text:
A computer implemented method and system enable users to share files in a server-less shared space. By providing access to such spaces via a visual presentation, the system renders content available for access by other group members. Access is sometimes provided through propagation of metadata or other uniquely identifying indicia associated with the shared space to all group members.
1. A method of enabling file sharing over a computer network among members of a group comprising a first user and at least one other user comprising:
displaying to the first user via a first user graphical display a shared space indicator including a first file object associated with the shared space first group comprising the first user and at least one other user;
receiving from the first user a request to perform a file system operation with respect to the file object; and
sending a communication over the network to a computing device used by the at least one other user to indicate that the shared file has been modified by the first user after such file system operation has been performed.
2. The method of
3. The method according to
4. The method according to
5. A method for updating a shared file in a computer network including a group of communicating computing devices in a peer-to-peer network, the method comprising
performing, at a first computing devices, a file system operation on a shared file associated with a file icon displayed in a first shared space display area to generate an updated shared file;
creating, at the first computing device, metadata associated with the updated shared file;
propagating, by the first computing device, the metadata associated with the updated shared file to other group member;
obtaining, by a second computing device, the metadata associated with the updated shared file;
determining, by the second computing device, whether the updated shared file should be replicated on the second computing device;
downloading, by the second computing device, the updated shared file when it is determined that the updated shared file should be replicated; and
displaying a second file icon in the shared space display area of the second computing device indicating that the shared file has been updated.
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. A method for adding a shared file to a shared space indicated by a display on a computing device in a computer network that includes a first online member of a group and at least one other online member of the group, the method including the steps of:
displaying to the first user via a first user display a group folder object;
activating a file system operation through selection of a first selectable visual indicator to move a file into the group folder object;
creating metadata concerning the moved file; and
transmitting the metadata to the at least one other online member of the group.
10. The method of
11. A computer program product for facilitating an online group interaction among a first online member of a group and at least one other online member of the group over a computer network comprising:
a graphical user interface including a first shared space display area that acts as a target for a first file icon, which upon entry into the first display area also becomes visible to the at least one other online member of the group, and wherein the first file icon is associated with a shared file having a first revision status and at least one visible task item selectable by the first user to activate an operation to be performed with respect to the shared file in order to change the first revision status; and
computer code disposed to notify the at least one other online member of the group of the change to the revision status to the first shared file.
This invention relates to communication and interaction over a computer network. More particularly, the invention is directed to a system and method for defining a server-less shared memory space and sharing files among group members in the shared space.
The popularity of the Internet and other networks has caused a migration of various interactions and tasks from the physical world to the digital world. For example, documents and files that would in years past have been shared by sharing physical copies to other members in a group are now often handled electronically and transmitted digitally over a network. In such exchanges between members of a group, it is important to maintain a degree of control over access by various group members, particularly when the group is collaborating with each other.
With the coming of the digital age, the one activity that has not migrated strongly from the physical world to the digital one has been the group interaction. In our daily lives, we interact with people on a regular basis, and form social groups that we engage with on a variety of activities over time. Everyone in the social group knows about every one else, and these groups grow and change over time. This metaphor that exists in our daily lives has not translated into the digital world.
While a number of mechanisms and forums for digital communication between remote parties now exist, none of these has provided a compelling solution that can lead to widespread use. The existing communications mechanisms fail to now provide a user interface that is intuitive and easy to use. For example, these technologies do not provide a true group space within which group members may access shared files and engage in other group activities. Instead, many existing technologies tend to focus on a single activity or endeavor, such as gaming or file sharing, rather than on the group and its activities and communication. Other technologies allow group chatting, but have no true sense of groups, requiring setup of the group each time a group chat is attempted, and providing no mechanism for transitioning the group to an activity other than pure chatting without again manually setting the group up at the next activity.
In short, existing network interaction mechanisms do not provide a mechanism for readily manipulating shared data and information among a desired group of users. In addition, there is no user interface provided by existing mechanisms to simplify management of such shared data.
There thus remains a need to facilitate group interaction through which a desired group of users can interact with each other in a secured environment, and through which users can access, and maintain control with respect to files shared in their shared relationships with one another.
The present invention is directed to a system and method for sharing files in a server-less, secured shared space that is presented to a user through a graphical interface. In an embodiment, the invention is implemented in a peer-to-peer network environment to facilitate network communications among group members.
A shared space is presented as an entry in the file system such that user selectable management tasks and items may be activated. Such action includes various operations that are performed with respect to shared files within the space. Upon creation of the shared space, other users can access and/or transmit files, and perform other file management operations such as drag and drop shared files, move, copy and other file system management tasks. In addition, shared files and directories may be linked into the shared space. This provides a clear sense of user operations that are available for shared files, to thereby create an ease of use of group spaces.
The invention provides a system and method for sharing files in the shared space. An owner of the shared space can invite other users into the space for the purpose of sharing files such as pictures, video or other content. The shared space itself is secure, such that only individuals invited are able to connect to the space. Once created, users can drag and drop files into the shared space itself as well as perform other file system operations with respect to the shared files and directories. In accordance with the invention, the shared files include associated metadata that is propagated to other members of the shared space. Members who connect to the group later are still able to access such metadata and thereby continue to operate within the shared space. Upon receipt of the metadata, the infrastructure based on user settings can now handle the shared files as desired, such as by copying the shared files locally or not. In the case where a file is to be copied locally, a connection is established with the source of the file metadata, and the shared file is transferred from the source to the local computer. The process is secure in that only a valid member of the group may copy the shared file to its space.
With the use of a file system interface, files within a shared space may be managed quickly and effectively. In this way, other applications can readily access content within the shared spaces defined by the user.
Generally, the present invention relates to a server-less, shared group space that enables secure interactions among defined members in a group. In one aspect, the invention provides a user interface that integrates with file system operations, such as drag-drop operations with respect to files that are placed into the shared space. The invention permits secure relationships to be formed and maintained with one or more other entities by creating a shared space.
Although it is not required for practicing the invention, the invention is described as it is implemented by computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, that are executed by a computing device. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures and the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types.
The invention may be implemented in various computing device configurations. For example, the invention may be realized in hand-held devices, mobile phones, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers and the like, wearable computing or communication devices, and any other device capable of both visual display and direct or indirect communication with another device. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments, where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. Thus it will be understood that the invention is preferably incorporated into many types of computing environments as suggested above.
Before describing the invention in greater detail, an exemplary computing environment in which the invention may operate is described in connection with
The hard disk drive 27, magnetic disk drive 28, and optical disk drive 30 are connected to the system bus 23 by a hard disk drive interface 32, a magnetic disk drive interface 33, and an optical disk drive interface 34, respectively. The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the PC 20. Although the exemplary environment described herein employs a hard disk 60, a removable magnetic disk 29, and a removable optical disk 31, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of computer readable media which can store data that is accessible by a computing device, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disks, Bernoulli cartridges, random access memories, read only memories, and the like may also be used in the exemplary operating environment.
Program modules are stored on the hard disk 60, magnetic disk 29, optical disk 31, ROM 24 or RAM 25, including an operating system 35, one or more applications programs 36, other program modules 37, and program data 38. A user enters commands and information into the device 20 through input devices such as a keyboard 40 and a pointing device 42. Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 21 through a serial port interface 46 that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor 47 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 23 via an interface, such as a video adapter 48. In addition to the monitor, the computing device typically includes other peripheral output devices, not shown, such as speakers and printers.
The device 20 is operable in a networked environment using fixed or transient logical connections to one or more remote computing devices, such as a remote computer 49. The remote computer 49 may be another similar computing device, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, or any other device type such as any of those mentioned elsewhere herein, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computing device 20, although there is no such requirement, and only a memory storage device 50 has been illustrated in
When used in a LAN networking environment, the computing device 20 is connected to the local network 51 through a network interface or adapter 53. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computing device 20 typically includes a modem 54 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN 52. The modem 54, which may be internal or external, is connected to the system bus 23 via the serial port interface 46. Program modules depicted relative to the computing device 20, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used. Additionally, the invention is not intended to be limited to a particular network type. Any network type, wired or wireless, fixed or transient, circuit-switched, packet-switched or other network architectures, may be used to implement the present invention.
In the description that follows, the invention will be described with reference to acts and symbolic representations of operations that are performed by one or more computing devices, unless indicated otherwise. Such acts and operations, which are referred to as being computer-executed, include the manipulation by the processing unit of the computing device of electrical signals representing data in a structured form. This manipulation transforms the data or maintains it at locations in the memory system of the computing device, which reconfigures or otherwise alters the operation of the computing device in a manner well understood by those skilled in the art. The data structures are physical locations of memory with particular properties defined by the format of the data. However, while the invention is being described in the foregoing context, it is not meant to be limiting. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that various of the acts and operations described herein may also be implemented in hardware.
