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Startup not working Mac OSX 10.6.4
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Member Since: Dec 12, 2010
Posts: 3
Hey, im having trouble starting up my mac when i boot it up it gets to the Apple Logo and the whirly loading circle and then after a few minutes it just stops loading and freezes, but i can still heal the processor working.
About my Mac:
Imac about 2 years old, recently upgraded to 10.6.3 from leopard, and then downloaded the update to .4. My mac was recently fixed at an official apple store due to display issues as when i tried to boot up the screen wouldn't work, the mother board and almost all hardware was replaced at the store and when i got my mac back it was working fine.
When this issue started it was after me force shutting down my computer 3 times after the computer freezing after me opening the game World Of Warcraft, this game was working fine before i updated to .4
Side Notes:
I am able to boot into my winxp partition but the Nvidia geforce 8800 gs card doesn't seem to be working.
Things I've Tried:
Booting from disc - not working, gives me the kernal panic error
Safe mode boot - the bar gets around half way and stops, then the same thing happens as when i normally boot into osx
Fsck -fy - seems to do nothing except after 2 tries it says the "Ok"
resetting PRAM - not doing anything either
Not sure what else I should say. Any help appreciated, and ive already booked a appointment to visit the apple store with my mac in a few days.
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De Rosier's View
Cartoon commentary on local, state, national and world issues.
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And buried in the fine print of who has access to this new nursing home will be a clause that gives Albany County Legislators free lifetime priority resident status when their time comes to be placed somewhere. For a small co-pay, their families will be included in the deal. You and I, not so much. Also, don't forget, they will be able to keep all of their retirement money no matter what the true monthy cost of the home to the rest of us.

subset: commoncrawl


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I sing because I love to share my creative energy and express myself telling stories through music, conveying joy, humor, love lost and found. My style is part Mel Torme, part Chet Baker, part swinging jazz, and all fun.
I've been performing in Seattle since 2009 and have been extraordinarily fortunate to work with and be encouraged by many singers and musicians including Greta Matassa, Darin Clendenin, Andy Shaw, Nikki DeCaires, Randy Halberstadt, Karin Kajita, Hans Brehmer and Chris Morton.
"Dangerously good –
I love your phrasing"
Greta Matassa
Copyright 2013 Chip Parker


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A drug delivery device for administering drug at a controlled rate for a prolonged period of time is disclosed. The device comprises a plurality of reservoirs containing drug distributed through a matrix. The reservoirs and the matrix are formed of materials permeable to passage of drug. The rate of drug permeation (release) from the reservoir is lower than the rate of permeation through the matrix so that release from the reservoir is the drug release rate controlling step.
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
United States Patent Zaffaroni 1*N0v. 25, 1975 [54] NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY DEVICE 3,220,960 11/1965 Wichterle 260/25 M 7 6 .1 3 .2 1 Inventor: Alejandro lament Atherwnl 31322;??? $1363 kiiliillui, ll 81 1, 13 575652 Callf- 3,429,827 2/1969 Ruus r. 424/19 Sigma notation, P816 A110 31233323 3333 82132;? if Zljiijj 11552 143 Notice: The portion of the term of this 352L637 7/1970 Waterbury r 128/270 pater Subsequent m Augv 0 983 3,598,l23 8/l97l Zaffaroni 1 1 r v 1 [28/268 has been disclaime 3,632,416 1/1972 Shepherd etal. 128/3355 3,691.27] 9/]972 Charle et al. [28/270 [22} Filed: Apr. 22, 1974 [21] Appl- No; 462.895 Primary Examiner-Aldrich F. Medbery Attorney, Agent, or F1'rmThomas Ev Ciotti; Paul L, Related Application Data Sabatine; Edward L. Mandell [63] Continuation of Ser, No. 323,370, Jan. l5 l973.
which is a continuation-impart of Ser. No M9974. [57] ABSTRACT Aug. 9, 197i, abandoned.
A drug delivery device for administering drug at a [52] Cl. H 2 28/130; 128/263; controlled rate for a prolonged period ol" time is dis l28/268; 128/270, 128/264; 424/19 losed. The device comprises a plurality of reservoirs 511 1111. c1. A. A6lF 13/20; A6lM 31/00; Containing drug distributed through a matrix- The A6| F 5 4 ervoirs and the matrix are formed of materials perme- [58] Field of Search 128/2 R, 33515, 260, 268, able to Passage of drug The rate of g Permeation 128/270 2 l56, 0; 424/16 19, 23 (release) from the reservoir is lower than the rate of permeation through the matrix so that release from [56] References Cited the reservoir is the drug release rate controlling step,
UNITED STATES PATENTS Meyer .4 128/268 13 Claims, 8 Drawing Figures US. Patent Nov. 25, 1975 Sheet 1 of2 3,921,636
U.S. Patent Nov. 25, 1975 Sheet 2 of2 3,921,636
NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY DEVICE This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 323,370, filed Ian. 15, 1973, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 169,974, filed Aug. 9, 1971 and now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a drug delivery device; more particularly, it concerns a device for releasing drug at a controlled rate for a prolonged period of time.
2. The Prior Art In many therapeutic programs it is desirable to administer a drug at a controlled rate over a prolonged period of time. In many instances the rate of drug administration should have a substantially zero order time dependence, that is, it should be constant independent of time.
Different approaches have been tried by the prior art to obtain a drug delivery device which will yield a substantially zero order release. One approach has been to mix a drug with a carrier material that is gradually boken down by body fluids. The drug is released as the carrier erodes. Waxes, oils, fats, soluble polymers, and the like have been used as carriers in such devices. While these devices provide a delayed release of the drug, a constant release rate for a prolonged period is not obtained. One reason for this is that as the carrier erodes the surface area of the dosage unit decreases. This inherently results in a decline in the release rate.
Another approach to this problem has been to disperse drug throughout a solid matrix through which the drug may diffuse. This type of drug delivery device also has proven incapable of providing a zero order drug release rate, instead giving a release rate which is inversely proportional to (time)'; J. Pharm. Sci., Vol 52, pages 1,145 to 1,149, 1963.
Still another approach has been to enclose drug within a single capsule having a polymeric wall through which the drug can diffuse. Generally, as for example in US. Pat. No. 3,279,996, these devices have employed as polymeric walls materials such as silicone rubber polymers which have very high permeabilities for certain drugs. This use of materials having high drug permeability prevents a uniform rate of drug release since the rate of permeation through the material is higher than the rate of drug clearance from the outer surface of the capsule. This results in the rate limiting step being clearance of the drug from the exterior of the capsule, which is difficult to control and subject to frequent change, rather than diffusion through the capsule wall. In applicant's own US. Pat. No. 3,598,122, an improved variation of such a capsule device is disclosed. This variation involves the use of a lower permeability outer wall so that the rate of diffusion through the wall is in fact the rate limiting step. The devices of that patent, while representing a major advance over the prior art, did at times have difficulties since different devices having different drug release rates often were not readily made without experimentation; also the devices could at times require difficult precision fabrication from difficult to handle materials.
It is also known to surround drug with certain types of microcapsules to delay drug release as shown, for example, in US. Pat. No. 3,464,413. The microcapsules of the prior art do not give a sustained or zero order rate of drug release. As pointed out in US. Pat. No. 3,464,413, these capsules rupture upon administration, causing their encapsulated medicament to be discharged in a burst. In certain embodiments, prior microcapsules could be microporous, in which case some medicament might escape from the devices by leakage or evaporation, nonetheless, the release instead of being controlled and constant, would still be essentially by a burst-like rupture, the evaporation or leakage not functioning by diffusion or yielding a constant rate of drug release. Thus, these types of capsule devices were not suitable for releasing drug at a controlled and preferably constant rate for a prolonged period of time.
STATEMENT OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is an immediate object of this invention to provide a drug delivery device for releasing drug at a controlled, and preferably constant, rate for a prolonged period of time.
Another object of this invention is to provide a drug delivery device which is of simple construction and which enables simple modification of drug release rate.
In accomplishing these objects the present invention provides a drug delivery device comprising a drug permeable matrix containing a plurality of drug reservoirs, each of which reservoirs comprise drug sur rounded by a drug release rate controlling materials. The rate of drug permeation through the release rate controlling material is lower than the rate of drug permeation through the matrix. While other embodiments are contemplated as well, it is very suitable for the reservoirs to take the form of drug microencapsulated with release rate controlling material. The release rate controlling material may be essentially imperforate so that drug is released by diffusing directly through the material or the maerial may contain fluidfilled micropores in which case the drug may diffuse through the fluid pore filling or through the material itself.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawings wherein like parts are identified by like numbers:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a drug delivery device of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view at 22 of the drug delivery device of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an elevational sectional view of an anal drug delivery device of the invention in use;
FIG. 4 is an elevational view of a drug delivery tampon embodying the principles of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a front elevational view of an intrauterine drug delivery device according to the invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing showing a drug delivery device of this invention shaped as a tablet;
FIG. 7 is a longitudinal section through a drug deliv ering implant in accordance with this invention;
FIG. 8 is an isometric view of a catamenial pad embodiment of the instant drug delivery device.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS. 1 and 2 depict a representative device of this invention, drug delivery device 10. Drug delivery device 10 is comprised of a matrix 11 having dispersed therethrough a plurality of reservoirs l2. Reservoirs 12 are comprised of a drug confined within a drug release rate controlling material permeable to the passage of the drug by diffusion or by microporous flow. Passage of drug through a release rate controlling material is defined to occur by diffusion when the rate controlling material is essentially non-porous and the drug molecules dissolve in and diffuse through the material itself. Drug passage is defined to occur by microporous flow when the rate controlling material contains microporous pinholes or cracks filled with a liquid phase and the drug diffuses through the liquid phase present in the micropores and the like. Matrix 11 is also permeable to passage of the drug. Critically, however, the rate of passage (by diffusion or microporous flow) of drug from reservoir 12 (that is. through the drug release rate controlling material) is lower than the rate of passage of drug through matrix 11. The rate of passage of drug from reservoir I2 is the rate limiting step for drug re lease from the device. Drug within reservoirs I2 may be in solid form, liquid form, in admixture with a carrier, in solution, etc.
