text:
The ancient history of Libya, the undiscovered country,
is mainly known to us through a few scattered ancient Egyptian
references and loose Greek and Roman descriptions, such as those
of Herodotus, Diodorus and Sallust; the last of whom wrote
in his "Jugurthine
War" that: "Africa was in the beginning
peopled by the Gaetulians and Libyans, rude and uncivilized tribes, who
subsisted on the flesh of wild animals, or on the herbage of the
soil like cattle"; before he goes on to expause, "They
were controlled by neither customs, laws, nor the authority of any ruler; they
roamed about . . . and slept in those shelters to which
night drove them."
more recent hypo-theses pertaining the history and the
origin of the Libyans, the Berbers, are no better than Sallust's hallucinations.
Some say the ancient Libyans came from Asia; supremacists say
they escaped Europe's Ice Age; Aryans
purport they were Greek invaders; eccentric Gaddafi says from Yemen; some Eurocentricists
connect them with blond sea pirates; while exotic writers derive them from Libyan
Poseidon's Atlantis - somewhere between the lines of Plato's Atlas Mountain
in 'Libya'. Landing from Orion, Sirius or Draco, however,
derails the whole "pro-ject"
off the record, by denying the Berbers any association
with the 'earth'.
The truth is simple: Libya and the whole
North African littoral was originally inhabited by an indigenous group
of Berber tribes whose linguistic unity proves an ethnic sub-stratum
of autochthons single race had existed in North Africa from the Mediterranean
to the Sudan and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea; occupying nearly half
Africa and comprising massive Libya and Algeria, as well as the Sahara
herself, Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Mauritania, Niger, Mali, Burkina
Faso and the conquered Canary Islands themselves.
This linguistic unity of such diverse
world is part of much larger phylum which includes Ancient
Egyptian, Chadic, Ethiopian, Omotic and most recently Semitic, in what is originally
known as Hamito-Semitic but now renamed Afro-Asiatic or Afrasiatic.
They have built countless civilisations including the first ones; and ever since
remain the proud Berbers of an empire without borders - the borders imposed by
outsiders together with brutal history.
The Berbers are often
excluded from Libya's history, except perhaps when they come in
contact with conflict and the various conquests their countries came
to consume. Even the late Ancient Egyptians made a habit of mentioning Libyans
or Berbers more to do with wars than anything else, such as the invasions of
King Shishenq --- just as the upsurge in Berber "politics" today
is there because of the February
War -
albeit the debate is buried in Facebook.
Libya's rich archaeological
heritage was first noticed by the outside world during the Italian occupation
wars, where preliminary excavations produced some outstanding results. But although
the Second War quickly brought an end to this period of excavation, steps were
taken afterwards by the Libyan government
in association with the British administration to build the "Antiquities
Department". However, Libya's archaeological heritage was left neglected
and even vandalised, and many of its treasures and remains remained scattered
across the Sahara, in millions;
looted by visitors, diplomats, tomb raiders and antiquity traders, and
reburied by sand for future humans to rediscover.
Full scientific and archaeological
survey of Libya will take decades if not centuries to complete; and therefore
proper history of Libya was never written, remains to be written, and must
include the recent genetic evidence regarding the origin of the ancient Libyans;
proving the continuous existence of the Berbers (or their ancestors) in North
Africa for the last 50,000 years. McBurney's archaeological discoveries have
previously extended this continuous existence of Libyans to 100,000 years -
one line of living entities in one single cave - Haua
Fteah Cave - one of the largest caves in the
visible world. Finally, scientists have finally confirmed that all modern humans
descended from primal Africa, and in particular from one single mother they named "African
who lived in Africa 100,000 years ago.
Hundreds of millions of years ago the Sahara desert was covered by great seas.
As the seas drifted away, land slowly gave way to a great desert, much larger
than the one we have now - around five times bigger than it is today (when Africa
and Asia were still joined together). Since then, the Sahara comes and goes,
just as ice ages do nearby. One of these most recent cycles brought heavy rainfalls
to the area, and slowly turned the Sahara to wet green land, covered with lakes
and rivers, most suitable for water-thirsty animals like hippopotami, rhinoceroses,
crocodiles, elephants, and primates.
During Europe's merciless Ice Ages, the Sahara was a warm
shelter for many European refugees, who fled their homes for the luxurious and
exotic paradise of North Africa. This lost paradise was
the home of several extinct civilisations, traces of which still are preserved
across the Sahara's cave galleries. The cultures
were so advanced of anything known elsewhere, and had advanced, "dramatic
anthropomorphic symbolism"! Such civilisations now are the
focus of many scientific disciplines from around the world, in search of human's
primeval past.
The 55 million years old fossil of a primate found in
Morocco, and the 35 million years old Aegyptopithecus found
in Fayyum, in Egypt, are considered the oldest
primate remains ever found in Africa. The earliest known
hominoid (man-like) fossil, dubbed Oligopitchecus
Savagei and which
was also found in Fayyum, is 33 million years old. About seven
million years ago, proto-humans diverged into a separate evolutionary
tree, and soon afterwards, about five million years ago, Africa itself began
to crack along its eastern ridge, leading to the formation of the Red
Sea and the emergence of the great Rift Valleys: one running from Abyssinia to
Lake Victoria, and the other from Victoria to the Zambesi. It was suggested that
the subsidence is continuously creating new lakes, which by trapping
more sediments preserve more fossils and hence the abundance of
fossil records in East Africa.
About 3.7 million years ago, the Australopithecus have
evolved to become the first ancestor who marked the beginning of
human culture, symbolised by tool making, the use of fire, and
organised settlements into perhaps what we now know as "society".
The discoveries at Ain Hanech in North Africa, when
most archaeologists believed no human artifacts older than the Pleistocene
can be found, confirmed that tool-making
(early) humans had lived in North Africa in the Pliocene. They
made hand-axes, and polygonal nodules and cores of limestone with many flakes
removed. Stone tools connected with the east African Olduvai
Gorge, from
Tanzania, were said to be the same as those found in Ain Hanech;
suggesting a link with East Africa.
Until now, Africa was considered the only continent our early
ancestors inhabited. Around 2 million years ago, they were advanced
enough to initiate the greatest journey of all times: the exploration
of planet earth. The Homo Erectus stood up and left
Africa to colonise Asia and Europe. Their bones were found in North
Africa, as far west as Casablanca, Rabat and Ternifine,
and in Asia, as far as China. Since their earliest remains in Europe
and Asia date back to about 700,000 years ago, anthropologists
have concluded that their journey must took them more than half
a million years. Those ancestors who remained in Africa evolved
into our own species, the Homo Sapiens, who also
went on to colonise Asia and Europe.
Around 800,000 years ago, the Sahara was hot, tropical, very
damp and covered with swamps, lakes and rivers. There were herds of
elephants and antelopes, hippopotami in the lakes, crocodiles in
the rivers, and vegetation everywhere. This period of heavy rain
lasted for hundreds of thousands of years. Then around 450,000
years ago, the earliest type of pebble-tool in Tokra (Cyrenaica)
and Bir
Dufan (Tripolitania) was replaced by the hand-axe.
About 200,000 years ago, the Neanderthals evolved, and were still
in existence when modern humans emerged about 50,000 years ago.
It was initially said that the two species did not co-exist and
thus the Neanderthals went extinct about 29,000 years ago. But, as always
is the case with premature research, scientists now say they never went extinct,
but mingled and intermarried with the new comers, just as humans still do. About
125,000 years ago the hand-axe was replaced by the Levallois or Prepared-Core technique.
Evidence from this period indicates humans were well familiar with fishing techniques,
and painted their faces with red ochre.
The most important Neanderthal site from Libya is the
Cave of Haua Fteah', near Marsa Sousa, in eastern
Libya; other North African sites include Jebel
Irhoud, Temara and Tangier. The Neanderthals were fairly short and had long
skulls, protruding at the back, and heavier brows and jaws. They
were the first humans to design clothes out of animal skin and
the first in line to bury their dead. The Haua Fteah' in
eastern Libya is one of the largest prehistoric cave-sites in the
world and certainly the largest in the Mediterranean basin. A super-massive
structure, providing continuous archaeological record from 100,000
years ago to the present. According to C.B.M
McBurney (Libya in History, p. 7), "During
the Last Interglacial period
some 90,000 years ago Cyrenaica was occupied by an exceptionally
inventive and advanced group of Paleolithic hunters, among the
most technologically progressive communities so far known to have
existed at the time." These ancient Libyan hunters lived on
wild cattle, gazelle, snails and marine molluscs, and made tools
far in advance of anything known at the time, including a bone
flute. This hardly known discovery, which McBurney brought to the
attention of the international community way back in the 1950s,
remains one of the best evidences that humans have
existed continuously in one site in Libya for 100,000 years.
About 37,000 years ago, Libya, and much of North Africa,
was occupied by tall, large-brained, and powerfully built humans, known as
the Cro-Magnon. The remains of this type were found to be
older than other Cro-Magnon samples from other sites (Europe
and Middle East), and it was widely believed that they were the
direct ancestors of the Berbers and the Iberians.
Cultural evidence from Fezzan, the home of the classical Garamantes
then the most advanced people in the Sahara, goes back to more
than 30,000 years. Stone implements dated to the late Acheulean
and the Aterian (named after Bir el-Ater) cultures (100,000
- 30,000 BC) were found in numerous sites from the Fezzan area,
and, according to most sources, many more await discovery. Rüdiger
and Gabriele Lutz (1955) recall the cultures of Fezzan to have evolved over the
past hundreds of thousands of years and vanished under adverse conditions. "Stone
tools of bygone eras are lying about in millions, from the relics of early and
late Acheulian (up to 500.000 years), Levalloisian (100.000 years) and Mousterian
(50.000 years) to Aterian (40.000-20.000 years)." Many of the ancient Egyptian
and Berber mythical gods and goddesses are still represented on the rock art
of the Sahara, in what is known as the largest collection of prehistoric
art in the world: well over one hundred thousand sites. The
dating of Fezzan's rock drawings to 12,000 BC is widely disputed,
and many scholars now call for pushing this date farther back in
time on the light of the recent discoveries, and also strongly
criticised the old techniques originally used to date the work
some 40 or 50 years ago.
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20,000 years ago humans began migrating out of the area and, according to the
latest genetic evidence, headed for Iberia, Egypt, and the Middle East, where
they spread the new culture all around the Mediterranean sea. Recent archaeological
research has confirmed that the so called Ibero-maurusian culture (22,000
BC), was in fact purely Berber culture, and
that the name Ibero- was added by Aryanists for political reasons.
