the steps of establishing two or more security parameters for securing the streaming session. Thereafter, a session identifier associated with the security parameters is established. In this manner, all parameters related to the streaming session are easily identifiable.
[0016] Real-time data is securely transferred by exchanging the RTSP, RTP and RTCP messages in any order. For example, the client transmits an RTSP message to the server requesting the real-time data stream. In response, the server sends an RTSP message containing a list of RTP and RTCP ports for streaming the real data time stream. These messages are secured by the security parameters. Note that the security parameters are identifiable using the session identifier.
[0017] According to another aspect of the present invention, a method for securing a real-time data stream with a MAC key and an encryption key is disclosed. The method includes a number of steps. First, RTSP messages authenticated with the MAC key are exchanged between a client and a server. Further, the server transmits RTP messages to the client for streaming the real-time data. Similarly, the RTP messages are encrypted with the encryption key, and authenticated with the MAC key. RTCP messages are further exchanged to facilitate secure streaming of real time data. These RTCP messages are encrypted with the encryption key and authenticated with the MAC key. In this manner, the real-time data is securely streamed from the server to the client. Note that the messages can be encrypted, authenticated or both.
[0018] Advantageously, the present invention is convenient, and simplifies the complexity of secure real-time data streaming by having a single set of security parameters associated with a common session identifier that associates these protocols to a single secure session.
[0019]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a network for facilitating streaming of content over a communication network.
[0020]FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an IPRM (Internet protocol rights management) system incorporating the ES Broker™ protocol for applying key management and security to the network of FIG. 1 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
[0021]FIG. 3 is a high-level flow diagram of the security and key management protocol when key management is initiated by a consumer (client) to a caching server (server) in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
[0022]FIG. 4 is a high-level flow diagram of the security and key management protocol when key management is initiated from a caching server (server) to a content provider (client) in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
[0023]FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating initial registration and the receipt of content by a consumer in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
[0024] A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention herein may be realized by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and the attached drawings. References to "steps" of the present invention should not be construed as limited to "step plus function" means, and is not intended to refer to a specific order for implementing the invention. Further features and advantages of the present invention, as well as the structure and operation of various embodiments of the present invention, are described in detail below with respect to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, the same reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements.
[0025] Briefly, according to a first aspect, this invention is a single key management system for creating a set of security parameters. This single set of security parameters are used to secure a collection of related protocols. Protocols such as RTSP (real-time streaming protocol), RTP (real-time protocol) and RTCP (real-time control protocol) messages are secured during streaming of real-time data from a server to client.
[0026] A client initiates communication with a server having the real-time data. Initially, the security parameters for securing the streaming session are derived. Thereafter, a session identifier associated with the security parameters are established. Next, using an RTSP message, the client requests the real-time data stream from the server. After the RTSP message is received, the server establishes a streaming session for streaming an RTP message containing the real-time data packets, the RTP message being secured with the security parameters. Also, the RTSP message is secured as well. One or more of the RTCP, RTP and RTSP messages are exchanged in any order, each message being secured with the security parameters which are identifiable with the session identifier. In this manner, these protocols are secured by encryption and authentication in order to securely stream data from the server to the client.
[0027] While the present invention will be described with reference to RTP, TCP and RTSP, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that it is applicable to other type protocols within the spirit of the present invention. For example, the present invention may be applicable to Real Network's protocol.
[0028]FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an IPRM (Internet protocol rights management) system 200 incorporating the ESBroker™ protocol for applying key management and security to network 100 of FIG. 1 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
[0029] Among other components, IPRM system 200 comprises a content provider 202, consumer 216, Internet 214, a provisioning center 206, a central server 205 that contains both a content description database 208 and a search engine 210, caching servers 212, 213 and 215 all of which function in a similar manner to those of the corresponding components in FIG. 1. In addition, IPRM system 200 comprises a KDC (key distribution center) 204 containing an AS (authentication server) 207 for issuing a TGT (ticket granting ticket) to consumer 216, a TGS (ticket granting server) 209 for providing server tickets to access particular servers, a provisioning server 220, and a billing center 211. KDC 204, billing center 211, provisioning center 206 and central server 205 are all located within a central unit 218 for facilitating provisioning of services within IPRM system 200.
[0030] Further, IPRM system 200 contains an IPRM agent 202A for administering rights management for content provider 202, a session rights object 202B for defining user selection and content access rules for content to be streamed, an IPRM agent 212A for administering rights management for caching server 212, IPRM agent 213A for administering rights management for caching server 213, IPRM agent 215A for administering rights management for caching server 215, IPRM agent 216A for administering rights management for consumer 216, and a viewer (not shown) within consumer 216 for receiving desired content. Although not shown, the foregoing components may be located within their associated components. For example, IPRM agent 202A is locatable within content provider 202 rather than externally as shown.
[0031] As noted, IPRM system 200 generally functions to facilitate streaming of content in a secure fashion, to consumer 216 by using caching servers 212, 213 and 215. Content provider 202 provides content only once and thereafter it can be moved among the caching servers. The reason for the caching servers are to move the content closer to the edges of IPRM system 200. This improves the streaming performance and allows smaller content providers to sell their content without the need to buy expensive hardware for media streaming. It also allows introduction of an IP multicast (communication between a single sender and multiple receivers on a network) only at the caching servers. With current technology it is easier to have an IP multicast limited to a local access network than to have an IP multicast over the Internet.
[0032] The present invention in accordance with a first embodiment provides security to IPRM system 200 via KDC 204, IPRM agents 202A, 212A, 213A, 215A, and 216A. The IPRM agents in conjunction with KDC 204 and provisioning center 206 provide authentication, privacy, integrity, access control and non-repudiation tools to all aspects of IPRM system 200. For example, before a consumer can utilize the system for streaming content, a registration process is required. Secure registration for the consumer is provided by IPRM system 200. Thus, during the registration process, no one else may replicate the identity of consumer 216 by intercepting messages between consumer 216 and KDC 204. KDC 204 is a trusted entity and provides key distribution to network components using a blend of symmetric and asymmetric algorithms.
[0033] KDC 204 and the IPRM components may be purely software protection, with a limited trust placed upon consumer 216 s, or may be hardware security modules, which may be mandatory to obtain rights to high quality content from copyright owners requiring high security levels, or may be a combination of both software and hardware. IPRM uses an authenticated key management protocol with high scalability to millions of consumers. The key management protocol is called ESBroker™ (Electronic Security Broker), a product of Motorola, Inc., San Diego Calif., will be referenced throughout this specification.
[0034] The ESBroker™ protocol partly based on the Kerberos framework consists of client interactions with the centralized Key Distribution Center (KDC 204) as well as with the individual application servers. A KDC client is any host that can send requests to the KDC. Within the IPRM system this includes consumers, caching servers and other IPRM system components. An application server is any server registered with the KDC for which a client might request a service ticket (e.g. caching server, Billing Center, etc.). The same host may be both a KDC client and an application server at the same time. For the IPRM system 200, the protocol employs a series of messages to accomplish key management between client and server interfaces of the system. This key management protocol is intended to be of general use for establishing secure sessions and is not restricted to the IPRM system. These messages listed in Table 1 below, are further described in the section entitled IPRM Protocol Messages.
