text:
A requesting terminal includes an interface that allows a user to select whether data downloaded from a network (such as the Internet) is transmitted to the requesting terminal via a high-speed link, such as a satellite link, or a lower speed link, such as a terrestrial link. Preferably, the terrestrial link (which may comprise a conventional dial-up Internet connection) is a two-way link, wherein the requesting terminal transmits data requests to the network via the terrestrial link. The data requests generated by the requesting terminal are modified to designate whether the requested data should be downloaded from the network via the terrestrial link or the satellite link. The terrestrial link may also be automatically selected for certain applications.
1. A system comprising:
an interface for coupling an apparatus to a wireless receiver, the wireless receiver providing a wireless link to a network; and
an interface for coupling the apparatus to a device providing a link to the network having a lower data rate than the wireless link,
wherein at least one of the following conditions is satisfied: (a) selection between the wireless link and the lower data rate link for transmitting data from the network to the apparatus is made in accordance with information in an IP header in a packet sent from the apparatus, (b) selection between the wireless link and the lower data rate link for transmitting data from the network to the apparatus is made in accordance with a TCP/UDP port number, (c) selection between the wireless link and the lower data rate link for transmitting data from the network to the apparatus is made in accordance with detection of loss of receive of signal on the wireless link, (d) selection between the wireless link and the lower data rate link for transmitting data from the network to the apparatus is made in accordance with detection of congestion on the wireless link, (e) selection between the wireless link and the lower data rate link for transmitting data from the network to the apparatus is made in accordance with determination that a packet of the data transmission is a UDP packet, and (f) selection between the wireless link and the lower data rate link for transmitting data from the network to the apparatus is made in accordance with detection of an amount of data transmission on a TCP connection exceading a limit.
2. A system according to
3. A system according to
4. A system according to
5. A system according to
6. A method comprising:
providing an apparatus configured to be coupled to (a) a wireless receiver, the wireless receiver providing a wireless link to a network, and (b) a device providing a link to the network having a lower data rate than the wireless link; and
any of (a) selecting between the wireless link and the lower data rate link for transmitting data from the network to the apparatus in accordance with information in an IP header in a packet sent from the apparatus, (b) selecting between the wireless link and the lower data rate link for transmitting data from the network to the apparatus in accordance with a TCP/UDP port number, (c) selecting between the wireless link and the lower data rate link for transmitting data from the network to the apparatus in accordance with detection of loss of receive of signal on the wireless link, (d) selecting between the wireless link and the lower data rate link for transmitting data from the network to the apparatus in accordance with detection of congestion on the wireless link, (e) selecting between the wireless link and the lower data rate link for transmitting data from the network to the apparatus in accordance with determination that a packet of the data transmission is a UDP packet, and (f) selecting between the wireless link and the lower data rate link for transmitting data from the network to the apparatus in accordance with detection of an amount of data transmission on a TCP connection exceeding a limit.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/257,670, filed Jun. 8, 1994, now abandoned, entitled "Method and Apparatus for Requesting and Retrieving Information From a Source Computer Using Terrestrial and Satellite Interfaces."
This application relates to a computer network and, more specifically, to a method and apparatus for allowing both high-speed and regular-speed access to a computer network.
The Internet is an example of a TCP/IP network. The Internet has over 10 million users. Conventionally, access to the Internet is achieved using a slow, inexpensive method, such as a terrestrial dial-up modem using a protocol such as SLIP (Serial Line IP), PPP, or by using a fast, more expensive method, such as a switched 56 Kbps, frame relay, ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), or T1.
Users generally want to receive (download) large amounts of data from networks such as the Internet. Thus, it is desirable to have a one-way link that is used only for downloading information from the network. A typical user will receive much more data from the network than he sends. Thus, it is desirable that the one-way link be able to carry large amounts of data very quickly. What is needed is a high bandwidth one-way link that is used only for downloading information, while using a slower one-way link to send data into the network.
Currently, not all users have access to high speed links to networks. Because it will take a long time to connect all users to networks such as the Internet via physical high-speed lines, such as fiber optics lines, it is desirable to implement some type of high-speed line that uses the existing infrastructure.
Certain types of fast network links have long propagation delays. For example, a link may be transmitting information at 10 Mbps, but it may take hundreds of milliseconds for a given piece of information to travel between a source and a destination on the network. In addition, for even fast low-density links, a slow speed return-link may increase the round trip propagation time, and thus limit throughput. The TCP/IP protocol, as commonly implemented, is not designed to operate over fast links with long propagation delays. Thus, it is desirable to take the propagation delay into account when sending information over such a link.
A first embodiment of the present invention overcomes the problems and disadvantages of the prior art by allowing a user to download data using a fast one-way satellite link, while using a conventional low-speed Internet connection for data being sent into the network.
A second embodiment of the present invention allows a user to specify for certain applications that data be downloaded from the Internet via a terrestrial link, rather than the satellite link.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a system for retrieving data from a source computer coupled to a network comprises a low-speed path linking a requesting terminal with the network, a high-speed path linking the requesting terminal with the network, and means for selecting either the low-speed path or the high-speed path for transmission of data from the source computer to the requesting terminal. In a preferred embodiment, the low-speed path is a terrestrial link, wherein the terrestrial link is a two-way link between the requesting terminal and the network comprising a serial port in the requesting terminal in communication with a SLIP provider connected to the network. The high-speed path is a satellite link, wherein the satellite link is a one-way link comprising a gateway connected to the network wherein data retrieved from the source computer is provided to the gateway via the network and transmitted to the requesting terminal via the satellite link. The requesting terminal generates a data request packet that is sent to the source computer via the terrestrial link. The selection means comprises a driver in the requesting terminal that modifies the request packet to specify either the low-speed path or the high-speed path. The selection means may also include a user interface in the requesting terminal that allows a user to specify that certain applications use the low-speed path.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a system for retrieving data from a source computer coupled to a network comprises a requesting terminal for requesting data to be retrieved from the source computer. The requesting terminal includes a terrestrial interface coupled to the network, and a satellite interface capable of receiving data transmitted via satellite link, wherein the satellite link includes a gateway coupled to the network. The requesting terminal further includes means for designating that the requested data be transmitted from the source computer to the requesting terminal through either the terrestrial interface or the satellite interface.
According to yet another aspect of the present invention, a method of retrieving data from a source computer coupled to a network comprises the steps of generating, at a requesting terminal, a request packet for transmission of data from the source computer, designating, at the requesting terminal, a transmission path selected from either a low-speed path (such as a terrestrial link) or a high-speed path (such as a satellite link) for transmission of the requested data from the source computer to the requesting terminal, providing the designated data request to the source computer, wherein the source computer generates a data reply, and receiving the data reply from the source computer via the designated transmission path.
Objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will be obvious from the description or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
FIGS. 13(a) through 13(e) are flowcharts of steps performed by the hybrid gateway of
Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.
I. Satellite Link
According to a first embodiment of the present invention, all information downloaded from the Internet is received via a high speed satellite link, as described in detail below.
a. General Overview
A preferred embodiment of the present invention uses satellite technology to implement a high-speed one-way link between a user's computer and a TCP/IP network, such as the Internet or a private TCP/IP network. This high-speed link is used to download data from the network. The user's computer also has a conventional TCP/IP link for sending data to the network. The invention can use various forms of high-speed, one-way links, such as satellites and cable television lines. The invention can use various forms of low-speed networks, such as TCP/IP networks, dialup telephones, ISDN D-channel, CPDP, and low-speed satellite paths.
The described embodiment of the present invention uses satellites to provide a high-speed one-way link. Satellites can cover large geographical areas and are insensitive to the distance between a transmitter and a receiver. In addition, satellites are very efficient at point-to-point and broadcast applications, and are resilient and resistant to man-made disasters. Two-way satellites are expensive to use, however, because of the costs involved in purchasing and installing the satellite earth station hardware. In the past, these costs have placed satellite communications outside the reach of the consumer.
The present invention allows a personal computer to receive downloaded information from the network via a satellite at a very practical cost. In the present invention, the cost of satellite communications is reduced because a one-way satellite link is used. Receive-only earth station equipment is cheaper to manufacture because it requires less electronics than send/receive antennae.
As is well-know in the art, communication over the Internet and similar TCP/IP networks is achieved through a group (suite) of protocols called Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). The TCP/IP protocol is described in the book "Internetworking With TCP/IP, VOL I" by Douglas Comer, published by Prentice-Hall, Inc., of Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1991, which is incorporated by reference.