The skeletal remains of a population anthropologists named
were said to date between 15,000 and 10,000 BC. These settlements
were typically small, of about 100 individuals, mostly of women
and children! They posed the largest cranial capacity of any
population the world has ever seen; indicating, perhaps, their
relation to the earlier, large-brained Cro-Magnons. Dr Carleton
Coon has pointed out that the Mouillan features have never before
evolved in such combinations in any race at that time in human's
("Some years ago Diole
wrote: "The name of the Garamantes . . . does little
more, really, than designate our ignorance." C. Daniels.)
The breathtaking treasures of the Sahara's prehistoric
drawings and engravings are perhaps the best measure of the
level of civilisation attained by these peoples.
Sadly, this world heritage material is largely neglected
and still remains to this day scattered across
the Sahara desert as if it were historical garbage, and even intentionally desecrated
and looted. Today, mainly
the Tuareg confederacies remain the keepers of the great Sahara Desert. Wars
and famines in Africa still play their role in population flow; if not natures
way to fuel the engine of evolution. This ancient civilisation did not suddenly
appear from nowhere, but a continuation
of earlier continuations. The archaeological artifacts and stone tools discovered
in various sites from Fezzan were dated to the late Acheulean and the Aterian
cultures (circa 100,000 - 30,000 BC.). This area was also the home of the
Berber Garamantes Kingdom, considered to be Libya's first
indigenous empire. They initially run their kingdom from
the nearby capital Zinchecra (on
the hills of Messak Settafet),
then from Germa or Garama (today's
Jerma) in the first century AD, so named after their
eponymous ancestor Garamas ("the
first of men"),
who was, according to mythology, the son of the glorious
Sun, who offered
Mother Earth a sacrifice of the sweet acorn. The Garamantes
were placed by Pliny twelve days journey from the Augilae, and ten days
by Herodotus, in
the interior of Libya. They occupied the most habitable region of the Sahara:
the Wadis el-Agial and Sciati and the oases from Murzuk to Zuila.
Herodotus informs us that the Garamantes spread soil over salt to
sow their seeds, and hunt in four-horse chariots; while archaeological
discoveries indicate the Garamentian cities were thriving
urban centres, with markets and public entertainment forums. From
the archaeological remains of Germa, the city appears to have
had towers and a square market, used as a transit point for
caravans and for the horses the Garamentes then exported to Rome.
Some of Germa's
archaeological finds can be found in Germa
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There is no doubt that the Athena of Herodotus, whom the Amazon worshipped
around Lake Tritonis, was none other than the Libyan Goddess Tannit. Poets and
scholars of all ages knew Her as the Goddess Neith, whom the ancient Egyptians
adopted as Nit, long before the Phoenicians returned to venerate as Tanit.
The Libyan Goddess Tannit (Neith)
at Assaraya
Alhamra Museum, Tripoli, Libya.
The following Arabic text, also displayed
under the stone, describes the above symbol of Tannit .
Temehu.com's translation of the Arabic text at the Museum:
"The Goddess Tannit. Tannit is regarded as one of the most famous
and important Punic goddesses in Tripolitania. She is the wife of the Punic god
Bal Hamon. She was the goddess of sowing, harvest and fertility, and a sky goddess
essentially associated with the moon. Her symbol, known as the symbol of Tannit,
is a triangle representing the human body, surmounted by a circle representing
the head, and separated by a horizontal line which represents the hands. The
worship of the goddess Tannit emerged after the 5th century BC. She appears to
be of Libyan origin. This piece is from the 2nd century BC.
[End of translation.]
According to several historical records, the Libyan birthplace of the Goddess
Neith, whom the Greeks adopted as Athena, as has been pointed out by Plutarch,
Diodorus and Herodotus, was also the traditional homeland of the warrior women
known as the Libyan Amazons, in the western parts of Libya - particularly around
the legendary Lake Tritonis. The world of the Amazons was ruled by warrior women,
in which they followed a manner of life unlike that which prevailed among other
races of the time. There were a number of fake tales about removing one of their
breasts in order to be able to shoot better (using arrow & bow), without
presenting any evidence; leading to careful mythographers to suggest that these
were no more than mere patriarchal allegations to discredit matriarchy; and hence
the whole existence of the Amazons itself was dismissed as "myth".
According to Robert Graves, Diodorus Siculus' legend regarding the Libyan Atlantians,
from whom Libyan Amazons seized their city Cerne, cannot be archeologically dated,
but he makes it precede a Libyan invasion of the Aegean Islands and Thrace. See
Libyan Mythology for more.
Egyptian records inform us that many parts of Libya and Egypt
itself were inhabited by various Libyan
tribes, the most prominent of which were the Temehu,
the Tehenu, the Ribu, and the Meshwesh.
From the extent of the Temehu's territories, it is evident that
they comprised a number of tribes, occupying much
of the Sudan and possibly all the way to Fezzan. Several historians have pointed
out that the Temehu and the Tehenu were the ancestors of the
present day Tuareg. When Greek and Roman historians arrived in
Libya and Egypt, the name Ribu became Libu, whence
present day "Libya", and the name Meshwesh became Masuch (Herodotus), Maschouacha (Chabas), Maksiz (Ptolemy)
and Mazic (Latin
inscriptions), whence present day Tamazight,
and thus Imazighen -- the generic name
used to describe the indigenous inhabitants of North Africa as
a whole. The ancient Egyptians and the Berbers are strongly related
tribes and share one common origin. Both languages: Ancient Egyptian
(not to be confused with current Arabic Egyptian)
and Berber ('Tamazight') are sister languages belonging to the
same linguistic branch of the Afro-Asiatic linguistic family.
The cultural traits of the ancient Egyptians and the Libyan Berbers
and their mythologies and religions are also closely related,
if not the same. Inscriptions from
the Old Kingdom are perhaps the earliest recorded
information we have about the Berbers of Libya (excluding the
recorded pre-history of rock art). Before
King Menes forcibly unified Egypt and invaded Lower Egypt, the
Delta was primarily inhabited by Libyan Berbers who worshipped
the Goddess Tannit, the Cat-goddess Bast and the Sun-god
Amon. The Palermo
stone further illustrates the antiquity
of Libyans in Lower Egypt by listing a succession of Libyan pre-Dynastic
kings and queens from Lower Egypt. The Libyans however regained
control over Egypt about (ca. 945 BC), by establishing the Libyan Dynasties
on the hands of the Libyan King Shishenq or Shishonk.
The Phoenicians
originally descended from North Africa as attested by linguistic
evidence, where Proto-Semitic itself diverged from Proto-Berbero-Libyan
(Diakonoff, 1975, 1981) about 7000 years ago. According to the
legend of Dido,
which some sources say was a Roman invention to discredit Carthage:
its main rival, the Berber king Iarbas granted Dido as
much land as could be covered by an ox-hide; on which they settled
among the native Berbers and quickly adopted Berber gods and
traditions, like the Libyan Goddess Tannit whom they loved as
Tanit, and the Libyan Amon whom they worshipped as Bal-Amon,
in the same way the Greeks, later on, made him Zeus-Amon. Unlike the later arrivals,
the Phoenicians were said to have signed treaties of
cooperation with the native Berbers. When the Persians
invaded Egypt and sent their ambassadors
to Libya asking the Berbers to help the Persians take over Carthage,
the Libyans replied saying that they will not take up arms against
their brothers, and thus succeeded in saving Libya from yet another
catastrophic war. The Phoenicians settled in a number of
cities including Leptis Magna,
Oea (Tripoli), Sabratha, and Carthage (Qert Hadasht 'The New Village'),
which was founded in 814 BC. By 517 BC, this
Berber-Phoenician empire was gaining influence all around the
Mediterranean; eventually bringing terror and fear to
the Romans' hearts. Seeing danger besieging Rome for nearly 12
years, the Romans diverted the war to Carthage, where the Carthaginian government
recalled Hannibal from Rome to defend the capital, only to loose control of
the whole campaign. .
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The Greeks established 5 colonies in Cyrenaica, around the
seventh century BC, which became known as the Pentapolis:
the Five Cities of Cyrene, Apollonia, Ptolemais,
Taucheira and Berenice (Benghazi). Evidence indicates that some
of these settlements had indeed existed before the Greeks' arrival. The
Pentapolis enjoyed a significant degree of autonomy, and Greek influence was
limited to the coastal regions. The Berber areas, further south, remained free
from Greek rule. Apparently, the city of Cyrene was
founded (invaded) upon the oracular advise of Apollo at Delphi, by the Greeks
of Thera (modern Santorini), and thus their arrival
was portrayed as a divine mission, rather than a military conquest.
The fertile Green Mountain (Jebel al-Akhdar) supplied Greece with livestock,
grain, wine and the unique Cyrenaican plant silphium. The level of civilisation
attained by Cyrene was so high that it quickly became one of the most cultural,
philosophical and academic cities in North Africa and produced some of the finest
scholars of the time. The popular philosophy of Cyrene was that of moral cheerfulness
and happiness. Shortly after the death of Alexander the Great in
323 BC, only eight years after his armies arrived in Cyrenaica,
his empire was divided among his Macedonian generals and thus
Cyrene and Egypt went to Ptolemy. Just over two hundred years
later, the Greek influence began to dwindle and the last Greek
ruler, Ptolemy Apion, finally surrendered Cyrenaica to Rome.
When the Roman arrived in North-West Africa, there were a
number of Berber Kingdoms in existence, the most influential
of which was Numidia or Numidae. According to Herodotus,
the Libyans comprised two major groups: the agricultural
population of the coastal regions, and the shepherds or the
Nomads, of which Numidae is the Latin form. The
Numidae of the Second Punic War were essentially the Berber tribes
of the Masaesyli and the Massyli, the subjects
of the Berber kings Syphax and Masinissa respectively.
The Numidian kingdom of Masinissa eventually included all of
Tripolitania. When Hannibal invaded Italy, in his adventure
across the Alps (shattering big rocks in the way by heating them with fire
and pouring wine along the cracks), he reached Rome and laid siege
to the capital city for nearly 12 years.
During these years the Roman
emperor with his generals and slaves were held prisoners in their own capital.
Here, most historians agree that Hannibal had committed his greatest mistake:
not attacking Rome whilst he laid siege. Apparently
historians also say that Hannibal's morality had prevented him from attacking
Roman women and children in their own homes, and instead he hopped the men will
come out and give him a decent fight.
Instead of seemingly
fighting to death and loosing Rome, their treachery inspired them to plot behind
the besieged city walls, to divert the war to North Africa and take the fight
back to Carthage. When Carthage was attacked by the Romans, the Carthaginian
government fell in the trap, just others still do today; and immediately recalled
Hannibal from Rome. Hearing the order to return to Carthage, Hannibal knew exactly
what the Romans had in mind, but he had to fulfil
his "national duty" - against the advice of his most closest
generals - and returned to defend his homeland.
Hannibal (247-183 BC):
219 : Siege of Saguntum
218 : Capture of Saguntum ,Declaration of War.
