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OSU-Tulsa News > 2014
Thursday, May 01, 2014
OSU shuttle service temporarily unavailable during May intersession
Shuttle service between Stillwater and Tulsa on OSU's BOB, the Big Orange Bus, will be unavailable beginning Monday, May 12 during the first summer session. Service will resume Monday, June 9 at the start of the second summer session. Visit the BOB website for information about schedules and reservations.


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Head Coach Mike Johnson
Aug. 6, 2013
CINCINNATI – Head coach Mike Johnson and his staff will hold a volleyball coaches clinic on Aug. 18 for any club or high school coach, as well as anyone wanting to learn about coaching volleyball.
The three-hour clinic will be held at Cintas Center and will be followed by a Xavier volleyball practice that will be open for attendance. Johnson will run the clinic and will be joined by his staff to aid in the presentation and to answer any questions.
Johnson, who enters his fourth season as head coach of the Musketeers, has established himself as one of the top coaches in the area. Under his tutelage, XU has earned three-straight second place finishes in the Atlantic 10 regular season and three-consecutive runner-up efforts in the A-10 Tournament.
Entering the BIG EAST Conference this fall, Johnson has Xavier poised for tremendous success. His 2013 recruiting class was named High Honorable Mention by PrepVolleyball.com.
Interested coaches should RSVP to Mike Johnson at email@example.com and include a desired topic of discussion.

subset: commoncrawl


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Click Here to Watch the Whole Video in HD at Unglory Hole
See straight guys think they are going to get free blowjobs from a girl, when its really a guy!
'JT's in the adult DVD spot checking out some of that good rubber pussy. He's a bit camera shy. When the spot-light is on him. Looking like a perv in heat. Drooling over fake pussy. I figured why not give him some of that Ungloryhole action. He heads to the back in search of that hole. Inside he goes and outside he comes with a huge smile on his face. Guess he's not so camera shy after all. Ungloryhole rocks!
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- 173
- people in the U.S. have this name View Michael Ostrander on Whitepages
Meaning & Origins
English form of a common biblical name (meaning 'who is like God?' in Hebrew) borne by one of the archangels, the protector of the ancient Hebrews, who is also regarded as a saint of the Catholic Church. In the Middle Ages, Michael was regarded as captain of the heavenly host (see Revelation 12:7–9), symbol of the Church Militant, and patron of soldiers. He was often depicted bearing a flaming sword. The name is also borne by a Persian prince and ally of Belshazzar mentioned in the Book of Daniel. Since the early 1900s it has been one of the most enduringly popular boys' names in the English-speaking world. See also Michal.
|4th in the U.S.
Respelling of Swedish Åstrander or Östrander, probably of the same etymology as Ostrand, the addition of the suffix -er giving the appearance of a name formed with -ander (from Greek anēr, andros 'man').
|3,572nd in the U.S.
Nicknames & variations
Mike, Myke, Micha, Micheal, Mikeal, Mykael, Micky, Michel
Ostrowski, Ostrom, Ostrow, Ostroff, Ostrem, Ostroski, Ostrum, Ostrovsky, Ostrand, Ostrosky


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Second Half Rally Pushes Pards Past Colgate, 19-16
Martin nails game-winning field at the final horn
24th Ranked Harvard Tops Leopards 24-14
Big plays are difference as Leopards face third top-25 foe
Tavani, Leopards Sign 30 For Class of 2016
Players from nine states, 16 offensive, 13 defensive and one special teamer are set to join program
2015 Spring Football Scrimmage
2015 Spring Football Scrimmage
Lafayette at Colgate
Photos by Lafayette Athletic Communications and courtesy of Bob Cornell
Lafayette vs. Holy Cross
Photos by Rick Smith, Kenya Allen and Matt Fleming
Lafayette vs. Georgetown
Photos by Rick Smith
Lafayette Football vs. Fordham
Photos by Kenya Allen
2013: Played in 10 games, making three tackles on the season.