One or more user machines used to implement an embodiment of the invention may be as illustrated with respect to the computing device architecture of
In accordance with the invention, a shared space is presented through a graphical user interface with the look and feel of existing file system features. For example, the invention may use Windows Explorer-style dialog boxes such as the Open dialog box or the like. Such file system operations are accessible through the created shared space. In one embodiment, the invention is implemented as a namespace extension to Windows Explorer that presents user interface elements in a similar or same manner as a file system would create those elements, such as presenting display windows, icons and other graphic presentations to render the appearance of a file system. For example, the invention may implement namespace extensions and basic folder object interfaces that enable Microsoft Windows Explorer file system capabilities. The application similarly enables various operations that are similar to accepted file system operations to be performed with respect to data residing in the shared space.
Alternatively, the invention may be implemented as a file system driver or filter driver that resides below the file system and accesses file system services provided by an operating system. In this embodiment, the file system displays files that it would typically display including files in the group space so that the file system is extended to file sharing.
In both embodiments, the invention preferably utilizes existing peer-to-peer infrastructure that allows for a large number of applications and/or scenarios to be delivered in a distributed environment. Such infrastructure may provide functionality including, without limitation, NAT traversal, name resolution, efficient multipoint communication, secure groups and distributed data management, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.
For data transmission and communication among group members, a peer networking architecture is preferably utilized.
For performing a search for other peers in the cloud, various components in the architecture may be used as follows. The Discovery layer exposed through the Network Services Protocol component (NSP) 306 provides a means to resolve a name in a distributed, server-less way in a cloud. A Graphing component 306 provides a way of organizing a set of nodes for efficient exchange of information. A Grouping layer 316 provides a security layer on top of the Graphing component 306. Both the Graphing and the Grouping components utilize a Store 310 for an application to publish data to which can be disseminated among all members in the group/graph. An application denoted by the layer 320 can also search for data in the Grouping or the Graphing components by using a Searching component 308.
In accordance with the invention, a group shared space is represented by graphical user interface presentations and controls that are included as part of an existing file system, or at least an intuitive extension of existing file system operations. Much like the real-world, a shared space is created in order to form a relationship among one or more entities. The shared spaces created or used by the same entity are preferably displayed in a single shell folder. Controls for managing the shared spaces and their content are provided as part of a task pane in the shell folder.
One overall user interface presentation according to an embodiment of the invention will be described with reference to
The My Documents folder 402 also includes a pane 414 in the left-hand display area. This pane 414 includes a task pane 416 that presents various user-selectable File and Folder tasks that may be performed in connection with the shared space. These tasks include making a new shared space folder, publishing a shared space folder to the Internet, and Share this folder with other entities.
In addition to the task pane 416, the left-hand window includes other graphical features including an "Other Places" list 418 that presents links to one or more other file system locations. These include the "Desktop," "My Computer" and "My Network Places," as will be readily recognized by the user. Finally, the pane includes a "Details" list 420 which in this case is a drop-down list for providing details concerning a selected item in the "My Documents" folder.
By including the shared space as a link in the "My Documents" folder of the file system, various windows and common dialogs may be used in conjunction with the shared files stored therein. In this way, operations such as open, save, save as, and the like may be performed on such content. One such example is shown in
In addition to placement into the "My Documents" folder, a "My Shared Spaces" link may be included within a Start Menu presentation 600, such as the presentation displayed in
Having described the graphical representation for access to the "My Shared Spaces" window, the manner in which shared spaces themselves are manipulated is now described. In accordance with a feature of an embodiment of the invention, a shared space display window provides a user access to certain tasks in various modes. In a preferred embodiment, the display window provides a specialized task pane permitting access to operations concerning the shared space in three different modes of operation: (1) no shared space item selected; (2) a shared space item selected; and (3) a membership folder selected.
In addition to the specialized task pane, the left-hand pane 706 may also include an "Other Places" list 712 containing links to other file system locations. Finally, the left-hand pane includes a file or folder detail panel 714 presenting details concerning the shared space file folder.
When a shared space file folder icon is selected, the specialized task pane changes to present tasks that can be performed by the shared space user.
In addition to the task of renaming an existing shared space, the task pane 808 presents a user selectable "Delete this shared space" task. Selecting this task causes the folder icon to be removed from the "My Shared Spaces" folder and deletes the user as a group member. To connect to the shared space in the future, the user is required to be re-invited by the shared space owner or another group member with sufficient rights to invite a new member into the group. Because the action of deleting a shared space is irreversible, an embodiment of the invention presents a dialog box to notify the user of the impact with a dialog that requires an affirmative response from the user in order to complete the task.
The deletion of a shared space by an owner will impact the group in additional ways. Because the shared space owner is the sole entity that has a private key for the group in a preferred embodiment, its deletion will cause the private key to be lost. This means that group properties such as friendly name and the like can no longer be altered. Because the lifetime of member credentials is effectively infinite, other members may continue to connect to and share information in the group. However, when every group member has deleted the shared space, the group will cease to exist. In addition, unless the group owner has given administrator privileges to another group member, no new members can be invited to join the shared space. For this reason, the user is notified with a dialog that requires an affirmative response in order to complete the task of deleting a shared space.
As an alternative to deleting a shared space, the specialized task pane 808 permits a user to hide a shared with a "Hide this shared space" task. A hidden shared space is not visible unless a user activates a "Show hidden spaces" task. Alternatively, a "Show hidden files" folder option may be enabled. It is noted that a hidden shared space will consume less resources as the shared space database and files transferred from other group members will be removed when the space is hidden. However, data shared by the user will remain available. The user credentials required to access or manage the space will remain on the user's computing system. Using these credentials, the hidden shared space can be reconstructed. For this reason, the "Hide shared space" task is a reversible task such that no dialog is displayed in a preferred embodiment.
Another user selectable task displayed in the specialized task pane 808 is a "Change setting" task. Selection of this task activates a "Shared Space Settings" dialog, an example of which is illustrated in
Unlike a traditional file system, a shared space allows two or more group members to contribute to a file with the same name. To permit the user to differentiate between these files, the user may select an option provided in the Settings dialog 900, shown in
Another user selectable option relates to a "File Replication" setting 904. Files that are used in the shared space can be copied to the local machine when they are accessed, that is, they can be copied on an on-demand basis through user selection of a "Copy files locally 'as needed'" setting. Alternatively, they may be replicated to the user's computer when they are added to the shared space by selecting a "Copy files locally when added to group" setting. Similarly, a "Member Contribution" setting 906 permits user selection between a "Members can contribute" setting and a "Only the owner may contribute files" setting. Selection of the latter setting makes members of the group read only. When this setting is selected, only the owner may contribute content to the group.
Finally, the Settings dialog includes a "New Content" setting 908 for permitting user selection of what specifies "new" content. This setting 908 includes a drop down list of options such as 1, 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90 days. This field could optionally include an edit field to permit the user to specify any value.
Having described certain details of the location and settings concerning a shared space folder, a member task view will now be described.
To become a group member, a user is invited to join the group space with the issuance of an invitation. Invitation can be done using any out of band mechanism. One of the mechanisms that could be used is location specific. For instance, an invitation could be issued to users located in the same conference room; it could be issued to users on the same network; it could be issued to all users participating in a meeting (whether they are local in the conference room or participating remotely). Once the invitation is received by the invited user, he can join the shared space and participate in sharing files.
In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, group members are assigned roles within the group. A group owner is an entity that initially creates the group space. The owner adds members by inviting other entities, as explained below, and assigns roles to such other group members. The roles define the level of access to group members. For example, one such role may be that of an administrator, who may be assigned many of the same rights as the owner, including the right to add or delete other group members. Other roles include member, contributor or other custom roles that are assigned rights and privileges to varying degrees. In addition, group members have "presence," that is, each group member publishes his presence when on-line, as explained below. Finally, group members each preferably have the same view, whenever activity occurs with respect to the group space.
For performing tasks concerning group members, the Members subfolder 1002 has a designated task pane. In a preferred embodiment, when a user opens a Members subfolder 1002, a new Members window is activated. Such a Members window, in turn, is shown in
In addition to a members list 1102, the window 1100 includes a Member task pane 1104 located in the left hand pane of the window. The Member task pane 104 is used to manage the member list. For adding new members to the group, a user selectable "Add new member" task is selected. In a preferred embodiment, user selection of this task activates a wizard for adding a new member to the shared space. However, before the shared space credentials can be created, the new member's peer-to-peer credentials are obtained.