218 : Hannibal sets out from New Carthage.
218 : Hannibal crosses the Alps, Battle of R. Ticinus.
218 : Battle of R. Trebia.
218 : Hannibal crosses the Apennines, Roman successes.
217 : Elections in Rome,Hannibal crosses R. Arno.
217 : Battle of Lake Trasimene.
217 : Hannibal's escape from Campania, Hannibal at Gereonium.
217: Minucius's successes against Hannibal.
216 : Elections in Rome, Hannibal at Capua.
216 : Carthage receives news of Canna.
216 : Hannibal repulsed at Nola, Siege of Casilinum.
216 :Roman army destroyed by Boii.
216 : Hasdrubal stopped from leaving Spain.
215 : Elections in Rome, Alliance between Carthage and Macedon.
215 : Capture of Carthaginian generals in Sardinia.
214 : Conspiracy in Syracuse, Marcellus in Sicily.
214 : Massacre at Henna.
213 : Roman overtures to king Syphax
212 : Hannibal enters Tarentum, Carthaginians take Thurii.
212 : Tiberius Gracchus eliminated.
212 : Plague at Syracuse, death of Archimedes.
212 : Death of the Scipios.
212 : Lucius Marcius rallies Roman remnant in Spain.
212 : Marcellus victorious at Agrigentum.
211 : Hannibal marches to relieve Capua, Battle of R. Volturnus.
211 : Hannibal's march on Rome, Battle of R. Anio.
211 : Hasdrubal's escape from Nero in Spain.
210 : Alliance between Rome, Aetolian League, and Pergamum.
210 : Fire in Rome, Hannibal destroys Herdonea.
210 : Envoys from Syphax in Rome, raid on African coast.
208 : Raid on African coast, Plilip V intervenes in Greece.
207 : Hasdrubal crosses the Alps, Hasdrubal besieges Placentia.
207 : Hannibal routed at Grurnentum.
207 : Hasdrubal's letter to his brother Hannibal intercepted.
207 : Death of Hasdrubal (Hannibal's brother).
207 : Successful raid on Utica.
206 : Livy's tribute to Hannibal, Masinissa joins the Romans.
206 : Scipio and Hasdrubal meet Syphax, Slaughter at Astapa .
206 : Meeting between Scipio and Masinissa, surrender of Gades.
205 : Elections in Rome, Fabius's attack on Scipio in Senate.
205 : Laelius raids African coast .
204 : General peace in Greece.
204 : Pact between Carthage and Syphax.
204 : Scipio crosses to Africa, Masinissa comes to join Scipio.
204 : Hannibal defeated near Croton.
203 : Burning of Carthaginian camp at Utica.
203 : Syphax defeated at Great Plains.
203 : Naval battle off Carthage, final defeat and capture of
203 : Masinissa enters Cirta and meets Sophonisba.
203 : Sophonisba's death.
203 : Carthaginian envoys ask for peace, Rome rejoices over African
203 : Mago and Hannibal recalled from Italy.
203 : Hannibal leaves Italy, Hannibal lands at Leptis.
202 : Hannibal marches to Zama, meeting with Scipio.
202 : Battle of Zama : Rome wins.
195 : Hannibal's reforms in Carthage, Hannibal's flight
to Antiochus
193 : Hannibal's agent Aristo in Carthage.
191 : Hannibal's advice to Antiochus.
189 : Battle of Magnesia, senate ratifies peace with Antiochus
187 : Prosecution of Scipio Africanus and his death.
183 : Death of Hannibal: betrayed by king Prusias,
Hannibal took
poison, rather than surrender.
After the Punic Wars
with Rome, Carthage was
finally reduced to rubble and razed to the ground in 146 BC.
Hannibal was unharmed and left for Syria. From Syria he went
to Bithynia, in Asia, where its king Prusias eventually betrayed him to the Romans.
Hearing the news of the Roman army in their way to arrest him, he, like Cleopatra,
took poison in 183.
With Hannibal and Carthage out of the way, Rome was ready
to spread terror around the Mediterranean world and across Europe and the Middle
East. The result was total cultural devastation across Europe where linguists
had concluded that 90% of Europe's indigenous languages had gone extinct as a
direct result of the Roman invasions - and hence subsequently the spread of
Latin across Europe. Many of the other languages around the Mediterranean and
the Middle East, including Ancient Egyptian, had also disappeared except Africa's
Berber and Europe's Basque's Euskara - both of which are among the oldest languages
in the world, both of which are related, and both of which appear destined to
live to the end of the world.
Shortly after the Carthaginian-Roman battle at Zama,
the Berber kingdoms began to suffer the impact of the Roman invasions, and by
46 BC, Julius Caesar deposed the final Numidian king, Juba I; and thereafter
Tripolitania was incorporated into the province of Africa
Proconsularis, to begin the export of goods, animals and
slaves to Rome.
Once the coastal regions were under Roman control, the
Roman generals wanted to do what no invader of Libya had done before:
to conquer the Sahara. After their initial expeditions
into the Garamantian empire, in 20–19 BC, and
later on in 69–70 AD, the Romans signed a trade and military
treaty with the Garamantian chiefs, and the two became trading partners, as
evidenced by the pottery
shreds and other artifacts unearthed in Fezzan. By the end of
the first century AD Rome had completed the pacification of Sirtica
(the region now know as the Gulf of Sert), and Cyrenaica was
handed over to them by the Greeks. Had Carthage survived, and left alone since,
the Berbers would have probably landed on Jupiter long before Galileo saw
its moons.
In 642 AD, U'mr ibn
al-A's, under the command of the Caliph U'mr I, arrived in Cyrenaica,
where he established his base at Barqa, and then a few years
later he moved on towards Tripolitania, where he removed the
remaining Byzantine garrisons and took control of Tripoli.
U'mr, the Caliph sent Uqba bin Nafi, who moved
towards Fezzan in 663 and took Germa, and then the Roman province
of Africa in 670 AD, where he established another military
base at Kairouan (al Qayrawan) in preparation to attack Byzantine
Carthage, which they
finally took in 693 AD.
It was reported that the orders were
given to raze Carthage to the ground, once more, after having been already ransacked
by the Romans not long ago. Similar orders were also given in relation to Sabratha,
the capital of the Berber Nafusa tribes of Nafusa Mountain. Shortly afterwards,
the Muslims arrived in Morocco, before they crossed to Spain,
under the command of the Berber general Tariq Bin Zayyad.
By the seventh century,
a power struggle ensued between the supporters of rival claimants to the caliphate,
thereby creating two sects: the Sunni and the Shia. About 200 years later, Shia
missionaries of the Ismaili sect succeeded in converting the Kutama of Kabylia
and set them against the Sunni Aghlabids, where they took Kairouan
in the following year.
Soon afterwards the wars broke out, once
again, between the Fatimid of North Africa and Baghdad; eventually
leading the Fatimid caliph to invite Bani Hilal and Bani Salim bedouin tribes
from the Arabian peninsula. It is these two tribes that signaled the arrival
of Arab tribes in North Africa.
The arrival of Islam in Libya: in 640 AD the Arab
general Amr ibn al-Ās took Egypt, followed by Barqah in 641 AD.
Amr ibn al-Ās moved on towards Tripolitania, where he removed the
remaining Byzantine garrisons and took control of Tripoli in 647 AD. Sends
Uqba ibn Nafi (O'qba ibn Nafea') toward Zwilah.
Foundation of Kairouan (Qairawan). Uqba ibn Nafi (Oqba
Ben Nafea') claims
the Roman province of Africa in 670 AD and establishes his military base at Qayrawan;
where he built the Great Mosque of Kairouan, the oldest mosque in Africa, widely
regarded as the fourth holiest place, after Mecca, Medina and Alqudus (Jerusalem).
Kahina Dihya fought her final wars: in 693 she defeated
Hassan Ben Nua'man, who then retreated to Tripoli, waited for reinforcements,
and a few years later re-grouped. As she had predicted she dies fighting in 698.
Creation of the Province of Afriqya; the Maghreb (North Africa)
was incorporated into the Islamic empire.
Islamic influence spreads
to various parts of North Africa, as far as the Sanhaja Berbers
south of Mauritania; forcing the Sanhaja to start their trans-Saharan journeys
from Wadi Draa to reach Senegal by means of camels, and thus were considered
to be the first to make full use of the "ship
of the desert".
Arrival of Umayyad
A'bd al-Rahman in Spain; Umayyad dynasty founded in Andalus.
A'bbasids regain
control of Afriqya.
Fes founded by
ldris; ldrisid dynasty established in Morocco. Death of
A'bd al-Rahman I; successor son Hisham 1 (Andalus). Death d
Hisham I; successor son Hakam I. Series of rebellions in cities
Ibrahim ibn
al-Aghlab founds Aghlabid dynasty in Afriqya. Besides the
Sanhaja's trans-Saharan trade routes, two more
routes emerged around this time: one from Algeria to middle Niger,
and the other from Tripolitania to Lake Chad.
The Berbers of the
Sahara and Sanhaja and the Nilo-Saharans founded the
Kingdom of Kanim (east of Lake Chad ), the Kingdom of Songhay
(central Niger), and the Kingdom of Mali.
Emigration of
fighters from Spanish Cordova to Fes in Morocco, Afriqiya
and Egypt. A series of rebellions in cities in Afriqya. Death
of Hakam I; successor son A'bd al-
Rahman II (Andalus). People emigrate from Kairouan to Fes.
Tulunid Period,
(Ibn Tulun ) in Egypt. Death of Muhammad I; successor
son al-Mundhir (Andalus). Death of al-Mundhir.
The Muslims now have
independent hereditary rulers: Aghlabids in Tunisia, and Tulunids
in Egypt. The Idrisids of Morocco and the Umayyads of Spain
did not recognise the authority of Baghdad Caliphs.
In 902 AD a Shia revolt broke out in eastern
Algeria. In 909 al-Mahdi founds Fatimid dynasty
of caliphs (Afriqya). By 912 the Mahdi (the head
of the Fatimid line) founded the city of Mahdiya
from which he ruled Tunisia and Algeria.
Umayyads gradually recover power (Andalus).
The Fatimid invaded Egypt and ruled Palestine and parts of
Arabia. They left Tripolitania, Tunisia and Algeria to the
Zirids (a Sanhaja Berber family who assisted the Fatimid). The
Fatimid organised the arrival of Benu Hilal and Benu Salim
Arab tribes from Arabia into Egypt and Libya.
The Fatimid caliph moves to Cairo, leaving
Zirids in charge of Afriqya.
Death of Hakani II; successor infant son
Hisham II.
Overthrow of Al-Manzor's son (Andalus).
Sack of Cordova.
The Zirids of Algeria broke away from the Fatimid
The Zanata Berbers took Tripoli; Arabs seized
Barqa; the massacre of Ismaili officials.