b. Hybrid TCP/IP Access
Each of hybrid terminal 110, SLIP provider 130, application server 140, hybrid gateway 150 and satellite gateway 160 preferably includes a processor (not shown) that executes instructions stored in a memory (not also shown). Other parts of the invention may also include processors that are not discussed herein, such as I/O processors, etc. Preferably, hybrid terminal 110, hybrid gateway 150, and satellite gateway 160 are implemented as personal computers including an 80386/80486 or Pentium based personal computer operating at at least 33 MHz, but these elements can be implemented using any data processing system capable of performing the functions described herein. Alternatively, the functionality of both hybrid gateway 150 and satellite gateway 160 could be performed in a single gateway unit (not shown) without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. In the described embodiment, SLIP provider 130 is a conventional SLIP provider and application server 140 is any application server that can connect to the Internet 128 via TCP/IP.
As shown in
As shown in
The following paragraphs describe how a request from hybrid terminal 110 is carried through the Internet 128 to application server 140 and how a response of application server 140 is carried back to the user at hybrid terminal 110 via the satellite link. (As used herein, the term "satellite link" refers to any portion of the path between application server 140, the Internet 128, satellite gateway 160, satellite transmitter 170, satellite 175, satellite receiver 180 and hybrid terminal 110). The operation of each subsystem will be described below in detail in separate sections.
In the present invention, hybrid terminal 110 is given two IP addresses. One IP packet address corresponds to SLIP provider 130 and is assigned by a SLIP service provider. The other IP address corresponds to satellite interface 120 and is assigned by a hybrid service provider. IP addresses are assigned by the SLIP and satellite network managers and loaded into hybrid terminal 110 as part of an installation configuration of the hybrid terminal's hardware and software. These two IP interface addresses correspond to completely different physical networks. SLIP provider 130 does not "know" anything about the satellite interface IP address or even whether the user is using the satellite service. If a host somewhere in the Internet is trying to deliver a packet to the satellite IP address by using the Internet routing scheme of routers, gateways, and ARPs (Address Resolution Protocol), the only way that the packet can reach the satellite interface IP is to traverse the satellite by being routed through satellite gateway 160.
The following example assumes that a user at hybrid terminal 110 desires to send a request to a remote machine, such as application server 140 that is running FTP (File Transfer Protocol) server software. The FTP software running on application server 140 receives file transfer requests and responds to them in an appropriate fashion.
Thus, IP packets sent into Internet 128 are carried by the SLIP connection, while IP packets from the Internet 128 are carried by the satellite link. The following paragraphs describe the operation of each subsystem in more detail.
1. The Hybrid Terminal
Hybrid terminal 110 is the terminal with which the user interacts. Thus, hybrid terminal 110 preferably includes a user interface device (not shown) such as a mouse, keyboard, etc. As shown in
To TCP/IP software 210, driver 114 appears to be an Ethernet card, although driver 114 is actually connected to satellite receiver 180 (via satellite interface 120) and to SLIP provider 130 (via serial line 122 and modem 190, respectively). Thus, TCP/IP software 210 believes that it is communicating with a single physical network, when it is, in reality, communicating with two physical networks (the SLIP dial up network and a satellite network).
The following paragraphs discuss two basic functions performed by driver 114 (tunneling and ARP handling) and discuss various implementation details for the preferred embodiment.
A. "Tunnelling"
As discussed above, hybrid terminal 110 has two IP addresses associated with it: one for SLIP provider 130 and one for the satellite interface 120. Packets containing requests are sent from hybrid terminal 110 to application server 140 via the Internet 128, while packets containing a reply are sent back via the satellite link. Tunneling is the method by which application server 140 is "fooled" into sending a reply to a different IP address (satellite interface 120) than that of the sender (serial port 122).
A packet received by driver 114 from the TCP/IP software 210 has a source address of satellite gateway 160 and a destination address of application server 140. As shown in step 610 of
When forming a tunneling header, driver 114 copies all the values from the old header into the new one with the following exceptions. The source and destination addresses of the tunneling header change, as described above. In addition, a total packet length field 510 is changed to contain the contents of length field 310 plus the length of the tunneling header. Lastly, the driver 114 recalculates checksum 520 of the tunneling header because some of the fields have changed.
B. ARP Handling
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used by TCP/IP to dynamically bind a physical address, such as an Ethernet address, to an IP address. When TCP/IP finds an IP address for which it does not know a physical address, TCP/IP broadcasts an ARP packet to all nodes, expecting a response that tells TCP/IP what physical address corresponds to the IP address.
During initialization, driver 114 declares to TCP/IP software 210 that driver 114 is an Ethernet card to ensure that the packets that TCP/IP package sends are Ethernet packets and that the TCP/IP package will be prepared to receive packets at a high-rate of speed. As shown in step 620 of FIG. 6, when driver 114 detects that TCP/IP has sent an ARP packet, driver 114 creates a physical address and sends a reply packet to TCP/IP software 210. The contents of the physical address are irrelevant, because driver 114 strips off the Ethernet header on packets from TCP/IP before the packets are sent to SLIP provider 13.
C. Other Functions
As shown in step 630 of
In a preferred embodiment, TCP/IP software 210 (e.g., Frontier's SuperTCP) sends an ACK (acknowledge) for every packet it receives, even though this action is not required by the TCP/IP protocol. In this situation, many packets compete for the slow link to SLIP provider 130. In TCP/IP, the ACK scheme is cumulative. This means that when a transmitter receives an ACK stating that the receiver has received a packet with sequence number N, then the receiver has received all packets with sequenced numbers up to N as well, and there is no reason why every packet needs to be ACK'ed.
Serial port 122 provides a physical connection to modem 190 and, through it, to the terrestrial network via a SLIP protocol as described below in connection with SLIP provider 130. Serial data is sent and received through an RS-232 port connector by a UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter), such as a U8250, which has a one byte buffer and is manufactured by National Semiconductor, or a U16550, which has a 16 byte buffer and is also manufactured by National Semiconductor.
The invention preferably operates under the DOS operating system and Windows, but also can operate under other operating systems.
Satellite driver software 220 receives packets from satellite 180, and passes them to driver 114 using a DOS call. Thus, the two physical links are combined within driver 114 and the existence of two physical links is transparent to TCP/IP software 210. Satellite driver 220 scans all packets transmitted over the satellite channel for a packet with a header corresponding to the IP address of the satellite interface 122, performs some error detection and correction on the packet, buffers the received packet, and passes the packet to driver 114 using a DOS call, e.g., IOCTL-output-cmd( ). Driver 114 copies data from satellite driver 220 as quickly as possible and passes it to TCP/IP software 210.
As discussed above, TCP/IP software 210 is fooled into thinking that it is connected to an Ethernet network that can send and receive at 10 Mbps. This concept is helpful on the receive side because data from the satellite is being received at a high rate. On the transmit side, however, modem 190 is not capable of sending at such a high rate. In addition, TCP/IP software 210 sends Ethernet packets to driver 114, i.e., an IP packet is encapsulated into an Ethernet packet. Because SLIP provider 130 expects IP packets, driver 114 must strip the Ethernet header before the packet is sent to SLIP provider 130.
As described above in connection with
In a first preferred embodiment, a SLIP connection is initiated with an automatic logon procedure. In another preferred embodiment, driver 114 executes instructions to allow a user to perform a SLIP logon manually.
Because TCP/IP software 210 preferably is configured to talk to the Ethernet and it is desirable to receive the largest packet size possible, driver 114 configures TCP/IP so that the MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) of the network is as large as possible, e.g., 1500 bytes. Some SLIP providers 130 have a smaller MTU, e.g., 512 bytes. To handle the disparity in size, driver 114 segments large packets received from TCP/IP software 210 into segments the size of the SLIP MTU. Once a packet is segmented, it is reassembled in hybrid gateway 150. Only the tunnelling header is copied as the header of the segments.
2. The SLIP Provider
SLIP provider 130 performs the function of connecting hybrid terminal 110 to the Internet 128. As described above, other protocols, such as PPP (point to point protocol), could also be used to perform the connecting function. SLIP server 130 receives SLIP encoded IP packets from modem 190, uncodes them, and forwards them to hybrid gateway 150 via the Internet 128.
In its most basic form, SLIP provider 130 delimits IP packets by inserting a control character such as hex OxCO-SLIP between them. To insure that a data byte is not mistaken for the control character, all outgoing data is scanned for instances of the control character, which is replaced by a two character string. The SLIP protocol is described in detail in J. Romkey, "A Nonstandard for Transmission of IP Datagrams over Serial Lines: SLIP," RFC 1055, June 1988, pp. 1-6, which is incorporated by reference.
3. The Application Server
Application server 140 is a computer system running any combination of known application programs available on the Internet 128 using the TCP/IP protocol suite. For example, application server 140 may transfer files to requesting users via FTP. In this regard, application server 140 may be thought of as a host computer. Although hybrid terminal 110 actually has two IP addresses (a serial port address and an address for the satellite interface), the software executing on application server 140 thinks that it is receiving requests over the satellite network and sending responses over the satellite network. Hybrid terminal 110 is completely transparent to application server 140.
4. The Hybrid Gateway
Although only one hybrid terminal 110 is shown in
A. Untunnelling
As described above, packets are sometimes broken into segments when they are sent in order to accommodate a small MTU of SLIP provider 130. Packets may also be segmented as they pass through other elements of the Internet 128 having small MTUs. For fragmented packets, only the tunnelled header is copied into the header of each segment. Hybrid gateway 150 stores fragmented packets in a memory (not shown) and reassembles them in order before untunnelling the original packet and passing it to the Internet 128. Preferably, a "time to live" value is assigned to each packet when it is sent by driver 114 and if all segments do not arrive before a time to live timer expires, the packet is discarded.