For obtaining a peer-to-peer identity for the new member, a New Shared Space Member Wizard can use data obtained from an existing messenger buddy or an email address. As shown jointly in
The attached file contains pure data and has been associated with an Invitation Wizard, which presents a graphical interface as shown in
Using the peer-to-peer identity of the members, group credentials are created. An additional email may be created and sent to the user informing them that they are now the member of the shared space.
Having described the manner in which new members are added to a group, the remaining tasks available in the Members window will be described. These tasks relate to existing members of the group. For example, a user selectable "Remove member" task is rendered visible only when a member in the Members list is selected and the user is either an administrator or a group owner for the shared space. Otherwise, this task is unavailable. Selecting the "Remove member" task will remove the selected member's access to the shared space. To access the shared space at a future time, the removed member must be re-invited to join the shared space by the group owner or an administrator. In addition to removing a member, a member's name may be changed by user selection of a "Change member name" task. In a preferred embodiment, this option is only visible when a member is selected and the current user is either an administrator or the group owner for the shared space. This option may optionally be activated by right-clicking the item in the Members list and selecting a Rename option or by clicking on the name in the Members list and activating an in-place edit field.
A final user selectable task that is available in the Members task pane is a "Change member role" option. In a preferred embodiment, this option is visible only when a member is selected in the Members list and the current user is either an administrator or the group owner for the shared space. Otherwise, the "Change member role" option is not available. Upon user selection and activation of this option, a display interface preferably as a Change Member Role Wizard 1400 as shown in the title bar in the graphical window in
In accordance with another feature of the invention, files and directories contained in a shared space are accessed in a manner that is similar to the manner in which files and directories are accessed in a conventional file system. The differences impact the user experience in several ways. Because not all files exist locally unless an appropriate setting has been activated as described above, the user is informed of such "missing" files.
For sharing files among group members, metadata is transmitted to all members when files become available, such as is shown in the steps 1904 and 1906 in the flow chart in
The following table illustrates one such implementation of required and optional metadata concerning a shared file.
To inform a user of a group shared space file that is not present locally, display icons are presented to the user.
Additionally, because content in a group folder is likely to change over time and the organization of content does not enable the user to discern what content is new or has been recently altered, a "new" glyph may be presented on folders and files that are new or have been recently changed. This glyph provides a visual indicator of new content.
When a modification of a file contained in a shared space occurs, a notification to other members in the group occurs (see steps 1902, 1904 and 1906 in
In order for a group space member to access an updated that is not locally stored, the file must first be transmitted to the local machine.
For adding to or removing files or directories from a shared space, the user may right-click an icon associated with the content of interest to present a graphical interface, such as a Context Menu 1700 shown in
In addition to using a context menu, files may also be dragged into the shared space folder from another Explorer window. Cut/Copy and Paste editing operations may also be used to transfer the file to the shared space folder. In this way, the file is copied and/or moved to the local shared space folder as indicated by the user action.
As with conventional files and directories, a shared file or directory may be readily moved by the sharing member to other locations within the shared space hierarchy. For example, the sharing member may drag a file into a different folder. Members may create new folders in the shared space for organizing content. In accordance with one feature, while any member may store content in any directory that is present in the shared space even if another member contributed to the directory, only the member who shared the content may change its location within the shared space.
In a preferred embodiment, the application maintains metric for all peers connected to the source machine. Such metric indicate response time of the peer machine, the availability of the peer machines and like data for use in the decision of how the shared data will be obtained. Thus, a download session can be suspended and resumed such that, if a portion of a shared file is downloaded and then suspended, the next time the group member is connected to the peer network or when they resume the download, the download resumes at the next place after the one that was last copied.
The invention also addresses security as share spaces transmit all shared information as encrypted. Thus, in an embodiment, a group administrator or owner supplies an enterprise policy such as group creation, how many group members are present, who can be members, such as employees of corporation X but not of corporation Y, domains, whether content can be shared. The group policy is transmitted to all the machines in the domain to which the policy pertains. The application of the invention reads and obeys such policy.
Because shared files are sometimes large files such as video files, the issue of throttling may arise. Therefore, the invention may include a user option to specify the amount of total bandwidth to be used for files downloads to other machines. Alternatively, a user might prioritize certain groups through a policy such that whenever the user is not using email or browsing, then the group space application can use the extra bandwidth to distribute files.
In some instances, the shared content may be rights protected material such as copyrighted material such that it cannot be legally copied to each of the group machines. In this case, the application may stream the content so that a copy is not created and stored on other machines belonging to group members. Instead, such other group members may listen to, watch or otherwise experience the protected content. Such action could be user driven or the application could automatically detect that certain material is digital rights management (DRM) protected. During transfer, the user can stop and start the transfer as well as observe the status of the transfer by percent delivered. The user may optionally reject a file transfer request. Because group members have credentials that describe who they are, what they can do and how they authenticate with other group members, such actions are readily implemented. As noted above, content transferred to other group members is encrypted in any event.
In this way, the invention enables interactions among group members according to real world scenarios. For example, a user may take voluminous pictures and some video of his or her children. Because sharing such content, especially the video content, is particular difficult, the user may simply create a Family shared space to use in order to exchange these and other files with his or her relatives. In another real world example, a user may schedule a meeting with several members of her business team and a few partners she has met at a tradeshow. Because she plans to share some information with other meeting participants, the user creates a group shared space for the meeting and uses the list of people "near" her to add her team members and the partners to the group. The user also may pre-populate the shared space with the presentation and other materials as desired. As attendees arrive to the meeting and power on their computing systems in preparation for the meeting, they are notified that a shared space has been created, join the shared space and access the documents. In addition, such attendees can readily add other materials concerning the meeting. When the meeting concludes, the user and or other attendees may delete the shared space or maintain it for on-going collaboration.
Various activities may occur in the group space. Such activities may include file sharing, chatting either by text and/or audio visual, gaming, white boarding, message boarding, content distribution, distribution of software and patches. Indeed, the invention may be used to perform distributed computing tasks such as, for example, working together to solve common task such as weather forecasting, complex biological problems, like mapping DNA, astronomical process analysis, or searching within group content for basic research tasks.
It will be appreciated that a novel application and interface for group interaction over a network have been described. In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of this invention may be applied, it should be recognized that the embodiments described herein with respect to the drawing figures are illustrative and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. For example, those skilled in the art will recognize that elements of the illustrated embodiments shown in software may be implemented in hardware and vice versa or that the illustrated embodiments can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from the spirit of the invention. For example, although the invention has been described primarily with reference to personal computers and their associated displays and desktops, it should be appreciated that the invention does not require a PC or a traditional desktop. Instead, the invention can also be implemented on other devices that support a visual display function. Therefore, the invention as described herein contemplates all such embodiments as may come within the scope of the following claims and equivalents thereof.
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Clutters of red dots - GTX 460 with 300w power supply?
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Ninja Prime
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Join Date: Mar 2003
Location: Utah
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Re: Clutters of red dots - GTX 460 with 300w power supply?
Originally Posted by
Thank you for the fast reply!
So from that would you say Its fair for me to question Dell as to why they would allow the option of GTX 460 with that system?
Yeah, fair question, obvious answer though, they thought they could get away with it. I hope nothing is toast from it, but I would ask them to replace the PS with 450W or better. Have them test everything though, RAM could be toast, CPU could have problems, Mobo could have problems, the GTX 460 could have problems, who knows. Have them replace anything fried because they skimped on a PS, which ironically is probably one of the cheapest components in that system. They probably saved less than $10 going for 300w vs a 450w or 500w.
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I'm fairly emotional man. It doesn't take much for me to start tearing up during a moving moment. But aside from obvious trite, like pets being reunited with returing masters, what really gets the water works going is scenes of heroism.
Bravery and courage shown in times of ever increasing peril, and all that jazz. I think that I'm such a schmuck for that sort of thing because I still have that niave desire to, at some point to some degree, be heroic. I think a lot of us do; it's why we play video games and read books and watch movies. We want to identify with the hero and be part of a righteous force that saves the day. Something that Earthbound nails perfectly.
If you've seen the scene, you know exactly what I'm talking about. If not, it's in the ending so I'll try to be descreet, or you can just turn back now. Look it up if you're curious, but really you should just play the game. The way the game sets it up nonchalantly is genius. It seems so insignificant at the time and it is quickly forgotten. The video game world's best brick joke. In a dire moment, when all seems lost, when every resource seems exhausted and it's not enough, what will be the final straw? What will be the final death stroke to the great evil? YOU will be.
