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Gear Review
Nice fit, little thin for the cold days
These gloves fit me perfectly in a large. No bunching, no loose fingers, just nice and snug. I like that the cuff comes up a little higher. Took them out on an early winter day: 38F, 10mph wind and my hands were pretty numb by the time I got back around sunset (32F, lt. wind). Probably a better glove for the 45-55F days like an earlier review mentioned.
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Hi, in this quick tutorial we will have a look at a new JavaScript mapping library, Leaflet using it to help load JSON features from a GeoCommons dataset. We will add our Acetate tile layer to the map, and use the cool API feature filtering functionalities to get just the features we want from the server, show them on a Leaflet map, add popups to the features, style the features according to what the feature is, and add some further interactivity. This blog follows up from two posts on my personal blog, showing GeoCommons features with OpenLayers and with Polymaps.
The dataset we will use is Leeds Buildings 2011 – it's shows all the buildings in the District of Leeds, UK, that were in the OpenStreetMap database as of July 2011. I made it from the England shapefile export from GeoFabrik.de, and can highly recommend checking out the download pages at GeoFabrik if you want to play with some OpenStreetMap data yourself.
Get Leaflet.
First go ahead an get Leaflet from http://leaflet.cloudmade.com/. Make sure you add on your page the link to the correct js file in the dist directory.
Make a Map
We set up everything on the init function called by the body onload event.
var myMap = new L.Map('map'); sets everything up with a div in the body with the id as "map"

Add Acetate tile layer
Acetate is the result of GeoIQ's set of Mapnik stylesheets and algorithms to create good quality basemaps especially for overlaying data on top.
It's a tile layer, and tile layers are usually defined according to the ZXY scheme. An example tile URL would be http://a2.acetate.geoiq.com/tiles/acetate/13/4059/2638.png
var acetateUrl = 'http://{s}.acetate.geoiq.com/tiles/acetate/{z}/{x}/{y}.png';
var acetateAttrib = '2011 GeoIQ & Stamen, Data from OSM and Natural Earth';
var acetate = new L.TileLayer(acetateUrl, {maxZoom: 18, attribution: acetateAttrib, subdomains: ['a1', 'a2', 'a3']});
The first line, we define the pattern for Leaflet to understand. The second line defines the attribution to show with the layer, and the last line, creates the TileLayer and passed in some options, the main thing here is the use of the {s} variable in the url and the subdomains option. {s} will be replaced with a1, a2 or a3, to create a proper image, like above.
var leeds = new L.LatLng(53.796, -1.551);
myMap.setView(leeds, 14).addLayer(acetate);
Now we create a LatLng object, centred over Leeds, UK, and then set the view for the map, and method chain adding the acetate layer to it. Once you've done this, you will actually see a map!
GeoiQ Features API & Get JSON Features
The features REST API allows a developer to get all the features within a radius, specifying the lat lon of the centre of the radius and the distance.
var geojsonLayer = new L.GeoJSON();
var url = "http://geocommons.com/datasets/168923/features.json?lat=53.796&lon=-1.551&radius=3&callback=?";
jQuery.getJSON(url, function(data){
jQuery.each(data, function(i,f) {
f.properties = {name: f.name, osm_id: f.osm_id, type: f.type};
f.type = "Feature";
// Now Push into geojson layer each feature
lat=53.796&lon=-1.551&radius=3 Is our spatial filtering. It says, given a point at Lat 53.796 and Lon -1.551, give me all the features within a radius of 3KM. Interestingly, we can also use the units param to specify the units of distance, if you like your imperial units!
I'm using JQuery here, as it's got some nice helpers. This grabs the JSON, and loops over the features, adding features to the geojson layer. Using the addGeoJSON method call.
Did you know that the features API also has the ability to filter by many different ways, for example by polygon, and by buffered polygon?
polygon=-77,34,-78.5,34.5,-82,32,-79,30,-77,34&radius=100. I particularly like the filter functionality. In our example, we could have just filtered the map to just show hospital buildings.
Add popup
We have to use the featureparse event on the geojsonLayer, and specify this before any things are added to the map.
geojsonLayer.on("featureparse", function (e) {
if (e.properties && e.properties.name){
e.layer.bindPopup(e.properties.name +"
"+e.properties.type);
The featureparse event is called just before features are added to the layer. Here it's looking at the feature, and if it has a name in the properties, then to create a popup, showing the name and type
Add click handler
We add a click handler within the same feature parse event handler.
if (e.properties && e.properties.osm_id) {
e.layer.on('click', function(ee){
Query(".info").html("OSM ID: "+e.properties.osm_id + " Name: "+
e.properties.name + " (type: " +e.properties.type+")");
Here, we use a bit of Jquery to update the value of a div with the details of the feature. It shows the osm id, and a link to the openstreetmap website for that feature, and some values.
Add categorical styling
This bit is a bit more complex, but essentially, the SVG features are styled using CSS, and can be styled accordingly. Within the same featureparse event handler, again, set up before features are added to the layer, we look to see if the feature has a type (like, hospital, retail etc), and if it has, then it's given a style. We only really change the style colour.
if (e.properties && e.properties.type && e.layer.setStyle){
var color = "#334DCC";
var t = e.properties.type;
var colormap = {
color = colormap[t] || color;
e.layer.setStyle({"color":color,"weight": 2,"opacity": 1 });
Give it a go!
Try out the playable demo, and if you want you can have a look at the code too.
All the code can be found here:
And a playable dem
Comments are closed.


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Photo by Jeff Sarpa
Leave a Review
I'd give this 10 forks if I could. This was probably the best chili I've ever made, and I love chili. Found lamb chops on sale and couldn't believe how great they were in chili! I used one can each of hominy and pinto beans; next time I'll just use hominy for the really interesting texture. Also used half chorizo and half linguica; next time I'll go for all chorizo because the linguica added nothing and I love chorizo. Can't wait to enter this into a cookoff. WOW!!flag if inappropriate
The flavor combination here was outstanding! I ended up using ancho chili powder (from www.penzeys.com) and added 3 poblano chilis which I sauteed with the chorizo. I used about half the garlic, but also made a smaller batch using only half the lamb, chorizo and hominy (a must!).flag if inappropriate
I don't get it. I find this recipe not at all what I've read in previous reviews. I did use ground lamb, perhaps that's the difference, but it is just how with a lamb sweet undertone. All I can say is I will not be making this chili again. NEVER!flag if inappropriate
this one is a showstopper! fantastic combination of flavors, lots of depth. Everyone I've ever made it for raves about it.flag if inappropriate
We tried this receipe when we first saw it in 2000. Wow, a real kick--- great chili. Love lamb and thought it was scandalous to use in a chili but glad we did. Making it tonight for party tomorrow. We never have leftovers.flag if inappropriate
Yet another chili cookoff victory to add to the list for this recipe! We went with white hominy instead of beans.flag if inappropriate
I made several chili recipies from the Epicurious website (turkey and white bean, vegetarian) - all got good reviews from our guests, but this one disappeared the fastest. I used ground lamb instead of cubed, and cooked it off first to get rid of most of the fat. Also made a bit more of the Ancho chile-based sauce - seemed a little dry (probably because I used 3 lbs of ground lamb instead of the cubes - more surface area to coat with sauce). Finally, spiced it up a bit with chipotle chiles in adobo (to taste).flag if inappropriate
Phenomenal chili recipe. I, too, won a chili cook-off with this recipe. I didn't change a thing. Very rich, layered flavors and multi-dimensional. Also, very expensive to make. After all was said & done I spent approx. $50 bucks... but I won!flag if inappropriate
My husband has been making this recipe since it was first published in the magazine. He uses his homemade chorizo (adaptation of one from Bruce Aidells)---that may be the secret to our loving it! He also uses a mixture of chilies, always including at least one ancho.flag if inappropriate
Wow! I also don't have access to good lamb so I used pork tenderloin instead. I used one can of hominy and one can of pinto beans. I also added 3/4 bottle of dark beer (I used Negro Modelo)and can of diced tomatoes with mild green chiles (Hunts brand -- they also have other varieties of diced tomatoes that would work great in this recipe). I couldn't find the ancho chiles and didn't know enough about what was for sale to know whether I'd like it or not, so I went with a winner -- chipotle chilis in adobo sauce. You don't have to cook them. I used half of a 7 oz. can and simply added the chicken broth and pureed it. After cooking the chili I took it off of the heat and refrigerated overnight. The next morning I added the beans, hominy and tomatoes and put it into the oven at 300 degrees and baked it for 3 hours. The flavors blended marvelously, the tenderloin got so tender, it was so good I couldn't stop eating it. I was worried it might be too spicy but it's not -- just the right amount of good smoky heat (adobo and chirizo). All of my friends (some don't like spicy food) loved it as did my daughters who are VERY picky eaters. Make this chili. If you like chili, you'll love this recipe.flag if inappropriate


