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Cleaning Plastic Outdoor Furniture
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Dear NH,
Do you have a solution for removing mildew from the plastic strips on motel-type outdoor furniture? I have tried baking soda, vinegar, Dutch Cleanser, ammonia, and Mr. Clean pads.
BH from Hopewell, VA
Plastics have a porous surface, even though it appears to be smooth. These surface defects allow mildew to grow, causing the stains. That's why plastic cutting boards are not approved for most commercial cooking use, as they are difficult to clean!
Though the cleaning methods you mention will clean the surface, they will not remove the deeper mildew stains. For that, you need to use chlorine bleach. If you have a few chairs to clean, spraying on bathroom-type mildew stain remover will do the job. Because this stuff is really strong, don't leave it on more than a minute or so, followed by a through rinsing. I recommend cleaning the chairs first, following up with the spray bleach since dirt and oil can limit the bleach's effectiveness.
for tools and supplies for your home improvement project Shop at AceHardware.com
If you have quite a few to do, you can make a batch of cleaner, using a cup of chlorine laundry bleach and a liquid or powdered detergent (such as Mr. Clean, TSP, TSP substitute, Simple Green or other) mixed with a gallon of water. Look at the label of the cleaner to be sure it doesn't have a warning against mixing with bleach! Scrub it onto the chairs, let it sit for five or ten minutes, and rinse clean.
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Ford Endeavour All Terrain Edition launched for INR 23.20 lakhs
Ford is working diligently towards growth in India, and new vehicle launches, variants, and increased dealerships is the focus. They have announced the launch of new Endeavour variant, while the launch of EcoBoost is awaited.
Just last week, Ford India opened 2 new dealerships. Ford India and National Geographic Channel will launch a brand new show on 19th February 2013. While dates are available for most of Ford's activities in India, the Ford EcoSport EcoBoost comapct SUV India launch date is still as elusive. However one may take heart in the fact that the vehicles are now being shown at select dealerships, spyshots and sighting have increased, and bookings too are being entertained. In regards to the Ford Endeavour, this variant is the second special edition of Endeavor which the company has launched after Endeavor Hurricane.
It is available with a host of features which include a new grille, well designed headlights with chrome accents, 16" alloy wheels and scuff plates under its doors. Interiors are seen in a two toned effect in beige while it also includes steering mounted audio controls, auto power windows and a well designed dash board. Endeavor sports a reverse parking camera and touch screen GPS which also doubles up as a screen with using the DVD player.
Safety is of prime importance in this day and age, and hence additional airbags are being offered on the new Endeavor. The special 4×4 All Terrain Edition is expected to go great guns in the Indian SUV market even as the company is concentrating on the Endeavor's younger sibling – the EcoSport.
Nabanita Singha Roy
Email - [email protected]

subset: commoncrawl


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More than one in five cars rolling off car dealer lots today includes an HD Radio receiver.
So says iBiquity, which estimates that in 2012, more than two million HD Radio-equipped cars will be shipped, equal to over 20% of all automobiles shipped in the calendar year.
In its Radio TechCheck this week, NAB says nearly half of car models offering the technology today do so as standard equipment, with half of the models priced under $35,000.
We've reported that 28 different automotive brands now offer HD Radio. Nine of those offer the technology as part of an option package while 13 others provide HD as standard equipment on some of their vehicles. Six brands now include it as standard on all of their vehicles, according to iBiquity.
Bundling new technology elements into other products that have natural replacement cycles is one way of speeding technology to market. That seems to be happening with digital radio technology as consumers replace their vehicles faster than they would a standalone radio, according to the account. NAB says that's what happened with RDS, which became mainstream when it was included in car radios.
Of course, now the "car radio" is being replaced by a large-screen "center console" infotainment center with GPS-based navigation, radio, audio, video, wireless phone integration, voice recognition and Internet connectivity through a connected smartphone.
In some of these systems, the HD Radio receiver is not just an audio source, but functions as a data delivery pipe for graphics, traffic, weather, QR codes along with fuel and stock prices.
After all these years only 20%?!
iBiquity and the HD stations are doing a poor job communicating the benefits of HD Radio to the consumer. I would _never_ buy a new car that lacked HD Radio, but I'm a techie and an audiophile; I appreciate both the superior audio quality of HD, and the extra content. I'm no fan of low quality Sirius XM either.
Struble needs to hire some marketing people.
Copyright © 2015 NewBay Media, LLC. 28 East 28th Street, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10016 T