FIG. 3 illustrates another drug delivery device of the invention, device 10, a drug delivery device adapted for administering drug within the anal canal. Device 10 is shown positioned in anal canal 14 of body I3 located between the buttocks and terminating in anus I5. Device 10 has a matrix 11 having dispersed therethrough a plurality of reservoirs 12 each made up of drug confined within a drug release rate controlling material. Drug molecules are released from reservoirs 12 at a controlled rate and pass through matrix 11 to body 13.
FIG. 4 illustrates drug delivery device 10 of the invention, shaped as a cylindrical vaginal tampon. One end 16 ofthe tampon is rounded while the opposite end 17 is flat for easy insertion of the device into a vagina. The drug delivery tampon is equipped with cord 18 for removing the drug delivery tampon from the vagina after the desired degree of medication has been effected. Device 10 has a matrix 11 carrying therein a plurality of reservoirs 12 containing a drug. In operation, drug is released from the reservoir to the matrix, as discussed above, at a controlled rate and then passes through the latter into the vagina to achieve a desired physiological or pharmacological effect.
In FIG. 5, there is depicted an intrauterine contraceptive drug delivery device I according to the spirit of this invention. Device comprises matrix 11 permeable to the passage of drug and having homogenously or heterogenously dispersed therein a plurality of reservoirs l2. Reservoirs 12 are formed of a wall member that confines a drug. Drug is released at a controlled rate from the reservoir by passage through this wall member and passes through matrix I] to the uterus. The rate of drug release from the reservoir is the rate controlling step for drug release from the device. Intrauterine drug delivery device 10 is of triangular shape as defined by coordinates A, B, and C, with non-traumatising rounded corners for easy insertion into the uterine cavity.
FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing of a pill or tablet drug delivery device 10 of the invention. This device 10 comprises a matrix material 11 and a plurality of reservoirs 12 formed of materials permeable to the passage of drug in the relation set forth for FIGS. 1 5. Pill or tablet drug delivery device 10 is suitable for oral administration and thus continuously meters drug to the gastrointestinal tract.
In FIG. 7, there is illustrated depot implant drug de' livery device 10 comprising matrix 11 having dispersed therein reservoirs l2 confining a drag. When such a device is implanted it meters a constant and uniform flow of drug to the body.
FIG. 8 represents a drug delivery device I0 of cata menial shape which comprises a matrix 11 having a shape generally approximating the exterior surface of the pubic area. The catamenial is provided at its ends with tabs 19 for securing and maintaining it in position during the delivery of drug. Matrix ll of device I0 has distributed therethrough reservoirs 12 containing a drug. The reservoirs 12 have walls which release drug at a controlled rate for a prolonged period of time to matrix II. The drug passes through matrix 11 at this rate and is administered to the wearer.
While the above FIGS. 1 through 8 inclusive are illustrativc of various drug delivery devices that can be made according to the invention, it is to be understood that the illustrated devices are not to be construed as limiting, as the drug delivery device of the invention can take shapes, sizes and forms for administering drug to different areas of the body. For example, the invention includes external and internal drug delivery devices such as skin patches, sublingual drug delivery devices, peroral devices, arterial devices, nasal and ear drug delivery devices, ocular inserts, suture materials, plastic heart valves, hip joints, bone pins, pessaries, prosthesis, artificial glands, cervical rings, troches, or intrauterine drug delivery devices of any shape. In each instance, the drug delivery device has a matrix containing a plurality of reservoirs containing drug. Both the matrix and the reservoir are permeable to the passage of drug by diffusion. and/or microporous flow with rate of permeation from the reservoir being lower than the rate of permeation through the matrix.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The drug delivery device of this invention provides many important advantages over previously known drug delivery devices. One advantage of the device is its ease of construction by standard manufacturing techniques into devices of various sizes, shapes, forms and, more importantly, drug release rates. A wide range of drug release rates can be easily obtained by varying the number of reservoirs or the rate controlling wall material of the reservoirs while using a single matrix that contacts the body for administration of drug thereto.
Another important advantage of the invention resides in the drug delivery devices ability to provide a substantially zero order (dM,/dt=constant) rate of drug release throughout the major portion of the devices drug release history. Also, if desired. the drug delivery device of this invention may be adapted to administer drug according to a predetermined drug-time release pattern, for example, sinusoidal, parabolic, and the like. The drug-time release pattern for the device of the invention is obtained by a selection of the drug release parameters, such as the thickness of the material forming the reservoir walls, the size of the reservoir, and the number of reservoirs.
In construction, the device can be viewed as a single unit device comprising two structures acting in concert for effective drug administration to a host. One structure pertains to the reservoirs comprising a drug and formed of a drug release rate controlling material and the other structure relates to the matrix housing the reservoirs. The materials forming the reservoirs and the matrix of the device can be chemically and structurally different within a single device.
These two structures, comprising the unit drug delivery device, operate to effectively transfer drug from the device by first transferring drug from the reservoirs to the matrix, and secondly, by passing drug through the matrix to a drug recipient. The transfer of drug from the reservoirs and from the matrix can occur by a diffusion process and/or by a microporous flow process as hereinabove described, depending on the nature of the materials used for the reservoir walls and for the matrix.
1n the diffusion process, the reservoirs and/or the matrix are formed from an essentially non-porous material which is itself permeable to the drug. The rate of passage of drug through such a material is generally dependent on the solubility of the drug therein, as well as on the thickness of the material. This means that selection of appropriate diffusion" materials will also be dependent on the particular drug to be used. By varying the composition and thickness of the reservoir walls, the dosage rate per area of the device can be controlled.
Thus, through this invention, devices of the same matrix surface area, functioning by diffusion, can give different dosages of a drug by varying the characteristics of the reservoirs.
in the devices of the invention, the reservoir and/or the matrix may be formed from a microporous material such that the drug transfer mechanism is by microporous flow through a diffusive medium in the micropores. This drug transfer mechanism is referred to in the specification and the accompanying claims as a microporous flow process. The diffusive medium is a fluid phase comprised of a solution, a colloidal solution, or a suspension. The fluid phase can be polar, semi-polar or non-polar. In these diffusive mediums, the drug can have different degrees of solubility, to act in cooperation with the microporous material for achieving a controlled rate of drug permeation.
The diffusive medium may be a specifically added material or it may be a body fluid which enters the micropores when the device is placed in operation. A specifically added (non-body fluid) medium can be added by methods well known to the art, for example, by immersion of the microporous material in a bath of diffusive medium to let the medium partially fill or fully saturate the micropores of the material. Another method for charging the micropores with a diffusive medium is to encapsulate the drug mixed with a diffusive medium or a mixture of diffusive mediums so that the medium can flow from within the material into the pores to permit diffusive flow of the drug therethrough. Diffusive media suitable for the present purpose include fluids such as water, glycerin, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, castor oil, olive oil, alcohols of 2 to carbon atoms, halogenated hydrocarbons having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, aldehydes and ketones having 4 to 10 carbon atoms, syrups, and the like. Additionally, a plasticizer used to manufacture the reservoir and/or the matrix can act as the diffusive medium for the passage of the drug therethrough. Exemplary plasticizers suitable for employment for the present purpose are the commercially available plasticizers conventionally used for the manufacture of polymeric materials such as diethyl adipate, di-isobutyl adipate, di-n-hexyl adipate, diisooctyl adipate, di-n-hexyl azelate, di-Z-ethylhexylazelate, ethylene glycol dibenzoate, acetyl tri-n-butyl citrate, epoxidized soy bean oil, glycerol monoacetate, diethylene glycol dipelargonate, propylene glycol diluarate, iso-octyl palmitate, triphenyl phosphate, and the like. Other representative mediums are set forth in Remington's Pharmaceutical Science, pages 246 to 269 and 1,338 to 1,380, 1,970, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa,
As noted, the diffusive medium may also be a body fluid added by contracting the device with a body tis sue, for example, the mucous membranes of the anus, mouth or vagina, that can make available its intracellular and/or extracellular body fluid; or directly with a body fluid, for example, the fluid present in the stomach.