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DURING the Japanese Invasion some 70 years ago, the villagers of Pulau Tuba in Langkawi escaped persecution and death when they found sanctuary in the caves of Wang Buloh.
Under the cover of darkness, they made their way to the caves and set up home there for their families.
Today, the vast network of limestone caves in the interior of the island is once again in the limelight as it has been identified as one of the unique features of Langkawi's geological park or geopark, a status accorded on June 1 by Unesco.
Langkawi is the world's 52nd geopark and the first in South East Asia. This status will help the people take the step into the 21st Century and is expected to improve their livelihood with the preservation of not only their culture but also their rich ecological treasures.
Breaking The Waves
To get to the caves, I started my journey at the PKNK (Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Kedah) Jetty near Kuah to take a boat to the island. With great skill, the boatman manoeuvred the vessel to avoid big waves created by heavy passenger ferries that ply the routes between Langkawi and Kuala Kedah, Penang, Kuala Perlis and Satun.
The salt-saturated wind blew in my face as I watched a pair of white-bellied sea eagles swooping across the sky in unison. Suddenly, I realised that the outboard motor was spluttering to a stop as the boat approached the jetty at Pulau Tuba.
We disembarked and I made my way to the largest settlement on the island, Kampung Tepi Pantai, where I learned that the best way for tourists or out-of-towners like me to move around was on a motorcycle.
Smiles and More Smiles
A large crowd of villagers had gathered around me, curious to know what a backpacker wanted in their little kampung.
Conversations were brief but I had never felt more welcomed. What impressed me most were their smiles. From children in school uniform to shirtless fishermen with sunbaked complexions, everyone wore a broad, genuine, full-teeth type of grin.
A food stall operator offered to rent me her son's motorcycle.
"It's the best way to travel around here, cheap and versatile. Park anywhere you like and continue again from where you left off," she advised. I paid her RM10 for a half-day rental, bade her and the crowd farewell and went on my way.
There were very few road signs and certainly none that pointed me towards my destination. Fortunately, the many villagers I met along the way were more than happy to enlighten me. I was also lucky enough to meet a man who volunteered to take me all the way to the foothills as his orchard was just nearby.
I asked if anyone had ever been lost on the way up. He smiled and said that there were man-made steps all the way to the caves. "As long as you keep to the path, you'll be alright," he assured me.
"When you come down, look me up and I'll show you my orchard," he added, pointing at the grove of cempedak trees heavily laden with fruit.
Huffing and Puffing
The concrete steps were steep at some parts but some vantage points along the way provided picturesque views of the lowlands. I took the better part of an hour to reach the main cave entrance. By then, I was breathing heavily and perspiring madly.
I was really out of shape! I wished I had worked out more often at the gym instead of lazing around in front of the television with my ever present bag of chips!
An Indiana Jones Quest
I felt like Indiana Jones on one of his quests for hidden treasure when I entered the cool but damp cave. Something made me look up suddenly, and the sight of a large serpent head nearly took my breath away. I almost doubled over.
On closer inspection, I was relieved to find that it was just a piece of eroded limestone, carved by rainwater over thousands of years to produce this magnificent masterpiece of nature.
Venturing further inside, the cave began to reveal its treasures to me. Algae covered rocks produced a delightful luminous green effect when it reflected the light from my torch. Wonderfully shaped stalactites and stalagmites joined the roof of the cave to the floor. Interestingly, there were no bats.
Praying Man
I continued walking, marvelling at the endless natural artifacts when, turning a corner, I saw a person standing at the far end of the cave.
Surprised to learn that I was not alone, I walked up to him with bated breath. But a man it was not. Instead, I found a rock in the shape of a man praying. It gave me an eerie feeling.
Later, upon my return to Kuah, I learned that Datuk Kamarulzaman Abdul Ghani, the general manager of Langkawi Development Authority was the man who realised the tourism potential of this cave and aptly named this unique natural handiwork, "Man Praying".
In fact he felt the Wang Buloh caves was one of the most important discoveries in the initial Geopark New Product Identification Project surveys. Ambitious plans are already in the pipeline to bring progress to the 3,000 residents of Pulau Tuba, the third largest island in the Langkawi archipelago.
Things To Do
Apart from the geological formations in the caves, I managed to see lots of wild orchids and squirrels. A good torchlight, comfortable walking shoes and plenty of drinking water are a must for this trip, not to mention making sure you are fit for the climb.
If you rent a motorcycle, you can safely leave it at the foothills. Locals will tell you that the island is crime-free. The only crime reported last year was a missing cow. Even that was just a case of misadventure as the animal had wandered off into the nearby jungle when its securing rope became loose. It was reunited with its owner the next day! Talk about enjoying peace!
Visit the orchards in the vicinity. This is particularly pleasurable during the fruiting season as the rows of rambutan, cempedak and guava trees will be laden with fruit. In the Malay tradition of welcoming visitors, these orchards are not fenced and a polite hello will start the owner telling you all about the fruits of his labour.
Where To Stay
There are a few privately owned chalets in Kampung Tepi Pantai that offer basic accommodation. Food is not a problem as the owner also runs a small shop that serves local fried rice and noodles.
Tourists from the main island of Langkawi can make day trips to Pulau Tuba. Just go to the PKNK Jetty next to the main jetty at Kuah. A return trip costs RM5.
Article is sourced from http://travel.nst.com.my/
Location, Driving Direction and Map to Pulau Tuba


