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Is it worth investing in a high-efficiency power supply?
- By Joel Hruska on December 12, 2012 at 9:31 am
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How we tested
We've tested two pairs of PSUs from the same manufacturer and with the same rated power output (or close as we could get). Our first testbed was outfitted with two 750W power supplies from PC Power & Cooling. The first is a red Silencer with an 80 Plus certification. Overall listed efficiency for the unit is 83%. The manual breaks this down further, specifying that efficiency ranges from 82-85% depending on exact load.
The other 750W is a Silencer Mark II. It's certified as 80 Plus Silver with an average efficiency of 85%. Efficiency isn't broken down by overall load for this model.
The second testbed was configured with a brace of Thermaltake Toughpowers. The first is a 1200W Toughpower 1200A, the second is a 1275W Toughpower XT Platinum. The first unit is certified as 80 Plus, with a listed efficiency of up to 87%; the second's efficiency is listed as up to 94%. Thermaltake doesn't provide any additional clarity for either unit, so it's not initially clear if those figures are for 115V or 220V operation.
Note: The 750W and 1200W figures cannot be cross-compared. We built two entirely different testbeds for this project. Putting a moderate load on a 750W PSU isn't particularly difficult, while stretching the legs of a 1200W PSU took a bit more work.
Our test methodology was simple: We plugged in a Kill-A-Watt wall meter and measured the power consumption of each unit over 2.5 hours at both load and idle. The meter was reset in between each test for each PSU. Our wattage figures are the average load while the system was in each state, not spot checks on the meter. It's true that this is a relatively simple, broad-spectrum test, but our goal is to compare simple, real-world savings; not metrics you can't measure without expensive equipment.
First, here are the idle figures for the four solutions:
The idle figures illustrate what we said earlier regarding the limited impact of increased idle efficiency as far as total power costs are concerned. Gains here are in line with claimed figures. Moving to the 80 Plus Silver 750W cuts idle consumption by roughly 3.6%; the 80 Plus Platinum reduces power consumption by 9.2%.
Load tests show the same gaps at higher power consumption. The 80 Plus Silver 750W Silencer Mark II is 4.5% more efficient than the original Silencer; the 1200W Toughpower XT Platinum is 8.8% more efficient than the 1200A power supply. Again, it matters where you start from. Saving 25W between the 80 Plus and 80 Plus Silver isn't bad, but the XT Platinum knocks almost three times as much wattage off the 1200A's main draw.
Clearly the efficiency of a top-end PSU can save you some scratch over the long term. Exactly how much depends on what you're doing.
Next page: Is it worth the investment?
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http://www.facebook.com/FrankyRuelas Franky RuSo
Awesome review, ty.
http://www.facebook.com/people/Jean-Rodney-Larrieux/18708428 Jean Rodney Larrieux
Most memorable line of the article: "anything with words like Sparkle, Max, Tech, Sun, Bright, or Beam in the name is virtually guaranteed to be garbage" …Can't wait to get home and check my PSU
Did you buy SparkleMaxTechSun Bright PSU? Those are known to be iffy..
What would have been interesting would be to see how different wattage power supplies compared on the same system. I have always wondered how closely i need to match a power supply to my needs – i've always bought overrated supplies just to be safe.
But would a lower rated supply be more efficient?
My last power supply died and it was the bequiet dark power pro, top of their range. It started making a high pitched whine after only 6 months of use, so i'd like to put them in the pieces of junk list!
The rule of thumb I use last time I researched it was you should tally up the amount of power of your system and that should equal 80% of the PSU's rated rate. It makes the PSU very efficient without putting it under strain and nothing will get power starved even under load.
Javier Martinez
Yup, this is what I used and has served me well. You want to hit the PSU sweet spot most of the time.
Joel Hruska
At the higher end, this seems to be untrue. I can't speak to low-end units.
At idle, our 1200W PSU was only providing 13-18% of its rated capacity. Despite this, there was a significant gap between the two units. This implies strongly that even if you lose a small amount of efficiency, the jump from 80 Plus to 80 Plus Platinum was big enough to outweigh it.
You can use too big of a power supply although it's better for it to be too big than too small. But the thing is this, When you look at the efficiency under the various loads you will see power supply's tend to reach peak efficiency at around 40% load and even up to 50% is still pretty good. If it's higher or lower than that range its power efficiency will drop. So ideally under a normal load if the power supply is at 40% of its rated capacity that would be the best situation. And that still gives you plenty of headroom.
I get these supplies, because I don't want the heat build up, not the few cents I'll save over the life of the product. All that wasted power has to go somewhere, and even if the fan blows it out quickly and it doesn't effect the rest of the system, it still effect the caps and other parts in the supply!!! Electronics do not like heat! And, there are a few units out there that hold their efficiency at the lower end too, you just have to look hard.
That's a good point.
I come around to the same conclusion from a different angle. I wanted a quiet power system – So I have an 80+ (650W) PSU, a GTX 680, a peak system load of ~450W (Napkin math), and big fans that run slow.
Heat makes the cooling system work harder, so efficiency is my friend, even if heat itself is not my primary concern.
Same here. I have three PCs that, for various reasons, are never shut off. Two of them are in the same small room, and the heat difference after switching to 80-Plus was quite noticeable. The comfort was worth much more than the cost savings, but those were okay as well.
This was the primary reason why I just bought 80+ Platinum PSU. Not to save $ on electricity, but so that my system is cooler/quieter.
I think the point here is that if you operate a home business with the computer on nearly all the time, the PSU could be a money saver.
But if you're an average consumer and use your computer an average of 4-6 hours a day or less – You'll be far better served by going into your settings to change it to automatic hibernation when not in use.
As others have said, there are reasons other than saving money for getting a "good" supply. Even mister Joe Average SHOULD consider a "better" supply. No, he shouldn't spend $300 on a $500 system, but a $50 power supply might be worth it for other reasons.
I meant that comment as a comparison between a *Good* PSU and a *Great* PSU. Sorry, I didn't make that clear. I was one of the people who mentioned that my primary concern for a good PSU is other efficiency as well.
http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1223563048 Angel Ham
Would be interesting to compare these brands with the generic ones and confirm how cheaply built (or not) the lower priced ones. Just saying, would make it look less like a sponsored article.
Joel Hruska
Full disclosure: I paid for three of the four units used in this test out-of-pocket. Extremetech didn't even cover the cost. The fourth came out of a system I reviewed years ago.
No power supply manufacturer was consulted for this article, even indirectly.
http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1223563048 Angel Ham
Good to know about that. Sometimes it's small portions of text that make the difference :)
Joel Hruska
It's practicality and, in this case, risk.
Power supplies are like angry significant others. Some of them, when it's over, pack their stuff and leave.
Some of them set YOUR stuff on fire on the front lawn.
I've seen dying power supplies take out all manner of components on their way out. And, at least on NewEgg, the generics are few and far between once you pass 400W. That, more than anything, says something about their manufacturing quality.
I'm never going to recommend someone buy a generic supply. Past tests and various articles have repeatedly demonstrated that they're inferior to other models. Some of them claim 80 Plus testing without actually being certified for such.
It's just a bad situation. Best case — and I mean, *best* case scenario — your PSU is capable of what it says it is. But mostly, they aren't.
Joel Hruska
Also, a quick google on Generic Power Supply review will show you ample evidence:
Dans Data covered this years ago. Tech Report's story is linked from my review. Generic PSUs are bad news. They're badly built and they often aren't remotely capable of what the box says.
http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1223563048 Angel Ham
That article is four years old. Still, I would have loved to have seen a generic brand fare against branded ones. It's one of my OCD perks: If it isn't the whole gamut on display then it isn't complete.
Another reason is that you're much more likely to find generic brands down here in developing countries where branded products like Thermaltake have the bad habit of being sold between 3 to four times what a generic costs and even then branded products are not readily available sometimes. Hence the reason I would prefer a larger product comparison.
There are three or four sites that do proper testing of power supply's that I know of and they have done just that. And yes there is a huge difference in the quality and quantity of components. When they test the cheap generic units with their 5000$ load tester it is very common for the cheapo's to go up in smoke. Literally they fry them as soon as they try going to 100% of their rated load. If you go in a computer store hold a good one in one hand and a cheapo in the other and notice the extreme weight difference. The cheapies are light as a feather, except one unit that they took apart and it had a weight installed inside it to try and hide how cheaply it's made.These cheap ones regularly fail catastrophically and take out half the computer components with it.
Try the corsair 1200i it's digitally controlled and is the most efficient supply I know of. My rig uses one and at 400W power draw the corsair link monitoring sw shows it as 99% efficient! It almost never shifts from this efficiency which is handy as my machine runs SETI so maxes the cpu to 100% (145W) 24/7. Best of all the psu never goes more than 15-20 c above ambient and never uses the psu fan.
Highly recommended!
Joel Hruska
That's…well, rather odd in aggregate.
#1. I'm not sure 99% efficiency is actually possible from the wall. You always lose power from switching to DC from AC. Even an 80 Plus Titanium on 220V only lists as 96% efficient in a best-case scenario.
That doesn't mean the 99% rating is wrong, only that it may not be showing efficiency at the wall.