2012: Did not see any game action.
AT DELBARTON: Honor Roll student who was the Morris Country Defensive Player of the Year as a senior...team's starting linebacker in three seasons, racking up a school-record 323 tackles, 56 tackles for loss, 25 sacks, seven interceptions and two defensive touchdowns...also played fullback...First-Team All-State selection who led squad to state finals as a senior while earning team MVP honors...collected First-Team All-Non-Public and All-Area honors while securing All-Morris Country First-Team status...two-time All-North Jersey Athletic Conference selection and Super 100 Team...played in North vs. South All-Star game...named 22-time Star Ledger Defensive Hero of the Week (two as a sophomore, eight as a junior and 12 in his senior campaign)...earned two letters in baseball, playing pitcher (0.94 ERA with a 5-0 record) and outfield (.365 average) while garnering All-Morris County honors...varsity letterwinner in basketball at power forward.
PERSONAL: Son of Dennis and Bernadette Bencsko...attended same high school as Luke Chiarolanzio '15, a two-year starter on the offensive line...born 10/30/93.
Lafayette Athletics, as a partner in the mission of the College, provides an incredibly effective learning experience for student-athletes through competitive NCAA Division I athletics. Lafayette sponsors 23 varsity sports with more than 600 student-athletes.Mission Statement | Leopard Tradition | Staff Directory | Feedback
The Lafayette Sports Network (LSN) handles all multimedia elements and advertising sales for athletics at Lafayette College. LSN is the Patriot League leader in delivering high-quality programming worldwide via television, radio, streaming video and satellite.Advertising and Sponsorships | Digital Media | LSN TV


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Learn From Mistakes: Why Good Blogs Fail? #CaseStudy
I learn from mistakesThis article is not only written to show why blogs fail but also to tell everyone what we can learn from mistakes, what we can learn from our experiences and what we can get by knowing our weak points.
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Particles of interest, such as DNA molecules, are injected into a medium by applying a first field. Once in the medium the particles are concentrated by applying one or more fields that cause mobilities of the particles in the medium to vary in a manner that is correlated with motions of the particles. Particle injection and particle concentration may be performed concurrently or in alternation.
1. A method for concentrating selected particles, the method comprising:
providing a liquid sample comprising particles, including the selected particles, in a reservoir;
applying a first field directed to move at least the selected particles from the reservoir into a region of a gel medium in which a mobility of the selected particles is dependent on at least one of an electric field magnitude and a temperature; and,
when the selected particles are in the gel medium, concentrating the selected particles in a vicinity of a point in the gel medium by applying a time-varying second field, the time-varying second field applying a driving force to the selected particles that changes to have at least three different vector directions with time and, in coordination with the second field, changing the mobility of the selected particles by varying temperature, electric field magnitude or both such that the selected particles converge toward the point.
2. A method according to
3. A method according to
4. A method according to
5. A method according to
6. A method according to
7. A method according to
moving the non-selected particles through and out of the gel medium by applying the first field; and,
keeping the selected particles within the gel medium by intermittent or continuous application of the second field in coordination with varying the mobility of the selected particles.
8. A method according to
9. A method according to
10. A method according to
11. A method according to
12. A method according to
13. A method according to
where: tSCQDA is a length of time in one cycle of the one or more second fields in which the one or more second fields have a direction opposite to a direction of the first field; ESCODA is a strength of the one or more second fields when they have a direction opposite to a direction of the first field; and EDC is a strength of the first field.
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40. Apparatus for concentrating particles of interest, the apparatus comprising:
a buffer reservoir capable of receiving a liquid sample;
a gel medium adjacent to the buffer reservoir in which particles of interest have a mobility that depends upon at least one of an electric field magnitude and a temperature;
means for applying a first field to drive particles of interest from the buffer reservoir into the gel medium; and,
means for concentrating the particles of interest at a focal spot within the gel medium;
wherein the means for concentrating comprises: means for applying a time-varying second field, the time-varying second field applying a driving force to the selected particles that changes to have at least three different vector directions with time; and means for changing the mobility of the selected particles in coordination with the second field by varying temperature and/or electric field magnitude such that the selected Particles converge toward the focal point.
