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In a color sequential system using LCDs, the LCD must operate faster than the frame rate because red, green, and blue are done sequentially. Ferroelectric LCDs can do this, but they are not analog devices and so cannot provide analog display levels. Instead, a pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is used. In the system of the present invention, each pixel has three storage devices to hold RGB analog levels. A latch is used to load these values in parallel. Then an analog 3:1 multiplexer is used to select the proper storage device for the current sequential color. The multiplexer output goes to a comparator, which has a sawtooth waveform input at much faster than the frame rate. The comparator output changes with the sawtooth level, so that PWM control is provided for each pixel. As an alternative, standard analog LCD pixels can be sequentially switched between three color input storage devices.
1. A method for displaying an image, comprising:
providing a plurality of liquid crystal display pixels; and
controlling at least one of the liquid crystal display pixels, wherein the controlling comprises,
storing a video signal corresponding to a first color of light to be emitted from a selected pixel during a video frame;
storing a video signal corresponding to a second color of light to be emitted from the selected pixel during the video frame;
storing a video signal corresponding to a third color of light to be emitted from the pixel during the video frame; and
comparing the video signals to a reference signal, wherein the selected pixel is enabled according to a result of the comparing.
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17. A method for displaying, comprising:
providing a plurality of liquid crystal display pixels; and
controlling each of the liquid crystal display pixels, wherein the controlling comprises,
storing an analog signal corresponding to a first color of light to be emitted from a selected pixel during a video frame,
storing an analog signal corresponding to a second color of light to be emitted from the selected pixel during a video frame,
storing an analog signal corresponding to a third color of light to be emitted from the selected pixel during a video frame, and
repeatedly comparing the analog signals to a reference signal, wherein the selected pixel is enabled responsive to results of the comparing.
This application is a continuation of prior application Ser. No. 09/127,006, filed Jul. 31, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,239,780, which was a continuation of Ser. No. 08/771,191, filed Dec. 20, 1996 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,977,942).
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to color displays using LCDs. More particularly, the present invention relates to sequential color displays which use a novel control system for ferroelectric LCDs.
2. Description of the Related Art
In color displays, there are three major systems for producing different colors and brightness of colors. In the first, a number of pixels are provided, each pixel transmitting either red, green, or blue light. The pixels are arranged in groups of red, green, and blue. A particular color is achieved in an area by turning off or on the appropriate pixels in that area. For example, if purple is the desired color in an area, the green pixels in that area would remain off and the red and blue pixels would be turned on. The brightness is also controlled by turning on or off pixels. If bright purple in an area is desired, then all of the red and blue pixels would be turned on in that area. If a darker purple is desired, then some red and blue pixels would remain off in that area.
In a second system, similar to the first, a number of pixels are also provided, each pixel transmitting either red, green, or blue light. The pixels are again arranged in groups of red, green, and blue, and again, a particular color is achieved in an area by turning off or on the appropriate pixels in that area. However, brightness is controlled by varying the amount of light being transmitted by a pixel which is on, rather than turning off some of the pixels. As in the first system, if bright purple in an area is desired, then all of the red and blue pixels would be turned on in that area. If a darker purple is desired in an area, then rather than having some of the red and blue pixels remain off in that area, all of the red and blue pixels transmit light, but the amount of light being transmitted from each pixel varies. This second system allows for higher resolution than the first system.
Baur, et al., in "High performance liquid crystal device suitable for projection display," SPIE Proceedings, Volume 2650, pages 226-228 (Jan. 29-31, 1996) (incorporated herein by reference), disclose a system similar to this second type in which liquid crystals are used as light valves to alter the polarization of incident light on pixels such that more or less of the light striking the pixels will ultimately be transmitted to a display through a beamsplitter. U.S. Pat. No. 5,453,859 (incorporated herein by reference), issued to Sannohe, et al., discloses another similar system.
A third system for producing a color display with various colors and brightness of colors is commonly known as field sequential color. In a field sequential color system, each pixel transmits, sequentially in time, red, green, and blue light. When the transmission is fast enough, the human brain fuses all three colors of light into a single color, which is a blend of the colors. Color and brightness of color can be controlled in the time domain. For example, if a bluish, purple color is desired from the pixel during a certain time period, the pixel will transmit blue light longer than red light, and it will transmit no green light. Field sequential color is advantageous in that it allows for very high resolution, since each pixel is independent of its neighbors and can assume any color. However, it has limitations which make it a challenge to commercially exploit, including a requirement for extremely high switching rates. This is in part needed to reduce certain undesirable color effects, including rainbows and color flashes associated with moving objects.
LCDs can be used to valve the light transmitted from a pixel in a color sequential system. The LCD must operate at triple the frame rate, because red, green, and blue are done sequentially. Ferroelectric LCDs can do this, but they are binary (on/off), not analog devices, and so they cannot do gray scales with an analog signal input.
DisplayTech, Inc., in a 6-page technical disclosure entitled "FLC/VLSI Display Technology" and dated Dec. 1, 1995 (incorporated herein by reference), discloses a field sequential color system using ferroelectric liquid crystals. In that DisplayTech system, a spatial light modulator (SLM) consists of an array of square pixels organized in rows and columns. Each pixel in the array has a light valve on top of a reflector, and the light valve can be turned on (allowing the light valve to transmit light to the reflector), or the light valve can be turned off (causing the pixel to not transmit light, and thus appear black). The SLM is a very large scale integrated (VLSI) chip that can be a specialized version of a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) dynamic random access memory (DRAM) in which each memory cell corresponds to a pixel. The VLSI chip is described as being less than one inch in diagonal size. The light valve is described as a very high speed (100 microsecond switching time) ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) in contact with the VLSI chip and which is formed into a thin layer trapped by an overlying window which passes visible light.
By electrically writing image data bits to the DRAM memory cells, images are displayed with the DisplayTech system. The stored charge in each cell impresses a voltage across the FLC to turn it off or on, thus causing light to be transmitted or not from the pixel which the FLC controls.
In the DisplayTech system, color and gray scale is determined in the time domain. The DisplayTech paper discloses that DisplayTech is able to achieve 5-bit gray (31 levels of brightness) by turning the FLC to be on for between zero and 31 time units. However, the DisplayTech paper does not establish how this time is to be established; it appears that each pixel has 15 time periods per frame where it is off or on, and that the FLC can be switched on or off 15 times per frame (5 time periods per color, each time period lasting 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 time units).
The DisplayTech paper mentions that the basic operation of its FLC/VLSI display requires a relatively large bandwidth of the input video signal which transfers information from the signal source (larger than for analog approaches, it points out).
Bright light sources can be used advantageously in field sequential color systems. One type of light source which is suitable for use in field sequential color systems is a lamp known as a high intensity discharge (HF) lamp. A HID lamp consists of a glass envelope which contains electrodes and a fill which vaporizes and becomes a gas when the lamp is operated. U.S. Pat. No. 5,404,076 (incorporated herein by reference), issued to Dolan, et al., and entitled "Lamp Including Sulfur" discloses an electrodeless lamp utilizing a fill containing sulfur or selenium or compounds of these substances at a pressure at least as high as one atmosphere. The fill is excited at a power density in excess of 50 watts per square centimeter. An arc lamp utilizing the fill at a pressure at least as high as one atmosphere is excited at a power density of at least 60 watts per square centimeter. This lamp could advantageously be used with field sequential color systems.