B. ARP Responding
Preferably, satellite gateway 160 is on a same physical network as hybrid gateway 150. As shown in step 920 of
C. Satellite Packetizing
The following paragraphs describe how packets travel from application server 140 through hybrid gateway 150 and to satellite gateway 160. The following explanation is given by way of example and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. As shown in step 930 of
Satellite gateway 160 expects IP packets to be encapsulated first in a special satellite packet and then within an LLC-1 IEEE 802.2 link level control, type 1 packet. Satellite header 1020 identifies the downlink and contains a sequence number and the packet length. An LLC-1 header 1030 preferably is used to send the packet to satellite gateway 160, in an Ethernet LAN. Hybrid gateway 150 prepares packets for satellite gateway 160 by appending headers 1020 and 1030 to the front of an IP packet 1010.
The receiver in hybrid terminal 110 does not receive the LLC-1 header 1030. Hybrid terminal 110 identifies packets intended for it by checking a least significant byte in the satellite IP address. Thus, a six byte satellite destination address is determined by reversing an order of bytes of the satellite IP address for hybrid terminal 110 and then padding the rest of the address with zeroes.
5. The Satellite Gateway
Satellite gateway 160 can include any combination of hardware and software that connects satellite transmitter 170 to hybrid gateway 150. Satellite transmitter 170 and satellite receiver 180 can be any combination of hardware and software that allows data to be transmitted by satellite transmitter 170 and received by satellite receiver 180, and to be input to hybrid terminal 110. For example, satellite gateway 160 preferably is a personal computer with a high-speed Ethernet connection to hybrid terminal 110. When satellite gateway 160 receives a packet from hybrid gateway 150, it sends it over the satellite link.
Satellite communication may be effected by, for example, the Personal Earth Station designed and manufactured by Hughes Network Systems, Inc. In a preferred embodiment, a one-way version of the Personal Earth Station is used. Another embodiment uses a satellite communication system manufactured by Comstream. Yet another embodiment uses a system that allows hybrid terminal 110 to be connected directly to satellite receiver 180 via Hughes Network Systems' DirecPC product. The DirecPC satellite interface card is described in "DirecPC, Phase A Data Sheet," dated Jun. 7, 1993, which is incorporated by reference and by the inclusion of its contents which read as follows:
At the downlink, satellite receiver 180 includes a 0.6 meter receive-only antenna receiving HDLC encapsulated LAN packets. Satellite interface 120 includes rate ⅔ Viterbi/Reed-Soloman concatenated forward error correction.
Although only one hybrid terminal 110 and one application server 140 are shown in
c. Protocol Spoofing
TCP/IP protocol specifies that only a predetermined number of packets can be outstanding during transmission, i.e., that only a limited number of packets can be sent before an ACK (acknowledgment) is received. The high bandwidth and long delays incurred in sending packets to an orbiting satellite and back means that at any given time, a large number of packets may be "in the pipe" between transmitter and receiver.
When using conventional TCP/IP protocol, application server 140 sends a predetermined number of packets in accordance with a predetermined window size, and then waits to receive ACKs over the modem link before sending additional packets. The purpose of windowing is to limit a number of packets that must be re-sent if no ACK is received and to provide flow control, e.g., to prevent sending packets faster than they can be received. The packets that have not been ACK'ed are stored in a memory so that they can be re-sent if no ACK is received.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, hybrid gateway 150 "spoofs" application server 140 to improve the throughput over the satellite link. Specifically, hybrid gateway 150 sends an ACK to application server 140, even though a corresponding packet may not have been received by hybrid terminal 110 via the satellite at the time.
FIGS. 13(a) through 13(e) are flowcharts of steps performed by hybrid gateway 150 of
In step 1310 of FIG. 13(c), hybrid gateway 150 fails to receive an ACK for a packet number X from hybrid terminal 110 before an end of a predetermined timeout period. Hybrid gateway 150 maintains a timer for each un-ACK'ed packet. At the end of the predetermined period, hybrid gateway 150 retransmits a packet corresponding to the expired timer. In step 1312, hybrid gateway 150 resends packet number X, which it previously saved in the memory queue for this connection (see FIG. 13(d) below).
In step 1314 of FIG. 13(d), hybrid gateway 150 receives a packet from application server 140. In step 1316, hybrid gateway 150 sends the received packet to satellite gateway 160, where it is transmitted over the satellite link, and saves the packet in case it needs to be retransmitted (see FIG. 13(c)). Hybrid gateway 150 then creates an ACK packet to send to application server 140 in step 1318. The created ACK packet incorporates a format shown in FIG. 11. Hybrid gateway 150 creates an ACK number for field 1104. The ACK number is determined as follows:
Hybrid gateway 150 saves the following information for each connection:
When hybrid gateway 150 inserts the ACK number in the packet, it also calculates the packet's checksum 1106.
In step 1320 of FIG. 13(e), hybrid gateway 150 receives an ACK packet over the modem link from hybrid terminal 110. In step 1322, hybrid gateway 150 removes from the queue the packet for which the ACK was received. Because an ACK was received, the packet does not need to be re-sent. In the TCP/IP protocol, a packet containing an ACK may or may not contain data. Hybrid gateway 150 edits the received packet to replace the packet's ACK number 1104 with a "spoofed" ACK number in step 1326. The spoofed ACK number is determined in the same way as the ACK number in step 1318 of FIG. 13(d). When hybrid gateway 150 substitutes the spoofed ACK number 1104 in the packet, it also recalculates the packet's checksum 1106 in step 1326.
In step 1328, hybrid gateway 150 forwards the received ACK packet to application server 140. Application server 140 may simply disregard the packet if it contains an ACK and no data. In another embodiment, hybrid gateway 150 simply discards a packet received from hybrid terminal 110 that contains an ACK, but no data.
If the connection goes down, either explicitly or after a predetermined period of time, hybrid gateway 150 deletes the saved packets for the connection.
d. Summary
In summary, the present invention allows a personal computer to send messages into the Internet using a conventional dial-up link and to download data from the Internet using a high-speed one-way satellite link. In a preferred embodiment, the invention uses a conventional SLIP provider to connect to the Internet and uses a commercial software TCP/IP package that has a standard driver interface. A spoofing protocol compensates for the long propagation delays inherent to satellite communication.
II. Selective Satellite or Terrestrial Link
According to a second embodiment of the present invention, information downloaded from the Internet may be selectively received via a high-speed link, or a lower speed link, such as a terrestrial link, as described in detail below. In a preferred embodiment, the high-speed link is a satellite link. It is understood, however, that other high speed links, such as cable television lines or the like, may be used. Similarly, the terrestrial link may be any low-speed network, such as a TCP/IP network, dial-up telephone, ISDN D-channel, or CPDP.
a. General Overview
As set forth above, the use of the satellite link to download information from the Internet has many advantages, such as high bandwidth capability. There may be some applications, however, when a user may prefer to use a terrestrial link, rather than a satellite link, to download information from the Internet. For example, because of the distance of the satellite from earth, the response time using a satellite link may be approximately 600 ms, as opposed to approximately 300 ms for a terrestrial link. Thus, in applications which are sensitive to response time, such as Telnet or domain name look-ups, a terrestrial link may be preferred.
Also, a user of the satellite link is generally charged based on the amount of time the satellite link is used. Thus, in order to control costs of the satellite link service, a user may prefer to use a terrestrial link for applications, such as Progressive Networks and Real Audio, where the high bandwidth and speed of the satellite link is not important but the amount of total traffic (measured in megabytes) is great.
Further, many Internet dial-up service providers offer value-added services (such as Usenet news or customer service evaluations) that are only accessible by their subscribers. Many of these providers verify that a user is a subscriber by checking the source IP address of the user's request. Because the satellite link effectively changes the source IP address of the request, the provider will not recognize the request and, consequently, the user may not be able to access the value-added services. Thus, a user may prefer to use a terrestrial link (which does not effect the source IP address) in order to access certain value-added services.
Therefore, the second embodiment of the present invention allows a user to selectively bypass the above-described satellite link and use a terrestrial link to retrieve information from the Internet.
b. Selecting the Terrestrial Link
In a preferred embodiment, the hybrid terminal 110 includes a graphical user interface (GUI) which allows a user to select a list of applications that will use the terrestrial link, rather than the satellite link, for retrieving information from the Internet 128. An example of a user interface 1410 is shown in FIG. 14. The interface 1410 allows a user to select which applications will use the terrestrial link (referred to hereafter as "terrestrial applications"). For example, applications such as Telnet, Finger and Ping, which require fast response time but low bandwidth, may be selected to use the terrestrial link. The hybrid terminal 110 may also be configured such that these applications (and/or other applications) are routed through the terrestrial link by default.
Each application is assigned a specific TCP/UDP (transmission control protocol/user datagram protocol) port number (designated by reference number 1412 in FIG. 14). For example, web browsing applications are assigned to port no. 80, telnet applications are assigned to port no. 23, etc. A user may select terrestrial applications by specifying the TCP/UDP port number (or another type of protocol identification number, if applicable) for the application. A user may change the list of selected terrestrial applications at any time.
Preferably, the graphical user interface of the hybrid terminal 110 also allows the user to designate one or more IP address ranges, when such address ranges can only be accessed terrestrially. For example, the designated address range could correspond to the addresses of the ISP value-added services. The hybrid terminal 110 would route any data packet with a destination address falling within a designated address range over the terrestrial link.
Preferably, even if an application was not prespecified by a user as a terrestrial application, a user may specify "on-the-fly" that all applications should be routed over the terrestrial link. This may be implemented, for example, by incorporating a pull-down menu in the user interface which allows a user to specify all applications as terrestrial. Once specified, all information retrieved from the Internet would be received over the terrestrial link until the user specifies that only the pre-selected applications should use the terrestrial link. A user may also be able to specify "on-the-fly" that a single application be routed over the terrestrial link.