Materials comprising the reservoirs are chemically and/or structurally different than the materials comprising the matrix, so that the rate of drug permeation from the reservoirs is lower than the rate of permeation through the matrix. Generally, for the practice of this invention, the ratio of the drug permeation rate through the matrix material to the drug release rate through the reservoir wall material should be from :1 to 2:1 and preferably from 10:1 to 2: l Of course, the invention is not so limited to these release rates so long as the passage through the reservoir walls is the rate controlling step.
For either of the above-discussed mechanisms, the transfer or rate of release of drug from the reservoirs is the release rate controlling step for the drug delivery system. The reservoirs remain substantially at the thermodynamic activity corresponding to that of the pure drug until substantially all of the drug has been released from the reservoir. This causes the rate of release to remain constant. To achieve this constant rate of release, however, the rate of drug release from the reservoirs and thus the rate of drug passage through the matrix should be less than the rate of clearance of released drug from the exterior surface of the matrix. This ensures that the drug delivery rate is dependent on the rate of release of drug from the reservoirs which can be controlled, rather than upon clearance of drug from the device in vivo, which varies.
The term reservoir as used in the specification and the accompanying claims refers to a drug carrier phase," or to a a medium supplying drug." The reservoir is comprised of a drug confined within a drug release controlling material. The reservoir can assume various embodiments, such as a drug-filled microcapsule or fiber, or both. When the reservoir is a drugfilled microcapsule, it can take the form of a hollow container of drug release rate controlling material having a drug therein. Alternatively, the microcapsule can be a solid particle ofa drug release rate controlling material (solid or microporous) having a drug distributed therethrough.
The materials suitable for fabricating the microcapsules, whether of hollow or solid, porous or non-porous structure, are generally those materials capable of forming walls, membranes with or without pores or voids, or coatings through which the drug can pass at a controlled rate by the process of diffusion or by microporous flow. To achieve the desirable constant (or zero order) rate of flow the rate controlling materials must be essentially non-crushable so as to remain intact throughout the period of drug release. Rupture or collapse of microcapsules of these materials is to be avoided as the resulting drug release would be a pulse, rather than a controlled continuous and preferably constant release. Likewise, generally, the use of rapidly dissolving materials or materials highly soluble in body fluids is to be avoided since dissolution of the reservoirs in the matrix of the device would affect the constancy of the drug release, as well as the capability of the systern to remain in place for certain uses. Suitable materials for forming the reservoirs include naturally occurring and synthetic materials. Preferably these materials are biologically compatible with body fluids, and tissues, though this feature is not critical since the reservoirs do not directly contact the body being carried within a matrix.
Exemplary materials suitable for fabricating the rate controlling microcapsules include poly(methymethacrylate), poly(butylrnethacrylate), plasticized or unplasticized poly (vinylchloride), plasticized nylon, plasticized soft nylon, plasticized polytethylene terephthalate), natural rubber, poly(isoprene), poly(isobutylene), poly(butadiene). poly (ethylene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(vinylidene chloride), poly(acrylonitrile), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), po1y(vinyl methyl ether), po1y(trifiuorochloraethylene), poly(4,4-isopropylidene diphenylene carbonate), sodium (polystyrene sulfonate) copolymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride acrylonitrile, vinyl chloride diethyl fumariate, and the like. Examples of other materials include silicone rubbers, especially the medical grade poly(dimethylsiloxanes), and silicone-carbonate copolymers; hydrophilic polymers such as the hydrophilic hydrogels of esters of acrylic and rnethacrylic acid (as described in US. Pat. Nos. 2,976,576 and 3,220,960 and Belgian Pat. No. 701,813), modified collagen, cross-linked poly (vinylalcohol), cross-linked partially hydrolyzed poly(vinylacetate). Other polymeric membranes that are biologically compatible and do not adversely affect the drugs can be used.
To provide the microcapsule reservoirs, particles or solutions of drugs can be encapsulated with thin coatings of the encapsulating material to form microcapsules having an interior chamber containing the drug. Alternatively, the encapsulating material can be uniformly impregnated with the drug or drug solution, or a mixture of drugs, to form microcapsules which are a matrix having the drug distributed therethrough. 1f desired, particles of a known drug carrier, such as starch, gum acacia, charcoal, gum tragacanth, calcium carbonate, poly(vinylch1oride), and the like, can be impregnated with the drug and encapsulated with another material such as the encapsulating materials previously discussed. These latter materials then function as the membrane which meters the flow of drug to the matrix.
Any standard encapsulation or impregnation techniques can be used to prepare the microcapsules. Drug can be distributed through encapsulating material by mixing or by impregnation. Subsequently, the solid material can be reduced to fine microcapsules by grinding, each of the microcapsules comprising drug coated with and distributed through the encapsulating material. Alternatively, fine particles or solutions of the drug can be encapsulated with a coating such as by suspending dry particles of the drug in an air stream and contacting that stream with a stream ofencapsulating material that coats the drug particles with a membrane.
Alternatively, a coacervation technique may be used. The coacervation technique consists essentially of forming three immiscible phases, a liquid manufacturing phase, a core material phase and a coating phase. The coating phase is deposited as a liquid on the core material and rigidized usually by thermal, cross-linking or desolvation techniques, to form microcapsules, Microcapsules, made by the above technique, have an average particle size of from several tenths ofa micron to 5,000 microns. Particle size, however, is not critical to the practice of the invention. Other suitable techniques for preparing microcapsules, such as the classic Bungenberg de .long and Kaas method are reported in Biochem. Z, Vol 232, pages 338 to 345, 1931; Colloid Science, Vol 11, Reversible System," edited by H. R. Kruyt, 1949, Elsevier Publishing Company, 1nc., New York; J. Pharm. Sci., Vol 59, No. 10, pages 1,367 to 1,376, 1,970 and, Remingtons Pharmaceutical Science, Vol XIV, pages 1,676 to 1,677, 1,970, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa.
The reservoir may also take on a fiber form. The fibers forming the drug reservoirs may be of natural or synthetic origin and can have a wide variety of structures, (such as solid, hollow, porous, and the like) and geometric shapes (such as round, oval, square, trilobal, and the like). The fibers can effectively function as a reservoir by having drug dispersed therethrough, or by being hollow with drug contained therein, Suitable fi bers can be made by conventional fabrication techniques. For example, fiber material and the drug may be dissolved in a solvent, extruded through small holes of a die and then solidified by standard melt spinning, wet spinning or dry spinning. In another embodiment, the fibers can be produced by pumping a melt of fiber and drug through a spinneret. With such a method, fiber diameter may be varied from a few tenths of a micron to a millimeter or so by down-drawing or by updrawing. The reservoir can also be comprised of fibers of mixed denier. The fibers forming the reservoir can be filled, saturated, or semi-filled with drug by immersing, soaking, spraying or the like the fibers with drug, and permitting the desired amount of drug to transfer into the fiber to form a drug reservoir. Other techniques for forming fibers are set forth in US Pat. No. 3,228,887 and in Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Vol 5, pages 263 to 276, I971, published by McGraw Hill Co., New York.
The materials suitable for forming the fibers are those materials possessing drug release rate controlling properties as discussed above and having the ability to house drug.
Exemplary materials for fabricating fibers are materials described as suitable encapsulating materials. Additionally, other suitable materials permeable to the passage of drug include copolymers such as acrylonitrileldithioglycidol, acrylonitrile/ethylene oxide, poly/(vinyl butyral) comprised of 1 l to 45% free hydroxyls, anisotropic permeable microporous membranes of ionically associated polyelectrolytes, the polymers formed by the coprecipitation of a polycation and a polyanion as described in US. Pat. Nos. 3,276,589; 3,541,005; 3,541,006; 3,546,142; and the like; treated aliphatic polyamides as in US. Pat. Nos. 2,071,253; 2,966,700; 2,999,296; and the like; natural gums such as guar, acacia, pectins, and the like. Also, materials such as starch, regenerated cellulose, cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate, regenerated proteins, polyurethanes, polydinitrites, polyarylenes, polycarbonates and the like.
The matrix is generally formed of those materials which will pass drug molecules and which have the ability to house the reservoirs. The matrix material may have various shapes and forms, in conformity with the design of the drug delivery device. The matrix can be made from naturally occurring or synthetic materials, or a mixture of both. Generally, the preferred materials are those that are biologically compatible with body fluids, tissues or organs as are contacted by the drug delivery device, and that do not adversely affect the drug,
The matrix can be made from the materials listed above as suitable drug release rate controlling materials by first selecting a material for the reservoirs that releases drug at a lower rate than does the material used to make the matrix. With this relationship in mind, the matrix and the reservoirs can be made from microporous materials having a pore size of several hundred microns or larger, down to several angstroms, for example, regenerated cellulose, polyelectrolytes and the like with a pore size of 7 to 50 A, cellulose, cellulose esters, epoxy resins, poly(olefins), poly(vinylchlorides) with a pore size of about 50A to 150 microns or largermade by leaching out incorporated salts, soap micelles, starch and the like.
