text:
Edge in the Flash
Since superheroes are the rage nowadays, it makes sense that the Flash is one of the most popular shows on television. In what can be considered his biggest break in Hollywood thus far, Edge has now joined the cast and will portray a villain known as Atom Smasher in the upcoming season. His character has superhuman strength and can grow to enormous size.
July 16, 2015
Bella Twins turning face
To prepare fans for the divas match at Extreme Rules, WWE has been utilizing Nikki Bella and Brie Bella as baby faces on television. However, as of right now, management is not committed to doing a full fledged face turn. The reason for that is because they still want Paige to receive her shot at the title when she gets back from filming a movie with Miz. The goal is for her to be the one to remove the belt from Nikki. Naomi is considered a filler for now.
April 25, 2015
Lana finishes movie
After making an appearance at Wrestlemania in the corner of Rusev as he dropped the United States Heavyweight Championship to John Cena, Lana returned to the film lot to finish off the Interrogation movie, which also stars WWE legend Edge. Filming has been completely wrapped up now, so the blonde beauty will be making her way back to television. Her first appearance will be on the next episode of Smackdown.
April 1, 2015
Lana at Wrestlemania
There are speculations going around that Lana might not be in attendance at Wrestlemania. She is currently working a television angle where Rusev is upset with her for caving in to John Cena and agreeing to a United States Heavyweight Championship match at Wrestlemania. In real life, the blonde beauty is actually taking some time off the road so that she can film a movie with Edge. She is expected back at the big pay per view.
March 17, 2015
Lana shooting movie
On the latest episode of Smackdown, Lana did not appear by the side of Rusev, who is upset with his companion because she gave into the threat by John Cena and agreed to a United States Heavyweight Championship at Wrestlemania. She was also not with him at live events over the weekend. The belief is that the gorgeous Russian valet is going to be kept off of television until the big pay per view. She is currently filming a movie with Edge.
March 15, 2015
Jeff Jarrett praises Kevin Owens
During a recent interview, Jeff Jarrett revealed that he watches every wrestling show that is on television. He even catches footage online as well. Unlike Vince McMahon, Jarrett admits that he keeps up with the competition because it is the smart thing to do. When asked about the WWE developmental program, Jarrett acknowledges that he is a fan of NXT. He cites Kevin Owens as his favorite performer on that roster.
February 21, 2015
Vince McMahon mocks fans
During the earnings call earlier today, Vince McMahon took yet another jab at WWE fans. He specifically targeted those that were particularly upset with how the Royal Rumble match played out. McMahon acknowledged that there were a lot of irritated fans who threatened to no longer watch any of his product, but he flat out stated that it did not concern him because he knows that they will be glued to the television the next day.
February 12, 2015

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Talking Point
Oct 21, 2008
WindPower 2.0: technology rises to the challenge
As wind turbines grow larger and reach more remote locations, they'll need new technologies and systems to keep them running, says Peter Clive.
To a significant extent, wind power meets the need for a technology that provides a secure energy supply and helps limit the effects of anthropogenic global warming. While wind turbines are successful, the accelerating rate of installation of generating capacity is resulting in larger machines in greater numbers in progressively more remote, inaccessible and challenging locations than originally envisaged. For example, recent announcements on offshore wind power, if implemented, would expand UK wind power generating capacity by an order of magnitude [1]. Currently, existing wind turbine designs are being scaled up to achieve the increased capacity required. But it is apparent that more fundamental adjustments are needed to create turbines tailored to these new environments and to achieve the increase in the power they are to generate [2].
Several features of this new generation of wind power are already evident. Here I'll discuss three features that are just entering the scene:
• Turbine technology itself is changing to provide both greater power and better reliability
• Operation and maintenance strategies are becoming more intelligent to accommodate more demanding circumstances
• Remote sensing techniques are coming into use to characterize more fully the wind flow influencing the performance of the turbines
Winding up the turbines
Until now the increase in wind turbine power has generally been achieved by adapting existing designs. This approach has also been adopted to adapt machines for use in marine environments and make them more robust. But it's no longer adequate to address today's improvements so more fundamental solutions to the problems of increased capacity and reduced access for maintenance are under development. A number of wind turbine components are prone to failure and are difficult and expensive to repair or replace, for example bearings, inverters and gearboxes, giving rise to maintenance issues. As a result, direct drive machines that use permanent magnets rather than electromagnets in synchronous generators are now under construction. This eliminates the need for a gearbox. What's more, the search for even better power-to-weight ratios is leading to the development of direct drive generators that use superconducting magnets. The advent of high temperature superconductivity enhances the viability of these solutions - today's superconductors can operate at temperatures of over 77K, the boiling point of nitrogen. Indeed it may be possible that cryogen-free pulsed refrigeration will play a role in future, and that other failure-prone components such as bearings are eliminated. That means we are likely to see machines whose rated capacity, in Megawatts, is in double figures within the next five years, provided the costs of the necessary high-temperature superconducting materials, such as YBCO (yttrium barium copper oxide) ribbon, decrease as anticipated.
Checking performance
The technology underlying the turbines themselves may change, but its full benefit will not be reaped unless operation and maintenance strategies are altered to reflect lack of access to increasingly remote locations. The management of strategic spares and key personnel suitable for responding to onshore events is not well matched to the requirements offshore, where the availability of weather windows may limit access. In general offshore it's no longer sufficient to wait until a component fails before responding. This means more detailed monitoring of turbines and more intelligent processing of the information gathered. Individual components can undergo condition monitoring, which entails the installation of additional sensors to detect vibrations and other phenomena that enable deductions about the condition of specific components. However this may entail downtime during detector installation, and may have warranty implications as a result of potentially altering the hardware configuration of the turbine beyond the scope of the original warranty.
A complementary approach, which avoids these issues, is performance monitoring and optimization. Operational data is already routinely acquired by the turbines' SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) systems. These data can be analyzed to provide an indication of turbine health on a regular basis. The performance of a turbine that's operating normally varies as a result of changes in the prevailing conditions. Deviations from a normal response to these conditions that are detected through routine performance monitoring can alert operators to performance issues. Rapid and routine performance monitoring that enables operators to converge quickly on areas where their attention can most profitably be directed requires the development of innovative data visualization and analysis tools, such as those implemented in the sgurrtrend software suite [3]. These identify deviations of a turbine's response to varying conditions from the range corresponding to normal operation and correlate these deviations in performance with alarms and other event data recorded by the SCADA system.
The establishment of benchmarks for turbine performance is benefiting from the increasing extent of data aggregation in the industry. This involves bringing together routine operational SCADA data from turbines in multiple wind farms into a single data source. Currently performance monitoring is conducted using benchmarks that characterize multiple turbines' varying response to prevailing conditions across a single wind farm or a single turbine's varying response over time. In future it could be that data aggregation will enable performance monitoring of individual turbines to be conducted with reference to operational benchmarks established over entire fleets of turbines [4].
Wakes, turbulence, shear and veer
Using remote sensing and modeling tools at proposed wind turbine locations enables more accurate prediction of conditions prior to construction, as well as more optimal configuration of the turbines after construction. Once the performance and condition of the turbines is well known, it makes sense to acquire detailed information about the wind conditions impacting performance. This can be achieved using remote sensing technology known as LIDAR (light detection and ranging). LIDAR devices are compact, portable, discreet ground-based instruments that emit a laser beam (see figure). The Doppler shift of the light back-scattered by aerosols – microscopic airborne particulates moving with the wind – indicates wind velocity.
Currently control hardware regulates turbines using data acquired by nacelle-mounted wind-measurement kit only after the wind has already passed through the rotor. Remote sensing apparatus such as LIDAR allows the measurement of wind conditions before they affect turbine performance. That enables turbine control hardware to regulate the machines in order to alleviate the fatigue loading and sub-optimal performance that arise from anomalous wind shear, gusts, wind veer and turbulence.
LIDAR has already found a role prior to wind farm construction by allowing direct measurements to be made where wind flow was previously approximated using models. The validation and refinement of increasingly sophisticated non-linear computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models using direct LIDAR measurements is driving down uncertainty in energy yield prediction. In turn, this improves the financial prospects of projects under development.
The use of LIDAR in wind power applications is a rapidly developing field, as illustrated by the fact that the devices available have yet to converge on an optimal design. Recent developments will support greater confidence in LIDAR data acquired in the complex terrain typical of upland wind farms - this promises to extend the use of these devices further [5].
Offshore wind resource assessment currently requires the installation of cup anemometry (wind measurement) on expensive lattice towers mounted on offshore platforms. One particularly promising LIDAR development is the potential to radically reduce these costs by placing less stringent requirements on platform design and construction, and the possibility of combining the LIDAR data with both mesoscale climate models and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data acquired from satellites [6]. What's more, developments in systems for compensating wave motion promise to eliminate the need for fixed platforms altogether.
The future
Wind power is a relatively young industry characterized by rapid development to match ever- increasing demand. This is an exciting time to be involved and one when it is still possible to make fundamental contributions to the progress of the industry. New developments such as those discussed here are ushering in a new generation of wind power technology; with the advent of this WindPower2.0 the industry is achieving a new level of maturity that will bring widespread benefits.
[1] "Offshore wind: moving up a gear", BVG Associates, British Wind Energy Association, 2007
[2] UpWind project, EU 6th Framework Program (www.upwind.eu)
[3] "Making the most of SCADA data: wind farm performance monitoring", D. McLaughlin, J.H. McKenzie, P.J.M. Clive, 10th World Renewable Energy Congress, 2008
[4] "Understanding the utility of SCADA data in optimising wind farms performance", P.J.M. Clive, Wind Energy Update Newsletter, issue 1, 2008 (Wind Eenergy Update)
[5] "Mitigating the impact of complex terrain on LIDAR wind resource assessment accuracy", P.J.M. Clive, 30th Annual Conference of the British Wind Energy Association, 2008
[6] NORSEWInD project, EU 7th Framework Program (NORSEWInD)
About the author
Peter Clive is a Technical Development Consultant with SgurrEnergy, UK, which has given him many opportunities to participate in the rapidly developing wind power industry. His interests include the use of remote sensing instruments such as LIDAR, and the development of techniques for extracting useful turbine performance information from operational SCADA data. Peter's background is in physics, and he obtained his doctorate in nuclear physics from Glasgow University in 2002.