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Leading Exporter of Oncology Drugs Tablets such as Erlonat 150mg - 30 Tablets, Tab Nexavar 200 Mg - Sorafenib, Tab Tykerb 250 Mg - Lapatinib, Tab Iressa 250 Mg - Gefitinib, Tab Tarceva - Erlotinib, Hydroxyurea Capsule and many more items from Mumbai.
We are engaged in offering one of the best medicines for the treatment of non-small cell lungs cancer and in with the combination of Gemcitabine useful for pancreatic cancer treatment. Erlonat helps in blocking the abnormal protein to show down the growth of cancer cells. These drugs also have some side effects like breathing, eye pain and irritation, vomiting, weakness, increased coughing and fever and chest pain etc. our range of products are available with 25mg. 100mg, 150 mg tablets as per treading price of market.
Tablet Nexavar is specifically indicated for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma and Unresectable Hepatocellular carcinoma.
This medicine is used for the treatment of advanced or metastatic breast cancer.
This tablet is used in treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non small cell lung cancer who have previously received chemotherapy.
This medication is used to treat lung cancer. Erlotinib is used after other chemotherapy drugs have not been effective. It works by slowing cancer cell growth.
Hydrea (hydroxyurea capsules, is an antineoplastic available for oral use as capsules providing 500 mg hydroxyurea. Inactive ingredients: citric acid, colorants (d&c yellow no. 10, fd&c blue no. 1, fd&c red 40, and d&c red 28), gelatin, lactose, magnesium stearate, sodium phosphate, and titanium dioxide.
Ondansetron Tablets
Each Tablet contains:
Ondansetron Hydrochloride USP
Eq to Ondansetron 4mg
Ondansetron Oral solution
Each 5ml contains:
Ondansetron Hydrochloride USP
Dosage :- 4mg, 8mg.
Methotrexate Tablet is used for cancer treatment generally in higher doses than for other uses. It is used to treat psoriasis and also used to treat active rheumatoid arthritis in adults and children.
* Available in 2.5mg, 5mg, 7.5mg & 10mg compositions.
CeeNU® (lomustine) (CCNU) is one of the nitrosoureas used in the treatment of certain neoplastic diseases. It is 1-(2-chloro-ethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea. It is a yellow powder with the empirical formula of C9H16ClN3O2 and a molecular weight of 233.71. CeeNU is soluble in 10% ethanol (0.05 mg per mL) and in absolute alcohol (70 mg per mL). CeeNU is relatively insoluble in water (<0.05 mg per mL).
Available in 40mg.
Alphalan contains melphalan, a chemotherapy drug that is mainly used to treat multiple myeloma, melanoma, ovarian and breast cancer. Alphalan is an alkylating agent of the bischloroethylamine type. Alphalan is active against both resting and rapidly dividing tumor cells.
Available In 2mg, 5m.
Product Name -- Imatinib Mesylate
Cas No -- 220127-57-1
Dosage Form -- Powder
Molecular Weight -- 589.71
Molecular Formula -- C29H31N7O
Specification :
Description -- Off White to pale yellow color crystalline powder
Solubility -- Meets Soluble in water, Methanol, Ethanol and dimethylsulfoxide
Identification -- Meets Test (IR Absorption) Positive Moisture
Available in 100mg
Letrozole Tablet (LET-roe-zole) is used for the treatment of certain types of breast cancer in women. Female hormones that occur naturally in the body can cause an increase in the growth of some breast cancers. Letrozole functions through decreasing the amounts of these hormones in the female body. The medicine is prescribed & useful for women who have already stopped menstruating.
2.5 mg. Tablets.
Granisetron tablets are used for preventing nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiation.
Dosage - 1mg, 2mg
* geftinat - gefitinib
* brand name: geftinat
* contains: gefitinib
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* 1 bottle of geftinat contains 30 tablets
note: geftinat is a prescription drug and should be used under proper medical guidance and advice. Do not share the medicine with others, since they may be suffering from a problem that is not effectively treated by this drug.
Fludarabine is a chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of hematological malignancies.
* Brand name : Fludarabine
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* Strength: lymfuda 10 mg tablets
* Packing 1 pack of lymfuda contains 20 tablets
Etoposide capsules is a chemotherapy drug used for treatment of different types of cancers including lung, ovarian, testicular etc. It works by blocking the enzymes ( topoisomerase 2), which is important for division of the cell. By blocking these enzymes, it stops the growth of the cancerous cells in the body.
Dosage : 25mg/50mg/100mg
Bicalutamide is an oral non-steroidal anti-androgen used in the treatment of prostate cancer. This medicine blocks the effect of the male hormone called testosterone in the prostate, thereby slowing growth of the tumors.
Armotraz contains anastrozole and belongs to a class of medications called Nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors.
Armotraz is used as an adjuvant treatment (treatment following surgery with or without radiation) for breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Armotraz is often used for women whose cancer has progressed even after taking tamoxifen.
Available as:
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Armotraz is a prescription drug and should be used under proper medical guidance and advice. Do not share the medicine with others, since they may be suffering from a problem that is not effectively treated by this drug.
Capecitabine (Xeloda®) is a type of chemotherapy for treating cancer. Capecitabine interferes with the growth of cancer cells and decreases the size of the tumor. It is used for treating breast cancer, and colon or rectal cancer.
Cyclophosphamide is a chemotherapy drug, used to treat variety of cancer including lymphomas; cancers of the ovary, breast and bladder; and a type of leukemia known as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. It stops the growth and division of cancer cells by sticking into the end of the cancer cell's DNA strands.
Dosage : 50mg
This Medicine is used for the treatment of Breast Cancer in Post menopasul women with disease progression.
We are introducing to our client Tykerb 2 tablets which are effectively useful for the the treatment of triple positive breast cancer. Tykerb is an inhibitor of the intracellular tyrosine kinase domains of both Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors. These drugs are known for their special features like accurate composition, rapid action and made from a high quality of components. Our products are available in the film coated tablets. Those who have been suffering from liver disorders or heart diseases should also consult their physicians before consuming these tablets. Tykerb is a targeted therapy, but unlike Herceptin and also can slow or stop the growth of breast cancer. Client can avail these products with very cost-effective price.
A non-steroidal medication, Tamoxifen which is used for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. It is an anti-estrogen that is beneficial for treating both the early and advanced breast cancer. It is also favorable for those who are at a high risk of developing breast cancer.
* Content: Tamoxifen Citrate
* Form: Tablet
* Packing: Pack Of 100 Tabs
* Strength: 10 mg & 20 mg
Thalidomide Tablets is used to help patients with leprosy treat disfiguring skin sores. It can also be used as a treatment against multiple myeloma when used alongside other medications. It works to prevent inflammation in your body by aiding your immune system to work more efficiently.
Dosage :- 50mg, 100mg
Geftinat-Gefitinib 250mg Tablets
The medicine is formulated by using gefitinib and basically belongs to a class of anti-cancer medications called epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Geftinat is used for curing non-small cell lung cancer and effectively blocks the action of chemicals which multiply the growth of cancer cells.
ATRIANCE (nelarabine), indicated for the treatment of
patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T-cell
lymphoblastic lymphoma whose disease has not responded
to or has relapsed following treatment with at least two
chemotherapy regimens, has been issued marketing
authorization with conditions, pending the results of studies
to verify its clinical benefit. Patients should be advised of the
nature of the authorization.
Procarbazine is one of the group of medicines known as alkylating agents, which interfere with the growth of certain types of cells in the body.
Procarbazine is used as one of the chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of some cancers. Specifically, it is used for the treatment of cancers such as Hodgkin's disease (a cancer of the lymph glands).
Dosage :- 50mg
Temozolamide is a medicine that is beneficial for the treatment of cancer and certain types of brain tumors. The main component of Temodal is an active substance known as temozolomide. It is widely used for the treatment of malignant glioma brain tumor and astrocytoma, an aggressive brain tumor.
* Contents: Temozolomide
* Form: Capsules
* Packing: Pack Of 5 Capsules
* Strength: 25mg, 100mg, 250mg


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Contact: Professor Chad Summa (email@example.com)
Career Opportunities
The program is designed to qualify graduates for further theological studies at seminary. Students who graduate with a Biblical research degree may serve in preaching and teaching roles in a local church. They can pursue Bible translation options in missions, based on the extensive Biblical language requirements. Careers in writing and editing theological writing are also possible.
Program Goals
The Biblical Research major can be developed only within the Bachelor of Arts degree. In addition to the BA degree goals, students in the Biblical Research program will be able to do the following:
- Translate selections of the Bible from the original languages into English using the basic rules of grammar and syntax.
- Generate an exegetical paper using the original Biblical languages, Bible study tools, scholarly research, sound principles of interpretation, and collaboration.
- Apply language and research skills to lessons and sermons.
Biblical Research Minor
The Biblical Research program is also available as a ministry minor added to a Bachelor of Arts degree by completing the following requirements.


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You are here
At a glance: Language arts education (LAE)
Did you know? Field trips to literary and cultural events, such as the Shakespeare Festival at Stratford, Ontario, and participation at undergraduate conferences provides hands on experience.
Language arts education, one of the four majors offered in the Department of English, prepares students to teach language arts in grades 7-12. It is part of the Center for Teacher Education in the College of Arts and Sciences. The teacher-education program is certified by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE), a national accrediting body for schools, colleges and departments of education. In addition to their English studies, students in language arts education complete an approved program of coursework, field experiences, and other requirements leading to the application for an initial Provisional Ohio Teaching License for grades 7-12. Other coursework includes general education classes as well as professional education instruction in culture and schooling, adolescent development, exceptional learners, technology, curriculum, classroom strategies, methods of teaching, and more. Candidates also spend time throughout the program in local classrooms, completing professional-experience requirements. Visit the English Department web site.
Distinctive features
- Seminars with intensive faculty mentoring
- Opportunity for creating an extended individual research capstone project in Senior Seminar
- Diverse and professionally-active faculty
- Individual guidance with professional, and graduate-school applications
- Technologically-enhanced classroom facilities
- Exposure to current cultural developments through enrichment program
- A chapter of the Secondary Education Society, recognized by the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE)
- Regular attendance at the National NCTE or College English Association of Ohio (CEAO) conference
- Membership in Sigma Tau Delta, an award-winning national English honor society
- Career speakers, some of whom offer mentoring and internship opportunities
- Opportunities for hands-on experience, working on five department publications
English department classes and faculty offices are in Dukes Memorial, one of the historic front-campus buildings. The department has a variety of instructional rooms, including two state-of-the-art computer classrooms, four rooms equipped with SMART Boards, a mobile laptop lab, two seminar rooms with a departmental reading area and a reference library.
Student organizations
Sigma Tau Delta
One of the nation's top chapters, this active group creates a spirit of collegiality in the department through faculty-student activities, and annually sends students to the national conference, where many students have had their creative works or academic projects selected for presentation.
Secondary Education Society
A new chapter recognized by the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE), this group was formed by dedicated LAE majors to focus on issues in the profession that have bearing on their future careers as teachers. They regularly attend the national NCTE or College English Association of Ohio conferences.
Professional placement
Graduates find jobs as reporters, freelance writers, ad managers and writers for public relations firms, teachers, lobbyists, editors, librarians, public relations personnel, wedding and special event planners and insurance underwriters.
Graduate schools
ONU English majors are accepted to graduate programs across the country in journalism, professional writing, literature, library science, creative writing and law. These graduate schools include Kent State University, The Ohio State University, University of Dayton, Ohio University, University of Virginia and West Virginia University.
Career opportunities
English majors are generally desired by employers because they are articulate, write well, are perceptive readers, can research effectively and work well with others to collaborate on publications and projects.