The matrix of the drug delivery device is easily fabricated. For example, the reservoirs can be mixed with the matrix forming material, which can be in solid, semi-solid, or liquid form at the time of mixing, by ballmilling, calendering, stirring, shaking and the like. Where the reservoirs are generally compatible with monomers or prepolymers used to form the matrix, the reservoirs can be added at this earlier stage of formation, and the matrix formed in situ. The matrix material, however made and having the reservoirs distributed therethrough, can then be formed to a given drug design by molding, pressing, extruding or like processes. Also, depending on the material used to form the matrix, the monomers may, if needed, be cured at this stage of manufacture. The ability to design and shape the matrix into tubes, rods, discs, films, rings and other highly reproducible shapes of controllable composition, readily results in fabrication of drug delivery devices with controlled characteristics and thus overcomes a significant disadvantage of previously described devices.
The rate of release of a drug from various materials can easily be determined by those skilled in the art. in this manner, particular materials for use as the drug release rate controlling barrier of the reservoirs and the matrix can be selected. Various techniques, such as the transmission method, the sorption/desorption method, the volume method, the pressure method, and the like can be used as measurers of permeability. One technique that has been found to be eminently well suited is to cast or hot press a film of the material to a thickness in the range of 2 to 60 mils. The film is used as a barrier between a rapidly stirred (e.g., 150 rpm.) saturated solution of the drug and a rapidly stirred solvent bath, both maintained at constant temperature (typically 37C). Samples are periodically withdrawn from the solvent bath and analyzed for drug concentration. By plotting drug concentration in the solvent bath versus time, the permeability constant P of the material is determined by Fick's First Law of Diffusion.
Q.Q, P AC Slope of plot wherein cumulative amount of drug in solvent in micrograms at T, Q, cumulative amount of drug in solvent in micrograms at t;
r, elapsed time to first sample, i.e., Q
: elapsed time to second sample, i.e., Q
A area of membrane in cm C initial concentration of drug h thickness of membrane in cm. By determining the slope of the plot, i.e.
Membrane Permeability Constant (cmlhr) Poly(dimethylsiloxane) 8.0 X 10 Poly(ethylene) 47 X 10" Using the above technique and data to design a device of the invention to release progesterone, one would employ poly(ethylene) as the drug release rate controlling material of the reservoirs and the poly(- dimethylsiloxane) as the matrix. The poly(dimethylsiloxane) used above is commercially available Silastic 340 of the Dow Corning Co.. and the poly(ethylene) is low density with a melt index of 0.85. These examples and like examples can be used to determine the rate of drug release through different drug release controlling materials by easily ascertained standard techniques as are recorded in J. Pharm. Sci.. Vol 52, pages 1,145 to 1,749, 1,963; ibid. Vol 53, pages 798 to 802, 1,964; ibid. Vol 54, pages 1,459 to 1,464, l,965, ibid. Vol 55, pages 840 to 843 and L224 to 1,239, 1,966; Encyl. Polymer Sci. Technol., Vol 5 and 9, pages 65 to 82 and 794 to 807; and the references cited therein.
In the specification and the accompanying claims, the term drug broadly includes, without limitation, physiologically or pharmacologically active substances for producing a localized or systemic effect or effects in animals, especially mammals. The active drugs that can be administered by the drug delivery device of the invention include, without limitation: for example, drugs acting on the central nervous system such as, hypnotics and sedatives such as pentobarbital sodium, phenobarbital, secobarbital, thiopental, etc.; heterocyclic hypnotics such as dioxopiperidines, and glutarimides', hypnotics and sedatives such as amides and ureas exemplified by diethylisovaleramide and a-bromoisovaleryl urea and the like; hypnotics and sedative alcohols such as carbomal, naphthoxyethanol, methylparaphenol and the like; and hypnotic and sedative urethans, disulfanes and the like; psychic energizers such as isocarboxacid, nialamide, phenelzine, imipramine. tranylcypromine, pargylene and the like; tranquilizers such as chloropromazine, promazine, fluphenazine reserpine, deserpidine, meprobamate, benzodiazepines such as chlordiazepoxide and the like; anticonvulsants such as primidone, diphenylhydantoin, ethotoin, pheneturide, ethosuximide and the like; muscle relaxants and antiparkinson agents such as mephenesin, methocarbomal, trihexylphenidyl, biperiden, levo-dopa, also known as L- dopa and 1-B'3-4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, and the like; analgesics such as morphine, codeine, meperidine, nalorphine and the like; anti-pyretics and anti-inflammatory agents such as aspirin, salicylamide, sodium salicylamide and the like; local anesthetics such as procaine, lidocaine. naepaine, piperocaine, tetracaine, dibucaine and the like; antispasmodics and antiulcer agents such as atropine, scopolamine, methscopolamine, oxyphenonium, papaverine, prostaglandins such as PGE], PGEz, PGFIQ, PGF and the antimicrobials such as pencillin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlorotetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides and the like; anti-materials such as 4-aminoquinolines, S-aminoquinolines and pyrimethamine; hormonal agents such as prednisolone, cortisone, cortisol and triamcinoline; androgenic ste roids, for example, methyltestosterone, fluoximesterone and the like; estrogenic steroids, for example, l7B-estradiol and ethinyl estradiol; progestational steriods, for example l7a-hydroxyprogesterone acetate, l9-nor-progesterone, norethindrone and the like; sympathomimetic drugs such as epinephrine, amphetamine, ephedrine, norepinephrine and the like; cardiovascular drugs, for example, procainamide, amyl nitrate, nitroglycerin, dipyridamole, sodium nitrate, mannitol nitrate and the like; diuretics, for example, chlorothiazide, flumethiazide and the like; antiparasitic agents such as bephenium hydroxynaphthoate and dichlorophen, dapsone and the like; neoplastic agents such as mechlorethamine, uracil mustard, fluorouracil, 6-thioquanine, procarbazine and the like; hypoglycemic drugs such as insulins, protamine zinc insulin suspension, and other art known extended insulin suspension, sulfonylureas such as tolbutamide, acetohexamide, tolazamide, and chlorpropamide, the biguanides and the like; nutritional agents such as vitamins, essential amino acids, essential fats and the like; and other physiologically or pharmacologically active agents. Also the drugs can be present as the pharmacologically acceptable derivatives, such as ethers, esters, amides, acetals, etc. that lend themselves to passage into the circulatory system. For highly water soluble drugs, it is preferable that the matrix or the reservoir, or both be formed from a material that is substantially impermeable to water to essentially prevent dilution of the drug by absorption of body fluids into the devices with an accompanying decrease in drug release rate. These derivatives can be prepared by art known techniques and then used in the practice of the invention. Of course, the drug derivative should be such as to convert to the active drug within the body through the action of body enzymes assisted transformations, pH, specific organ activities, and the like.
The amount of the drug present in the reservoirs, whether contained in microcapsules or fibers is generally not limited and it is an amount equal to or larger than the amount of a drug that on its release from the device is effective for bringing about the drug's desired effects for the desired period. Typical amounts of drug present in the reservoir of these drug delivery devices are: ll-desmethoxyreserpine about 5 to 40 mg in the reservoir; acetophenazine 100 to 200 mg in the reservoir; methoxypromizine 600 to 750 mg in the reservoir, emcylamate a reservoir amount of 1.5 to 2.0 gm; phenylglycodol a reservoir amount of 1.5 to 1.9 gm; about I60 to 250 mg of butabarbital in the reservoir; from 0.5 to 1.2 gm of methsuximide; from to 40 mg of hydrolazine; about 50 to 100 mg of totazoline; and the like. Generally, the drug delivery devices made according to the invention can contain from about 250 nanograms to 50 grams of drug for releasing it at a controlled rate of from about 25 nanograms to about 25 grams of drug or larger amounts per day. Of course, other devices containing different amounts of drug for use for different time periods such as week, month and year are also readily made by the invention.
It will be appreciated by those versed in the art that the unique drug delivery device of this invention can provide for the programmed delivery of drug at a rate of delivery characterized by a zero order time dependence for a prolonged period of time. For example, the amount of drug in the reservoir can be 100 to 300 mg of thiopropzate for releasing l5 to 30 mg over a 24hour period; 200 to 400 mg in the reservoir of phenyltoloxamine for a release of 150 to 200 mg per day; 100 to 200 mg of papaverine in the reservoir for a topical release of 30 to mg over a 24 hour period; 2.5 g to 4.0 g of mephenoxalone for a release of 1.0 to L5 g per day; l5 to 25 mg of tranylcypromane for a release of 10 to l5 mg as the standard dose; l to 2 gm of trimethadione present in the reservoir for a release administration of 0.5 to L0 g per day; prostaglandins, for example PGE PGE PGA,, PGA, in amounts of 0.5 mg to 10 mg for release of 1 ng to ng and the like; for progestegen, progesterone an amount of 0.0] to 20 mg; and the like.
The above drugs and other drugs can be present in the reservoir alone or in combination with pharmaceutical carriers. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers include, for example, sterile water, dextrose in water or saline, condensation products of castor oil and ethylene oxide combining about 30 to about 35 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of castor oil; lower alkanols, oils such as corn oil; glycols; and the like. The carrier may also contain adjuvants for preserving, stabilizing, wetting, emulsifying or the like.