text:
ADE Home
Listening and Speaking in the K-5 SEI Classroom
This session will focus on building teacher knowledge and skills for explicit instruction required for ELLs to develop productive and receptive language to be successful in the classroom. Teachers will understand the need for planning and strategic grouping for authentic engagement in structured conversations while using the English Language Proficiency Standards in the domain of listening and speaking to guide instruction. The training will demonstrate best practices for instruction from articulation to oral presentations while also considering the use of formative assessments. Participants will make connections to AZCCRS while building a foundation for ELLs.
Registration cost is $45 per person.
No food or beverages will be provided, so please plan accordingly.
There are a variety of eating establishments within walking distance. Cancellation must be received in writing a minimum of one week prior to the event. After that date, you will be responsible for payment in full.
Purchase orders or payments should be sent to:
The Arizona Department of Education
1535 W. Jefferson St., Bin #31
Phoenix, AZ 85007
Fax to: 602-542-3050
Please note that we may need to cancel certain trainings due to low registration. In the event of a cancellation, we will notify you by email one week prior to the training. We encourage you to register early. Thank you for understanding.
Conference attendees are required to park on the visitor side of the
3300 N. Central garage
in spaces marked 'Visitor' and in open non-reserved spaces. Please bring your parking ticket with you to your conference for validation. It will be the responsibility of the attendee to pay the parking fee if their ticket is not validated.
Parking is validated only for the 3300 garage.
Onsite registration will open at 8:00 am. Ā
Who Should Attend:
ELL educators in grades K-5 to include Teachers of ELLs, ELL Coaches, ELL Directors, Curriculum Directors.
Candis Middlebrook @
Seats Available
Arizona Department of Education; 3300 N. Central Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85012
16th Floor, Room 100
Aug 25, 2015 @ 8:00AM - 4:00PM
All Dates and Times are Subject to Change
Go Back
Copyright © 2014 Arizona Department of Education: Information Technology, All Rights Reserved


text:
Below is the poem entitled We Too Will Drift Away which was written by poet
Picek. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Louise Picek
We will soon find ourselves,
in a much different place.
We thought we were mountains,
that could never drift away.
We are more like the ice in the ocean,
that floats every which way.
Finding ourselves
drifting farther away.
As much as we say that we'll be close,
one day the truth will come.
We'll know after the time has passed
that memories will be all that's left.
Deep down in our hearts
we'll still know what we were,
but out on the surface
we'll have moved on.


text:
We caught up with That 1 Guy at the Pyramid in Winnipeg!
Amped Up Tv is a show that covers up and coming to well established musicians. It runs around around 5-10 minutes and has everything from live footage to exclusive interviews. The hopes to become an outlet for musicians and source for music fans.
Discover the best in original web series.
© 2014 Blip Networks, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Blip is part of Maker Studios


text:
Witchblade #169
Series Info
Latest Issue:
Witchblade #183
Digital Edition Includes
- ePub
What is a digital edition? Find more information on digital files & formats and how to read them here.
- Story By: Tim Seeley
- Art By: Diego Bernard
- Cover By: John Tyler Christopher
Cover Price: $2.99
Digital Price: $1.99
Diamond ID: JUN130570
Published: September 4, 2013
"ABSOLUTE CORRUPTION," ConclusionSara has faced ultimate evil embodied within a bubbly twenty-something, an ex-convict who deals in black magic, and a boyfriend who keeps a supernatural, artifact-eating mystic in his basement. She has managed to thwart each threat separately, but when they converge, can she put up enough of a fight to save her adopted hometown?


text:
RICHMOND, Va. (WTVR) — One of the original designers of the Texas Giant, a popular roller coaster at the Arlington Six Flags, played a role in engineering Kings Dominion when it was originally built.
The Texas Giant has come under fire after a woman was thrown from the ride and killed over the weekend.
Curtis Summers originally designed the Texas Giant and was a structural engineer at Kings Dominion, playing a role in several of the parks oldest rides.
Ken Martin is a roller coaster inspection expert based in Richmond. He says accidents like this are reasons why states like Virginia need tougher regulations.
"I think we need to have dedicated, full time inspectors in Virginia," Martin said.
Presently, in Virginia, the role of inspecting rides falls on the county or city building inspector.
Martin says those individuals are busy with other things and cannot always devote the proper resources inspections deserve.
But Hanover County Chief Building inspector Richard Bartell disagrees. Since Kings Dominion is in Hanover – inspection falls on his office.
He says his staff is more than equipped to handle the inspections, adding they have five qualified inspectors on staff.
"We have a lot of experienced inspectors who do know what they are looking at we take it very seriously," Bartell said.
Martin says regardless riders need to be more responsible as well, believing that parks don't enforce maximum restrictions as much as they enforce minimum restrictions.
"Just remember you're the last inspector when you get on that ride," Martin said.
"Sometimes having arms and legs that are too long are just as much of a problem as people who weigh a little too much," Martin said.
Kings Dominion declined to comment on this story or the Texas accident.


text:
High court doesn't need another Justice O'Connor
This is O'Connorism in its purest essence. She had not so much a judicial philosophy as a social philosophy. Unlike a principled conservative such as Antonin Scalia or a principled liberal such as Ruth Bader Ginsburg, O'Connor had no stable ideas about constitutional interpretation. Her idea of jurisprudence was to decide whether legislation produced social "systems" that either worked or did not.
But that is the job of the elected branches of government. Legislatures negotiate social arrangements. Judges are supposed to look at their handiwork and decide one thing and one thing only: Whether the "system" the politicians produced comports with the Constitution. On what other grounds do judges have the authority to throw out legislation? Do they have superior wisdom about what works, superior capacity to decide which social boundaries require negotiation and which do not?
O'Connor says that America has negotiated church-state boundaries so successfully that we should not rock the boat. But we went 170 years allowing school prayer and other kinds of public religious expression. Then, from 1960 on, we changed course and systematically stripped religion from the public square. How then does history recommend one negotiated boundary over the other?
That's also true in the court's upholding Roe v. Wade. As the swing vote in Planned Parenthood v. Casey, O'Connor did not want to create another social revolution by overturning the abortion right that had been in place for two decades. This is a reasonable social assessment. But equally reasonable is the contrary assessment, offered by Ginsburg (before she ascended to the Supreme Court) that Roe "halted a political process that was moving in a reform direction and thereby . . . deferred stable settlement of the issue."
That is what made O'Connor so unpredictable. Sure, she was headed for what she judged to be socially a stable settlement. But you could never know what empirical judgments she would make to get there. Would she decide that the long-term stability introduced by returning abortion to the elected branches of government would outweigh the short-term instability? You could not be sure. What you could be sure was that she would come up with some ad hoc constitutional principle to justify her empirical judgment.
That compounded the problem. In the case of abortion, the result was the proclamation that "At the heart of liberty is the right to define one's own concept of existence, of meaning, of the universe, and of the mystery of human life" - a supremely infelicitous definition of the liberty clause that is not just comically cosmic but infinitely elastic.
Such elasticity earned O'Connor the title of "pragmatist," a coveted virtue in Washington. Today it is particularly prized by liberals who are happy with the judicial revolutions of the past half-century, and are delighted that an appointee of Ronald Reagan should have upheld them in pursuit of social stability.
The problem with ad hoc pragmatism, however, is that it turns the Supreme Court not only into a super-legislature, but into a continuously sitting one. Does anyone have any idea exactly how many reindeer are required to make a town's Christmas creche constitutionally kosher? Or how much weight you are allowed to give racial preference in hiring? The only way to know is to sue and go back again to the Supreme Court.
Democrats are demanding that O'Connor be the model for the next court appointment. "I urge the president and the Senate," says Sen. Barbara Boxer, "to ensure that her replacement reflects Justice O'Connor's judicial philosophy - mainstream, pro-choice, and independent." But that's not a judicial philosophy. That's political positioning embedded in a social agenda. What we need is a nominee who has a judicial philosophy - grounded in constitutional principles that provide legal guidelines that citizens can understand and live by. I happen to prefer conservative ("originalist") to liberal constitutional principles. But either is preferable to none.
Charles Krauthammer writes for the Washington Post. E-mail: letters@ charleskrauthammer.com.
Subscribe to the Caller-Times
Need Help? Call us at 1-800-566-8098.
Monday-Friday: 6am-3pm / Saturday: 7am-11am / Sunday: 7am-11am