Further, the hybrid terminal 110 could be modified to automatically select the terrestrial link if, for example, the satellite link malfunctions. The satellite receiver 180 is able to detect a loss of receive signal that may be caused, for example, by rain attenuation, antenna misalignment, system failures, etc. Upon detecting a failure in the satellite link, the hybrid terminal could automatically switch to the terrestrial link. Similarly, if the hybrid gateway 150 detects that the satellite link is congested or overloaded, it could route a portion of the data over the terrestrial link in order to relieve the congestion. Selected data packets received by the hybrid gateway for transmission over the satellite link could be modified and returned to the Internet for re-routing over the terrestrial link.
The selective satellite or terrestrial link also serves as a trouble shooting tool in the system. Thus, problems with the terrestrial link (such as with the dial-up ISP) can be isolated from the satellite service equipment. The satellite link may serve as a back-up if the terrestrial link fails, and vice versa.
c. The Terrestrial Link
Referring to the hardware diagram of
The satellite reply path for sending a reply from the application server 140 to the hybrid terminal 110 via the satellite link is shown by the solid arrows labeled "B" in FIG. 15. As explained in detail above, the application server 140 is "fooled" into sending reply packets to the hybrid terminal 110 through the hybrid gateway 150 and the satellite link, rather than returning the reply packets to the sender (i.e. SLIP provider 130).
The terrestrial request path for sending a request from the hybrid terminal 110 to the application server 140, wherein the response is to be returned via the terrestrial link, is shown by the dashed arrows labeled "C" in FIG. 15. Like the satellite request path "A", the hybrid terminal 110 sends a data request packet to the SLIP provider 130. Unlike the satellite request packet, however, the driver 114A does not tunnel the request packet to the hybrid gateway 150. Instead, in the terrestrial request path "C", the request is routed directly from the SLIP provider 130 to the application server 140 via the Internet 128.
The terrestrial reply path from the application server 140 to the hybrid terminal 110 via the terrestrial link is shown by the dashed arrows labeled "D" in FIG. 15. The terrestrial reply path "D" is the reverse of the terrestrial request path "C". Thus, the application server 140 sends the reply packets directly to the SLIP provider 130 via the Internet 128. The SLIP provider 130 then transmits the reply packets to the hybrid terminal 110.
d. Packet Handling for the Terrestrial Link
The following paragraphs describe how the request and reply packets are manipulated for transmitting packets via the terrestrial link.
As described in detail above, the TCP/IP software 210 generates a request packet and provides the request packet to the driver 114A.
Also, as explained in detail above, if the request is to be returned via the satellite link (i.e. the user has not designated the application generating the request as a terrestrial application), the driver 114A "tunnels" the packet inside another packet and sends the tunneled packet over the serial port 122 to the SLIP provider 130. The tunneled packet, which is shown in FIG. 16B and represented by point "B" on
Alternatively, if the user has selected the application generating the request as a terrestrial application, the driver 114A does not "tunnel" the packet. Instead, as shown in FIG. 16C and represented by point "C" on
The terrestrial request packet of
The terrestrial reply packet is sent from the application server 140 via standard Internet routing to the SLIP provider 130. The SLIP provider 130 then sends the reply packet to the serial port 122 in the hybrid terminal 110. The terrestrial reply packet provided to the serial port 122 is represented by point "D" on FIG. 16.
The driver 114A receives the terrestrial reply packet from the serial port 122 and modifies the reply packet by changing the destination address from the SLIP provider to the satellite interface, as shown in FIG. 16E. The driver 114A changes the destination address to the satellite interface because, as described in detail above, the TCP/IP software 210 is configured with an IP address corresponding to thee satellite interface. Thus, the TCP/IP software will not recognize the terrestrial reply packet unless the reply packet includes the proper IP address of the satellite interface for the TCP/IP software. The driver 114A also changes the IP header checksum and the TCP/UDP checksum consistent with the new destination address. The modified terrestrial reply packet is represented by point "E" on FIG. 16.
e. Automatic Selection of the Terrestrial Link
As described above, the hybrid gateway 150 may automatically route applications over the terrestrial link if, for example, the satellite link becomes congested. The hydrid gateway 150 may also automatically select the terrestrial link if a "streaming" application is used. A streaming application is a continuously running application (such as audio, video, slide shows, etc.) as opposed to applications which run in segments or bursts (such as web browsing). Streaming applications generally occupy an inordinate share of the satellite link, which may become prohibitively expensive for the user. Therefore, the hybrid gateway 150 may be configured to automatically detect packets which are part of a streaming application and route them over the terrestrial link.
The hybrid gateway 150 may detect a streaming application for routing over the terrestrial link by examining the header on the data packet. Generally, UDP (user datagram protocol) packets are part of a streaming application. Thus, the hybrid gateway 150 could assume that all UDP packets are streaming applications and route them over the terrestrial link.
Alternatively, the hybrid gateway 150 could detect streaming applications by monitoring the traffic characteristics of TCP connections. Generally, streaming applications run for an extended period of time at a bit rate consistent with a conventional dial-up connection (i.e., under 30 Kbit/sec). Also, any connection which has carried more than, for example, 12 Megabytes may be assumed to be a streaming application. Thus, the hybrid gateway 150 could automatically route packets with these traffic characteristics over the terrestrial link.
As described in section (e) above, the hybrid gateway 150 could automatically route selected packets over the terrestrial link by changing the destination address of the packet to the SLIP provider and recalculating the IP header and TCP/UDP checksums accordingly. Thus, the hybrid gateway modifies the packet into a terrestrial reply packet as shown in FIG. 16D. This reply packet is then sent via standard Internet routing to the SLIP provider 130. The SLIP provider 130, in turn, sends the packet to the driver 114A in the hybrid terminal 110 via the serial port 122. The driver 114A receives the reply packet and changes the destination address to the satellite interface and recalculates the checksums, as described above in connection with FIG. 16E.
f. Summary
The second embodiment of the invention allows a user to specify that certain applications will retrieve data from the Internet over the terrestrial link, rather than over the satellite link. Generally, a user may prefer to use the terrestrial link for applications (such as Telnet) that require faster response time. The user may also select the terrestrial link to control costs associated with the satellite link or to access certain value-added services. The hybrid gateway may also automatically select certain applications such as streaming applications, to be routed over the terrestrial link. Data is routed over the terrestrial link by modifying the IP addresses of data packets in the hybrid terminal.
Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with the true scope of the invention being indicated by the following claims:
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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text:
Honda CR-V with 1.6 i-DTEC diesel arrives in Geneva
119 g/km of CO2
Honda has launched in Geneva today the CR-V equipped with the new 1.6-liter i-DTEC Earth Dreams Technology diesel engine.
The power unit is available exclusively for the two-wheel drive version fitted with a manual gearbox. The engine is the lightest diesel in its class, generating 120 HP (88 kW) at 4,000 rpm and 300 Nm (221 lb-ft) of torque at 2,000 rpm with CO2 emissions as low as 119 g/km.
The rest of the car is identical to the standard 2013 CR-V, offering 1648 liters of cargo room and easy fold-down 60/40 split rear seats. As standard, it comes with Idle Stop technology and an ECON mode for lowering fuel consumption. Also available is Eco Assist which advises drivers on how their driving style influences fuel economy.
Introducing the New Sub-120 g/km Honda CR-V
5 March 2013
The British built CR-V is the next model in the Honda line-up to receive the new Earth Dreams Technology 1.6 i-DTEC diesel engine. Unveiled at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show the CR-V 1.6 i-DTEC is available in two-wheel drive with manual transmission and will feature 300Nm of torque and 120 PS with CO2 emissions of only 119g/km* to provide an exceptional balance of performance and economy.
This new derivative will be built exclusively for Europe at Honda's production facility in Swindon and will go on sale in autumn 2013.
The 1.6 i-DTEC diesel was launched in the Civic in January 2013 and is the lightest diesel engine in its class and will deliver energetic performance, agile handling and lower running costs including an annual road tax bill of only £30 for CR-V customers.
With the increasing demand for lower cost motoring, the trend for two-wheel drive diesel SUV's has grown and now represents over a quarter of the total C-SUV market in the UK. The new CR-V 1.6 i-DTEC addresses this trend with competitive CO?emissions of 119g/km*.
Rising fuel prices combined with increasingly stringent environmental performance targets have led to greater customer preference for low emission vehicles. Honda's Earth Dreams Technology series addresses these concerns whilst also delivering enjoyable driving performance.
Efficient, functional and capable
The new CR-V 1.6 i-DTEC continues to assert the original CR-V concept of delivering a balance between the efficiency and performance of a car and the functionality and security of an SUV.
The new CR-V 1.6 i-DTEC's styling maintains the confident stance adopted at the introduction of the new CR-V in 2012 and retains the impressive practicality with a spacious 1648 litres of luggage capacity.
The new CR-V 1.6 i-DTEC will also include Honda's easy fold-down 60/40 split rear seats which can be folded flat in one movement. At the pull of a handle, the CR-V can be transformed from a five-seater passenger car into a versatile load-lugger.
Features on the new derivative include Honda's ECON mode which helps to minimise fuel consumption and the Eco Assist system which advises drivers on how their driving style is impacting on fuel economy. Idle Stop technology will also be standard on the new CR-V 1.6 i-DTEC.
Over five million CR-Vs have been sold across the world since its introduction in 1995. The CR-V is one of the world's top-selling SUVs, sold in more than 160 countries throughout Europe, Asia, North America, South America and Africa. Further technical and specification details and prices for the CR-V 1.6 i-DTEC will be announced closer to the on sale date.
CR-V 1.6 i-DTEC
Max Power
@ rpm
Max Torque
@ 2000rpm
CO2 emissions