#2. For this review, I purposefully bought units that would be as comparable as possible to units I already owned. Hence the 750W Silencer MK II and 1275W Platinum. I have read very good things about the Corsair, but decided opting for the same companies would yield better comparison results.
Hi Joel,
I tend to agree with you, 99% is better than any efficiency I have seen in any switching chipset.
The corsair link sw reports both input and output power and efficiency in real-time. Currently my machine is using (according to the sw) 308W in and 304W out. I could hook it up to a external power meter but unless I monitor both the input and output rails myself I can't confirm the true efficiency.
My guess is the sensing technique corsair is using is not accurate enough to give a real power measurement. 1% error of both input and output would give 97%. Also remember the efficiency ratings are at full load 400W is only 33% load. In some cases supplies provide better efficiencies at lower loads. Corsair themselves state 93% efficiency at 33% so either I got a really good supply or their sensors are inaccurate.
Actual model AX1200i.
That doesn't happen ever. The best platinum rated power supply's out there at 40% load which is the point of maximum efficiency are in maybe mid 90's and even that is very rare. Typically you're doing really good if your power supply is getting 87% to the low 90's. Platinum rated is supposed to get up to 92% efficiency. But these tests are done at something like 25 degrees Celsius which is about room temperature. When the power supply is inside a tower it tends to be quite a bit warmer so the efficiency tends to be a little lower than the rating.
Your power supply is an excellent unit but it and any other models are not achieving 99% efficiency regardless of what the Corsair software says. At least not yet they aren't.
Good, thorough, logical article from Hruska, as always.
http://www.mrseb.co.uk/ Sebastian Anthony
His internal nickname is Joel 'That's logical, captain' Hruska
Joel Hruska
It is?
http://www.mrseb.co.uk/ Sebastian Anthony
Michael Garrett
It is now. Just go with it!
http://www.facebook.com/people/Jim-Phong/100001178973449 Jim Phong
A good brand 80 Bronze rated PSU is the bare minimum. But even with an 80 Gold rated one without a reliable UPS like the APC ones there is nothing really there protecting either the PSU nor the hardware.
Joel Hruska
UPS units are always a good idea.
There is something else to consider when looking at these highly rated power supply's. Which is how they get the higher efficiencies over the cheaper units. They do it by using higher quality components. So they tend to produce cleaner juice with less noise and ripple and better voltage regulation. And they also produce less heat. They also save a lot of waste by converting 120 volts down to 12 volts and then using another transformer for converting that down for the 3.3 and 5 volt outputs. Out of all the sites doing power supply reviews only a hand full do proper testing with the proper equipment. And these guys normally disassemble the unit and evaluate the individual components. The units with a really high efficiency rating tend to have really high quality components along with more of them. Like heavy duty chokes and solid capacitors and even better soldering work. Especially the units that actually achieve their advertized ratings, because they don't all . So there are other advantages to buying the higher end units besides just saving electricity. And these other things are important to people who build high quality enthusiast systems.
Most sites that supposedly test and evaluate power supply's use test equipment that consists of a PC and a digital multimeter and maybe a Killawatt tester. With that methodology every power supply they test will get glowing reviews. In reality to properly test a power supply it will take closer to six pieces of equipment with the load tester alone costing around 5 thousand dollars. So watch where you get your power supply reviews from and look at their testing methodology.
Joel Hruska
Tech Report's PSU work is the best I've seen; they built a custom tester for evaluating equipment. http://techreport.com/review/18295/four-killer-psus-go-head-to-head Is one example.
I will check them out I have been on their site but I didn't know about that. The two that I normally look at are Jonny Guru and Hardware Secrets. They both seem to have a very high level of understanding of all the components and don't give the test units any mercy. Sometimes J Guru will get some of the generics and just blow them up with his load tester.
http://profiles.google.com/dustin.montgomery Dustin Montgomery
I still stake tomshardware.com as law. I believe they also got a special psu tester as well.
From what I read tomshardware was not bad but a bit too simplistic. Xbitlabs and TechPowerUp are supposed to be the most detailed.
David Gunther
Getting better power factor, especially at part load was a big part of the 80 Plus program. Did power factor vary much with load or from base to gold/platinum? Volt-amps are what you pay for, not watts.
Joel Hruska
Power is billed in kWH here. Power factors were excellent to start with. 0.9 and up.
http://www.facebook.com/anthony.vito Anthony Vito
Where is residential power billed in Volt-amps? Commercial power maybe, but not residential. Part of the reason why regulation and programs like 80 plus are needed. Power factor is important to conserve energy, but the consumer doesn't notice it directly.
One thing you should have mentioned in the article is that the extra heat that is generated by the less efficient power supply has to be removed from the room by A/C. So for every watt in heat you will spend about a watt to run the A/C. On the flip side the heat in the cold climate will be beneficial.
I have to disagree strongly about the generalization about 'generic' power supplies, I have been buying and installing Sparkle Power Group power supplies for many years. I have never once in 10 years had to replace a failed unit, and know that many OEMs rebrand these as their own. If you heft a Sparkle Power unit in one hand, and a Cooler Master unit in the other, the difference is plain. Corsair and OCZ ,make RAM, Silver Stone and Antec nice cases, but I'm sure they're rebranding soneone else's product for PSU's. Others are free to believe what they want, and I wish you the best of luck.
http://www.facebook.com/anthony.vito Anthony Vito
I searched "Sparkle" in the comments to see if anyone had already pointed this out. "Sparkle Power" is an actual manufacturer of very good power supplies. They are listed under "SPI" on most sites where you buy such things. The 400 Watt SPI that is 80 plus platinum rated, is hands down the best power supply I've ever turned on.
http://pulse.yahoo.com/_3RGQVSDUYDSAH5Y7ASRMEQB7EM LiadsOlderBrother
Some utilities charge in VA (volt amps) and PF is unimportant. Some charge in KW and PF is a big deal there. If you'd under the impression that that thing you pay in your little house is how the rest of the world works, zip it. PF is important in lots of places, not the least of which is sizing total wiring feed.
All three use cases are unrealistic for high-power PSUs. Everyone I know with an 800W+ PSU leaves their system on 24/7, but neither at full load nor at full idle.
I'd use numbers closer to "idle 14 hours, 50% load 7 hours, full load 3 hours" Even that might be a bit much, as "50% load" is really "short bursts of high load mixed in to periods of low-but-not-quite-idle load."
Not to mention – how many 1200W PSUs are actually used at their highest-efficiency load? Almost all power supplies are designed to give best efficiency at about 80-90% of maximum load. How many people have 1200W power supplies in systems that only draw 800W maximum? I'd wager a lot. Yes, that's great for the life of the components, keeping heat down, but it's not efficient. If you were going for efficiency, you'd pick a power supply whose rating is about 10% higher than your maximum system load.
Then again, if you're going for maximum efficiency, you'd get lower-power parts, too.
I'd also like to see a comparison of the "worthiness" of other power-saving measures, like buying a power-efficient video card, a power-efficient CPU, etc.
http://www.facebook.com/anthony.vito Anthony Vito
"Big" power supplies are like SUVs for geeks.
Joel Hruska
Most of your daily work on a computer consists of usage that's very close to idle. All numbers are approximates. All figures are an attempt to quantify potential gain. But based on the numbers I provide, you're free to use them to do your own math.
There's ,minimal evidence that an 800W PSU provides 500W of power more efficiently than a 1200W PSU. It's true that efficiency can vary by 1-2% depending on load, but that's within the measurable margin of error.
you do the reader's a disservice by looking at only the power saving factor. there are other important factors such as transient response, the response of the power supply to a short duration load such as a RAID
array spinning up or load change due to power draw from video cards etc. another factor is the ripple and regulation characteristics. unnecessary ripple can cause premature failure of sensitive components in a number of different PC subsystems. Obviously you wrote an article about a subject you know nothing about.
Joel Hruska
I consulted the available documentation on the PSUs I tested. All specs besides the 80 Plus rating were virtually identical. Power factors were 0.9 and above.
I can't begin to express how poorly this is done.
What loads? What components? You only show 500 some watts used in 2.5 hours.
You could have put in a $60 PLAT rated 450 watt unit, or even a Gold rated 360 watt unit in place of the 750 watt. You would have then seen huge improvements in both idle and load efficiency.
As it is, without any details, your numbers might as well be pulled out of thin air.
Joel Hruska
No, I couldn't.
1) I chose to compare units from the same manufacturer, seeing as buying 4-5x PSUs out of my own pocket was cost-prohibitive.
2) There are no $60 Platinum units. The cheapest Platinum unit is a $91 Sparkle.
You may feel that comparing a 750W PC Power & Cooling 80 Plus to a 750W PC Power & Cooling 80 Plus Silver tells us nothing. Fair enough. I fail to see how comparing a 750W PC Power & Cooling 80 Plus to a 450W Platinum would have told us *more.*
Furthermore, only a moron would try to run a 360-450W PSU at a sustained load of 500W+ when the workload in question is designed to hammer the 12V rail. Not a recommended idea.
3) My numbers are not pulled out of thin air. I've been doing this rather awhile. The article presents a simple comparison aimed at answering the question "Will upgrading your PSU lead to improved efficiency at the wall?"