[0035] In operation, the key management process between a client and a server is classified two phases: (1) a generic phase in which a client is in contact with KDC 204 to obtain a server ticket to access the server; and (2) a non-generic phase in which the client uses the server ticket to form a KEY_REQ (key request) message to the server. In the non-generic phase, a DOI (domain of interpretation) object containing information that is specific to a particular application of a general ESBroker key management protocol (e.g. specifically for the IPRM System). For example, in a key management process between consumer 216 (client) and caching server 215 (server), the generic phase involves obtaining, by consumer 216, a server ticket from KDC 204 for accessing caching server 215. The non-generic process involves using the server ticket to generate the KEY_REQ message for accessing caching server 215, wherein the KEY_REQ contains the DOI object that contains the Session Rights. Furthermore, which messages are used in the protocol depend on whether key management is client or server initiated. If server initiated, the TKT_CHALLENGE (ticket challenge) message is employed in addition to other messages as more clearly shown with reference to FIG. 3.
[0036]FIG. 3 is a high-level flow diagram of the security and key management protocol when key management is initiated by consumer 216 (client) to caching server 215 (server) in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Of course, it is assumed that both consumer 216 and caching server 215 have been registered by KDC 204 which acts as a trusted authenticator and can verify the identity of both nodes.
[0037] As shown, consumer 216 wishing to stream content from caching server 215 in a secure manner initiates the key management process. This is done by transmitting an AS REQ message to KDC 204 to obtain a TGT (ticket granting ticket) for TGS server 209. The AS_REQ message contains the consumer 216's identity, KDC 204's identity, more specifically the KDC realm or administrative domain, and a nonce to tie it to a response. It may also contain a list of symmetric encryption algorithms that are supported by consumer 216.
[0038] As shown, in response to the AS_REQ message, KDC 204 validates the TGT request, checks its local database for validity of consumer 216 and thereafter responds with an AS_REP message containing the TGT. It should be noted that the private portion of the TGT is encrypted with KDC 204's service key known only to KDC 204. The same KDC 204 service key is also used to authenticate the TGT with a keyed hash. Since consumer 216 does not know KDC 204 service key, it cannot modify it and cannot read the private part of the ticket. Because consumer 216 still needs to know the session key for subsequent authentication to KDC 204, another copy of the session key is delivered to consumer 216 using a key agreement algorithm (e.g., Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman).
[0039] After receiving and storing the TGT, consumer 216 is ready to start requesting streaming content on this network. A TGS_REQ message containing the TGT is sent to KDC 204 (TGS server 209) requesting a ticket for caching server 215. It should be noted that consumer 216 might perform additional provisioning actions, such as subscribe to a particular content provider. Also, consumer 216 may create a list of preferred caching servers.
[0040] Responsive to the TGS_REQ message, a TGS_REP message having the caching server ticket is transmitted to consumer 216 from KDC 204. If there are additional preferred caching servers, consumer 216 may contact KDC 204 to obtain caching server tickets for the preferred caching servers using the TGT. These caching server tickets may then be cached for later use. Otherwise, the caching server tickets are obtained at the time of requesting the content from the appropriate caching server.
[0041] For some consumers, KDC 204 first needs to query provisioning server 220 for subscriber authorization data before issuing the caching server tickets. This is accomplished with an AUTH_DATA_REQ/AUTH_DATA_REP exchange between KDC 204 and the provisioning server 220. The user authorization data is insertable into the tickets. The caching server ticket has the same format as the TGT—it includes a session key used for authentication to the caching server 215. The private part of the ticket is encrypted with caching server 215's service key known only to it and KDC 204. The ticket is also authenticated with a hash that is keyed with the same service key. As is the case with the TGT, consumer 216 is not able to modify this ticket. Consumer 216 needs the session key from the caching server ticket to authenticate itself to this server. A copy of this session key is delivered to consumer 216, encrypted with the TGT session key.
[0042] This process beginning with the AS REQ message to the TGS_REP message corresponds to the generic phase noted above wherein a client is in contact with KDC 204 to obtain a server ticket to access the server. Because it is generic, the same process is used to secure other interfaces for delivery of content from content provider to caching servers; reporting of usage; billing, etc. Further, this results in a more secure IPRM system without the need for unnecessary or complex options. Moreover, because of the reduction in complexity, problems are identified and rectified in an expeditious fashion.
[0043] Upon receiving the TGS_REP message containing the caching server ticket, a KEY_REQ message with the ticket is sent to caching server 215. The KEY_REQ message contains a MAC (message authentication code) of the message, DOI (domain of interpretation) object and a time stamp in addition to the caching server ticket. A DOI object is for carrying application specific information associated with this secure session. In the present embodiment, the DOI object contains session rights information for consumer 216. The reason for encapsulating the session rights into this DOI object is because the session rights are specific to this particular content delivery architecture (with caching servers), while the ESBroker protocol provides generic key management services. ESBroker could be applied to other types of secure sessions, with their application-specific information also encapsulated in the DOI object.
[0044] When caching server 215 receives the generic KEY_REQ message, it extracts the non-generic DOI object. Caching server 215 then checks application specific code for streaming, for example, verifies the DOI object, and authorization information. If the session rights matches the authorization data in the ticket, a KEY_REP message containing a sub-session key is forwarded to consumer 216. Note that the sub-session key is not the same session key in the ticket. The sub-session key is used to derive the security parameters. From that point, both sides have a protocol key and can start encrypting their final messages such as streaming content. If authorization fails, an error message is forwarded to the consumer. It should be noted that in some instances, the KEY_REP message contains a generic DOI object where caching server 215 needs to return some application specific information to consumer 216. For example, in the IPRM system, when the caching server sends a Ticket Challenge to the content provider to request a secure session, the session ID is provided later by the caching server, inside the DOI object in the KEY_REP message. The Ticket Challenge message is not authenticated and therefore does not contain a DOI object.
[0045] This phase (KEY_REQ/KEY_REP) corresponds to the non-generic phase in which the client uses the server ticket to form a key request to the server. This phase is non-generic because the DOI object varies depending on the interface being secured. For example, the DOI object relating to delivery of content from content provider to caching servers is different from that employed for delivery of the same content from a caching server to subscribers.
[0046]FIG. 4 is a high-level flow diagram of the security and key management protocol when key management is initiated from caching server 215 (server) to content provider 202 (client) in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
[0047] Key management is initiated by caching server 215 when a request for content is received and caching server 215 does not have the requested content. As shown, key management is initiated by sending a TKT_CHALLENGE (ticket challenge) message from the caching server 215 to content provider 202. The TKT_CHALLENGE is for use by a server to direct a client to initiate key management.
[0048] At decision block 224, if content provider 202 has a previously obtained caching server ticket, it forwards a KEY_REQ message containing the ticket to caching server 215. In response, caching server 215 sends a KEY_REP message as previously discussed above. On the other hand, returning to decision block 224, if content provider 202 has no caching server ticket and no TGT, it sends an AS_REQ message to KDC 204 which replies with an AS_REP message. If the content provider has its TGT the AS_REQ/REP is skipped.