The drug can also be mixed in the reservoir with a transporting agent, that is, a material that aids or assists the transport of drug from the device reservoir to the body being treated. Acceptable transporting aids do not adversely affect the host, the drug or other materials forming the drug delivery device. Suitable transporting aids may be found among lower organic compounds having generally from about 4 to 15 carbons. Exemplary transporting aids include aliphatic cycloaliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons having from 5 to 12 carbon atoms, aldehydes and ketones having from 4 to 10 carbon atoms, N,N-di(lower)-alkyl acetamides of up to about 10 carbons, 4 to 12 carbon esters, halogenated or nitrated lower hydrocarbons, salicylates, polyalkylene glycol silicates and the like.
The following examples are presented to illustrate the present invention. They should not be considered as limiting the scope of the invention as other equivalent embodiments will be apparent in light of the present disclosure, drawings and accompanying claims.
EXAMPLE 1 A nasal anti-allergenic drug delivery device is prepared by first mixing with ID g of dry corn starch having a particle size of from 5 to 7 millimicrons, 5 ml. of a rag weed pollen liquid extract containing biologically active microsolutes of the pollen. The mixing is continued in a bench V-blender until all the pollen liquid extract is absorbed by the starch. Next, a portion of the starch particles saturated with the liquid are suspended in a column of dry air in a Wurster fluidized bed coating apparatus and spray coated with a solution of re generated, leached cellulose xanthate and then maintained in a fluidizing flow of dry air until the cellulose 13 xanthate coating is dry. Next, the air flow is cut off and the coated starch particles fall to the bottom of the apparatus for collection.
The recovered particles are tiny drug reservoirs having biologically active material and a starch carrier surrounded and enclosed by a cellulose xanthate wall. This wall contains pores of about 24A diameter. A portion of these particles are placed in simulated nasal gluids and the rate of release of active material is measured and compared with the rate of release of active material from the starch particles which were not coated. The cellulose xanthate coated particles release active material at a slower substantially constant controlled rate order time dependence). Thus, the cellulosexanthate coating functions as an active agent release rate controlling wall. A portion of the coated particles are dispersed through and trapped in a matrix of fine nylon fibers.
This matrix has a higher permeability to the active material (drug) than does the rate controlling wall. When this matrix containing the plurality of coated particles (reservoirs) is tested for release rate it shows substantially the same prolonged controlled release of drug that the reservoirs themselves exhibited.
EXAMPLE 2 A drug delivery device for the oral administration of vitamin A is prepared by first forming a prepolymer solution comprising 244 grams of 37% formaldehyde and 120 grams of urea (adjusted to a pH of 8) by mixing the ingredients at 70 for one hour. The prepolymer is then dilutued with 500 grams of water to produce a solution for forming microcapsules. Next, microcapsules containing vitamin A are prepared by adjusting a portion of the prepolymer to pH and adding while stirring 32 grams of vitamin A, and then lowering the pH to 3 4 with continual mixing to disperse the vitamin A. Next, the mixture is heated to about 45C for about 1 hour and then cold water is added to bring the total volume to about 300 ml, and one-half of the resulting slurryis filtered to produce 24 grams of microcapsules. The remaining suspension is filtered a day later and air dried to give about 20 grams of microcapsules. The newly formed microcapsules are free flowing with a size of about 75 to I50 1. When placed in a simulated gastric environment, these microcapsules release vitamin A at a controlled, sustained, substantially constant rate, as compared with unencapsulated vitamin A.
Next, 25 parts by weight of the microcapsules are mixed with 70 parts by weight of polydimethylsiloxane, 5 parts by weight of silicone oil and 0.25 parts by weight of stannous octoate catalyst. The mixture is then cast in an elongated cylindrical mold having an inside diameter of 0.125 inches, divided into sections of 12 mm length and allowed to cure for 30 minutes. The resulting drug delivery device consists of microcapsule rservoirs of vitamin A enclosed in a siicone matrix. This device releases the vitamin A at substantially the same controlled rate as do the microcapsules themselves, showing that the matrixs permeability to the drug is higher than is the microcapsule walls. When taken orally, this device releases a controlled substantially constant flow of vitamin A to its user over a prolonged period of time.
EXAMPLE 3 A drug delivery device for releasing harmone into the vagina is prepared as follows: first, 15 grams of a mixture of norethindrone and medroxyprogesterone acetate on an inert carrier are injected into a vertical, conical column of dry air. The air, carrying a coating material of 10 grams of a copolymer of 67 parts by weight of ethylene and 33 parts by weight of vinyl acetate dissolved in 50 ml of chloroform is introduced at the bottom ofthe column at a velocity high enough to suspend the particles. The coating material is sprayed onto the supported particles in a fine mist from a controllable nozzle located near the bottom of the column. The particles are coated in about 2 hours at room temperature, then the air flow temperature is increased to 50C to dry the coated particles, now microcapsules containing the mixture of harmones.
Next, a 3.2 gram portion of the newly-prepared microcapsules is thoroughly mixed with 23 g of medical grade polydimethyl-siloxane elastomer and 5 g of the mixture aliquoted therefrom Then. I to 2 drops of stannous octoate catalyst are added to the aliquot, the in gredients mixed, and then poured into an intravaginal rectangular mold formed of two parts. The two parts are tightened to each other and the mold contents are cured at 40 to 50C for 2 hours. The final cured product (or drug delivery device) is a l0 X 10 X 70 mm rectangular silicone matrix containing a plurality of microcapsule reservoirs. Placement of this device in the vagirial tract of a mammal supplies an effective amount of hormone at a controlled and essentially constant rate for the control of fertility.
EXAMPLE 4 Repeating the general procedure described in Example 3, but using different materials and a different mold, an intrauterine contraceptive device is madae of a drug permeable, solid, silicone elastomer matrix designed in the shape of a 1% S, which is similar to the shape disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,250,27 l, and having dispersed throughout progesterone. The progesterone is microencapsulated with drug-permeable but drug release rate controlling poly(ethylerie). The microcapsules have a diameter of 50 microns and a wall thickness of 5 microns. A drug delivery device made according to this procedure with a drug loading of l% of the total volume will release about 70 micrograms of progesterone per cm of device per day for about I00 days.
EXAMPLE 5 A drug delivery device suitable for use as a tampon and comprised of silicone elastomer matrix having distributed throughout a plurality of reservoirs wherein each reservoir is a discrete hollow fiber of release rate controlling material containing a drug within, for example, hydrocortisone, would be manufactured to the procedures for making hollow fibers, such as by melt, dry or evaporative wet spinning procedures using spinnerets of a design that is apt for the purpose as set forth in British Pat. No. 514,638 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,228,877. For example, hollow fibers of cellulose triacetate would be produced by a wet spinning process in which the cellulose triacetate is first dissolved in a solvent to form a viscous spinning solution, after which the spinning solution is extruded into a coagulation bath to continuously form hollow, walled fibers. Then, the lumen of the hollow fiber is filled with drug and water and the ends are sealed. By controlling the conditions as set forth in the patents, hollow fibers with a wall thickness in the range of 2 to about 20 microns may be prepared for use as a reservoir. The fibers can be made in preselected 15 lengths of a few millimeters to a couple of centimeters or larger. When confined within a silicone matrix as above described. the fibers act as the release rate con trolling barriers.
EXAMPLE 6 A drug delivery device for the controlled, oral administration of water-soluble prednisolone'is prepared as follows: first, a plurality of drug reservoirs comprising porous, discrete particles of polymerized poly(vinyl chloride) of about 100 microns diameter are prepared by mixing 100 g of suspension grade poly(vinyl chloride) resin wiith 50 g of octyl diphenyl phosphate and 10 g of prednisolone disodium phosphate at room temperature into a sticky, wet mass. Next, the temperature of the mixture is raised to 80C for about 3 to 7 minutes, while stirring, to form dry, free flowing, discrete drug reservoirs. The reservoirs are uniformly dispersed through a matrix by mixing 50 g of reservoirs contain ing the prednisolone with M g of polydimethylsiloxane, g of silicone oil, and 0.5 g of stannous octoate. After mixing the ingredients, the mixture is charged into pill molds and allowed to cure for 30 minutes. Oral administration of the resulting device yields a controlled essentially constant rate of release of prednisolone phosphate to the gastrointestinal tract to give a more uniform blood level of prednisolone over a longer period of time than is achieved when prednisolone alcohol is administered by standard prior art pills.
EXAMPLE 7 Following the procedure of Example 6, a plurality of porous drug reservoirs comprised of commercially available, prepolymerized particles of poly(vinyl chloride) having prednisolone distributed therethrough is prepared by mixing 100 milligrams of prednisolone disodium phosphate, 1930 milligrams of poly(vinyl chloride) particles, 260 milligrams of standard grade starch binder, 50 milligrams oflubricant sodium benzoate and 200 milligrams of sodium caprylate solubilizing agent. The mixing is continued until a homogenous mixture is formed. Next, the mixture is pressed and then sieved through a No. 200 sieve to give reservoirs of about 75 microns containing the drug. The reservoirs are then distributed in a matrix as in Example 6 to provide a drug delivery device.