End of Umayyad dynasty. Period of Little Kings,
rulers of city states led by Seville (Andalus).
lbn Yasin forms Almoravids (al-Murabit'un - the
men of the monastery) in the Sahara, and begins his holy
war (Morocco).
Zirid Mu'izz repudiates Fatimid (Afriqya).
Tripolitania and Tunisia broke away from the
By now Almoravids had conquered the western
Sahara (Sanhaja Berbers), and seized Sijilmasa in 1054, and
Awdaghust in 1055.
Mu'izz defeated by the tribes of Banu
Death of Ibn Yasin; successor Abu Bakr
(Morocco); Mu'izz abandons Kairouan for Mahdia
1056 -1082
Almoravid armies conquered Morocco and western Algeria
Abu Bakr founds Marrakesh, installs Yusuf ibn
Tashfin (Morocco); Almoravids under Yusuf ibn Tashfin
conquer Morocco.
Afriqya divided into city states and
tribal territories (Afriqya).
1076 - 1083
Almoravid conquered Songhay and Ghana.
1086 - 1090
1094 - 1099
El Cid takes
Valencia (Andalus); El Cid besieged in Valencia; Yusuf ibn
Tashfin takes the title (Commander of the Muslims); and
Andalus and Morocco became united.
Bani Hilal take
control of eastern Algeria and Tunisia, the Zirid princes still
holding out in Bougie and Mahdiya. On the other side, Banu
Salim are taking control of Libya (only Cyrenaica
and Tripoli).
Ibn Tumart forms Almohads in High Atlas
(Morocco); Almohads is a political and religious
movement of the Zenata Berbers of the Atlas; Death of Ibn Tumart in
1130, succeeded by his caliph Abd al-Mu'min.
Djerba invaded and taken by Normans
of Sicily (Afriqya); Abd al-Mu'min begins his campaign against
Almoravids; Death of A'li ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin, successor
son Tashfin.
Almohads defeated Almoravids
and took Morocco and Spain; death of Tashfin ibn Ali ibn
Yusuf ibn Tashfin; Norman conquest of Tripoli; Almohads capture
Seville; flight of Almoravid lbn Ghaniya to Majorca; Andalus
substantially independent.
Moroccan Marrakesh captured by Almohads; Almohad Abd
al-Mu'min annexes Central Maghreb; Almohads conquer
Afriqya, drive Normans from coastal cities in Afriqya;
Death of Abd al-Mu'min, successor son Abu Ya'qub
Kurdish Saladin (Salah'-Addin )
transformed Egypt into a military power and used it to wage his
wars against the Crusaders to recapture Palastine after he took over
from the last Fatimid ruler and founded the Ayyubid Dynasty in
Murcia taken by Almohad Abu Ya'qub; Andalus,
Morocco and Afriqiya united in Almohad Empire - capitals Seville
and Marrakesh.
Death of Almohad Abu Ya'qub, successor son
Abu Yusuf; Beginning of doctrinal war between Almohad
caliph and Almohad Shaykhs.
Almohads defeat Castile at Alarcos; Invasion of
Afriqya by Almoravids from Majorca; Death of Almohad
Abu Yusuf, successor son al-Nasir.
Almohads (Berbers of Zenata) conquer Majorca
from Almoravids; Defeat of Almoravids by Almohad al-Nasir;
Abu Muharnmad al-Hafsi made viceroy at Tunis.
Defeat of Almohads
by the Christians at Las Navas de Tolosa; Death of Almohad
al-Nasir, successor son al-Mustansir.
Murder of caliph
al-Adil; his brother al-Ma'mun repudiates Almohad doctrin;
Al-Ma'mun invades Morocco, massacres Almohad Shaykhs, and takes
power at Marrakesh; Break-up of Almohad empire: Andalus, Morocco
and Afriqya gave up their unity.
lbn Hud takes
power in Andalus; Yaghmurasin takes power at Tlemcen; Abu
Zakariya al-Hafsi assumes leadership of Almohads, and founds
Hafsid dynasty at Tunis in 1236 AD. In Mali the prince Sundiata
re-established Mali's independence, and took Songhay,
Tadmekka, Walata and Ghana.
Marinid dynasty established at Fes.
Almohad were replaced by another Berber tribe
from the Zenata of Atlas - Ind Marin, who formed the Marinids
Dynasty in Morocco.
Turkish Mamluk in Egypt.
St Louis, King of France, attacks Tunis.
Marinid Abu Yusuf (Zeneta Berber) invades
New Fes begun in Morocco.
1299 - 1307
The greatest
medieval, Berber traveller Ibn Battuta was born in Tangier in
Morocco. In 1325 he set out on his journey across North Africa
to Mecca. From there he visited most of the countries of the
Near East (although some say never went that far). In
1331 he travelled down the east coast of Africa to Mogadishu and Mombassa. Then
he returned to Morocco in 1349. He travelled to Spain in 1350, and then went
back south to the Western Sahara and Mali. Some of the things he said were doubted
by historians. One of the observations he made was that slaves commanded higher
prices than gold; when he went home, he was part of a caravan
carrying 600 female slaves from Takedda in Mali. He returned
to Morocco in 1353, and began writing his stories.
1316 - 30
The Christian
Kingdom of Abyssinia was revived by a new line of kings, the
Solomonids, who claimed descent from King Solomon. They
halted the Muslims' advance into the highlands and conquered the
pagans' territories south of the Blue Nile.
1331 - 1351
Accession of
Marinid Abu Al-Hasan (Morocco); Marinids take Tlemcen;
Christians defeat Marinids in Spain (Andalus); Fall of Algeciras,
expulsion of Marinids; Marinid Abu I-Hasan conquers Afriqya;
Rebellion of Abu I-Hasan's son Abu'nan (Morocco); Death of
Abu I-Hasan, succeeded by Abu Inan.
1352 - 1358
1362 - 91
1402 - 1405
1402 - 1797
1415 - 1431
Portuguese seize
Ceuta (Morocco), Portugal's first venture; A Chinese fleet
visited East Africa (first large ships started to appear in China
and Portugal); The Portuguese discover Madeira Island and the
Azores in 1431, and by 1460 they reached Sierra Leone.
1455 - 1458
The King Ali
ascended the throne of Songhay, conquered Timbuctoo (an important
point in the lucrative gold and slave trafficking) in
1469, and Jenne in 1473.
The French and the
Ottomans signed a treaty: the French became the ranking
foreign community in Tunis.
1516 - 1551
Ottoman Pashas
appointed by Turkish Sultan; The Mamluks replaced by the
Ottomans; The Ottomans occupied Tripolitania, Algeria in
1555, and Tunisia in 1574; In 1551 the Muslims took Tripoli
1571 - 1573
Almansur: the Portuguese sent the biggest army
they had ever sent overseas to land in Morocco - around 30,000
men. The King of Portugal himself was in command of the army and met the local
king in the battle of the three kings. Three kings died: King
of Portugal, his Sultan, and the Moroccan king, who was ill and
died in the 'process'. It is also known as the battle of the
Big Castle (Al-Qaser Al-Kabir). Most of the Portuguese army was
finished or captured and, later, Portugal fell to Spain. The Moroccan
prince succeeded to the throne and took the title Almansur (the
Victorious). In 1590, The prince
Almansur took the Kingdom of Songhay into his empire, and gold
flowed in.
In 1603, Ahmad Almansur, the king of Morocco,
made a proposal to his English ally Queen Elizabeth I. Had
Elizabeth accepted, the plan would have completely changed the
history of the modern world. The Moors needed the help of the
English to colonise America by attacking the Spanish colonies,
and keep it under joint dominion (ref: Turks, Moors & Englishmen
In The Age of Discovery, by Nabil Matar, Columbia).
Algerian pirates apprehended (stopped) by the British.
1655 - 1657
Seizure of
Gibraltar contemplated by the English; Main Spanish fleet
destroyed at Tenerife (Canary Islands) by the English.
The authorities in
Tripoli, Tunis and Algiers enjoyed a state of near independence.
Tripolitania establishes complete independence
from the Ottomans.
The slave trade
reaching its peak: 100,000 Africans are kidnapped and sold a
year. By 1800 AD about five million Africans were sold to the
West. The population of black Africa increased sharply to about
60 million as opposed to 10 million living north of the Sahara.
1789 - 1815
The French Revolution; starts by Napoleon's invasion of Egypt (1798);
the battle of the Pyramids with the Mamluks; Defeated Napoleon returned home
a year later.
Turkish Period,
Mohammed Ali (1801-1848); In 1811 he invited the Mumluk
leadership to a banquet in Cairo and massacred the lot;
In 1818 he controlled Arabia, and in 1820 took Nubia.
The British
outlawed the slave trade; The British established military
presence in few cities along the east coast of Africa (for returned
or confiscated slaves and refugees), which later
became modern day Ghana, Sierra Leone and Liberia. This is the
day when organised politics began to take over and shape the future of
Africa and the world at large.
The prices of
slaves in Tripoli (given by Graberg, Swedish consul in 1822):
a black eunuch: 650 Spanish piastres
Tripoli took
Fezzan and gained control over the Tripoli-Bornu route.
The Ottomans
re-establish control over Tripoli.
1863 - 1879
The Libyan population, in contrast to the explosion
taking place in Egypt, was decreasing, down
from 757,000 people in 1840s to 523,176 people in 1911; perhaps
excluding the Berber
Tuareg of the Sahara. The population of Egypt was nearly 5 million people by
1860, which
is the same as that of Morocco at the time. But by 1920, the Egyptians
grew to 14 million while the Moroccans only increased by one
and a half million (from 4 to 5.487 million).
Tunisia also remained around 2 million right
from 1800 to 1940, but it grew to 5 million by 1971. In
Algeria the population was around 4 million in 1800 AD, and
remained so until 1936 when it increased to 6.2 million.
In 1966 the population of Egypt more than doubled (30,075,858 ),
while the
Libyans were still less than 2 millions in 1968.
After a short lull in Libya's history, it was the turn of
the Spaniards and the Turks to share the spoils of the Great White
Sea. During the 14th and 15th centuries the Spaniards were wreaking
havoc across the waters of the Mediterranean. The genocide of
the natives of the Canary Islands was completed in around one
century, and the survivors were sold as first-class slaves in Europe.
And soon afterwards, they destroyed Tripoli in 1510 AD
and built a fortified naval base from the rubble.
the 16th century, Spain and the Ottoman Turks were fighting over
the control of the Mediterranean, just as the Phoenicians
and the Romans did before. Chaos was the king and piracy became
an established business on both side of the Great White Sea. By 1551 AD the knights
were driven out of Tripoli by
Turkish pirates, and by 1580 AD the chiefs of Fezzan finally
allied with the Turks.