[0049] Thereafter, content provider 202 sends a TGS_REQ message to KDC 204, and receives a TGS_REP message containing the caching server ticket. When the caching ticket is obtained, content provider 202 sends a KEY_REQ message in this case with no DOI object. The session ID may be either in the reply or the request or both; session rights don't apply since neither content provider 202 nor caching server 215 is a consumer. Once the shared key is established, SEC_ESTABLISHED message (not shown) is sent to caching server 215 by content provider 202. Since the server initiated key management, the SEC_ESTABLISHED message informs the server that security has been established. See line 13, above. But, the SEC_ESTABISHED message has been added to FIG. 4.
[0050] Advantageously, it should be observed that the same messages namely TKT_CHALLENGE, AS_REQ/AS_REP, TGS_REQ/TGS_REP, KEY_REQ/KEY_REP, SECURITY_ESTABLISHED are used in multiple protocols and scenarios depending on whether a client or server initiates key management. If the server requests key management, all of the messages are used including the TKT_CHALLENGE message. Contrawise, if the client initiates key management all messages other than the TKT_CHALLENGE are employed. It should be observed that the Security Established message is also commonly skipped when client initiates key management. Advantageously, because a single key management protocol is utilized on all interfaces, it is easier to analyze whether the system is secure. In addition, the system secures both streaming content and non-streaming content including billing data with the same key management with changes only to the DOI object field.
[0051]FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating initial registration and the receipt of content by consumer 216 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
[0052] A new consumer 216 wishing to receive content from caching server 215 may initially sign up with central unit 218.
[0053] At block 502, consumer 216 using a web browser accesses a web site (not shown) provided by central unit 218. Consumer 216 comes to the initial sign-up and software download page, downloads and installs a viewer application, including any IPRM components. Alternatively, the viewer application and IPRM components could be distributed to consumers with removable media, such as a CD-ROM.
[0054] At block 504, consumer 216 starts up the viewer to initiate an SSL (secured socket layer) session with provisioning server 220. The session is initiated using a central unit 218 certificate (not shown). The certificate is the signed public key of the central unit 218 previously obtained by consumer 216. After the SSL session begins, consumer 216 fills out the initial signup form, which includes a form for a user ID. Or, the user ID can be automatically assigned by the central unit. Consumer 216 next determines a local host identifier and sends it to provisioning server 220 along with other information. (This is done transparently by the viewer).
[0055] At block 506, provisioning server 220 extracts the user ID and converts it to an ESBroker™ principal name. A principal name is a uniquely named consumer or server instance that participates in IPRM system 200. In this case, the viewer principal name is the same as a subscriber id assigned to that viewer. After the user ID is converted to an ESBroker™ principal name, provisioning server 220 sends a command to KDC 204 to generate a new ESBroker™ principal in KDC 204 database (not shown). This command also includes a consumer 216 host identifier.
[0056] At block 508, KDC 204 generates a provisioning ticket containing a provisioning key (session key) for consumer 216. The provisioning key may be a symmetric key in one embodiment of the present invention. The provisioning key is used by KDC 204 for authentication of messages between itself and consumer 216. Thereafter, the provisioning ticket is returned to provisioning server 220 along with an SKS (Session Key Seed). Because consumer 216 has no access to the provisioning key (encrypted with a KDC 204 key), the SKS is used by consumer 216 to reconstruct the provisioning key located within the provisioning ticket.
[0057] At block 510, in addition to the provisioning ticket, configuration parameters including the user ID, ticket expiration time (already included in the non-encrypted part of the ticket), KDC 204 name and/or address etc. and (optionally) software components including an ESBroker™ software are downloaded by consumer 216. It should be observed that the software components might have been downloaded pervious to this registration procedure, as is the case in the Aerocast network.) Thereafter, the SSL connection is terminated.
[0058] At block 512, the ESBroker™ software is initialized using the downloaded configuration parameters.
[0059] At block 514, a public/private key pair for authenticating AS_REQ messages between consumer 216 and KDC 204 is generated. The public key is forwarded to KDC 204 from consumer 216. This is accomplished using a CLIENT_ENROLL_REQ message. The message contains the public key (symmetrically) signed with the provisioning key derived from the SKS by consumer 216. Since there is no access to the provisioning key within the provisioning ticket, consumer 216 derives the provisioning key from the SKS using a one-way function. The problem with distributing tickets and provisioning keys to software clients is that a software client may copy the ticket and key for forwarding to an unauthorized software client. To address this problem, consumer 216 receives the SKS instead of the actual provisioning key. Combining SKS with a unique host identifier using a one-way function generates the provisioning key. The SKS is specific to a particular host and can't be used anywhere else. In the present embodiment, consumer 216 executes the following function to reproduce the provisioning key:
[0060] Provisioning key=SKGen(Host ID, SKS)
[0061] Where SKGen ( ) is a one-way function; SKGen−1 ( ) cannot be calculated within reasonable amount of time (e.g. in less than the ticket lifetime).
[0062] At block 516, upon receiving the CLIENT_ENROLL REQ message, KDC 204 finds consumer 216 in its local database to verify the request. If the request is valid, KDC 204 stores the public key either in a client database that could be located locally on the KDC or at some other remote location with secure access. Alternatively, KDC 204 may generate a certificate with the public key for forwarding to consumer 216. A message CLIENT_ENROLL_REP acknowledging the key has been stored (or alternatively containing a client certificate) is then forwarded to consumer 216.
[0063] At block 518, consumer 216 is now enrolled and may contact a web site (not shown) with a database 208 having a listing a content from various providers including content provider 202. When the desired content is located, consumer 216 gets redirected to content provider 202.
[0064] At block 520, consumer 216 then contacts content provider 202 to which it was redirected and conveys its preferred list of caching servers, list of subscribed services, its ability to pay for content, etc.
[0065] At block 522, content provider 202 offers an optimized subset of purchase options that depend upon the context of the particular consumer and service. For example, price selection screens may be bypassed for consumers already subscribed to this service.
[0066] At block 524, content provider 202 generates a session rights object that encapsulates the purchase options selected by consumer 216, an optional set of content access rules (e.g., blackout regions) and a reference to the selected content. For example, a session ID which is a random number that was generated by consumer 216 when it requested these session sights from the content provider. An End Time after which these session rights are no longer valid, a ProviderID, PurchaseOption selected by consumer 216, etc.
[0067] At block 526, content provider 202 redirects consumer 216 to the appropriate caching server. In this case, content will be streamed from caching server 215 which is closest to consumer 216. If consumer 216 had previously cached a caching server ticket for caching server 215 when it signed up, it retrieves that ticket. If it has no cached ticket, it contacts KDC 204 using a TGT to obtain the correct caching server ticket.
[0068] At block 528, consumer 216 authenticates itself to caching server 215 using the caching server ticket, and at the same time (in the same KEY_REQ message) forwards the session rights object obtained from content provider 202 to caching server 215. Communication between consumer 216 and caching server 215 is accomplished using the KEY_REQ/KEY_REP messages, above.
[0069] At block 530, caching server 215 checks the access rules from the session rights object against consumer 216's entitlements contained in the ticket and also against the user selection (purchase option selected by the consumer) in the session rights object The entitlements are basically authorization data specific to consumer 216 which allows access to content. The set of content access rules is optional because it might have been delivered directly to caching server 215 with the content. Furthermore, caching server 215 can optionally gather additional content access rules from multiple sources. For example, an access network provider (e.g. cable system operator) might impose some restrictions for delivery over its network.