text:
Drug or alcohol addiction can be a difficult thing to recover from as your body becomes physically dependant on these substances. Discuss topics including alcohol/drug rehab centers or programs, share rehab stories and offer support, and long term recovery post-rehab.
I found this on google and thought this was interesting. Except the last line of this health page. It took me quite a long time to heal from this drug, things just did not seem as fun without it, but WE DO heal and i feel better than ever. Give your recovery some time and you will see all the positive changes.
Cocaine and the Brain: The Neurobiology of Addiction
Perhaps the most addictive of drugs is cocaine. Cocaine acts on the mesoaccumbens dopamine (DA) pathway of the midbrain, extending from the ventral tegumental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens. This pathway is also known as the reward pathway as it is the area of the brain that is activated when someone has a pleasurable experience such as eating, sex, or receiving praise. An electrode was implanted in different areas of the brains of rats and was activated when the rats voluntarily pressed a lever. Stimulation in most sites in the brain was not reinforcing (ie, the rats did not regularly activate the electrode), but one site in particular was reinforcing: the reward pathway. Because of the positive effects felt when this pathway is stimulated, such behavior is reinforced.
Cocaine binds to the dopamine reuptake transporters, thus blocking them from functioning. As a result, dopamine levels increase in the synapse, and consequently, the receiving neuron is continuously stimulated. This constant firing of the neurons leads to a feeling of euphoria. In addicts, cocaine blocks between 60 and 77 percent of the DAT binding sites; in order to attain a "high," at least 47 percent of the binding sites must be blocked by cocaine.
Cocaine also acts on the reuptake transporters of serotonin and norepinephrine, and therefore, the levels of these neurotransmitters are also increased. Serotonin plays a role similar to dopamine in the DA pathway. Norepinephrine stimulates the "fight or flight" response of the sympathetic nervous system characterized by heightened heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, and body temperature as well as dilation of pupils and sweating; these phenomena produce an energizing feeling.
At a certain point, cocaine usage ceases to be a voluntary action: this is the onset of addiction. The positive reinforcement of the sensation of euphoria eventually alters the brain so that the use of cocaine is obligatory. Animal models have been used to demonstrate such positive reinforcement. Lab rats were fitted with long-term intravenous catheters and were taught how to self-administer doses of cocaine by pressing a lever. The fact that the rats continued to self-administer cocaine demonstrates the desire of the rats to be under the influence of the drug. In addition, there is a correlation between the level of the dose of cocaine and the number of infusions a rat would give itself: the lower the dosage, the smaller the gap in-between self-administrations. This indicates that the rat is aware of the level of cocaine in its system and its desire to maintain that level through subsequent injections of the drug. These experiments demonstrate the "compulsion to seek and take the drug" aspect of the definition of addiction.
Another factor in the reinforcement of cocaine use lies in the fact that after cocaine administration, dopamine levels fall significantly below normal, pre-consumption levels. The user therefore feels a "low," and the immediate response to alleviate this low is to take another hit of cocaine to again raise the level. Such behavior is referred to as a "binge," when a user continuously takes hits of cocaine to recover from ensuing lows. This demonstrates the "loss of control in limiting intake" aspect of the definition of addiction.
Over a long period of usage, the brain responds to the above-normal levels of dopamine that are present during a hit. The main manifestation is a reduction in the number of dopamine receptors on the dendrites of neurons ; if there are fewer receptors, then there will be less stimulation of the nerves in the DA pathway. This demonstrates how the brain of an addict is physically different from that of a normal person.
Because of the altered physiological state of the brain, events that previously caused stimulation of the DA pathway (pleasurable experiences other than cocaine use) no longer do; only cocaine can induce the feeling of happiness. When an addict ceases taking cocaine, he has no source of stimulation of the DA pathway and therefore experiences severe depression, irritability, and anxiety (symptoms that are opposite of the effects of the drug). (This is the "emergence of a negative emotional state when access to the drug is prevented" aspect of the definition of addiction.) Other factors also contribute to the negative behavior associated with withdrawal. For example, tests in lab animals have shown that levels of coricotropin releasing factor (CRF), which induces stress, rise while in withdrawal.
Because addicts grow to associate certain places and cues with cocaine use, exposure to such stimuli may cause a relapse once an addict has "quit" . If reminded of an event linked with cocaine use (such as passing by a place where one formerly used the drug or watching people smoke crack), a recovering addict will very likely feel a strong craving. Such a reaction to these memory-based stimuli raises the question of how long memories are able to induce a response. Recent research has shown relapses in lab rats even after four months of abstinence.
There is no well-established treatment plan for cocaine addiction, but the most effective measures are to combine a medicine with drug counseling. Drugs such as vigabatrin are being developed that seek to reduce the pleasure of a cocaine hit (this drug stops cocaine from increasing dopamine levels in the DA pathway and prevents subjects from developing place/cue associations in baboons) . Anti-depressants are often prescribed to alleviate the negative behavior of withdrawal. New research is concentrating on neutralizing cocaine in the bloodstream so that it is unable to affect the DA pathway . While medications are an important part of the recovery process, counseling also plays a seminal role as the patient must learn to resist the urge to use cocaine. Group and individual therapy sessions aid patients in coming to terms with their problem and building up self-confidence. Cocaine-specific skills training (CST) teaches patients to identify the places and cues that cause them to feel cravings; they then seek to avoid or adjust their reactions to such stimuli.
Viewing cocaine addiction as a chronically relapsing disease of the brain is a new concept for much of the public. Such scientific evidence forces people to re-evaluate their views of addicts (in particular the stereotypes associated with them) as it demonstrates that an addict must be recognized as someone with an altered brain state, just as someone with a mental illness or Alzheimerâs . Addicts cannot be cured through incarceration; instead, the process of recovery requires both counseling and medication. In fact, the lasting biological effects of cocaine addiction are so far-reaching that rehabilitators often comment that there is no way to "cure" someone of cocaine addiction - - one can only learn how to live with it.


text:
Below is the poem entitled Gift Receipt which was written by poet
Lane. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Tony Lane
Christmas is the time to kindly say gift receipt me please,
Just in case the gift you give me don't fully decorate my trees.
When you shop there'll be no need for you to put in a lot of thought,
As long as there's a gift receipt for whatever it is you've bought.
Then I'll be sure that I can get the right color and in my size,
There really is no down side except for the lack of any real surprise.
But after all we're not kids and we know that magic is not fact,
And a gift receipt can save hurt feelings with a modicum of tact.
Then bake some Christmas cookies and mark them with my name,
And I will also make a batch and with yours do the same.
This way we are assured of getting all the ones that we love,
I would like to thank you right now for going over and above.
Today I saw a Christmas card at one of the local stores,
I took a picture of it with my phone and sent it to you and yours.
Share the spirit of Christmas with family, friends and everyone in between,
And be sure to shop the after Christmas sales 'cause it's almost Halloween.


text: 'Taken at Cades Cove 10.30.13 Julie Smith Maxwell'At Top of the World.' Sharlene Palmer Lynn'Foothills parkway - with Sharlene Palmer Lynn.' David DC Clayton'Beautiful day in Corryton, Tennessee' Matt Goin'Nice color up on Bluff Mountain today' Joan SwansonFall colors at Catalooche Valley Cheryl Ann Querry'Claiborne/Bell County area aka Valley Creek' Sabrina Smith Osborne'Color in Maryville' Angela Whitt BlakeFall in East Tennessee Amy Rose PerryFall in East Tennessee Amy Rose PerryFall in East Tennessee Amy Rose Perry'Looked at this beautiful tree this morning and thought it will not look the same by Friday morning... had to grab a pic.' Mary Phipps'Had a little family fun in the smokies yesterday and wanted to share. Oct 27, 2013' Julie Smith Maxwell'Looking down from the Foothills Parkway in Blount County.' Sherri Leigh Fenley Wear'Foothills Parkway' David DC Clayton'Had a little family fun in the smokies yesterday and wanted to share. Oct 27, 2013' Julie Smith Maxwell'Had a little family fun in the smokies yesterday and wanted to share. Oct 27, 2013' Julie Smith Maxwell'Grainger County view' Debbie Boles'some color in south east hamblen co' Shannon Brotherton'4 wheeling in the mountains today.' Wayne Ward'Our driveway Jamestown TN' Almeda Peavyhouse'Some fall color for the channel 10 team' Jay Myers'1ST overlook just past Sugarlands going up Newfound Gap Rd. It id bare at Clingmans Dome.' Wendy Fox'Barb Rees... Kodak Tennessee. ' Barb Rees'At the L&N Stem Academy.' Danny Atchley'Love this tree at the end of our front yard' Susie Petrucelli'A maple tree in Fountain City. Enjoy the fall colors while we have them!' Christopher Mitchell'Color in Maryville' Angela Whitt Blake'Some fall color of middlebrook.' Jay Myers'taken at Cades Cove 10.30.13 Julie Smith Maxwell'Taken on the way to Newfound Gap at the last pull off.' Sarah B. Ledbetter'Valley Creek' Sabrina Smith Osborne'Trees in my backyard!' Susie Petrucelli'My office view.' Wendy Fox'View from my front porch in Laurel Grove on Hwy 116!!!' Geneva Dugger'This is New Found Gap, what beautiful colors!' Susan Darlene Whittington Cousin'Overlook at Little River Rd. Near Laurel Falls' Wendy Fox'Roane County Parks and Recreation' Mike Murphy'Fall colors at Tellico Lake' Joyce StoneMy friend on Facebook took this picture, thought u might enjoy ** soo pretty!!! love Tennessee scenery - with Sarah BlessedtoBe Luckey. Audrey Hill'taken at Cades Cove 10.30.2013' Julie Smith Maxwell'Taken today at Tremont.' Sarah B. Ledbetter'Valley Creek' Sabrina Smith OsborneLike this topic? You may also like these photo galleries:ReplayLast SlideNext Slide