subset: commoncrawl


text:
From: Master Terra D
Arnie strode down the University hall with a piece of
cloth he never imagined he'd wear.
A singlet.
Some of the guys in the dorm had encouraged Arnie to
try out for the wrestling team, even though the
University had never had a "walk on" wrestler before.
The football team, baseball team, even the soccer
team had had freshmen try out who'd never played in
high school, but no one ever did that for the wresting
Arnie had.
Even though he didn't know a single move, the coach
had been impressed with Armie's natural abilities
against the school's top wrestler, senior Tray Tanner.
Arnie even pinned Tray once, but Tray had gotten the
better of Arnie the rest of the time.
Arnie wore the red and bronze singlet around his neck
like a medal of honor, but that wasn't what attracted
the stares of the girls passing him. His stature was
farm boy. He stood 6′ 4″, 200 pounds of hay bale
bucking muscle, brown hair faded from a summer of
outdoor chores, green eyes that melted hearts, and
clothes that hinted at his modest upbringing.
Arnie's high school was so small it didn't have a
wrestling team, and because of his farm duties, his
parents had allowed him to participate in only one
sport, football, but Arnie had hated it. All the town
players called him a "hick" even though he was one of
the team's better players. Even Coach Martin hadn't
been able to stop the name-calling.
Arnie had dated a lot in high school. Cheerleaders,
bookworms, homecoming queen, Honor Society members.
His looks combined with his brains had made him very
desirable in high school, but after a few dates, Arnie
lost interest. He hoped college would be different.
Carrying the singlet, Arnie knew it was already.
He liked the guys in the dorm. They didn't care that
he grew up on a farm or didn't have money to go out
every night. He had a pickup truck, and at this
University, that meant Arnie would be popular. His
laid back style and friendly manner made him popular
Mike Rameyer was waiting in the dorm room, a chem
book cracked open, when Arnie walked through the door
and waved the singlet like a flag.
"I'm on the team!" Arnie shouted.
"All right, bud," Mike shouted, jumping up and
hugging Arnie. "You are the man!"
Mike came about nipple high on Arnie. Mike was about
5'7″, 135 pounds of skinny, former high school track
team build body, dirty blonde hair with brown eyes.
"You made it?" Austin asked, stepping in the doorway.
The 5'9″, 167-pound junior slapped Arnie on the back
in a friendly manner. "We should get the guys together
and celebrate tonight."
"No classes tomorrow; it's Saturday," Mike said.
"I'll grab Pete and Steve and meet you in an hour,"
Austin said, heading back into the dormitory halls.
The 5 guys had a night on the town. Mike and Arnie
were freshman and Austin made sure they didn't drink,
but he, Steve and Pete were wasted by the time they
got back to the dorm.
As the 3 upper classmen snuck into their rooms, Mike
and Arnie headed to their room.
"Congrats, Arnie," Mike sighed. "I'm beat. I can't
believe the homework they've handed out for the first
week of classes."
"I know, and I'm supposed to go in for some personal
training tomorrow afternoon with the coach," Arnie
said, stripping his shirt and jeans off. He wasn't
wearing underwear, and Mike stole a glance. Arnie
didn't notice. "Crap, I forgot."
"Forgot what, bud?" Mike asked.
"I don't know how to put the singlet on!"
"What? Give me a break, buddy. You just put it on,"
Mike chuckled. "It's not advanced chemistry."
"Coach said I should wear a jock strap, and I have
one around here somewhere," Arnie said, turning his
back and digging through the top drawer in the
Mike eyes Arnie's big, beefy, muscled butt.
"Farm bred," Mike thought, licking his lips. The
round parts of Arnie's ass cheeks were smooth, but
where the muscle created the crack, there was a furrow
of light and dark brown hairs, hiding Arnie's hole.
"Here it is," Arnie said, but in his excitement, it
zipped across his shoulder and hit Mike square in the
Mike was stunned.
"I don't think that's how you wear that," a voice in
the hall said.
Mike threw the strap to Arnie, who bent over to put
it on. Mike stared as Arnie's ass cheeks parted, but
said, "No one asked you, Austin. Go to bed, bud.
You're drunk."
"I'm sober enough to see what you're staring at,"
Austin slurred his words.
Mike stood up and closed the door, locking it, and
yelled, "Go to bed, or I'll call the floor monitor!"
When he turned around, Arnie was innocently tucking
his 7-inch soft cock in the jock. It barely held it.
"So what do I do with this?" Arnie kind of whined,
holding up the singlet. "Coach said there'd be more
equipment, but he'd have the trainer outfit me. But
I'm to have this on."
"Here. I'll show you, big guy," Mike cooed, taking
the singlet and opening it. "It's stretchy, that's why
it doesn't look like it'll fit you.
"Put a leg through here."
Mike held the singlet and his breath. Arnie's scent
was getting to him, being this close. Mike knew Arnie
wasn't a big, dumb farm boy. Mike also knew he liked
ass, and Arnie's was very tempting. Mike had already
bagged the football quarterback and the soccer goalie.
The quarterback had talked about his girlfriend for
about 5 minutes before Mike picked up on the clues.
About 15 minutes later, Mike and the football stud
were in the quarterback's frat house with the QB
playing receiving end on Mike's stiff 9-inch pigskin.
That was first night of check in. Mike was the
football team statistician.
Two days later, Mike met Ebson, the soccer goalie.
Ebson needed some basic chemistry help, and since Mike
was the chemistry tutor, the 2 were paired.
Ebson was lean and muscled, and smoother than a baby.
"I don't shave; it's a condition where I have no hair
anywhere," he'd explained. Mike finished the tutoring
session, eyeing the goalie with no eyebrows.
As they closed the books, Mike asked, "No hair
anywhere? No even…?"
Ebson let out a low chuckle. "Yeah, man. Not even
there." He stood up. "See?"
The goalie pulled down his pants and there was the
hairless crotch. "Feel it. Everyone wants to. No
stubble `cause I don't shave."
Ebson was the star goalie. He had his own on-campus
apartment, so no one heard him howling for 30 minutes.
Now, Mike was trying to not jump Arnie. It wasn't
that Mike didn't want Arnie's ass, but Arnie had
become a fast-friend, and he was the roommate. Arnie
had both legs in and Mike pulled the shoulder straps
"This barely fits you," Mike gasped. "I think it
might be a size too small."
"It's sure rubbing me wrong." Arnie sounded irritated
and was adjusting himself. "Get this off. It's
Mike wasn't sure where he went wrong. All he knew was
in 5 seconds, he found himself tangled in the singlet,
laying on top of the farm boy wrestler, facing each
Arnie didn't know what happened either. He'd twisted
around and to avoid landing on Mike, had leaned back,
but the singlet had tangled him and Mike together and
he was now staring up into Mike's cute face.
"You okay?" Mike asked without moving.
"Yeah. You?"
"I think so. But my left hand's twisted in the
"Don't move it. I think it wrapped around my…" Arnie
Mike didn't think the singlet was wrapped around any
of Arnie's privates because he was feeling something.
Arnie was feeling something, too. Mike's cock
Each felt the other freshman cock, but neither yet
realized their own was coming to attention.
"You're a handsome, man, Arnie," Mike whispered. "I,
um, could help with that."
"With what?" Arnie asked, then instantly realized his
situation. Mike realized his when he'd made his
statement. The pair lay there, unsure what to do, but
both worked on at least untangling the singlet.
"You're cute," Arnie said.
Mike blushed. His hand free, he stood and offered a
hand out to Arnie to get him off the floor.
"So, we're both hard," Mike said. "I guess we like
each other."
"I guess," Arnie said. "I–I've never…you are a guy,
"What! What the hell kind of question is that?"
"Calm down. I've just never had this reaction with
guys, just girls. Well, except for some dreams, but
those were dreams. And I've never done anything, and…"
"You're a virgin?" Mike's eyes lit up. He hadn't done
a virgin in more than a year, and that was his track
coach. Mike was proud of that, too, except the part
where the track coach's wife had walked in.
"Shhhh! The whole damn dorm doesn't need to know,"
Arnie whispered harshly. "You want everyone to know
you suck dick?"
"And fuck ass," Mike boasted.
"Huh?" Arnie had a dumbstruck look on his face.
"I don't go around broadcasting it, but I like dick
and ass, Arnie. You're stiff prick is telling me you
do, too. You've just never done anything about it."
Arnie sat on the edge of his bed, the singlet a
tangled mess on his right foot, his nearly 9-inch dick
tip sticking over the edge of the white, cotton jock
"Yer dick's drippin' like yer mouth," Mike chuckled.
He reached out and slowly brushed a finger over the
top of Arnie's cock head, lifting the finger and
watching a strand of precum stretch between the 2
"Ever taste yourself, Arnie?" Mike asked, sincerely.
"No," Arnie answered, kind of uninterested in the
topic. Mike had reached inside the cotton pouch and
was massaging Arnie's hairy nuts. "That feels good,"
he purred, pushing Mike's hand away from his farmboy
"Just tell me what you want to do, and what you don't
want to do," Mike said, wiping his hand on the upper
bed sheet of the bunk, his bed.
Mike had positioned himself, still clothed from the
night out, between Arnie's hairy legs. The farm boy
wore only the jockstrap which was really straining.
"I don't want to hurt our friendship," Mike said,
continuing to massage the hairy nuts while working the
pouch down and tucking it under Arnie's ballsack.
"It's not hurting at all, Mikey," Arnie sighed,
leaning back.
Mike pushed up on his knees and stuck his tongue out,
snaking the well-experienced muscle around the tip of
Arnie's monster dick. Mike just rocked the tip of his
tongue across the tip, being sure to work the piss
Arnie cooed, moaned, and grabbed the sheets, pulling
them up into a mess of linens.
Mike stroked the inside of Arnie's thighs lightly
with his fingertips and Arnie reflexively spread his
legs while Mike finally engulfed Arnie's prick and
started going down on it.
"Ohhhhhhhh," Arnie shuddered. Mike worked the
wrestler's cock with his mouth while continuing the
ball massage and thigh stroking.
Arnie lay perpendicular to the mattress, his
shoulders resting on the dorm wall while the
statistician worked the hairy crotch. Mike stopped the
ball massage and started a dual stroke of Arnie's
thighs, spreading his legs further and getting Arnie
to lay flatter, to the point where his hairy ass was
raised in the air.
Mike pulled off the cock and blew cool air across the
cock tip.
Arnie convulsed.
"Oh, God!" Arnie cried out.
"You okay, buddy?" Mike asked, concerned.
"No," Arnie said through tears. "I'm GREAT!"
"Shhh, no need to get everyone in here," Mike
Mike dived back into Arnie's crotch, but diverted his
attention to Arnie's ripe, hairy nuts. He sucked in
the left one, cleaned it with his mouth and oral
massaged it, then turned his attention to the right
one, duplicating his technique.
Arnie let out a very audible howl when Mike went
lower, lapping his tongue over Arnie's asshole,
swirling the hairs into black hole formation.
Mike smiled, lifted his head enough to say, "Like
that?", then dived back down.
The freshmen lost ass track of time as Mike mouthed
Arnie's shitter.
Without even touching his hardened pecker, Arnie blew
a load, the first shot clearing his left shoulder and
nicking his ear, the next shot lapping over a nipple
and the third shot hitting his neck and chin.
As he subsided Mike licked up Arnie's nuts and cock,
slurping up the remnants of the wrestler's cum, making
Arnie shudder from the sensation on his spent member.
Arnie slumped, drained from Mike's ministrations, and
Mike stood between the hairy wrestler's legs.
Mike whacked his dick, and felt a hand lightly stroke
up his thighs. Arnie was totally spent; his hand was
adding to Mike's excitement and shortly Mike unloaded
his prick on Arnie.
The big farm boy pulled Mike in close and the pair
Men and boys, thanks for your comments. If you send
something, remember to put something in the subject
line, or I think it's spam and delete it.
Master Terra D


text:
Senior Scholar Jeff Schloss Reviews "Faith vs. Fact" by Jerry Coyne in The Washington Post
Jeff Schloss argues that Jerry Coyne's elevation of "fact" over "faith" is based in a misunderstanding of both science and religion.
The Resource Finder has powerful filtering features — check out the tutorial to learn more.
Jeff Schloss argues that Jerry Coyne's elevation of "fact" over "faith" is based in a misunderstanding of both science and religion.
As practitioners of the emerging science of geology dug up previously unknown creatures of enormous size, readers of their books and articles responded with a mix of fascination and anxiety.
These finds open up a new horizon of research into the earliest hominins and how they lived. They also provide us with even more clues in our ongoing search for the last common ancestor.
Though the fossil record does not include every plant and animal that ever lived, it provides substantial evidence for the common descent of life via evolution. The fossil record is a remarkable gift for the study of nature.
The biggest science stories of the week are reviewed.
James Kidder explains how a stunning fossil discovery affects our understanding of human evolution.
Researchers in the emerging field of Paleogenomics are investigating the past using genetic research.
Is Christianity anti-science? Can Christians be good scientists? Is science the only source of true knowledge? Pastor Dave Gustavsen of Jacksonville Chapel addresses these issues.
A short guide to where BioLogos fits in the origins debate.
Interview with Bill Nye and follow-up thoughts from president Haarsma.
By getting rid of the miracle stories in the Bible, Bultmann and his followers hoped to make the Christian story more palatable to modern man. Although I recognize the emotional weight of this sentiment, I am not convinced that it is an intellectually coherent approach, mainly for reasons of self-consistency.
Theology needs science, but science needs theology; there can be no two-state solution.
In this video originally featured in March of 2012, Dr. David Finch, a biologist at New York University, discusses his thoughts on both Creationism and the effects of "new atheists" like Richard Dawkins.
Here are some of the best responses from around the web to David's Barash's controversial editorial about God and Evolution in the New York Times.
New BioLogos content editor Brad Kramer reviews Chapter 1 of "Surprised by Scripture" by NT Wright, and sees Wright's work as a signpost for the future of the science/faith debate.
Read about the death of Wolfhart Pannenberg, still debating creation and evolution, and a really big dinosaur discovery.
This week's news features volcanoes, skeletons, and stars, as well as a thought-provoking new book from InterVarsity press.
Geologist Keith Miller examines the "Cambrian Explosion", a period of rapid evolutionary diversification approximately 575 million years ago, and whether it poses a challenge to evolutionary theory. From the June 2014 issue of Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith from the American Scientific Affiliation.
This entry was originally posted on February 13, 2010. While the question of evolutionary predisposition toward religious belief may be challenging, Christians need not see it as threatening. In fact, this is actually a Pauline notion that is explored in Romans 1, where Paul claims that it is in mankind's nature to "know God".