41. Apparatus according to
42. Apparatus according to
43. Apparatus according to
44. A method according to
45. A method according to
This application claims priority from Canadian patent application No. 2,496,294 filed on 7 Feb. 2005. The subject matter of this application is related to the subject matter of U.S. patent application No. 60/540,352 filed on 2 Feb. 2004 and PCT patent application No. PCT/CA2005/000124 entitled "Scodaphoresis and Methods and Apparatus for Moving and Concentrating Particles" filed on 2 Feb. 2005, both of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
The invention provides methods and apparatus for guiding the motions of particles, such as molecules, for example, DNA, RNA, proteins and other biomolecules. The invention may be applied in systems for concentrating molecules and/or separating molecules of different types, lengths and/or physical or chemical characteristics. Some applications involve selectively trapping particles in a gel material that is subjected to continuous or pulsed electrokinetic injection of a sample.
There are many fields in which it is desirable to concentrate particles so that the particles can be studied. Consider for example the wide range of fields in which it may be desirable to collect molecules of DNA for study. Such fields include crime detection, medical studies, paleology, environmental studies and the like. The DNA of interest may be present initially in exceedingly low concentrations. There is a need for practical ways to concentrate particles, such as DNA.
This invention has a number of aspects. One aspect of the invention provides a method for concentrating selected particles. The particles may, for example, comprise DNA molecules, RNA molecules or denatured proteins. In specific embodiments of the invention the particles comprise DNA. The method comprises providing particles, including the selected particles, in a first region and applying a first field directed to move at least the selected particles from the first region into a second region. At least the second region is a region of a medium in which a mobility of the selected particles is dependent on an intensity of one or more second fields. When the selected particles are in the second region the method proceeds by concentrating the selected particles in a vicinity of a point in the second region by applying the second fields.
Another aspect of the invention provides a method for concentrating particles of interest. The method comprises driving the particles into a medium by applying a particle-injecting electric field across a boundary between the medium and a sample containing the particles of interest; and, applying scodaphoresis to the particles of interest in the medium to concentrate the particles of interest at a location in the medium.
Another aspect of the invention provides apparatus for concentrating particles of interest. The apparatus comprises: a buffer reservoir capable of receiving a sample; a medium in which particles of interest have a mobility that depends upon the intensity of applied fields; means for applying a first field to drive particles of interest from the buffer reservoir into the medium; and, means for applying one or more second fields to concentrate the particles of interest at a focal spot within the medium.
Further aspects of the invention and features of embodiments of the invention are described below.
The attached Figures are intended to aid in the visualization of potential embodiments of the technology, they should not be interpreted as limiting with respect to the scope of the invention described herein.
SCODAphoresis (hereinafter referred to as SCODA) is described in U.S. patent application No. 60/540,352 filed 2 Feb. 2004, PCT patent application No. PCT/CA2005/000124 entitled "Scodaphoresis and Methods and Apparatus for Moving and Concentrating Particles" filed on Feb. 2, 2005; and Marziali, A.; et al., "Novel electrophoresis mechanism based on synchronous alternating drag perturbation", Electrophoresis 2005, 26, 82-89 all of which are hereby are incorporated herein by reference. Since SCODA is described in these published materials it is not described in detail herein.
SCODA is a process that can be used for concentrating particles (which may consist of or include certain molecules, such as DNA). SCODA can be used to concentrate the particles in the vicinity of a point in a region of a suitable material in which the particles have mobilities that vary in response to an applied field or combination of applied fields. Where the particles are electrically-charged molecules, such as DNA, the applied fields may comprise electric fields. The material may comprise a suitable gel such as an agarose gel, for example.