text:
Mammut Masao Jacket for Men
The Mammut Masao Jacket for Men is the perfect apparel to wear and enjoy an adventure, cozily and comfortably. This is made of DRYtech Premium 3-Layer Stretch which makes it strong and tough. Thanks to its new hood design, the hood can be adjusted vertically and horizontally, according to your preference. Plus the helmet compatibility allows you to wear the hood over a biking or climbing helmet, giving you both protection from weather and safety from falls. This jacket has a chest and 2 front bonded pockets, with watertight zippers, which keeps your belongings always dry. All its draw cords can be adjusted using one hand, making it easy to do while you are on the move. This has underarm ventilation, which offers great air circulation throughout the day. So next time don't forget to start your adventure without the Mammut Masao Jacket for Men.
The Mammut Masao Jacket for Men - Previous Model is popular because customers like the following qualities of the Mammut Masao Jacket for Men - Previous Model: Durable, Waterproof.
REVIEW SNAPSHOT®by PowerReviews
Best Uses
Feels too small
Feels true to size
75% (3 reviews)
(3 reviews)
Feels too large
Reviewed by 4 customers
Sort by
Best Uses
Comments about Mammut Masao Jacket for Men:
The only issue about the jackets is the lack of mesh in the pit zips (not a common feature, but quite useful). Other than that, it looks great and was exactly what I needed/wanted - a flexible, durable, non-raincoaty shell. I can wear it anywhere - climbing a mountain, stuck in a monsoon or impressing the ladies with my fashion sense. The 'yolk' color really stands out (think school bus)- and since I got such a good deal on it, I couldn't be more pleased.
Best Uses
Comments about Mammut Masao Jacket for Men:
Real fantastic design & Reasonable price
but the size is a little bigger than i thought
Best Uses
Comments about Mammut Masao Jacket for Men:
Awesome product, love the brand!
Best Uses
Comments about Mammut Masao Jacket for Men:
Best rain gear for your money. Dont settle for cheap immitations.


text:
Liberty Zabala is a reporter trainee for the NBC Reporter Development Program working as a multimedia journalist for NBC 7 San Diego.
Liberty has worked as a multimedia journalist for KCOY/KKFX, the CBS/FOX affiliate covering Central California. She also held several internships including FOX News Channel, FOX Sports Net, KABC, and NBC Nightly News with Brian Williams.
She is a graduate of California State University, Northridge with a degree in journalism and a collateral in political science. Liberty was selected as a Meredith Cronkite Fellow at the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism reporting for KPHO CBS 5 in Phoenix, Arizona.
She has served as a board member of the LA Chapter of Asian American Journalist Association.
Published at 1:35 PM PDT on Mar 4, 2014


text:
Encinitas, CA - United States
Member Since:
April 27th, 2012
About Carolina Liechtenstein
Carolina Liechtenstein is a multi-faceted artist and business woman. She is prolific, and always seeks out the story, whether it is a world event, a story about a cool machine or something of her artistic imagination. Born within the original classic Hollywood world, she is the granddaughter to the great film director, John Ford.
At 18, she ended up lost in the mix of humanity, in LA, as a struggling young adult and artist. She took advantage of the situation and plugged into the creative world that was right at her feet. She became an award winning photographer while still in high school, taking photos of dramatic clouds and storms from an airplane.
Carolina did not at first see a future career as an artist, for she knew she had a technical mind. In the early part of her life, she studied aircraft and aerospace systems, joined the USAF and learned to fly. She thought her life's calling was flying, which is a passion of hers.
But as much a she loved aircraft systems, project management, systems engineering and flying - the creative energy still lurked.
Someone dear to her, HSH Prince Hans-Adam of Liechtenstein, today the Reigning Prince of the Principality of Liechtenstein, but then the Crown Price of that nation - encouraged Carolina to go ahead and pursue her creativity. He told her to keep up with her writing and image depiction. She soon learned that one does not have to give up art, music or writing while enjoying a career outside of that. All one must have is the courage to do creative projects, and manage time carefully.
Soon mechanical things, including cars and airplanes, became the intense topic of study and depiction for Carolina. She has photographed and painted thousands of pictures of machines and their components over the years. Many of her images were taken while in flight in a tactical jet!
Here you will see many machines, as well as animals, nature, political events and more.
Today Carolina is an award winning indie filmmaker and a documentarian. She is also an MBA and is fully engaged and grounded in the business world. She is also a former professional pilot and USAF vet.
She not only creates films and images, but she also writes books, and writes and performs music.
She does have a press card and press parking pass, and can cover your story....
Sonora Macro III by Carolina Liechtenstein
Boots on the Ground For Jesus by Carolina Liechtenstein
Arizona Cowboy Truck I by Carolina Liechtenstein
Old School Arizona Thorn by Carolina Liechtenstein
A Cardinal on a Fence by Carolina Liechtenstein
National Pride Was Earned in the Blood of Revolution by Carolina Liechtenstein
Joshua Tree And Personality of Rocks by Carolina Liechtenstein
Art Dabs of Desert Life by Carolina Liechtenstein
Arizona Winter Bloom I by Carolina Liechtenstein
Sovereignty via Revolution by Carolina Liechtenstein
Freedom Never Will Die by Carolina Liechtenstein
Sovereignty Display I by Carolina Liechtenstein
Arizona Working Bee 2 by Carolina Liechtenstein
Midwest Skies II by Carolina Liechtenstein
Palo Verde in Phoenix Airizona by Carolina Liechtenstein
Rez Cred and A Tree by Carolina Liechtenstein
Path to Freedom a Light Painting by Carolina Liechtenstein
Rez Cred I by Carolina Liechtenstein
Light Painting in Arizona by Carolina Liechtenstein
Dancing With a Dreamcatcher by Carolina Liechtenstein
Thinking Together by Carolina Liechtenstein
A Tree and an Object by Carolina Liechtenstein
Hold On Just Thinking by Carolina Liechtenstein
Exit Oz Enter Kansas by Carolina Liechtenstein
Page #1 of 29
Sign up for our newsletter for exclusive deals, discount codes, and more:
Unsubscribe at any time.
Server Status OK
Copyright © 2015 FineArtAmerica.com - All Rights Reserved


text:
The impact of water on all aspects of life is undeniable, especially for people living in extreme poverty. Learn how USAID's efforts to save lives through sustainable access to water, sanitation and hygiene got a big boost this past year.
Tag archives for Water
Water, Food and Extreme Poverty
USAID is harnessing the power of innovation to address one of the most pressing challenges in the developing world — securing water for food. Learn more about the most exciting ideas we've received!
World Water Day
Last week, millions of people globally celebrated World Water Day and one of life's most basic requirements – water. A building block of life, water is also at the core of sustainable development and is linked to every major development challenge. The focus of this year's World Water Day was the nexus between water and energy, underscoring the crosscutting nature of this issue.
Growing More Food With Less Water
When you sit down to your next meal, take a look at your plate. How much water do you see? The obvious answer might be "little" or "none". But the surprising truth is you are likely consuming thousands of liters of water every time you sit down for a quick bite. Estimates suggest the average […]
Pounds of Prevention – Focus on Namibia
The next installment in the USAID Pounds of Prevention series (PDF) takes us to Namibia. Read more >>
Pounds of Prevention: Focus on Haiti
This installment of USAID's Pounds of Prevention series (PDF) takes us to Haiti where we are working to reduce the risks posed by floods in Port-au-Prince. Read more >>
Access to Water Empowers Women in Morocco's Middle Atlas
By working directly with local partners, our assistance is amplified far beyond the water tap. Read more >>
USAID in the News
USAID news highlights during week of November 4, 2013. Read more >>
USAID in the News
USAID news highlights during week of October 21, 2013. Read more >>
Smarter, Healthier, Wealthier – Helping Rural Cambodians Live Better Lives
Agriculture is of huge importance to Cambodia and USAID's support is helping farmers become more successful by introducing new techniques. Read more >>


text:
While this wasn't really surprising, it was great to see this game show up at E3 nonetheless. As well as showing off a match between Kratos, SweetTooth, Sly Cooper, and the Fat Princess, Sony announced that PlayStation All Stars: Battle Royale will be coming to the Vita and support cross-platform play. Not only that, but they showed off the two new characters that were leaked on Facebook; Nathan Drake from Uncharted and the Big Daddy from Bioshock. I'd say that I hope characters from Ratchet and Clank make it into this game, but if they have Parappa the Rapper and Fat Princess in this game, I'm pretty sure that's a given at this point.
This game will be released later this year during the holiday season.
Source (http://www NULL.joystiq NULL.com/2012/06/04/playstation-all-stars-battle-royale-hitting-vita-is-cross-comp/)


text:
Food Media and News
Menu for Hope in 2008?
Has anyone heard anything about this year's Menu for Hope? I haven't seen any information about it for 08, and I seem to recall it being almost everywhere on food sites this time last December. I'm hoping it's currently being organized behind the scenes.
Talk is closed, but that doesn't mean the conversations have to stop!
Check out this post for a more thorough explanation, and jump onto our Facebook page or our Twitter feed to keep the conversations going!


text:
Event Planning Intern or Graphic Design InternshipsBookmark This
KC Connections
westport area
Kansas City, MO
DescriptionEvent Planning: We have an opening for an event planning intern. Help hands on with planning fashion shows, celebrity meet and greets, music events, fundraisers, private parties and more!
Graphic Design: Build your portfolio. Your work will be published in media outlets.
(website or graphic design)
Must be 21+ and have reliable transportation.
You will be working w the following companies and their clients to build your resume and portfolio for an internship position.... website: Connectinkc.com, elitekcvip.com, paradiseplayhouse.org
credit hrs available for these internships
Responsibilitiesbuild your portfolio by working on fliers, brochures, banners, invite, business cards and much more
Requirementsmust be 21+
Must be available 20-25 hours a week.
Must have reliable transportation.