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In the process of recovering minerals, such as hydrocarbons from shallow tar sands, and the like, one method is to create a shallow horizontal fracture within the tar sand. The size and shape of the perimeter is determined, and one or more secondary boreholes are drilled to the formation inside of the perimeter of the fracture. Pressurized air is injected into the fracture and the hydrocarbons are ignited. After a selected period of burning is carried out, the radius to the burn front, surrounding the recovery area, from which the hydrocarbons have been removed, is determined by placing a source of seismic waves at a selected point over the fracture, and a long array of seismic sensors colinear with the source.
The source is energized for different conditions of pressurization in the formation and fracture. The reflected seismic waves are converted to electrical signals, which are compared for all sensors. By comparison of the character and/or energy of the reflections, the geometry of the burn zone can be determined.
1. In a mineral recovery operation including a shallow substantially horizontal geological formation containing said minerals a first borehole drilled to said formation, a substantially horizontal fracture in said formation resulting from the prior application of pressurized fracture fluid to said formation through said first borehole, a second borehole drilled to said formation at a selected radius from said first borehole less than the radius of the outer perimeter of said fracture, said mineral adapted to be removed from said formation by flowing a selected recovery fluid downwardly through said first borehole, outwardly through said fracture to said second borehole and upwardly to the surface; where said minerals are recovered; the method of mapping at a plurality of points at different radii, the shape and size of the zone in said formation, surrounding said first borehole, from which said mineral has been removed after said recovery fluid has been flowing for a first selected time interval T1, comprising the steps of;
(a) providing a first source of seismic waves at or near the surface at at least one point above said fracture;
(b) positioning at or near the surface of the earth a plurality of seismic sensors, such as geophones, at selected known positions, said sensors adapted to receive the upward reflection of downwardly directed seismic waves generated by said source, and to convert them to electrical signals;
(c) pressurizing said previously prepared fracture with a selected pressurizing fluid to a condition P, where the overburden is lifted and the roof of said fracture is out of contact with the base of said fracture, and at least a thin layer of said pressurizing fluid fills said fracture and said cavity;
(d) operating said first source and receiving said seismic waves reflected from the roof of said fracture and said zone and recording a first electrical signal from each of said sensors; and
(e) comparing said first electrical signal from at least two of said sensors.
2. The method as in claim 1 including the additional steps of;
(f) depressurizing said formation to a condition N where the pressure of said pressurizing fluid is less than that required to lift the overburden, whereby said fracture will close and said roof and base of said fracture will be in seismic wave transmitting condition;
(g) repeating step (d) with a second source to provide a second electrical signal from each of said plurality of sensors; and
(h) comparing said second electrical signals from at least two of said sensors.
3. The method as in claim 2 including the additional step of;
(i) comparing said first and second electrical signals from at least one of said sensors.
4. The method as in claim 1 in which said step of comparing said electrical signals comprises the step of;
determining whether a function of energy of said electrical signals from said sensors is greater from one than from another of said sensors.
5. The method as in claim 1 in which said step of comparing said electrical signals comprises the step of;
determining whether the character of said electrical signals from said sensors is different from one than from another of said sensors.
6. The method as in claim 3 in which said first and second sources are sources of shear waves.
7. The method as in claim 3 in which said first and second sources are sources of transverse shear waves.
8. The method as in claim 3 in which said first and second sources are sources of compressional waves.
9. The method as in claim 1 in which said array of geophones is a radial array.
10. The method as in claim 1 in which said pressurizing fluid is a gas.
11. The method as in claim 1 in which said pressurizing fluid is a liquid.
12. The method as in claim 3 in which said first source is a shear source and said second source is a compressional source.
13. The method as in claim 1 in which said pressurizing fluid is the same fluid as said recovery fluid.
14. The method as in claim 1 in which said geological formation is a tar sand formation, and said recovery fluid is pressurized air, and including the additional step of igniting said hydrocarbon tar;
whereby part of said hydrocarbon tar will burn and heat said formation, and the remaining hydrocarbons will soften and flow out through said fracture to said second borehole and be recovered.
15. The method as in claim 1 in which said geological formation is a tar sand formation, and said recovery fluid is high pressure steam;
whereby said steam will heat said formation causing said hydrocarbon tar to soften and flow out through said fracture to said second borehole and be recovered, driven by the flow of hot condensate and the steam.
16. The method as in claim 1 in which said geological formation is a formation comprising a consolidated porous rock with the pores holding a viscous oil; and said recovery fluid is high pressure steam;
whereby said steam will heat said formation causing said viscous oil to become less viscous and flow out through said fracture to said second borehole and be recovered.
17. The method as in claim 1 in which said geologic formation carries a solid mineral in the form of an ore body in a cavity within the formation.
18. The method as in claim 17 in which said solid mineral is sulphur and said recovery fluid is pressurized steam and hot water.
19. The method as in claim 17 in which said solid mineral is salt, and said recovery fluid is water.
20. The method as in claim 17 in which said solid mineral is a metal ore and said recovery fluid is a selected acid.
21. The method as in claim 1 for which the time duration of flow recovery fluid is T2, where T2 is a longer time interval than T1;
whereby the radius of said cavity in said formation will be greater at time T2, than at time T1; and including the additional step of comparing said first electrical signal from at least two of said sensors; for said times T1 and T2.
22. The method as in claim 1 for which the time duration of flow of recovery fluid is T2, where T2 is a longer time interval than T1, and including the additional step of;
comparing said first and second electrical signals from at least one of said sensors, for said times T1 and T2.
23. The method as in claim 1 in which the comparison of said first electrical signal from at least two of said sensors comprises, comparison of the amplitudes of the reflections from the top interface of said fracture.
24. The method as in claim 1 in which the comparison of said first electrical signal from at least two of said sensors comprises, comparison of the amplitudes of the reflections from the top interface of said geological formation.
25. The method as in claim 1 in which said selected source is one that provides a band of seismic frequencies at or near the upper end of the band of frequencies provided by conventional seismic sources.
26. The method as in claim 3 in which said formation is a tar sand, and the time duration of flow of said recovery fluid is long enough, and said zone is large enough, such that the overburden has slumped, and when the fracture is depressurized the roof of said zone is in contact with the base of said zone, except for a narrow annular portion of said zone at the inside edge of the annular burn front; and including the additional steps of:
(a) placing an array of sensors at such a radius from said first borehole that they will receive reflected seismic waves from said annular portion of said zone at the top interface of said formation; and
(b) comparing the amplitudes of said second signals from said sensor array.
This application discloses in part subject matter of my copending application, entitled: Seismic Method of Mapping Horizontal Fractures in the Earth, Ser. No. 41,060, which was filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office on the same date as this application.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention lies in the field of artificial fractures in the earth resulting from the application of fluid pressure, at a selected point, at a selected depth, in the earth, in a selected geologic formation, of selected properties.
More particularly this invention is related to the mapping of such fractures, that is, determining the horizontal shape and size of the outer perimeter of the fractures.
Still more particularly, this invention is concerned with the recovery of minerals, such as, hydrocarbons, from shallow geologic formations containing very viscous hydrocarbons, by heating the formations, by burning part of the hydrocarbons such as by injecting pressurized air, or by injecting high pressure steam.
Still more particularly, this invention is concerned with the mapping of the subsurface formations as the hydrocarbons are progressively removed from the formation.
2. Background of the Invention
In the petroleum industry over the past 25 years or so, it has been customary to artificially create fractures in the earth by means of fluid pressure applied at selected points in the earth. These processes have come to be known as hydrofracturing, or hydrofraccing, since liquids were the first fluids to be used. Liquids are still used in forming deep vertical fractures, where very high pressures are required.
On the other hand, where the hydrocarbon containing formation is shallow, and the fractures are horizontal, air or steam can be used to create the fractures, such as when creating fractures in shallow tar sands, for example.
However, in all the years that such artificial fracturing has been done, no satisfactory way has been found to precisely determine the azimuth, length and vertical extent of a deep vertical fracture, or the shape and dimension of the outer perimeter of a horizontal fracture.
In a related application, filed on the same date as this application, by M. Darroll Wood, entitled: Method of Determining Change in Subsurface Structure Due to Application of Fluid Pressure to the Earth, he has described a method of positioning tiltmeters on the surface of the earth over the expected position of the fracture, and by observing the variation of tilt of the earth, as a function of the pressure and flow rate of liquid into a deep vertical fracture, he is able to determine the azimuth of, and the horizontal extent of, the deep vertical fracture.
To applicant's knowledge, no other method has been described in the literature, for mapping artificial fractures in the earth.
The principal object of this invention is to devise a method for mapping artificial horizontal fractures in the earth by the seismic method.
It is a further object of this invention to determine the horizontal dimension and shape of the outer perimeter of a shallow horizontal fracture.
These and other objects are realized and the limitations of the prior art are overcome in this invention by creating a horizontal fracture in the normal manner, either by the application of pressurized liquid of gas, by processes which are well known in the art, and form no part of this invention.
A source of seismic waves, which can produce compressional waves, or shear waves, and can be impulsive or vibratory, as is well known in the art, is set up, at or near the surface of the earth, at a selected point, over the expected position of the fracture. At least one linear array of seismic sensors is positioned at or near the surface of the earth. The array is preferably colinear with the source, and should extend far enough, such that the point of reflection of the seismic waves from the source to a reflecting interface at or near the depth of the fracture, and to the sensors will be at a greater radius from the well bore from which the fracture was created, than the outer perimeter of the fracture.
Thus, of all the reflecting points to each of the sensors, some will be within, and some will be outside of the outer perimeter.
This source is energized in at least two conditions. A first condition P exists when the fracture is pressurized, so that the roof of the fracture is lifted, and out of contact with the base of the fracture, and the fracture is filled with fluid. A second condition N exists when the fracture is depressurized to a pressure less than that required to lift the overburden, so that the roof of the fracture will slump and will be in elastic wave transmitting contact with the base of the fracture.
Consider a sensor receiving a reflection from a reflecting point inside the perimeter. In the first condition P, with the fracture filled with fluid, the reflected signal will be of higher energy content than will the reflected signal from a point outside of the perimeter of the fracture, since there will be no fracture to augment the reflection of seismic energy.
In the second condition N, where the fracture is depressurized or nonpressurized, so far as the reflection of seismic energy is concerned, there is no fracture, and the reflection of seismic energy will be substantially the same at all reflection points.
A third condition, or situation, G, can be considered, where, the pressurizing of the fracture is done slowly, or gradually, or in a series of steps, of the flow of pressurizing fluid. In the third condition G, in effect, the perimeter of the fracture is growing, and the reflection points where substantial seismic energy is reflected move outwardly as the radius of the perimeter increases. Thus, this increasing size of the fracture can be mapped by the increasing number of sensors showing high energy. The radius of the fracture should be a function of the total fluid flow.
A fourth condition C and a fifth condition S, can be considered where the above procedure is repeated, first C, with a compressional seismic source, and then S, with a transverse shear seismic source. In the pressurized condition P, the compressional C, and shear S, reflections will be different, whereas in the depressurized condition N they will be similar.
Considerable work has been done on the recovery of hydrocarbons from shallow tar sands by burning part of the hydrocarbons to heat the formation, so that the hydrocarbons will soften and flow through the fracture to a secondary borehole and be recovered at the surface.
However, I am not aware of any satisfactory method fo mapping the progress of the burn front, to determine the fraction of the reservoir that has been recovered, or whether part of the reservoir is being by-passed by the burn front, and so on.
This invention is related to that problem, and is applicable to tar sands and hydrocarbon recovery by pressurizing with air and burning, or recovery by heating with high pressure steam. The invention is related also to the recovery of heavy (viscous) oil in the pores of consolidated porous rocks, by heating and/or burning. It is also applicable to the recovery of other minerals by solution, or chemical exolution, such as sulphur, salt, copper and so on.
It is therefor a still further object of this invention when the fracture is in a tar sand, for example, and the hydrocarbon is removed by heating the formation, such as by injecting steam into the fracture, or by injecting air under pressure and burning part of the hydrocarbons in the formation, to determine, at any selected time after the start of heating, the perimeter of the area of the formation from which the hydrocarbon has been removed.
These and other objects are realized and the limitations of the prior art are overcome in this invention by creating a horizontal fracture in the normal manner, either by the application of pressurized liquid or gas at a selected point at a selected depth in a tar sand, for example, providing a source of seismic waves, and can be impulsive or vibratory, and so on. One, or a plurality of radial arrays of seismic sensors are set out on the earth colinear with the source. The arrays are long enough such that the points of reflections of seismic waves from the source to the fracture, and upwardly to the sensors will extend to radii greater than the predetermined outer perimeter of the fracture.
Thus of all the reflecting points to each of the sensors, some will be within the mineral recovery zone A, inside of the burn front; some will be in the intermediate annular zone B between the burn front and the outer perimeter of the fracture, and a third outer part will be in the zone C, outside of the outer perimeter of the fracture.
The source will be energized for at least two conditions; condition P, where the formation is pressurized with a liquid or a gas, and condition N, where the formation is non-pressurized. In condition P, the roof of the fracture in zone B is lifted, and is out of contact with the base of the fracture; and in zone A, if the area is large enough, that the overburden has slumped into the recovery area, then in condition P this overburden will be lifted and the void will be filled with the pressurizing fluid, a liquid or preferably a gas.
On the other hand, in condition N, the fracture in zone B will be closed and reflections will look like those from zone C. Also, in zone A, the energy of the reflections will be less than in condition P.
These and other objects and advantages, and a better understanding of the principles and details of the invention will be evident from the following description, taken in conjunction with the appended drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a prior art figure representing the transmission and reflection of seismic waves at geologic interfaces.
FIG. 2 illustrates schematically one embodiment of this invention.
FIG. 3 illustrates schematically one embodiment of the process of removing hydrocarbons from tar sands by burning, and mapping the burn front.
FIG. 4 illustrates the condition in FIG. 3 after a longer period of burning has been carried out and the burn front is at greater radius.
FIG. 5 illustrates the condition, similar to FIGS. 3 and 4 except that the mineral is held in the pores of a consolidated porous rock.
The operation of the method of this invention will be better understood by reviewing briefly the principles of the transmission and reflection of seismic waves at geologic interfaces in the earth.