SCODA does not require electrodes to be present at the location where particles are concentrated. In one embodiment SCODA provides focusing and concentration of molecules based on the non-linear dependence of the particles' velocity on the strength of an applied electric field. This can also be stated as being based on the field dependence of the particles' mobility. The velocity, v of a particle in an electric field can be expressed as:
Under the application of SCODA fields, molecules for which the value of k is large have a greater tendency to focus than particles with smaller values of k. In one embodiment of SCODA, a sample containing particles of interest mixed with other particles is introduced into a gel. The material of the gel and/or SCODA fields are selected so that the particles of interest have large values for k while other particles present in the gel have smaller values for k. When SCODA fields are applied, the particles of interest tend to be focused in a spot at a location determined by the SCODA fields. Molecules with low values for k remain distributed throughout the gel.
This effect is also impacted by the ability of the molecules to diffuse in the gel. The SCODA velocity toward the center of the gel is proportional to k and to the distance r from the location at which the molecules become concentrated. In an ideal case where the molecules of interest have mobilities given by Equation (2) it can be shown that:
The ability of molecules to focus (e.g. 1/radius of the focused spot) is proportional to:
Particles may be injected into a region of a medium within which the particles can be concentrated by SCODA by providing the particles in an adjacent region and applying a field that causes the particles to move into the region of the SCODA medium. The adjacent region may be called a first region and the region of the SCODA medium may be called a second region. The field that causes the particles to move from the first region into the second region may be called a first field. The first field may comprise any field to which particles of interest respond by moving. Where the particles are electrically charged, the first field may comprise an electric field.
Depending upon the nature of the particles of interest, the first field may comprise any of:
In one embodiment, DC (Direct Current) electrophoresis is used to introduce particles from a sample into a SCODA medium such as a precast gel. After particles have been introduced into the gel, SCODA can be applied to concentrate selected particles at a location in the gel. DC electrophoresis may be applied to drive particles from a flowing sample into a SCODA medium.
The sample may comprise a liquid in which the particles are entrained. In some embodiments a liquid sample is introduced into a chamber adjacent to the SCODA medium and particles are driven from the chamber into the SCODA medium by electrophoresis until a desired quantity of particles are present in the SCODA medium or until the sample is depleted of particles. In other embodiments the sample is changed either continuously or intermittently and the first field is applied either continuously or intermittently to inject particles from the sample into the SCODA medium. Changing the sample may comprise intermiftently removing some or all of the sample and replacing the removed sample with fresh sample. In some embodiments, changing the sample comprises allowing a liquid, which constitutes the sample, to flow through a chamber adjacent to the SCODA medium.
In cases where the sample is replenished, particles of interest that occur in the sample in exceedingly small concentrations can be collected at the focus in the SCODA medium over time. A very large concentration factor can be achieved in this manner.
Where the first field comprises a DC electrophoresis field, the field may be such that only certain charged species of interest are extracted from sample and introduced into the medium. For example, in some embodiments, DC electrophoresis is used to carry charged molecules which include nucleotide polymers, such as DNA, into the gel or other SCODA medium. Particles that are not charged or particles that have charges of the opposite polarity to the desired charged molecules are not moved into the SCODA medium.
It is not necessary that the magnitude of the first field be constant or even that the first field always have the same polarity. All that is required is that there is a net flow of particles of interest into the SCODA medium under the influence of the first field.
SCODA is performed by applying one or more SCODA fields within the SCODA medium. As described in PCT patent application No. PCT/CA2005/000124, for appropriate selection of SCODA fields, particles and SCODA media, the application of the SCODA fields causes selected particles within the SCODA medium to converge to a focal point so that the selected particles become concentrated in a vicinity of the focal point. The SCODA fields may be called "second fields". The second fields may co-exist with the first field in any of a number of ways including:
The use of a DC field to inject particles into a SCODA medium permits:
Particles that have become concentrated in the vicinity of a point in the SCODA medium may be extracted in any suitable manner including: removing a portion of the gel or other SCODA medium that contains the concentrated particles; or causing the concentrated particles to move out of a plane of the SCODA medium by applying electric or other fields; or the like.