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You sound very bitter. But if you must know this is my nieces account she was at my house online when i posted the comment it was already logged in. I have NEVER EVER posted anything on this website. And FYI my niece is a 28 yr old investment banker and im sure her rent is 3300$. My whole family is successful which is more then i can say about yours, Clearly. So instead of reading through all of her comments why dont you get up and look for a job or get your husband a job. I'm a 48 year old man, why would i have Dutchess as a screen name? Be real. As for her other post I cant comment on that because they arent my comments. As far as my comment goes i stick by it completely. I dont wont people like you your husband or nappy headed snot nose kid living around me. Go to the roach infested projects where you will fit in.
Sickjoke-I'm not disgusting its the truth. Why do i want some poor dirty trash that contributes nothing to society to be living in a condo as nice as mine when they cant even get off their butts to work. I can understand that people need affordable housing but its a difference between living in affordable housing and expecting to get a 3 bedroom 2 bath condo because your on welfare. I worked very hard to get to where I am. When i was going up homeless and poor my parents opitions for affordable housing was the projects or a state run shelter not a swanky waterfront condo. The problem is these people wont ever not need afforable housing if we keep giving them handouts. An another thing is if these people stop having kids they cant afford maybe they wouldnt need affordable housing.
Im sorry i live downtown at Crystal Point and I dont want Shaqeeda her 6 kids with no father and her drug dealing boyfriend living around me. If i wanted to live around the filth and the ghettoness i would be living on the hill instead of paying 5500$ a month to live someplace nice.
Gianna i completely agree with you....Typical white people name their children Rock,Boat,Seven oh and my all time favorite Auto Pilot but then have the nerve to talk bad about a black persons name
As for the racist on here i got to the point that its just become funny to me. I never fail to get a great laugh from this site due to the comments.....
Gianna i completely agree with you....Typical white people name their children Rock,Boat,Seven oh and my all time favorite Auto Pilot but then have the nerve to talk bad about a black persons name
As for the racist on here i got to the point that its just become funny to me. I never fail to get a great laugh from this site due to the comments.....
I went to go see this house because me and my husband were interested in it...and trust me it isnt even worth half of the asking price. I guess she thought because she was on tv people would be more interested...but ive seen nicer condos in Jersey City
I love how when WHITE people commit crimes all of a sudden mssoprano real and all the other "WHITE people can do no wrong bunch" are no place to be found. But when WHITE people commit crimes like raping little boys,selling drugs.robbery.kidnapping.and DUI...they're no place to be found. What is it... this story doesnt fit into your sterotype that its BLACK people commiting all the crimes? I love it....WHITE people are such oxymorons...when BLACK people do something they all up and arms but when a WHITE person does the samething...they have nothing to say...SMDH
Ahhhhhhh...the joys of living in America.....Where a family can lose everything in a fire but only raise 11,000$....and yet a murderer like Zimmerman can raise 500,000$. Isnt that messed up. Oh but I forgot...This is 2012 America...why would people care about the BLACK people who lost evrything in a fire...When they could spread their racist agenda by supporting Zimmerman.....I HATE THIS COUNTRY!!!!!......I'm 2 weeks away from moving to Poland where im judged by my skills and not who i know and/or by the color of my skin.......
Ive been noticeed that. I just assume they think black people dont go on this website. Which is sorta true. But hey just like anewarker said...none of them would dare say any of the things they sat behind a computer to an actual black persons face. So we're good.
what a dumb comment. Of course blacks live in Hoboken. Why would you think they didnt?
I dont understand why theres such a big problem with these people. Why are they even allowed to protest? the police shouldve been there deporting people on the spot. What dont they understand bout "your here illegally" u shouldnt have any rights. And before i get the backlash i mean it like its not like America is saying your not welcomed here but were saying do it the right way become an american citizen. They want to have all the freedom of America but they dont want to pay taxes like Americans. They think just because their country is messed up they should be able to come over here and live for free. Im tired of going to work every morning and seeing these people lined up at the welfare office with 6 or 7 kids in toe not speaking english but then the have the nerve to want free money and healthcare. The least they can do is learn english.
ummm well i live at Crystal Point and i work in Manhattan but only difference is i actually grew up here in jersey city...its so to here him talk about urban kids playing in that park when the park is actually marked private. Its meant only for the people who live at Aqua Blu....so i doubt if any "urban" kids will be playin there....as for the kid sayin he didnt know what grass was that just sounds like a lie to me
if u were talking about me sorry im far from a homegirl or illiterate....dont sit behind ur computer talkin junk cuz its very unattractive....
i can spell jus fine thank u...i went to private school not a ghetto school n jc...second of all how r u tellin me that my husbands nephew wasnt involved n that fight a few wks ago? are u serious? u sound lik the ignorrant one.
First of all i dont feel sorry for myself i mean why would i? Iam an investment banking analyst who lives at Crystal Point (if you dont what it is google it) nd the truth isnt racist because the truth is like i said not only black kids are commiting crimes. And im not blaming whites for any of my issues because i really dont have any. i live a very good life and i didnt get to where im at by hating white ppl.....Lik i said u white ppl r jus stupid...u dont c all the crimes that white ppl commit? its sad. so mayb u should get away from the computer and do something with your life because you seem very bitter
Where is DYFS at in this case? i mean they lock the mom up for endangering but for some reason DYFS hasn't removed the child. Thats sad because ive seen children removed from the home for way less then this and without there even being an arrest. But i forget DYFS only helps the kids who don't actually need their help....What was i thinking.....
Please can all you white people stop it. The more i come on here the more im ashamed to be born and raised in Jersey City. I never knew it was this many racist ignorant people here. Who GAF if the boy who stabbed him was white black purple green or pink. Maybe they didnt give you a desciption because it wasnt important. Stop turning everything into a race issue. Ever since Trayvon Martins case white people just have been so dumb. Yea not every crime gets media attention.
@im outta here if it is a hate crime or black/white violence then im sure you'll know. And if the young man who was stabbed is white nd the losser is black and the cops do nothing about it then feel free to riot march call the media or do whatever else you feel needs to be done to get the young man justice after all thats what all the marches and media attention surrounding Trayvon came from wanting justice. If you dont get that then you probably are a racist P.O.S
I wish everybody can just stop alreadt with the nonsense. Isnt there so much other stuff going on in the world?
Why are you basing their the discription on the area where they live? Are you indirectly saying they must be black because of the streets they live on? Well not only is your comment ignorant but its not even a fact. Newsflash not only black people live on those blocks just like not only white people live in the highrises on the Hudson.
You sure do know alot about section 8 and the people who have it are you sure your not one of those dirtbags...And as far as white people dont live in Bayone anymore thats not true. You should maybe try to except the fact that its the white people who "pay for nothing, they care for nothing, not even their own lives, or the lives of their children." Im just saying.
You sound really stupid and must be one of the other stupid white people that think the Trayvon Martin case is about race. No dummy its about the fact that he killed a kid and is getting away with it. This murdering clown was actually arrested and bought to trial because if he wasnt you wouldnt have been able to make such a dumb comment. So if Zimmermans murdering butt was arrested and bought to trial nobody would even know about Trayvon because people wouldnt be so outraged. So please stop being so ignorant ,or at least keep it to yourself.


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There are some positives associated with dudes who wear saggy pants.
It is entertaining to watch those with droopy drawers trying to perform activities that are quite simple for most people.
For example, when two men are riding in a car that quits running, they need to push it to a safe area.
Imagine a dude trying to push a car, hold his pants up, and smoke a cigarette at the same time. I saw this last week and had to laugh. He laughed, too.
Not as amusing, but just as interesting, was the young man I saw trying to fix his plate at a buffet, while holding a newborn baby in one hand and his pants up with the other.
R.B. Graves


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Bedfordshire Car Sales covers all the major locations including: Ampthill, Bedford, Biggleswade, Dunstable, Flitwick, Leighton Buzzard, Luton, Sandy, Shefford, Toddington.


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Are you a humanist? A lot of Evangelical Christians might hear that question and immediately say no, as though the idea is just unthinkable. Have another look.
This is the first of what may be many short videos, comparable to the "Nuts and Bolts" blogs. I'm interested in seeing how they are received.
Similar Posts:
- 2009's Greatest Hits
- Humanism, ignorance, and bizarre terminology
- Episode 036: Alvin Plantinga and Properly Basic Beliefs
- Charting a course for 2015
- Name that fallacy! Sarfati on Evolution
- Suggest a link!


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The Haitian earthquake has devastated the Chinese teachers of Sichuan, who know all too well this kind of devastation.
This brief story begins in 2006, when my organization – Teachers Without Borders – initiated a teacher development program focusing on science-inquiry methods in Sichuan, China. The program was collaborative. We all developed deep friendships. Local leaders emerged. It was fabulous. In 2007 we introduced concepts around earthquake safety.
Teachers Without Borders connects teacher leaders to information and each other to make local change — on a global scale
Teachers. Leaders. Worldwide. Membership is free. Join Now
Teachers Without Borders is looking for motivated, organized volunteers to help further TWB programs around the globe. Volunteer
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Hurricanes as StimulusBy
We pray for those in the path of Hurricane Sandy that God will protect lives and property. It is somewhat heartwarming that people will try to look on the bright side of even tragedies like this, but in that process we should not fall victim to faulty reasoning.
Without fail, in the buildup or wake of storms, disasters, or other destructive events a journalist or analyst will offer the opinion that the economy will benefit from the terrible event because of all the money that will be spent on rebuilding efforts. The storm will necessitate increased spending on lumber, drywall, and contractors which will increase aggregate demand, GDP, and employment, so goes the usual argument. Frederic Bastiat offered his own version of the argument in the mid-nineteenth century as the "broken window fallacy:"
Have you ever been witness to the fury of that solid citizen, James Goodfellow, when his incorrigible son has happened to break a pane of glass? If you have been present at this spectacle, certainly you must also have observed that the onlookers, even if there are as many as thirty of them, seem with one accord to offer the unfortunate owner the selfsame consolation: "It's an ill wind that blows nobody some good. Such accidents keep industry going. Everybody has to make a living. What would become of the glaziers if no one ever broke a window?"…
Suppose that it will cost six francs to repair the damage. If you mean that the accident gives six francs' worth of encouragement to the aforesaid industry, I agree… The glazier will come, do his job, receive six francs, congratulate himself, and bless in his heart the careless child. That is what is seen.
It is not seen that, since our citizen has spent six francs for one thing, he will not be able to spend them for another. It is not seen that if he had not had a windowpane to replace, he would have replaced, for example, his worn-out shoes or added another book to his library. In brief, he would have put his six francs to some use or other for which he will not now have them.
Let us next consider industry in general. The window having been broken, the glass industry gets six francs' worth of encouragement; that is what is seen.
If the window had not been broken, the shoe industry (or some other) would have received six francs' worth of encouragement; that is what is not seen.
And if we were to take into consideration what is not seen, because it is a negative factor, as well as what is seen, because it is a positive factor, we should understand that there is no benefit to industry in general or to national employment as a whole, whether windows are broken or not broken…
On the first hypothesis, that of the broken window, he spends six francs and has, neither more nor less than before, the enjoyment of one window.
On the second, that in which the accident did not happen, he would have spent six francs for new shoes and would have had the enjoyment of a pair of shoes as well as of a window.
Now, if James Goodfellow is part of society, we must conclude that society, considering its labors and its enjoyments, has lost the value of the broken window.
From which, by generalizing, we arrive at this unexpected conclusion: "Society loses the value of objects unnecessarily destroyed," and at this aphorism, which will make the hair of the protectionists stand on end: "To break, to destroy, to dissipate is not to encourage national employment," or more briefly: "Destruction is not profitable."
The broken window fallacy can be used to point out flawed thinking after hurricanes, but it also more generally demonstrates the value of looking for both the seen and the unseen effects of particular events. We now recognize the folly in believing that rebuilding from storms is unambiguously good (and, by extension, that the storms themselves are good) because we realize that rebuilding dollars would likely have been spent on other more valuable things than lumber and drywall.
Consider other stimulus plans, whether they bail out financial institutions, car companies, or build roads. That the banks, car companies, and roads benefit is undeniable, but we must also consider the unseen reduction in spending that must accompany these stimulus plans. If the government pays for these plans via taxation, then clearly the banks get bailed out at the expense of taxpayer income, who likely would not voluntarily spend their disposable income on bank bailouts. Even if the government borrows to pay for stimulus spending via bonds in order to avoid increased taxes, the result is higher interest rates today, which crowd out private spending, and higher taxes in the future to pay off bondholders. Again, the unseen effect is to decrease spending in other areas of the economy.
Politicians need to be subject to the broken windows test in the spending proposals they offer: aside from the crystal-clear moral arguments against forced contraception and abortifacient spending resulting from the HHS mandate and the lifting of the Mexico City policy, secularists can recognize the fiscal flaw in believing that the money spent on these seen programs is better than the unseen things that taxpayers would voluntarily purchase instead.
This is not to make light of the clear harm this hurricane is doing to the unfortunate residents of the East Coast. My heart and prayers earnestly go out to them in their plight. But it does not improve matters to assume that obviously bad events have good effects. Storms, like sin, are destructive and should be avoided even if muddle-headed thinking perceives a benefit when there really is none.
21 thoughts on "Hurricanes as Stimulus"
In the midst of death and destruction, you make a blog with a cheap title and insincere wishes? How disgusting!
Where is your spiritual stimulus? Where is you compassion flowing from your faith?
I believe that he established his compassion in the first line of the article: "We pray for those in the path of Hurricane Sandy that God will protect lives and property."
I pray for those families headed by gay couples. Their children and their loved ones are at risk during times like this. Our government refuses to recognize their love and commitment and deprives them of the rights and legal protections that we all take for granted. They won't be an,e to visit their spouses in the hospital. God forbid, one of them dies, their spouses will not get their inheritance or social security benefits, their children may be denied survivors benefits and be ripped from their homes. I pray that god protects the families that we have forsaken. Amen.
I doubt anyone reading believes that you pray for anything, let alone families headed by gay couples.
The real discussion we should be having is whether or not we should rebuild Manhattan. I mean, those people chose to live in a place where this could happen. Look at it – all that flooding just from a Category 1. And now they expect the government to bail them out for their poor choices. Typical inner-city liberal mentality.
This liberal was happy to help rebuild New Orleans. I'm happy to help rebuild New York, and I'm happy to help rebuild those towns along the Mississippi river every 5 years after their floods. That's what Americans do. We pitch in to help our neighbors and our fellow countrymen, whether they are conservative or liberal!
Americans (in REAL America) help out their neighbors. Liberal Democrats STEAL from their neighbors and give the money to inner city welfare queens who use the money to buy smokes, liquor, spinning rims, and birth control. Like the ones in New York and New Orleans. And now they're a little wet… and TaxBongo is going to raise my taxes to soothe their damp little minds. A president Romney wouldn't let that happen. Just as he would have let GM fail… he would let NYC fail. The way it should be.
People are suffering tonight and all you can do is insult others? It is time to put aside the childish and to be a man of prayer and compassion.
Randall may very well be a liberal troll. Either that, or he or she is an adult who forgot to grow up. Either way, it's best to ignore him since all he or she wants is attention.
It certainly is great to help our neighbors. However, the point of the article was that disaster relief does not create a net economic gain.
That anyone still claims this is a testament to how bad our public education system has become.
Maybe the real discussion is how to help those in need due to the storm. You can return to your childish insults tomorrow, but take time to grieve for the dead and pray for all who have been harmed.
Be of good faith now, your petty arguments can wait till others are safe.
Should we say the same about the people who choose to live in Tornado
Valley or is rebuilding their homes okay because they share your
values? You should be disgusted in yourself.
Forced contraception? Is that like something you're going to try to keep down the deer population? Good luck getting the deer to stand still to put those things on.
What if I don't want my dough being spent on unmarried does that hook up with any Buck they find.
If you think we should vote on whether gay people should be allowed to marry the person that they love, perhaps you'd be willing to put one of your rights up to a popular vote first.
What right that we value do you think is at risk of being voted down?
Tim, excellent points and well stated. Thank-you.