Referring to FIG. 1, which is fully taught in most text books on the seismic process of geophysical prospecting, the earth 10, having a surface 12 is shown having three geologic formations 21, at the surface, 22 below the formation 21, with an intervening contact or interface 18, and a third formation 23 in contact with 22, at an interface 19.
A seismic source 14 is set up at the surface, and a plurality of sensors, such as geophones 16A, 16B, etc. spaced from the source 14. By conventional representation, a ray of seismic energy 20 passes downwardly to reflection point 24 at the interface 18, where generally, part of the energy is transmitted across the interface 18 as ray 20B, and part is reflected as upwardly reflected ray 20A.
Again, at interface 19, part of the energy of ray 20B is transmitted at reflection point 26 across the interface 19 as ray 20F, and part is reflected upwardly as ray 20C.
Part of the upwardly travelling ray 20C at reflection point 28 is transmitted across the interface 18, from below as the ray 20E, and part is reflected downwardly as ray 20D, and so on.
There are several conditions that are well known. First, at the reflection point 24 for example, the angles of incidence and reflection, are equal. This occurs at all reflection points, such as 24, 26, 28 and so on. Second, the division of energy as between the incident wave and the reflected wave is given by the relation ##EQU1## where R is the reflection coeeficient, or the ratio between the energy of the reflected wave, to the incident wave.
Ar is the energy of the reflected wave.
AI is the energy of the incident wave.
ρ1 is the density of the formation 1 from which the wave is incident.
ρ2 is the density of the formation 2, into which the wave is transmitted.
V1 is the velocity of seismic wave transmission in formation 1.
V2 is the velocity of seismic wave transmission in formation 2.
Of course the energy of the transmitted wave in formation 2 is given by
The quantity ρV is called the acoustic impedance of a selected geologic formation. Such formations in the earth have independent densities, and velocities. Thus two different formations may have the same acoustic impedance, yet be considerably different in ρ and/or V, and vice versa.
The reflection coefficients R are generally small, so that sufficient energy can be present in deep reflections, after having been traversing many hundreds or thousands of geologic interfaces.
However, where the reflection takes place between a solid and a liquid, because of the disparity in density and velocity the reflection coefficient can be quite large. Also where the interface is between rock and air, such as at the surface of the earth, the reflection coefficient can be almost 100 percent.
This invention makes use of these principles by comparing the energy of reflected seismic energy from the natural interfaces, such as 18, 19--where there is no fracture, to the case where there is a pressurized fracture filled with liquid or gas, where the reflection coefficient may be high.
Where the seismic source puts out a relatively simple wavelet, the "character" of the reflected seismic wave can be fairly simple. On the other hand, when the incident seismic wave is a long time function, as from a vibratory source, the "character" of the reflected wave can be very complex.
Also, where the seismic waves are shear waves which do not transmit through a liquid or gas the reflected energy can be very large.
Thus by making use of these principles and with the appropriate geometry and observing the character of the seismic waves and their energy, much information can be determined relating to the dimensions of the horizontal fracture.
Referring now to FIG. 2 there is shown schematically one embodiment of this invention, comprising a portion of the earth 10 including the surface 12. There is a well bore 34 drilled in conventional manner from the surface 12 to a depth 41 to and preferably through a geologic formation 32. Such a formation may be, for example, a shallow formation which contains hydrocarbons in the form of tar or very heavy (viscous) oil. For the purpose of recovery of these hydrocarbons a fracture 44 is produced in the body of the formation 32, preferably near the bottom thereof.
Not shown is one or a plurality of secondary boreholes drilled into the formation 32. These must be within the perimeter of the fracture indicated at a radius 56 equal to L/2 from the borehole 34.
The need to have the secondary boreholes in direct communication with the fracture indicates the need to know the precise position of the perimeter at 56. Also the secondary boreholes must be positioned as close to the perimeter as possible to be able to recover all the hydrocarbons within the perimeter.
A fracture fluid is passed down a tubing 38 inside the borehole 34, which is generally lined with casing. A packer 36 is set above the desired depth of fracture and the casing is perforated, 35 at the desired depth of the fracture. The pressurized fluid can be gas or liquid which is pressurized by pump or compressor 40 driven by motor 42.
a source of seismic waves 14 is set up at a selected point, preferably near to the center of the perimeter of the fracture 44, that is, near the mouth 31 of the well bore 34.
An array of a plurality of sensors or geophones 16 is laid out at or near the surface 12 of the earth. This array preferably consists of at least one linear array, colinear with said source. The array is long enough so that at least the outermost sensor 16F will receive reflected seismic waves from a point 57F beyond the outer perimeter 56 of the fracture 44.
Each of the geophones or other sensors 16A, 16B, . . . 16F are each connected by conductors 50 in a conventional manner to a plurality of conventional seismic amplifiers 52 and to a storage, recording means, and/or display 54, as is well known in the seismic art.
The source may provide an impulsive seismic wave, or a vibratory seismic wave, which, passing downwardly into the earth, will reflect from the interfaces 32A and 32B and to each of the sensors 16.
When the fracture is depressurized, condition N, the roof of the fracture will fall into contact with the base. In this condition there will be very little, if any, energy reflected at the fracture plane, though there well may be reflections from the top and bottom interfaces 32A, 32B of the formation 32. These will combine to produce a reflection of a particular character, dependent on the reflection coefficients and spacing between the interfaces, etc.
Now, when the fracture is pressurized with a fluid, condition P, so that the roof 46 of the fracture 44 is clearly separated from the base surface 45 of the fracture there will be seismic reflections possible from the roof 46 and possibly the base 45, which reflections will add to those from the interfaces 32A, 32B, to produce a reflection character which is still more complicated, than in the previous case. There will also be increased amplitude and energy of the reflected waves.
However, only those sensors such as 16A, 16B, 16C for which the reflection points are at a radius from the source 14 which is less than the perimeter radius L/2 will show a large change of energy or character. For those sensors such as 16F for which the reflection point 57F is at a greater radius than L/2 of the perimeter 56 there will be substantially no change in the reflected energy or character received and recorded.
By comparing the character and energy of the reflected signals received by the sensors 16A, 16B, 16C, for the two conditions P and N of pressurization, it will be seen that the perimeter is beyond the radius 57C of the reflection point showing changes in character and energy. And, of course, if the perimeter is at a lesser radius than that of reflection point 57F of the sensor 16F, it will show no change.
It is thus seen that by using as close a spacing between sensors as desired, the radius of the perimeter 56 can be determined as precisely as desired.
It will be clear that if the fracture is pressurized at a slow rate, that is, low rate of fluid flow, that at a partial pressurization, the radius of effective separation of the roof and base of the fracture will exist only over a small radius. Then, as more fluid is pumped into the fracture the effective area of the roof that is lifted will increase, until, at full pressurization the effective perimeter will move to point 56.
Of course, at each stage, when the perimeter radius is less than L/2 there will be fewer sensors with reflection points inside the "then" perimeter, and showing the character and energy changes. Then as the perimeter moves out to 56 more of the sensors out along the array will show the character and energy change.
Since high frequency seismic signals can better delineate closely spaced interfaces, I prefer to use high frequency seismic waves. Also, I prefer to use transverse shear waves, particularly when the pressurizing fluid is a liquid or a gas. Also, I prefer to use an array of sensors which includes a plurality of radial arrays directed at spaced angular positions, to determine the shape of the perimeter.
What has been described is a novel procedure for determining the size and shape of the perimeter of a horizontal fracture in the earth, which utilizes a selected pressurizing procedure, in conjunction with the use of seismic surveying techniques.
Since the reflecting action at the fracture when pressurized with liquid or gas, would be different with compressional waves than with transverse shear waves, I propose to repeat the operations for both types of sources and sensors, for all conditions of pressurization, depressurization, and gradual pressurization.
Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown the central portion of FIG. 2 at a selected time period after the formation 32 has been pressurized with air and the hydrocarbons have been ignited. A circular burn front 70 has been formed. The temperature is very high, and there is active combustion of the hydrocarbons as the hydrocarbon material is consumed in the formation 32, starting at the borehole 34. The remaining sand, cleaned of carbonaceous material, will fall 66 to the base 32B of the formation 32. When the radius 61 of the burn zone 70 is small, the roof at interface 32A, and the overburden 10 will not slump. Thus a void space 68 will remain, filled with pressurized liquid or gas. Thus, when a reflection point lies in zone A, and the formation is pressurized, the energy of the upward reflections will be high.
In zone B between the burn front 70 and the outer perimeter 56, the action will be similar to that in FIG. 2, inside of the outer perimeter 56, except that the fracture 44 will now be filled with a combination of liquid hydrocarbons and a gas, instead of solely gas as in FIG. 2.
Now consider FIG. 4, which represents a later time than that of FIG. 3, and the burn zone 70 has advanced to a larger radius 61', such that the overburden 72 above interface 32A has slumped into the void 68. Thus, the reflections from points in zone A inside the burn front will show large high energy reflections when the formation is pressurized, condition P, and low energy reflections when the formation is depressurized, condition N.
The reflections in zone B, between the burn front 70 and the perimeter 56 should be about the same for the condition in FIG. 4, as in the case of FIG. 3. And, of course, the reflections in zone C should be the same for FIGS. 2, 3 and 4.
There is a particular situation in the small area in zone A, just inside of the burn front 70. This is labelled 76. It comprises a narrow annular space, above which the overburden 10 is cantilevered over the void 68, although the main central part of the burned-out zone 72 has slumped.
For a reflection point within the radius of space 76, the reflections should be high for both conditions P and N, similar to those from zone A in FIG. 3.
While FIGS. 3 and 4 were drawn for the case of tar sands with hydrocarbon removal by heating, using the heat of combustion of the tar and the pressurized air. However, it is also possible to heat the formation with high pressure steam, which will condense after giving up its heat of vaporization.
The heat supplied by the steam will first be given up close to the borehole 34. When this zone A becomes heated enough, the tar will liquify and drop down into the fracture, and, along with the hot water condensate will flow outwardly, under pressure of the steam injected, to carry these liquids out to the secondary boreholes, where they will flow to the surface, and the hydrocarbons will be recovered.
It is to be expected that there will be a hot zone, 70' corresponding to the burn front 70, which, dependent on the rate of flow of steam, will move outwardly as a narrow annular zone. In the zone A inside of this hot zone, the sand will be substantially freed of tar, and will slump 66, as in FIGS. 3 and 4. Thus, the procedures described in connection with FIGS. 3 and 4 could be substantially the same for the recovery process using steam.
The differences between FIGS. 3 and 4 lie in the nature of the tar sand, namely that it is an unconsolidated rock, and when the tar is driven off, the loose sand will pile up in the bottom of the formation leaving a void above. Also the overburden will most likely slump, when the diameter of the cleared area is large enough.
There is another large area of this type of recovery system, and that is in the recovery of viscous hydrocarbons in the pores of consolidated porous rocks. In the case of these formations, the permeability is extremely low because the pores are filled with thick oil. Thus, it is necessary to produce a fracture so that the heating fluid can get into the formation, and out.
FIG. 5 has been drawn on the same basis as FIG. 4, but for the case of competent porous rock. Thus there will be no slumping in zone A in FIG. 5 as in FIG. 4. The reflection from reflection points 84, 88 in FIG. 5 won't respond to pressurization as they did in FIG. 4. Once all the oil is removed from the pores of saturated rock 80 as in zone B, it will be a gas or water filled porous rock 82, as in FIG. 5. The same types of field procedures would be followed in the case of FIG. 5 as in the case of FIG. 4.
The schematic diagram of FIG. 5 can be used to illustrate other types of mineral recovery, such as, for example, the case of sulphur recovery, or the recovery of any minerals that lie in the pores of the rock. For the recovery of salt or other minerals, the process might be better represented by FIGS. 3 and 4, without the sand, and so on.
While I have described my invention in relation to processes concerning the recovery of hydrocarbons from relatively shallow geologic formations, they can be applied equally well to the recovery of other minerals, either in unconsolidated formations, or in the pores of competent rock.
Some of the recovery processes might use pressurized gases, such as air or steam. Others, such as that in in situ mining of salt will involve the use of water, or in other liquids. Then there is still another category of minerals, the recovery of which can be accomplished by chemical processes, such as the use of acids, etc.
While I speak of horizontal and shallow geologic formations, these processes can be carried out at any depth at which a horizontal fracture will preferentially form (rather than a vertical fracture, for example). Also, since it is well known how to obtain seismic reflections from dipping formations, my method can be used where the formations are dipping at angles to the horizon small enough, so that the overburden can be lifted by the pressurized fluid, and lowered when that fluid is removed.
While the invention has been described with a certain degree of particularity, it is manifest that many changes may be made in the details of construction and the arrangement of components without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. It is understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiments set forth herein for purposes of exemplification, but is to be limited only by the scope of the attached claim, including the full range of equivalency to which each element thereof is entitled.
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moreIt took real faith and courage to get Bethany back on a surfboard after losing her arm to a shark. In this new four-book fiction series based on the life of surfer star Bethany Hamilton, Bethany and her friends discover God's love and guidance as they tackle the waves that life hands them. Also available: Soul Surfer™ Bible, Ask Bethany, and Rise Above. In Clash, it's a challenge to their tight-knit group when a new girl with a secret crowds Bethany and her friends. Important heart issues lead to difficult decisions. In Burned, Bethany has a run-in with an unpleasant kid on a surf trip to Samoa and discovers something in the Samoan culture that brings healing and forgiveness. In Storm, Bethany helps a young family lost on the Kalalun trail. As Bethany's youth group struggles to raise funds for a mission trip, her small act of kindness blesses them all. In Crunch, Bethany meets a little girl at an orphanage in Mexico who must have her arm removed. Concerned by her condition, Bethany makes a promise to the child that threatens Bethany's opportunity to surf in a prestigious contest. less
Zonderkidz; August 2009
128 pages; ISBN 9780310865810
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Title: Burned
Author: Rick Bundschuh; Bethany Hamilton
128 pages; ISBN 9780310865810
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Title: Burned
Author: Rick Bundschuh; Bethany Hamilton
Buy, download and read Burned (eBook) by Rick Bundschuh; Bethany Hamilton today!
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Sydney Harbour/Botany Bay NSW, Dec 10-13 2009
January 26, 2010 by Rick
Following the Port Phillip Bay trip, we headed to Sydney, along with Bill Barker and Jen Hoskin who were also keen for the double RLS trip. Many thanks to the trained RLS volunteers that joined us – including Andrew Green, Kate Tinson, Andy Myers, Peter McGee, Margo and Ash Smith and 2 SIMS postdocs – Paul Gribben and Will Figueira. We were able to survey a number of transects around Bare Island and also went out with local Skipper Peter, organised through one of our favourite local dive shops Abyss Scuba (www.abyss.com.au). Again we've managed to find a Skipper that is happy to be flexible with site selection and dive time… not to mention happy to spend the surface intervaltime at Balmoral Beach drinking caramel lattes (see pic).
We would like to extend a big thankyou again to Carl Fallon from Abyss for organising tanks and boat and for local dive site info. We surveyed over 30 transects – including Bare Island, Botany Bay; and in Sydney Harbour sites included – Middle Head, Green Point and Camp Cove, Dobroyd Head, Neilsen Park, and Grotto Point. It proved another very successful Sydney RLS trip in terms of survey effort and was fantastic to get a bunch of experienced RLSers out together. Interesting finds included Sydney's Pygmy Pipehorse (Idiotropiscis lumnitzeri) at Bare Island, velvet fish (Aploactisoma milesii) and some beautiful nudibranchs, including Pteraeolidia ianthina, Glossodoris atromarginata and Ceratosoma amoenum.