Parfenov, et al., in "Advanced optical schemes with liquid crystal image converters for display applications," SPIE Proceedings, Volume 2650, pages 173-179 (Jan. 29-31, 1996—incorporated herein by reference), disclose additional background information on the use of liquid crystal devices to process video images.
The present invention comprises a color sequential system which uses FLCs controlled by analog voltage signals which are converted to time duration signals.
The FLCs act as light valves for the pixels of the present invention. Each pixel has three analog storage devices, one each to hold red, green, and blue analog levels. In one embodiment, these devices are capacitors. A latch is used to load these analog levels in parallel, and then the RGB color sequencing is repeated many times during a frame. An analog 3:1 multiplexer (mux) is used to select the proper storage device for a color to be displayed. The mux output goes to a comparing device, which also receives a sawtooth voltage signal with a period equal to the RGB color sequencing color period. The comparing device, such as a comparator, output changes with the sawtooth level, so that pulse width modulation (PWM) control is provided for each color for each pixel.
Prior co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/581,108, entitled "Projecting Images," to Knox, filed Dec. 29, 1995 (incorporated herein by reference), discloses a method of displaying an optical image by projecting the image along an optical path and at an optical device interposed across the optical path, at one time reflecting the image from the optical device and at a different time permitting the image to pass through the optical device to be displayed. The image-forming ferroelectric LCD device of the present invention could be used as an image engine in the method disclosed in that patent application.
The present invention also includes a system with a computer and a display which includes the display controller disclosed. Likewise, the present invention could include a television using the display controller disclosed. The display apparatus could comprise a desktop computer, with the computer being the means for providing an input video signal and the computer monitor comprising the display means.
The means for sequentially selecting the first, second, and third capacitors of each controller for the FLCDs is preferably a multiplexer. The light source means preferably comprises a switchable color filter electrically connected to a triple clock rate counter on a synchronized rotating series of three color filters.
The sawtooth voltage input signal can use many variations, such as a rising or falling sawtooth signal; a gamma-corrected sawtooth shaped signal; a falling sawtooth shaped signal having a different gamma-corrected waveform corresponding to each light color, or an alternating rising and falling signal. Further, in another embodiment, a multiplexer is used to provide analog RGB video levels to an analog LCD for use with field sequential color.
For a further understanding of the nature and objects of the present invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like parts are given like reference numerals, and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a computer system in which the display controller according to the present invention can advantageously be used;
FIGS. 2 and 3 are side, partially cut-away views of alternative embodiments in which the techniques according to the invention could be implemented;
FIG. 4 is an elevational side view of basic components of the one embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of a portion of the light valve panel of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a detail showing various layers of the light valve panel of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing the electronics controlling the ferroelectric liquid crystal devices of the present invention;
FIG. 8 shows how analog voltage signals are converted into voltage inputs for the FLCs;
FIG. 9 shows various waveforms which can be used with the system of the present invention; and
FIG. 10 shows an alternative embodiment for providing field sequential color using analog LCDs.
FIG. 1 shows a computer system 100 with which the color display control apparatus of the present invention may advantageously be used. The computer system 100 includes a central processing unit (CPU) 101, a computer monitor 110, a keyboard 102, a printer 103, and speakers 104. The computer monitor 110 includes a screen 111 (see FIGS. 1 and 3) and an image source 10 for projecting light onto the screen 111. Preferably, the computer monitor 110 is a compact monitor 110B as described below in conjunction with FIG. 3. Such a monitor, which requires a polarized image, is further described in copending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/581,108, entitled "Projecting Images," to Knox, filed Dec. 29, 1995, and incorporated herein by reference. The image source 10 is shown in more detail in FIG. 4. FIG. 2 illustrates a projection-based system with the image engine I and a screen S, also suitable for use with the invention.
The image source 10 includes a light source 20, a switchable color filter 30, a ferroelectric LCD panel 40, and a lens 50. Though the switchable color filter 30 is shown between the light source 20 and the color ferroelectric LCD panel 40, it could instead be placed between the sequential color ferroelectric LCD panel 40 and the lens 50.
The light source 20 can advantageously be a highly efficient source of light, such as the light sources disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,404,076.
A shaped (e.g., parabolic) annular reflector housing 14 is positioned about and spaced from bulb 11 as shown in FIG. 4. The housing 14 is hollow, defined by a wall 15 and an open end portion 16. The wall 15 has a reflecting surface that can be parabolic in section as shown in FIG. 4. A first transversely positioned filter 18 is interposed across the path of light beams that are travelling from the bulb 11 through the open end portion 16. A second filter 21 is interposed on the opposite side of filter 18 from bulb 11 as shown in FIG. 4.
The first filter 18 is preferably an interference filter such as a dichroic filter or dichroic mirror, that reflects certain colors of light while allowing others to pass through. The filter 18 is preferably selected to pass red, green and blue light, reflecting undesired light back to the bulb 11 and the reflector surface 17. By reflecting light other than red, green, and blue for example back to the bulb 11, the light source 20 becomes more efficient if it is of a type that reabsorbs and retransmits light. Such a light source is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/747,190, entitled "High Efficiency Lamp Apparatus for Producing a Beam of Polarized Light," to Knox, filed Nov. 12, 1996. Therefore, the filter 18 reflects back and "recycles" unwanted light wave lengths. In FIG. 4, the light source 20 has the filter 18 mounted inside the reflector housing 14 and the filter 21 mounted at the opening 16. The filter 18 and the filter 21 each extends at its periphery to the wall 15.
The filter 21 is a reflective polarizer that only allows a certain polarity of light to pass through. The filter 21 reflects light of unneeded polarity back to the bulb 11. Therefore, in the light source 20, emitted light has been filtered to be of desired portions of the color spectrum and of a desired polarity. Filters 18 and 21 are optional. Filter 21 may be omitted if light of a particular polarity is not needed in the display system in which the image source 10 is used. Screen 18 may be omitted if inexpensive apparatus is more important than efficiency.
The color ferroelectric LCD panel 40 is shown in more detail in FIGS. 5 and 6. The color ferroelectric LCD panel 40 is made up of a plurality of pixels, four of which are designated as pixels 60A, 60B, 60C, and 60D in FIGS. 5 and 6. Each pixel includes a ferroelectric LCD (FLCD), and four are shown as FLCDs 63A, 63B, 63C, and 63D in FIG. 6.
Each FLCD 63A, 63B, 63C, and 63D includes a transmissive region, 61A, 61B, 61C, and 61D, respectively, and a non-transmissive region, 62A, 62B, 62C, and 62D, respectively. Preferably, the transmissive regions 61A, 61B, 61C, and 61D are maximized and the non-transmissive regions 62A, 62B, 62C, and 62D are minimized.
A switchable color filter which can advantageously be used as the filter30 can be obtained from DisplayTech Company. Alternatively, a rotating disk of red, green, and blue filters (or other suitable three complementary colors) can form the filter 30.
Turning now to FIG. 7, the electronics for controlling the FLCD 63A are shown. These control electronics include a first analog storage device (here a capacitor) RCA for storing an analog signal voltage representing the red light to be transmitted from pixel 60A, a second capacitor GCA for storing an analog signal voltage representing the green light to be transmitted from pixel 60A, a third capacitor BCA for storing an analog signal voltage representing the blue light to be transmitted from pixel 60A, a multiplexer 65A, a comparator circuit 64A, a waveform generator 67, and a color period counter 66. Similar electronics are used for the other FLCDs, though one color period counter 66 and one waveform generator 67 can be shared among the various pixels. The circuitry needed for each pixel is illustrated as the circuitry block 69A. The circuitry block 69A is repeated for each pixel, as is illustrated by block 69B. Further, analog switches 68R, 68G, and 68B pass the analog levels from RGB video lines generated by a video controller 70. These switches 68 are appropriately turned on and off responsive to row and column decode circuitry 71. The counter 66 is preferably much faster than three times the screen refresh rate, where typical screen refresh rates range from 60 to 72 Hz.