It was almost like Itoi knew the exact recipe for pulling my heart strings. To make this moment the most powerful moment in gaming history I've ever experienced. A moment that is still powerful to this day, if not moreso. A moment that blew my ten year old mind, and makes me well up just thinking about it to this day. A moment that tauht me an important lesson: when times are bleak, when pleas for help get absorbed by the darkness, just keep praying.read
I grew up with first person shooters. I'm old enough to have had access to Wolfenstein 3D as a young child. I played the shareware version to exhaustion, running alongside the walls while mashing the space bar looking for secrets. But it was Doom, and later Duke Nukem, that really solidified my love for first person shooters. And while I adored the more fantastic settings of demonic and alien invasions, what I loved most about these games were the weapons.
The keystone of a great FPS, in my opinion, is fun weapons. Doom had a few of these. The plasma rifle was always a blast to use when I could spare the sparse ammo. But this is where Duke Nukem excelled. Past the pistol and shotgun, Duke had a wide arsenal of unique weapons that became a standard to which I judged future games.
But, alas, after the golden age of the 90s, first person shooters seemed to become more mundane. As computers became more powerful, the simulation shooter became a genre, stealing market share from my beloved arcade shooter, which was suffering enough from the proliferation of WW2 shooters. Occasionally I would be introduced to something to sate my appetite: Time Splitters, Perfect Dark. But it took a special game to get me excited for a first person shooter.
Metro 2033 is a special game.
Before this game came out, I must admit I was interested. Science fiction themed, spiritual successor to STALKER. All good points. But the second I saw the commercial for this game, peddling that damnable exclusive DLC of a light machine SHOTGUN, I knew this game needed to be part of my life. And it didn't disappoint. Despite still having the regular machine guns, shotguns and pistols, they all had unique designs and almost reinvented each weapon. It was enough to make me abandon my typically stealthy playing style. How the hell hadn't anyone thought of a machine shotgun before? WHY ISN'T IT IN EVERY GAME? Because it ridiculous, that's why. But everything can benefit from being a little bit ridiculous. And what's more ridiculous than belt fed automatic shotguns and silenced revolvers?
(PSST! Did you like this comic? Perhaps consider purchasing a print here! You'll be supporting me and I'll have more incentive to make more comics!)read
Hi chums! If you know you want a print, jump down to the bottom and follow the instructions as I ONLY HAVE TWELVE PRINTS. Otherwise, stick around for a story.
So as you may know, I started Printoid several months ago. Hell, they've been DONE for several months. The idea was to support a charity that Niero and a few others were going to be a part of, and that my prints would be sold during a live stream.
However, that never happened and I eventually got around to asking Niero about it. He confirmed that sadly the whole thing never got off the ground, and he told me to just go ahead with the sell. Which left me without a charity.
As I've said before, being the ignorant gamer I am, the first thought is to send it to Child's Play. But that's boring. Which brings me to today. A few days ago, I became aware that another Dtoider, PhilKenSebben, was in a tough spot after after the unfortunate death in his family left him with some steep funeral bills. I can't think of a better beneficiary for a community charity drive than someone from that community.
So here's the deal: 100% of the proceeds will go to help PhilKenSebben with his step-father's burial. Prints will be $30 dollars + $5 shipping (international shipping will be decided for each individual). Seem like a lot? These aren't your typical made by the thousands printed on newsprint kind of posters. I hand printed each one of these on thick art paper using professional ink. SHIT IS MADE TO LAST. Ask Max and Niero how sweet these things look. Maybe we'll both get lucky, my art degree won't end up being a $50000 mistake, I'll become a successful artist and that print will be worth a million dollars some day. Also, it's for charity. So there.
Want one? Here's the rub. I don't have a store front or anything like that, so this is how it's going to work: send an email to meanderbot (at) gmail (dot) com. The first twelve people I hear from can work out payment with me via Paypal or an appropriate analog. Anyone after that will get placed on a waiting list in case someone falls through.
Also, I plan on painting one with watercolors, which will then be put on ebay in the hopes of raising a bit more. That one is still in the works, so stay tuned!read


text:
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text:
The Cannon Group, Inc.
|Film studio
|Integrated into parent company MGM
|October 23, 1967
|Dennis Friedland
Christopher C. Dewey
|United States
(Also owned studios and cinema chains throughout the UK, Israel and Europe)
Key people
|Dennis Friedland
Christopher C. Dewey
Menahem Golan
Yoram Globus
Giancarlo Parretti
Ovidio G. Assonitis
Christopher Pearce
|Motion pictures
Video releasing
Cinema Chains (UK & Europe)
|Cannon Video
Cannon Cinemas
Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment
Thorn EMI Video
ABC Cinemas
The Cannon Group Inc. was an American group of companies, including Cannon Films, which produced a distinctive line of low- to medium-budget films[2] from 1967 to 1994.[3] The extensive group also owned, amongst others, a large international cinema chain and a video film company that invested heavily in the video market, buying the international video rights to several classic film libraries.
The company was much more popular in the United Kingdom than in its native United States, which is indicative as to why the group owned several cinema chains in the UK.
- 1 History
- 2 Ownership of the Cannon Group library
- 3 List of Golan-Globus productions
- 4 References
- 5 External links
1967–1979: Beginnings[edit]
Cannon Films was incorporated on October 23, 1967. It was formed by Dennis Friedland and Chris Dewey while they were in their early 20s. They had immediate success producing English language versions of Swedish soft porn films directed by Joseph W. Sarno: Inga (1968) aka "Jag - en oskuld" and To Ingrid, My Love, Lisa (1968) aka "Kvinnolek". By 1970, they had produced films on a larger production scale than a lot of major distributors, such as Joe, starring Peter Boyle. They managed this by tightly limiting their budgets to $300,000 per picture—or less, in some cases. However, as the 1970s moved on, a string of unsuccessful movies seriously drained Cannon's capital. This, along with changes to film-production tax laws, led to a drop in Cannon's stock price.
1979–1985: Golan Globus era[edit]
By 1979, Cannon had hit serious financial difficulties, and Friedland and Dewey sold Cannon to Israeli cousins Menahem Golan (who had directed The Apple) and Yoram Globus for $500,000.[4] The two cousins forged a business model of buying barrel-bottom scripts and putting them into production.
They tapped into a ravenous market for action B-pictures in the 1980s.[5] Although they are most remembered for the Death Wish sequels and Chuck Norris action pictures such as The Delta Force and Invasion U.S.A., and even the vigilante thriller Exterminator 2 (the sequel to 1980's The Exterminator), Cannon's output was actually far more varied, with musical and comedy films such as Breakin', Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo, The Last American Virgin, and the U.S. release of The Apple; period drama pictures such as Lady Chatterley's Lover (1981), Bolero, and Mata Hari (1985); science fiction and fantasy films such as Hercules, Lifeforce and The Barbarians; as well as serious pictures such as John Cassavetes' Love Streams, Zeffirelli's Otello (a film version of the Verdi opera), Norman Mailer's Tough Guys Don't Dance, Andrei Konchalovsky's Runaway Train, and Shy People; and action/adventure films such as the 3-D Treasure of the Four Crowns, King Solomon's Mines, Cobra and American Ninja.
One of Cannon's biggest hits was the Vietnam action B-movie Missing in Action, with Chuck Norris.[6] The film, however, was criticized heavily as being a preemptive cash-in on the Rambo film series.[7][8] James Cameron's story treatment for Rambo: First Blood Part II was floating around Hollywood in 1983, which Golan and Globus reviewed and were "inspired" by.[7][8] The writers of MIA even gave Cameron credit saying their film was inspired by his script treatment.[9] But Cannon had initially put the prequel Missing in Action 2: The Beginning into production. Only after the two movies were completed had the company realized that the planned second movie was superior to the first one. So, the first movie produced became an awkward prequel.[10]
During these years, Cannon worked with entertainment-advertising company Design Projects, Inc. for most of the one-sheet posters, trade advertising, and large billboards prominently displayed at the Cannes Film Festival each year. Substantial pre-sales of the next years' films were made based on the strong salesmanship skills of Golan, Danny Dimbort, and the advertising created by Design Projects. The deposits made from these sales financed production of the first film in the production line-up, which—when completed and delivered to theatre owners around the world—generated enough money to make the next film in the line-up. Slavenburg's Bank in the Netherlands provided bridge financing until the pre-sales amounts were collected.