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2014 Summer Workshops
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Pinellas County Home Page
PPE Home Page
School Staff List
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Pinellas Park Elementary School �
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Pinellas Park Elementary
2013-2014 Student Handook
Welcome to our Pinellas Park Elementary website. This site represents our school and what we have to offer our students and families. It also contains information for parents, students and the community. Please visit our site often to take note of upcoming events.
We are here to meet the needs of our learners by providing ongoing communication with parents and providing a safe learning environment where students can grow as learners. We ask that you check your child's Agenda nightly to keep communication open between home and school. If at any time you have questions or concerns with your child at PPES, please feel free to contact your child's classroom teacher or me at (727)547-7888.
Please note that school hours for the 2013-14 school year have changed. Our school hours are 8:35am-2:35pm.
You as the parent/guardian are your child's first teacher and can have an impact on your child's learning by volunteering at school. Whether you help out in the classroom, on field trips, media center, cafeteria, or front office, your help is greatly appreciated. Please contact Malissa Pierce at email@example.com or by calling the school to become an active volunteer.
Here is to another great year filled with learning!
Kind Regards,
Lisa Freeman, Principal
Pinellas Park Elementary History and Tradition
Now, I know you know that PPE Staff takes pride in PPE and show school spirit in several ways. This is especially true if you have ever been to one of our family fun filled events! If not, one way is through PPE's very own cheerleading team! Not only does the team perform at all of the assemblies, but they lead the school in kicking off several schoolwide events such as FCAT Assembly, end of the year functions, and special anniversaries. In 2007-2008, a mascot was added. It is still a mystery as to who is actually behind the bear costume!
Another way PPE shows school spirit is through singing its very own school song, "Pass It On." Below are the words to the song and you can hear it perform live daily on PPE's very own televised morning news.
Pass It On
What a wondrous place this is,
With all our friends around us.
To share each day with us,
As we learn together.
That's how it is with our love!
Once you've experienced it.
Our friends are near, our friends are dear,
The love of Pinellas Park.
Our school is bright and clean,
Our teachers are so loving.
They try their best to help,
With everything worth knowing.
That's how it is with our school-
Once you've experienced it.
You'll understand, what makes us grand,
The love of Pinellas Park!
I'll shout it from a mountain top -
I want the world to know.
Pinellas Park is good to me,
I want to pass it on. (Repeat)
Pinellas Park Elementary Welcomes you!
Pinellas Park Elementary is delighted to have you here. The following information may help you when you contact us:
Lisa Freeman
Assistant Principal:
Karen Vargus
School Secretary:
Sarah Somers
Data Prep Clerk:
Kathy Chancey
Office Clerk:
Christell Williams
Guidance Counselor:
Dr. Clarissa Hucknall
Family and Community Relations:
Malissa Pierce
*Bilinqual Translators:
Ms. Torres
Ms. Stanimirovic, Ms. Torres
Ms. Stanimirovic, Ms. Torres
Ms. Stanimirovic
7520 52nd Street
Pinellas Park, FL 33781
(727) 547-7888
School Hours:
Earliest Drop Off Time:
Pick Up Time:
*All remaining students will be sent to the R'Club for aftercare. Please make arrangements if you are unable to pick up during the following times above in order to ensure the safety of your child. R'Club is on site and currently has openings. Please call to secure a spot.
Come visit us!
PPE likes to show off all of the wonderful learning going on to parents/guardians, volunteers, and community members! Of course we want your visit to be a pleasant one so here are a few things to know ahead of time.
All visitors must sign in through the front office.
Your driver's license or ID will be requested at the time of entry.
A visitor's badge must be worn at all times during your visit.
Parents/Guardians wishing to visit their child's classroom need to contact the classroom teacher at least 24 hours prior to the visit. All other requests need to be in writing to the Principal (firstname.lastname@example.com) at least 48 hours prior to visit. Please include your child's name, intent of visit, and date/exact time.
No smoking is allowed on PPE's school campus.
Dress Code for visitors is the same as stated in the link below for our students. We are always trying to be example setters! Please refer to the link below for more specific information.
We are always looking for ways in which to build stronger partnerships with the community, parents, and volunteers. Please feel free to contact the Principal at any time with any ideas you may have in order to help accomplish this goal.