text:
Seven have been convicted and sentenced on different charges pertaining to the case. The investigation focused on the production and distribution of sexually explicit images of children across the U.S. and Europe.
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text:
This set of printable math worksheets is designed to teach addition without carrying. These addition worksheets have lots of two digit addition problems for kids to solve that do not include carrying (we have other sets of addition worksheets that include carrrying). These addition worksheets are a great compliment to any math lesson plan. If you are looking for more printable worksheets, check out all of our addition worksheets.
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text:
|« Back to Article
9 things to know about Becky Hammon
By Kolten Parker : August 6, 2014 : Updated: August 6, 2014 11:55am
Photo By Kin Man Hui/Express-NewsWNBA star Becky Hammon is the first female full-time assistant coach in the NBA. Click through the gallery for 9 things you probably didn't know about her.
Photo By Kin Man Hui/San Antonio Express-News1. Becky Hammon became the first female full-time, paid assistant coach in the NBA after she was hired by the Spurs on Aug. 5, 2014. Hammon will also be the first full-time female coach in any North American male professional sports league.
Photo By Edward A. Ornelas/San Antonio Express-News2. Hammon is a longtime standout player for the San Antonio Stars and was named one of the Top 15 Players in WNBA history in 2011.
Photo By Robin Jerstad/For the Express-News3. Coach Gregg Popovich said Hammon's hiring was based on her knowledge, not her gender, after announcing the hire. "Having observed her working with our team this past season, I'm confident her basketball IQ, work eithic and interpersonal skills will be a great benefit to the Spurs," he said.
Photo By Christian Petersen/Getty Images4. Hammon, who played in Russia during the offseason, won a bronze medal while playing for the country in the 2012 Olympic Games on Aug. 11, 2012, in London, England. Hammon became a Russian citizen after not being invited to the U.S. Olympic team.
Photo By Courtesy photo5. Hammon caught a baby bonnethead shark while fishing in Florida during the 2009 offseason.
Photo By The Denver Post/Getty Images6. Born in South Dakota in 1977, Hammon's father was her first basketball mentor. She averaged more than 25 points per game her senior year at Stevens High School and played college ball at Colorado State University.
Photo By Otto Greule Jr./Getty Images7. Hammon was undrafted out of college and was signed by the New York Liberty in 1999.
Photo By Edward A. Ornelas/San Antonio Express-News8. Hammon announced her plans to retire in 2014 after playing 16 seasons in the WNBA and the last eight with the Stars. She was chosen for the All-Star team seven times and is the Stars' career leader in assists, 3-pointers and points per game.
Photo By For The Express-News9. Hammon dealt with a slew of injuries during her lengthy career in the WNBA, including a torn ACL and a broken middle finger that have sidelined her in recent seasons.
Becky Hammon, who spent time with the Spurs in the past, now has a regular spot on Gregg Popovich's bench. Click ahead for more photos of her career.
Photo By Billy Calzada / San Antonio Express-NewsSix-time All-Star Becky Hammon was voted one of the WNBA's top 15 players of all time.
Photo By Kin Man Hui / San Antonio Express-NewsBecky Hammon, pictured with Spurs director of communications Tom James, is a perfect fit to join the diverse NBA team.
Photo By Edward A. Ornelas / San Antonio Express-NewsThe Sun's Kelly Faris (left) and the Stars' Becky Hammon chase a loose ball during the first half Friday at the AT&T Center. Hammon drained a 3-pointer for her only points of the game.
Photo By SAN ANTONIO EXPRESS-NEWSBecky Hammon, right, embraces teammate Jia Perkins of the San Antonio Silver Stars after Perkins scored despite being fouled during WNBA action against the Seattle Storm at the AT&T Center on Saturday, Sept. 3, 2011. BILLY CALZADA / firstname.lastname@example.com Seattle Storm at San Antonio Silver Stars
Photo By SAN ANTONIO EXPRESS-NEWSBecky Hammon of the San Antonio Silver Stars penetrates by Tanisha Wright of the Seattle Storm during WNBA action at the AT&T Center on Saturday, Sept. 3, 2011. BILLY CALZADA / firstname.lastname@example.com Seattle Storm at San Antonio Silver Stars
Photo By SPECIAL TO THE EXPRESS-NEWSFans hold signs in support of San Antonio Silver Stars' Becky Hammon during the second half of a WNBA basketball game against the Washington Mystics, Saturday, Sept. 10, 2011, in San Antonio. San Antonio won 82-74. (Darren Abate/Special to the Express-News)
Photo By SAN ANTONIO EXPRESS-NEWSSan Antonio Silver Stars' Becky Hammon reacts after Game 2 of the Western Conference semifinal with the Minnesota Lynx Sunday Sept. 18, 2011 at the AT&T Center. The Silver Stars won 84-75. (PHOTO BY EDWARD A. firstname.lastname@example.com)
Photo By San Antonio Express-NewsBecky Hammon jumps in to pose with Sophia Young as the Silver Stars participate in media day at the AT&T Center on May 16, 2012. Tom Reel/ San Antonio Express-News
Photo By San Antonio Express-NewsStars' Becky Hammon celebrates after a score and being fouled by Dream's Aneika Henry (not pictured) during first half action Friday, July 13, 2012 at the AT&T Center.
Photo By AFP/Getty ImagesAustralian guard Jennifer Screen (back) challenges Russian guard Becky Hammon during the London 2012 Olympic Games women's bronze medal basketball game between Australia and Russia at the North Greenwich Arena in London on August 11, 2012. AFP PHOTO /TIMOTHY A. CLARYTIMOTHY A. CLARY/AFP/GettyImages
Photo By San Antonio Express-NewsBecky Hammon of the San Antonio Stars fends off a defender as she dribbles the ball during WNBA action in the AT&T Center on Wednesday, May 28, 2014.
Photo By San Antonio Express-NewsSan Antonio Silver Stars guard Becky Hammon battles for a loose ball during WNBA playoffs action against Los Angeles at Freeman Coliseum on Saturday, Sept. 29, 2012.
Becky Hammon #9 of Russia reacts after hitting a three point shot against Great Britain during the Women's Basketball Preliminary Round match on Day 5 of the London 2012 Olympic Games at Basketball Arena on August 1, 2012 in London, England. (Christian Petersen / Getty Images)
Photo By San Antonio Express-NewsBecky Hammon, who has played for years in the WNBA, sits behind the bench by Spurs player Manu Ginobili at the AT&T Center on Wednesday, Feb. 26, 2014.
Photo By San Antonio Express-NewsWNBA veteran Becky Hammon watches warmups before the Detroit Pistons and San Antonio Spurs game in the AT&T Center on Wednesday, Feb. 26, 2014.
Photo By For the Express-NewsSpurs guard Tony Parker shares a laugh with the Stars Becky Hammon prior to the Stars Thursday night game versus Atlanta.
Photo By Associated PressSan Antonio Silver Stars' Becky Hammon, right, and Los Angeles Sparks' Jenna O'Hea look at a loose ball during game 1 of a WNBA Western Conference Semifinal in Los Angeles, Thursday, Sept. 27, 2012. The Sparks won 93-86. (AP Photo/Jae C. Hong)
Photo By San Antonio Express-NewsBecky Hammon during Silver Stars media day, Thursday May 16, 2013.
Photo By McClatchy-Tribune News ServiceSan Antonio Stars guard Becky Hammon (25) tangles with Washington Mystics guard Kara Lawson (20) as she dribbles in the fourth quarter at the Verizon Center in Washington, Sunday, June 29, 2014. The Stars defeated the Mystics, 73-65. (Chuck Myers/MCT)
Photo By Associated PressFILE - In this April 30, 2014, file photo, San Antonio Stars' Becky Hammon walks off the court following Game 5 of the opening-round NBA basketball playoff series between the San Antonio Spurs and the Dallas Mavericks in San Antonio. The Spurs have hired Hammon as an assistant coach, making her the first woman to join an NBA coaching staff. The Spurs made the announcement Tuesday, Aug. 5, 2014. Hammon plans to retire from the San Antonio Silver Stars after this season. (AP Photo/Eric Gay, File)
Becky Hammon steps into the portrait area as the Stars hold media day at the AT&T Center May 9, 2014.
Photo By San Antonio Express-NewsBecky Hammon is surrounded by forwards Jayne Appel (left) and Danielle Adams as the Stars hold media day at the AT&T Center May 9, 2014.
Photo By KIN MAN HUI/--Silver Stars' Becky Hammon (right) goes to the basket against Los Angeles Sparks' Jenna O'Hea (06) in the second half at the AT&T Center on Friday, June 24, 2011. Hammon scored 22 points as the Silver Stars defeated the Sparks, 90-80, in overtime. Kin Man email@example.com
Silver Stars' Becky Hammon winces after colliding with a Phoenix Mercury player in Game 2 of the Western Conference semifinals at the AT&T Center on Saturday, August 28, 2010. Kin Man email@example.com
Photo By EDWARD A. ORNELAS/SAN ANTONIO EXPRESS-NEWSFOR SPORTS - Silver Stars' Becky Hammon takes in the sights on the sidelines during Dallas Cowboys afternoon practice Monday Aug. 10, 2009 at the Alamodome. (PHOTO BY EDWARD A. email@example.com)
Photo By DELCIA LOPEZ/SAN ANTONIO EXPRESS NEWSSPTS Silver Stars Becky Hammon and Vickie Johnson hug each other after defeating the Los Angeles Sparks at the at&t center Friday Sept.5, 2008. DELCIA LOPEZ/STAFF email@example.com
Photo By Otto Greule Jr./Allsport via Getty Images
19 Jul 2000: Becky Hammon #25 of the New York Liberty runs with the ball during the game against the Seattle Storm at the Key Arena in Seattle, Washington. The Liberty defeated the Storm 78-55. Credit:
Photo By The Denver Post via Getty Images
JAN 11 1996; Colorado State University - Athletics Basketball (Women); Becky Hammon (L), Katie Cronin;
Photo By San Antonio Express-NewsSan Antonio Stars' Becky Hammon reacts after a play as the Connecticut Sun's Katie Douglas walks past during second half action Friday Aug. 1, 2014 at the AT&T Center. The Sun won 89-79.
SAN ANTONIO - WNBA star Becky Hammon made history on Tuesday, becoming the first full-time, salaried female assistant coach in a North American male professional sports league, when hired by the Spurs.
Get to know the newest member of the Spurs coaching staff in the gallery above with nine things you might not have known about Hammon.
Twitter: @KoltenParker