1986–1989: Later years[edit]
By 1986, when company earnings reached their apex with 43 films in one year, Cannon Films shares had soared a hundredfold. Golan remained Chairman of the Board, while Globus served as President.
During this year, Cannon Films released Robotech: The Movie (also called Robotech: The Untold Story) for a limited run in Mesquite, Texas, a suburb of Dallas. Cannon was reportedly unsatisfied with Carl Macek's first version of the movie, which was almost a straight adaptation of the anime Megazone 23. It was at their insistence that footage from The Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross (the series adapted as the Robotech Masters segment of the Robotech TV series) and Megazone 23 be spliced together to produce a more action-oriented movie. Macek recalls that although he was unhappy with this revised version, Menahem Golan, after viewing it, happily said: "Now that's a Cannon movie!"[citation needed] Nevertheless, Robotech: The Movie was unsuccessful in its brief Texas run and saw no further release. Carl Macek has gone on record as disowning it.[citation needed]
Film critic Roger Ebert said of Golan-Globus in 1987, "no other production organization in the world today—certainly not any of the seven Hollywood "majors"—has taken more chances with serious, marginal films than Cannon."[11] That year, Cannon gained its greatest artistic success: its Dutch production The Assault won the 1986 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Meanwhile Otello, based on the opera of the same name also received a Golden Globe nomination that year.
Golan and Cannon Films were famous for making huge announcements and over-promoting movies that did not live up to expectations—or even exist. For instance, Lifeforce (1985) was to be "the cinematic sci-fi event of the '80s" and Masters of the Universe (1987) was dubbed "the Star Wars of the '80s."
Additionally, Cannon owned the film rights to Spider-Man, and planned to make a Spider-Man movie in the mid-1980s.[12] Golan and Globus agreed to pay Marvel Comics $225,000 over the five-year option period, plus a percentage of the film's revenues.[12] The rights would revert to Marvel if a film was not made by April 1990.[13] Marvel and Columbia would eventually complete a film several years later for director Sam Raimi, after the rights had been resecured.
Pathé ownership and popularity in the UK[edit]
By 1988, a cooling of the film market and a series of box office flops—including the multi-million dollar production of Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987), whose original $36-million budget was slashed to $17 million—had once again put Cannon in financial woes. The company signed an agreement with Warner Bros. to handle part of their assets; however, the financial loss was staggering. Having purchased Thorn EMI's Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment division in 1986,[14] Cannon Films was severely stretched, and faced bankruptcy. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission began an investigation into Cannon's financial reports, suspecting that Cannon had fraudulently misstated them.
On the verge of failure, Cannon Films was taken over by Pathé Communications, a holding company controlled by Italian financier Giancarlo Parretti. Financed by the French bank Credit Lyonnais, Pathé Communications' takeover of Cannon immediately began a corporate restructuring and refinancing of $250 million to pay off Cannon debt. By 1989, Golan, citing differences with both Parretti and Globus, resigned from his position and left Cannon to start 21st Century Film Corporation, while Globus remained with Pathé.
One of the final movies produced by the team of Golan and Globus that received a wide release under the Cannon Films banner was the Jean-Claude Van Damme post-apocalyptic action film Cyborg. This film was conceived to use both the costumes and sets built for an intended sequel to Masters of the Universe and the ill-fated live-action version of Spider-Man. Both projects were planned to shoot simultaneously under the direction of Albert Pyun. After Cannon Films had to cancel deals with both Mattel and Marvel Entertainment because of their financial troubles, they needed to recoup the money spent on both projects.
As part of his severance package from Pathé, Golan took the rights to Marvel's characters Spider-Man and Captain America. (Golan was able to put Captain America into production, and released it directly to video through his 21st Century Film Corporation, while, as aforementioned, Columbia would eventually take Spider-Man to production for 2002 release.) Not to let that pre-production work go to waste, Pyun wrote Cyborg, with Chuck Norris in mind, suggesting it to Cannon Films. Jean-Claude Van Damme was cast in the lead role. Some television stations still give the film's title as Masters of the Universe 2: Cyborg.
The Cannon Group sold in May 1987 its 2,000-title British film library,[15] the Thorn-EMI Screen Entertainment Library, for $85-million to Weintraub Entertainment Group.[16]
Cannon's films proved to be much more popular in the United Kingdom than in its native United States, which is why Cannon acquired several British cinema chains during the 1980s, and founded the mail-order video distribution service Videolog as a joint venture with Columbia House Europe, Ltd. in the mid-1980s.
1990–1994: Relaunch and demise[edit]
Following Golan's departure from Cannon Films, he became the head of 21st Century Film Corporation. Globus continued working with Parretti at Pathé.
When Pathé took over control of MGM/UA in 1990 as part of the MGM-Pathé merger, a majority of the Cannon Films library became part of the MGM library (certain rights for other media and select films during the Thorn EMI merger now lie with other entities). During Parretti's tenure at MGM and Warner Bros., he appointed Globus as president of the studio for a brief period of time.
In 1990, Parretti reorganized Cannon Pictures, Inc. as the low-budget distribution arm of Pathé. Veteran Italian film producer Ovidio G. Assonitis served as Chairman and CEO of the new Cannon Pictures from 1990 to 1991. After the MGM-Pathe merger, Cannon Pictures spun off from Pathé, and was later run by former Cannon Group production head Christopher Pearce, who served as Chairman and CEO from 1991 to 1994. Cannon Pictures continued to release films, including A Man Called Sarge, American Ninja 4: The Annihilation and No Place to Hide.
Parretti was pushed out of management control of MGM in 1991 by Credit Lyonnais, after he defaulted on loan payments.[17] Parretti was later convicted of perjury and evidence tampering in a Delaware court for statements he made in a 1991 civil case, brought by Credit Lyonnais to validate their removal of Parretti, to the effect that a document he claimed allowed him to retain control of MGM was authentic;[18][19] he fled the country for Italy before he could be sentenced or extradited to France, where he was wanted on criminal charges related to his use of MGM's French assets.[19][20]
In 1997, the California Superior Court in Los Angeles entered a final judgement in a separate civil suit against Parretti, ordering him to pay $1.48 billion to Credit Lyonnais.[19] After Federal prosecutors unsealed an indictment against Parretti and Florio Fiorini accusing them of fraud in 1999, Italian authorities arrested both men and held them for extradition to the United States.[21] Parretti was released by the court of appeal in Perugia shortly thereafter, ordered to remain in his home town of Orvieto and report to the police three times a week, even though authorities in Rome had requested he be held pending a decision on the extradition.[22]
The 1988 Golan-Globus film Alien from L.A., starring model Kathy Ireland, was used as the basis of episode #516 of the movie-mocking television show Mystery Science Theater 3000. In 1994, Cannon Pictures released its last film Hellbound before it closed down. Yoram Globus and Christopher Pearce later joined 21st Century Film Corporation until 1996.
Post-Cannon aftermath[edit]
Golan continued to produce and direct films until his death on August 8, 2014. Globus is the president of Globus Max, which has interests in film production and distribution and runs a 140-screen cinema chain in Israel.[citation needed][23]
In 2014 there were two documentary films released about Cannon Films. Ratpac Entertainment released Electric Boogaloo: The Wild, Untold Story of Cannon Films, a documentary about Cannon Films, written and directed by Mark Hartley, and produced by Brett Ratner.[24] That same year, the Israeli documentary The Go-Go Boys: The Inside Story of Cannon Films was launched at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival.[25]
Ownership of the Cannon Group library[edit]
The Cannon Group library is, for the most part, currently owned by MGM, with certain exceptions. Paramount/Viacom, with distribution licensed to Trifecta Entertainment and Media, holds the TV and digital rights (US/Canada) to the Cannon library, with certain Warner Bros./Cannon co-productions included. However, Warner Bros. still holds other rights to those Cannon films which WB served as minority partner. Films produced during the Thorn EMI era are owned by StudioCanal. MGM holds all other rights including most worldwide home video rights, international television and some material airing on ThisTV.