By the early 18th century, the Karamanli
dynasty rose to fame, mainly in trafficking slaves and piracy,
activities which eventually invited European powers to take
control of Africa. Some European governments began sending a
series of expeditions to all parts of Africa, collecting maps and information
about the hidden continent and "its tribes". The
British were the first to campaign for ending slavery; and instead built a global
The spread of the Ottoman Empire saw Libya come under a state
of disarray and chaos, where corruption and cruelty were the
main characteristics of the period. In September 1911 Italy
accused Turkey of arming tribesmen in Libya and soon afterwards declared
war and captured Tripoli in October the 3rd, before it occupied
Cyrenaica's Tobruk and Benghazi.
Nesmenser Zuwarah Libya ©
2008; updated: 2011, 2012, 2013.


text:
David Moyes believes his Manchester United players haven't done enough yet to convince him he doesn't need to change a winning team.
The Red Devils boss is in a better frame of mind after his team's impressive 3-0 showing at Aston Villa last Sunday, with that victory certainly settled the ship after successive Premier League home defeats to Everton and Newcastle.
The way for any player to get an extended run is by playing well and doing a job.David Moyes
The way for any player to get an extended run is by playing well and doing a job.
Moyes, however, will tinker with a successful line-up to try and get the better of Stoke City in the Capital One quarter-finals at the Britannia Stadium on Wednesday evening.
The locals will certainly be sensing the chance to turn the screw on United, having come close to beating the Red Devils when they lost 3-2 in the league at Old Trafford back in October.
Winger Ashley Young is set to come in for Ryan Giggs and Rio Ferdinand is likely to replace Jonny Evans in central defence.
Striker Wayne Rooney could also be rested with Javier Hernandez partnering Danny Welbeck at the spear of the United attack.
Moyes admitted: "We've got enough players to use. The way for any player to get an extended run is by playing well and doing a job.
"We've not been that consistent where you could ever say anybody has necessarily said 'I've put my name down to be there every week'."
United are 1.36 to reach the League Cup semi-finals at the expense of Stoke and are 7.00 to win by a 2-0 scoreline in 90 minutes, with Hernandez 5.00 to open the scoring.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Showgirl Booty Workout
Showgirl Booty Workout
"Healthy" foods that are making you fat
Unlock your personal NFL Now stream by signing in to NFL.com
Reluctantly Healthy
Angel Porrino, star of Absinthe at Caesar's Palace and mom to a 4-year-old, shows host Judy Greer three simple exercises (no gym required!) that have given her a show-stopping backside and keep her in shape for her busy Las Vegas show schedule.
Health Coach Carey Peters gives Judy the low down on the high calorie "healthy" foods that can sabotage your diet
Olympian Summer Sanders (summersanders.net) teaches Judy the simple steps to training for (and finishing!) a 5K race.
Holistic Nutritionist Kelly LeVeque (bewellbykelly.com) teaches Judy how to avoid foods that cause inflammation and can lead to disease.
Tess Masters (theblendergirl.com) teaches Judy about the acid/alkaline balance in our bodies and its connection to disease and health problems.
Host Judy Greer learns that frozen vegetables can sometimes pack more nutrition than fresh, and she makes frozen sweet potato fries (Alexiafoods.com) with Health Coach Carey Peters.
Trainer to Go - You'll Love This Fun Workout
Best Bodies in the World 2015: Fencer Nathalie Moellhausen
Best Bodies in the World 2015: Swimmer Natalie Coughlin
Best Bodies in the World 2015: Triathlete Helen Jenkins
Best Bodies in the World 2015: Volleyball Players Rachael Adams and Christa Harmotto Dietzen
Best Bodies in the World 2015: Pole Vaulter Tori Peña


text:
Even if it's not her size or style, Susan Gregg Koger can't pass up a good vintage find. She and her husband Eric decided to use her splendid collection to stock ModCloth, an online store of vintage fashion that began in her college dorm room. These days, the Pittsburgh-based duo travels the world to seek out distinctive garments and accessories with sophisticated, subtly sexy appeal. This rare collection includes sleeveless velvet frocks, sheer tops, V-neck jumpsuits, peep-toe heels, kiss lock clutches, and much more—each piece chock-full of flair and history.
Heart pin and earrings. Pin: L 2.5" W 1.75". Earrings: L 1.75" W 1". This gently used vintage item is in good condition; small cracks between faces of earrings. All proceeds from the sale of this item go to benefit Animal Advocates, a Pittsburg-based nonprofit organization dedicated to finding permanent homes for displaced pets.
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text:
The vegetable garden, once orderly and under control, has gone wild.
In this week's Patchwork, Kate Gridley celebrates the joys of fresh sweet corn. Though eating it plain is delicious, there are lots of other things to do with fresh corn. Here are just a few.
Corn Salad With Black Beans
(Serves 6)
It's here: the moment of August profusion in the garden, the one I dream about in my armchair during winter. There is so much ripening in my garden — indeed all over the county — it's almost overwhelming. What to eat? What to can? What to freeze? Problems of abundance are nothing to complain about (in fact, there's no time), but I relish the wealth of choices.
This week's Patchwork column discusses the summery gazpacho, a vegetable soup served cold. Head over here to read Kate Gridley's thoughts on using the late summer bounty, then try some of the recipes below!
Red Gazpacho
Serves 6
Raspberries are in and I find myself wishing, just briefly, that I had a larger piece of land on which to garden. This happens three times a year: during asparagus season, the beginning of potato season, and now, when the berries are actually in.
What I really want is what my friend George had down in Connecticut: a berry house. Loosely constructed of rough-hewn timbers with a door on hinges, the walls and roof were cloaked with chicken wire stretched tight like a skin.
Something amazing is happening because of my garden, and it has nothing to do with weeding, thinning, pruning, watering, or harvesting vegetables. Instead, conversations are sprouting. Ideas are germinating. Something is taking root and it's about people.
It started slowly. First, it was the older couple I ran into downtown: "I hope you don't mind, but we went into your garden last week. You've got a huge crop of peas. What did you use for the trellis? And what made you decide to plant your lettuces that way? "
My husband courted me with freshly picked ripe strawberries. Rising before 5 a.m. to pick 20 pounds of the shiny dark red fruit in the cool of a morning, he'd drive 120 miles to walk in just in time for breakfast. Two things were almost immediately obvious: first, it was time to learn to make jam, and second, I needed to marry this guy.
Who knew?
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Saturday's matchup between New Hampshire and the University of Vermont marks the 63rd meeting between both teams. Vermont leads the all-time series 34-28. The Catamounts have won nine straight against the Wildcats, including their most recent victory, a 57-46 decision in the America East Quarterfinals on Mar. 13, 2009. Despite their recent success against the Wildcats, the Catamounts have struggled playing at Lundholm Gymnasium, with New Hampshire posting a 19-9 record all-time against Vermont in Durham.
The University of Vermont is coming off two wins over Dayton (74-65) and Rhode Island (58-49), capturing the Blue Sky Classic hosted by Dartmouth College on Dec. 29-30 ... The Catamounts have now won five straight road games, posting a 8-1 road record this season ... Tonya Young was named MVP of the tournament, scoring a career-high 25 points in UVM's win over Dayton ... She finished the tournament averaging 17.5 points and 6.5 rebounds per game, while shooting 61.9 percent from the floor and 75 percent (6-for-8) from 3-point range ... May Kotsopoulos scored a game-high 19 points to lead Vermont past Rhode Island on the final day of the tournament ... Courtnay Pilypaitis posted her third double-double of the season with 11 points and 10 rebounds against Rhode Island on Dec. 30 ... For her career, Pilypaitis has now compiled 709 rebounds, a mark which ranks seventh all-time in program history ... Pilypaitis is the first player in America East Women's Basketball and Vermont history to record 1,000 points, 500 rebounds and 500 assists over the course of a career ... The Catamounts received votes for the seventh straight week in the latest USA Today/ESPN Top-25 Poll, which was released on Dec. 29 ... The last time UVM received votes in the national top 25 poll was during the 1999-00 season, when the Catamounts won the America East Regular Season and Tournament, advancing to the NCAA Tournament ... Kotsopoulos leads the Catamounts with 18.2 points per game this season ... Pilypaitis and Kendra Seto have chipped in with 14.8 and 10.1 points per game, respectively.
Last time out the University of New Hampshire women's basketball team fell short against No. 23 Syracuse University, 58-48, at Manley Field House ... For the Orange, it was their second lowest offensive output this season ... The Wildcats knocked down 10 3-pointers in the contest, marking the first time UNH has achieved the feat since draining 14 trifectas against Colgate on Dec. 5, 2008 ... Denise Beliveau (Framingham, Mass.) was named America East Player of the Game for UNH, scoring 18 points, tallying five rebounds, three assists and a steal on the night ... Candace Williams (Norfolk, Mass.) added 12 points, nine rebounds and two steals in the contest ... With her impressive output, she now has 1,031 points and 568 rebounds, totals that rank 12th and 11th, respectively, all-time in program history ... Jill McDonald (Middlebury, Vt.) chipped in with six points, three boards and a career-high seven blocks ... McDonald has now tallied a block in each of the last eight games ... She is averaging 4.3 blocks per game over the course of the last three outings ... Amy Simpson (Waterford, Conn.) added six assists in the contest ... She currently ranks second in the conference in assists, with an average of 5.5 per game this season ... The Wildcats currently have three players averaging in double figure scoring, with Williams leading the way with 12.7 points per game, while Beliveau and McDonald are averaging 12.6 and 10.9 points per game ... The last time at least three Wildcats ended the season averaging double-figures in scoring was the 2007-08 campaign, when Simpson averaged 11.3 points, Ashley Cerniglia averaged 10.8 points, Williams averaged 10.5 points and Beliveau averaged 10.0 points per game ... In UNH's previous outing, the Wildcats earned a 42-40 victory over Canisius College on Dec. 28 at the Koessler Athletic Center ... The Wildcats held the Golden Griffins to .267 shooting from the floor, marking the lowest shooting percentage the Wildcats have allowed as a defense this season ... The 40 points scored by the Golden Griffins was the fewest points the Wildcats have given up this year ... The 'Cats held a 19-17 advantage at the intermission ... With the score set at 25-25 with 12:40 remaining, Lauren Wells (West Chester, Pa.) helped kick off a 5-0 run as she drilled a 3-pointer and Williams dropped in a pair of free throws, giving New Hampshire the 30-25 edge with 11:19 remaining ... Canisius would polish off a 6-0 run with layups from Ellie Radke and Allison Braun on ensuing possessions, giving the home team its first lead of the half, pushing ahead 38-37 ... Following the run, McDonald layed the ball in to end the stretch and reclaim the lead with score 39-38 with 4:38 remaining ... After a four minute scoring drought by both teams, Simpson would help answer the call, as she found a wide open McDonald under the basket for a layup, taking the lead for good, with the score 41-40 ... Williams led the way for the 'Cats scoring 12 points and pulling down 11 rebounds, for her first double-double of the season ... She has 14 double-doubles for her career ... Williams aside, McDonald tallied eight points, four rebounds, an assist and a block on the night ... Beliveau added seven points, four boards and two steals ... For Beliveau, it was the eighth time she has tallied multiples steals in a game this year.