[0070] At block 532, if access is approved, consumer 216 and caching server 215 negotiate a Content Encryption Key (CEK) for delivery of the content.
[0071] At block 534, security parameters for securing communications during the streaming session are established. Among other parameters, the security parameters include MAC (message authentication code) and content encryption keys, the derivation of which is discussed under "Key Derivation," below. A session identifier associated with the security parameters is also established. When consumer 216 starts issuing RTSP commands to the caching server 215 to get description of the content (RTSP URL), and to request to play the content, the RTSP message is secured with the security parameters.
[0072] At block 536, caching server 215 receives RTSP commands, decodes them and returns encrypted RTSP responses. When an RTSP command requests to play a specific URL, caching server 215 verifies that the specified URL is what was specified in the session rights object for this secure session, identified by the Session identifier.
[0073] At block 538, after receiving a request to play an RTSP URL, caching server 215 establishes a streaming session and begins to send out RTP packets. Both caching server 215 and consumer 216 periodically send RTCP report packets. All RTP and RTCP packets are encrypted with the security parameters. Further, the RTP and RTCP packets associated with the same RTSP URL are encrypted using the security associations identified by the same Session ID, the Session ID that was recorded when caching server 215 started receiving encrypted RTSP messages from consumer 216. It should be observed that the RTSP, RTP and RTCP messages may be exchanged in any order, each message being secured with the security parameters which are identifiable with the session identifier.
[0074] At block 540, consumer 216 decrypts and plays the content. At the same time, consumer 216 may issue additional RTSP commands (e.g. to pause or resume content play out), still encrypted using the same Session ID. Caching server 215 keeps track of who viewed the content, how long the content was viewed, and under what mechanism the content was purchased.
[0075] Streaming and Non-Streaming Content
[0076] There are two basic categories of content that are protected: streaming and non-streaming content. The following protocols are used to deliver either the actual streaming content or information related to the content: Streaming Content: RTP (real-time protocol)/RTCP (real-time control protocol), RTSP (real-time streaming protocol). Non-streaming transfer of content between servers: Transfer Agent Protocol (modified RTSP), Streaming Description: RTSP with SDP (session description protocol). Other Non-Streaming Content: HTTP (provisioning, content publishing to the directory); Custom protocols over either TCP (transport control protocol) or UDP (user datagram protocol) (content usage reporting). In standards-based systems, the streaming content is typically delivered using the RTP. There are additional proprietary streaming protocols such as Real and Microsoft's Windows Media that may be employed. Note that these protocols are exemplary as other type protocols may be employed.
[0077] Key Derivation
[0078] This key derivation procedure is specific to the IPRM DOI_ID value and is applicable to media streams as well as other target protocols that fall under the same DOI_ID. After the Target Application Secret (TAS) (a concatenation of the ESBroker™ session key and the subkey) has been established with key management, it is used to derive the following set of keys in the specified order. A client (that generated an ESBroker™ KEY_REQ message) derives:
[0079] Outbound EK, content encryption key for outbound messages. The length is dependent on the selected cipher.
[0080] Outbound KMAC, a MAC (Message Authentication Code) key used in the generation of a MAC for authenticating outbound messages. The key length is dependent on the selected message authentication algorithm.
[0081] Inbound EK, content encryption key for inbound messages.
[0082] Inbound KMAC, a MAC key used for authenticating inbound messages.
[0083] An application server (that generated an ESBroker™ Key Reply message) derives:
[0084] Inbound EK
[0085] Inbound KMAC
[0086] Outbound EK
[0087] Outbound KMAC
[0088] Note that the derivation order of the inbound and outbound keys at the client and server are reversed—this is because the same key used to encrypt outbound traffic on one side is used to decrypt inbound traffic on the other side. Similarly, a MAC key used to generate MACs for outbound messages on one side is used to verify the MAC values on inbound messages on the other side.
[0089] Note that not all the keys are used for each protocol. For example, RTP only uses EK, the encryption key, and only for one direction of traffic—because within IPRM there are no two-way RTP sessions (clients don't send RTP packets back to streaming servers).
[0090] While the above is a complete description of exemplary specific embodiments of the invention, additional embodiments are also possible. Thus, the above description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention, which is defined by the appended claims along with their full scope of equivalents.
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Registration takes less than 1 minute.
The derailment of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe train spilled more than 35,000 gallons of crude oil just east of Culbertson, Mont., according to an e-mail from DOT official Michael Turnbull.
Harold Daggett was elected for a second term as ILA president, while his son, Dennis Daggett, was elected executive vice president of the East Coast dockworkers' union.
Descartes will link trade compliance data and documentation from its Global Logistics Network to SAP's transportation management application for better shipment visibility for SAP's TM customers.
The second quarter financial results of ocean carriers NYK, MOL and "K" Line reflected a weak Asia-Europe market and strong supply pressure.
The U.S. Senate also passed a long-term highway bill that will be debated by the House after the summer break.
The European Commission will now conduct an in-depth analysis under the EU's merger regulations before coming to a decision on FedEx's $4.8 billion offer to buy TNT.


text:
Voters in Florida will be deciding this November on an amendment to their state constitution to allow so-called medical marijuana, the Clearwater Gazette reports today. Critics of the measure, including many from law enforcement, say the language of the proposal is so broad that it would legalize recreational pot smoking, citing the experience in California where the allowance of medical marijuana made the drug available to just about anyone that wanted it.
Opponents of the measure, which is question 2 on the state ballot, have organized a "Vote No on 2" campaign to convince voters to reject the measure. The Gazette reports, "Dr. Jessica Spencer, statewide coalition director of the Vote No on 2, will be the guest speaker at the Monday meeting. She represents the organization that argues that the amendment would allow unrestricted sale and use of marijuana by anyone, including minors, in a virtually unregulated setting like the one that followed a medical marijuana measure in California."
Most in law enforcement, including the majority of the Florida Sheriffs Association, are opposed to passing the measure. They fear the legalization of marijuana, via the "medical marijuana" amendment, would lead to the use of other more dangerous drugs since many addicts first begin to use pot as a "gateway drug" before progressing to additions to other drugs such as opiates, oxycodone, oxycontin, cocaine, heroin, etc.
The measure, titled the Florida Right to Medical Marijuana Initiative, might even have an effect on the race for governor in Florida this year. Incumbent governor Rick Scott, a Republican, opposes the measure but recognizes that some substances contained in the plant do have medicinal benefits. The Washington Examiner reported recently, "Scott opposes Amendment 2, but he recently signed legislation that legalized the prescription of a strain of non-euphoric marijuana that can help treat epilepsy, Lou Gehrig's disease, and other ailments. The strain is low in THC and the bill only allows marijuana consumption through oil or vapors, but not by smoking, according to the Tampa Bay Times. "
Democrat nominee for governor, Charlie Crist, is believed to be in favor of the measure but that is not yet confirmed. While there is believed to be wide public support for the concept of medical marijuana, the position of Scott might be in line with public opinion the more voters realize that the non-intoxicating ingredients in marijuana that are medically beneficial can be taken by patients in non-smokeable and non-intoxicating forms. This, in addition to a growing perception that the real purpose of "medical marijuana" is legalizing of recreational pot smoking may lead to increased opposition to legalizing smokeable pot as medical marijuana.