Answer: Yes. But not that much.
The PSU is the only "thing" in a DIY computer that can SAVE some money for the builder.
As a private household there is no better investment, the savings are there for REAL, chance of breakdown of a quality PSU is almost zero. Compare that to a sharehold or return on a bank, higher risks and lower returns.
Just one note, invest in a quality maximum 400W PSU and you will be good for the future, less is better than more.
If you think Martha`s story is inconceivable,, a month-back my friend's brother actually earned $9397 just sitting there a fifteen hour week from there apartment and there classmate's step-mother`s neighbour done this for 6 months and easily made more than $9397 parttime on their pc. apply the advice from this address… http://www.bit90.com
I just "control f'ed" and not even a single comment with the word "seasonic".The awesome OEM for those popular brands.P.S:- I have S12II 520W.Kills any competition out there. :)


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A method for removing acidic gases from waste gases is disclosed. The invention relates to a method for removing acid gases, in particular from SO2 and NOx, by contacting the waste gas with an emulsion of water in organic sulfoxides, in particular of water in oil-derived-sulfoxides. The organic sulfoxide phase can be regenerated after the emulsion is loaded with polluants, by letting the emulsion to settle down and separate into two phases. The aqueous phase obtained after the separation contains sulfate and nitrate ions which can be collected and used as valuable chemicals.
1. A method for simultaneously removing acidic gases of sulfur and nitrogen oxides from waste gas before it is emitted to the atmosphere by contacting said waste gas with a scrubbing agent comprising an emulsion of water in organic sulfoxides in the presence of a stream of air or of ozonated air.
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The present invention relates to a method for removing acidic gases from waste gases. More specifically the present invention relates to a method for removing acid gases, in particular from SO2 and NOx, by contacting the waste gas with an emulsion of water in organic sulfoxides, in particular of water in oil-derived-sulfoxides. The organic sulfoxide phase can be regenerated after the emulsion is loaded with pollutants, by letting the emulsion to settle down and separate into two phases. The aqueous phase obtained after the separation contains sulfate and nitrate ions which can be collected and used as valuable chemicals.
Industrially developed countries generate billions of tons of air pollutants, a great part accounts to the combustion of coal, oil, and gasoline in electric power plants. Other major air pollution sources include petroleum refineries, cement plants and petrochemical plants.
Among the most troublesome air pollutants emitted into the atmosphere are acid gases and in particular SO2 and NOx. These gases are the major cause for acid rain, for smog and for human discomfort and disability. Sulfur dioxide is released into the atmosphere from the combustion of sulfur containing compounds in fossil fuels, such as gas, petroleum, and coal. SO2, is a heavy, colorless gas with a characteristic, suffocating odor. In moist air it is slowly oxidized to sulfuric acid and contributes to acid rain. NOx gases, on the other hand, partly originate from the combustion of nitrogen containing compounds but mostly they originate from the reaction between elementary oxygen and nitrogen present in the air at the elevated temperatures at which various industrial processes (and combustion) take place. Therefore, the problem of NOx is even more difficult to overcome as it is a problem inherent to these processes and its generation cannot be avoided. Nitrogen oxides, in addition to their contribution to acid rain, breaks down to form ozone and reacts with other atmospheric pollutants to form photochemical smog which irritates sensitive membranes and damages plants.
The increasing environmental awareness during the last decades has led in many countries to governmental regulations, enforcing standards for maximum air pollutants emission on power plants and industries, in order to achieve air quality standards for various hazard materials. For example, in the U.S., the Clean Air Act of 1967 as amended in 1970, 1977, and 1990 is the legal basis for air-pollution control throughout the U.S. The 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1967 put in place regulations to reduce the release of sulfur dioxide from power plants to 10 million tons per year by Jan. 1, 2000. This amount is about one-half the emissions of 1990. In 1988, as part of the United Nations-sponsored Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Agreement, the United States, along with 24 other nations, ratified a protocol freezing the rate of nitrogen oxides emissions at 1987 levels.
The need to obey these regulations has led to the development of diversified methods for controlling and reducing the emission of air pollutants. In general, these methods include removing the hazardous material before it is used (for example, using low-content sulfur coal) or removing the pollutant after it is formed. For some air pollutants, (e.g., NOx) only methods of the second class can be employed.
The present invention relates to methods of the second class.
Industrially emitted pollutant gases can be entrapped by liquids or solids traps that adsorb the harmful gases before they are released into the atmosphere. These traps are usually in the form of tower tanks contactors through which the waste gas is passed upward while the liquid, or a slurry, i.e. a mixture of liquids and solids, is descending downward. The agent which absorbs the pollutants and prevent their emitting into the atmosphere is called the scrubbing agent. When this agent is a liquid, it is sometimes the practice to fill the tower with inert particles in order to increase the contact surface between the scrubbing agent and the waste gas and to increase the residence time of the gas inside the reactor. In such cases it is also the practice to circulate the liquid scrubbing agent through the reactor until it is loaded with the pollutants.
Wet flue gas desulfurization, i.e., the removal of SO2 processes typically involve the use of an alkaline cleansing liquid, such as a calcium-based slurry or a sodium-based or ammonia-based solution. These processes however are not suitable for the removal of nitrogen oxides. The currently used methods for the removal of NOx from flue gas are mainly of the king that is based on the reaction of NO and NO2 with ammonia, with or without a catalyst, forming nitrogen and water. These methods are effective only within a narrow flue gas temperature range, are relatively high cost and involve the risk of ammonia leakage to the atmosphere. In the presence of catalyst the process is more efficient but its cost is even higher and the catalyst tends to be poisoned. In any case these methods require a special equipment useful only for the removal of NOx.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,6707,004 discloses a process for removing traces of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) contained in gases. The process consists of passing the hydrogen sulfide-containing gas through a liquid phase consisting essentially of iodine dissolved in an organic solvent.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,784,478 teaches a process for removal of nitrogen oxides from the gaseous effluents of combustion processes utilizing gas-liquid absorption.
Russian patent No. 2099789 describes a process for removing sulphur dioxide from gasses by absorption with sulphoxides.
The processes described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,6707,004, 3,784,478 and Russian patent No. 2099789 are disadvantageous since by these processes only one gas (NOx or SO2 or H2O) can be removed from waste gases.
Therefore a great effort is put into developing new NOx control methods which will remove simultaneously NO2 and SO2 from combustion flue gas. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,418,044 teaches a scrubbing agent consisting of a solution of Fe(II) ions and thiosulfate in a miscible mixture of water and alcohol. U.S. Pat. No.4,885,146 teaches a similar scrubbing agent consisting of Fe(II) ions but in non-aqueous solvent (only up to 10% water). According to U.S. Pat. No. 4,885,146 the scrubbing agent can be regenerated for reuse.
The cost of pollution reduction processes and equipment is, however, still very high and therefore intensive efforts are put into research in order to increase the efficiency of known processes and in order to find new more efficient and less energy consuming methods. These efforts concentrate on the following points: simplicity of process (i.e., involve low-cost equipment), the use of low-cost materials and the recycling of these materials, universality of process, i.e., removing as many pollutants as possible by the same process. Other, no less important, efforts are dedicated to finding processes in which the end products, not only are harmful, but can also be collected and be sold as useful materials (i.e., converting the harmful air pollutants into valuable materials) so that at least part of the investment will be earned back.
Therefore there is still a need for developing simple, more efficient and relatively low-cost, methods for air pollution control, especially methods which will clean fuel gases from both SO2 and NOx simultaneously in one process and with the same equipment.
It is the aim of the present invention to provide a method for removing acid gases, in particular SO2 and NOx, simultaneously.
Yet it is another aim of the present invention to provide such a method which involves low-cost materials and equipment.
It is yet another aim of the present invention to provide such a method in which the scrubbing material is regenerated easily for further use.
It is another aim of the present invention to provide such a method which will also results in conversing the SO2 and NOx into useful materials with commercial value.
The present invention relates to a method for removing acidic gases, in particular SO2 and NOx, from waste gases by contacting the waste gas with an emulsion of water-in-organic sulfoxides. The waste gas can be any waste gas containing acidic gases, such as combustion flue gas and waste gases generated in various chemical processes. The organic sulfoxides are preferably oil-derived sulfoxides and in particular sulfoxides derived from diesel. The weight ratio of the water: organic sulfoxide in the emulsion is in the range 10:90 to 90:10, preferably in the range 10:90 to 50:50.
The process of the present invention is carried out in an oxidation environment. Therefore if the waste gas mixture does not contain enough oxygen, an additional stream of air enriched with ozone (ozonated air) is added to the waste gas.
The scrubbing agent can be regenerated after it is loaded, by letting said scrubbing agent to separate into two phases, collecting the upper sulfoxide phase and adding to said sulfoxide phase a fresh amount of aqueous solution The aqueous phase which is obtained after the separation of phases contains nitric and/or sulfuric acids and can be collected to be used as useful acid solutions or ammonium ions can be added acidic solution until neutralization occurs to obtain a solution of ammonium nitrate and/or ammonium sulfate salts useful as a fertilizer.