EXAMPLE 8 To give 100 grams of Z-hydroxyethyl methacrylate is added lOO grams of water, 0.2 grams of tertiary butyl peroctoate, 0.2 grams of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and 4 grams of sodium bicarbonate and the mixture heated at 70C, under an inert atmosphere to yield a solid, friable polymeric foam. The foam is ground into fine particles of micron average size. 10 grams of the particles are mixed with 2 grams of neomycin in a 50:50 ethyl alcohol/water solvent, and the resultant mixture placed on a mechanical roller until the polymeric particles absorb the drug to form a plurality of drug reservoirs. The solution is filtered and the reservoirs gently dried under a stream of dry air. The reservoirs containing the drug are mixed with I00 grams of suspension grade poly(vinyl chloride) and 50 grams of octyl diphenyl phosphate at room temperature and the mixture is charged into a mold. The temperature is raised to 80C for 5 minutes to give a solid, poly(vinyl chloride) matrix having a plurality of polymeric acrylate reservoirs containing the drug neomycin therein.
16 This drug delivery device is in accord with this invention and can be implanted subcutaneously for controlled release of the drug.
EXAMPLES 9 to l7 Other drug delivery devices made according to the procedure set forth in the previous examples include the following: an intrauterine drug delivery device comprising a plurality of reservoirs made of suspension grade poly(vinyl chloride) with the active drug component in the reservoirs being progesterone and the reservoirs contained in a silicone matrix; an intrauterine drug delivery device comprising a plurality of reservoirs made of suspension grade poly(vinyl chloride) with the drug in the reservoirs progesterone and the matrix containing the reservoirs formed of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer wherein vinyl acetate is 33% of the copolymer; an intrauterine drug delivery device wherein the reservoirs are made from finely ground radiation cross-linked ethylene vinyl acetate (l8% vinyl acetate) with the reservoirs containing progesterone and the matrix silicone; an intrauterine drug delivery device comprising a plurality of reservoirs formed from finely ground radiation cross-linked poly(cis-l ,4- polyisoprene) with progesterone in the drug reservoirs and the matrix formed from silicone; an ocular insert drug delivery device consisting of pilocarpine liquid finely dispersed in ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer reservoirs having an l8% vinyl acetate content with the reservoirs in a matrix of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer comprising 35% vinyl acetate; a drug delivery device comprising a non-thrombogenic hydrocephalus shunt consisting of a plurality of reservoirs that serve as a dispersed drug carrier and are formed of polyester microencapsulated around heparin with the reservoirs dispersed in a silicone matrix; a drug delivery device for oral use shaped as a drug administering elastic rubber band wherein the plurality of reservoirs comprise poly- (ethylene) microencapsulated around any drug with the reservoirs contained in a radiation cross-linked polyfcis-l,4-polyisoprene) matrix; a drug delivery device designed as a Stan-Edwards heart valve comprising high density poly(ethylene) microencapsulated around a drug reservoir, with a plurality of reservoirs distributed throughout a silicone matrix; and, a drug delivery device manufactured as a suture comprising a plurality of reservoirs formed of polyamide microencapsulated around a drug, for example, zepheran, and the reservoirs in a nylon matrix.
I claim:
1. A drug delivery device which releases drug continuously at a controlled rate over a prolonged period of time when administered to an animal comprising:
a. a plurality of reservoirs each comprising i. a drug confined within ii. a drug release rate controlling material permeable to the drug by diffusion, microporous flow or a combination thereof, said drug release rate controlling material being essentially insoluble in body fluids and essentially non-crushable under the conditions of administration and, with the proviso that if said drug is highly water soluble, substantially impermeable to body fluids; dispersed in b. a matrix formed of a material permeable to said drug at a rate greater than the rate of permeability of the drug through said drug release rate controlling material so that the rate of drug permeation 17 through said drug release rate controlling material determines the rate of release of drug from the device; whereby when the device is administered said reservoirs remain intact and release drug by diffusion, microporous flow or a combination thereof continuously at a controlled rate for said prolonged period. 2. The drug delivery device in accordance with claim 1 wherein the reservoir material is essentially imperforate and is permeable to the passage of drug by the process of diffusion.
3. The drug delivery device in accordance with claim 2 wherein the reservoirs are fibers.
4. The drug delivery device in accordance with claim 2 wherein the reservoirs are microcapsules.
5. The drug delivery device in accordance with claim 4 wherein the rate at which the drug permeates the matrix is in the range of from l to 2 times as great as the rate at which the drug diffuses through the reservoir material.
6. The drug delivery device in accordance with claim 1 wherein the reservoir material is microporous and is 18 permeable to the passage of drug by microporous flow through fluid in the micropores.
7. The drug delivery device in accordance with claim 6 wherein the reservoirs are fibers.
8. The drug delivery device in accordance with claim 6 wherein the reservoirs are microcapsules.
9. The drug delivery device in accordance with claim 8 wherein the fluid in the micropores is a body fluid.
10. The drug delivery device in accordance with claim 8 wherein the fluid in the micropores is a specifically added material.
ll. The drug delivery device in accordance with claim 1 wherein said reservoirs are distributed homogeneously through said matrix.
12. The drug delivery device in accordance with claim 4 wherein said microcapsules are distributed ho mogeneously throughout the matrix.
13. An intrauterine drug delivery device comprising a matrix of silicone elastomer having a plurality of drug reservoirs dispersed therethrough, the reservoirs comprising progesterone particles each microencapsulated within a drug release rate controlling polyethylene wall. l=
Patent Citations
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Tags dubstep, dubstep remix, chill dubstep
Artists Borgore, Bassnectar, BogTroTTeR
November 29, 2011
Fifty-one tracks including music by Bassnectar, BogTroTTeR, and Borgore.
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great tune
Trypophobia is the fear of holes and asymmetrical clusters of small holes, often with things inside. It causes a creepy, itching, crawling feeling. The art for this mix makes me want to tear my skin off.
N nn nn iice ...
I love the flutter of sound!
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ecstasy, electronic, dubstep, trap, trance
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The songs that will say it all when you can't.
love, hurt, relaxing
The oldies we all love. by lemonsweetgurl
Fourty-eight tracks including music by Animals, Bob Dylan, and Buffalo Springfield.
classic rock, hippie, oldies, rock, drugs
Just good dubstep. by lemonsweetgurl
dubstep, dubstep remix, chill dubstep


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Mariota is going to lead Oregon back to the National Championship game and this time Oregon will win it. Man i can't wait Mariota is a better passer then Thomas a way way better runner then Thomas which will really open up the run game for Thomas,Barner,Carson and Marshall next year. Not to mention Mariota on the play action he sells the fake better then any QB i have ever seen and that was while he was a Senior in high school. To think Oregon gets a Beastly QB the next 4 years as thier starting QB other Pac 12 teams are and will be running scared :) i love the fact that Thomas went pro. Now it's Marcus Mariota time and Bennett is a pretty good backup to have as well. Go Ducks
The rest of the Pac 12 wants Kelly to go pro they are tired of Oregon winning the Pac 10/12 every year. But guess what ALL CHIP IS STAYING AND OREGON IS WINNING THE NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIP NEXT YEAR. GO DUCKS
Guess Oregon now has a great shot at both Thompson and Armstead wow thank you Tosh first you teach your player the art of the flop/fake injuries then you leave your team not telling any players and go to Washington burning bridges with all your Cal commits and now Oregon is back in the MIX YEAH YEAH I LOVE MY DUCKS BECAUSE IT'S O-TIME BABY MAN I CAN'T WAIT FOR SIGNING DAY SORRY FOR THE LONG RUN ON SENTENCE TO EXCITED TO USE PROPER ENGLISH LOL
I guess Nick A is visiting the number 1 S in the Country right now Shaq Thompson does Oregon have any shot with him or his set on either Cal or Washington now? Would love to see Oregon land Thompson but i'm thinking Oregon will land Cedrick Poutasi,Armstead,Johnson,Williams plus one or 2 surprises come signing day.
Oregon is going to be 4 to 5 times better with Mariota at the helm. This is great news for Oregon fans DT saw the writing on the wall say he was going to be 3rd string behind Mariota and Bennett and wanted to try and get drafted. Fyi he won't but i hope Thomas has a great career in the CFL and wow we get Marcus Mariota for 4 years as the starting QB at Oregon :)
Mariota will have tons of weapons to throw the ball too next year. Lets see Lyerla,Huff,White,Kelley,Sumler,French,Blackmon,Dungy,Bayliss,Stanford,Vaughn,Dat,Lowe wow talk about some weapons for Mariota to throw the rock too. Oregon will be alot better next year and won't lose a game Oregon has 5 of there first 6 games at home for Mariota to hone his skills. I heard somewhere that Mariota ran a 4.3 at some high school combine but that he usally rans a 4.4 forty but still 4.3 to 4.4 range a better passer and runner then Thomas not to mention bigger and he will have some WR that can acually catch the ball next year ;0
Great day to be a Duck
Yeah Mariota will be starting for the next 4 years dude is the truth great great news for Duck fans everywhere.