List of Golan-Globus productions[edit]
|Release Date
|The Happy Hooker Goes Hollywood
|June 4, 1980
|Roberts, AlanAlan Roberts
|September 3, 1980
|Paulsen, DavidDavid Paulsen
|Enter the Ninja
|October 2, 1981
|Golan, MenahemMenahem Golan
|Dr. Heckyl and Mr. Hype
|October 9, 1980
|Griffith, Charles B.Charles B. Griffith
|The Apple
|November 21, 1980
|Golan, MenahemMenahem Golan
|New Year's Evil
|December 3, 1980
|Alston, EmmettEmmett Alston
|Hospital Massacre
|October 16, 1981
|Davidson, BoazBoaz Davidson
|Body and Soul
|October 23, 1981
|Bowers, GeorgeGeorge Bowers
|Death Wish II
|February 20, 1982
|Winner, MichaelMichael Winner
|Co-production with Filmways Pictures
|Lady Chatterley's Lover
|May 7, 1982
|Jaeckin, JustJust Jaeckin
|The Last American Virgin
|July 30, 1982
|Davidson, BoazBoaz Davidson
|That Championship Season
|December 9, 1982
|Miller, JasonJason Miller
|10 to Midnight
|March 11, 1983
|Thompson, J. LeeJ. Lee Thompson
|Nana, the True Key of Pleasure
|June 13, 1983
|Wolman, DanDan Wolman
|House of the Long Shadows
|June 17, 1983
|Walker, PetePete Walker
|August 26, 1983
|Cozzi, LuigiLuigi Cozzi
|Distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
|Revenge of the Ninja
|September 16, 1983
|Firstenberg, SamSam Firstenberg
|March 2, 1984
|McLaglen, AndrewAndrew McLaglen
|May 4, 1984
|Silberg, JoelJoel Silberg
|Making the Grade
|May 18, 1984
|Walker, DorianDorian Walker
|Sword of the Valiant
|August 17, 1984
|Weeks, StephenStephen Weeks
|Love Streams
|August 24, 1984
|Cassavetes, JohnJohn Cassavetes
|August 31, 1984
|Derek, JohnJohn Derek
|Exterminator 2
|September 14, 1984
|Buntzman, MarkMark Buntzman
|Ninja III: The Domination
|September 14, 1984
|Firstenberg, SamSam Firstenberg
|Missing in Action
|November 16, 1984
|Zito, JosephJoseph Zito
|Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo
|December 21, 1984
|Firstenberg, SamSam Firstenberg
|The Ambassador
|January 11, 1985
|Thompson, J. LeeJ. Lee Thompson
|Missing in Action 2: The Beginning
|March 2, 1985
|Hool, LanceLance Hool
|The Company of Wolves
|April 19, 1985
|Jordan, NeilNeil Jordan
|The Assisi Underground
|May 3, 1985
|Ramati, AlexanderAlexander Ramati
|May 11, 1985
|Silberg, JoelJoel Silberg
|Grace Quigley
|May 17, 1985
|Harvey, AnthonyAnthony Harvey
|June 21, 1985
|Hooper, TobeTobe Hooper
|Runaway Train
|December 6, 1985
|Konchalovsky, AndreiAndrei Konchalovsky
|American Ninja
|August 30, 1985
|Mata Hari
|September 1985
|Invasion U.S.A.
|September 27, 1985
|Death Wish III
|November 1, 1985
|King Solomon's Mines
|November 22, 1985
|The Delta Force
|February 14, 1986
|The Naked Cage
|March 7, 1986
|America 3000
|April 1986
|Behind Enemy Lines
|April 1986
|Dangerously Close
|May 9, 1986
|May 23, 1986
|Invaders from Mars
|June 6, 1986
|Robotech: The Movie
|July 25, 1986
|Not released in the US
|The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2
|August 22, 1986
|Co-production with Europa Films
|Lightning, the White Stallion
|August 1986
|September 12, 1986
|Avenging Force
|September 12, 1986
|52 Pick-Up
|November 7, 1986
|November 21, 1986
|Duet for One
|December 25, 1986
|January 9, 1987
|Allan Quatermain and the Lost City of Gold
|January 30, 1987
|The Assault
|February 6, 1987
|Over the Top
|February 13, 1987
|Co-production with Warner Bros.
|Number One with a Bullet
|February 25, 1987
|Street Smart
|March 20, 1987
|Down Twisted
|March 1987
|The Barbarians
|March 1987
|Co-production with Warner Bros.
|American Ninja 2: The Confrontation
|May 1, 1987
|Superman IV: The Quest for Peace
|July 24, 1987
|Co-production with Warner Bros.
|Masters of the Universe
|August 7, 1987
|King Lear
|September 15, 1987
|Tough Guys Don't Dance
|September 18, 1987
|October 9, 1987
|October 16, 1987
|Death Wish 4: The Crackdown
|November 6, 1987
|Shy People
|December 1987
|Under Cover
|December 4, 1987
|Braddock: Missing in Action III
|January 22, 1988
|Co-production with Warner Bros.
|Going Bananas
|February 12, 1988
|Co-production with Warner Bros.
|Alien from L.A.
|February 26, 1988
|February 26, 1988
|Co-production with Universal Studios
|Mercenary Fighters
|February 1988
|April 1, 1988
|Appointment with Death
|April 15, 1988
|April 29, 1988
|May 7, 1988
|Hero and the Terror
|August 26, 1988
|Doin' Time on Planet Earth
|September 16, 1988
|Little Dorrit
|October 21, 1988
|Platoon Leader
|October 1988
|Evil Angels (A Cry in the Dark)[26]
|November 11, 1988
|Hanna's War
|November 23, 1988
|January 27, 1989
|Kinjite: Forbidden Subjects
|February 3, 1989
|American Ninja 3: Blood Hunt
|February 24, 1989
|April 7, 1989
|The Fruit Machine
|April 28, 1989
|Business as Usual
|May 19, 1989
|September 8, 1989
|Crack House
|November 10, 1989
|American Ninja 4: The Annihilation
|March 8, 1990
|Delta Force 2: The Colombian Connection
|August 24, 1990
|Delta Force 3: The Killing Game
|March 22, 1991
|The Borrower
|October 19, 1991
|The Hitman
|October 25, 1991
|Captain America
|July 22, 1992
|Co-production with Marvel Entertainment
|American Samurai
|Street Knight
|March 12, 1993
|American Ninja V
|American Cyborg: Steel Warrior
|April 8, 1994
TV series[edit]
- Walker, Texas Ranger (1993; first three episodes only)
- ^ Fabrikant, Geraldine (1989-03-01). "THE MEDIA BUSINESS; Golan Quits Cannon Group To Form His Own Company". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-08-08.
- ^ Clarke, Gerald (2005-06-21). "Show Business: Bring Back the Moguls!". Time. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
- ^ Lambie, Ryan (20 September 2013). "The rise and fall of Cannon Films". Den of Geek. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ^ "Golan-globus Finally At Home In Hollywood". SunSentinel.com. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ^ Delugach, Al (August 24, 1986). "Cannon Bid as Major Studio Is Cliffhanger Firm's Future at Risk in High-Stakes Gamble". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-12-04.
- ^ "Missing in Action, Box Office Information". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ a b "War Movie Mondays, Missing in Action Movie Review". The Flick Cast. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ a b "Box Office Flashback, December 10, 1984". Pop Dose: Pop Culture News, Reviews and Discussion. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Movie Review: Missing in Action Trilogy". WordPress. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Trivia for Missing in Action". IMDb. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ Ebert, Roger (1987). Two Weeks in the Midday Sun: a Cannes notebook. Kansas City, Mo.: Andrews and McMeel. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-8362-7942-9. OCLC 16679215.
- ^ a b Grover, Ronald (2002-04-15). "Unraveling Spider-Man's Tangled Web". Business Week. Retrieved 2010-08-08.
- ^ Shprintz, Janet (1998-08-19). "Spider-Man's legal web may finally be unraveled". Variety. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
- ^ http://www.terramedia.co.uk/media/film/vertical_integration.htm
- ^ Knoedelseder, Jr., William K. (August 7, 1987). "Cannon Group Loses $9.9 Million in Quarter". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
- ^ Cieply, Michael (January 11, 1989). "Weintraub's Worries : Box-Office Flops Add to Woes of Flashy 'Mini-Major'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
- ^ Citron, Alan; Cieply, Michael (1991-04-24). "Financing Details Add Bizarre Twist to MGM Saga". Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles). Retrieved 2010-09-25.
- ^ "Former MGM Owner Convicted of Perjury". The New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company). 1996-10-03. Business Day. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
- ^ a b c Fabrikant, Geraldine (1997-06-11). "Parretti Ordered to Pay Credit Lyonnais". The New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company). Retrieved 2010-11-12.
- ^ "Former MGM Executive Flees Before Court Date". The New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company). 1997-01-04. Business Day. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
- ^ Pollack, Andrew (1999-10-13). "Bank Has Paid $4 Million To Settle Case Over MGM". The New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company). Retrieved 2010-11-12.