Any suitable combination of fields may be used to provide SCODA focusing of molecules. It is not necessary that the SCODA use electric fields. This invention can be applied to any system that employs SCODA in any of the embodiments described in the above referenced SCODA patent applications.
Particles may be introduced into gel 14 by introducing the particles into the buffer in one of buffer reservoirs 12 (for example, buffer reservoir 12A) and applying a potential difference between the corresponding electrode 13 and one or more other ones of electrodes 13 to create a first electric field directed to cause particles, which may be molecules in the buffer reservoir 12, to move toward gel 14. Typically the first electric field is created by establishing a potential difference between two electrodes that are on opposite sides of SCODA medium 14 (for example, between electrodes 13A and 13C). This DC field has a polarity selected so that charged molecules or other particles of interest will be injected from the buffer 12 into the SCODA gel 14. The DC field may be an applied electric field of the type commonly used in DC electrophoresis.
In buffer 12, the particles move toward gel 14 with a velocity proportional to their mobility in the buffer, μBUF, until they enter gel 14. Within gel 14, the particles follow a combined motion with mobility μ0 (which will typically be different from μBUF) with respect to the first field, and, while the second (SCODA) field(s) is applied, with an effective mobility proportional to k with respect to the second field(s).
Once in gel 14 (or other medium), particles having low values for k will behave as in DC electrophoresis, and will migrate through gel 14. If the first field is applied for long enough, such molecules may traverse completely across gel 14 until they escape into the buffer reservoir 12 opposed to the buffer reservoir 12 from which they originated.
Particles with high values of k will be focused by the SCODA field once they have entered gel 14 and will be trapped in gel 14 (as long as the first field—which may be a DC electric field—is not so strong as to overwhelm the SCODA velocity given to such particles). The location of the focus at which particles become concentrated will be shifted from the location of the focus in the absence of the first field. The amount of shift is based on the ratio of μ0/k and on the relative amplitudes of the first and second fields. For some particles k may be frequency-dependent. In such cases the amount of shift may also depend upon the frequency of the second field(s).
The buffer reservoir 12 into which particles are introduced need not be large and could be a buffer-filled space between an electrode and medium in a typical SCODA apparatus like apparatus 10 of
Particles P can be driven into medium 34 by applying a potential difference between electrodes 33A and 33C with a power supply 35. The potential difference causes particles P to move into medium 34 as indicated by arrow 37.
Power supply 35 is also capable of applying time-varying potentials to electrodes 33 to cause SCODA fields within medium 34. The SCODA fields, when present, cause selected particles within medium 34 to converge toward the vicinity 40 of a focal point as indicated by arrows 39.
It is preferable to provide SCODA electric fields using electrodes that are located symmetrically relative to medium 34. Apparatus 30 has a sensing electrode 42 provided at a location that is symmetrical with respect to electrode 33C. If electrode 42 were used as a SCODA electrode then the sourcing or sinking of current at electrode 42 could damage particles P as they pass by electrode 42. Sensing electrode 42 provides a feedback signal 43 to power supply 35. Power supply 35 receives signal 43 at a high impedance input so that virtually no current is sourced or sinks at electrode 42.
Power supply 35 controls the potential applied to electrode 33A based upon feedback signal 43 to cause the potential at electrode 42 to track a desired SCODA waveform. This may be accomplished by providing a controller which uses a difference between the potential sensed at sensing electrode 42 and the desired SCODA potential as negative feedback. The potential at electrode 42 can be controlled at a desired value by appropriately regulating the potential applied to electrode 33A. Thus sensing electrode 42 in combination with the control in power supply 35 serves as a virtual SCODA electrode. This permits attainment of the proper SCODA field even though electrode 33A is displaced from its ideal position adjacent to medium 34.