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Grey's Anatomy
Shonda Rhimes Says Callie and Arizona are Made for Each Other
Have you recovered yet from the gut-wrenching episode of Grey's Anatomy in which Calzona got in a car accident? Us either. But we're loving the super-serious turn Calzona's relationship has taken, and Shonda Rhimes assures us they will eventually find themselves in the same shiny, happy relationship place in which MerDer reside. But, of course, this is Grey's, so there's going to be tons of turmoil between now and then.
Ultimately, says Shonda Rhimes, Callie (Sara Ramirez) and Arizona (Jessica Capshaw) are "MFEO... made for each other."
And, while Mark may stand between the two a little bit right now (not necessarily in the romantic sense, just in the unplanned baby-daddy sense), his and Arizona's tension in the tri-parenting tournament will be a huge part of next week's musical episode. Teases Rhimes, "All of the issues that fans have been feeling — that we've been feeling — about the fact that this is not Arizona's dream to have a baby with Mark Sloan, and this is not necessarily the way that she wanted any of this to happen, is going to come to a head and be a big part of the [musical episode]."
Needless to say, we really really really hope that the issue "coming to a head" doesn't mean Callie's going to lose the baby.
Source: TV Guide
Grey's Poll of the Day: Who Are You Most Looking Forward to Hearing Sing?