- ^ Blitz, James (1999-10-20). "Italian financier is freed". Financial Times (London). p. 11. ISSN 0307-1766.
- ^ http://www.haaretz.com/life/movies-television/.premium-1.609639
- ^ Brown, Todd. "AFM 2011: Mark Hartley To Do The ELECTRIC BOOGALOO". Twitch.
- ^ "'The Go-Go Boys': Cannes Review". Retrieved October 20, 2014.
- ^ "A Cry in the Dark (1988) - Release dates". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2012-06-15.


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This is a discussion on 99 Acura 3.5RL 871xp RM OEM Alarm Problem within the Car Audio and Alarms forums, part of the Tech Support Forum category. I was having problems with my OEM alarm on my 99 Acura 3.5RL. It would go off randomly for no
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Trial by TrailBackpacking in the Smoky Mountains
Molloy, Johnny
Paper Edition, $15.95t
Paper ISBN: 0-87049-913-0
Status: In Print
Publication Date:
DescriptionNine million visitors come to the Great Smoky Mountains National Park each year, but few, unfortunately, have time to enjoy fully the challenges and pleasures, the opportunities for reflection and inner growth, that the park's wild and beautiful backcountry offers. Trial by Trail chronicles the odyssey of one man who, over time, discovered the deeper riches to be found within the park's boundaries.
In fourteen lively personal essays, Johnny Molloy describes the adventures by which he came of age as a backpacker. Born a "flatlander" in Memphis, he first visited the Smokies while attending the University of Tennesse–Knoxville in the 1980s. Initially, he treated the park as a personal playground—a place to cut loose, break rules, and act irresponsibly. After many hiking excursions, however, he gained a more profound appreciation of the mountains, becoming an avid park volunteer intent on the protection and improvement of the area. He grew, as he puts it, both as an outdoor adventurer and as a human being.
Interwoven throughout these pieces is a wealth of Smoky Mountains lore and history along with dozens of tips for novice backpackers. Molloy's stories encompass backpacking during all four seasons as well as accounts of solo hiking, off-trail hiking, and whitewater canoeing. Whether describing the hazards of crossing a stream in winter or what to do—and not do—when one encounters a bear or a rattlesnake, Molloy writes with an infectuous enthusiasm that will delight any lover of the outdoors.
The Author: A resident of Knoxville, Tennessee, Johnny Molloy is the author of Great Day & Overnight Hikes in the Great Smoky Mountains.
Summer Key to Trees of Tennessee and the Great Smokies (Paper)
The Best Overnight Hikes in the Great Smoky Mountains (Paper)
The Best Short Hikes in the Great Smoky Mountains (Paper)
Out Under the Sky of the Great Smokies (Paper)
The Amphibians of Great Smoky Mountains National Park (Paper)


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In Photoshop Elements 6 for Mac Essential Training, Ted LoCascio teaches casual photographers how to organize, edit, and share their digital image libraries using this powerful software package from Adobe. He tours the included Adobe Bridge application, used for importing and organizing photographs, and explores every feature of Elements itself. He demonstrates how to navigate the Elements workspace, which is used to correct and improve images, combine them into projects, and produce slideshows, photo books, web galleries, and more. Ted also explains how to get the most out of each editing mode, and shares tips for correcting, retouching, and sharpening photographs. Example files accompany the course.
Welcome to Adobe Photoshop Elements 6 for Mac Essential Training. My name is Ted LoCascio. I'm a graphic designer, author and educator and I'm very pleased to be your instructor throughout the movies of this training title. The purpose of this course is to teach you the various ways that you can organize, edit and share your digital photographs with Elements 6 for Mac. The companion exercise files allow you to follow along and learn at your own pace. The chapters are divided into sections. We will start out by learning how to import digital photos into a catalog using the Adobe Bridge application and then work our way up to learning how to view, tag and locate specific images.
Along the way, you will learn to improve your digital photos by using the various features available in the Quick Fix and Full Edit modes inside of Elements 6. You will also learn how to create photo projects such as slideshows, photo books and collages and then share them with your family and friends by utilizing the Elements 6 Share features. I hope you enjoy learning from these movies as much as I have enjoyed preparing the training for you. Let's get started.
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We just heard from My Big Friggin' Wedding cast members Johnny Meatballs and Tammie, regarding UNICO's recent criticism of their show (the Italian-American organization's chief media executive, Andre DiMino, called it "racist" and said that it represents the "worst bunch of bad-acting, insipid individuals portraying themselves as trashy, drunken, low-class, bimbos and buffoons").
Here's Johnny's take:
"Mr. Andre DiMino should find something to occupy his time with rather than calling for cancellations of TV shows which he feels are 'racist.' He calls me a 'celebrity wannabe.' Is heawannabe entertainment critic, a wannabe Italian Al Sharpton, or both? He should focus his efforts into actually making UNICO relevant within the young Italian-American community, instead of blindly bashing anything a young Italian-American does!!! I guarantee Mr. DiMino would change his tune about me and my family if he actually got to know us and what we are all about!!! Evidently he does not follow my blogs or my YouTube videos or know about any of the multiple, positive endeavors which I'm involved in—including my thriving self-made food business. Maybe if he did this, he might see that I actually bring something of substance to the table and am not just looking for a quick '15 minutes of fame.' OK, rant over. Back to cooking meatballs."
And here's what Tammie has to say on the matter:
"I think they're bored and they need to get a life. I think they're looking for another show to target, since Jersey Shore isn't airing right now. They just need something to talk about. In the show's defense, it isn't like the Jersey Shore at all. The show isn't all Italians. [Her fiance] Danny's Haitian heritage is embraced on the show. I'm half-Greek. This show isn't about Italians, it's more about East Coast weddings. It's not called My Big Friggin' Italian Wedding; it's called My Big Friggin' Wedding. If they think it's so Italian, obviously they're not watching the show. I think if they saw it, they wouldn't really be that offended.
I don't think that we're low-class. Everyone's different on the show. I'm no bimbo. I'm actually a very smart individual. The show has only aired two episodes, so to judge it off of that is ballsy. Once you get to my wedding, you'll see it's very classy. Danny's very classy. So, I guess what I'd say to UNICO is: watch the whole show and then we can talk. I would love to sit down with these people, whoever they are. Put me and UNICO in a room and we'd have a nice discussion. But they would never win with me."
All things being equal, we wanted to show you a preview from Monday's episode (premiering at 9/8c), in which Tammie drunkenly reveals that she may be pregnant at a party. Her rationale? "You can drink during the pregnancy in the beginning!"
Check out more clips from Monday's show at the My Big Friggin' Wedding video page (including one of Alyssa's mom throwing up). And then ask yourself: does UNICO have a leg to stand on?


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Rest In Peace Maurice Sendak
Author and illustrator Maurice Sendak, best known for his Caldecott Medal winning book, Where the Wild Things Are, has passed away. We are blessed he has left us with such a heart-warming legacy and that his wonderful work lives on.
Amazon's complete selection of Maurice Sendak Books, Audio books and DVDs
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Labels: books, celebrity death, children's art, children's books, illustration
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Wegener's Granulomatosis
William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR
Dr. Shiel received a Bachelor of Science degree with honors from the University of Notre Dame. There he was involved in research in radiation biology and received the Huisking Scholarship. After graduating from St. Louis University School of Medicine, he completed his Internal Medicine residency and Rheumatology fellowship at the University of California, Irvine. He is board-certified in Internal Medicine and Rheumatology.
Wegener's granulomatosis facts
- Wegener's granulomatosis is an uncommon disease that involves inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis).
- Symptoms of Wegener's granulomatosis include:
- fatigue,
- weight loss,
- fevers,
- shortness of breath,
- bloody sputum,
- joint pains, and
- sinus inflammation.
- Diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis is confirmed by detecting both abnormal cellular formations, called granulomas, and vasculitis.
- Treatment is directed toward stopping the inflammation process by suppressing the immune system.
What is Wegener's granulomatosis?
Wegener's granulomatosis is an uncommon type of inflammation of small arteries and veins (vasculitis). It classically involves inflammation of the arteries that supply blood to the tissues of the lungs, the nasal passages(sinuses), and the kidneys. "Incomplete" forms exist that only involve one of these areas. When both lungs and kidneys are affected, the condition is sometimes referred to as generalized Wegener's granulomatosis. When only the lungs are involved, the condition is sometimes referred to as limited Wegener's granulomatosis. Wegener's granulomatosis is also referred to as granulomatosis with polyangiitis (abbreviated GPA). The terminology "granulomatosis with polyangiitis" highlights the two central pathologic features of the disease, granuloma formation and inflammation of blood vessels (angiitis or vasculitis).