In some cases providing a sensing electrode 42 closer to medium 34 and using a sensed voltage 43 to control the potential on a current-sourcing (or current-sinking) electrode farther from the medium (such as electrode 33A) can help to make the SCODA fields independent of the electrical conductivity of sample S. Electrical conductivity of different samples may vary due, for example, to variations in salinity between the samples.
Apparatus like that of
At the end of sample buffer 32A that adjoins medium 34 molecules are injected into medium 34. After an appropriate time, the DC field is shut off, and the SCODA field is turned on. Preferably the SCODA field is not turned on until after the molecules of interest have been driven far enough from electrode 33A that any reverse DC field temporarily applied during SCODA operation does not drive molecules into electrode 33A where they may be chemically altered. To ensure this, the amount of time that the DC field and SCODA fields are applied for should obey:
In embodiments wherein SCODA and the DC injection fields are interleaved in time, once the SCODA field has been applied for an appropriate amount of time it is shut off and the DC injection can be resumed to introduce further charged molecules into the gel. The cycle can be repeated to enhance the concentration of selected molecules at focus 40.
It is also possible to apply the DC injection field in superposition with the SCODA field. In this case, particles P will enter medium 34 and be focused by SCODA at the same time. Focus spot 40 will continue to increase in molecule concentration, as long as more molecules P are available in buffer reservoir 32A, and as long as the DC injection field is at least periodically or sporadically turned on to cause molecules P to be injected into medium 34. When SCODA and DC fields are applied simultaneously, the DC field will cause the location of focus spot 40 to be pushed away from the location that focal spot 40 would have in the absence of the DC injection field.
An estimate of the amount that focal spot 40 is shifted by a DC field can be made using analytic approximations to the SCODA velocity of Equation (3) and the approximation of the drift velocity of the particles in the DC injection field of:
In embodiments wherein the SCODA and DC injection fields occur at the same time, it is desirable to start DC injection first for a period sufficient that the condition of Equation (5) is satisfied. The molecules of interest in buffer reservoir 32A will then be sufficiently far from electrode 33A that they will not be driven into electrode 33A by the SCODA field.
An electrically conducting fluid barrier 44, such as a barrier made of gel, may optionally be placed between electrode 33A and sample S to avoid the possibility that particles in sample S will contact electrode 33 by convective mixing or otherwise.
By applying DC electrokinetic injection during SCODA operation, the concentration factor achievable by SCODA can be increased by injecting for longer, rather than or in addition to using a bigger medium 34.
Apparatus 30 comprises a source 48 of sample S that can be introduced into buffer reservoir 32A by way of valve 50 and pump 52. Excess sample S can escape from buffer reservoir 32A by way of overflow 54. Additional particles P can be made available for concentration in focal spot 40 by periodically or continuously operating pump 52 to introduce fresh sample S into buffer reservoir 32A.
Apparatus 30 also includes a source 58 of clean buffer solution B. When a desired amount of particles P have collected at focal spot 40, sample S can be purged from buffer reservoir 32A by switching valve 50 and operating pump 52 to flush buffer reservoir 32A with buffer B. Continued application of the DC injection field after sample S has been removed from buffer reservoir 32A causes those particles P that are not trapped at focal spot 40 by application of the SCODA fields to be washed out of medium 34 into buffer reservoir 32C.
Where SCODA can achieve a spot radius of 200 μm, performing SCODA on a 1 cm by 1 cm gel medium 34 in which particles P are initially evenly distributed (as would be the case, for example, if the sample is cast as part of the gel) provides a concentration factor of 800. Adding a 10 cm long sample reservoir next to the SCODA gel and performing DC injection while SCODA is running can increase the concentration factor to 8,000. Once the sample reservoir is depleted of particles of interest, it can be drained and replenished with more sample and run again. Each run adds to the concentration factor. Concentration factors in excess of 10,000 times have been achieved.
The methods described herein can be used to collect particles of interest from extremely dilute samples. For example, in one experiment, a sample was made up by diluting approximately 10 molecules of DNA having a target sequence into 5 ml of buffer. The resulting solution (in which the DNA had a zeptomolar −10−21 M concentration) was subjected to DC injection and SCODA as described herein. A plug of gel was removed at the SCODA focal spot. The plug of gel was subjected to a SYBR green chemistry RT-PCR reaction. The target DNA sequence was identified in the resulting amplified DNA.