text:
The LRG team visits Costa Rica and Nicaragua
Featuring Chico Brenes - Billy Marks - Carlos Ribeiro - Tom Asta - Rob Gonzalez - Tommy Sandoval
Loading more stuff…
Hmm…it looks like things are taking a while to load. Try again?
TM + © 2015 Vimeo, LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with k in NYC.
Your content preferences apply to any Vimeo videos you view. Learn more about content preferences in our FAQ.


text:
Rules and Economic Development Committee
As a small business owner, Sherri knows the challenges facing San Diego's companies. As chair of the Rules and Economic Development Committee, Sherri is working to craft a long-term vision for San Diego's economy while finding ways to cut red tape at City Hall and improve government efficiency and regional collaboration.
Since joining the City Council in 2008, Sherri has advocated for a standing committee focused exclusively on San Diegos local economy. In December 2011, the Economic Development & Strategies Committee was created, and Sherris Council colleagues voted unanimously to select her as chair of this new committee. The focus of this committee is to craft a long-term strategy for San Diegos economy while looking for immediate ways to cut through the citys tangle of red tape.
In December 2012, the Committee took on added responsibilities such as governance and regional collaboration and is now called the Rules and Economic Development Committee. As part of this new area of responsibility, the Committee has worked on issues ranging from adoption of the Citys annual state and federal legislative priorities to improving public notices for development projects.
The Committee continues to work on a long-term vision for San Diegos economy one that embraces innovation, creativity and sustainability. Specific issues the Committee is working on include: improving the citys workforce development initiatives, updating the citys economic development strategy, focusing on open data efforts to provide better access to information and upgrade the citys technological offerings as well as bolstering San Diegos burgeoning cyber security cluster.


text:
Sometimes, it's just better to watch
Sometimes you watch. It is late in the day and the moon is early, curtseying in the sky.
She is bashful, yet she shines. The moon is a magnet, sliding up along the cold winter sky.
One wonders of the presence of the moon on a cold afternoon, or of the fish and how they rise to feed or sink to hide, and of the birds in the sky — do they fly by the moon?
Might the small game scurry to stay warm? Do the deer browse? Are raccoons early upon this stage?
There is presence here. There is a moon in the sky, which is growing cold and dark.
Sometimes, you watch. It chose the limb near the top, not necessarily the limb at the top. The limb is strong enough and familiar for the hawk.
This walnut tree could be an oak or a gum, hickory, pine, cedar, poplar or maple. It is here on this limb, from a distance far away, that this hawk hunts.
The hawk doesn't use sound or a sense that we humans have yet to define, nor does it guess or gamble. The hawks uses its vision as it searches and waits for a flicker or evidence that prey is nearby.
Sometimes you watch as the hawk waits on this limb.
It is the color of the new day. There are no rules upon this slate of pale white and nearly blue. From this frozen, dormant ground, the emptiness of a tree frames the temperamental nature of an inspired sun.
The limbs frame this setting, and the sun spills its bold colors as they run carelessly yet passionately across this sky. One imagines a thaw is soon to be felt. Like plumes of life and crescendos of color that melt and bend, there is pause to see these colors.
One gestures but not to point out. Instead, gesturing is an acknowledgment that there are lines we color within and there are lines created by the trees that are meant to be colored beyond.
Sometimes you watch. It is the unnatural intrusion that this light casts, and the fox prowls as a fox might when it is late in the night. There was a rabbit here just yesterday. This rabbit feeds upon the winter foliage, and it knows of the fox, too.
The fox is not red or menacing. Instead, it is grey and brown and perhaps the shoulders are colored with an immature and suspicious red. Certainly, the nose is black and is alert to the ground in search. For a moment, the fox scours the rotting leaves beneath the pecan tree.
It is quick and slow. It is low to the ground, its ears alert and tail crooked to the side. The cold and need for warmth inspire it to eat. The fox is tracing and guessing and finding clues while leaving none behind. During this moment, the fox's eyes reflect the beam of light cast.
Will the rabbit escape? Will the fox hunt through this night? Sometimes you wonder. Sometimes you watch.
The creek is swollen, and the water flows clean and the stones create an ambience. Even though you hear, sometimes you watch.
The thin, fragile heron is low in the sky, and when this bird hunts, sometimes you watch.
The frost is thin, the sun is slow and late, but the melt begins and you watch.
It is the moon. It is the hawk. It is the colors outside the lines. It is the fox. It is the things felt, heard, observed, noticed, sensed and it is the things we sometimes watch.
Enjoy your time outdoors.
You may contact Jason Hawkins at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Click Here To Watch This Video at Broke College Boys
Thank god for broke ass boys and huge college expenses. Their hard times bring us hard cocks. We hand out the cash and you enjoy the action.
Description: It is really hard to take your eyes off Billy as he fucks Jordan, this boy has a fluid motion that is hard to beat. He looks like an artwork that has come to life and is banging his artist. Then you h
Permanent link to this video:
Code to embed player in blogs and forums, etc:
Post this video in the JUB Forums with this code:
Simply copy the above code into your JUB forum post and the movie will appear.


text:
- Inhabitat – Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building - http://inhabitat.com -
Shade & Shelter is a Lightweight Flexible Dwelling That Responds To Its Desert Environment
Posted By Bridgette Meinhold On October 5, 2012 @ 9:16 am In Architecture,carousel showcase,Gallery,Green Building | 1 Comment
Ohad Lustgarten [2] was inspired by the natural forms of the oasis, caves and trees when he designed his temporary shelter for his thesis project at Shenkar College of Design in Ramat Gan, Israel. All are considered signs of life in the harsh desert environment and he wanted to recreate that sense of life and provide safety. Shade & Shelter is a temporary shelter [6] for those who need protection from the elements, especially the wind and sun in the desert. But the shelter could also be easily used in other environments and used for hikers in remote locations.
The shelter was designed to be made from extruded polymer slats connected together along a flexible fiberglass pole separated by rubber stoppers. The unit as a whole can stretch out to create a barrier or be wrapped up to provide more protection. Lustgarten's final thesis design was crafted of cardboard and stands 6 feet tall at its highest point to provide protection while standing and can be encircled and still provide enough space for a small group of people to lay down.
Lustgarten would like to incorporate thin film photovoltaics [7] on the exterior to generate power that could be used for lighting or even charging devices. The slats have also been designed to collect and channel rainwater so inhabitants can have some drinking water. Eventually he would also like to build the shelter out of a class B metal so that it would respond to the heat of the sun and move and flex open as temperatures increased. However if it was too hot, the shelter could still be pulled closed to ensure maximum shade protection.
Via A|N Blog [8]
Images ©Ohad Lustgarten
Article printed from Inhabitat – Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building: http://inhabitat.com
URL to article: http://inhabitat.com/shade-an-shelter-is-a-lightweight-flexible-dwelling-that-responds-to-its-desert-environment/
URLs in this post:
[1] Shenkar College of Design: http://www.shenkar.ac.il/english/home/
[2] Ohad Lustgarten: http://cargocollective.com/OHADESIGN/
[3] Shade & Shelter: http://cargocollective.com/OHADESIGN/Final-Project
[4] : http://inhabitat.com/shade-an-shelter-is-a-lightweight-flexible-dwelling-that-responds-to-its-desert-environment/shade-and-shelter-ohadesign-4/?extend=1
[5] Image: http://inhabitat.com/shade-an-shelter-is-a-lightweight-flexible-dwelling-that-responds-to-its-desert-environment/shade-and-shelter-ohadesign-4/
[6] temporary shelter: http://inhabitat.com/tag/temporary-shelter
[7] photovoltaics: http://inhabitat.com/solar-power
[8] A|N Blog: http://blog.archpaper.com/wordpress/archives/46367
Click here to print.
Copyright © 2011 Inhabitat Local - New York. All rights reserved.


text:
Events Posting Policy and Pricing
The most comprehensive Events Calendar in Manatee County
The Events Calendar of The Bradenton Times is provided as a service to the community with the primary purpose of informing the public about local events such as government meetings, community services, free trainings, classes and more. Our goal is to be a comprehensive listing of all the events taking place in the Bradenton and Manatee area. We can only do that with your help in providing information about events.
- For non-commercial events we do not charge for posting events to the calendar. This is mainly for government and nonprofit organizations.
- A commercial business that is holding a fund-raiser or special event to help a nonprofit or government entity will be posted at no charge.
- We charge for Commercial Postings. Click here to see our advertising rates
All ads are subject to approval. We reserve the right to refuse to publish any event. Any information submitted for an event lisitng shall be based on accurate information. As a submitter of information you agree to the policy contained herein and also give permission to use any information free of any liabllity, and guarantee that the information is accurate.
The Bradenton Times does not represent any information, but is just relaying information. We do not endorse any event or guarantee or warranty the information in any manner. If any information is not posted correctly please contact us to revise or remove the posting.
Please be aware, some events may get cancelled before we can change or remove an event listing. We assume no liablilty for any reliance that the event will take place and we assume no liablility for what may take place at an event.