The capacitors RCA, GCA, and BCA, the multiplexer 65A, the comparator 64A, the FLCD 63A, and the switches 68 are all preferably constructed on the LCD panel 40. This can be done using a variety of techniques. Because LCD panels for projection systems can be very small, such spatial light modulators lend themselves to integrated circuit fabrication techniques. For example, the drive transistors for an active LCD can be deposited underneath each ultimate pixel location on a silicon chip, and then a fresh reflective surface deposited over those electronics. In this way, the reflector also has its own electronics. But while these LCDs are relatively small, they are large for integrated circuit chips, so abundant space is available for rather sophisticated electronics for each pixel, such as the circuitry block 69A. Therefore, the various circuitry can be deposited on a silicon or other chip, near each ultimate pixel location, and then a reflective layer deposited on the surface.
The switches 68 load the analog signal voltages in capacitors RCA, GCA, and BCA in parallel. The analog signals used to provide voltages for the capacitors RCA, GCA, and BCA are standard analog signals provided by video controllers. Typically, video controllers include a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) which receives a digital representation of the color for each pixel. That digital representation is then converted to three analog signal levels and provided to whatever video display is being used. In this case, that analog signal is provided to each of the capacitors RCA, GCA, and BCA.
In operation, analog signal voltages are applied to capacitors RCA, GCA, and BCA at the rate at which frames are to be displayed on the screen 111 of the computer monitor 110 (typically between 60 and 80 Hz). The waveform generator 67 produces a sawtooth waveform W2 (see FIG. 8) which preferably peaks at the color period rate, which is preferably much faster than triple the frame rate. The sawtooth waveform W2 is fed to one input of the voltage comparator circuit 64A. The color period counter 66 signals to the multiplexer 65A to switch the positive input of the voltage comparator circuit 64A to the capacitor RCA for first color period, then to the capacitor GCA for the next color period, and then to the capacitor BCA for the last color period. At the same time, the color period counter 66 signals to the color sequential filter 30 to pass red light to the pixels for first color period, then to pass green light for the next color period, and then to pass blue light for the last color period.
Alternatively, if the color sequential filter 30 is a rotating disk of three filters, the color period counter to the multiplexer 65A is synchronized such that the red color capacitor RCA is coupled to the comparator 64A when the red filter is in place, and the same for the green and the blue color capacitors GCA and BCA. In any case, it will be appreciated that a variety of methods of synchronizing the color sequential filter 30 with the selected capacitors RCA, OCA, or BCA will be available, and are not critical to the invention. Further, it should be noted that the color period rate need not be coupled to the frame rate—they can be asynchronous, with changes in one rate not affecting the other. This allows the color period to be short—frequencies of over 600 Hz, independent of the video controller frame rate. This is desirable because it reduces adverse effects often present in color sequential systems, such as rainbows and color bursts when one turns their head.
The voltage comparator circuit 64A compares, during the first color period, the voltage RV1 on the capacitor RCA to the portion RW1 of the sawtooth waveform W2, During the second color period, the voltage comparator circuit 64A compares the voltage GV1 on the capacitor GCA to the portion GW1 of the sawtooth waveform W2. During the third color period, the voltage comparator circuit 64A compares the voltage BV1 on the capacitor BCA to the portion BW1 of the sawtooth waveform W2.
This sequence is continuously repeated. During the fourth color period, the voltage RV2 on the capacitor RCA is compared to the portion RW2 of the sawtooth waveform W2 by voltage comparator circuit 64A. During the fifth color period, the voltage GV2 on the capacitor GCA is compared to the portion GW2 of the sawtooth waveform W2 by voltage comparator circuit 64A. During the sixth color period, the voltage BV2 on the capacitor BCA is compared to the portion BW2 of the sawtooth waveform W2 by voltage comparator circuit 64A.
During that portion of the first color period that the voltage of waveform W2 exceeds voltage RV1, the output voltage of comparator circuit is zero, and FLCD 63A is off (non-transmissive). During that portion of the first color period that the voltage of waveform W2 is less than voltage RV1 (from t1 to t2), the output voltage of comparator circuit is sufficient to turn on FLCD 63A, and thus FLCD 63A is transmissive. Thus, during the first color period, FLCD 63A will be on, transmitting red light, for the amount of time represented by block RI1 in FIG. 8 (t2−t1). The voltage GV1 on the capacitor GCA during the second color period is higher than the voltage RV1, and thus FLCD 63A will be on for a longer time period (from t3 to t4—see block GI1) transmitting green light than it was transmitting red light. For the next color period, blue light will be transmitted through FLCD 63A for only a brief period (from t5 to t6—see block BI1) because the voltage BV1 is so small. A person watching the screen 111 of the computer monitor 110 during the first three color periods would perceive a color transmitting from pixel 60A which is a mixture of red light, about twice as much green light, and about a third as much blue light.
In like manner, FLCD 63A will be on during the fourth, fifth, and sixth color periods from time t7 to time t8 (as indicated by block RI2, during which time it will transmit red light), from time t9 to time t10 (as indicated by block G12 in FIG. 8), and for a relatively short period of time (not shown) transmitting blue light.
Sawtooth waveform W2 is shown to be falling sawtooth wave. The FLCD control electronics of the present invention will likewise work with a rising sawtooth wave W1 (see FIG. 9), an alternating sawtooth wave W3, a gamma corrected (non-linear) waveform W4 (to compensate for the fact that the difference between no light at all during a frame duration and light for a short amount of time during the frame duration is greater than the difference between light during all of the frame duration and light during all of the frame duration except for the short amount of time), a waveform W5 in which the gamma correction for each color of light is different, and a waveform W6 with a relaxation period represented by a flat portion at the top of the wave form where the FLCD 63A is always off, regardless of the voltage on the relevant capacitor.
Further, it is preferable that the lowest voltage on the sawtooth waveforms W1-6 is slightly higher than the lowest voltage that could be held by the capacitors RCA, GCA, and BCA. This ensures that if the output of the video controller is to assume a full off pixel valve, no light is transmitted by that pixel.
The waveform generator 67 could be of a variety of types of waveform generators, including a waveform generator that uses a digital/analog convertor that can be programmed by the computer system. In this way, the waveform put out by the waveform generator can be dynamically altered, resulting in different gamma corrections.
Turning to FIG. 10, an additional embodiment according to the invention is shown. The system can be adapted for use with analog LCD cells, such as the LCD cell LCD1 or LCD2. These cells are different from the FLCD's in that they are responsive to voltage levels, and not strictly on/off. According to the invention, the color period counter 66 can clock the multiplexer 65A to again select the capacitors RCA, GCA, and BCA in sequence, but in this case it is not necessary to provide the waveform generator 67 nor the comparator 64A. Instead, illustrated is an amplifier 72 which has a high input impedance so as not to discharge the capacitors RCA, GCA, and BCA. The amplifier 72 in turn drives an analog LCD cell LCD1, which sequentially assumes the correct transmissivity as specified by the capacitors RCA, GCA, and GCA as illustrated in FIG. 7. Alternatively, the amplifier 72 can be eliminated if the clock rate is sufficiently high and the resulting signal directly provided to an analog LCD cell LCD2. In this way, a single LCD cell is used for a color sequential display while a standard output from a video controller can be used to provide the analog voltage levels for the capacitors RCA, GCA, and BCA.