Apparatus according to the invention may comprise appropriate pumps and valves to repeatedly draw fresh sample into the buffer sample reservoir, inject until depleted or substantially depleted of molecules (or other particles) of interest, then drain and renew with fresh sample. Such pumps and valves may be operated automatically under control of an automatic controller such as a computer, PLC, hard-wired logic circuit, some combination thereof, or the like.
In a prototype demonstration of DC electrokinetic injection, a DC injection field was applied until the buffer reservoir was depleted before running the SCODA field.
In a separate experiment, SCODA was run while the DC field was applied to observe the deflection of the focal spot.
Sometimes the particles that are concentrated in a focal spot are of different species. The methods may optionally include a step to separate the species that have collected at a focal spot. The separation may comprise a one-dimensional separation. Methods that may be used to separate the species at a focal spot include-electrophoresis.
In some embodiments, separation is performed by applying a DC field that tends to move particles from the focal spot in one direction and applying an alternating field having a magnitude that is significantly greater in one polarity than the other but an average value that integrates to approximately zero (a ZIFE field). The alternating field is arranged so that it tends to move the particles in the opposite direction to the DC field.
Under the influence of a DC field, particles move at velocities determined primarily by the value of μ0. Under the influence of the ZIFE field, the particles move at net drift velocities determined primarily by the value of k.
For different species of particle, one or the other of the two fields will dominate. Depending upon which of the fields dominates, the particles will move away from the focal spot in one direction or the other. Which of the fields dominates for a particular species will depend upon the value of k/μ0 for that species. The result of separation is a smear or a series of spots spread out along a line as indicated in
In general, for DNA, k increases with molecular weight and μ0 decreases with molecular weight. Therefore, separating species of DNA based upon the ratio k/μ0 generally corresponds to separating the DNA species by molecular weight.
Though some drift of desired bands will likely occur, careful mapping of molecular weight to DC/ZIFE field ratios may allow for removal of DNA fragments outside a relatively tight molecular weight range by selecting conditions which will result in molecules of a particular weight staying at the focal spot and extracting the center of the focal spot after the linear spreading process has been proceeding for sufficient time to move other species away from the focal spot. If enrichment of high molecular weight DNA is desired, the fields are chosen such that the species that is at equilibrium (i.e. does not move away from the focal spot) has a large value of k/μ0 so that DNA having the highest molecular weight lags near the focal spot. Though this may appear similar to DC electrophoresis, it should be noted that, since the average velocity of the desired band is near zero, substantial separation can be achieved in a short distance, though possibly over a long time.
As shown in
In some embodiments, the locations of one or more specific marker spots 74 are monitored. The position of a marker spot can be used to control the ratio of DC/ZIFE fields, to stabilize the location of a band of interest. The controller may control a magnitude of one of the DC and ZIFE fields or may control magnitudes of both the DC and ZIFE fields. In one embodiment, a marker spot 74 contains particles which have the same properties as particles being screened for and the controller uses negative-feedback control to maintain the marker spot 74 stationary. The position of a marker spot 74 may be monitored by a machine vision system, for example.
As will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing disclosure, many alterations and modifications are possible in the practice of this invention without departing from the spirit or scope thereof. For example:
Those skilled in the art will recognize that the technology described herein has a wide range of applications, including applications such as:
While a number of exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussed above, those of skill in the art will recognize that certain modifications, permutations, additions and sub-combinations thereof are useful. It is intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced are interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations, additions and sub-combinations as are within their true spirit and scope.