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Wednesday, May 8, 2013
Callie O'Shaughnessy, daughter of Michael and Millie O'Shaughnessy of Sullivan's Island, received "Outstanding Award in Art History" by the Brevard College in North Carolina, Division of Fine Arts. Miss O'Shaughnessy will graduate May 11 with a Bachelors of Arts. Her concentration is Art History.
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Overall Record: 1-2 (0-0
PL); Last Week: 1-1
Scoreboard: Holy Cross 6, Nichols 3, Dudley, Mass., 9/19
Siena 6, Holy Cross 1, Schenectady, N.Y., 9/20
Schedule: Tuesday, Sept. 22 at Hartford, Hartford, Conn., 4:00 p.m.
Friday-Sunday, Sept. 25-27 at Connecticut Invitational, 9:00 a.m.
- The Holy Cross men's tennis team takes on a team that they beat twice last year, traveling to Hartford, Conn. to play against Hartford Sept. 22. Matches begin at 4:00 p.m. at the Hartford Tennis Courts. In the fall of 2008, junior Matt Wierzel (Garden City, N.Y.) came away with a 4-6, 6-3, 10-8 victory at No. 1 singles against Hartford's Ricky Dove. Three other players won their singles matches and two of three doubles tandems won to give Holy Cross the final 5-2 triumph.
- The team will also compete in the Connecticut Invitational for the first time since the 2007 fall season. The weekend competition begins on Friday, Sept. 25 at 9:00 a.m. in Storrs, Conn. and continues until Sunday, Sept. 27. At the 2007 tournament, (bracket play single elimination), Wierzel received a bye in the first round of play. In the second round of play he was defeated, 6-3, 6-4 by Sacred Heart's Kirrill Kasyanov. Senior Dan Phelan (Chicopee, Mass.) played in the fourth flight of the tournament. He received a bye in the first round, then was defeated 6-0, 6-1 in the second round.
- Wierzel continued his unbeaten streak as he took home AT&T Crusader of the Week honors for his performances from the first week of action. Currently, he holds a 7-0 record in dual and tournament play. He is just two wins shy of tying his nine singles victories from the entire 2008-2009 season. He also tied his doubles wins from 2008-2009 with senior John Burke (Burlington, Mass.) as they won against Nichols' team of Stephen Carella and Justin Deluca on Saturday.
- The Crusaders have won a total of seven singles and a doubles matches this fall for a total of nine total team points (excluding tournament play). They are just one point away from tying their total fall points from 2008.


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Viamente Route Planner API
The Italian service maps optimal routes to maximize efficiency of deliveries and other transportation services. It develops route coverage with multiple destinations and vehicles, with scheduling and turn-by-turn directions adaptable to mobile phones and GPS devices. API methods support listing of destinations to be included in a route and creation of a routing matrix, including efficiency optimization functions. Methods also support tracking and updating a vehicle inventory for fleet operations.
API Key
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With one/some/all of your SD cards inserted does the DVD slot do the double boot2 flash?
Not really doing much Wii stuff these days.
I am assuming that by a double boot2 flash, the DVD slot should flash twice when I turn the wii on. It only does 1 brief flash when starting.
Here is a YouTube link for a quick video that I made with my phone to attempt to show you what the wii is doing.
Yes I can see bootmii flashing up. I'm still completely baffled why it would do this though.
Not really doing much Wii stuff these days.
If my SD card was not compatible, could it do this?
You've tried so many cards though.
No I believe this is not related to SD cards. When an SD card is incompatible it doesn't load the bootmii menu as it is actually stored on SD. So your Wii is finding the bootmii files, loading them and then skipping on to the next thing for some reason.
You could try making a post on Wiibrew Wiibrew Forums :: BootMii Beta
Not really doing much Wii stuff these days.
Thank you for taking your time to try to help me with this problem. I posted a link of this conversation to the wiibrew website, hopefully they will have some insight on this. If you come up with something please let me know. I will let you know if this somehow gets resolved. Thanks again.


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Sean Pashley
Sean's Not-So-Average Update
watch part 1
watch part 2
Tony Horton and Sean in Warrior Pose.
Whether you know him from reality TV or have seen him on the Beachbody Web site, Sean Pashley has quickly made a name for himself in the world of weight loss and fitness. After being booted by a beauty queen on national television, this 320-pound, fun-loving guy made a dedicated effort to start losing weight and take control of his life. And while his determination led to significant weight loss, he still needed some additional help to reach his goal weight of 200 pounds.
It wasn't until Sean teamed up with Beachbody and performed the Power 90® in-home training system that he was able to break through his weight loss plateau and continue to drop the pounds—drawing closer to his goal with each new day. Now he's building on his remarkable success with the P90X® Extreme Home Fitness program.
To see how far Sean has come, you can check him out in the Summer 2004 issue of Your Diet magazine (from the publishers of People). There you'll find a physically transformed 26-year-old, beaming from the amazing results he's been able to achieve. Click here to read the article. You can also see Sean's latest progress right here on Beachbody.com.
As Beachbody fans know, our Message Boards are a key to success. We invite you to follow along "reality fitness" style, via our Message Boards and the links below, as Sean takes on P90X. Sean asks that you write to him and even work out with him live via our WOWY (Work Out With You) program so you can meet your fitness and lifestyle objectives together.
Here's how to follow along and even work out with Sean:
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Welcome all advanced tennis players in Corona!4.5 player here looking for most evenings play. I live near the Glen Ivy Hot Springs and have a court on our property or I could come to Corona or Lake Elsinor
Adam Fish, Group Creator
Location: Corona, CA
Members: 6
Latest Activity: Dec 21, 2012
This group does not have any discussions yet.
Awesome release, the Best of Oscar Modern Tennis Methodology 2 hr DVD. Bring your game to a whole new level. Go to www.tennisteacher.com
I'm interested in hitting in the evenings as well and live the same area as Adam, South Corona by Tom's Farm.
Keith 951-227-6603
© 2015 Created by Mark / The Mayor.