The Wildcats drained a season-high 10 3-pointers against Syracuse University on Dec. 30, making it the first time UNH has achieved the feat since draining 14 trifectas against Colgate on Dec. 5, 2008. Denise Beliveau (Framingham, Mass.) led the way knocking down a season-high four trifectas, while Candace Williams (Norfolk, Mass.) and Cari Reed (Oswego, N.Y.) each hit two apiece and Lauren Wells (West Chester, Pa.) and Amy Simpson (Waterford, Conn.) each added a trey to the mix. Wells leads the Wildcats with 14 3-point field goals this season, while shooting a team best 36.8 percent from down town.
Cari Reed (Oswego, N.Y.) provided a major punch off the bench for the 'Cats against Syracuse on Dec. 30, achieving career-highs in points (6), rebounds (4) and assists (4) in 21 minutes of action. On the season, the freshman is averaging 2.3 points and 1.8 rebounds per game. She is shooting an impressive 57.1 percent (4-for-7) from beyond the arc, while shooting 38.5 percent (5-for-13) from the floor.
Jill McDonald (Middlebury, Vt.) tallied a career-high seven blocks against Syracuse on Dec. 30, giving her a block in each of the last eight games. Earlier this season, she notched five blocks versus Louisville on Dec. 22, becoming the first Wildcat to tally five blocks in a game since Ray Williams reached the mark against Yale on Nov. 19, 2005. On the season she has 25 blocks, giving her the third-best block total in the conference, with an average of 2.1 per game. The quick start is nothing new for the junior, as she is picking up right where she left off last season, when she tallied the second best single-season block total in program history with 47. For her career, she ranks fifth all-time in blocks with 81.
Candace Williams (Norfolk, Mass.) notched her first double-double of the season against Canisius College on Dec. 28 with 12 points and 11 rebounds. For Williams, the impressive mark comes as her 14th career double-double. Last season, the forward earned a conference-best 10 double-doubles. As a team, UNH has had three players notch double-doubles this season. Aside from Williams, Amy Simpson (Waterford, Conn.) is the most recent Wildcat to achieve the feat, notching 10 points and a career-high 11 assists against Holy Cross on Dec. 20. Before that, Denise Beliveau (Framingham, Mass.) notched her first double-double of the season on Nov. 24 against Harvard with 14 points and 14 rebounds. For the forward, it was her third career double-double as she also notched double digit efforts against Northeastern (22 pts, 10 rbs) on Dec. 15, 2007 and Binghamton (18 pts, 11 rbs) on Jan. 19, 2008.
With UNH's 42-40 victory over Canisius College on Dec. 28, the Wildcats snapped a seven-game America East Conference losing streak against the Golden Griffins. Earlier this season, Canisius earned a pair of wins against America East opponents, with victories over Binghamton (49-46) and Albany (52-41). For New Hampshire, the win comes as the program's second in its last three meetings against Canisius College.
After rounding out non-conference play against Syracuse on Dec. 30, UNH head coach Kristin Cole is off to her best start during her tenure at New Hampshire, leading the 'Cats to a 5-7 record in non-conference play to kick off the season. The impressive total comes as the most non-conference wins the Wildcats have earned since also tallying five wins during the 2006-07 campaign.
Three Wildcats scored in double-figures for the fourth time this season against Louisville on Dec. 22. Candace Williams (Norfolk, Mass.) and Jill McDonald (Middlebury, Vt.) each tallied 18 points, while Lauren Wells (West Chester, Pa.) added 12 points. The last time three Wildcats scored in double-figures was in UNH's 78-65 overtime victory over Harvard on Nov. 24. In that contest, Williams (18), McDonald (17) and Denise Beliveau (14) helped achieve the feat. The trio was at it once again versus UMass as Williams (17), Beliveau (15), and McDonald (10) all scored in double-digits. UNH first accomplished the plateau this season against St. Joseph's, as Beliveau led the way with 21 points, while Williams and Wells tallied 15 and 12 points, respectively, leading the 'Cats to a 64-56 victory at Lundholm Gymnasium.
So far this season the Wildcats have been playing stellar defense against some impressive company. They have held opponents to a conference-best .339 shooting percentage from the floor this year, while shooting an impressive .379 clip themselves. The fresh start comes against an A-10 (St. Joseph's, UMass), an ACC (Maryland) and three Big East (Seton Hall, Louisville, Syracuse) programs, following a season in which opponents shot .404 from the field against the 'Cats. Most recently against No. 23 Syracuse, the 'Cats held the Orange to their second lowest offensive output this season, allowing just 58 points and forcing them to shoot just 31.5 percent from the floor. Against Canisius College on Dec. 28, the Wildcats held the Golden Griffins to .267 shooting and just 40 points, marks that are both team-highs. Against Quinnipiac on Nov. 29, New Hampshire held the Bobcats to just 29.5 percent shooting. In the game prior versus Harvard, the Wildcats kicked off the game playing stingy defense against the Crimson, holding them scoreless for the first 5:16 of the action and not allowing a field goal until the 8:44 mark. In UNH's 58-57 win over UMass on Nov. 20, the Wildcats compiled a season-high 13 steals and forced a season-best 27 turnovers. In UNH's matchup against No. 21 Maryland on Nov. 16, the 'Cats pestered the Terps into shooting just .278 from the field, holding their offense to just 63 points, which was Maryland's second lowest point total in the last 29 games dating back to last season. The only team to hold the Terps to an even lower point total was Louisville, who defeated Maryland 77-60 in the NCAA Elite Eight on March 30, 2009. Against St. Joe's, the 'Cats were just as impressive, holding the Hawks to just .277 shooting and a total of 56 points.
Jill McDonald (Middlebury, Vt.) tallied career-highs in points (18), rebounds (9) and blocks (5) against Louisville on Dec. 22. McDonald reached the 18-point mark in the game prior against Holy Cross, when she helped lead the 'Cats to an 80-72 victory. The success is nothing new for the junior center, as she is off to a stellar start this season, posting 10.9 points, 4.7 rebounds and 2.1 blocks per game this year.
Lauren Wells (West Chester, (Pa.) tallied 12 points, one shy of her career high, against the University of Louisville on Dec. 22. In addition, she also compiled a career-high four steals in the contest. For Wells, it was the second time this season she has scored 12 points, as she also reached the mark in a 64-56 win against St. Joseph's on Nov. 13.
The Wildcats scored 80 points against Holy Cross on Dec. 20, marking the largest point total posted by New Hampshire since it notched 85 points against UMBC on Jan. 10, 2009. The 80-point output not only comes as a season-high in scoring, but it also marks the first time UNH has shot over 50 percent (54.4; 31-57) from the floor since the 'Cats did so against Iona on Dec. 12, 2007, when they finished with a .500 percent (30-60) shooting clip.
Five Wildcats finished in double-figure scoring in an 80-72 decision against Holy Cross College on Dec. 22. Denise Beliveau (Framingham, Mass.) led all scorers with 20 points and was followed by Jill McDonald (Middlebury, Vt.; 18 points, six rebounds), Candace Williams (Norfolk, Mass.; 15 points, nine rebounds), Amy Simpson (Waterford, Conn.; 10 points, 11 assists) and Racheal Fowler (Glassboro, N.J.; 10 points). The last time five Wildcats scored in double-figures was against Colgate on Dec. 5, 2008, when Simpson (24), Abigial LaRosa (Hampton, N.H.) (19), Williams (13), Chrissy Hall (Northbridge, Mass.) (13) and Fowler (10) all scored in double-figures.
The Wildcats currently have three players averaging in double-figure scoring, with Candace Williams (Norfolk, Mass.) leading the way with 12.7 points per game, while Denise Beliveau (Framingham, Mass.) and Jill McDonald (Middlebury, Vt.) are averaging 12.6 and 10.9 points per game. The last time at least three Wildcats ended the season averaging double-figures in scoring was the 2007-08 campaign, when Amy Simpson (Waterford, Conn.) averaged 11.3 points, Ashley Cerniglia averaged 10.8 points, Williams averaged 10.5 points and Beliveau averaged 10.0 points per game.
Denise Beliveau (Framingham, Mass.) tied her career-high with five steals against Seton Hall on Dec. 3, marking the third time she has reached the mark in her UNH career. It was also the first time a Wildcat compiled five steals in a game since Candace Williams (Norfolk, Mass.) did so on Dec. 5, 2008 against Colgate. On the season, Beliveau has tallied multiple steals in a game eight times for the Wildcats. She currently leads the team with 25 steals, with an average of 2.2 steals per game.
Amy Simpson (Waterford, Conn.) knocked down a 3-pointer on Dec. 30 against Syracuse, giving her 174 3-point field goals for her career. The impressive total ranks second all-time in program history, five field goals shy of Heidi Plencner's all-time mark of 179. This season, Simpson has drilled 13 trifectas, averaging 5.1 points per game. Last year, she notched 62 3-pointers, which was the best single-season mark in program history.
Amy Simpson (Waterford, Conn.) scored three points last time out against Canisius, giving her 61 on the young the season. She now has 935 points for her career, which ranks 15th all-time in program history. Her two best offensive outbursts came against No. 21 Maryland and Holy Cross, when she tallied a season-high 11 and 10 points, respectively. The point guard came up in the clutch for the Wildcats against Harvard as she drained the first of two free throws to send the game into overtime tied at 58-58. Simpson led the charge in the overtime period as the Wildcats outscored the Crimson 20-7 to earn the 78-65 victory. Last season she notched a career-high 357 points, averaging 11.5 points per game. In the season prior, she finished with 315 points, with an average of 11.3 points per game.
After tallying 18 points and pulling down five rebounds against Louisville on Dec. 22, Candace Williams (Norfolk, Mass.) became just the eleventh Wildcat to score over 1,000 points and compile 500 rebounds in program history. For her career she has compiled 1,031 points and 568 rebounds. The last 'Cat to achieve the feat was Danielle Clark in 2007, who finished her UNH career with 1,331 points and 579 rebounds. Kris Kinney tops the list, finishing her UNH career with 2,231 points and 897 rebounds after a four-year stint with the 'Cats from 1985-89.
Amy Simpson (Waterford, Conn.) tallied a steal against Syracuse on Dec. 30, giving her 110 steals for her Wildcat career. The impressive total ranks 22nd all-time in program history. The last Wildcat to break into the 100-steal club was Whitney Edwards, who played for the 'Cats from 2003-07 and compiled 229 for her career, which ranks second all-time in program history. On the season, Simpson ranks second on team with 17 steals, averaging 1.4 per game.