Mariota is faster a better passer and a way way better runner then Darron Thomas is or ever will be great great news for Oregon Natty for sure next year now for Oregon
Am i the only one fired up about Oregon Basketball i mean Oregon has 3 straight home games against 3 pretty weak teams and will probably be in first place in the Pac 12 in 2 weeks. Go Ducks
Oregon will be 7-2 in the Pac 12 assuming they can win thier next 3 home games against U$c,Ucla and Oregon State 3 pretty week teams. Oregon will probably be leading the Pac 12 when it's all said in done in 2 more weeks. Don't think any other Pac 12 team has even won 2 road games let alone 3 like Oregon has. There had better be a sellout this coming weekend to root on the Ducks beating the lowely U$C busted condoms by 20 plus next Thursday Go Ducks
Yeah it is Go Ducks
That road win from Oregon must have helped with Bennett hope he was watching Oregon beat Arizona and going 3-1 on the road in the Pac 12 3 of the 7 road wins in the Pac 12 have been by Oregon
Oregon is now 3-1 on the road in the Pac 12 with 3 straight home games coming against 3 pretty weak teams in U$C,Ucla and Oregon State Oregon could and should be 7-2 in the Pac 12 and leading it in 2 more weeks nice job Ducks.
Yeap Duckasmuck is forshame/lame for sure what a troll and not even a good one at that. Oregon will go 14-0 next year and win the Natty like they should have against Auburn.
This game was clearly rigged for the Spurs from the start i have never in my life seen a game so one sided from the refs wow if you don't know the fix was in this game you don't know NBA Basketball.
Just look at all the WR's Oregon will have next year the Oregon O will be unstopable next year. Huff,Stanford,Vaughn,Sumler,Kelley,Blackmon,Dungy, Dat split out wide some as well not to mention 2 of these 7 stud WR's will sign with Oregon as well. Thomas Johnson,Chance Allen,Jayden Mickens,Jovan Williams, Bralon Addison,Darius Rodgers and Julian Brooks. Oregon should have a way way more balanced O next year with Thomas,Mariota and Bennett running the show.
Marshall was the top RB on the West Coast for a reason dude is a freaking beast. Oh yeah Oregon already landed the number 1 RB in the 2013 Class 5 star RB Thomas Tyner 10.3 100 as a Sophmore :)
Oregon already has 1 star star player for the 2013 class the number 1 RB in the Country Thomas Tyner :)
Yeah now Oregon will once again have 4 great RB's in Barner,Dat,Carson and Marshall
Next year i see Barner getting about 1,700 yards and 20 or so TD's for Oregon. With Dat also getting about 1,200 yards and Carson another 600 or 700 hundred.
Pretty sure if Oregon can somehow beat Arizona on the road that thier next 3 games in the Pac 12 would be at home. Say Oregon were to beat Ucla,U$c and Oregon State all at home that would put Oregon at 7-2 in the Pac 12 and proably right into first place. The LA schools aren't very good this year and never are the Beavers Oregon needs to get the W at Arizona it will be a tough game between 2 12-5 teams but Oregon can do it.
Bennett is a freaking beast and a must get for Oregon next year. The Ducks will only have something like 5 bigs next year with Carter,Singler,Keumper,Emory Woods and will need to add at least 1 probably 2 more bigs next year i'm hoping for Bennett but would settle for Phil Nolan,Lets see Oregon has 5 seniors and already lost 2 players so the Ducks signed 3 so far meaning 4 more spots i'm hoping for 2 more bigs and 2 more guards for Oregon


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Maybe they're waiting on September 9 for some reason... Not sure I'd use a streaming or a subscription service, but for those who would, it's nice to see options.
Apple Approves Spotify for iPhone
Apple went ahead and gave the green flag for the music streaming service Spotify, whose biggest selling point is the fact you can create playlists in a free desktop app, and then listen to those playlists via your iPhone at any point in time, with or without a data connection. Apple told the developer:
The current status as of right now is its been approved, and we hope to add the app to the more than 65,000 apps on the app store very soon, Weve been in constant communication working with the developer and have already notified Spotify that the app will be in the app store very soon.
The good news is Apple approving this application for iPhone owners. The bad news being it is currently only available in Sweden, Norway, Finland, Britain, France and Spain. The weird news is that we still don't see it actually in the App Store in those countries?
Spotify's popularity has grown to over 2 million subscribers in Britain and they hope to have their service available here in the US before the end of the year. Perhaps this approved iPhone app will help things move along quicker. Music lovers can only hope.
Would any of our readers be ready to lay down their hard earned money for a service such as Spotify?
Have something to say about this story? Leave a comment! Need help with something else? Ask in our forums!
Reader comments
Apple Approves Spotify for iPhone
It's not just that it hasn't appeared. They seem to be actively blocking it. Last week when you searched for spotify 3 apps came up, all remote control iPhone apps.
Now when you search for spotify in desktop or on the phone it comes back with 0 results.
A little odd and I'm sure very annoying for the likes of rowmote etc who enable spotify desktop control.
I think 9/9-09 is to be expected. With appearance on the Apple event on the same day.
And in my dreams, Apple have realized the potential of the application and:
- Ensured a joint deal with all of the record companies together with Spotify, syncronizing the catalogs of iTunes and Spotify.
- Given the app a special status, either making it a standard iPhone/iTouch app, or at least allowing it to multi task.
But that's just in my dreams...
I am a BIg fan of Simplify. Why would I pay for a service when I can get it for free. I have over 2000 Gb of music on my hard drive at home. And if I wnt to listen to any new music that comes out, there is Pandora, AOL Radio and TONS of othre FREE services.
I'd rather take my $15 an go to a movie. :-)
to jtz5,
You laptop cannot be asleep because the internet connection is not working while asleep and therefore you cannot get to your music. sorry.
Or....... Just play the music stored in my iPod :)
Just read this in the Snow Leopard update...
With Snow Leopard and a compatible AirPort Extreme or Time Capsule base station, however, your computer can go to sleep yet continue to share its files with other computers and devices, waking when you need it and sleeping when you dont.
I wonder if this will allow Simplify to work while my MacBook is asleep? Anyone familiar with it enough to comment? Thanks.
I will be testing exactly this on my Macmini when SL is installed very shortly...
Could save big time on the electric bill :)
Check out remoteless! iPhone remote for Spotify on windows (and later mac). It got search and browse and a lot of other feature!
Will be done 1. march


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NASW Florida Chapter
1931 Dellwood Dr.
Tallahassee, FL 32303
Toll-Free: 1-800-352-6269
Local: (850) 224-2400
Fax: (850) 561-6279
Website: www.naswfl.org
E-mail: email@example.com
NASW-FL is the voice of professional social work in Florida—your membership controls the volume!
Find more pertinent information on the Practice Matters page.
Medicare Increase for 2014 and ICD-10-CM Implementation Delayed
On April 1, 2014, President Obama signed into law the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014. There are several areas of this new law, two of which directly impact clinical social workers.
The law averts the 23.7% cut in 2014 Medicare payments for clinical social workers. Instead a 0.5 percent increase will be reimbursed for Medicare services rendered January 1 thru December 31, 2014. It also provides a 0% increase in Medicare reimbursement in 2015 from January 1 to March 31, 2015.
Clinical social workers have been preparing for the implementation of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) on October 1, 2014. The law delays the implementation of the ICD-10-CM to at least October 1, 2015. The delay raises questions regarding a definitive date for implementation as the health care community seeks further clarification from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
NASW will keep its members abreast of updates regarding the ICD-10-CM delay.
Each year, the NASW-FL Board of Directors approves its overall advocacy agenda. This agenda is a broad perspective of our overall goals for the session and what we stand for as an association. Later, as bills are filed with the Florida Legislature, this agenda will be our guide for what bills to support or oppose. It also helps direct our action when the Governor's office or other executive agencies create new policies that impact our profession or our clients.
Click here to view our Legislative page, with more information about our agenda and efforts.
The Florida Social Work Research Center is an online research tool that will serve to link the practice community with social work research in order to increase the utilization of evidence-based practice in Florida. It will also allow policy makers to access research data in a convenient format. Currently, we are accepting abstracts from topical experts and opportunities for research from agencies or organizations. Abstracts and research opportunities may be sent to Jim Akin, NASW-FL Executive Director, at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Copyright © 2014 NASW Florida Chapter.


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August 2, 2015
Southeastern Conference (SEC) Commissioner Mike Slive will be one of five prominent panel members discussing athletic conference realignment at the College Sports Symposium Friday (April 20) at Texas A&M University.
The symposium, scheduled from 1 to 3 p.m. at the Zone Club at Kyle Field, is sponsored by Texas A&M's Laboratory for the Study of Intercollegiate Athletics, which is part of the Department of Health & Kinesiology. Organizers of the event say the panelists will discuss topics ranging from the business aspects of conference realignment to the idea of super conferences.
Other panelists: Texas A&M President R. Bowen Loftin, Tommy Bain, chairman of the Cotton Bowl Athletic Association, Grant Teaff, executive director of the American Football Coaches Association, and the moderator, John Rhadigan of Fox Sports Southwest.
"We want our students to learn the logistics behind the changes being made, as well as the sport business aspects," says Meredith Benkendorfer of the Department of Health & Kinesiology's Sports Management Program and one of the symposium planners.