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- Willamette
- Athletics
- News Archive
- 2011
- March
- Bearcats Host Willamette Invitational
Women's Golf | Saturday, March 5, 2011
Chung Finishes Third at Willamette Invitational
Kitamori of Pacific Earns Medalist Honors
BANKS, ORE. -- Val Kitamori of Pacific University finished in first place with an 83 at the Willamette Invitational in women's golf on Saturday, March 5 at Quail Valley Golf Course. Haylee Chung (So., Hilo, HI/Hilo HS) of Willamette University tied for third place with a score of 99.
Pacific recorded a team score of 387, while Willamette did not field a complete team. The tournament was originally scheduled for Creekside Golf Club in Salem, Ore., on Feb. 28, but was rescheduled due to the weather.
Kitamori had a solid round, shooting a 40 on the front nine to build a 9-stroke lead, before carding a 43 on the back nine. Her final score of 83 gave her a margin of 12 strokes for the win.
Tami Park, also from Pacific, placed second with a score of 95 (49-46). Chung (51-48) was just two strokes behind Park at the turn and lost an additional two strokes on the back nine. Joining Chung at 99 for the day was Kaci Linton of Pacific (50-49).
Rounding out Pacific's score was Jennifer Carter. She carded a 110 for the Boxers (52-58)
Also competing for Willamette was Serena Cualoping (So., Manila, Philippines/International School). Cualoping shot 113 (55-58).
The next competition for the Bearcats will be the Linfield Invitational on March 26-27. The 36-hole tournament will be held at Michelbook Country Club in McMinnville, Ore.
RESULTSWillamette Invitational
At Quail Valley Golf Course
Par 72 at 6,042 yards
Bend, Ore.
Individual Scorecards


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Karl Meyer and Shareen Brysac
Fri, February 6, 2009 • 3:00 PM • Tom Lea Rooms, HRC 3.206
In the shaping of the modern states of Iraq and Iran, Americans as well as the British played a significant part: Lawrence of Arabia and Gertrude Bell, and, in the American era, the CIA's Miles Copeland and Kim Roosevelt. They helped to enthrone rulers in a region whose very name, the 'Middle' East, is an Anglo-American invention. The aim of the lecture will be to restore to life the colorful figures who for good or ill gave us the Middle East in which Americans are enmeshed today.
Karl Meyer and Shareen Brysac are co-authors of Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Mastery in Central Asia (1999); and Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East (2008). Karl Meyer is a distinguished journalist of The New York Times and Washington Post; Shareen Brysac is an equally distinguished journalist and producer of prime-time documentaries for CBS.


text: No recent wiki edits to this page. In DC vs Marvel, Hyena is seen running away from Super Soldier (Superman into Captain America) and Dark Claw (Wolverine into Batman), representing the arch nemesis of both halves of Darkclaw's amalgamation. Being a union of both the Joker AND Sabretooth he seems to be heavily built and agile like Sabretooth as well as witty at the same time, though he couldn't run away from the 2 amalgam heroes, maybe due to Batman's skill in tracking. He has the Joker's bleached face on Sabretooth's muscular and blonde furred body, with a mane of green hair running down the back of it's neck. Hyena also possesses claws.


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Fair housing center investigates discrimination claimsWritten by Scott McKimmy | | firstname.lastname@example.com
Consumers who believe they have encountered discrimination with regard to apartment leasing, home mortgage or other related issues can turn to the Toledo Fair Housing Center (TFHC) for assistance.
The organization relies on government funding, an annual fundraiser and other private donations to investigate complaints, according to Michael P. Marsh, CFRE, vice president for development and PR. TFHC attempts to educate housing-industry professionals and consumers about their rights and responsibilities under fair housing and discrimination laws enacted in 1968.
"If you're trying to rent an apartment or purchase a home or obtain homeowners insurance or a mortgage — anything related to the housing arena — if you feel that your rights were violated or you were discriminated against in the process, you can file a complaint with us, and we will do a free and confidential investigation," Marsh said.
Clients provide information for TFHC testers to act as private citizens seeking to rent or buy a home or, perhaps, insure property in an area considered high risk. Testers are given only the details necessary to apply for a lease, for instance, or inquire about the availability of housing.
In some cases, possible discrimination based on race can be tested by having a black consumer talk to property management personnel by phone, then compare the response to how well they are treated when they meet in person. The organization determines if a case can be made against a person or company and takes appropriate action.
"Sometimes it can be as simple as just writing a letter to an apartment management company, maybe, for somebody who needs a reasonable accommodation or a reasonable modification because of their disability," Marsh said. "Sometimes all we have to do is write a letter; other times we have to go to court."
Attorneys often work on contingency or pro bono, yet TFHC also refers clients to ABLE and Legal Aid of Western Ohio. C. Thomas McCarter, a private attorney who started with ABLE in 1971 and now works for the organization on a part-time basis, explained the process of determining whether to accept a case, saying referrals run along a two-way street.
"There were often cases where I would have clients over the years and say, 'Look, I think there's something here that would warrant the fair housing center to get involved and because of their expertise in both testing and investigation, I would call them,'" McCarter said.
But not all cases are valid. Marsh said the testers, who receive small stipends for their work, may produce results that contradict the complaint TFHC received from a client. Discrimination is defined by Title 8 under the federal Fair Housing Act, which protects consumers as well as housing industry professionals who may be accused of violations.
"There are some people that come to us who we are just not able to help because they really didn't experience discrimination or at least the tests that we do didn't show that they experienced discrimination," Marsh said.
For more information, call (419) 243-6163 or visit www.toledofhc.org.


text:
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Where is it from?
- A User Parkville, Australia
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Water Bath & Stand - Copper, 1920 Reg. No: HT 2864
- Summary:
- Brass water bath and stand. The bath was heated with 2 venturi bunsen burners. Used by Commonwealth Serum Laboratories (CSL) Limited, Parkville, Victoria
- Description:
- oblong copper box open at top with brass tap at front. Brass bolt underneath
- Acquisition Information:
- Donation from CSL Ltd (Commonwealth Serum Laboratories), 2004
|41.00 cm (Height), 17.00 cm (Width), 64.50 cm (Length)
More information
|Tagged with:
|laboratory apparatus equipment, water baths
|Themes this item is part of:
|Medicine in Society Collection, Science & Measurement Collection, CSL (Commonwealth Serum Laboratories) Collection
|Primary Classification:
|Secondary Classification:
|Medical Research
|Tertiary Classification:
|laboratory equipment
|CSL Ltd (Commonwealth Serum Laboratories), Parkville, Victoria, Australia, circa 1920
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1 Park near Kluane National Park and Reserve, Yukon
Haines Junction, Yukon 2.43 miles NW
Kluane National Park and Reserve, Yukon (map) | (867) 634-7207
Sites: 39 | Latest Rate: $16.00 | 2 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Jul 2014 - $16.00
Wonderful territorial park ground, easy in and out. Good gravel roads,well maintained campground. Firewood plentiful for a small fee, with solid fire rings. Weekly campfire lectures with hot tea served. Only in Canada! Short hike to Kathleen Lake. Be sure to get a fishing license because the trout are plentiful. The lake also has a nice floating dock and concrete ramp. Lots of hiking trails, but beware of bears on any extended hikes. Although they are small by comparison to those we saw in Southeast Alaska, these are still grizzly bears. Some black bears in the area as well, but the campground was fairly safe due to cleanliness. We stayed a week and used the fresh water supply that was readily available. - asterz
Jun 2009 - $16.00
This is a typical government campground. It was spacious back-in sites with privacy. Our 40' motorhome fit fine. The vault toilets were clean. No water when we were there. No dump. Wood was $8!! The site was $15.70 Canadian. We don't know how they arrived at that amount. None of the sites are on the gorgeous huge lake. The day use is a good walk or drive. This is about 15 miles from Haines Junction on the Haines Highway. - nbi600


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This inaugural event benefits the Animal Rescue League of NH and will feature 300 exceptional spirits poured by some of the world's foremost brand ambassadors, scotch and tequila seminars and cuisine from some of New Hampshire's leading restaurants.
Hosted by the The New Hampshire Liquor Commission.
*New Hampshire Magazine is a proud sponsor of this event.
New Hampshire Liquor Commission
(603) 472-5788
We make every effort to ensure the accuracy of this information. However, you should always call ahead to confirm dates, times, location, and other information.


text: A vaccine against cervical cancer, being developed by Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc. of Blue Bell, produced positive results in a small sample of 18 women who were treated previously for cancerous lesions They were injected with a vaccine made of DNA carrying a genetic code targeted to prompt the body to make a specific kind of T cell. These T cells, in a separate lab test, recognized cells with tumor proteins, and killed them. The researchers say in the journalScience Translational Medicine that this is the first study to show that a DNA vaccine alone produced a high level of immunity in people. "The T cells' ability to recognize and kill those targets in the lab suggests that they would now be able to do this against the women's own cancer cells in their bodies," said co-author David B. Weiner, PhD, professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine in the Philadelphia Inquirer. Weiner's lab pioneered the use of DNA vaccines. "Basically, this is the first paper that we're aware of that demonstrates that a DNA vaccine on its own in humans could produce this quality or magnitude of immunity."