Although the invention has been described with a transmissive LCD panel, the panel controller of the present invention could be used with a reflective LCD panel, such as that disclosed in the DisplayTech paper mentioned above.
The foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only; the scope of the present invention is to be limited only by the following claims.
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Lee Cusenbary
Lee Cusenbary is the General Counsel at Mission Pharmacal Company in San Antonio. He is also the creator of Ethics Follies®, a musical parody that uses comedy to raise ethics issues. The fully-produced Broadway-style musical combines San Antonio's business leaders and professional actors to engage the community. It is featured each year by The Association of Corporate Counsel (ACC) for their ethics conference which benefits The Community Justice Program. Lee is also a frequent writer and speaker on why "good ethics is good for business," and is a recipient of the San Antonio Business Ethics Award. In 2012, ACC renamed their ethics awards the "Lee Cusenbary Ethical Life Award" in recognition of his commitment to ethics in law and business. Learn more about how you can be part of a more ethical culture at EthicsFollies.com.
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News for Sale and the Loss of Credibility
I was saddened by the story of the Sea World trainer who was killed by one of the killer whales in an accident. It was a risk she surely knew was there, but she reportedly loved her job and the whales. When I saw one headline that said she was "slain" by a killer whale, […] [Read More]

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Meet Willow Rayne, the girl who lost her family on that one fateful day. And now, meet Gray Lopez, the guy with a few dark secrets of his own. Willow has experienced more than she should have. All her life, she thought that she had just been cursed with bad luck, and when their two worlds collide, she meets someone who helps her to rebuild her life bit by bit: Gray. She thinks that everything is just as it's supposed to be, and that Gray is making her life better. But slowly, she begins to realise that everything is not what it seems.
Evanna_ 2 years ago
This book is really powerful and emotional x How to I get more people to read my new book "A Fresh Start" because its quite hard
_FreeIndeed 2 years ago
Hey. Remember me? I'm back! Just read the prologue and so far it is DEAD-LY! :D
AyeshaShoaib 3 years ago
the story's title is really nice :) for preview its quite good the way you did the description and u have inserted her feeling in it that very good :) i like it! keep on writing!
VampireBites53 3 years ago
I love the name willow, so far The story seems to perk my interest
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i wont read this now but later. imperfect dreamer advertised this on her book so i know that this HAS to be a GOOD book!
Roxystorm 3 years ago
It was a great start. I like the fact that its a quote by the character. I like the title and cover. At the moment i am too sleepy to carry on reading, but will definitely read more of this. -Roxy-


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What You Should Know
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|Alaur Skin Solutions
Alaur Skin Solutions is the brainchild of New York dermatologist Dr. Albert Lefkovits, who originally developed the line of products exclusively for his patients. Now, the Alaur Skin Solutions line can be purchased through the company website, as well as from numerous online retailers. The product line is a long one that includes cleansers, toners, masks, pre-moisturizing therapies, moisturizers and sun care. There are also a few "breakthrough therapies" that are touted on the company website. One of these, the VirginSkin Anti-Aging Cream is a formula that we will take a closer look at later in this review.
The Alaur Skin Solutions website is a bit difficult to navigate, especially if you are searching for a particular product. We were also disappointed to find that we could not get complete ingredient lists from the Alaur website. In addition, the company does not appear to offer the products for sale directly. Instead, interested consumers are directed to other online retailers via links to purchase the products. We were unable to find any sort of product backing by the company in the form of a money back guarantee or customer testimonials.
Product Details
The VirginSkin Anti-Aging Cream by Alaur Skin Solutions claims to smooth away fine lines and wrinkles, leaving skin feeling softer and looking younger. Although the Alaur website did not provide complete ingredient lists for the products, we were able to find this information from an online retailer that offers the Alaur line for sale.
Ingredients for the Anti-Aging Cream include Water, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, squalene, cyclomethicone, sorbitan stearate, dimethicone, tocopheryl acetate, prunus dulcis, simmondsia chinensis seed oil, polysorbate 60, polyacrylide, c13-14 isoparrafin, butyrospermum parkii, palmitoyl hydrolyzed wheat protein, centella asiatica, mimosa tenuiflora, phenoxyethanol, aloe barbadensis, laureth-7, fragrance, benzyl alcohol, methyisothiazolinone, methylchloroisothiazolinone, benzyl salicylate, amyl cinnamal, alpha-isomethyl ionone, linalool, hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde, limonene, butylphenyl methylpropional, sodium hyaluronate, tocopherol.
Unfortunately, the only ingredient on this list that has been proven to reduce fine lines is sodium hyaluronate. However, this substance is much more effective when it is combined with patented anti-aging ingredients like argireline and matrixyl. This formula does not appear to contain either one.
The Good
- The Alaur Skin Solutions line is available through a number of sources.
- The products address a multitude of skin care needs.
The Bad
- The Alaur website does not provide complete ingredient lists for the products.
- Customer testimonials and a money back guarantee do not appear to be available.
- The formulas in the anti-aging line do not contain proven anti-aging ingredients.
- Products cannot be purchased directly from the company.
The Bottom Line
While consumers may be lured into a skin care line that was developed by a doctor, Alaur Skin Solutions doesn't seem to pack much of a punch when it comes to winning the war on wrinkles. Without proven ingredients like argireline and matrixyl, we don't believe this would be the best choice in addressing anti-aging needs.


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CHEERS and Happy Birthday to you!! I hope you are having a wonderful celebration today! Enjoy your day!! Life is Good:))
We are still skiing and have been fortunate to have had lots of powder days since returning to Colorado. We skiied great powder yesterday and I thought of you all day as I was remembering our skiing in La Grave in February. We would love to be celebrating with you today but, unfortunately, the dollar exchange rate is horrible right now, as you know The best to you today and everyday!!.
Hugs and Kisses to you, Pelle, and the babes.
Kim and Joe


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2014-2015 Undergraduate Catalog
College of Humanities and Social Sciences
Contact: Stan Luger, Ph.D., Professor
Location: McKee 318
Telephone: 970.351.2058
Fax: 970.351.2311
Website: www.unco.edu/psci
Advising Information:
Students must consult with their assigned major advisor each semester prior to registering.
Assigned advisor is available through the Ursa login; ursa.unco.edu; under Student tab Academic Profile channel and is term specific. If no advisor is listed, contact the major program for advisor information.
The program consists of three parts:
Program Description:
This emphasis area will develop a broad understanding of international issues through an interdisciplinary combination of courses that includes a regional focus. Foreign language study is required. Students will choose one of four regional concentrations.
This emphasis area promotes the development of analytical, research, writing and language skills that are necessary to think critically and reflect upon contemporary international issues.
Program Admission Requirements:
Academic Good Standing
Program Requirements:
Students are required to be proficient in a foreign language. There are three ways to fulfill the language proficiency requirement:
Degree Requirements 120 — Credits
See "Liberal Arts Core".
Take each of the following courses:
1 - 13
1 - 3
Choose three of the following courses:
HIST 450: Africa or the Middle East Subtitle
Choose three of the following courses (9 credits minimum):
1 - 6
HIST 450: Latin America subtitle
NOTE: No more than 3 credits of internship can be used toward the major.