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The governor of Sonora said his government has no plans to try to block the thousands of Central Americans who make their way through his country from trying to reach the United States. Arizona Public Radio's Howard Fischer explains.
It's after midnight at Bar Añejo in Manhattan. Añejo means 'aged'. On this night--in this place--it means "the nectar of a Mexican plant that's been lovingly grown, and you're about to sip it."
The Mexican Supreme Court overturned an Oaxaca state law prohibiting same-sex marriage. The ruling may have a wide-ranging influence, leading to the legalization of gay marriage in Mexico.
The unanimous ruling is aligned with Mexico City, where gay marriage has been legal since 2010.
Some are citing this week's decision as evidence that Mexico is paving the way for gay marriages to be recognized not only throughout the nation, but other Latin American countries as well.
The State Department has renewed its travel warning for Mexico, saying that drug violence there can be a danger to Americans.
The United States and Mexico signed an historic agreement Tuesday to ration and protect Colorado River water.
Vicente Fox warned today that unless this country works closer with Mexico -- and recognizes the benefits of immigrant labor -- it will end up playing second fiddle to China.
Mexico's oldest political party is back in power.
On Sunday, voters delivered a robust victory to Enrique Peña Nieto of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, or PRI. After a 12-year absence the party that ruled Mexico for seven decades will once again lead the country.
Trade between the United States and Mexico reached half a trillion dollars in 2011. Cross-border commerce is growing despite escalating drug violence in Mexico.
The final tally came out to $500 billion in goods and services traded between the two countries, according to a paper by the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars and Arizona State University's North American Center for Transborder Studies.
CIUDAD JUÁREZ, Mexico — Mexico is about a month away from choosing its next president. Among the candidates is the first woman to run under a major political party.
A new Pew Hispanic Center study finds that net migration to the U.S. from Mexico declined to zero between 2005 and 2010.
About 1.4 million Mexican immigrants arrived in the U.S during that time. But just as many Mexicans returned to Mexico -- possibly more, the study found.
Researchers at the center analyzed data from multiple Mexican and U.S. government sources, including their censuses.