text:
Searching | Evaluation | Ethical Use
EVALUATING Web sites
Tip# 1: What is the AUTHOR'S expertise?
Questions to ask:
How credible is the author of the web page?
How much experience does the author have in this area?
What is the author's occupation?
What is the author's educational background?
What is the author's reputation among others in the field?
Anyone can author information on the Internet WITHOUT approval. The content of most Web pages is published BEFORE it is evaluated by people with knowledge of the subject. By contrast, books, magazines and other print resources are published AFTER thorough reviews by experts.
Look for other pages by the author on the same site or other sites. If the site has a site-search engine or site map, use one of these to help you find additional pages by or about the author. If this strategy isn't available, try truncating the URL to find additional pages residing on the same server. To find information on other sites, enter the author's name in a search engine.
All authors who worked on this project are associated with IMSA, a prestigious educational institution. The senior author and former director of Online Learning, Dr. David Barr, is a member of the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE). His expertise comes through working with schools throughout the state to develop innovative educational programs, serving on the Illinois State Board of Education's Technology Coalition Planning Committee and the Illinois Century Network's Advanced Engineering Advisory Committee.
Tip# 2: Is the PUBLISHER reliable?
Questions to ask:
How reliable is the publisher (site) of the web page?
Is this a national or international organization? What is the mission of the organization? Is this site sponsoring the author's page or just providing web space? Does the site provide a contact for further information?
Knowing about the organization that sponsors a site can sometimes provide clues for further investigation. Educational, non-profit and commercial sites tend to sponsor different kinds of information. However, unless you know something about the sponsoring organization, just knowing their name is no guarantee of quality.
Identify the domain of the site (what are the last letters of the URL?).
Look for "about this site" links and follow them to find what the organizations have to say about themselves.
Backtrack through the hierarchy of the URL (also known as truncation). This will often take you to the main home page of the organization where relevant information may be found.
The publisher of this web site is the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy. The .edu in the URL for The Internet Search Wizard indicates that it is an academy or college web site. IMSA is a state funded learning enterprise working to liberate the human spirit for the world. The mission of the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, a pioneering educational community, is to transform mathematics and science teaching and learning by developing ethical leaders who know the joy of discovering and forging connections within and among mathematics, science, the arts, and the humanities by means of an exemplary laboratory environment characterized by research, innovative teaching, and service. Visitors are encouraged to contact the 21CIF Team at IMSA with feedback and/or questions.
Tip# 3: What pages LINK FROM the author's page?
Questions to ask:
How reliable are the pages that the author's page link to?
Do these pages support or contradict facts or opinions on the author's page? Do these pages add any new information on the topic? Are the pages on another site or the same site? Are the pages from the same or a different domain?
"Links from" a Webpage are like footnotes in a hard copy document; they may provide a context for evaluation. They can reveal how an author supports his or her argument and what other information he or she considers worth linking to.
Click a link to open it. If a link is no longer working, truncate the URL and try to find the same or related page on the same site. (run your cursor over the URL then select and delete from the right side back, stopping at different '/' marks) You can also use a search engine to search for the same file name on the site.
All pages linked from the 21CIF Search Wizard web site support the facts and opinions presented. Many of these linked pages offer additional information deepening the readers knowledge on specific concepts. Many pages link to other IMSA web pages; many more link to external organizations (.org), networks (.net), and educational (.edu) institutions. A few links are made to the most educationally focused commercial (.com) and government (.gov) web sites.
Tip# 4: Do reliable pages LINK TO this author?
Questions to ask:
Do other reliable (or unreliable) pages provide links to the author's page?
Do these pages support or contradict facts or opinions on the author's page? Do these pages add any new information or perspective on the topic? Are these pages on the same or different sites? Are these pages in the same or a different domain?
"Links to" a page or site can tell you who considers it a valuable page or site. If other reputable authors or organizations reference the page, it suggests that others have evaluated it positively.
Individual search engines may have their own "links to" features, usually on the advanced search page. Use the following with most other search engines. Type the word "link" followed by a colon and the URL of the page you are evaluating.
Slightly different results are possible if you add an "s" on the end and/or add a space after the colon. Most engines require the "http://" part. The resulting list will contain Webpages that link to the URL you want to evaluate.
Another way to explore related sites is to use the "What's Related" feature of the Netscape browser or the Alexa plug-in for Internet Explorer. This strategy is not as dependable as the "links to" approach, but can help you find other sites that may be used to help evaluate a site.
Linking web sites consist of mainly educational ventures. They support the Internet Search Wizard's efforts to improve teaching and learning in Illinois and beyond. They offer alternative perspectives and additional information about the current state of education. Pages linked to us cover as wide a variety of sites and domains as the pages we link to.
A few sites that link to us:
Illinois School Library Media Association
International Society for Technology in Education
New York City Department of Education
Tip# 5: Information from "TRADITIONAL" sources
Questions to ask:
What information on the topic is available from traditional sources such as newspapers, magazines, encyclopedias or library resources on the web?
Do these pages support or contradict facts or opinions on the author's page? Do these pages add any new information or perspectives on the topic? Are these sources likely to be more reliable than the author's page?
Pages on the web that are published in print by publishers or by libraries go through a traditional evaluation process before being published and provide a more dependable standard for evaluating an author or a page.
Check out libraries, professional associations, Biographies, Bibliographies, encyclopedia's and the like online. Look for publications by the author or organization in traditional formats.
IMSA has been cited by NBC-TV's Dateline, CNN's Science and Technology News, USA Today, USA Weekend, New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, BBC-TV's The Money Programme, Physicians Lifestyle Magazine, Education Week, Teacher Magazine, Curriculum Review, Educational Leadership, The Executive Educator, and Redbook, to name a few. All reviews and articles have been supportive.
Libraries include the 21CIF tools in lists of major search engines such as: Yahoo, AltaVista, and Northern Light; suggesting that it is just as credible as leading search engines. Many references offer additional information about searching the Internet and evaluating resources as well as ways to integrate Internet resources into educational environments.
Tip# 6: Is the page FRESH?
Questions to ask:
How recently was the page published or updated? Does the date of publication affect the reliability of the information? Does the date the document was last updated affect the reliability of the information? How accurately can you determine the date of publication or updating?
It is important to know whether the information you have found is fresh or outdated. Much information on the web is not updated after it is originally published, and it is harder to determine when web information was published or updated.
Determine how important is it that your presentation use up-to-date information. If the subject is ancient history, then recent changes to the subject matter may not be important or even available.
Look at the bottom of a web page to see if the author has indicated when the page was last updated. Authors and web-masters typically put update information there. If you are using the Firefox or Netscape browser, you can use the "Page Info" option under the Tools or View menu to see information about when the document was last modified on the server where it resides.
This page was last updated on November 22, 2005. Because our search engine is a meta search engine, it is important we keep it up to date in order to receive results from the quickly changing search engines we use. However, our project tips will most likely remain accurate even as time passes.
Tip #7: Is the information ACCURATE?
Assess the accuracy of the information in the document.
Questions to ask:
Is the content of the site a true reflection of what it says it is? Are the facts correct? Is there a way to judge accuracy, such as independent access to information upon which the site is based? Are there typographical or grammatical errors?
Why ?
The accuracy of factual information can tell you something about the care the author took in preparing the document and can provide clues to (lack of) expertise or potential bias in the ideas represented in the document.
Cross check factual data with other documents on the web by searching for other pages containing information about the facts. Even checking spelling and grammar can sometimes provide a clue about the care taken in creating a document. (By the way, "accurate" was intentionally misspelled in the title.)
The 21CIF Search Wizard includes "How-to" guides to searching the Internet. According to other web sites and paper documentation covering the same topics, the content presented is accurate. We watch for typographical and grammatical errors and fix them when found.
Tip# 8: Does the page show BIAS in perspective?
Questions to ask:
Does the language of the document tend to be extreme or include words that seem out of place? Does the argument appeal more to emotions than to reason? Does the argument over-simplify or over-generalize? Does the author present a limited or one-sided perspective on the topic?
Why ?
Bias is a clue that the author may have a deeper purpose than what is first apparent. Information may be missing by design, facts may be one-sided or strong words.may be used place of a reasonable explanation.
There may be no substitute for reading carefully. Pay attention to unexpected WORDS and TONE. If you come across words that seem to be out of place, opinionated, too strong for the content or used in such a way that it makes you react or feel uncomfortable, ask, "what is the author trying to do here?" Be on the alert when you sense something "is too good to be true." You may also try the FIND feature in your browser to look for key words, facts, or other words to see how the author uses them in different contexts in the document.
Opinions are part of life and so is bias. People tend to promote different views in what they do and say. When one side of an idea is favored, but not the others, that is bias. In fact, it's hard not to be biased.
When does bias become a critical issue? There are bound to be a variety of opinions about this as well. While each person has to decide this for himself or herself, here are two blatant uses of bias found on the Internet:
Malicious bias -- Information mainly intended to destroy a person's or an organization's reputation. Martin Luther King Jr: A true historical examination provides an example of this. Note the use of words like "illicit" on the home page.
Disguised bias -- Information mainly intended to change the reader's mind or actions. While this can be malicious, typical tactics include misrepresenting facts, fraud, making something sound too good to be true or just presenting one side of a story. These often have to do with money, politics, religion, and personal lifestyles.
A glossary of Internet frauds: Lookstoogoodtbetrue.com
Tip #9: What evidence is provided in support?
Questions to ask:
What evidence is provided to support opinions and conclusions expressed in the document?
Does the author provide data to support each important opinion or conclusion? Is the data quantitative or qualitative? Is the evidence supported by references to accepted authorities on the topic? Is there information on the page that would allow you to contact the author or publisher to check the information?
Opinions and conclusions are only as credible as the arguments and evidence used to support them. The amount, quality and logic of the evidence is a key to the reliability of the information presented in a web page.
Look for verifiable facts or references to authoritative sources that can help you determine the credibility of the argument or information. Cross reference the information to other sources. Look for information that contradicts the information given. In the end, you will have to use your own critical thinking skills to sort out fact from opinion and logical argument from emotional appeals.
21CIF Annotated Links provides users with links to many valuable web sites. These sites support the data, most of which is qualitative in nature. If you ever have any questions or comments about the information provided on this website, feel free to contact the 21cif Project Team via email.
Tip# 10: Contact an expert
Questions to ask:
Can you contact someone with expertise in the area to validate the opinions or conclusions expressed in the document?
Do you know someone with experience or expertise on this topic? Do you know someone who could refer you to an expert on the topic? Can you find someone online whose credibility on this topic is well established?
Seeking multiple sources for information (sometimes called triangulation) is a dependable way to be sure that you are getting the whole story and not just part of the story, particularly if the subject is a complex one.
Search for the authors of other web pages (or other pages on the web) who have written about this topic and contact them via email. Ask your librarian or a teacher or someone else you know who is interested in the topic.
These are just a few of the many well-respected organizations attempting to manage the complicated topic of Learning and the Internet:
International Technology Education Association
North Central Regional Educational Laboratory
The Foundation for Critical Thinking