Students enrolled in Study Abroad or an Internship conflicting with fulfillment of the PSCI 415 or PSCI 425 requirement may substitute another PSCI course with the approval of their PSCI Advisor.
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February 24, 2013
Robert Harrison Booth Jr.
DURHAM - Robert Harrison Booth Jr., 53, died at home Thursday. He was born July 26, 1959 in Charlotte, moving with his family to Durham in 1965. Bob graduated from Jordan High School and UNC – Chapel Hill. He began his career working on Capitol Hill in Washington, DC, returning to Durham in 1985 to work in state government. Bob then joined Duke University, where he most recently served as assistant to the President for international development.
Bob Booth will be remembered as a devoted husband, son, uncle, and loyal, faithful brother. He loved to play tennis and golf, and nothing gave him greater joy than to spend time on his deck with friends, listening to music and cooking on the grill.
Surviving are his wife, Susan F. Booth; his father, Robert H. Booth Sr. of Durham; sister, Susan Booth VanSant of Durham; niece, Cameron VanSant; his brother-in-law, Jonathan Forte, and wife, Audrey, and nephews, Jared and Jacob. He was predeceased by his mother, Barbara DeLapp Booth, in 2003.
Funeral services will be 10 a.m. Monday from Duke University Chapel, with the Rev'd Dr. William H. Willimon officiating. Private burial will be in Lexington City Cemetery. In lieu of flowers, memorials in Bob's name may be made to Support Need Based Financial Aid for Foreign Undergraduate Students enrolled at Duke University, C/O Office of Donor Relations of Duke University, Box 90600 Durham, NC 27708. Arrangements are with Hall-Wynne Funeral Service. On-line memorials: hallwynne.com. Select Obituaries. In lieu of flowers memorial in Bob's name may be made to support need-based financial aid for foreign undergraduate students enrolled at Duke University, and mailed to the Office of Donor Relations, Duke University, Box 90600 Durham, NC 27708-0600.
Virginia Harris Holleman
DURHAM — Mrs. Virginia Harris Holleman, 85, a resident of 3816 Pendergrass St., died Saturday morning at her home. Mrs. Holleman was lifelong resident of Durham, daughter of the late Draper and Mabel B. Harris. She was also preceded in death by her husband, Morris Benjamin Holleman.
A graveside service will be conducted Wednesday at 2:00 p.m. at Maplewood Cemetery in Durham. The family will receive friends at Clements Funeral Home, 1105 Broad St., Durham, NC, Tuesday from 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m.
Mrs. Holleman is survived by a daughter, Bonnie H. Scanlan of Durham; a son, Larry Holleman of Cary and wife Beth; five grandchildren, Hart Holleman, Mark Scanlan, Jennie Scanlan, Siva Scanlan and Cyril Scanlan; two sisters, Mary Frances Goodwyn, formerly of Durham, and Alma H. Woody of Roxboro; and four great grandchildren.
The Holleman family is being served in Durham by Clements Funeral Service Inc. Online condolences may be made at www.clementsfuneralservice.com
George R. Hosner
DURHAM — Mr. George R. Hosner, 57, died Friday morning at his home. Mr. Hosner was born in Durham Co., the son of the late Herald E. Hosner and the late Mary Ellen Russell Hosner. He was a lifelong resident of Durham and graduated from Fork Union Military Academy in 1975. George had a passion for cooking and preparing food, had the wonderful gift of never knowing a stranger, and loved the outdoors with his favorite pastimes being fishing, hunting and playing golf. He was a former member of Grace Baptist Church.
Mr. Hosner is survived by a daughter, Lindsey Susan Hosner of Raleigh; and a sister, Jamae H. Warren and husband, Rick.
A graveside service will be held Monday 2 p.m. at Maplewood Cemetery.
The family is being assisted in Durham by Clements Funeral Service, Inc. Online condolences may be made at www.clementsfuneralservice.com.
Carolyn F. Poplin
DURHAM - Mrs. Carolyn F. Poplin, 72, of Carpenter Pond Road, died on Thursday, February 21, 2013.Mrs. Poplin was born in Durham to the late Fred and Kathleen Roll. She retired from IBM. She is survived by two sons, Mike Poplin and wife, Jayne and Kenny Poplin, both of Durham;
four grandchildren, Jason Cannady, Whitney Chandler, Caleb Poplin, Olivia Poplin and one great-grandchild, Mady Cannady. Visitation will be held on Monday from 7 to 9 p.m. at Hudson Funeral Home no service will follow. In lieu of flowers memorial donations can be made to the Triangle Shrine Club, PO Box 11705, Durham, NC 27703. Online condolences can be made at www.hudsonfuneralhome.com.
Karen A. Robinette
DURHAM — Mrs. Karen A. Robinette, 63, died Friday morning at Duke Medical Center. Mrs. Robinette was born in Kingsport, TN, the daughter of the late E.B. Gray and the late Anne Craft Gray. Karen was reared in Gate City, VA, a small mountain town which she dearly loved and will always be her home. Karen graduated from the University of TN and had a very rewarding 25 year career at Duke assisting students with medical school financial aid services. Karen loved Duke and felt blessed to work with so many wonderful colleagues. She was a member of Aldersgate United Methodist Church and was a friend of the Durham County Library which gave her hours and hours of pleasure reading the latest romance novels.
Mrs. Robinette is survived by her husband of 42 years, John Robinette; sons, Adam Robinette and Thomas Robinette, both of Durham; sisters, Valerie Gibbons (Steve) of Charlotte, Martha Lane (Marshall) of Kingsport, TN, Sarah Nichols (Bruce) of Gate City, VA and Selby Millard (Randall) of Blountville, TN; and four nieces; and two nephews.
The family will receive friends Sunday from 4 to 6 p.m. at Clements Funeral Home in Durham. In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions may be made to Duke Cancer Institute, 512 S. Mangum Street, Suite 400, Durham, NC 27701.
The family would like to express their gratitude to the nursing staff of 8200, 9100 and the Oncology Physicians.
Clements Funeral Service, Inc. in Durham is assisting the family. Online condolences may be made at www.clementsfuneralservice.com.
Lisa Smokes Vereen
DURHAM — Lisa Smokes Vereen, 45, of Durham passed away on Monday, February 18, 2013. Lisa was born August 2, 1967 to Daniel and the late Le Etta Smokes. Lisa was an educator and a military spouse.
She is survived by her husband, Colonel Kevin Vereen of Ft. Leonard Wood, MO; two sons, Kevin Vereen and Kirkland Vereen; a step-daughter, Sherelle Johnson; father, Daniel Smokes of Valdosta, GA; two sisters, Darlene Smokes Mitchiner of Durham, Chandra Fleet of Maryland; and a host of family and friends.
Services will take place on Monday, February 25, 2013 at St. Joseph A.M.E. Church, 2521 Fayetteville Street, Durham, at 1 p.m. Prior to the service, a visitation with family members will take place at 11 a.m.
Services are entrusted to Scarborough and Hargett Memorial Chapel and Gardens.
Jimmy Lee Jackson
STEM — Jimmy Lee Jackson, 63, a life time resident of Stem, passed away Friday, February 22, 2013 at Duke Medical Center in Durham.
A native of Granville County, the son of the late Edward Lee "Slick" and Lucille Bullock Jackson, retired from Murdoch Center and a retired farmer.
He was currently employed with Herald Sun as a newspaper carrier and was a member of Geneva Presbyterian Church.