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Shrek is Love
Posted On:9/18/2008 9:59pm
Style: Judo / Jujitsu (?)
Originally Posted by Jeff C.
I don't call civilians "Top." I don't call MSG's "Top." You let your daughter go into chat rooms? You definitely are irresponsible.
Jeff Cook
To further extrapolate on this Jeff, the only person who gets called "Top" in Special Forces Group is the Command Sergeant Major.
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If you want to explore the U.S. by bike, you may have more options in coming years. The U.S. Bicycle Route System began in 1982 with two routes; and now six new routes have been approved.
Four of these will be in Alaska, while the final two new pathways will let cyclists explore Michigan's lower peninsula and New England with a route spanning New Hampshire to Maine. Click here to view them.
Additionally, 15 other routes are in the planning phase with 42 states participating in the plan. Sadly, if you'd like to bike Alabama, Hawaii, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, Oklahoma, Rhode Island and South Carolina, you may be out of luck because these states aren't currently participating.
Has anyone ever cycled on the new, original routes? U.S. Bicycle Route 1 stretches from Virginia to North Carolina and U.S. Bicycle Route 76 goes from Virginia to Illinois?


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Pick a Title...
To Tell the Truth (again)
Risks Worth Taking (most of the time)
Sometimes You're the Windshield and Sometimes You're the Bug!
Categories —Barrel Aged Beers, Black Butte XXII, brettanomyces, Brewery, Deschutes Brewery, Gary Fish, Mirror Mirror, The Abyss
Mirror Mirror on the wall . . .
After a longer than anticipated wait, Mirror Mirror is, indeed, in the bottle and being dipped in black wax as I type and we even have photos to prove it. This first Reserve Series release of the year will be out in the market in just a couple of weeks.


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Missouri State Archives
Little River Drainage District
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Southeast Missouris Bootheel is a natural basin for Mississippi River flooding. For much of its history the land was an uninhabitable swamp. In the early twentieth century a system of ditches, levees and canals was constructed to drain the swampy land. It was the worlds largest drainage project, and by its completion had moved more earth than the construction of the Panama Canal. The Little River Drainage District was constructed between 1914 and 1928. It consists of 957.8 miles of ditches and 304.43 miles of levees. It covers 540,000 acres and drains a total of 1.2 million acres. The land that makes up the Little River Drainage District was granted to Missouri in the Swamp Land Act of 1850. In the late 19th century, the land was purchased by private lumber interests and cleared of its abundant timber. A new solution was sought to make better use of this uninhabitable and unproductive land. In 1907, a meeting in Cape Girardeau laid the groundwork for a massive drainage project. The construction was funded by a tax levied on land owners within the district. The headwater diversion channel system was built by electric and steam draglines and directs runoff in the northern portion of the district, while the main lower district- a system of levees and ditches built with floating dredge boats- provides local drainage and serves as a drainage outlet for the wider District. Since 1931, the headwater diversion channel mainline levee has been maintained by the Army Corps of Engineers.
The Collection
The Little River Drainage District Collection contains over 3000 images that document the construction of the Headwater Diversion Channel and levee in Southeast Missouri, the five parallel floodway ditches, and hundreds of miles of additional ditches. While the majority of prints record the construction, other subjects are found among the photographs. Floods and overflows, particularly the 1937 Mississippi River flood, are included. Agriculture and the changing landscape, development of the railway system, construction of numerous communities, Civilian Conservation Corps, and individuals important in the development of the District are also contained within the collection.
Rights and Reproductions
Copyright is in the public domain. Items reproduced for publication should carry the credit line: Courtesy of the Missouri State Archives. To order a reproduction from the archival TIFF file, inquire about permissions, or for information about prices, contact Missouri State Archives at: (573) 751-3280 or email email@example.com.
How to Use this Collection
This collection may be browsed in its entirety or it may be searched by title, description, date and subject.
Additional Resources
More information about the Little River Drainage District may be found at: Southeast Missouri State University Special Collections and Archives, National Park Service Comprehensive Concept Map, Little River Drainage District, SEMO Port


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XP, Vista, Ubuntu and then back home
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Member Since: Apr 29, 2006
Location: St. Somewhere
Posts: 4,560
Mac Specs: iMac 27" 3.4 GHz, 256 GB SSD, 2 TB HDD, 8 GB RAM
I think distros like U/K/buntu present Linux with an identity crisis, which may be good. Many, many Linux fans *like* the tinkering aspect of Linux - you get to configure the very guts of the OS to your liking. The downside is that you *have* to do this in most cases to get everything working. This has been the Linux "aura" for a long time. Along comes Ubuntu, and more or less, everything just works. It *is* standard Linux so you can go and tinker if you want, but you don't need to. Who is the target audience? Not hard core Linux users - they want more control. It has to be the world's Microsoft users. This is an excellent open source OS that will compete head to head with Windows. So, IMHO, Ubuntu isn't "classic" Linux any more - it is Linux attempting to broaden its appeal and reach out well beyond the normal group of people who would be interested in Linux. Is this good or bad? It depends on your point of view, although anything that impacts on the Microsoft hegemony is a good thing in my opinion. Some people in the Linux community are openly worried that Ubuntu Linux takes the Linux out of Linux, hence my "identity crisis" comment above.
Personally, I prefer the smaller boutique Linux distros. My favorite is Arch Linux, a performance optimized screamer that openly bills itself as Linux for the advanced Linux user. It is hard core, classic Linux. Pretty much nothing works out of the box. You have to configure and install just about everything - hence the "for the advanced user" billing. You need to have been kicking around core Linux for a while to use Arch successfully.
But, there is a payoff. Arch is all about size and performance. You get all that Linux goodness in a screaming fast wrapper. It is small, fast and powerful. The combo of my Arch distro and my 3.0 GHz Pentium IV HT PC is the fastest computer I have ever used.
I will honestly admit that if there had been a version of iTunes for Linux and a version of Photoshop for Linux, I would have never considered moving to Mac. It was only my reliance on those programs, necessitating the ongoing need to keep Windows around that got me thinking about Macs. Get a Mac and I could get rid of Windows. Originally, I was going to get a Mac and just use it for iTunes and Photoshop, continuing to "live" day to day in Linux...
Of course then you realize that Macs are based on *nix, and you can combine the best of both worlds (free OSS and commercial softare, all in one tidy package). Then you learn about all that fabulous Mac OS X software and all the other goodies that are available. Well, the plan changed. I am really glad that I *did* consider Macs. Much as I hate to say it, since getting my Mac, my trusty old Arch Linux machine gets almost no use at all. It has been eclipsed in every way by my Mac. All part of growing up I guess! :dive:
My Macs: iMac 27" 3.4 GHz, Mac Pro 3.2 GHz, PowerMac G5 Quad 2.5 GHz, G4 Cube with 1.2 GHz Upgrade
My iStuff: 64GB iPhone 5, 64GB iPad4, 30GB iPod Video, 16GB iPod Touch
My OS': Mac OS X Lion, Mac OS X Snow Leopard, Mac OS X Tiger, Mac OS 9.2.2, openSUSE 10.3
I was on the Mac-Forums honor roll for September 2007
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"PORTASANGENNARO is the symbol of transformation and the challenge is going beyond
remaining in Naples under the watchful eye of San Gennaro." With these words Lello
Esposito (one of the most famous Neapolitan artists) defines the exhibition on
display at the Renaissance Naples Hotel Mediterraneo, introduced by Jean-Noël
Schifano and composed by 12 artistic installations - among which the artist presents 2 not yet released sculptures. A mix of fiberglass, terracotta and aluminium
to represent the symbol of the city which is not only a Saint but the omnipresent epitome of spiritual and artistic life of the city of Naples. A young master
craftsman Giuseppe Mellone has created a new ice-cream flavour named "Miracle"
just for this occasion.