Amy Simpson (Waterford, Conn.) has stepped up in her new role as point guard this season, notching the second-best assist total in the conference with 66 through the first 12 games this year. Most recently, she tallied a game-high six assists against No. 23 Syracuse. Against Louisville on Dec. 22, she tallied her second best assist total of the season, dishing out eight assists for the second time this year. In the game prior, she tied a career-high with 11 assists against Holy Cross College on Dec. 20. The last time she reached the 11-assist mark came against UMBC on Feb. 2, 2008. For her career, Simpson has tallied 272 assists, ranking her 11th all-time in program history. To break into the top-10 all-time, Simpson needs just 17 assists, which at her current pace should be attained in four games. Simpson has been stellar across the board for the 'Cats this year, averaging 5.1 points, 5.5 assists, 3.4 rebounds and 1.4 steals per game.
Candace Williams (Norfolk, Mass.) netted 12 points against Syracuse on Dec. 30, making it the 15th time in the last 18 games dating back to last year she has scored in double-figures. Against Louisville on Dec. 22, she notched a season-high 18 points for the third time this year. Her two other 18-point outings came in back-to-back efforts against Quinnipiac (Nov. 29) and Harvard (Nov. 24). During the 18 game span, she has tallied 22 points on two occasions, the latest coming in a 66-62 win over Albany at the SEFCU Arena on Feb. 28, 2009. Her other 22-point outburst came against defending conference champion Vermont on Feb. 22, 2009. Last year she posted double-figures in all 23 games to start the season, including back-to-back 25-plus point games. She had a career-high 27-point performance at Boston University (Jan. 17, 2009), then posted 26 at Stony Brook (Jan. 21, 2009). In 1998-99, Orsi Farkas posted double figures in all 31 games for the Wildcats.
With UNH's 78-65 overtime victory over Harvard University on Nov. 24, the Wildcats have now won their last six decisions in overtime dating back to March 1, 2003, when UNH defeated Stony Brook 70-67 in the extra frame. Tuesday's win marks the largest margin of victory in overtime in program history. It is also UNH's first win against Harvard since Dec. 29, 1999, when the Wildcats defeated the Crimson 70-58 at Lundholm Gymnasium.
UNH's 58-57 win over UMass on Nov. 20 marked the first time the Wildcats knocked off two Atlantic-10 teams in the same season since the 1989-90 campaign. The 'Cats earned their first victory over an Atlantic-10 opponent this season on Nov. 13, when they defeated St. Joseph's University 64-56 at Lundholm Gymnasium. During the 1989-90 season, the Wildcats defeated Rhode Island 67-56 on Nov. 28 and earned a 66-60 win against UMass on Dec. 9 to complete the A-10 sweep in non-conference play.
In addition to her 21 points and nine rebounds in UNH's 64-56 win over St. Joseph's University on Nov. 13, Denise Beliveau (Framingham, Mass.) tied her career high in free throws made, knocking down 10-of-10 shots from the charity stripe. Included in that total are four tallies which came in the last two minutes of play to seal the victory for the 'Cats. It was the first time a Wildcat shot 100 percent from the foul line since Danielle Clark (12-12) did so on Nov. 26, 2006 against Iona. The last time Beliveau knocked down 10 free throws in a game came against Northeastern on Dec. 15, 2007. She finished that night with 22 points, 10 rebounds, three assists and two steals.
Denise Beliveau (Framingham, Mass.) scored 18 points and pulled in five rebounds, but it was not enough, as the University of New Hampshire women's basketball team fell to No. 23 Syracuse University, 58-48, Wednesday night at Manley Field House.
With the win, the Orange improve to 12-0 on the season, marking the program's best start in history and the first time the team has won 12 consecutive games since the 2007-08 campaign. As for the Wildcats, they fall to 5-7 on the year, after holding the Orange to its second lowest offensive output this season.
The Orange started off the game scoring the first two buckets, as Nicole Michael buried a 3-pointer and Vionca Murray layed the ball in to jump ahead 5-0 at 15:43.
The Wildcats would fight back with two baskets of their own, as Jill McDonald (Middlebury, Vt.) laced a jumper and Beliveau buried a layup to set the score at 5-4 with 11:02 remaining.
Syracuse responded stringing off a 7-0 run, as Michael drilled a 3-pointer to kick off the run, propelling the Orange to a 12-4 lead with 9:26 remaining. Beliveau helped answer the call for UNH, as she ended the scoring drought with a trifecta, however, that would be the last time the 'Cats would score for more than two minutes.
In the meantime, the Orange picked up the tempo, posting an 8-0 run that pushed the score to 20-7 in favor of the home team. Tasha Harris helped pick up the scoring load during the stretch as she knocked down jumpers on back-to-back possessions to cap off a run that lasted 1:40.
Beliveau would once again snap the run, as she knocked down another 3-pointer on the following possession. Immediately following the basket, Kayla Alexander answered with a layup, but that wasn't enough for the Orange to catch fire, as Cari Reed (Oswego, N.Y.) fired in a trifecta to cut the score to 22-13 with 5:14 remaining.
The Orange put together a 9-0 run following Reed's 3-pointer, as Juanita Ward drained two buckets in the stretch, pushing the home team's lead to 31-13. New Hampshire would find its stroke in closing moments of the half as Beliveau and Amy Simpson (Waterford, Conn.) both drained 3-pointers on ensuing possessions to cut the score to 31-19 at the intermission.
UNH picked up right where it left off at the start of the second stanza, putting together a 11-7 run that was capped off with a 3-pointer by Candace Williams (Norfolk, Mass.) that cut the deficit down to eight points, with the score 38-30 at 15:11.
Alexander added three points the old-fashioned-way on the next trip up the floor, but it was not enough to shut down the 'Cats as they scored seven unanswered points following the basket, narrowing the score to just four points, with the score 41-37 at 12:45.
After just over one minute of scoreless play, Syracuse would catch fire once again, posting a 7-2 run. Alexander tallied all seven points for the Orange during the stretch, including a jumper that sparked the run at 11:35.
For the next five minutes of play, both teams would exchange baskets, until the Orange scored four unanswered points, capped off with a pair of free throws by Erica Morrow with 29 seconds remaining.
For Syracuse, the four point run pushed its lead to its highest of the half, with a 12-point advantage, a lead it would not relinquish for the remainder of play.
Beliveau was named America East Player of the Game for UNH, scoring 18 points, tallying five rebounds, three assists and a steal on the night. Williams added 12 points, nine rebounds and two steals in the contest. McDonald chipped in with six points, three boards and a career-high seven blocks.
As for the Orange, Alexander finished the night with 17 points and 13 rebounds. Michael added 12 points, six boards and three steals.
Amy Simpson (Waterford, Conn.) a senior guard on the University of New Hampshire women's basketball team, was honored as Player of the Week by the America East Conference on Dec. 21.
Simpson recorded 10 points and a career-high 11 assists to propel the Wildcats to an 80-72 victory Sunday afternoon against Holy Cross at Lundholm Gymnasium. Simpson also recorded two steals, two blocks, two rebounds and was one of five Wildcats in double digit scoring in the contest.
After trailing 37-33 at the half, Simpson ignited the 'Cats with 15:37 remaining, sparking a 10-0 run by setting up Jill McDonald (Middlebury, Vt.) with a layup and scoring a basket of her own on ensuing possessions in a span of 2:37 to take a 49-39 lead. She then helped UNH build its largest lead of the game with a steal and a long outlet pass to Racheal Fowler (Glassboro, N.J.) for a layup, capped off with a 3-pointer by Simpson on the next possession to push the score to 71-56 in favor of the home team.
Scoring all of her 10 points in the second frame, Simpson helped the Wildcats outscore the Crusaders 47 to 35 in the stanza, as the team posted an impressive .615 percent shooting clip from the floor. Not to mention, the 80-point output by the 'Cats is the largest point total posted by New Hampshire since it notched 85 points against UMBC on Jan. 10, 2009.
The University of New Hampshire women's basketball team received 38 points to place fourth in the America East preseason poll that was released this afternoon by the conference.
The Wildcats finished last season in fifth place in the conference with an 8-23 record, including a 6-10 mark against America East opponents, after being picked seventh in last year's preseason poll. New Hampshire's 38-point total tied with Boston University, who is coming off an undefeated conference regular season and its first appearance in the postseason WNIT. UMBC finished followed closely behind UNH and BU, with 35 points in the sixth place spot.
Vermont, last year's conference champion, is predicted to once again capture the title, receiving five first place votes and tallying 61 points. Hartford is selected to finish second with 60 points, garnering four first place votes in the poll. Binghamton is predicted to finish third, with 45 points.
Stony Brook University is slated to finish seventh (23 points), while the University of Maine (13) and the University at Albany (11 points) round out the final three spots in the poll.


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In the remote mountains of northern Japan sits a strange little town with an even stranger story.
It's a story of Jesus Christ, and it goes a little something like this: Jesus didn't die up on his cross at Golgotha. That was his brother. Christ himself fled across Siberia and, after a brief detour through Alaska, landed in Japan — where he got married and raised a family.
The town, Shingo, calls itself Kirisuto no Sato: Hometown of Christ.
Not many burgs outside of Bethlehem make that claim.
Today, Shingo is known more for its garlic farms (they even make garlic ice cream there) and apple orchards than the Tomb of Christ — that is, if it were to be known for anything at all (it's not).
The site itself, a few minutes' drive from the town's tiny commercial district, is rather unspectacular. Two 8-foot-high wooden crosses surrounded by a white picket fence sit on a bluff in the woods overlooking a gravel parking lot. A small museum sits at the other side of the parking lot.
On a typical day, dozens of people wander through. Some leave a small offering — five-yen coins, considered lucky, are common — in a basket at the gravesite. Some even pray.
The idea of Jesus visiting, much less settling down in, Japan's equivalent of the Ozarks may sound patently absurd. Even many locals doubt the tale. But some residents of Shingo say it's entirely plausible that the man many call Messiah came here, and claim they can prove it.
An Ancient Scroll and a Remarkable Tale
In the years leading up to World War II, ancient scrolls turned up in the hands of a Shinto priest just outside of Tokyo. They pertained to two small, forgotten graves in the remote mountains of northern Honshu, the main island of Japan
The scrolls — written in a Japanese so archaic that only experts can read it — recount the unlikely tale of Christ's escape from death, and were purportedly written — or at least dictated — by Jesus himself as his last will and testament. Call it the Last Testament.
When the priest realized what he had uncovered, he summoned Banzan Toya, an artist/researcher specializing in ancient Japanese history. Together, they located two graves in a bamboo grove on the ancestral land of the Sawaguchi family, whose tradition held that the burial site remain undisturbed, but did not explain why.