Suggested Links
- News site exposes pro-Sharia law Republicans
- Two-time illegal immigrant is a rape suspect in sanctuary city Philadelphia
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- Immigration protests and feds bringing riot gear could lead to violence


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Get Involved
Your organisation can apply to be an approved community service project if you meet the following criteria. Your organisation must:
If you would like to apply to be an approved community service project, contact Vanessa Nielsen, Community Service Rejuvenation State Coordinator for an application form on 07 3238 3989 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Last updated: 16 December 2013


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Augustana Emergency Notification System
|Student Update
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The Augustana Emergency Notification System emergency notification information can be entered by clicking the appropriate link above and logging into the portal. Additional information can be found on the Augustana Emergency Notification System frequently asked questions page or you can email questions to email@example.com
- All current students and employees are required to participate. All current student, faculty and staff Augustana College issued e-mail addresses (@ole.augie.edu or @augie.edu) have been downloaded into the Augustana Emergency Notification System database.
- Students and employees will receive alerts during those terms when they are registered for class or employed by the college.
- Students and employees will be able to confirm or update their emergency notification information for the Augustana Emergency Notification System at anytime by clicking the appropriate link above. Students and employees need their Augustana College user name and password to access their information.
System Overview
The Augustana Emergency Notification System is the College's emergency notification system. We will use this system to inform you of emergencies, the actions to take and where to turn for additional information and updates. This automated system allows Augustana College officials the ability to notify you quickly using one or more of the following methods:
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Text Messaging
By registering your cell phone number with the college you will receive emergency text messages alerting you of a current or imminent threat. Your cell phone must have text messaging capabilities. Augustana College will use this information for emergency communication purposes only. Augustana College encourages you to select a unique ring tone on your cell phone for the Augustana Emergency Notification System messages; which will always be sent from the same number - 23177.


text:
An anastomosis device is a one piece device for connecting a graft vessel to a target vessel without the use of conventional sutures. The anastomosis device includes an expandable tube configured to have a graft vessel secured to the tube. The device has an expandable linkage positioned at one end of the device and expansion of this linkage causes a first radially extending flange to fold outward. This first flange abuts an interior wall of a target vessel and a second flange is formed which abuts an exterior wall of the target vessel trapping the target vessel between the two flanges and secures the end of the graft vessel into an opening in the wall of the target vessel. The device greatly increases the speed with which anastomosis can be performed over known suturing methods and allows anastomosis to be performed in tight spaces.
1. A method of forming an anastomosis between a graft vessel and a target vessel, each vessel having a lumen therein and a wall around the lumen; the method comprising:
providing an anastomosis device and an expander;
connecting an end of the graft vessel to said anastomosis device;
delivering at least a portion of the anastomosis device into the lumen of the target vessel through an opening in the wall of the target vessel;
manipulating said anastomosis device to form a first flange therein, said first flange positioned in the lumen of the target vessel and spaced apart from the wall of the target vessel; wherein said manipulating includes translating said expander relative to said anastomosis device, and wherein said manipulating completely forms said first flange; and
moving said first flange into contact with the wall of the target vessel after said manipulating is complete.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
providing a holder; and
connecting said anastomosis device to said holder, wherein at least a portion of said anastomosis device is separable from said holder.
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. The method of
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This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/664,589, filed Sep. 18, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,652,541, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/314,278, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,428,550, filed May 18, 1999, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The present invention relates to an anastomosis device and method, and more particularly, the invention relates to an anastomosis device and a deployment system for forming a sutureless connection between two blood vessels.
Vascular anastomosis is a procedure by which two blood vessels within a patient are surgically joined together. Vascular anastomosis is performed during treatment of a variety of conditions including coronary artery disease, diseases of the great and peripheral vessels, organ transplantation, and trauma. In coronary artery disease (CAD) an occlusion or stenosis in a coronary artery interferes with blood flow to the heart muscle. Treatment of CAD involves the grafting of a vessel in the form of a prosthesis or harvested artery or vein to reroute blood flow around the occlusion and restore adequate blood flow to the heart muscle. This treatment is known as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).
In the conventional CABG, a large incision is made in the chest and the sternum is sawed in half to allow access to the heart. In addition, a heart lung machine is used to circulate the patient's blood so that the heart can be stopped and the anastomosis can be performed. In order to minimize the trauma to the patient induced by conventional CABG, less invasive techniques have been developed in which the surgery is performed through small incisions in the patients chest with the aid of visualizing scopes. Less invasive CABG can be performed on a beating or stopped heart and thus may avoid the need for cardiopulmonary bypass.
In both conventional and less invasive CABG procedures, the surgeon has to suture one end of the graft vessel to the coronary artery and the other end of the graft vessel to a blood supplying vein or artery, such as the aorta. The suturing process is a time consuming and difficult procedure requiring a high level of surgical skill. In order to perform the suturing of the graft to the coronary artery and the blood supplying artery the surgeon must have relatively unobstructed access to the anastomosis sites within the patient. In the less invasive surgical approaches, some of the major anastomosis sites cannot be easily reached by the surgeon because of their location. This makes suturing either difficult or impossible without opening up the chest cavity.
An additional problem with CABG is the formation of thrombi and atherosclerotic lesions at and around the grafted artery, which can result in the reoccurrence of ischemia. Thrombi and atherosclerotic lesions may be caused by the configuration of the sutured anastomosis site. For example, an abrupt edge at the anastomosis site may cause more calcification than a more gradual transition. However, the preferred gradual transition is difficult to achieve with conventional suturing methods.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a sutureless vascular anastomosis device which easily connects a graft to a target vessel. It would also be desirable to provide a sutureless anastomosis device which is formed of one piece and is secured to the target vessel in a single step.
The present invention relates to an anastomosis device for connecting an end of a graft vessel to a target vessel. The anastomosis includes a first linkage formed of a plurality of struts and a plurality of axial members. The first linkage is expandable from a first configuration in which the first linkage is a substantially cylindrical shape to a second configuration in which the first linkage includes a first radially extending flange. A substantially cylindrical central connecting portion extends from the first linkage. A second linkage is configured to form a second radially extending flange spaced from the first radially extending flange.
In accordance with an additional aspect of the present invention, an anastomosis device for connecting an end of a graft vessel to a target vessel includes an expandable device formed from a plurality of struts and deformable from a first configuration in which the device is substantially tubular to a second configuration in which the device includes a first radial flange and a second radial flange spaced from the first radial flange a distance sufficient to accommodate a wall of a blood vessel. A first end of the expandable device includes a first linkage which changes from a substantially tubular configuration to a radially extending configuration to form the first flange upon radial expansion of the first end by an expander positioned in a center of the expandable device. A second end of the expandable device includes a second linkage which is configured to form the second radial flange upon deployment of the device.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method of performing anastomosis includes the steps of providing a one-piece tubular anastomosis device; everting an end of a graft vessel around the anastomosis device; puncturing a target vessel with a trocar; inserting the tubular anastomosis device with everted graft vessel into the puncture in the target vessel; radially expanding the tubular anastomosis device with an expander to cause portion of the tube to fold outward forming a first annular flange; and forming a second annular flange on the anastomosis device to trap a wall of the target vessel between the first and second annular flanges and seal the graft vessel to the target vessel.