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Life insurance has become an important necessity in our day. It really is not an option, although many people still do not have any. Oftentimes, when expenses of the family rise, life insurance is often one of the first things to go - but should it be? Do you really need it?
Here are some ways you can determine not only why it is important to have - but also how to figure out how much life insurance you need.
The need for life insurance
The main reason why life insurance is needed is to provide a financial hedge against the loss of the breadwinner of the family. If you are a two-income home, then the other income will still have to be replaced in order to maintain your current lifestyle.
Life insurance is needed because things like accidents and death are unforeseen. They are real possibilities, however, and being prepared for one or the other (or both) is the prudent thing to do for those left behind, or who have to care for you.
Medical costs today are extremely high, and one accident with even a rather short hospital stay can destroy a family's financial future with indebtedness.
Determining your life insurance needs
You want to start your calculations of how much is needed by considering how much debt there is. The reason behind this is that if the breadwinner dies, then the bills and debts still have to be paid.
So be sure to add into the value of your life insurance coverage the mortgage, other indebtedness including credit cards and cars, medical bills, and the cost of living for how ever many years you want the family to be sustained by the proceeds of the life insurance policy.
Don't forget to add in there the cost of property taxes for several years, too, - while the property is going through probate.
In addition, be sure to add funeral costs, and an amount to cover the possibility of sizeable medical bills in the event of an accident. This last figure hopefully will prevent the proceeds from the policy from being consumed by costs.
See also: Enhanced Life Insurance Calculator
The goals of your life insurance policy
It is up to you to decide the goals for your life insurance policy that you want it to provide for in the event of your demise. You need to consider the ages of your children, how long you want to support your spouse for, and a lot of it will also depend on how much life insurance you can afford, too.
If you want to add in to the insurance policy enough to cover the cost of your children's college education, or supplement it, then that amount will also need to be determined and added. You also want to consider cost of living increases, which amount to between 5-8% per year.
What you add into the policy coverage
You can do a lot with life insurance. It really depends on what you can afford and how you arrange it. For instance, here are some other things you may want to provide for, too:
- Create an inheritance
- Balance out an inheritance
- Leave money to your grandchildren
- Create an estate by putting it into a trust
- Leave money to a charity or religious organization.
The kind of life insurance to buy
The last thing that you will want to figure out is what kind of life insurance you want to buy. Basically, there are two kinds - whole life insurance and term life insurance.
Each one, particularly whole life, has variations which will differ among insurance companies - it will usually include some kind of savings feature over which you may have some control.
To make it plain, though, term life is just insurance without the frills and gives you more coverage for a limited time. Whole life, on the other hand, does have some frills - but you are going to pay for them.
Life insurance is definitely a very important need of today. You can easily compare life insurance quotes online in just a few minutes and be able to see what company can provide you with the best coverage. Watch out for scams and make sure the company is reliable before you buy.


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The University of Arkansas at Little Rock Center for Arkansas History and Culture joins a nationwide initiative to bring four films on civil rights history to Little Rock in order to guide public conversations about the changing meanings of freedom and equality in U.S. history.
The center was awarded a grant last year by the National Endowment for the Humanities as part of the Created Equal: America's Civil Rights Struggle project which marked the 150th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation.
CAHC will launch its year-long film series during Black History Month at 1 p.m. Saturday, Feb. 22, with the documentary, The Abolitionists, at the Mosaic Templars Cultural Center. Dr. Carl Moneyhon of the UALR History Department will moderate the discussion.
The center has partnered with the Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site to select a variety of locations for the screenings of the four documentaries which feature riveting footage illustrating the history of civil rights in America. In addition, professors from the UALR History Department will guide public discussions following each film.
"These films chronicle the long and sometimes violent effort to achieve the rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence—life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness—for all Americans," said CAHC Associate Provost Deborah Baldwin, Ph.D.
"We are pleased to receive a grant from NEH to provide programming around these films."
The Created Equal programming, which also includes the films Slavery by Another Name, Freedom Riders, and The Loving Story, will highlight dramatic scenes of incidents in the more than 150 years since the Emancipation Proclamation.
Freedom Riders received an Emmy in 2012; The Loving Story and The Abolitionists were nominated for Emmys in 2013.
Each of the films was produced with NEH support, and tells remarkable stories of individuals who challenged the social and legal status quo of deeply rooted institutions, from slavery to segregation.
Organizers say the goal of the Created Equal initiative is to bring communities together to revisit the shared history of all Americans and help bridge deep racial and cultural divides in American civic life.
The Created Equal film set and public programs have been made possible by a major grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, as part of its Bridging Cultures initiative, in partnership with the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.
For more information, go to ualr.edu/cahc/createdequal.
Additional dates for future film screenings:
Slavery by Another Name
Tuesday, March 11 · 6 p.m.
Market Street Cinema
Moderator: James Ross, Ph.D.
The Loving Story
Tuesday, Oct. 21 · 6 p.m.
Ron Robinson Theater
Moderator: Barclay Key, Ph.D.
Freedom Riders
Tuesday, Nov. 18 · 4 p.m.
Stella Boyle Smith Concert Hall at UALR
Moderator: John Kirk, Ph.D., Donaghey Professor and Chair
About the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
Founded in 1994, the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History is a nonprofit organization that promotes excellence in the teaching and learning of American history. Programs include publications, teacher seminars, a national Affiliate School Program, traveling exhibitions, and online materials for teachers, students, and the general public.
About the National Endowment for the Humanities
Created in 1965 as an independent federal agency, the National Endowment for the Humanities supports learning in history, literature, philosophy, and other areas of the humanities. NEH grants enrich classroom learning, create and preserve knowledge, and bring ideas to life through public television, radio, museum exhibitions, and programs in libraries and other community places.


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Marzipan Eccles tarts
By Sarah Cook
Cooking timePrep: 50 mins Cook: 20 mins - 25 mins
Skill levelEasy
ServingsMakes 6
This fun spin on the traditional Lancashire fruit cakes uses leftover marzipan to make irresistible individual pies
Nutrition and extra info
Additional info
- Freeze before baking
Nutrition per serving
- kcalories
- 568
- protein
- 8g
- carbs
- 82g
- fat
- 23g
- saturates
- 10g
- fibre
- 2g
- sugar
- 56g
- salt
- 0.8g
- 300g leftover dried fruit, like raisins, sultanas, currants
- 2 eating apples or pears, cored and grated
- 50g demerara sugar, plus a little extra to decorate
- 100g leftover marzipan, grated
- ½ tsp ground cloves
- 1 tsp ground cinnamon
- 500g block puff pastry
- little flour, for rolling
- 1 egg, beaten
Compare prices
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- Mix the dried fruit, grated apple or pear, Demerara sugar, marzipan, cloves and cinnamon.
- Divide the pastry into 6. Then assemble tarts one by one. Halve a chunk of pastry and roll out each halve to a circle about the thickness of a 50p piece on a floured surface. Spoon a sixth of the filling into the centre of one circle in a pile. Brush edges with egg, and lift the second pastry circle on top. Gently press down on the fruit to push out as much air as you can. Press the pastry edges to seal. Use an appropriate sized bowl, glass etc to help you trim the edges to a neat circle. At this stage, you can cover and chill the tarts overnight, or freeze for 1 month. Defrost before continuing. Brush with beaten egg, then make three small slashes with a knife in a row. Repeat with remaining pastry and filling.
- Pop the tarts in the fridge while you heat oven to 200C/180C fan/gas 6. When the oven is nice and hot, brush tarts all over with egg and sprinkle each with a little more sugar. Bake for 20 - 25 mins, until golden, then eat warm with ice cream or custard.
Recipe from bbcgoodfood.com, December 2011
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Comments, questions and tips
I have become a bit of a pain where I try to, whenever possible, use all left over ingredients.
Have just put the Marzipan on the Christmas cakes, I has some spare and started looking for ways to use the leftover's up. Always great for menu's i checked the BBC Good Food site and came across this menu.
I didn't have any cloves so I left them out and using the left over pastry my wife had put in the fridge a few days before I set about making the Marzipan Eccles tarts.
I did find that at room temperature the Marzipan was not very easy to grate. I popped it in the freezer for an hour and all was well.
They were a tremendous success.


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Gastonia, NC Chinese Restaurant
Golden Palace Restaurant
Golden Palace Restaurant has been providing Szechuan, Hunan, Mandarin and Cantonese cuisines to Gastonia, NC for years. You are sure to find several delights on our Sunday Lunch Buffet. If you are craving delicious Chinese food - we can help!
Learn more about us:
- Eat in or carry out
- Sunday lunch buffet
- Daily lunch specials
- Open 7 days a week
- All ABC permits
- Catering available
- Banquet room
- Credit cards accepted
Contact Golden Palace Restaurant today at 704-867-4101 for all of your Gastonia, NC Chinese restaurant needs.
Contact Information
Hours of Business:
Lunch: Sun – Fri 11am – 2pm
Dinner: Sun – Sat 4:30pm – 10:00pm
Lunch: Sun – Fri 11am – 2pm
Dinner: Sun – Sat 4:30pm – 10:00pm


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Ice Cube
15 Songs That Should Be Adapted Into Movies
If you'd like to see them, put on the song, close your eyes and play the movie inside of your head. It won't cost you $17 and the price point on store-bought popcorn is far more reasonable.
Bonnaroo 2014 Lineup: Kanye West, Elton John, Skrillex, Jack White
Bonnaroo will also feature performances from The Flaming Lips, Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds, Kaskade, Damon Albarn, Neutral Milk Hotel and many, many more.


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Adam Richard Snyder (twitter: @ASnyds68)
Position: T-G
Height: 6-5 Weight: 316 lbs.
Born: January 30, 1982 in Fullerton, CA
High School: La Serna
College: Oregon (school history)
Drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the 3rd round (94th overall) of the 2005 NFL Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 35 (2712th overall since 1950)
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Output includes all games from 1920 to 2014.