In another embodiment of the present invention the aqueous phase of the scrubbing agent is an aqueous solution of ammonium having pH equals or lower than 6 and after the separation of the emulsion the aqueous phase is a solution of ammonium nitrate and/or ammonium sulfate salts useful as a fertilizer. The source for the ammonium ions can be ammonia or ammonium carbonates (and bicarbonates) and ammonium carbamate.
According to the present invention, contacting the waste gas with the scrubbing agent can be conducted in a tower embedded with inert particles, wherein the waste gas is passed upward through the tower and the emulsion is circulated downward in a rate which ensures complete wetting of inert particles or can be conducted in a tower through which the waste gas is passed in an upward direction and the emulsion is sprayed into the tower from the upper opening of the tower forming a fog of said emulsion inside the tower.
The main problem of entrapping acid gases in aqueous solutions is the instability of the intermediate species formed upon the dissolution of the acidic gases in water (e.g., HNO2, H2SO3), before they are oxidized into stable species. The instability results in the decomposition of the species and the releasing of the noxious gases from the solution. The present invention overcomes this problem by introducing an agent which binds the unstable species and forms a stable complex. Upon oxidation, a stable ion is formed and the complex decomposes, leaving the agent molecules free to bind to new dissolved pollutant molecules.
According to the present invention, this stabilizing agents are organic sulfoxides. Organic sulfoxides are known for their acid extraction properties. Of special interest are oil derived sulfoxides that are obtained by the oxidation of organic sulfides contained in oil. By oxidizing and extracting different fractions of oil, a mixture of sulfoxides is obtained, having molecular weight and boiling temperature according to the oil fraction from which they are derived. The diesel fraction (boiling temperature 190-360° C.) is in particular a good source for oil-derived-sulfoxides, since this fraction is relatively rich in sulfur and the sulfoxide mixture so obtained is a liquid of low-cost.
Sulfoxides form a complex with the unstable dissolved acidic gases thus stabilizing these species and preventing their decomposition as explained in the following.
a. NOx Entrapping
The total concentration of NOx produced in combustion processes is typically 200-1000 ppm, most of it in the form of nitric oxide (NO) and about 5% as nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
NO is a relatively inert gas. It does not dissolve in water and forms no chemical compound with water or with alkalis, therefore it cannot be absorbed by basic aqueous solutions. In order for NO to be absorbed by aqueous solutions, it needs to be oxidized first by oxygen or by ozone:
When both NO and NO2 present in the gas mixture they react to give:
The interaction of NO and NO2 with water occurs according to the following possible reaction routes:
It is obvious from reactions (4-9) that in all cases, upon interaction of NO2 (or NO and NO2) with water, HNO2 is formed and decomposed to give NO.
The present invention provides a way to avoid the decomposition of nitrous acid and the release of NO from the solution, by using organic sulfoxides, having the structure:
The free electron pair on the sulfur atom forms a bond with HNO2 (J. Applied Chemistry, vol 4, 1986, 900-903):
Thus, the sulfoxide binds the HNO2 and its decomposition is prevented.
In the presence of oxidant, the bound nitrous acid is oxidized to nitric acid and loses its capability to bind to the sulfoxide. HNO3, whose water solubility is very high, moves into the aqueous phase and the sulfoxide molecules can adsorb another molecule of nitrous acid.
b. SO2 Entrapping
The combustion of coal, oil and other sulfur containing fuels produces a flue gas in which 98-99% of the sulfur is in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and 1-2% is sulfur trioxide (SO3). For low and high sulfur coals the total concentration of SOx is usually in the range of 1,000-4,000 ppm.
SO2 dissolved in water forms sulfurous acid:
Sulfurous acid is unstable, it exists only in aqueous solutions and as the temperature increase the equilibrium of reaction (10) shifts to the left and SO2 is released. The solubility of SO2 in water is 9.61% at 20° C. and decreases with temperature. At 80° C. its solubility is only 2.98%.
In the presence of oxidants, sulfurous acid oxidized gradually to sulfuric acid. In the presence of ozone the SO2 dissolved according to the following:
In the presence of NOx in water:
And the formed NO is oxidized again to NO2 and reaction (13) is repeated. Thus, NO acts as a catalyst, accelerating the oxidation of SO2.
In the presence of sulfoxides, SO2 forms a complex with the sulfoxide group. (Nieftiechimija vol. 18, No. 2 p. 325-327). Infra-red studies show that a 1:1 complex of sulfoxide with SO2 is formed through coordination bond of the oxygen of the SO group with the free electron pair on the sulfur atom of the sulfur dioxide.
Thus, using sulfoxides, simplifies and enhances the removing of sulfur dioxide from waste gases. Our studies show that in the presence of oil sulfoxide and water, SO2 absorption is enhanced and the decomposition of H2SO3 to release SO2 according to reaction 10 does not occur.
The following experiments demonstrate and clarify the present invention and do not intend to limit the scope of the invention by any way.
A glass column of 400 mm height and 30 mm diameter was heated by an outer electric heater to 80° C. The glass column was filled with glass rings of 4 mm height and 4 mm diameter and with 100 g emulsion of water in diesel derived sulfoxides comprising of 30 g water in 70 g sulfoxides. A stream of air containing 1.9% (mass percent) NO2 was bubbled continuously through the bottom of the column at a rate of 0.29 l/min for 42 hours continuously. About 75-90% of NO2 was consumed.
After 42 hours, the liquid in the column was collected and separated into two phases. The concentration of nitric acid in the aqueous phase was 20.3 wt. %.
The amount of nitrous and nitric acid in the sulfoxide phase was determined by potentiometric titration in non-water medium and was found to be 21% of the total acid. In order to destroy the nitrous acid—sulfoxide complex, water were added to the organic phase and oxygen was bubbled into the liquid in order to oxidize all nitrous acid molecules, converting them into nitric ions which pass to the aqueous phase.
The sulfoxide phase obtained after the phase separation was combined with a fresh amount of water and reused as a scrubbing agent. After a large number of recycling the scrubbing agent by this procedure, no reduction in its absorption power was observed.
This experiment demonstrates that at concentration of more than 20% of nitric acid in the aqueous component of the emulsion, the scrubbing agent of the present invention still has capability of absorbing more pollutants.
SO2 absorption was conducted under the same conditions as in Experiment 1. SO2 concentration in the input gas was 2000 ppm. The process was carried out for 42 hours during which more than 90% of SO2 were absorbed without observing loss of absorption capability. The aqueous phase obtained at the end of the process contained only sulfuric acid. No sulfite ions (SO3) were detected.
NO2 and SO2 absorbtion was conducted simultaneously with the same reactor and emulsion composition as in Example 1 but at temperature of 20-25° C.
The concentration of NO2 was 1000 ppm and that of SO2 800 ppm.
The process was carried out the for 8 hours continuously and during this time no reduction in the absorption capability of the scrubbing agent was observed. The average concentrations of NO2 and SO2 at the output were less <10 ppm and <2 ppm respectively.
The aqueous phase obtained after collecting and separating the emulsion contained a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids.
A stream of 1% NO diluted in N2 (0.188 l/min) was combined with a stream of pure nitrogen (1.69 l/min) and a stream of ozonated air (2.2 l/min) and the gas mixture was passed through a two-section column reactor of 0.04 m diameter. Each section has a perforated disk on which a packed glass rings of 6 mm diameter and 6 mm height were placed. The height of the packed glass rings in each section was 0.38 m.
The gas mixture was passed upward through the bottom of the reactor and the scrubbing agent, oil-derived sulfoxide:water=70:30 (weight ratio) was supplied dropwise into the column from its upper opening obtaining complete and uniform wetting of the glass rings by the liquid. The scrubbing agent was circulated through the reactor
The residence time of the gas in the reactor was 12 s.
The process was carried out for 29 hours.
The ozone was supplied into the reactor at a rate of 0.2 g/h, providing 40% of the molar amount required for complete oxidation of NO into NO2. The oxidation took place in the reactor simultaneously with the absorption of NO2 by the scrubbing agent.
The concentrations of NO and of NO2 were measured by an automatic analyzer at the input and at the output of the reactor.
The average input concentrations were: 600 ppm NO and 20 ppm NO2
The average output concentrations were: 7.2 ppm NO and 1 ppm NO2
The average absorption of NO was 88% and of NO2 95%.
The calculated amount of NO passing through the reactor during 29 hours is 4.38 g (0.1 13 l/h×29 h=3.277 l=(30 g/mole×3.277 l)/(22.4 l/mole) ). Since only 88% of NO was absorbed, the calculated amount of HNO3 that should have been formed in the aqueous phase is 7.6 g. The experimental result was 7.42 g, i.e., 97.6% yield.
The removal of NO from the waste gas produced in a nitric acid production process was carried out in a glass reactor of 9.09 cm diameter. The reactor of 1 m height had a perforated plate at its bottom on which a packing of 9 mm diameter and 9 mm height glass rings had been placed. The packing layer volume was equal to 0.023 m3.
The waste gas from the chemical process was supplied to the reactor at a rate of 9.7 l/min. Ozonated air was supplied to the reactor at a rate of 5 l/min by an ozonator with an output of 0.1 5 g ozone per hour, providing 40.5% of the stoichiometric amount required for full oxidation of NO into NO2.