In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, an anastomosis device deployment system includes a handle, a holder tube attached to the handle, and an expander positioned within the holder and slidable with respect to the holder to a position at which the expander is positioned within the anastomosis device to radially expand the anastomosis device. The holder tube has a distal end configured to hold the anastomosis device with an attached graft vessel.
The invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the preferred embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which like elements bear like reference numerals, and wherein:
The present invention relates to an anastomosis device and method for connecting a graft vessel to a target vessel without the use of conventional sutures. The anastomosis device according to the present invention can be deployed with a deployment system which greatly increases the speed with which anastomosis can be performed over prior art suturing methods. In addition, the anastomosis device provides a smooth transition between the graft vessel and the target vessel. The devices according to the present invention are particularly designed for use in connecting graft vessels to blood delivery or target vessels. Suturing a graft vessel to a target vessel is difficult with conventional techniques, particularly in minimally invasive procedures where space may be limited. However, with an anastomosis device and deployment system of the present invention, anastomosis can be performed efficiently and effectively in tight spaces.
In use, a graft vessel 30 is inserted through a center of the tubular anastomosis device 10 and is everted over the first linkage 16 at the first end of the device. The first end of the device may puncture part way or all the way through the graft vessel wall to hold the graft vessel 30 on the device. An opening 34 is formed in the target vessel 32 to receive the graft vessel 30 and anastomosis device 10. Once the anastomosis device 10 with everted graft vessel 30 are inserted through the opening 34 in the target vessel 32, the first and second flanges 20, 22 are formed as shown in
The first and second flanges 20, 22 are formed by radial expansion of the anastomosis device 10 as follows. The first and second linkages 16, 18 are each made up of a plurality of axial members 12 and struts 14. The struts 14 are arranged in a plurality of diamond shapes with adjacent diamond shapes connected to each other to form a continuous ring of diamond shapes around the device. One axial member 12 extends through a center of each of the diamond shapes formed by the struts 14. A reduced thickness section 26 or hinge in each of the axial members 12 provides a location for concentration of bending of the axial members. When an expansion member such as a tapered rod or an inflatable balloon is inserted into the tubular anastomosis device 10 and used to radially expand the device, each of the diamond shaped linkages of struts 14 are elongated in a circumferential direction causing a top and bottom of each of the diamond shapes to move closer together. As the top and bottom of the diamond shapes move closer together, the axial members 12 bend along the reduced thickness sections 26 folding the ends of the device outward to form the first and second flanges 20, 22. Once the first and second flanges 20, 22 have been formed, the wall of the target vessel 32 is trapped between the flanges and the everted graft vessel 30 is secured to the target vessel.
In the anastomosis device 10 shown in
In use, the graft vessel 30 is inserted through a center of the tubular anastomosis device 40 and everted over the first end of the device as shown in
In the embodiment of
With this embodiment of
In use, the anastomosis device 60 is provided with a graft vessel 30 which is inserted through a center of the device and everted over the pointed ends 74 and interior diamonds 64 of the device. The anastomosis device 60 and everted graft vessel 30 are then inserted in the opening 34 in the target vessel 32 and the first annular flange 66 is deployed by expansion of the device with an axially movable expander. After formation of the first annular flange 66, the pull tabs 68 are folded downward and outward in the direction of the arrows B illustrated in
An alternative embodiment of an anastomosis device 80 illustrated in
In use, the anastomosis device 120 of
After formation of the first flange with the expander, the expander is withdrawn. During this withdrawal of the expander, an annular groove on an exterior surface of the expander engages the tab locks 138 causing the pull tabs 130 to bend outwardly to form the second flange. Alternatively, the tab locks 138 may be caught on a leading edge of the expander. As the pull tabs 130 bend outwardly, the T-shaped ends 132 of the pull tabs disengage from the deployment device. According to one embodiment of the invention, the second flange is formed by a first bend in the pull tabs 130 at a location between the triangular slot 136 and the lock tab 138 and a second bend in the pull tab at the shoulder 134. These two bends in the pull tabs 130 allow the anastomosis device to accommodate target vessels with different wall thicknesses. Each of the two bends preferably forms an angle of about 20-70 degrees.
As shown in
As shown in
One alternative embodiment of the holder tube 154 employs a plurality of flexible fingers which receive the pull tabs 130 of the anastomosis device 120. According to this embodiment each pull tab 130 is received by an independent finger of the holder tube 154. To deploy the second or outer flange of the anastomosis device 120, the flexible fingers flex outward bending the pull tabs 130 outward.
The handle 160 is shown in
The handle 160 also includes a first channel 188 and a second channel 190 in the grip 170 through which the graft vessel (not shown) may be guided. The grip 170 also includes a cavity 192 for protecting an opposite end of the graft vessel from the attachment end.
A cantilevered end of each of the axial members may be either rounded as shown in
Each of the anastomosis devices described above are preferably single piece devices which are formed by laser cutting or punching from a tube or sheet of material. The devices may be provided in varying sizes to join vessels of different sizes. The linkages, pull tabs, and other elements which have been discussed above with regard to the various embodiments may be used in varying numbers and arrangements.
The invention has been described as an anastomosis device which is expanded with an expander. The expander may be a tube, a balloon, or any other known expanding device.
Although the invention has been principally discussed with respect to coronary bypass surgery, the anastomosis devices of the present invention may be used in other types of anastomosis procedures. For example, the anastomosis device may be used in femoral-femoral bypass, vascular shunts, subclavian-carotid bypass, organ transplants, and the like.
The anastomosis devices may be made of any known material which can be bent and will retain the bent shape such as stainless steel, nickel titanium alloys, and the like. The hinges or pivot joints which have been discussed above in the various embodiments of the present invention are designed to concentrate the bending at a desired location. For example, the hinges may be formed with a reduced thickness or width, or with openings in order to concentrate the bending in the hinges.
The dimensions of the anastomosis device of the present invention are determined by the dimensions of the blood vessels to be joined. A distance between the two flanges is designed to accommodate the wall thickness of a target vessel which may vary. The anastomosis devices according to the present invention have been illustrated as cylindrical members. However, the devices may also be shaped into oval shapes, football shapes, or other shapes to accommodate smaller target vessels.
While the invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made and equivalents employed, without departing from the present invention.
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Join us on IRC: #infoanarchy on irc.oftc.net — channel blog
Bring back infoAnarchy, the first site to report on the coming age of abundance. Revive infoanarchy.org blog & wiki - donate BTC to 1J66guL99svkrDzEerVhammM938niMUC5G
From iA wiki
Acronym: The Center for Democracy and Technology
This website is primarily American-Centric, but has an International Issues Page.
The Center for Democracy and Technology works to promote democratic values and constitutional liberties in the digital age. This organisation is concerned with free speech, privacy, copyright, surveillance and other topics related to politics and the internet.