Funeral Services will be conducted Monday, February 25, 2013 at 2:00 PM in the Eakes Funeral Chapel in Oxford by Rev. Eddie Mauldin and Rev. Jeff Prewer. Burial will be in Meadowview Memorial Gardens in Oxford.
Surviving are his wife of 44 years, Shirley Ramsey Jackson of the home, a daughter, Wendy Jackson Boyd, of Stem, a son, Jimmy L. Jackson, Jr. of Oxford and seven grandchildren, Laura Jackson, Jackie Thacker, Samantha Boyd, Brandon Boyd, Kerry Boyd, Dale Jackson and Summer Jackson. Three great-grandchildren. Chloe Boyd, Jackson Boyd and Brintley Lynch. A special friend Buddy his dog. Visitation will be held in the Eakes Funeral Home in Oxford, Sunday Evening, February 24, 2013, 7:00 – 8:30 PM and other times at the home.
Online condolences may be submitted to www.eakesfuneralhome.com. Select obits.
Eakes Funeral Home in Oxford assisting the Jackson Family.
Richard Wayland Aldrich
CHAPEL HILL — Richard Wayland Aldrich, 92, passed away on February 20, 2013. He was born in Melrose, Massachusetts and resided in Chapel Hill. Educated in physics and electrical engineering at Columbia and Cornell Universities, Dr. Aldrich worked at MIT's Radiation Laboratory during WWII, and spent the majority of his career at General Electric's Electronic Research Laboratories in Liverpool, NY.
He is survived by his wife, Patricia; two sons, David C. Aldrich (Marilyn) of Vienna, VA and Jeffrey S. Aldrich (Linda) of San Rafael, CA; and four grandchildren.
A Memorial service will be held Tuesday, February 26, 2013 at 10 a.m. at Carolina Meadows, 100 Carolina Meadows, Chapel Hill. In lieu of flowers contributions can be made to UNC Hospice program.
Online condolences at CremationSocietyNC.com
Earl Franklin Yancey, Sr.
ROXBORO — Earl Franklin Yancey, Sr., 74, of 8028 Dirgie Mine Rd., Roxboro, died Friday, February 22, 2013. Born in Person County, Mr. Yancey was the son of the late Robert E. and Ethel West Yancey. Mr. Yancey retired from tobacco farming and was a member of Olive Branch Baptist Church. He was preceded in death by two brothers, Raymond Yancey and Robert E. Yancey, Jr. and one sister, Macie Jones.
Mr. Yancey is survived by his wife, Judy Beal Yancey; one son, Earl Franklin Yancey, Jr., and one daughter, Lisa Yancey Clayton, both of Durham; two sisters, Blanche Stone and Dorothy Saudners, both of Roxboro; three grandchildren, Kasey Clayton, Destiny Clayton and Reagan Yancey; and his beloved dog Cocoa.
Memorial services will be held 2PM, Tuesday, February 26, 2013, at Olive Branch Baptist Church by the Dr. Victor Blackwell. Visitation will be held 6:30-8:30PM, Monday at Olive Branch Baptist Church.
Flowers are acceptable or memorials may be to Olive Branch Baptist Church,
7588 Dirgie Mine Rd., Roxboro, NC, 27574.
Condolences may be sent to www.brooksandwhite.com.
Harold Gray Dixon
EAST BEND — Mr. Harold Gray Dixon, 76, of Nebo Road passed away Friday, February 22, 2013 after a brief battle with cancer. He was born December 14, 1936 in Yadkin County to the late Godfrey and Della Spillman Dixon. Mr. Dixon was retired from Westinghouse in Winston-Salem, was a veteran of the US Army, and was an active member of Fall Creek Baptist Church where he served the church as a deacon and Sunday school teacher. He enjoyed playing golf and working in his garden. Mr. Dixon was a loving, devoted father and grandfather, and loved all the time he spent with his grandchildren and family. In addition to his parents, he was also preceded in death by his wife, Shirley Parker Dixon; his son-in-law, David D. Absalom; and his brothers, James Dixon, Dewey "Bug" Dixon. Surviving are his beloved daughter, Lori D. Absalom, Rougemont; his loving granddaughters, Meahgan Gray Absalom and Rebecca Carver Absalom, both of the home; and several extended family, friends, and his church family. The family will receive friends from 6:00 to 8:00 PM Sunday at Gentry Family Funeral Service on Highway 601 in Yadkinville. His funeral service will be 2:00 PM Monday, February 25, 2013 at Fall Creek Baptist Church by Rev. Don Hudson, Rev. Larry Stone, and Rev. Barry Wall. He will lay in-state 30 minutes prior to the service. Burial will follow in the church cemetery. In lieu of flowers, memorials may be made to either Fall Creek Baptist Church, 3380 Fall Creek Church Road, Jonesville, NC 28642 or to a charity of the donor's choice. Online condolences may be made to www.gentryfuneralservice.com. Gentry Family Funeral Service of Yadkinville is serving the Dixon Family.


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The new "O Wondrous Night" includes puppet version of animals at the nativity scene and their live counterparts, such as a donkey and a camel. The production has all-original music and it will be produced in the Nautilus Theater, the usual home to "A'lure ... The Call of the Ocean."
Guests again can ride the Polar Express Experience, a seasonal overlay of the Wild Arctic ride.
Returning for a second year are the Sea of Trees, dozens of sparkling and choreographed trees glimmering above the park's center lake, and the Christmas Market with food and shopping along the Bayside Pathway.
SeaWorld's Christmas Celebration is capped with "Holiday Reflections: Fireworks and Fountains Finale."
The event runs Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays from Nov. 25 through Dec. 11. It becomes nightly from Dec. 16-31.
SeaWorld has a couple of promotions going on that will continue during the holiday season. It has re-introduced the SeaWorld Fun Card, which includes unlimited visits to the theme park through all of 2012 for the price of a single day's admission. Plus, a kids-free promotion gives entry to one child for each full-paid adult admission. That offer is good through Dec. 25, 2011.


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As of May 2009, we've got a new website! Please visit us there: this.org
Here you'll get news about Canadian films that are opening this weekend, now playing and coming soon.
Please forward to your friends, acquaintances and just about anyone else you can think of. Show your support of our national cinema by checking out a Canadian film. If you know of any upcoming Canadian film openings or events, please be sure to let us know by sending an email to email@example.com.
Please let us know about any other Canadian screenings going on anywhere and everywhere and we will do our best to include the details in our postings.
These and other film industry events can be found in the Event Calendar at www.FilmType.com, as well as job postings, crew and casting calls, equipment trade, crew directory and other resources for the filmmaking community!
Film Club is a member of MyMediaBiz.com, Canada's only multi-tiered, multi-purpose entertainment portal dedicated to promoting and enhancing interactivity in the Canadian media industry.
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Transportation Research Board "Appendix G - Final Report for HMCRP Project 03."