Tickets for the event are free to students with a valid ID and $15 for non-students. Tickets are available at the MSC Box Office at (979) 845-1234.
To comment, the following rules must be followed:
Comments may be monitored for inappropriate content, but the station is under no legal obligation to do so.
If you believe a comment violates the above rules, please use the Flagging Tool to alert a Moderator.
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Multiple violations may result in account suspension.
Decisions to suspend or unsuspend accounts are made by Station Moderators.
Questions may be sent to firstname.lastname@example.com. Please provide detailed information.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


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|« Back to Article
Three found dead in home in apparent murder-suicide
By Mark D. Wilson : July 3, 2014 : Updated: July 3, 2014 10:17pm
Photo By Billy Calzada/San Antonio Express-News
Personnel from the medical examiner's office don gloves as they prepare to enter a home on Globe Street in West San Antonio on Thursday, July 3, 2014, where a murder-suicide is said to have occurred.
Photo By Mark D. Wilson/San Antonio Express-News
Police work the scene where two adults and a juvenile were found shot to death in a home in the 400 block Globe Avenue on Thursday afternoon, July 3, 2014.
Photo By Mark D. Wilson/San Antonio Express-NewsPolice work the scene where two adults and a juvenile were found shot to death in a home in the 400 block Globe Avenue on Thursday afternoon, July 3, 2014.
Photo By Mark D. Wilson/San Antonio Express-NewsPolice work the scene where two adults and a juvenile were found shot to death in a home in the 400 block Globe Avenue on Thursday afternoon, July 3, 2014.
Photo By Billy Calzada/San Antonio Express-NewsPersonnel from the medical examiner's office put on gloves as they prepare to enter the home in the 400 block of Globe Avenue on the West Side where two adults and a girl were found dead.
SAN ANTONIO — Neighbors of a family on the West Side knew something was wrong Thursday after noticing that none of the vehicles parked outside had been moved all day.
The last time anyone living in the house had been seen was around 9 the night before.
Several neighbors, according to police, approached the house and knocked on the door.
No answers came.
When police arrived to do a welfare check just before 5 p.m., they too got no reply after knocking on the door. They did, however, see blood.
When they forced their way into the house in the 400 block of Globe Avenue, they found the bodies of a man, a woman and a juvenile female, apparently killed in a double murder-suicide.
While police on the scene said preliminary information indicated that all three had died from gunshot wounds, Police Department spokesman Douglas Greene was unable to confirm Thursday night what killed the two females died. The man had a gunshot wound, Greene said. Several neighbors who trudged through the streets as police worked inside the house didn't have much to say about the family.
One man, who asked to not be identified, said he thought he heard gunshots the night before, but added that he hears them fairly frequently in the area.
Preliminary evidence indicated that the man may have been the shooter and that the three knew each other, police said, adding they were still trying to piece together the events that lead to the deaths. Authorities have not yet identified the deceased.
Neighbors Eddie Guimbarda and Julie Hall said their daughter was good friends with the young victim, whom they described as a 13-year-old Longfellow Middle School student. She would have been an eighth-grader next year, they said.
Guimbarda said the girl used to come over to their house, several homes away, to hang out.
"It's weird, you know?" Guimbarda said. "You see them one day and the next day they're gone."
He said the girl's parents had been going through a divorce or breakup and had been having problems lately. However, they tended to keep to themselves, Guimbarda said.
He said he has lived in his home on Globe Street for seven years. He first met the couple when he moved in. Though their daughters were friends, he said the adults had minimal contact with each other.
"We didn't really talk to the parents except for saying hello and goodbye," he said.
Detectives with the Police Department's homicide unit are working with authorities from the county medical examiner's office to determine what happen. The victims' names and causes of death are expected to be released in the coming days.
Greene said that while the incident appears to be a double murder-suicide, the Police Department will investigate any and all possibilities.
"It's an unfortunate scene. It's a horrific scene," Greene said. "We feel for the people involved ... and we're working very hard to determine what happened here."
Staff Writer Mitchell Ferman contributed to this report. email@example.com Twitter: @MDWilsonSA
Staff Writer Mitchell Ferman contributed to this report.
Twitter: @MDWilsonSA


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Rps Shipping Shipment Software
quikSlip is a powerful utility for printing packing slips, invoices, address labels, pull sheets, drop ship notifications, viewing sales summaries, importing to shipment carriers, printing Avery 5160/62/64 series labels and managing orders for. ...
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- NC Software, Inc.
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Mason, Ohio Pet Friendly Hotels & Lodging
United States » Ohio » Mason
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Research Opportunities
Current Research
Fear Extinction in the Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)
Fears and phobias, along with fear-related conditions like Post-Traumatic-Stress- Disorder (PTSD), impact the lives of many people. Our lab has done many projects that investigate further understanding of the fear extinction process and how to manipulate it in ways that may one day be applied in clinical treatment for fear-related disorders. Lately, we have focused on the Periaqueductal Gray (PAG) as a brain structure that may play a key role in producing, anxiety, fear and possibly fear extinction. Currently, we are exploring the role that PAG c-Fos (a brain protein) may play in the extinction of an aversive memory. Through the use of brain stimulation and antisense infusions, we are able to manipulate protein expression in a way that allows us to better understand the process of fear extinction and spontaneous recovery.
Years ago, D-cycloserine (DCS) was a drug developed to treat tuberculosis. When patients undergoing DCS treatment reported that previous fears or phobias no longer seemed to bother them, researchers began exploring the use of DCS in fear treatment. Since then, the drug has been widely studied. In our lab, we have investigated both chronic and acute DCS exposures in order to determine which method was most effective in enhancing fear extinction. Additionally, we have explored the timing of exposure in order to determine when during fear extinction drug administration was the most effective.
Our lab is currently investigating the extent of fetal learning capabilities - an area of neuroscience that is not well understood. Our most current study investigated the development of latent inhibition (LI) of a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in rat fetuses. Results of this study have, thus far, provided evidence of a fetal rats' ability to acquire a Latent Inhibition memory, depending on the age of the fetus. We are now aiming to extend these findings to determine the neurochemistry behind this learned response.


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This website is set up to feature information and updates regarding all the musical projects I am involved in. From solo acoustic performances to my band Quickshine, I stay very busy in the local music scene.
This site includes a list of all my upcoming performances, audio and video clips from some of my shows, and any additional news of what I will be working on in the future.
I look forward to seeing many of you out at a show sometime. Your support is greatly appreciated. Keep in touch and keep supporting local music!
Be sure to clink on the links tab for links to my Facebook page and my YouTube videos!!


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California's latest addiction: Green Juice, cold-pressed to be exact.
Living in Southern California means instant access to some of the best Mexican food and sweet potato fries around. But every now and then we need a break. Welcome to the world of cold-pressed juices, kale salads, and juice cleanses. We're not talking the plug your nose and gulp or the drink cayenne infused water until you feel good kind. Beaming Del Mar has mastered their craft of soaking, pressing, chopping, and peeling their way to a delicious and nutritiously powerful menu. Their Skinny Cooler has a jalapeño kick and the Rockstar smoothie is a post-workout, well rock star. Any given day of the week you can walk in to this superfood mecka and indulge in a healthy, organic snack and watch the hot moms of North County decide if they want a more raw cacao in their smoothie. (more…)Thank you for visiting the Swell blog. Visit us on www.facebook.com/swell for more exclusive fan offers, giveaways and more.


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Misery loves company. Multitudes are no doubt making the last-minute scramble to finish taxes today. If that's the case for you, perhaps you can take solace in the fact that this tax misery is a long-lived American tradition.
These photos from Life magazine's archives were taken by Alfred Eisenstaedt in 1944. He used a telephoto lens at a New York Internal Revenue information center to capture one doleful face after another. See the full gallery, and happy taxing; may the odds be ever in your favor.
View the discussion thread.


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National Addiction & HIV Data Archive Program
About NAHDAP
NAHDAP acquires, preserves and disseminates data relevant to drug addiction and HIV research. By preserving and making available an easily accessible library of electronic data on drug addiction and HIV infection in the United States, NAHDAP offers scholars the opportunity to conduct secondary analysis on major issues of social and behavioral sciences and public policy.
The research community benefits when researchers can use data from original research projects to test conclusions - verifying, refining, or refuting published findings. Sharing data through NAHDAP fosters the development and testing of new conclusions, as data collected for one purpose can be used to pursue inquiries not addressed by the original investigators.
Quick Links for Data Users
- View recent releases
- View core NAHDAP studies
- Maternal Lifestyle Study (MLS)
- Sexual Acquisition and Transmission of HIV Cooperative Agreement Program (SATHCAP)
- Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJ-DATS) Series
- Pathways to Desistance
- National Survey of Parents and Youth (NSPY)
- Monitoring the Future Series
- Strategic Prevention Framework State Incentive Grant (SPF SIG) National Cross-Site Evaluation
- Browse by data series
- MTF Interactive Maps
Popular Search Terms
- crime
- "substance abuse treatment"
- "risk factors"
- "mental health"
- "program evaluation"
- "sexual behavior"
- youth
Restricted Data Request Help
NAHDAP Exhibiting at SPR Conference