text:
Viewers: in countries Watching now:
Excel 2007: Business Statistics with Curtis Frye shows managers and executives how to assess their organization's data effectively by applying statistical analysis techniques. The course covers important statistical terms and definitions, and then dives into techniques using the tools in Excel: formulas and functions for calculating averages and standard deviations, charts and graphs for summarizing data, and the Analysis ToolPak add-in for even greater insights into data. Exercise files are included with the course.
Hi! I'm Curt Frye. Welcome to Excel 2007 Business Statistics. In this course, I'll show you powerful techniques you can use to analyze your business data to help you make better decisions about your company and its operations. I'll start by showing you how to use Excel's built-in tools to manage your data, examine your formulas, and install the Analysis ToolPak add-in which greatly expands your ability to analyze data in Excel. Next, I'll define important statistical terms, discuss the two different types of statistical analysis, and provide an overview of how you can use statistics to help run your business.
With that information in mind, I'll dive into the specifics of statistics in Excel, showing you how to summarize your data by using charts and graphs, creating frequency distributions for non-numerical data, and by calculating averages, standard deviations, and other useful statistics. The last half of the course presents more advanced techniques, such as analyzing several distinct data distributions, inferring information about a data set based on a sample, and testing hypotheses.
I'll end the course with a look at forecasting and linear regression, techniques that you can use to plan the future of your business. Excel 2007 provides powerful statistical capabilities that help you gain useful insights. I'm sure you'll find this course will be time well spent.
There are currently no FAQs about Excel 2007: Business Statistics.
Access exercise files from a button right under the course name.
Search within course videos and transcripts, and jump right to the results.
Remove icons showing you already watched videos if you want to start over.
Make the video wide, narrow, full-screen, or pop the player out of the page into its own window.
Click on text in the transcript to jump to that spot in the video. As the video plays, the relevant spot in the transcript will be highlighted.


text:
The invention relates to an organic field effect transistor with off-set threshold voltage. Said OFET has an intermediate layer that defines a space charge region between the insulator and the semiconductor.
1. An OFET, having a threshold voltage, comprising:
a substrate;
an active semiconductor layer; and
an intermediate layer adjacent to the active semiconductive layer, which intermediate layer offsets the threshold voltage of the OFET by defining a space charge region in the active layer.
2. OFET according to
3. OFET according to
4. OFET according to one of
5. OFET according to
6. OFET according to
7. OFET according to
8. Use of the OFET according to
9. Use of the OFET according to
10. Use of the OFET according to
11. Use of the OFET according to
12. Use of the OFET according to
13. Use of the OFET according to
14. Use of the OFET according to
This application is a 371 of PCT/DE02/04520, Sep. 12, 2002, which claims benefit of Germany application 101 60 732.6, filed Dec. 11, 2001
Organic field effect transistor with offset threshold voltage and the use thereof
The invention relates to an organic field effect transistor with offset threshold voltage.
A key parameter in the case of organic field effect transistors (OFETs) is the position of the threshold voltage. This voltage indicates the, gate voltage at which the current channel of the transistor originates or becomes conductive. If it is around 0V, two problems arise when setting up integrated circuits from these OFETs: two voltage supplies are required instead of one and roughly double the number of transistors are needed, as the output voltages of the logic elements have to be offset, before they can be used to activate further logic elements. The result of these problems is for example a significant increase in power consumption, which complicates the use of polymer electronics, i.e. electronics based on organic materials, for applications such as RF-ID (radio frequency identification) tags.
In the case of the most promising OFETS for future applications, those based on polyalkylthiophene, as known for example from the publication by H. Sirringhaus (H. Sirringhaus, N. Tessler, et al. (1999). Elsevier Synthetic Metals 102: 857–860), the threshold voltage is around 0V. In the case of OFETs with pentacene as the semiconductor, the threshold voltage is even at positive voltages (C. D. Sheraw, J. A. Nichols et al. (2000), IEDM 20-00, p. 619–22). The problems set out above therefore result. As OFETs are based on the principle of charge carrier accumulation, the position of the threshold voltage cannot be adjusted by means of the channel thickness, as is usually the case for example with Si-MOS-FETs (silicon metal oxide field effect transistors). Even a thicker insulator layer only offsets the threshold voltage to an insignificant extent. It would also have a significantly detrimental effect on the on/off relationship of the OFETs at the same time. The obvious option for offsetting the threshold voltage, namely using a gate electrode, which has a lower work function, is not a feasible solution, as in practice these cannot be made from a conductive organic material.
The object of the invention is therefore to provide an option for offsetting the threshold voltage in OFETs, in particular in those with a threshold voltage close to 0V or in the positive range. The object of the invention is also to disclose uses for OFETs with an offset threshold voltage.
The object of the invention is an OFET comprising at least a substrate, structured source/drain electrodes, which are embedded in an organic semiconductor layer, adjacent to which are an insulator layer and a gate electrode, whereby there is an intermediate layer between the semiconductor layer and the insulator layer that defines a space charge region there.
The "space charge region" is an area in which there are no free charge carriers.
The intermediate layer generates a space charge region, which prevents the formation of a conductive current channel at low gate voltages. Normal generation of a current channel only takes place at higher gate voltages. This means that the threshold voltage is offset without disadvantages such as deterioration of the ON/OFF relationship, etc. or lower output currents. Whether the threshold voltage offset is 2V, 5V or over 10V depends on the thickness and donor concentration of the intermediate layer and can be adjusted as required by means of an appropriate selection. This represents an important advantage of the invention disclosure.
A further advantage of the invention is that OFETs with such an intermediate layer are significantly less susceptible to unintentional background doping of the semiconductor, as this is actively compensated for by the intermediate layer. This simplifies OFET production, as they do not have to be produced subject to oxygen exclusion.
According to one embodiment, the intermediate layer is made from small, polarizable molecules with internal dipole moment (e.g. disulfide dipole molecules) or silanes, fullerenes or perylenes.
According to one embodiment, the intermediate layer is a few to several 10s of nanometers thick.
When producing organic transistors or organic integrated circuits, the intermediate layer can either be applied to the semiconductor layer (in the case of top gate OFETs) or the insulator layer (in the case of bottom gate OFETs). Application can be effected by centrifuging, casting, printing, vapor, immersion in a solution or another application method.
The invention can be used with both positively conductive and negatively conductive OFETs. As however the focus of interest is on negatively conductive OFETs at present, the description below, based on figures showing exemplary embodiments of the invention, is restricted to positively conductive OFETs.
The subject matter of the invention is the insertion of a very thin, nonconductive layer between the semiconductive material and the insulator in the OFET. The invention allows the threshold voltage of an OFET to be offset for the first time and the production of the OFET to be simplified at the same time, as there is no need for oxygen exclusion during production.
Citations de brevets
Citations hors brevets
Rķfķrencķ par
╔vķnements juridiques
Image d'origine
Faire pivoter