The absorbent (oil sulfoxide:water=70:30) was dosed into the reactor from its upper opening at a rate of of 1530 ml/h.
The residence time of the gas inside the reactor was 9.4 s.
The concentrations of NO and of NO2, measured by an automatic analyzer at the input and at the output of the reactor were as follows:
Under the same conditions, but without ozone supply, 187 ppm of NO and 4 ppm of NO2 were detected at the output, i.e., the NO absorption was 37.7% and the NO2 absorption was 92%.
In order to receive a complex fertilizing—ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate mixture, the aqueous phase received after one of the tests was separated from the organic phase (oil sulfoxides) and neutralized by aqueous solution of ammonium according to the following procedure:
10.2 g of NH4OH solution with 13% NH3 concentration were added on agitation to 30.0 g aqueous phase which contained 6.0% of HNO3 and 6.0 g of H2SO4. After neutralization, the pH of the solution was equal to 6.5.
The obtained solution was boiled at 100° C. and the obtained mixture was dried out at 150° C. degrees, obtaining 4.46 g of salts mixture. The analysis of the salts mixture gived the following composition:
2.1 g of NH4NO3 (92% of theoretical yield) and 2.36g of (NH4)2SO4 (97.5% of theoretical yield).
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WPC Round of 64
by Mason King Jul 7, 2005, 2:07 AM EST
KAOHSIUNG, Taiwan, July 7 - After placing an impressive nine players in the final round of 64 at the World Pool Championship, the U.S. contingent suffered heavy casualties in the first day of knock-out play, losing former world champions Johnny Archer and Earl Strickland, among other hopefuls.
Those weren't the only surprising absences after the field was whittled to 32 players in the early morning hours of July 7 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. (FYI: Taiwan is 12 hours ahead of the U.S., EST) Fan favorite and obvious contender Efren Reyes failed to even make the cut for the field of 64, and legitimate threat Ralf Souquet also ran out of gas in the round-robin stages.
Players and bookmakers alike were left scratching their heads as a cadre of talented unknowns took over the brackets. The odds-on favorite remains 2004 winner Alex Pagulayan, who beat Korea's Shin-Young Park, 10-5, in the first round of the knock-out stage, but now his biggest challengers include such lesser-known quantities as Germany's imposing Andreas Roschkowski, Taiwan's baby-faced Po-Cheng Kuo, and rising Philippine star Marlon Manalo.
After play halted in the steamy Kaohsiung Business Exhibition Center on July 7, only four Americans were left in the field of 32: Rodney Morris, who beat Canada's speedy shotmaker Luc Salvas, 10-2; Gabe Owen, who defeated German Oliver Ortmann, 10-6; Cory Deuel, who trounced Taipei's Chia-Hsiung Lai, 10-2; and Jeremy Jones, who outlasted Santoshi Kawabata of Japan, 10-8.
Five of America's remaining nine suffered early exits. Archer lost to Sweden's Marcus Chamat, 10-5; Strickland failed against Alain Martel of Canada, 10-7; Mike Davis faltered against Taiwan's Hui-Kai Hsia, 10-3; Charles Bryant lost a close one against Manalo, 10-9; and Danny 'Kid Delicious' Basavich stalled against Kunihiko Takahashi of Japan, 10-2.
Three of America's 12-man platoon didn't make it past the round-robin stage: Shawn Putnam, who notched a 3-4 record; John Schmidt, 3-4; and Charlie Williams, who ended with an uncharacteristically dismal 1-6 tally.
Unfortunately for the Americans, they are guaranteed to have one less player in the brackets after play resumes tonight in Kaohsiung: Owen is set to face off against his good friend, former road partner and mentor, Jones. Morris likely will have his hands full with England's Raj Hundal, who has forged a reputation as a giant-killer after dominating Taiwan's favorite son, Ching-ShunYang, 10-4, in the first round of the knock-out stage. Deuel seems to have the easiest road to the sweet 16, matched against unproven Harry Stolka of Germany, who slipped out of the round-robin stage with a 3-4 record.
Many here believe that, with so many favorites out of the field, it's Manalo's tournament to lose. The bashful Manalo had been tuning up for the event in America, and won the Sands Regency Reno Open in June against one of the biggest tournament fields of the year. He then finished a strong 5-2 in the round-robin stages here in Kaohsiung. He's come a long way since last year's WPC, held in Taipei, Taiwan, when the then-unknown Filipino shocked the field by beating his hero, Reyes, and ended up finishing tied for eighth.
Thorsten Hohmann, the stolid 2003 WPC champ, also looks good. He won the BCA Open 9-Ball Championship in May, and finished the round-robin stage here at 5-2. He defeated the Philippines' Ronato Alcano, 10-7, in the first round of knock-out play, and is expected to match up well against England's Kevin Uzzell tonight.
But don't count out 29-year-old Chamat, who always brings his A-game to the WPC. He finished third in 2005, and looks dangerous this year after his 10-5 pasting of Archer. At one point he held a 9-1 advantage over his foe.
"I was more shocked at the result because I was playing so bad earlier the week," said Chamat, who squeaked through the round-robin stage with a 3-4 record. "I didn't feel so comfortable, but today everything was going my way, and that's just the way it goes sometimes.
"Archer missed an easy 8 ball early; maybe he was distracted by someone in the crowd, and then I hit 7 - 1 before he had another visit to the table.
"I nearly didn't get into the knock-out stages and he won all his matches so I felt like a big, big underdog out there.
"I don't really care who I meet in tomorrow as I have the toughest draw in this round," he said. He, in fact, is set to meet Canadian Martel tonight.
For up-to-the-minute scoring at the WPC, go to www.worldpoolchampionship.com.
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text:
Kausalyaa suprajaarama poorvaa sandhyaa pravartate
Utthishta narashaardoola kartavyam daivamaahnikam
I don't think that there is any one in India – at least in south India, who cannot immediately relate these words to the melodious sing-song recital of Sri Venkateshwara suprabhatam by the legendary Smt M.S. Subbalaksmi.
The moment I hear or even think about it I go back to the Saturday mornings of my primary school days. Those days, Saturday was something we looked forward to. The daily classes were from 10 am to 5 pm and Saturday was 'morning class' - 8.00 am to 10.30 am. We had only four short periods out of which one was sports. Verymuch bearable. And, after finishing the school we still had plenty of Saturday and the whole of Sunday for ourselves.
Monday through Friday, we ate our - just off the stove - lunch at 9AM, scalding our hands and tongue and rushed to catch the peak hour crowded bus, pushing in through the mass of bodies with our bulging bags getting stuck between bulging stomachs, to reach the school by 10 AM, panting and sweating. Whole day of arithmetic, geography and English grammar in store for us. There was a break for lunch but the packed lunch was usually the same rice and sambhar or rice and curds that we had had in the morning which was now dry and with an additional metallic taste of our brass lunch boxes.
Saturdays were different. We got up early on Saturdays, spent a few minutes warming ourselves in front of the wood fire used for heating the bath water,- a great pleasure - then had a refreshing hot bath which felt so nice in the cold weather, drank a warm glass of milk and walked to the bus stop enjoying the warm rays of the rising sun, carrying a light bag with few books and no lunch box. The bus used to be empty with seats to choose, the window seats or sometimes, even the seat next to the driver (the biggest privilege). School was not at all bad with only four periods and we would be back home before noon for lunch. Mother usually made something special as the children were eating at home in the afternoon. The rest of the day for play. Marbles, gilli – danda or spinning tops. What a contrast!
Saturday WAS special. But what made it even better was Smt Subbalakshmi's Venkateshwara Suprabhatam which was aired on All India Radio every Saturday morning. It started just as we left home but we did not miss even one verse during our walk to the bus stop as none of the radio sets in the houses on the way strayed from the Suprabhatam when it was on. Perhaps people did not want to miss any of it as they moved around the house on morning chores, and so it was set louder and could be clearly heard from the street. I relished that walk to the bus stop on Saturdays. And I almost had the Suprabhatam by heart.
I have heard many other singers reciting Suprabhatam and Vishnu sahasranamam and even though some of my friends insist that they are as good or even better than MS in enunciation and rendition, I feel none can match her. That is probably because these new cassettes and CDs are made with sales in mind, while MS sang with god in mind.
Now, let me come to the reason for bringing this subject up today. We had a cassette of Suprabhatam and my wife used to put it on our partly broken cassette player now and then. Our coastal weather is perfect for spoiling tapes and recorders and within a short time our tape was giving out all scratchy sounds and bits of Suprabhatam in between. I asked her to throw the cassette out and buy a new one. My wife, who thinks twice before throwing out even a dead rat, insisted that it is fine and persevered with it. I could not bear the torture for long and one day while I was clearing unwanted clutter, of which there is no dearth in our house, I cleared out this tape too.
A few days later my wife wanted to play the cassette and looked for it in the usual spots on top of the refrigerator and behind the microwave oven and having failed to get it, came and stood in front of me.
"Did you throw the cassette out?"
"What cassette? Why will I throw anything out?"