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Archive Only - Fresh content at http://www.cntraveler.com
Hotels / → All Tags
Check-In Wynn
Where: 3131 Las Vegas Blvd South [map], Las Vegas, nv, United States, 89109
May 2, 2005 at 3:56 AM | by markj | Comments (0)
The Wynn Las Vegas registration area was a zoo this morning. Even with at least a dozen Wynn workers servicing customers, the process was slow and cumbersome. This definitely falls under the "opening day glitch" category, however, it is important to note that throughout the process the Wynn workers stayed helpful and friendly, a good sign.
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Items tagged picnics picnicking in MV Collections
Search the collections
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Items per page: 10 50 (showing 1 - 10) 299 items
Negative - 'Frank Stephenson Enjoying Afternoon Tea With His Brother', Merrigum, Victoria, ...
Part of the Lilian Louisa Pitts collection. Lilian Pitts photographed, processed and printed her photographs from about 1910. The collection is based on her life in the fruit growing ...From: Merrigum, Australia Images: 1
Photograph - 'Tea on Cape Wollomai', by A.J. Campbell, Phillip Island, Victoria, Nov 1902
Image taken by A.J. Campbell on a camping trip to Phillip Island with the Ornithology Union in November 1902. From a photograph album containing 181 black & white and sepia toned photog ...Images: 1
Digital Photograph - Family Picnic with Spit Roast, Greenvale Reservoir, 1978
Colour photograph showing a Papadimitropoulos family picnic at Greenvale Reservoir, near Tullamarine, in 1978. Family picnics were an all day affair. The family would leave at 6:00 am t ...From: Greenvale, Australia Images: 1
Digital Photograph - 'Kadimah' Jewish Community Annual Picnic, Warrandyte, 1937-38
Black and white photograph showing members of the Jewish 'Kadimah' community organisation enjoying their annual picnic in Warrandyte, in Melbourne's east in 1937-38. Elias Baitz's Pa ...From: Warrandyte, Australia Images: 2
Digital Photograph - Crowd at Returned Services League Picnic, Dandenong Ranges, 1948-1949
Black and white photograph showing a Returned and Services League sports day and picnic at Silvan Reservoir in the Dandenong Ranges, in 1948 or 1949. The Beedles family took part in t ...Images: 1
Digital Photograph - Four Women & Three Canadian Servicemen on Picnic Party, Sassafras, 19 ...
Black and white photograph showing Sybil Oakes and friends on a picnic party with Canadian servicemen, in Sassafras in 1944 during World War II. Sybil Oakes was a servicewoman during ...From: Sassafras, Australia Images: 2
Digital Photograph - Family Setting out for Picnic in International Tray Truck, Cockatoo, ...
Black and white photograph showing the Treloar family setting out from their home in Cockatoo, east of Melbourne, for a picnic, circa 1948. They are sitting on the back of an Internatio ...From: Cockatoo, Australia Images: 1
Photograph - Picnic in Bush with Horse Drawn Wagon, 1910-1920
Photograph of two women, a man and a child in the bush with a horse drawn wagon. Image is part of a collection of photographs, documents and trade literature relating to Daniel Harvey P ...From: Box Hill, Australia Images: 1
Digital Photograph - Eight Men & Women on Outing in Bushland, Healesville, circa 1930
Group photograph of four men and four women on an outing in bushland. The men are standing and the women are seated in front of them. There are wooded hills behind them. This photograp ...Images: 1
Digital Photograph - Family Barbecue in Car Park, Healesville, 1970
Contributed by Mrs Margaret GreyImages: 1


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One of the best things about summer is eating.
At farmers markets, in grocery stores and in our own gardens, there are piles of big-leafed Swiss chard, juicy blueberries, crunchy cucumbers and lots and lots of zucchini.
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The time to get organized is now – but don't get over eager and sidestep these ethics of decluttering.
By BEV BENNETT
When unwanted stuff is taking over and you're itching to start tossing, it's tempting to aim straight for the trash can.
Resist the urge. Filling garbage bins should be the last resort, not the first, according to Micaela Preston, a sustainability advocate in Minneapolis, Minn. "I try to avoid the trash until all other options are gone," says Preston, author of "Practically Green: Your Guide to Ecofriendly Decision-Making" (Betterway Home, 2009).
Alternatives such as selling, donating, or recycling belongings can benefit others while avoiding harm to the environment, sustainability proponents say.
Of course, not all possessions have value to someone else; it's not helpful to pass along pillows infested with bedbugs. Decide how to ethically eliminate clutter with a few basic questions.
"Ask whether the items can be reused or recycled, or if they are hazardous," says Nathan Engstrom, regional sustainability coordinator at Northland College, Ashland, Wis. "Depending on the answer, find ways to get rid of unwanted goods," Engstrom says.
Business writer Kimberly Palmer has a different approach: "My test is whether I'd give [the discard] to my younger sister," says Palmer, of Washington, D.C. If the answer is yes, there is a wide range of opportunities, from selling to donating to creating something new from the discards.
Here are some options:
Sell or trade: A local resale or consignment shop may be interested in better-brand clothing, dishes, and small appliances that are in good condition. Clothing should be appropriate for the beginning of each season. Check first to see what the store is accepting.
Host a swap with friends: Get together a group of like-minded friends and host a clothes-swapping party (or any other tradeable item). Not only is it a trendy idea now; it's a good way to get what you need while whittling down your wardrobe.
Donate: Opt for nearby establishments, such as a neighborhood thrift shop, if available. "If the local shop isn't taking merchandise, check nonprofit organizations, which may be able to redistribute the goods," says Palmer. Used books and magazines can have a second life in a senior center or shelter.
Don't forget to do a little research about the organization. "Look for reviews online to see whether it's legitimate. Get a sense of how they use the items," says Palmer, also author of "Generation Earn" (Ten Speed Press, 2010). Getting a receipt for your donation is a good sign.
Recycle or repurpose: It's true that one man's trash is another man's treasure, and the Internet makes it much easier to find that man (or woman, or group). The Freecycle Network (www.freecycle.org) and similar services can help get goods into grateful hands. Preston, for example, found a taker for a box full of packing materials.
Perhaps unused items can evolve into tools for organizing the home. For example, stitch pockets onto an old towel and add hooks to the top. Add a rod and attach to a wall in the kitchen. Fill the pockets with small kitchen gadgets.
Lend or borrow: Community groups are springing up that allow members to lend goods to each other. They can help pare down possessions more than you thought possible. Instead of buying a roasting pan that's only used once a year, borrow it.
Discard: Get rid of things that are irrevocably soiled, broken, or hazardous, but do so in a way that doesn't damage your surroundings or put anyone at risk, say the experts.
Stained, torn clothing won't be accepted by a resale store, but it has more life to it. Call the local animal shelter to see if they'll take scraps for bedding. Visit the website www.earth911.com to find nearby organizations that accept rags.
Although it's tempting to dump metal discards on the side of the alley for scrap dealers to pick up, most municipalities frown on the practice. Check first.
© CTW Features


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Craft! - A Minecraft Guide
Craft! is your very own companion in your Minecraft world! Want to get rid of Ads? Search for Craft! Pro in the Play Store Want an app with a nice UI and easy navigation? Well look no further! Craft! has all these things and others like: + Easy access to every recipe. + Food information! +...