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Huntington Garden Club gets approval for landscape project
HUNTINGTON -- Cabell County Commissioners unanimously gave approval to the Huntington Garden Club's landscaping plan for an area in front of the courthouse.
The club's proposal wasn't on the agenda, but two members of the group presented the plan during the public comment section. It was well received, prompting Commissioner Bob Bailey to make a motion to allow the project to proceed. It was seconded and then approved.
The area to be landscaped is to the right of the front stairs of the courthouse on the 4th Avenue side. The sketch provided includes a variety of colorful flowers that each bloom during different seasons of the year. It would include pansies, begonias, bleeding hearts, hydrangeas, rhododendrons and lenten roses.
They'll also create a permanent place for the Blue Star Memorial that is currently on the 5th Avenue side of the courthouse. It is moved periodically to allow for mowing, County Manager Chris Tatum said.
The Blue Star Memorial Program honors service men and women and began with the planting of 8,000 dogwood trees by the New Jersey Council of Garden Clubs in 1944 as a living memorial to veterans of World War II.
In 1945, the National Council of State Garden Clubs adopted the program and began a Blue Star Highway system, which covers thousands of miles across the United States, Alaska and Hawaii. A large metal Blue Star Memorial highway marker was placed at appropriate locations along the way.
The program was expanded to include all men and women who had served, were serving or would serve in the armed services of the United States.
The club expects the landscaping project to cost about $400, though they hope community members will donate to the project so that additional expenses, such as fertilizer and peat moss, will be covered. In addition, if enough money comes in, larger plants could be purchased.
For more information or to find out how to donate to the program, contact Kay Ransbottom at 740-867-8587 or June Ashworth at 304-523-5185.
The Huntington Garden Club meets on the second Monday of the month in members' homes.
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A method of forming an array of non-volatile memory cells includes forming a plurality of floating gate structures and shaping the plurality of floating gate structures to reduce the width of upper parts of floating gate structures. A first process forms floating gates by etching an upper portion of a polysilicon structure with masking elements in place to shape the floating gate. A second process etches recesses and protrusions in a polysilicon structure prior to etching the structure to form individual floating gates.
1. A method of forming an array of non-volatile memory cells on a semiconductor substrate surface, comprising:
forming a plurality of shallow trench isolation structures spaced apart across the surface of a substrate in a first direction and extending in a second direction, individual shallow trench isolation structures having sidewalls that extend vertically from the substrate surface;
forming a plurality of floating gate structures, individual floating gate structures extending between a first sidewall of a first shallow trench isolation structure and a second sidewall of a second shallow trench isolation structure and being bounded in a first direction by the first and second sidewalls; and
shaping the plurality of floating gate structures to reduce the width in a second direction of an upper part of individual ones of the plurality of floating gate structures.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. The method of
11. A method of forming an array of non-volatile memory cells on a semiconductor substrate surface, comprising:
forming a plurality of structures having sidewalls that extend from the substrate surface;
forming a plurality of conductive strips, an individual conductive strip extending between a first sidewall and a second sidewall of the plurality of structures having sidewalls, an individual conductive strip bounded by the first and second sidewalls;
forming a plurality of separate floating gate structures by removing portions of the plurality of conductive strips, removed portions extending from a first sidewall to a second sidewall;
then forming a plurality of masking elements, an individual masking element covering a portion of one of the plurality of floating gate structures; and
then etching the plurality of floating gate structures to remove portions of the floating gate structures that are not covered by masking elements.
12. The method of
13. The method of
14. The method of
15. A method of forming an array of non-volatile memory cells on a semiconductor substrate surface, comprising:
forming a first plurality of conductive strips that are separated in a first direction and, extend across the substrate surface in a second direction, an individual conductive strip having a plurality of protrusions extending in a direction away from the substrate surface with recesses between protrusions of the conductive strip;
forming a dielectric layer overlying the first plurality of conductive strips;
forming a conductive layer over the dielectric layer;
etching portions of the conductive layer and the first plurality of conductive strips in the same pattern to form a second plurality of conductive strips from the conductive layer, the second plurality of conductive strips extending in a first direction, and to form a plurality of floating gates from the first plurality of conductive strips, an individual floating gate having at least a portion of a protrusion and at least a portion of a recess, an individual conductive strip overlying the at least a portion of a protrusion and the at least a portion of a recess of a floating gate; and
wherein a portion of the individual conductive strip extends into the at least a portion of a recess of a floating gate.
16. The method of
17. The method of
This invention relates generally to non-volatile flash memory systems, and, more specifically, to the structures of memory cells and arrays of memory cells, and to the process of forming them.
There are many commercially successful non-volatile memory products being used today, particularly in the form of small form factor cards, which use an array of flash EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory) cells. In one type of architecture, a NAND array, a series of strings of more than two memory cells, such as 16 or 32, are connected along with one or more select transistors between individual bit lines and a reference potential to form columns of cells. Word lines extend across cells within a large number of these columns. An individual cell within a column is read and verified during programming by causing the remaining cells in the string to be over driven so that the current flowing through a string is dependent upon the level of charge stored in the addressed cell. An example of a NAND architecture array and its operation as part of a memory system is found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,046,935, which patent is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.
In another type of array having a "split-channel" between source and drain diffusions, the floating gate of the cell is positioned over one portion of the channel and the word line (also referred to as a control gate) is positioned over the other channel portion as well as over the floating gate. This effectively forms a cell with two transistors in series, one (the memory transistor) with a combination of the amount of charge on the floating gate and the voltage on the word line controlling the amount of current that can flow through its portion of the channel, and the other (the select transistor) having the word line alone serving as its gate. The word line extends over a row of floating gates. Examples of such cells, their uses in memory systems and methods of manufacturing them are given in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,070,032, 5,095,344, 5,315,541, 5,343,063, 5,661,053, and 6,281,075, which patents are incorporated herein by this reference.
A modification of this split-channel flash EEPROM cell adds a steering gate positioned between the floating gate and the word line. Each steering gate of an array extends over one column of floating gates, perpendicular to the word line. The effect is to relieve the word line from having to perform two functions at the same time when reading or programming a selected cell. Those two functions are (1) to serve as a gate of a select transistor, thus requiring a proper voltage to turn the select transistor on and off, and (2) to drive the voltage of the floating gate to a desired level through an electric field (capacitive) coupling between the word line and the floating gate. It is often difficult to perform both of these functions in an optimum manner with a single voltage. With the addition of the steering gate, the word line need only perform function (1), while the added steering gate performs function (2). The use of steering gates in a flash EEPROM array is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,313,421 and 6,222,762, which patents are incorporated herein by this reference.
In any of the types of memory cell arrays described above, the floating gate of a cell is programmed by injecting electrons from the substrate to the floating gate. This is accomplished by having the proper doping in the channel region and applying the proper voltages to the source, drain and remaining gate(s).
Two techniques for removing charge from floating gates to erase memory cells are used in the three types of memory cell arrays described above. One is to erase to the substrate by applying appropriate voltages to the source, drain and other gate(s) that cause electrons to tunnel through a portion of a dielectric layer between the floating gate and the substrate. The other erase technique is to transfer electrons from the floating gate to another gate through a tunnel dielectric layer positioned between them. In the second type of cell described above, a third erase gate is provided for that purpose. In the third type of cell described above, which already has three gates because of the use of a steering gate, the floating gate is erased to the word line, without the necessity to add a fourth gate. Although this latter technique adds back a second function to be performed by the word line, these functions are performed at different times, thus avoiding the necessity of making a compromise because of the two functions. When either erase technique is utilized, a large number of memory cells are grouped together for simultaneously erasure, in a "flash." In one approach, the group includes enough memory cells to store the amount of user data stored in a disk sector, namely 512 bytes, plus some overhead data. In another approach, each group contains enough cells to hold several thousand bytes of user data, equal to many disk sectors' worth of data. Multi-block erasure, defect management and other flash EEPROM system features are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,297,148, which patent is incorporated herein by this reference.
As in most all integrated circuit applications, the pressure to shrink the silicon substrate area required to implement some integrated circuit function also exists with flash EEPROM systems. It is continually desired to increase the amount of digital data that can be stored in a given area of a silicon substrate, in order to increase the storage capacity of a given size memory card and other types of packages, or to both increase capacity and decrease size. One way to increase the storage density of data is to store more than one bit of data per memory cell. This is accomplished by dividing a window of a floating gate charge level voltage range into more than two states. The use of four such states allows each cell to store two bits of data, eight states stores three bits of data per cell, and so on. A multiple state flash EEPROM structure and operation is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,043,940 and 5,172,338, which patents are incorporated herein by this reference.
Increased data density can also be achieved by reducing the physical size of the memory cells and/or the overall array. Shrinking the size of integrated circuits is commonly performed for all types of circuits as processing techniques improve over time to permit implementing smaller feature sizes. But there are usually limits of how far a given circuit layout can be shrunk in this manner, since there is often at least one feature that is limited as to how much it can be shrunk, thus limiting the amount that the overall layout can be shrunk. When this happens, designers will turn to a new or different layout or architecture of the circuit being implemented in order to reduce the amount of silicon area required to perform its functions. The shrinking of the above-described flash EEPROM integrated circuit systems can reach similar limits.
Another flash EEPROM architecture utilizes a dual floating gate memory cell along with the storage of multiple states on each floating gate. In this type of cell, two floating gates are included over its channel between source and drain diffusions with a select transistor in between them. A steering gate is included along each column of floating gates and a word line is provided thereover along each row of floating gates. When accessing a given floating gate for reading or programming, the steering gate over the other floating gate of the cell containing the floating gate of interest is raised sufficiently high to turn on the channel under the other floating gate no matter what charge level exists on it. This effectively eliminates the other floating gate as a factor in reading or programming the floating gate of interest in the same memory cell. For example, the amount of current flowing through the cell, which can be used to read its state, is then a function of the amount of charge on the floating gate of interest but not of the other floating gate in the same cell. Examples of this cell array architecture and operating techniques are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,712,180, 6,103,573 and 6,151,248, which patents are expressly incorporated herein in their entirety by this reference.
In these and other types of non-volatile memories, the amount of field coupling between the floating gates and the control gates passing over them is carefully controlled. The amount of coupling determines the percentage of a voltage placed on the control gate that is coupled to its floating gates. The percentage coupling is determined by a number of factors including the amount of surface area of the floating gate that overlaps a surface of the control gate. It is often desired to maximize the percentage coupling between the floating and control gates by maximizing the amount of overlapping area. One approach to increasing coupling area is described by Yuan et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,343,063, which patent is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference. The approach described in that patent is to make the floating gates thicker than usual to provide large vertical surfaces that may be coupled with the control gates. The approach described in that patent application is to increase coupling between the floating and control gates by adding a vertical projection to the floating gate.
When increasing the vertical coupling areas between adjacent floating and control gates, it is further desirable to do so in a manner that does not increase the area of the substrate that is occupied by each cell. Also, it is preferable to reduce the floating gate to floating gate capacitance.
A method of forming a non-volatile memory array that has floating gates coupled to control gates, in which the floating gates and control gates have a high coupling ratio and are self aligned, is disclosed. Polysilicon strips are formed between STI regions and are covered with dummy word lines. Polysilicon strips are then etched into separate floating gate structures using the dummy word lines as a masking layer. Dummy word lines are then used to form a second patterned layer having a pattern that is the inverse of the dummy word line pattern and the dummy word lines are removed. Sidewall spacers are formed on the sides of portions of the second patterned layer and masking portions are grown between sidewall spacers. Thus, masking elements are grown over portions of the floating gate structures without requiring alignment. Masking elements are then used to mask portions of the floating gate structures during a polysilicon etch. Floating gate structures are etched to provide an inverted-T shaped floating gate. The upper portion of the floating gate is narrowed in the bit line direction but remains the same in the word line direction. A dielectric layer is deposited over the floating gates. A control gate may then be deposited over the floating gates and may surround the upper portion of the floating gate on four sides and on top and may also overlie the lower portion of the floating gate. This provides a large surface area coupling the control gate and the floating gate. The word line also partially encloses the floating gate and thus reduces electrical coupling between adjacent floating gates. The location of the control gate may be determined by the second patterned layer and is thus self-aligned to the floating gates.
In a second embodiment, a floating gate is formed that is L-shaped in cross section and a control gate is formed in the same step that forms the floating gate so that the two structures are self-aligned. Polysilicon strips are formed as in the first embodiment. Then, a word line mask is used to partially etch portions of the polysilicon strips. Polysilicon strips are not etched through but rather are etched to produce a series of recesses and protrusions. A dielectric layer is then deposited over the patterned strips and another polysilicon layer is deposited over the dielectric layer. A word line mask is then used to pattern both the polysilicon layer and the polysilicon strips. The polysilicon layer is etched to form word lines. The polysilicon strips are etched to form floating gates. The word line mask is positioned so that each floating gate has a portion of a recess and a portion of a protrusion. This provides a large area for electrical coupling between the floating gate and the word line. It also provides shielding between adjacent floating gates.