text:
We have seen that Prof. Tayler Lewis has come to the conclusion that, in the sentence of our Saviour on the judgment-day, the word aionios means pertaining to the world to come, and not eternal and everlasting, as it is translated. We have seen that he claims the Peshito as on his side. We have seen that this effects a change of position in the whole subject, allowing us to raise the question: "What is the life, and what the punishment, of the world to come? Is it ultimate annihilation after just punishment, or final restoration after severe remedial punishment, or endless suffering?"
We have said that the proper course in this case is not to be excited or react against him, but to compare his results with the language of the early creeds and of the fathers, and to see if there is such an agreement as to produce a sense of verisimilitude.
Importance and Authority of Ancient Creeds.
There is a special reason for looking to the ancient creeds for light on this question. They do not go into metaphysical systems as do some of the later creeds, but confine themselves to the great facts that cluster around the incarnation of Christ, his life, sufferings, death, and resurrection, and coming to judge the world. They include also our resurrection, judgment, and awards. The public creeds generally mention the awards of life, and say nothing of punishment. Some early creeds, drawn up by individuals, mention both. Two of the earliest creeds use the very words of Christ, aionian life; other creeds throw light on their sense, especially on the sense of the word aionios. This kind of evidence is as direct and authoritative as is possible. It is the testimony of the early Church, speaking in her creeds.
Principles of Reasoning.
If we state a self-evident principle, it may prepare the way. If, then, aionian life was introduced into the earliest creeds, and if aionios was held to mean everlasting or eternal, and if the idea was felt to be of fundamental importance, it is highly improbable, not to say impossible, that in subsequent creeds it should be dropped, and in place of it the idea "pertaining to the world to come" should be introduced. If the creeds began with the idea everlasting, it could not have been universally dropped, and another idea taken in its place, without protest and without controversy.
The Facts.
Now, what are the facts? They are these: The earlier creeds introduce "aionios" to qualify life. The later creeds drop it, and in place of it introduce the idea "of the world to come," as a perfect equivalent to aionios. Thus the early creeds say, "I believe in the aionian life;" the later creeds say as a perfect equivalent, "I believe in the life of the world to come;" and this change was made without controversy or protest.
Early Creeds.
The earliest creed is that which is called the Apostles' Creed. It is used in the Episcopal Prayer-Book, and is recognized by all denominations. The closing article of this creed is, "I believe in the resurrection of the body, and the aionian life" (aionios). The creed of the church of Jerusalem, also, which was a very early creed, closes in the same way.
Here, now, we have the very words used by Christ, zoe aionios, introduced as an article of faith in two of the earliest creeds. If, now aionios means "eternal" here, how can it in subsequent creeds assume the form "of the world to come?" But where does it assume that form? We reply, at the close of the completed Nicene Creed.
Nicene Creed.
The Nicene Creed is the first great ecumenical creed established by a council of the early church. In it the doctrine of the supreme divinity of Christ was promulgated, and the foundation laid of the church doctrine of the Trinity, in the year 325. Afterwards, at Constantinople, in the year 381, this creed was confirmed and completed by the more full development of the doctrine concerning the divinity of the Holy Spirit, thus fully developing the doctrine of the Trinity. This is the creed which the American Episcopal Church has introduced into its Prayer-Book in the place of the Athanasian Creed which was omitted. It is, therefore, a very prominent and important creed. It is in this that the expression "life of the world to come" is used as an equivalent to the aionian life. The last article of this creed is, "I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come." The connection of the resurrection and the awards of the judgment is so intimate that we cannot avoid the conclusion that these words refer to the life spoken of by the judge on that day. It is called the life of the world to come, as one of the great results of the judgment which must be well known to all. Now, if this is the true meaning of zoe aionios, in the great award, it is easy to account for this usage in the Nicene Creed. It simply presents in another form the true meaning of the award of Christ to the righteous on the great day of retribution. This is worthy of such a place of honor in the creed. If, now, the word aionios was universally understood to mean everlasting, it is utterly improbable that that idea would be dropped in any creed and a different one taken in its place. But, if zoe aionios was universally understood to mean the life of the world to come, then the Nicene Creed did not drop the idea, but, as we have said, simply used another mode of expressing it, which was a little more stately and impressive.
Other Creeds.
That this was the prevailing, or rather universal sense attached to this last article of the early creeds, is obvious, from the fact that it is introduced in the same place in other creeds besides the Nicene. In the apostolic constitutions a creed is given to be used in the reception of members to the church. It has, of course, no apostolic authority, but it fairly represents the general and early usage in the church. At the close of this creed all the church are represented as believing in the resurrection and the life of the world to come. This shows clearly how general and how familiar this mode of expression was, and that it was the true idea of the Church in all her creeds.
The same thing is clearly shown in the creed presented by Arius to Constantine, in proof of his orthodoxy. In this, his aim, of course, must have been to come as near to the universally recognized orthodox expressions as possible. Accordingly, he professes his belief in the resurrection and the life of the world to come.
Harmony of Confessions.
It must not be forgotten that alongside of all these later creeds the Apostles' Creed was everywhere used, professing faith in the resurrection and in the aionian life. If it had not been felt that the sense was exactly the same, plainly the concord of confessions would have been felt to be interrupted, and the question must have arisen, Which is the true idea? But no such question arose; no disagreement of sense was perceived. Whichever creed was cited, all seemed to feel that they professed one and the same thing. This coincidence of idea between the ancient creeds and the Syriac version, which, as has been stated, always speaks of the life of the world to come, as denoted by aionios zoe, seems to be decisive of the generally-accepted meaning of what is translated, life everlasting, in the Apostles' Creed. It should, therefore, be translated life of the world to come, in the Apostles' Creed, even in the Prayer-Book, so as to agree with the other creeds as a profession of faith in the life of the world to come, because this is the true sense.
So much for public creeds. Let us now consider certain creeds drawn up by individuals whose sentiments are well-known.
Individual Creeds.
Of these, we shall refer to two, one by Irenaeus, and the other by Origen. I refer to these creeds for this reason, that they throw light on their understanding of the word aionios, translated eternal. It will be conceded that, if a writer openly declares the punishment of the wicked to be eternal suffering, he will not immediately proceed to represent them as finally annihilated, or as ultimately restored to holiness, for this would involve a contradiction too gross to escape his notice.
Creed of Irenaeus.
But it is true that Irenaeus, in a creed drawn up by him, and designed to give a summary of the great facts in which the whole Church is agreed, does, in fact, use the word aionios to describe the punishment of the wicked. Now, if he understood this as meaning simply the punishment of the world to come, he would feel at perfect liberty to proceed and set forth the suffering and the final annihilation of the wicked, for this would but define the nature of the punishment of the world to come.
What, then, are the facts as to Irenaeus? Since he has been canonized as a saint, and since he stood in such close connection with Polycarp and with John the apostle, there has been a very great reluctance to admit the real facts of the case. Massuetus has employed much sophistry in endeavoring to hide them. Nevertheless, as we shall clearly show hereafter, they are incontrovertibly these: that he taught a final restitution of all things to unity and order by the annihilation of all the finally impenitent. Express statements of his in his creed, and in a fragment referred to by Prof. Schaff, on universal restoration ("History," vol. i., p. 490), and in other parts of his great work against the Gnostics, prove this beyond all possibility of refutation. The inference from this is plain. He did not understand aionios in the sense eternal, but in the sense claimed by Prof. Lewis; that is, pertaining to the world to come. He held that wicked men and devils would be consigned to the punishment of the world to come, and that this, at a time to be decided by the wisdom and justice of God, would result in their annihilation, and thus in cleansing the universe from every form of sin.
Creed of Origen.
The case of Origen is no less striking and conclusive. As an introduction to his system of theology, he states certain great facts as a creed believed by all the Church. In these he states the doctrine of future retribution as aionian life and aionian punishment, using the words of Christ. Now, if Origen understood aionios in the sense pertaining to the world to come, there would be nothing to prevent him from regarding aionian punishment as a remedial punishment destined to result in the ultimate restoration of all to holiness. On the other hand, if he understood aionios as meaning strictly eternal, then to pursue such a course would involve him in gross and palpable self-contradiction. But no one can hide the facts of the case. After setting forth the creed of the Church as already stated, including aionian punishment, he forthwith proceeds, with elaborate reasoning, again and again to prove the doctrine of universal restoration.
The conclusion from these facts is obvious. Origen did not understand aionios as meaning eternal, but rather as meaning pertaining to the world to come.
Case of the Emperor Justinian.
Other cases of a like kind could be adduced, but these are sufficient, at least for the present. Yet there is one case so striking that it deserves special mention, though it involves an anticipation of some facts of history in order to understand its full force.
Some centuries, then, after the death of Origen, that great theologian in his own esteem, the Emperor Justinian, directed Mennas, the Patriarch of Constantinople, to call a local council in the year 544 to condemn errors of Origen. Among these errors was the doctrine of universal restoration. Justinian, in his letter to Mennas, presents an elaborate argument against that doctrine among others, and concludes it with a careful statement of the true faith. Here, now, was a call for an unambiguous word to denote eternal, as applied to life and punishment. The emperor, writing in Greek, had his choice of words. What word, then, from the full vocabulary of Greece, did he select? Did he rely on the word aionios as, of itself, sufficient for his purpose? Not at all. As if aware that it could denote simply "pertaining to the world to come," he prefixes to it a word properly denoting eternal, so that his language is this, "The Holy Church of Christ teaches an endless aionian life to the righteous and endless punishment to the wicked." Here the word used to denote endless in both cases is ateleutetos. In the case of punishment he omits aionios entirely. To denote the endless life of the righteous he uses the same unambiguous word ateleutetos, but prefixes it to aionios. But when he thus said the Church teaches an endless aionian life to the righteous, did he mean so flat a tautology as an endless endless life? Or did he prefix to the life of the world to come, as used in the creeds, a word that truly denotes eternal?
It deserves, also, particular notice, that, in a deliberate and formal effort to characterize the punishment of the wicked as strictly eternal, he does not rely on or use the word aionios at all, but employs an entirely different word, ateleutetos.
There was good reason for the distrust of Justinian of the power of the word aionios to express endless life and endless punishment. One of his contemporaries, the philosopher Olympiodorus, had pointedly used the word as directly opposed to endless punishment, and denoting a limited period. Speaking of the punishments of Tartarus, he says, Do not suppose that the soul is punished for endless aions [Greek letters here] in Tartarus. Very properly, the soul is not punished to gratify the revenge of the divinity, but for the sake of healing. But we say that the soul is punished for an aionion period [Greek letters here], calling its life, and its allotted period of punishment, its aion." Of the very worst, he says that they need a second life, and a second period of punishment, to be made perfectly pure, and that Plato called this double period their aion. With this distinct denial of endless punishment before his eyes, and a recognition in its place of aionian punishment as the direct antithesis to it, how could Justinian express endless punishment except by another word denoting endlessness?
This usage of Olympiodorus coincides in principle with that of Dr. Tayler Lewis. Aionian punishment is for an age, or aion. Besides, the view of Prof. Lewis is in striking accordance with the usages of ancient creeds and ancient fathers, and has a verisimilitude so remarkable as to satisfy even a skeptical mind. It is a new instance of that linguistic sagacity for which he is so highly distinguished.
Our purpose can now be seen. We have aimed to open the way for a true understanding of the opinions of the fathers as to the meaning of the words of Christ at the judgment, and to show that they did not feel themselves bound by them to the belief of the eternity of future punishments.
That purpose we have effected by evidence of the highest kind, amounting to philogical demonstration.
It does not prove that they are not eternal. There may be evidence from other sources that they are so. But, by the words of Christ in the judgment, the early fathers did not feel themselves bound to any particular view, and, accordingly, thought and reasoned freely on the whole subject.
FORWARD>> (Next Chapter: AGE OF FREE THOUGHT AND INQUIRY)