"You need no reason to throw things out. It is a wonder that I still exist in this house. If I stop moving for a few hours I will go into the garbage bin"
"I have no intentions of buying a giant garbage bin and you are safe. But, which cassette are you talking about? Why accuse me?"
"Don't try your innocence with me. I cannot find the Suprabhatam cassette. There is no one else who can be responsible for its disappearance. I only need confirmation."
I evaded the court of enquiry as best as I could but was pronounced guilty and the sentence was passed.
"Now, get me another cassette immediately."
I was under the impression that the Suprabhatam being so famous it should be available in any music shop but I was wrong. I tried all the shops in Panaji and Margao but could not find the cassette or CD. I promised my wife that I would buy one when I visited Bangalore next time. A visit to Bangalore is always a rush and I could not get them in one or two shops that I enquired.
"I know that you only made a half hearted attempt in the second rate street corner shops selling 'wooden' music. (bollywood, tollywood, sandalwood and other woods). I cannot believe Venkateshwara supraabhatam is not available in Bangalore, however bad the present day tastes are."
I offered to recite it every morning myself.
"Thanks for your consideration. You need not take extra pains to ruin my days."
So, this time when my son came home on vacation she pestered him and made him down load, upload, middle load or do whatever they do to make the computer sing and 'cut' a CD. I commented that the CD looked as shiny and round even after it was 'cut' and so, may not work. My son thanked me for my observation and suggested that there is no need for unnecessary exhibition of ignorance and requested me to restrict my observations to dentistry.
This morning my wife had put this new CD on, filling our living room with the glorious melody of M S's voice. It made our maid servant Sayeeda bi pause in her work of wiping the floor and listen to it. She listened quietly for a minute and said "didi, what is that you have put on your CD player? I cannot understand it but it feels so very nice to hear that!"
Smt.MS has put her soul into that recital and it sure touches souls.
A day in San Francisco
4 days ago


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College of Charleston entered the second half of conference play with a sweep over rival UNC Wilmington, 3-0 (25-21, 25-22, 25-17) at TD Arena on Saturday.
Charleston (18-4, 8-0) ran its winning streak to eight matches as the first-place Cougars stayed undefeated in CAA play. UNCW (14-8, 3-5) tallied 11.5 blocks, but failed to match C of C's offensive firepower at the end of each set.
Once again, the Cougars outmatched UNCW in nearly all statistical categories, winning the battle in kills (46-32), hitting (.304-.158), assists (45-31) and digs (51-31).
Darcy Dorton had 14 kills with only three errors for a hitting percentage of .379. She also made five digs and had three blocks.
Double-figure kills by Kasey Talley, Briana Reid and Lauren Gainer led Chattanooga to a 25-27, 25-18, 25-17, 25-19 come-from-behind win over The Citadel. Talley led all hitters with 16 kills to give Chattanooga its third victory in league play.
Katie Briggs, who finished with a season-best 15 kills to go along with two assisted blocks, powered The Citadel (5-21, 0-10 SoCon) offense to 46 kills.
Anna Sells delivered with the golden goal in the final 12 seconds of the first overtime period as Charleston Southern (7-10-1, 4-6) topped Gardner-Webb (3-14-1, 1-9) at Patriots Point on Senior Day.
Sells intercepted a pass from Chloe Urig at the top of the box and dribbled to her right before uncorking a low, line-drive shot past a diving Amy Schmitt and into the lower right corner of the net, bringing the CSU team off their bench in celebration as the Bucs topped the Runnin' Bulldogs in what had been a defensive stalemate the majority of the match.
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Stevens: Fishbein's Lobos Have An International Flavor
UNM's pipeline to foreign soil brings in a dedicated student-athlete with international experience
Stevens: UNM/Fidelity Investments Honor The Best Lobo Scholar-Athletes
Awards banquet recognizes outstanding Lobo performances in the classroom
Stevens: Undefeated Lobos Knocked Out Of NCAA in penalty-kick Loss
UNM lose 6-5 in sudden-death penalty kicks to end season at 18-0-4
Stevens: No. 1 Lobos Slip To No. 10 on NCAA Bracket But Grab Home Game
The undefeated New Mexico Lobos open the NCAA Tournament at 7 p.m., Sunday at the Lobo Soccer Complex
Lobos Net Three to Blank Spartans and Advance to MPSF Championship Contest
Kyle Venter converted on a corner kick set piece for the fifth time this season to score New Mexico's game-winner in Friday's semifinal.
TLC Invitational
Lobos vs. Columbia Lobos vs. CSUN
Men's Soccer vs. Towson -- Aug. 26, 2011
Men's soccer defeated Towson, 2-0. Giovanni Rollie and Lawrence Robledo each netted a goal in the Lobo victory.
2012 - SOPHOMORE SEASON All-MPSF Honorable Mention... Started in all 21 games that he played... Scored New Mexico's only goal at Tulsa (8-31-12)... Member of 2012 Nike Lobo Invitational All-Tournament Team... His 1,871 minutes played was the second most on the team... Part of a New Mexico backline that recorded eleven shutouts, which included seven straight to end the regular season and open conference tournament play.
2011 - FRESHMAN SEASON Started in all 22 games for the Lobos... Played a total of 1969 minutes on the season at the left-back position... Proved himself to be a valuable asset from day one as a Lobo... Logged one goal on the season against Denver on Oct. 7 and one assist on Oct. 28 against Sacramento state... Was named to the University of Akron All-Tournament team... Named to the MPSF All-Tournament team... Earned a spot on the Third Team All-MPSF... Scored his penalty kick in the Lobos' sudden-death shootout against USF in the Sweet 16 round of the NCAA Tournament.
CLUB/DEVELOPMENTAL Was a member of the New Zealand National Team and participated in the 2009 U-17 World Cup against new teammate Adrian Mora Delgado... Advanced to the second round of the tournament... Tied Costa Rica (Delgado's team) 1-1 in game one of pool play of the tournament... Also tied Turkey 1-1 and Burkina Faso 0-0 before losing to host-team Nigeria in the second round of the tournament, 5-0.
HIGH SCHOOL Played four years at Hamilton Boys High School (HBHS) in Hamilton, New Zealand... Had four goals and six assists his senior year en route to a 10-1-4 record... Contributed three goals and seven assists his junior year helping his team to a 12-3-3 record... Tallied 31 goals and 31 assists over the course of his high school career.
PERSONAL Born April 29, 1992 in Rotorau, New Zealand to Margaret and Michael Gibbons... Father played professional rugby for the New Zealand Colts and the New Zealand Maori's... Intends to major in physical education or marketing and management... has one brother, Bradley Gibbons (21).


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Korean dramas are never complete without the most-awaited kissing scene. It normally signals a big transition in the romantic lives of the main characters. No matter what genre—action, comedy, sageuk (historical) or romance—the all-important kissing scene is a staple in drama land.
Here's my attempt at classifying the types of kisses that will help us K-drama addicts identify our favorite lip-locking moments.
The Sweet Kiss (SportsKorea)1. The Sweet Kiss
Let's start with the tamest of kissing scenes. The sweet kiss is often depicted as a gentle peck on the lips which lasts less than five seconds. This type of kiss is typical in high school dramas like "Boys over Flowers" and "Mischievous Kiss" because the characters are young. Some examples of sweet kisses include Jun Pyo (played by Lee Min Ho) and Jan Di's (Goo Hye Sun) "swing kiss" in "Boys over Flowers," the playful kisses between Baek Seung Jo (Kim Hyun Joong) and Oh Ha Ni (Jung Su Min) in "Mischievous Kiss" and the lovely kisses between King Lee Hwon and Queen Yeon Woo in the recently concluded historical romance, "The Moon that Embraces the Sun."
2. The Angry KissThe Angry Kiss photo (Screenshot from "Me Too Flower")
In K-drama land, one of the best ways to shut up an angry (or nagging) woman is with an angry kiss. It occurs when the emotions of one or two of the main characters explode in a moment that culminates in a strong unexpected kiss. The angry kiss normally happens when jealousy rears its head. Who can forget the heat of Kim Joo Won's (Hyun Bin) jealous kiss with Gil Raim (Ha Ji Won) in "Secret Garden?" Another great example is the angry kiss Prince Lee Shin (Joo Ji Hoon) gave Princess Chae Kyung (Yoon Eun Hye) in "Princess Hours." Although not a big drama ratings hit, "Me Too, Flower" generated buzz when the angry kiss between Jae Hee (Yoon Shi Yoon) and Bong Sun (Lee Ji Ah) became a hot topic due to its intensity.
3. The Perplexing I-Don't-Know-What-Just-Happened KissThe Perplexing "I Don't Know What Just Happened" Kiss (Screenshot from "You're Beauti …
This is the kind of kiss that delivers romance and frustration in equal measure. It often happens when the key characters are still undecided about their feelings and the biological responses of their attraction take over their minds. Best exemplified by the sudden kiss exchanged by Hwang Te Kyung (Jang Geun Suk) and Go Minam/Minyu (Park Shin Hye) in "You're Beautiful," the I- don't-know-what-just-happened kiss surprises not just the characters but the viewers as well. Other great examples of this type of kiss is Jihoo and Jandi's kiss on the beach in "Boys over Flowers" and the surprising kiss between Han Gyul (Gong Yoo) and Eun Chan (Yoon Eun Hye) in "Coffee Prince."