Additional aspects, advantages and features of the present invention are included in the following description of these detailed examples, which description should be taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
An example of a memory system 100 incorporating the various aspects of the present invention is generally illustrated in the block diagram of
The controller 180 is connectable through lines 140 to a host device (not shown). The host may be a personal computer, notebook computer, digital camera, audio player, various other hand held electronic devices, and the like. The memory system 100 of
The decoder and driver circuits 130 and 190 generate appropriate voltages in their respective lines of the array 110, as addressed over the bus 160, according to control signals in respective control and status lines 135 and 195, to execute programming, reading and erasing functions. Any status signals, including voltage levels and other array parameters, are provided by the array 110 to the controller 180 over the same control and status lines 135 and 195. A plurality of sense amplifiers within the circuit 130 receive current or voltage levels that are indicative of the states of addressed memory cells within the array 110, and provides the controller 180 with information about those states over lines 145 during a read operation. A large number of sense amplifiers are usually used in order to be able to read the states of a large number of memory cells in parallel. During reading and program operations, one row of cells is typically addressed at a time through the circuits 190 for accessing a number of cells in the addressed row that are selected by the circuit 130. During an erase operation, all cells in each of many rows are typically addressed together as a block for simultaneous erasure.
A plan view of an example of a NAND memory cell array 110 formed on a silicon substrate is shown in
Between the STI regions 210, there are strings 220 of memory cells running in the y-direction. Thus, the direction of the strings is parallel to the direction of the STI regions. Each string 220 includes many memory devices connected in series.
Each memory cell includes a floating gate 230 and conductive source/drain regions 240 in the substrate adjacent to the floating gate, on either side in the y-direction. Strings are separated by STI regions 210. These STI regions 210 form isolating elements that electrically isolate source/drain regions 240 from source/drain regions 240 of cells in adjacent strings. Along the y-direction source/drain regions 240 are shared by adjacent cells. The source/drain regions 240 electrically connect one cell to the next cell thus forming a string of cells. The source/drain regions 240 in this example are formed by implanting impurities into the substrate in the required areas.
The floating gates 230 shown in the embodiment of
The first and second floating gate portions 231, 232 of this embodiment are both made of doped polysilicon. Polysilicon could also be deposited in an undoped form and later implanted to form doped polysilicon. Other suitable electrically conductive materials may also be used in place of doped polysilicon. Polysilicon may also be deposited in a single layer instead of two separate layers.
Word lines 250 are shown extending across the array in the x-direction in
Not shown in
During implantation, source/drain regions 240 are created by implanting impurities into the substrate 350 in the exposed areas. In this example, the only areas that are exposed are the areas between the STI regions 210 that are not covered by the first polysilicon portions 411 and silicon nitride portions 410. Different impurities may be implanted depending on the electrical characteristics required. For example, Arsenic ions may be used to create a region that is doped to be n+.
After the source/drain regions 240 are implanted, approximately 1500 angstroms of silicon dioxide (Oxide) is deposited over the surface of the substrate, filling the areas between the silicon nitride portions 410 and covering over the silicon nitride portions 410. The excess silicon dioxide that is deposited over the silicon nitride portions 410 is removed. For example, the excess silicon dioxide may be etched by a silicon dioxide spacer etch that stops on the silicon nitride. Alternatively, the excess silicon dioxide may be removed by Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP). The result of either etching or CMP is a substantially planar surface. Silicon dioxide and silicon nitride portions are both exposed at this surface. The silicon nitride portions are then removed using, for example, a phosphoric acid (H3PO4) strip. This leaves the structure shown in
The dielectric layer 810 separates the conductive gates 916 from floating gate structures 411. Because it lies between these two polysilicon layers it is often referred to as "interpoly dielectric." The dielectric layer 810 isolates the control gates and floating gates from direct electrical connection but allows them to be electrically coupled. Each floating gate structure 411 is electrically isolated from the substrate by means of a gate dielectric layer 310, typically silicon dioxide. This electrical isolation allows the floating gate structure 411 to act as a charge storage unit. The thin gate dielectric layer 310 allows charge to enter the floating gate 230 under certain conditions. The presence of charge in the floating gate structure 411 may be detected by its effect on current flowing between the source/drain regions 240. Levels of charge in the floating gate may correspond to logic levels and thus data may be stored in the cell.
If needed, the word line may be made more conductive by adding a metal or a metal-silicide layer on the polysilicon. This may be done by depositing a refractory metal then annealing to form a silicide. For example, Cobalt (Co) may be deposited on Silicon and then annealed to form Cobalt Silicide (CoSi2). A silicide layer may also be formed by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). For example CVD of Tungsten Silicide (WSi2) may be performed.
In a second embodiment shown in
The process described with respect to
The above description details particular embodiments of the invention and describes embodiments of the invention using particular array architecture. However, the invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed or to the particular architecture used in the examples given. It will be understood that the invention is entitled to protection within the full scope of the appended claims.
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Journal of American Indian Education
Volume 22 Number 2
John M. Antes and Barbara J. Boseker
THE NATIVE American Teacher Corps at the University of Wisconsin-Madison has just ended after many years of association with four tribes in Wisconsin: the Menominee, Winnebago, Ojibwa, and Stockbridge-Munsee. Teacher Corps at Wisconsin began with the sixth cycle in 1971 with all four tribal groups and ended with the recent five year cycle which began in 1979 with one tribal group, the Menominee.
During this period from 1971 through the Fall semester of 1981 a social studies methods course was taught under Teacher Corps auspices on the Menominee Reservation. Since one of the purposes of Teacher Corps was to train Indian people as teachers for their own reservation schools, this course, The Teaching of Social Studies, was an important factor in the training of these professionals. Methods courses in each aspect of the curriculum were required for Teacher Corps interns for teacher certification in elementary and middle schools in the state of Wisconsin. This course fulfilled the social studies methods requirement for the interns.
One of the important features of the course was that it was taught on-site on the Menominee Reservation at Keshena, Wisconsin, under the direction of Professor John Antes. Since the University of Wisconsin-Madison is approximately two hundred miles from the Menominee Reservation, the on-site nature of the course was of vital consideration for community people who had commitments of family and jobs on the reservation and therefore could not travel to Madison. Credit was granted from the Madison campus as three undergraduate/graduate education credits.
Those enrolled in the course were in-service teachers, administrators, teacher aides, Teacher Corps interns, and community people. This diverse group proved to be an interesting and stimulating mix which was beneficial to all participants each time the course was offered. During Fall, 1981, thirteen of the twenty-five participants were Menominee.
Since the social studies course was offered on the reservation and the Menominee Indian School District student population was ninety-nine percent Menominee, it was important that the emphasis of the course should be on the Menominee community, its culture, history, and values. For example, the last time the course was offered, students were required to develop a project focussing on some aspect of the Menominee community or traditions. Some of the projects developed were:
Previously during other Teacher Corps cycles the following projects were developed:
- Legend of the Hairy Serpent (in English and Menominee).
- Educational and Spiritual Talks by Tribal Elders.
- Logging Practices and Logging Museum Exhibits.
- Traditional Childrearing Practices Including Use of the Cradleboard and the Swing.
In order to understand a culture, it is important to appreciate that culture's arts and crafts (see Note 1). In an earlier Teacher Corps social studies class just after the Menominee got their own school district, beading and porcupine quilling were taught to teachers on the reservation. At that time virtually all of the teachers on the reservation were white. Most of them were also new to the district and did not have a background in or knowledge of Indian art. However, they were very enthusiastic about the project and produced some excellent designs in traditional Menominee beading. The class was taught by Menominee artists from the community. It was interesting to note the reaction of Menominee students to their teachers wearing the beadwork which they had created. The response of the Indian students was most positive and fostered improved interpersonal relationships between students and teachers.
Teacher Corps sponsored as a community project the teaching of beading to all students in the district, kindergarten through twelfth grade, as a part of the regular curriculum. It became a very successful program and was later expanded and broadened into more advanced, creative projects such as complete Menominee costume designs, sandpainting, shawls, leatherwork, and ribbon applique on shirts and blouses.
All of the handicapped students in special education in the district were mainstreamed into the beading program (see Note 2). Regular classroom and special education teachers alike were amazed at the quality of the beadwork produced by the students. Because of their success in this art work, these students developed a much improved self-concept which was reflected in their work in other classes.
The beautiful work students took home prompted some parents to request adult evening classes in arts and crafts. Since the Teacher Corps community staff was busy teaching in the schools, it was recommended that the interim governing body of the tribe (the Menominee Restoration Committee) set up such a program, which was later initiated. The Teacher Corps community coordinator acted as consultant to that program.
At the end of the school year Teacher Corps sponsored a Fine Arts Fair in the gymnasium of St. Anthony's Elementary School in Neopit. All reservation schools participated in the arts and crafts display. Cash awards of three prizes per school were given out to deserving students. The judges had a difficult time choosing winners as the children had all submitted such beautiful projects.
The study of the family is a vital part of the social studies curriculum in the elementary grades (see Notes 3 and 4). Two students in the on-site social studies class elected to explore the childrearing practices of Menominees of the past. These practices have changed quite drastically in recent years. It was felt that some of these changes were not for the best, so research was done on past values and practices of childrearing which might help solve some problems which Menominee youth are encountering in today's world. Since Margaret Mead has advocated bringing parents and grandparents back into the teaching process (see Note 5), the two students produced a videotape interviewing three elderly Menominee grandmothers. The researchers were concerned with some of the following questions:
The elders interviewed on the videotape were concerned with two important values: respect and sharing. Children in an Indian community were respected as individuals and played important roles in the extended family (see Note 6). They were taught to share and to cooperate but not for selfish gain. The elders felt that children should be taught from early on to respect everything in nature; the earth, the trees, the lakes, and the animals. When they have been taught to respect their environment, children are much better able to respect themselves, other human beings, and the whole world.
In traditional Menominee life discipline was also different. The elders (grandparents, uncles, aunts) not only were respected but also had a special role to play in this aspect of childrearing. No one resented discipline by an elder. In fact, any elder could discipline any child whether that child was a member of the family or not. The elders interviewed felt that there was less respect now for them and that some parents resented disciplining by others.
An interesting attitude toward the handicapped emerged on the videotape. A retarded or physically handicapped child was considered special throughout life and was accepted and watched over by the entire tribe.
This videotape has been used by the high school home economics teacher in her child development class. It has also been used in the Menominee history class in the senior high school as part of showing the traditional way of life of the Menominee.
Another of the recent projects using community resources was an Indian Recipe Calendar. An English teacher and a special education teacher in the district accompanied their students into the community to interview men and women (some of whom were the grandmothers of students in the classes) as to their favorite traditional recipes which would be appropriate to the various months of the year. For example, the March calendar had a maple sugar candy recipe, May had French fried milkweed and milkweed soup, September had venison meat pie and wild rice, and November had roast beaver. Each month's recipe had an accompanying photo of the person whose recipe was featured. The development of the calendar culminated in an Indian dinner which was researched and prepared by Menominee students in the English class.
Although Teacher Corps has been phased out, the curriculum materials, videotapes, and projects developed over the years have had an impact on the Menominee Indian School District. In previous years the reservation schools were part of a neighboring all-white school district. When the Menominees got their own schools, they were able to develop curriculum materials and teaching strategies which were more relevant to Indian students. The social studies class sponsored by Teacher Corps played an important role in assisting in this change.
1. Hunkins Francis P., Jan Jeter and Phyllis Maxey. Social Studies in the Elementary School. Columbus: Charles E. Merrill, 1982, pp. 128-135.
2. For a further discussion of the mainstreaming of Indian children see: Pepper, Floyd C., "Teaching the American Indian Child in Mainstream Settings," in Mainstreaming and the Minority Child. Reston, Virginia: Council for Exceptional Children, 1976, pp. 133-158.
3. Ellis, Arthur K. Teaching and Learning Elementary Social Studies. Second Edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1981, pp. 194-204.
4. Preston, Ralph C., and Wayne L. Herman, Jr. Teaching Social Studies in the Elementary School. Fifth Edition. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1981, p. 54.
5. Mead, Margaret. "The Future As the Basis for Establishing a Shared Culture." Daedalus, Vol. 94, No. 1, 1965, pp. 135-155.
6. For a further discussion of the roles of children in the extended family see: Ritzenthaler, Robert E. and Pat Ritzenthaler, The Woodland Indians of the Western Great Lakes. Garden City: Natural History Press, 1970, pp. 33, 48.
7. For instructions on how to make a recipe calendar see: Weitzman, David, My Backyard History Book. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1975, p. 41.
John M. Antes spent several years working as Teacher Corps Director of the Wisconsin Native American Teachers Corps program. He is currently an Associate Professor at the University of Wisconsin.
Barbara J. Boseker was a program development specialist for the Wisconsin Native American Teacher Corps and is currently an Assistant Professor of Education at Moorehead State University, Moorehead, Minnesota 56560
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text:
Looking for the parents of Lizzie Hensley (b. Sept 1860)
Question by ledford2011
Lizzie may have been from Clay County, Kentucky and was the wife of Howell Brewer (b. 9/22/1859) in Clay County, Kentucky. Howell died 9/27/1941.
Lizzie may be Elizabeth, but I'm not sure. Any leads/ideas greatly appreciated.
Viewed: 384 times