Wegener's granulomatosis usually affects young or middle-aged adults. Although it is uncommon in children, it can affect people at any age. The cause of Wegener's granulomatosis is not known.
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Lie algebras are classified using Dynkin diagrams, which encode the geometric structure of root and weight diagrams associated with an algebra. This paper begins with an introduction to Lie algebras, roots, and Dynkin diagrams. We then show how Dynkin diagrams define an algebra's root and weight diagrams, and provide examples showing this construction. In Section 3, we develop two methods to analyze subdiagrams. We then apply these methods to the exceptional Lie algebra \(F_4\), and describe the slight modifications needed in order to apply them to \(E_6\). We conclude by listing all Lie subalgebras of \(E_6\).
We summarize here some basic properties of root and weight diagrams. Further information can be found in [1], [2], and [3]. A description of how root and weight diagrams are applied to particle physics is also given in [2].
A Lie algebra \(g\) of dimension \(n\) is an \(n\)-dimensional vector space along with a product \([\ ,\ ]:g \times g \to g\), called a commutator, which is anti-commutative (\([x,y] = -[y,x]\)) and satisfies the Jacobi Identity $$[x,[y,z]] + [y,[z,x]] + [z,[x,y]] = 0$$ for all \(x,y,z \in g\). A Lie algebra is called simple if it is non-abelian and contains no non-trivial ideals. All complex semi-simple Lie algebras are the direct sum of simple Lie algebras. Thus, we follow the standard practice of studying the simple algebras, which are the building blocks of the semi-simple algebras.
There are four infinite families of Lie algebras as well as five exceptional Lie algebras. The (compact, real forms of) the algebras in the four infinite families correspond to special unitary matrices (or their generalizations) over different division algebras. The algebras \(B_n\) and \(D_n\) correspond in this way to real special orthogonal groups in odd and even dimensions, \(SO(2n+1)\) and \(SO(2n)\), respectively. The algebras \(A_n\) correspond to complex special unitary groups \(SU(n+1)\), and the algebras \(C_n\) correspond to unitary groups \(SU(n,\mathbb{H})\) over the quaternions, which are more usually described as (some of the) symplectic groups.
While Lie algebras are usually classified using their complex representations, there are particular real representations, based upon the division algebras, which are of interest in particle physics. Manogue and Schray [4] describe the use of quaternions \(\mathbb{H}\) to construct \(su(2,\mathbb{H})\) and \(sl(2, \mathbb{H})\), which are real representations of \(B_2=so(5)\) and \(D_3 = so(5,1)\), respectively. As they discuss, their construction naturally generalizes to the octonions \(\mathbb{O}\), yielding the real representations \(su(2,\mathbb{O})\) and \(sl(2,\mathbb{O})\) of \(B_4 = so(9)\) and \(D_5 = so(9,1)\), respectively. This can be further generalized to the \(3 \times 3\) case, resulting in \(su(3,\mathbb{O})\) and \(sl(3, \mathbb{O})\), which preserve the trace and determinant, respectively, of a \(3 \times 3\) octonionic hermitian matrix, and which are real representations of two of the exceptional Lie algebras, namely \(F_4\) and \(E_6\), respectively [5]. The remaining three exceptional Lie algebras are also related to the octonions [6, 7]. The smallest, \(G_2\), preserves the octonionic multiplication table and is 14-dimensional, while \(E_7\) and \(E_8\) have dimensions 133 and 248, respectively. A major stem in describing the infinite-dimensional unitary representation of the split form of \(E_8\) was recently completed by the Atlas Project [8].
In sections 2 and 3, we label the Lie algebras using their standard name (e.g. \(A_n\), \(B_n\)) and also with a standard complex representation (e.g. \(su(3)\), (so(7))). In section 4, when discussing the subalgebras of \(E_6\), we also give particular choices of real representations.
Every simple Lie algebra \(g\) contains a Cartan subalgebra \(h \subset g\), whose dimension is called the rank of \(g\). The Cartan subalgebra \(h\) is a maximal abelian subalgebra such that \(ad H\) is diagonalizable for all \(H \in h\). The Killing form can be used to choose an orthonormal basis \(\{h_{1}, \cdots, h_{l}\}\) of \(h\) which can be extended to a basis \[\{ h_{1}, \cdots, h_{l}, g_1, g_{-1}, g_2, g_{-2},\cdots, g_{\frac{n-l}{2}}, g_{-\frac{n-l}{2}} \} \] of \(g\) satisfying:
The basis elements \(g_j\) and \(g_{-j}\) are referred to as raising and lowering operators. Property 1 associates every \(g_{j}\) with an \(l\)-tuple of real numbers \(r^{j} = \langle\lambda_1^j, \cdots, \lambda_l^j\rangle\), called roots of the algebra, and this association is one-to-one. Further, if \(r^{j}\) is a root, then so is \(-r^{j} = r^{-j}\), and these are the only two real multiples of \(r^{j}\) which are roots. According to Property 2, each \(h_i\) is associated with the \(l\)-tuple \(\langle0, \cdots, 0\rangle\). Because this association holds for every \(h_i \in h\), these \(l\)-tuples are sometimes referred to as zero roots. For raising and lowering operators \(g_j\) and \(g_{-j}\), Property 3 states that \(r^{j} + r^{-j} = \langle0, \cdots, 0\rangle\).
Let \(\Delta\) denote the collection of non-zero roots. For roots \(r^{i}\) and \(r^{j} \ne -r^i\), if there exists \(r^{k} \in \Delta\) such that \(r^i + r^j = r^k\), then the associated operators for \(r^i\) and \(r^j\) do not commute, that is, \([ g_i, g_j ] \ne 0\). In this case, \([g_i, g_j] = C^{k}_{ij}g_{k}\) (no sum), with \(C^k_{ij} \in \mathbb{C}, C^i_{ij} \ne 0\). If \(r^i + r^j \not\in \Delta\), then \([g_i, g_j] = 0\).
When plotted in \(\mathbb{R}^l\), the set of roots provide a geometric description of the algebra. Each root is associated with a vector in \(\mathbb{R}^l\). We draw \(l\) zero vectors at the origin for the \(l\) zero roots corresponding to the basis \(h_1, \cdots, h_l\) of the Cartan subalgebra. For the time being, we then plot each non-zero root \(r^i = \langle\lambda_1^i, \cdots, \lambda_l^i\rangle\) as a vector extending from the origin to the point \(\langle\lambda_1^i, \cdots, \lambda_l^i\rangle\). The terminal point of each root vector is called a state. As is commonly done, we use \(r^i\) to refer to both the root vector and the state. In addition, we allow translations of the root vectors to start at any state, and connect two states \(r^i\) and \(r^j\) by the root vector \(r^k\) when \(r^k + r^i = r^j\) in the root system. The resulting diagram is called a root diagram.
As an example, consider the algebra \(su(2)\), which is classified as \(A_1\). The algebra \(su(2)\) is the set of \(2 \times 2\) complex traceless Hermitian matrices. Setting
|\[ \sigma_1 = \left[ \begin{array}{cc} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \\ \end{array} \right] \]
|\[ \sigma_2 = \left[ \begin{array}{cc} 0 & -i \\ i & 0 \\ \end{array} \right] \]
|\[ \sigma_3 = \left[ \begin{array}{cc} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 \\ \end{array} \right] \]
we choose the basis \(h_1 = \frac{1}{2}\sigma_3\) for the Cartan subalgebra \(h\), and use \(g_1 = \frac{1}{2}(\sigma_1+i\sigma_2)\) and \(g_{-1} = \frac{1}{2}(\sigma_1-i\sigma_2)\) to extend this basis for all of \(su(2)\). Then
By Properties 2 and 3, we associate the root vector \(r^1 = \langle1\rangle\) with the raising operator \(g_1\) and the root vector \(r^{-1} = \langle-1\rangle\) with the lowering operator \(g_{-1}\). Using the zero root \(\langle0\rangle\) associated with \(h_1\), we plot the corresponding three points \((1)\), \((-1)\), and \((0)\) for the states \(r^1\), \(r^{-1}\), and \(h_1\). We then connect the states using the root vectors. Instead of displaying both root vectors \(r^1\) and \(r^{-1}\) extending from the origin, we have chosen to use only the root vector \(r^{-1}\), as \(r^{-1} = - r^{1}\), to connect the states \((1)\) and \((0)\) to the states \((0)\) and \((-1)\), respectively. The resulting root diagram is illustrated in Figure 1.