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Namco Bandai enters the free-to-play market with flagship franchise TEKKEN! The newest installment is not only free-to-play, but includes an all new character enhancement system, making it easier than ever for newcomers to the fighting game genre to pick up and play.
There are currently no cheats available for Tekken Revolution.
indicates future release


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OPEC June Output Rises as Members Fill in for Iraq Loss
June 30 (Bloomberg) -- OPEC crude production climbed for a second month in June as gains in Saudi Arabia and Nigeria made up for the loss of Iraqi barrels, a Bloomberg survey showed.
Production by the 12-member Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries rose by 278,000 barrels a day to 30.223 million, according to the survey of oil companies, producers and analysts. Last month's total was revised 43,000 barrels a day lower to 29.945 million because of changes to the Kuwaiti, Libyan and Ecuadorian estimates.
Violence flared in Iraq, OPEC's second-biggest producer, this month as a militant group seized Mosul, the country's biggest northern city, and advanced south toward Baghdad. Fears that the upsurge may ignite a civil war sent prices higher.
"There was panic when the first headlines came from Iraq," said Bob Yawger, director of the futures division at Mizuho Securities USA Inc. in New York. "There may have been an overreaction elsewhere. Things have stabilized and it doesn't appear that all of those additional barrels will be needed."
Brent crude for August settlement dropped 94 cents, or 0.8 percent, to close at $112.36 a barrel on the London-based ICE Futures Europe exchange. Brent, the benchmark for more than half the world's oil, reached $115.71 on June 19, the highest level since Sept. 9. West Texas Intermediate oil fell 37 cents, or 0.4 percent, to settle at $105.37 on the New York Mercantile Exchange.
Iraqi Output
Iraqi production tumbled 400,000 barrels a day to 2.9 million this month, according to the survey. It was the biggest drop in June and left the country pumping the least oil since September.
The fighting hasn't spread to southern Iraq, home to about three-quarters of the nation's oil output.
The production cuts occurred in the north, where the pipeline from Kirkuk to Ceyhan on Turkey's Mediterranean coast has been shut since March because of sabotage. The missing output would have supplied Iraqi needs. The 310,000-barrel-a-day Baiji refinery, Iraq's biggest, has been closed since militants first attacked it on June 15.
"It looks like Iraq will continue to pump between 2.5 and 3 million barrels a day as long as the situation doesn't get a lot uglier," Yawger said. "The missing oil was mostly meant for domestic use anyway."
Saudi Boost
Saudi Arabia, the group's biggest producer, boosted output by 230,000 barrels a day to 9.9 million. That was the highest level since September, when the desert kingdom pumped 10 million barrels a day, the most in monthly data going back to 1989.
Fuel consumption in the Arabian peninsula peaks in the summer months, when high temperatures lead to increased use of air conditioners.
"They usually produce more in the summer to directly burn for electricity that's needed for air conditioning," said Mike Wittner, the head of oil market research at Societe Generale SA in New York. "I also expect them to keep increasing production to meet global demand."
Saudi Arabia is pumping additional oil for storage to keep the market comfortable about supply. The country holds 2.6 million barrels a day of spare crude production capacity, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.
"We are going to see new records from the Saudis in the months ahead," Wittner said. "They will have to pump at least 10.2 million barrels a day or more in the third quarter. They can easily attain this."
Highest Output
Nigeria's production rose 200,000 barrels a day to 2.15 million in June, the second-biggest gain in the survey. It was the highest output since September. Figures for Africa's biggest producer are volatile because of unrest and theft in the Niger River delta, the main oil-producing region.
Crude production in the United Arab Emirates climbed by 100,000 barrels a day to 2.8 million this month, the most since October. Output climbed on higher exports to Asia to meet summer demand there.
OPEC ministers kept their output target unchanged at 30 million barrels a day on June 11 in Vienna. The group next meets on Nov. 27.
To contact the reporter on this story: Mark Shenk in New York at firstname.lastname@example.com
To contact the editors responsible for this story: David Marino at firstname.lastname@example.com Richard Stubbe, Bill Banker


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Art that combines elements of history, biography and myth will be on exhibit at the William Rolland Gallery of Fine Art at California Lutheran University from Aug. 13 through Oct. 16.
Recent News
A California Lutheran University alumna who has served as a campus pastor for 15 years has been promoted to the newly created position of vice president for mission and identity.
After rain cancelled Kingsmen Shakespeare Festival performances for the first time in the event's 19 years, two additional shows have been added at discount rates.
The Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC) Senior College and University Commission has reaffirmed the accreditation of California Lutheran University for the longest possible term of 10 years.
The Rev. Gerald Swanson, a Thousand Oaks resident who taught and provided spiritual guidance to California Lutheran University students for three decades, has died. He passed away at his home on July 3 at the age of 77.
A May graduate of California Lutheran University who researched Los Angeles' Mongolian immigrant community for his senior capstone has received a 2015-2016 U.S. Student Fulbright award to teach English in Mongolia.
Featured Stories
Is it live? Or a new day for sound recording? A former music major helps to ring in the age of immersive audio.
Bias is everywhere. There's every reason to think it costs you.
ELCA congregations are forming among immigrant and minority groups, around social issues, and in places like cafés and community centers. Pastors who do without traditional church buildings, all graduates of Cal Lutheran's theological seminary in Berkeley, share their visions for 21st-century worship.
By the end of this year, the old cafeteria will reopen as a headquarters for student life, student government and experiential learning. Melinda Roper, the top administrator in student affairs, envisions this well-lighted place as one where aims in life grow a little clearer.
Beginning with 2015's graduates, Cal Lutheran master's degree students in counselor education are all embarking on journeys of self-discovery.


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The Moose
01/30/2014 – The women's basketball snapped a three game losing streak in a big way with a 108-71 home victory over Marygrove. The victory improved the Saints record to 16-5 on the season and to 9-5 in league play, while the Mustangs fell to 0-15 in the WHAC and to 2-20 overall. Aquinas is tied for fourth in the league standings with three weeks to play until the end of the regular season.
The Saints, who were desperate for a win, took out some frustration on their guests from the Motor City. The 108 points tallied was the largest offensive output since January 25th, 2006 when the Saints defeated Indiana Tech 108-97. Aquinas shot 48% from the field and converted 38-51 free throw attempts during the contest. The two teams combined to commit a whopping 58 fouls on the evening.
The Saints saw five players hit double figures with Allison Heberlein leading the attack with 18 points. Danielle Lollo established a new career high as she struck for 17 points including perfection from the free throw line (9-9). A trio of seniors also played vital roles as Marisa Marx, Taelor Sanders and Lindsay Karpowicz combined for 34 points.
The Saints will now travel to Lima, Ohio on Saturday to square off with Northwestern Ohio (12-11, 9-6 WHAC) in a key WHAC showdown. Aquinas defeated the Racers 95-89 in a double overtime thriller earlier this season.