text:
Honors Tutorial
The Department of Political Science participates in a three year Bachelor (BA) degree program offered by the Honors Tutorial College (HTC). HTC students majoring in Political Science also have an opportunity to use their fourth year in college to complete course requirements for a Master of Arts (MA) degree. Only a small number of exceptionally gifted and talented students are enrolled in this prestigious program, which is modeled after the tuorial programs of Oxford and Cambridge Universities in England. Although admissions to the program are made on the basis of competitive applications from top-ranked high school seniors, the program will consider transfer applications by exceptionally promising students who are not already in the program.
The HTC Program of Study in Political Science consists of nine tutorials and collateral studies selected freely from the regularly scheduled courses. A tutorial is a quarter long academic engagement for 5 credit hours between a student enrolled in the Honors Tutorial College and a faculty tutor chosen by the student to study any mutually agreed upon subject, topic or problem. A tutorial typically meets once a week for one to two hours to discuss readings assigned to the student. The student is usually required to submit in advance of the tutorial session a brief written report on the assigned readings, which the tutor uses in preparing for the follow up tutorial session.
What is expected of the Tutorials?
It goes without saying that the weekly tutorial session should be an intellectually stimulating and useful experience for students, who are among the brightest and most committed to academic excellence, but are not necessarily well informed at their early age. For this reason, it is strongly recommended that the first tutorial meeting be used by the tutor to assess the student's level of competence in order to detect and remedy his or her weaknesses. Students are expected to be rewarded in their grade by the progress they make through the quarter as well as the level of achievement in their academic efforts. They thus expect their tutors to let them know periodically how they are progressing in the tutorial and not to surprise them with a totally unexpected grade at the end of the tutorial.
A tutorial is an intensive instruction conducted by means of interactive exchange of ideas and analysis that are tailor made to fit the needs and demands of the individual student. As such, it is not a regular lecture in which instructors impart their knowledge to students, punctuated only by occasional questions and answers. In particular, the tutorial studies are committed to training students in effective speaking and writing. Students should be given ample opportunities to write and be commented on the matters of style and substance by the tutor. The ideal tutorial, in short, is an experience in intellectual apprenticeship in the skills of academic discourse in addition to familiarizing our students with academic problematique in the given area of study.
The tutor is required to provide the Honors Tutorial College through the Department Tutorial Program Director with tutorial description at the end of the quarter, whether or not the tutorial has been completed. The tutorial evaluation is to be submitted promptly upon the completion of the tutorial. Both the tutorial description and evaluation are central to the academic record of our students, who also receive from the program director a copy of the description and evaluation by the tutor.
What are the department's formal graduation requirements?
In the name of flexibility that honors talented and self-motivated students who wish to pursue their own personalized program of study, the Tutorial Program in Political Science makes its formal requirement as simple as taking just nine quarterly tutorials in three to four years collateral studies chosen from the regularly scheduled courses. The tutorial student takes responsibility, in consultation with the program director, in choosing a tutor and enrolling in one 5 credit hour tutorial in each academic quarter. For first-year tutorials, the student will enroll POLS 297T, 298T, and 299T respectively in the fall, winter, and spring quarters; the second-year in 397T, 398T, and 399T; the third-year 497T, 498T, and 499T. POLS 498T and 499T are designated as research tutorials in which the student engages in independent research leading to the Honors Tutorial Thesis required for graduation.
The tutorial student who is pursuing a combined BA/MA degree program in the Department of Political Science is not required to register for POLS 498T and 499T. The departmental approval for the graduation from the HTC with a major in Political Sicence, however, is contingent on the student's successful defense of his/her MA thesis.
The tutorial student in Political Science who wishes to take a leave from the required quarterly tutorial(s) must consult with the program director in advance of the expected leave and agree upon a compensatory plan of study. The repeated failures to seek prior permission for leave will result in the dismissal from the program.
What are not formally required but EXPECTED of tutorial students?
The academic and personal disciplines go hand in hand in the Honors Tutorial program. Our tutorial students are expected to be self-motivated and intellectually interested, and be free from the problems of learning and personal discipline. The tutorial program, structured loosely with the minimum degree of required courses, is designed to give maximum flexibility to self-reliant students who wish to construct their own program of study. This structurally relaxed program of learning is not a license to idle aimlessly through three years of random sampling of courses and tutors in the department. Any sign of laxness in the tutorial performance should be promptly dealt with by the tutor and the program director unbecoming of he privileged status as a tutorial student. Rather it is that the honors tutorial program without specific course requirements is not suitable to those students who would benefit from more structured curricular environment.
The fact that our tutorial students are free to pursue their own program of study unencumbered by the formally required courses should not be taken to mean that we do not have an expectation about their balanced, coherent, and effective intellectual development. Although our program does not explicitly require students to distribute their curricular selections among various subfields of Political Science, we do expect them to do so. At the same time, we also expect students to acquire certain specialized familiarity in Political Science. A balance of breadth and depth is expected in their curricular choices. Although our program does not compel students to take two year college level courses in foreign language, we do expect them to have the equivalent level of competency at least in one foreign language. We also recommend that students acquire a certain level of skill in elementary statistical analysis as well as in the use of electronic sources of political data and information. Needless to say, the mastery of the English language, both written and spoken, is expected. We would also expect our tutorial students to stay in touch with the news around the world and develop their own analytical and critical understanding of the events and phenomena that condition their lives.


text:
Portland Bar Sparks Debate After Announcing Decision to Stop Serving Two Brands of Cognac
PORTLAND, Maine (AP) – A Portland bar that's seen its share of trouble says it will no longer serve two brands of cognac, a ban questioned by some as racially motivated. Police have recommended that Sangillo's Tavern lose its liquor license, citing 23 calls in less than a year, including a shooting. The City Council will consider the recommendation Monday. The Portland Press Herald reports that Sangillo's said in a letter to city officials that it will no longer serve Hennessy and Remy Martin because both were "related to detrimental conduct." Hennessy has a significant African-American customer base. The president of the Portland NAACP called the cognac ban "odd." A professor who researches stereotyping at Tufts University said it wouldn't surprise him if the ban was racial. Sangillo's lawyer denies any racial motive behind the ban.
Category: News