4. The Hollywood KissThe Hollywood Kiss (Screenshot from "Flower Boy Ramyun Shop")
Kissing scenes in K-dramas are typically tame and light when compared to Hollywood kissing scenes. The Hollywood kiss is described as a more passionate moment when lips lock, mouths open slightly and—okay, okay, I'll say it!— tongue action happens. In the past, this type of passionate kissing was not seen in K-dramas. However, recent shows have moved away from conservative kissing scenes and provided viewers with nicely shot Hollywood-type kisses. Some examples include the passionate kiss between May-December couple Cha Chi Soo (Jung Il Woo) and Yang Eun Bi (Lee Chung Ah) in "Flower Boy Ramyun Shop" and the sexy kissing scenes of Jeon Jin Ho (Lee Min Ho) and Park Gae In (Son Ye Jin) in "Personal Taste." Of course, the kissing scenes between top stars Lee Byung Hun and Kim Tae Hee in "Iris" also fit this category.
5. The Concept KissThe Concept Kiss (Screenshot from "Secret Garden")
The concept kiss is a unique kissing scene popularized and later parodied (and probably imitated) by ordinary folk. The most popular concept kiss to date is the "foam kiss" in the fantasy drama "Secret Garden" when Kim Joo Won (Hyun Bin) wipes away the cappuccino foam from the upper lip of Gil Raim (Ha Ji Won) with his mouth. This scene became so popular that even Hallyu stars Big Bang parodied it. Other examples of cute concept kisses include the "cola kiss" between Hyun Ko Joon (Kang Ji Hwan) and Kong Ah Jung (Yoon Eun Hye) in "Lie to Me" and the "bike kiss" between Lee Yeon Jae (Kim Sun Ah) and Kang Ji Wook (Lee Dong Wook) in "Scent of a Woman."
What are your favorite K-drama kisses? Do they fit the categories here or do we have to add more categories? Share your thoughts in our comment box!
Catherine Deen blogs for Yahoo! Philippines OMG! She lives, eats and breathes Korean music, cuisine, telenovelas, and pop culture. Follow her on Twitter @cathsdeen.


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12 superb tales by Chekhov, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Pushkin, Bunin, other masters. Excellent word-for-word English translations on facing pages. Also teaching and practice aids, Russian-English vocabulary, biographical/critical introductions to each selection, study questions, more. Especially helpful are the stress accents in the Russian text, usually found only in primers.Edition/Copyright: 90
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After many dismaying days of watching anti-American protests across the Middle East, galvanized by an obscure anti-Mohammad video made by someone or other, Americans now have a protest to cheer: Libyans have taken to the streets en masse in Benghazi to make clear their anger at the militia groups they hold responsible for the attack that killed the popular American ambassador Chris Stevens and three of his colleagues. Fed up that Libya's nascent, moderate government is unable to disarm militias, the people have taken the task into their own hands, forcibly disarming several militia groups and storming the headquarters of the extremist Ansar al Sharia group. Some 30,000 people marched through Benghazi, bearing signs that included "We want justice for Chris" and "The ambassador was Libya's friend." Protesters even chanted at Ansar al Sharia members: "You terrorists, you cowards. Go back to Afghanistan."
This is, to put it mildly, heartening, and it shows that the people of Libya are hardly the anti-American radicals that many imagine them to be based on the actions of a few hotheads. One obvious takeaway is that the Middle East is not a uniform mass of sharia-spouting, America-hating crazies–which is, alas, the crude stereotype which remains popular in too many corners of the West. There are, in fact, complex forces at play and, while the radicals may grab the headlines, there is a "silent majority"–in the case of Libya, silent no more–that is more interested in peaceful social and economic development than it is in waging jihad against the West.
A second lesson from the Libya protests is that this is the payoff from an intervention to topple a hated dictator–America has plainly won the hearts of many in Libya, just as it did previously in Bosnia, Kosovo, and the Kurdish region of Iraq. That does not, of course, mean that all Libyans love us–the extremists who killed our ambassador plainly did not–but it does mean that there is an undercurrent of sympathy for America that is not present in countries where we are associated with unpopular dictatorial regimes. We now have an opportunity to win popular favor in Syria or else suffer the opprobrium of allowing a terrible bloodletting to occur while we do nothing–which many Syrians will no doubt interpret as tacit American support for the hated Assad regime.
A third and final lesson is the need for follow-through–it is not enough to topple a dictator; it is just as important to establish order in his wake–something the Bush administration failed to do in Iraq and Afghanistan and that the Obama administration failed to do in Libya. The counsels of those of us who favored the dispatch of an international peacekeeping force to Libya after the successful NATO intervention were ignored. The result is the continuing chaos (although admittedly it is by no means a sure thing that an international force could have imposed order; it might even have sparked greater conflict). It is not, however, too late: Libya now has a moderate, pro-American government that is struggling to control its territory. While some isolationists in Congress argue that, in the wake of Stevens's death, we should cut off aid to Libya, our proper course is just the opposite: We must increase aid, including the dispatch of military equipment and advisers, to create a national army and police force robust enough to keep order.


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Below is the poem entitled California Avenue which was written by poet
Bayles. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Mike Bayles
California Avenue
Shells of two story houses
line a brick-laden street
single dwellings
converted into apartment buildings.
The street of acquaintances
becomes one of strangers,
and no one seems to care
about those who come and go,
and they don't care, either.
Stories told resonate,
of summer nights
when people sat on porches
and invited passersby
to join conversations.
Facades of houses remain
and hide parceled interiors
now rented, lives hidden
in walls of their creation.
A comment has not been posted for this poem. Encourage a poet by being the first to comment.


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It's a common theme now that when certain governments face dissent, they look to clamp down on communications by blocking social networking sites. As my Washington Post colleague Craig Timberg reported, several governments -- most recently the Iraqi government -- have used this tactic, albeit with limited success.
Iraq in particular had trouble shutting down Web access in parts of the country that the government no longer controls, Timberg reported. But even in places where governments do successfully block traffic, some people are getting around those blocks by using apps to connect to virtual private networks.
Most people use these WiFi security apps to protect themselves when using public WiFi networks or to connect to sites based in their home countries when they're abroad. But according to David Gorodyansky of AnchorFree, a security firm that makes apps to protect Web traffic, his company has seen a 11,000 percent increase in downloads of its "HotSpot Shield" app since the Iraqi government moved to block Facebook, Twitter and YouTube last Friday. Active daily users across the whole service jumped to 112,000 from a normal baseline of 19,000 as a result of the spike.
And it's not an isolated event.
"When Turkey blocked Twitter, we saw more than 1.2 million users in 72 hours use AnchorFree to get around the Twitter block," he said. Weeks earlier, AnchorFree saw the same thing happen in Venezuela.
"Every year we've had these spikes," he said. During the Arab Spring, the company saw spikes in use in Egypt, Libya and Tunisia. He said that AnchorFree has never heard from any of the governments of any country where it's seen a spike in users.
Of course, the app has other uses, as well. Gorodyansky said that when there's a virus scare the company also tends to see increases in traffic.
"We often catch [threats] before the antivirus guys, because we see all the threats that come in and out on a network layer," he said.
He added that it seems that more people are using VPN apps across the board, indicating a bump in how much care people are paying to their online privacy for various reasons. Some use them to keep from being tracked by advertisers. Others tell the firm they downloaded it because of the revelations about National Security Agency surveillance. Gorodyansky also said he's recently learned about another unusual scenario.
"We recently learned that a lot of women use us to protect their location on dating sites," he said. "It's a way to stop some creepy guy from showing up at their house."


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Former Skinhead T.J. Leyden Tells His Story
An interview with a former racist
Last November, an outbreak of racist Skinhead violence hit the normally tolerant city of Denver. A Denver police officer was killed, another was apparently ambushed, and suspected Skinheads dumped a dead pig with the slain officer's name daubed on it in front of a police substation.
The violence shocked residents who'd seen an earlier Skinhead upsurge crushed by police who cracked down hard in the early 1990s, and raised fears that racist Skinheads are making a comeback around the nation.
Thomas (T.J.) Leyden, whose skin is emblazoned with 29 neo-Nazi tattoos, spent 15 years in the Skinhead movement before renouncing racism and going to work as a consultant to the Simon Wiesenthal Center in Los Angeles.
Since joining the human rights organization in June 1996, Leyden has given speeches at more than 100 high schools, the Pentagon, FBI headquarters, police agencies and in other venues. Leyden, who worked as a Skinhead recruiter for years, decided to leave the movement after he heard his 3-year-old son using racial slurs and began to fear for the boy's future.
The Intelligence Report interviewed Leyden about his life in the movement, his analysis of what makes it tick and the appeal it has for today's youth. The interview began with his description of how he got involved in Skinhead violence.
INTELLIGENCE REPORT: What brought you into the Skinhead movement?
T.J. LEYDEN: I was hanging out in the punk rock scene in the late '70s and early '80s, going to shows and slam dancing. In 1980, my parents got a divorce, and I started to hang out in the street.