Craft! Pro - A Minecraft Guide
Craft! Pro is your very own companion in your Minecraft world! This is Ad-Free version of Craft!, once downloaded please make sure that it is only Craft! Pro installed on your device. Note: If you are looking for the Minecraft game for Android, look for "Minecraft Pocket Ed" in the...


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Intramural Ultimate
Sport: Ultimate Frisbee
Location: Ankeny, Harper Joy, or Borleske Stadium (depending on availability)
Season: Late spring
Days and times: Weekends between 9:30am and 4:30am
Divisions available: Divisions I and II
Competition and atmosphere:
IM ultimate Frisbee is a self-sufficient intramural sport. Players lay out the dimensions of the field with shoes, water bottles, or cones and during the game they call their own fouls. Teams compete against each other until one team reaches 13 points and wins by at least two points. Each team consists of up to three club players but is only allowed up to two male club players. IM ultimate gives club players a chance to play freely with their friends who aren't on the club team. Many teams are formed in students' first years at Whitman and stick together throughout their four years here on campus.


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$42,687 – $42,687 Invoice
21 / 29 MPG City/Hwy
Enter your information and a representative will contact you for this 2010 Audi TTS !
Audi has spun off the TTS as a more powerful, performance-tuned version of the Audi TT. The 2010 model is unchanged from 2009. Although it's more than 300 pounds heavier than the TT, the 2010 Audi TTS has considerably faster acceleration, according to the automaker. The TTS offers two suspension settings: normal and Sport. Like the TT, the TTS is available as a 4-seat hatchback coupe or as a roadster. Top competitors include the BMW 135i and the BMW Z4.
Standard equipment on the 2010 Audi TTS includes a power soft top on the roadster and 50/50 split-folding rear seats on the coupe, as well as 18-inch wheels with summer performance tires, leather and faux suede upholstery, automatic rear spoiler, quad exhaust pipes, xenon headlights, automatic climate control, remote keyless entry, 9-speaker sound system, Bluetooth connectivity, and electronically adjustable dampers. The Prestige package of options includes 19-inch wheels, heated power front seats, upgraded leather upholstery, DVD-based navigation system, and 12-speaker sound system with either a 6-disc CD changer or an iPod interface. As in the TT, upholstery is available with special baseball-glove-style stitching. The hatchback model provides 23 cubic feet of cargo space behind the rear seats, according to Audi.
The 2010 Audi TTS features Quattro all-wheel drive and a turbocharged, 2.0-liter 4-cylinder engine that produces 265 horsepower (65 more than the TT's engine) and 258 lb.-ft. of torque (a jump of 51 lb.-ft. from the TT). A 6-speed dual-clutch automated manual transmission can be used as a full automatic, or operated manually via the shift lever or steering-wheel-mounted paddles. Estimated gas mileage is 21 mpg in the city and 29 mpg on the highway, according to the EPA.
Standard safety features on the 2010 Audi TTS include anti-lock disc brakes, traction and stability control, side air bags, and front knee air bags.
The 2010 Audi TTS starts at an MSRP of $45,900.


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Photos: Senator Roy Blunt Promotes Mental Health Plan, Irritated By Gun Control Questions
Blunt continued, "Now if the majority wants to produce a bill to vote on, I'll look at it and in the past, I have voted on things that would've tightened these background checks at gun shows.... I voted for that, but I'm likely not to be for something that stops two neighbors from trading shot guns or stops a grandfather from giving a [gun]...to his 16-year-old grandson."
"But what if the 16-year-old granson has mental health issues?" the reporter interrupted.
"Look, look, look, you and I can debate this all we want to. I've told you what I'm for. And my best sense of this is that the most ground is to be gained now in the mental health field," he said. "And that's where I'm going to put my personal efforts."
From a press release earlier this month, here's an outline of the mental health measures Blunt is sponsoring.
WASHINGTON, D.C. - In the wake of the tragedy at Sandy Hook Elementary in Newtown, Conn., U.S. Senator Roy Blunt (Mo.) announced today that he is co-sponsoring several bipartisan bills in an effort to spend federal dollars more wisely when it comes to treating and identifying people who are mentally ill.
"Millions of people suffer from diagnosable mental disorders across America. But too often, we neglect or miss the warning signs of an individual suffering from a mental health crisis, and we fail to help them in their time of need," said Blunt.
- Senator Blunt joined U.S. Senator Debbie Stabenow (Mich.) in introducing the "Excellence in Mental Health Act," a bipartisan bill intended to address our nation's fragmented mental health system by offering current Community Mental Health Centers (CMHCs) a chance to obtain the Federally Qualified Community Behavioral Health Center (FQCBHC) designation. The legislation is also cosponsored by U.S. Senators Marco Rubio (Fla.), Susan Collins (Maine), Jack Reed (R.I.), and Barbara Boxer (Calif.).
- In addition, Senator Blunt is a co-sponsor of the "Mental Health First Aid Act of 2013," which was introduced by U.S. Senators Mark Begich (Alaska) and Kelly Ayotte (N.H.) and cosponsored by six of their colleagues. The bill authorizes the launch of a demonstration program to support mental health first aid trainings nationwide in order to help individuals to identify, understand, and respond to the signs of mental illnesses and addiction disorders.
- Senator Blunt is also a co-sponsor of the "Justice and Mental Health Collaboration Act," which was introduced by U.S. Senators Al Franken (Minn.) and Mike Johanns (Neb.) and co-sponsored by a bipartisan group of 14 of their colleagues in the Senate and 10 members in the U.S. House of Representatives. The bill will help make communities safer by improving access to mental health services for people in the criminal justice system who need treatment. The bill also focuses on giving law enforcement officers the tools they need to identify and respond to mental health issues, and includes a 5-year reauthorization of the "Mentally Ill Offender Treatment and Crime Reduction Act" (MIOTCRA), continuing support for mental health courts, and crisis intervention teams.
"I believe we need to have a national discussion about improving the ways in which we treat and identify people who are mentally ill so we can try to intervene before someone does something that tragically impacts their lives and the lives of others," Blunt continued. "That discussion should include looking for ways to spend federal dollars more wisely when it comes to mental illness, and these bills are a step in the right direction."
To view Senator Blunt's op-ed on mental health in the Kansas City Star, please click here.
Send feedback and tips to the author. Follow Sam Levin on Twitter at @SamTLevin.
Sponsor Content


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All girls love jewelry – myself included. One of my favorite jewelry shops in Lancaster County is Veleska Jewelry, because they've got beautiful, hand-crafted designer jewelry that's created right there in the shop. They also feature other artists from around the world. Kathryn, the owner, is so sweet – she always remembers her customers, and you instantly feel like you're old friends with her when you meet her.
My in-laws have exchange students stay with them a lot, now that their own children are out of the house, and one of the girls who stayed with them last year LOVED Tinkerbell. When I went to Veleska, I saw these cute Tinkerbell guitar pick earrings – and knew that I had to pick them up and ship them to Taiwan for her – Betsy will adore them!
So if you're looking for something unique, and a piece of jewelry that you'll get complimented on, be sure to stop by Veleska on your next trip to Lancaster County!