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Aviation History
58 FLIGHT International, 9 January 1964 ATC instruction: a class at the School of Air Traffic Control, Bournemouth (Hum). Airport, carrying out an exercise Instruction in radar controlling at Hum A class in progress in one of the lecture-rooms in the new Air Traffic Control School building at Hum RESPONSIBILITY—AND ITS REWARDS . . . limited section of the population. What training does his status involve ? Most of the senior men in the UK Air Traffic Control service have grown up with the job. They were either in ATC before the war or entered it during the war or immediately afterwards, when civil traffic was much lighter and slower and before radar control of aircraft was exercised. There is a total of approximately 900 men (the number of women ATC officers is so far negligible) in the UK Air Traffic Control Services; and the big problem is how to keep up both the numbers and the standard of skill in the face of a kind of two-way stretch—retirement and resignations, and a con- stant expansion of services. The Chief Air Traffic Control Officer, Mr C. A. M. Kyrke-Smith, points out that from 1972 onwards the number of people retiring from the ATC service will steadily increase, reaching a peak in the early 80s; so steps will have to be taken to ensure adequate numbers to cover losses through retirements. To maintain present control and radar facilities, to allow for an extension of services (notably in the upper airspace sphere and with the introduction of Eurocontrol procedures) and to counteract retirements and resignations by age or for health reasons, our ATC services must recruit 100 new mem- bers a year and these recruits must be able to satisfy the training standards. Training is done at the School of Air Traffic Control, Bourne- mouth (Hum) Airport, where there are two main types of student— entrants aged 23 to 35 (or up to 40 if they have had aircrew and ATCO experience), and cadets aged 18 to 23. For the older en- trants, initial training lasts ten or 11 weeks; they then go out to special stations for three months, then undergo advanced training at an operational unit. Cadet training lasts four years (the scheme began in 1961, so no end-product can be expected until 1965): it is very thorough, covering not only aerodrome but approach, area and radar control, plus practical experience of flying—both as a pilot (up to PPL standard) and familiarization and flight simulator experience with an airline. This training, like that for direct en- trants as Grade III ATC officers, consists of both simulated and real control experience. Basis of Instruction To provide simulated experience, the school has facilities which approximate as closely as possible to the real thing; and when the recently completed building in the south-east corner of Hurn Air- port is fully in use, all these facilities can be deployed to maximum effect. Hitherto, separate wooden huts have housed different aspects of the syllabus—radar training, airways training, approach control. Most of this training is completely synthetic. As one of the in- structors put it, the school's intention is "not to use aeroplanes until you get a really worthwhile use from them." A Link Trainer is used to demonstrate approach procedures, so that students can see a flight path traced out by the "crab" on the Perspex table-top. "The basis of instruction," it is emphasized, "is to present the problem visually." Training exercises for embryo controllers are worked out in great detail and performed with minute-by-minute scrupulousness. Not for one moment is a student allowed to lose count of the time (however synthetic it may be for exercise pur- poses). One advantage of the new building is that bigger-scale exercises can be planned and executed. On the upper floor, flanking a long corridor, are the aerodrome and approach room and the radar room. These rooms have a false floor, so that the electric and elec- tronic cables leading to the basement can be taken up, to permit re- positioning of equipment as required (the number of cabling per- mutations is almost infinite). This flexibility of space and facilities means that different phases of training can be linked up if necessary; it means, too, as one of the instructors put it: "Now we are going to go in for practical training in a big way." Around the upper floor of the new building are lecture rooms, and the variety of activities being carried on in them when I visited the school illustrates the scope of training at Hurn: a plotting exer- cise was being done by six students under the eye of an instructor; in a conference-room nearby there was a discussion group on radar; in another room, a lecturer was speaking on "ATC into the 70s"; in another, 17 students—three of them from Switzerland—were being instructed on area control. (The Swiss are only one of many nationalities who have been through the school, as the impressive rows of badges in the hall of the new building bear witness. Since 1948, up to the end of 1962, nearly a thousand overseas students have attended.) It is small werider that the Superintendent, Mr R. F. Bulstrode, is proud of his establishment and its new accommodation. As he puts it, "In the old buildings, one had to persuade people that the teaching was worthwhile . . ."—implying that with space and flexibility, plus the school's reputation, such persuasion is not now necessary. When the direct entrants, and (in due time) the cadets, have completed their theoretical and practical training, they become Grade III air traffic control officers, and so enter the base of the pyramidal ATC structure. A Ministry of Aviation pamphlet, Air Traffic Control, describes their work in these terms:—
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1974 in Latvia, 15 percent in Estonia, and 10 percent in Lithuania, and an increase of 50 percent in Moldova for the previous year. However, for the total Soviet Union and especially for Russia, there is no jump at any one time, just a regular increase during the years 1971-1976. We could argue that in so large a country, new registration procedures would spread slowly, eventually resulting in a general improvement in registration. However, we do not have enough evidence to undertake any correction on this basis.
A second problem consists of age misreporting: infants who die at less than 1 year of age are reported as being older than 1; thus the infant mortality rate is underestimated, while the rate for ages 1-4 is overestimated (Ksenofontova, 1990, quoted by Anderson and Silver, 1990). This problem results in an obvious distortion of the mortality rates at these ages in several Central Asian republics, but it does not apply to the case of Russia.
A third problem with infant mortality data in the region is related to the definition of a live birth. Until very recently, the Russian definition was more restrictive than the World Health Organization (WHO) definition, and this probably resulted in an underregistration of births and early neonatal deaths (see also Kingkade and Arriaga, in this volume). Under the more restrictive Russian definition, children born before 28 weeks of gestation, or weighing less than 1,000 grams or being less than 35 centimeters long, were not supposed to be counted as either live births or infant deaths if they died before the end of their first 7 days of life.
The WHO definition was introduced only in January 1993 in Russia, but it has been applied since 1991 in Latvia and Lithuania and since 1992 in Estonia. We cannot yet verify the impact of this change on Russian statistics, but it is true that it changed the Baltic data rather dramatically. Following the change, infant mortality rates jumped from 13.7 to 17.4 per 1,000 in Latvia and from 10.3 to 16.5 in Lithuania. However, the increase observed for total infant mortality is not due entirely to the rise in mortality within the first week of life, which grew during these years from 6.2 to 9.0 per 1,000 in Latvia, and from 4.8 to 9.4 in Lithuania (Estonian Medical Statistics Bureau, Latvian Medical Statistics Bureau, and Lithuanian Statistics Bureau, 1993). The mean increase in total infant mortality for the two countries is 5.0 points, of which only 3.7 points is associated with deaths during the first week of life, representing the maximum amount of change due to the new rules of registration of early neonatal mortality; the remaining difference is probably attributable to some other problem recently experienced by these countries. Let us say that the real correction due to the new definition is about 3.0 points, which represents an increase of about 50 percent.
Assuming that the impact of the adoption of the WHO definition would be the same for Russia, we can assume a similar increase of about 50 percent. In the 1990s, with mortality during the first week of life accounting for about 50 percent of total Russian infant mortality, the latter would then increase by 25 percent.


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ROCKFORD -- Officials at the Chicago Rockford International Airport say passenger traffic last year returned to pre-recession levels.
The Rockford airport says more than 210,000 people flew in and out of the facility last year. That's up 10 percent from the almost 191,000 passengers who used the airport in 2011. It was the second busiest year in the airport's history.
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Airport Director Mike Dunn says traffic dropped some in December when the airport lost service to Fort Myers, Fla. But he says that service should return in February.
The airport also is starting service to Montego Bay, Jamaica this month.


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997 St. Sebastian WayAugusta, GA 30912706-721-6597
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As a female matures from a young girl into a woman, there are many important things to consider regarding her health and development. Listed in the directory below are some, for which we have provided a brief overview.
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Requiring Reasonable Accommodations
The University of Tampa fully supports the efforts and welfare of all its students. The University faculty and staff are mindful of the diversity of the student body and act in ways to promote the academic success of each individual. One such avenue of support lies in the provision of reasonable accommodations to eligible students who may have one or more disabilities as defined in the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). UT is fully committed to act in compliance with all ADA mandated requirements.