I was venting lot of my frustration and anger over the divorce. I went around attacking kids, punching them and beating them up. A group of older kids who were known as Skinheads saw this, and I got in with them. We didn't like people who weren't Skinheads, but it wasn't really about racism yet.
In 1981, four big-time racist bands came into the Skinhead movement: Skrewdriver, Skullhead, Brutal Attack and No Remorse. We started to listen to their music, and that broke the Skinhead movement into two factions, SHARPs [Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice] and the neo-Nazi Skinheads. Since I lived in a very upper-middle class, white neighborhood, we decided to establish one of the first neo-Nazi Skinhead gangs in Southern California.
If we caught somebody black, Hispanic or Asian, we'd attack them, beat them for sure. But 90 percent of my victims were white because it was rare for somebody black, Hispanic, or Asian to be walking down my street.
Probably the worst beating was at a party. A young Skinhead girl came over and said this guy, a long-hair, tripped her. We walked over to him, myself and three younger Skinheads, and we attacked him. When we were finished, we had broken his jaw, his nose and four teeth. My friend was standing on his hand, and I kicked his thumb so hard that I broke the bone and ripped the webbing.
I was a neo-Nazi street soldier between 1981 and 1988, and in that period I was probably involved in 150 to 200 fights.
IR: Did your racism come partly from your parents?
LEYDEN: My mom was nonracist and my dad was a stereotypical man. I mean, if somebody cut him off on the freeway, if they were black, he'd use the word "nigger". That was his generation.
But the racism I really learned came from my grandfather, a staunch Irish Catholic. He would say, "You don't bring darkies home" and "Jews killed Christ."
IR: What are the circumstances that lead teenagers to join neo-Nazi gangs?
LEYDEN: We were middle-class to rich, bored white kids. We had a lot of time on our hands so we decided to become gang members. When a kid doesn't have something else constructive to do, he's going to find something, whether it's football, baseball or hanging with neo-Nazi Skinheads.
I tell people all the time, "Every kid wants a sense of belonging." And what easier group to fit in with than Skinheads? You're white, you're Nazi, you fit the criteria.
IR: When did you start to really learn the ideology of racism?
LEYDEN: After I joined the Marine Corps in 1988. They teach a philosophy that if you do something, you do it all the way, not half-assed.
So since I was a racist, I started reading everything I could read about Nazism, World War II, Adolf Hitler. Then I started reading about George Lincoln Rockwell [founder of the American Nazi Party]. Maybe because he was American and a commander in the military, for me he was a better role model than Hitler.
William Pierce [leader of the neo-Nazi National Alliance] was influential for me, and Tom Metzger [founder of White Aryan Resistance, or WAR].
Tom's more of a public speaker, able to pump people up. Pierce is better as a writer. Pierce would probably put you to sleep at a rally, whereas Tom bores the hell out of you when he writes.
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And that was just beginning. The rapper got the crowd further hyped with hit after bass vibrating hit including platinum "Can't Hold Us." They really didn't need to let the beat build after the chorus breakdown. The thousands of packed sunburn fans stomping and clapping and unison was all the accompaniment needed. And our girl Ms. Teigen was right along with the screaming throng. God, we love her!
Check out Macklemore's sick closing number "Irish Celebration," plus more live streaming and on-demand performances all weekend long on our Hangout Hub.
Check out everything that went on at Hangout Fest 2013, including interviews, performances and getting chill from the Shores at Hangout.MTV.com.
Hangout Music Fest 2013: Highlights
|Watch Our Festival Recap
|Watch Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Perform
|Watch Kings Of Leon Perform
|Watch Ellie Goulding Perform


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UT Education Graduates Top Teacher Ratings
Published: Aug 4, 2011
New teachers who graduated from The University of Tampa topped state rankings for teacher effectiveness, according to a recent study by the Florida Department of Education.
The data gauged FCAT performance in reading or math by students of new teachers who graduated from Florida institutions who were spending their first year teaching in Florida public schools. Their students' FCAT scores were measured against the previous years.
One hundred percent of the teachers with education degrees from UT saw at least half of their students improve on the FCAT, according to the study. The ranking topped other public and independent institutions that were included in the study, including such area institutions as Saint Leo University, St. Petersburg College and the University of South Florida, as well as the University of Florida, University of Miami and Florida State University.
Forty percent of those same teachers had 75 percent or more of their students making learning gains, which also tops the list.
"This is a credit to the curriculum of our department," said Pattie Johnston, chair of the UT Department of Education. "Teachers from UT thrive because they have been taught to create compelling and active learning environments that foster learning gains."
According to Kathy Hebda, deputy chancellor for educator quality with the Florida Department of Education, the first year is a good measure, because it's the nearest to the training teachers are getting.
"This is one data point we can provide [the teaching programs] in a way that helps give them some comparison data to make programmatic decisions," said Hebda.
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It was a clean sweep for Eric Matheson Saturday night.
Matheson had all 28 of Ridgway's points as Ridgway won its home opener 28-7 over Smethport at Memorial Field in Ridgway.
Matheson had four total touchdowns and four extra points. Ridgway coach Mark Heindl said Matheson's determination is something the other players are trying to input into their own effort.
"Eric is a hard-nosed kid. He's one of those kids that will do anything at any time for anybody to help the team win," Heindl said.
ST. MARYS – The Ridgway Lady Elkers captured the 2011 Elk County Volleyball Tournament Saturday afternoon at the Elk County Catholic High School gymnasium.
The Lady Elkers won the 15th annual event by defeating the ECCHS Lady Crusaders two games to one in the best-of-three finals.
In the consolation game, the Johnsonburg Ramettes took third place by defeating the St. Marys Area Lady Dutch 30-24.
In pool play, Elk Catholic finished the morning play with a 5-1 record. Ridgway was 4-2, while the Ramettes were 3-3 and the Lady Dutch 0-6.
Ridgway boys soccer won 4-1 in the consolation game over Johnsonburg Saturday morning at Francis S. Grandinetti Elementary School in Ridgway.
The Ridgway Lady Elkers lost 3-1 to Curwensville in girls soccer action Saturday afternoon at Francis S. Grandinetti Elementary School.
After being tied at 1-1 entering halftime, a pair of Curwensville goals ultimately doomed the Lady Elkers' chances of a victory.
Ridgway struck quickly and within two minutes, the Lady Elkers had a corner kick. Amanda Maddalena struck the corner kick and had it deflected back to her for a crossing attempt. Rhianon Fowler was able to take advantage of the chaos in the penalty area and bury the ball into the net for a goal and a quick 1-0 lead.
EMPORIUM – In a game marred by turnovers and missed opportunities, Cameron County (1-1) used a fourth-quarter rally and two overtime sessions to topple Johnsonburg (0-2), 22-20.
The Rams led up until the last five minutes of the game before Cameron County sophomore Tony Olivett broke free for a 38-yard run to the right after taking advantage of several missed tackles.
Olivett was in from four yards out on the next play right up the middle and teammate Matt Fragale broke through for the 2-point conversion to tie the game at 8-8.
DUKE CENTER – The Elk County Crusader football team shut out the Otto-Eldred Terrors 48-0 on Friday evening, winning on the road to remain undefeated. While there were showers in the area, the rain held off for the duration of the game in Duke Center.
"It was a slow start, but it was a complete game offensively and defensively," said ECC coach Travis Skrzypek. "They finished well. We were a little worried in the third quarter there, but they got it together. It was a total team effort. Everybody got time tonight. Everybody responded, everybody played well."
Ridgway's Maria Buhler came up with aces at the most important time for the Lady Elkers Thursday night.
With the Ramettes on the brink of forcing a fifth set, Buhler hit three service points to close a 3-1 (25-19, 25-16, 22-25, 26-24) victory for Ridgway over Johnsonburg at Ridgway Area High School.
"I really commend Maria Buhler coming in there and having those nice, hard serves," Ridgway coach Janet Redmond said. "She was getting the job done for us."
Ridgway girls soccer had a dominant first half but only a 1-goal lead to show for it at halftime.
The Lady Elkers then put the game out of reach with an even better second half.
Ridgway scored three times in the second half and allowed one shot on goal through the entire game in a 4-0 win over Smethport Wednesday at Francis S. Grandinetti Elementary School.
With an adjusted lineup Tuesday, the Ridgway Elkers strolled to a 22-stroke victory Tuesday at Laurel Mill Golf Course to improve to 5-1 on the season.
Ridgway senior Jordan Lundin shot a 41 to take medalist honors and teammate sophomore Sam Delhunty was four strokes behind with a 45; Ridgway seniors Eric Matheson, Aaron Sorge and Kyle Caggiano each shot 49 for a team total of 231 shots.
Ridgway senior Alex Oknefski and junior Tony Leithner both shot 51, and junior JoJo Jaques fired a 53 but those three did not factor into the scoring.
JOHNSONBURG – St. Marys boys soccer won its season opener 6-1 over Johnsonburg Tuesday night at Memorial Field in Johnsonburg.
"I'm satisfied," St. Marys coach Russ Micale said. "We definitely have some bugs to work out of our system. As far as the game went, they improved as the game went on. That's what you like to see. Every time we step on the field, we got to get better, we got to improve. We have a ways to go but we'll get there."