According to the scrolls, one tomb holds the ears of Jesus' brother, Isukiri, and a lock of the Blessed Virgin Mary's hair, while Christ himself rests in the one directly opposite.
The scrolls talk of Christ's "lost" years, during which, they say, he traveled to Japan for spiritual training. Years later, when he was condemned to die in Judea, he escaped to his adopted hometown.
In Shingo, locals held him in awe as the "long-nosed goblin." Christ supposedly changed his name to Daitenku Taro Jurai, sired a biblical three daughters and lived to the ripe old age of 106.
A Dubious Character and His Hunt for Pyramids
The original scrolls were lost in the war, but a copy survives, and is on display — in a glass case — at a museum on the Tomb of Christ grounds.
There are some obvious problems with this tale. First, if true it would undermine the entire basis for the Christian faith: for the religion to be valid, Jesus had to die on the cross. It also contradicts the Bible, which details his crucifixion.


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Chartres - 28 July and 30 July
Hello there!
Anyone traveling to Chartres on 28 or 30 July, I'd love to meet up with you. I spent a year living in Chartres so I am a bit knowledgeable when it comes to Chartres. Let me know if you're interested. 26 year old male here.


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I order pens and key chains for my personal business alot, do you think having pens at OBGYN offices would be a good idea?? www.pens.com has pretty good prices, you can get around 500 personlized pens for 75 dollars. It would be a great way to advertise the site, and it could say something like ... Pregnant? Ask your doc about Preeclampsia and visit www.preeclampsia.org or something like that. What do you think? I could sponser it, and put sponsered by princesspurr.com that way it would be advertising for me and preeclampsia awareness!
Val (25) & Rich (26)
Married: June 20th 2001
Veronica Rosina, 11/25/2004-11/27/2004
Born at 26.5 weeks because of severe preeclampsia (doc says I was on my way to HELLP but not there yet)


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Last month saw the inaugural edition of Art of Speed, an event organised by the good folks over at Switchblade that celebrates art in automotive culture. On display were some of the most impressive custom motorcycles and cars from around the region, we managed to drop by for a few hours to capture some of the sights. Enjoy the vid!
Video: Jules @ Streething / Hafiz @ Terrorkota
Editing: Jules @ Streething
Music: The Doors 'People Are Strange'
Equipment: Canon 5D Mark 3, Canon 50mm 1.2 , Panasonic Gh2, Samyang 7.5mm Fisheye
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"The best guilt--free chocolate I've ever tasted. I enjoyed every morsel."
- Anna K, Southampton, NJ
"I have a passionate fondness for extraordinarily crafted chocolate truffles and have nibbled numerous collections from around the world (including truffles from Dubai that were fashioned from camel's milk). Who know that truffles deprived of conventional dairy cream and sugar could still be delectable and delicious. The ladies and gentlemen at Nicobella Organics have outplayed the traditional take on truffles with their line of vegan organic dark chocolate truffles. The chocolate artistes at Nicobella Organics swapped the predictable dairy and sweeteners for nourishing and natural vegan ingredients. They also bestowed each delectably diverse truffle with super rich antioxidant foods like pumpkin, blueberries, flaxseed and green tea. I have tasted the complete vegan collection of Nicobella Vegan Organic Dark Chocolate Truffles and I am hard pressed to decide on just one beloved favorite. I sincerely adore each of the darling sweet truffles. I fancy the nutty spirit of the Walnut Flaxseed Crunch and I genuinely adore the unpretentious and earthy savors of the matcha-kissed Ginger Green Tea truffle. On occasion, the uncompromising chocolate classicist in me hankers for the unaffected pure cocoa goodness of the Pure Cocoa Bliss Truffle. I am genuinely passionate about all that is Nicobella Organics!"
- Shannon B, Woodinville, WA
"Well, what can I say to your products? First things first: I munched them away (yes, all of it) in no more than 4 days. To this very day, I am running up hills to let the popular saying "a minute on the lips, a lifetime on the hips" not come true. So yeah, I suppose "tasty" does qualify very much as an adjective for your cocoa sins. Sheer greatness could also be used, but I think "awesomely awesome" sums it up pretty much. thanks for all the wonderful, wonderful sins you're putting out here, nichole (and team, of course): you rule supreme! "I'll be back" is not as funny anymore, I know, but still: I will!
PS: my faves were the maple syrup-pecans with a sprinkle of salt. simply to die for."
- Nino Kuhnis, Switzerland
"When I tasted my first nicobella truffle, I thought "it doesn't get any better than this" until I tasted the next. Each bite of intense, dark chocolate is made even better by the unique burst of flavors. Finally, a beneficial truffle that I actually enjoy eating!"
- Bobbie D, Marlton, NJ
"Oh. My. Goodness. I had to stop myself from consuming all three bags in one sitting! What a positively sinful healthy indulgence! I can't decide which out of the three I love best... (okay, maybe the Coco-Nut). But I'm in heaven. And I cannot wait to try your truffles. You've got a customer for life! :)"
- Michelle S, San Francisco, CA
"Completely satisfied my chocolate craving"
- Carla C, NJ
"Nicobella offers delicious and one of a kind truffles that will satisfy and please your taste buds! I loved the sampler which allowed me to sample all of the flavors, but I have to say that the green tea truffle was my favorite! SOOOOOOOOO delish!"
- Dawn Yang, Pasadena, CA
"MMMM, Thanks so much for the peanut butter squares and the card you made. I just had a square for my lunch dessert. I really like them, not too sweet but very interesting how they do the peanut butter in the square. Very tasty. I gave dad a bite of it too. :)"
- Kate Spencer, WA (mom's response from her Nicobella Mother's Day Gift)
"Every time I place a nicobella chocolate order I make sure to keep a box or 2 for myself. The sample box makes the perfect size teacher or coach gift. My personal favorite flavor is the pumpkin - it's like the perfect bite of a chocolate pumpkin cheesecake!"
- Deserie Gherardi, Hammonton, NJ
"What an amazing experience to actually find a chocolate treat that is both vegan and organic! Learning about nicobella vegan organic dark chocolate truffles takes away all excuses to not pursue a healthier lifestyle…they are proof positive that you can actually satisfy your cravings with food that is good for you."
- Julia, Philadelphia, PA
"I bought your vegan truffle collection from Theo's and I loved it. Please do not stop making this delicious alternative to common sweats and treats. This is exactly what I was looking for, they are soooo delicious. I love Theo's, so having you team up is great."
- Kirstin, Seattle, WA
"One word: YUM !!!"
- Lorraine, Philadelphia, PA
"Your truffles are so rich, decadent, and complex and yet there is something so comforting about eating your truffles. So delicious! They are really yummy and are so exciting to eat!"
- Melissa Nonrischai, Pasadena, CA
"Nicobella truffles are the perfect way to satisfy your sweet tooth without the guilt! The pure cocoa bliss is my absolute fave...but the others are close runner-up's. The sample box is the best way to get a taste of each flavor and to be able to have a truffle 6 days out of the week (if they last that long!)."
- Noelle, NJ
"Mind blowing truffles!"
- Rajiv Kapoor, Seattle, WA
"Decadent, delicious and best of all.........they are good for you and GUILT FREE!!!"
- Rosalyn, Philadelphia, PA


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Recognized for clean lines, expert detailing, and a refined sexiness, Alberto Fermani footwear is crafted using traditional Italian shoemaking techniques. With an emphasis on authenticity and sophistication, these high-quality leather boots lend your cold-weather wardrobe instant cool. The Italia Wedge Boots feature a wedge heel and buckle detailing. Don't walk—strut in genuine Italian style.
Shaft is 18". Wedge is 4" with a 1" platform. Side zip.
Alberto Fermani boots run small. If you plan on wearing thick socks or have a wide foot, we recommend ordering up.
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Substance abuse services and Domestic Violence services are provided FREE of charge
for CalWORKS participants. Specialized services for women
and their children have been expanded just for CalWORKS
participants throughout Los Angeles County. Under the new
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Technical Support
On-Line Manuals
ULINK2 User's GuideIntroduction Hardware Description Setup ULINK2 Setup Flash Programming Using ULINK2 Configure Cortex-M Devices for Tracing µVision Windows Real-Time Agent Overview Quick Start Adding in the Real-Time Agent Adding RTA Files to Your Project Configuring the Real-Time Agent Modifying the Project Files Testing the Real-Time Agent Troubleshooting RTA API Functions Interfacing Custom Hardware Upgrading from Real-Time Agent V1.0 Troubleshooting Guide Appendix
When debugging embedded applications, many times it is not practical to halt a program to view or modify memory contents. Adding the Real-Time Agent to your application allows you to view and modify your target's memory "on the fly" without stopping your program.
The Real-Time Agent adds the following features to the ULINK2 USB-JTAG Adapter:
The Real-Time Agent is implemented in a compact C source file that is added to the user application. It compiles to less than 1.5kB, and is optimized to be as resource light as possible.


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Enterprise Resource Planning | News
Vermont's Burlington School District has adopted a new enterprise resource planning (ERP) system to manage district resources such as budget management, invoices, and payroll in an effort to integrate management information, regulate finances and procurement, and help improve communication.
The new system, Tyler Technologies' Munis, replaced an in-house system that had been developed nearly 30 years ago and which lacked an ability to integrate with management or data systems. The older system also utilized several customizations, which created difficulty each time the district tried to upgrade. By contrast, the new system will be integrated with payroll and HR for the district, a change that not only saves time and effort but that also allows more oversight.
In particular, the new system will prevent individual departments from exceeding their budgets, which is designed to save the district money and force employees to be more accountable.
The Burlington School District, which serves approximately 4,000 students spread over 10 campuses, will utilize multiple Munis applications such as financial management, human capital management, and payroll processing.
With payroll specifically, the district is looking to move to email notification of when direct deposits are made for employees in order to save time and postage, and the system will allow quick data retrieval with its TylerForms for locating copies of direct deposits, which allows for a faster response to employee questions.
In addition, plans are in place to use Munis for budgeting.
"With Munis, we have converted to a 21st century program that will help the school district manage its finances much better going forward," said Burlington School District Superintendent Jeanné Collins. "Munis gives us greater control of our budget codes and functions, including electronic approval of requisitions with business rules that don't allow users to go over budget, which creates more accountability and ownership of spending by the front-end user. Also, the immediacy of the computerized system gives up-to-the-minute detail, which allows for greater controls and ease of use."
More information about Munis is available at tylertech.com.
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Paul VI Catholic School wanted to develop a laptop program that would equip its students and teachers with the right tools to increase classroom learning, prepare their students for college, and to develop the 21st Century skill sets required by today's employers. Download this White Paper to learn about their comprehensive selection process and how they are using their new laptops to revolutionize the learning process.
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