As such, UT has created a set of guidelines and criteria for documentation and certification of disability status. UT requires that each student have the appropriate diagnostician conduct tests and offer recommendations in order to qualify for reasonable accommodations. Part of this compliance includes timely notification in order for the University to respond appropriately. In some cases, the disability may need to be redocumented periodically. A valid report must address the issue of accommodation
for college level work. A high school IEP is NOT an acceptable form of documentation.
In addition to the documentation, a student must also submit a
Disability Disclosure Form
The University appreciates your careful and timely compliance with these criteria. Students who do not have their diagnoses validated or do not have their accommodation recommendations specified and supported will not be given consideration for their requests. Students who are denied accommodations who wish to file a grievance may do so with the director of the Academic Center for Excellence.
Documentation For Physical Disabilities Requiring Accommodations
In order to provide adequate and appropriate accommodations to students with physical disabilities that substantially limit a major life activity, it is necessary to receive documentation regarding the nature of the impairment. Documentation submitted on letterhead by a qualified and appropriate physician should contain the following information:
Student's name
Last date patient was seen/treated
Whether the disability is temporary or permanent; if temporary, what is the predicted time frame of treatment
Is the disability ongoing or are chronic flare-ups expected
Medications and side effects
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Recommendations/suggestions for accommodations appropriate to the college environment
In addition to the documentation from the physician, a student must also submit a
Disability Disclosure Form
. Please submit the required documents in a timely fashion so that reasonable accommodations can be put into place. Request for accommodations must be re-applied for at the beginning of each semester. The associate director reserves the right to consult with relevant professionals for help in evaluating a request.
Specific or General Learning Disability
In order for a student to receive learning disabled status and qualify for reasonable accommodations, the University requires, at a minimum, the following current and relevant psychological test data.
An individual intelligence test score (e.g., WAIS-IV)
A measurement of cognitive processing (e.g., Woodcock-Johnson cognitive scores)
Achievement test data (e.g., Woodcock-Johnson achievement scores)
A DSM-5 diagnosis
An evaluation of ability to function in a demanding college environment which requires independent social functioning
A diagnosis cannot be accurately made without such data. Difference scores between the IQ and processing and/or achievement standard scores should be more than 1.5 standard deviations, as generally recognized in the American adult educational system.
In addition, your provider must also document any specific weakness or disability area and specify an accommodation that would remedy the problem area. In other words, it is the responsibility of the diagnostician to document the student's disability area (e.g., short-term memory processing problem or lack of organizational skills) and specify what actions UT should take to allow the student the opportunity to pass the course (e.g., extended test time or note-taking).
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or Other Attention/Concentration/Processing Problems
For ADHD, it is also necessary for some test documentation to accompany this diagnosis. A psychiatric diagnosis or impression is insufficient to certify a student for ADHD disability status. The University recommends an intelligence test and other measures of concentration/attention deficits to document an ADHD diagnosis. In these cases, it is also the responsibility of the diagnostician to delineate what specific accommodations are needed to remedy the situation.
For the purpose of in-house certification, the following current and relevant information related to diagnosis should be submitted:
A DSM-5 diagnosis
A summary report of reporting psychological test data including:
An individual intelligence test score (e.g., WAIS-IV, Distraction Index)
Behavioral or cognitive processing tests which document attention/concentration problems or other ADHD related symptoms
Psychiatric or Psychological Disability
In the case of psychiatric or psychological disability, the provider must document the specific clinical diagnosis and specify what accommodations the student will need. A checklist of typical accommodations follows at the bottom of this page. The diagnostician must document why the accommodation(s) is/are being recommended.
At a minimum, the following information related to diagnosis should be submitted:
A DSM-5 diagnosis
A summary report of supporting psychological test data
An evaluation of ability to function in a demanding college environment which requires independent social functioning
A summary of the current treatment status
Notification of any medications which would have side effects or other impact on academic or other school performance
The time period for which the accommodations are being recommended
Typical Reasonable Accommodations
Extended test time (150 percent of actual test time)
Distraction reduced test environment
Note taking in class and/or permission to audio record lectures
The psychological evaluation, along with the completed Disability Disclosure Form, is referred to the University's independent disability consultant. The consultant makes recommendations to the associate director of the Academic Center for Excellence for the appropriate and reasonable accommodations. The student and associate director then meet to discuss the recommended accommodations.
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Video:What Happens at an Eye Examwith Dr. Stephen Rozenberg
If you are having problems with your vision, a doctor can perform any number of eye exams to diagnose the problem. See what happens when you go to the doctor to receive an eye exam.See Transcript
Transcript:What Happens at an Eye ExamHello, this is Dr. Stephen Rozenberg from 10/10 Optics in NYC, here for About.com. I am going to talk about what to expect during an eye exam.
Types of Eye ExamsThere are a number of different types of eye exams. Some doctors do all and some only some. I will try to help you select what is best for your needs. Most people who make appointments for eye exams, do so because they have an eyesight problem.
Refraction Eye ExamThe exam to find out if you need glasses -- and, if so, what the correct prescription for you is -- is called a refraction. Many doctors who are on insurance plans will charge an extra fee to do a refraction, so call first. I suggest that the refraction be done by a qualified Optometrist or Ophthalmologist only. There will be some preliminary tests done first, but the main test here is to present different lenses to you while you are behind an instrument called a phoropter or refractor. You will see a chart of letters and the doctor will ask you which lens makes the letters you are looking at easier to see.
Evaluating Your NeedsThe doctor should talk to you about your particular needs, based on your profession, lifestyle, and any specific problems you are having. The doctor should be able to discuss all different types of lenses that may be helpful to you.
The Eye Health ExamA second type of exam is the eye health exam. This will also be done by a qualified Ophthalmologist or Optometrist. This is a generalization, but all ophthalmologists will do a full eye health evaluation included dilating your eyes, (drops that open up your pupils for a few hours). Most Optometrists do this as well, but some will specialize in refractions or contact lenses. They will do a number of eye health screening tests, but refer you out for a complete dilated exam. Call first and ask questions. Getting back to my generalization, many ophthalmologists are not so interested in doing refractions, some even teach technicians to do this. Call first.
Parts of the Eye Health ExamMost parts of the eye health exam are non invasive. The doctor will look at eye movements, responses of your pupils to light, look at your eyes with lights and with a microscope while you place your head on the chin rest of the scope. The invasive part is the drops for dilation and the glaucoma test. Some doctors screen with a gentle air puff machine, others use drops, and while your eyes are temporarily numb from a different drop, touch your cornea, (the front clear part of the eye) for a split second with a flat probe. Painless. If any problems are found then further testing and examining will be scheduled. Not all doctors examine children under 6, so call first.
Low Vision ExamIf a person has vision that cannot be corrected with glasses due to some type of pathology or congenital problem, then they may need a "low vision" exam. A few optometrists specialize in low vision. In a low vision exam they test you using special lenses and devices and may be able to help you see better.
Vision TherapyFinally, if you have problems with the way your eyes work together, team together, focus together or if you have problems processing visual information or have dyslexia or learning problems, you should see an optometrist who specializes in "vision therapy". The doctor will perform many tests to asses your visual system. These tests measure visual skills and are preformed after a normal eye exam has been done. All tests are non invasive.
Thanks for watching. To learn more, visit us on the Web at About.com.
About videos are made available on an "as is" basis, subject to the User Agreement.


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