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Feather Warrior Game Farm, a sprawling 8 hectare coconut plantation hidden in a secret location in Mount Banahaw, "Sagradong bondok" as coined by the locals, it is owned and Managed by the partnership of Mr. Bombit Abad, an Ace Attorney by profession but a Master Cocker by heart, Mr. Eddie Sioson the breeding Genius behind our Feather Warriors. And the Great Governor Vicente Magsaysay, our patron and an avid Cocker himself.
This life long Partnership started with Mr. Abad's late father, the Honorable Attorney Armando Abad, Mr. Eddie Sioson their Breeder, The Legendary Jesse Cabalza and his Brother Great Diding Cabalza, and the Great Governor Vicente Magsaysay their good friend and Financier.
As it turned out Jesse and Don Armando Abad were the closest of Friends being both well known Lawyers in the 1970's, Jesse was still into Race Horses and it was Diding who had the affinity with Gamefowl and Sabong, but the Horses didn't like Jesse so with the encouragement and the backing of his circle of Friends, Jesse began training Fighting Cocks for Don Armando and Governor Vic, and the rest is Roligon History!
Mr. Bombit Abad was still 9 years old when he started Training under the Grand Masters of Sabong namely Jesse Cabalza himself and Diding Cabalza his brother and the one who conducted the Selection and Drafting of the Stags and new stocks. This tight group of men were the original Dream team in Bataan their home town and in no time they molded the young Bombit into a Grand Master of his own right winning a total of 121 Championships in his cock fighting career.
Manong Jesse was Light years ahead of his time, his methods were Scientific and involved a more mundane approach in training Game fowl, working from the ground up and communing with his warriors closely even than his hand men, it is believed that through Jesse's eye for detail and observation and nonstop experimentation he came to develop the Cabalza Method. During those days of Jesse's and the Team's fame and continuous wins in Roligon, Aranet and other main Cocking Arena's the Cocking World was here in the Philippines was shrouded in Superstition and a lot of nonsense, perpetuated by many backyard breeders and traditional breeders.
Selecting Brood Fowl and Fighting Cocks involved "Sinyal" or Sings, deformities and abnormalities, superstition and other bad practices. The Revolutionary methods of the Cabalza Brothers along with Eddie Sioson's Genius for breeding has honed and maintained the Lemon 84 and the Washington Blues, Feather Warrior's of the highest Caliber.
Winning over and over again against their Contemporaries in the Cock Fighting Sport, Gaining both Fame and infamy and the riches that came with the game, Jesse Cabalza, Diding Cabalza, Don Armando Abad and his Son Bombit Abad, Manong Eddie Sioson and Gov Vic Magsaysay have become Legends in the Cock Fighting world along with the Cock Fighting Greats of the 1970's and today.
With more than 38 years experience and knowledge of Fighting Cocks and Game fowl, Bombit Abad and his Guru - the Legendary Jesse Cabalza, set out to revolutionize the game of Cock Fighting in the Philippines.
By perpetuating the techniques he has learned from the Legend; Mr. Abad continued the legacy of the Grand Masters, Training and Perpetuating deadly and accurate Birds.
This begins with the selection process, choosing only the purest of lines and the best representatives of such a bloodline, never compromising quality for quantity. Selection and raising is done today by the Legendary Manong Eddie Sioson at our Farm at the Foot of Mount Banahaw
Mr. Abad's birds are chosen from 40 years of selection and breeding, the gamiest and smartest birds, rejecting what we call "Jumping Frogs" from his breeding roster. Jumping Frog Birds who continually jump around in the ring during fights, thought of before as common, natural and even ideal, is actually a behavior unnecessary and undesirable for Feather Warriors. This is due to the fact that if the blow doesn't hit, Jumping Frog Birds often leap to the other side to try to confuse the enemy or to gain back his balance and position but for 2 seconds leaving his back side exposed and his balance compromised. If a smart and faster bird like a Lemon or Lemon Battle Cross saw this opening, the result of the match is instantaneous death.
This has been corrected through training and proper selection of birds who do not exhibit this fatal behavior done through the hands of Manong Eddie, choosing only birds who deal fatal and accurate blows to the chest on the very first strike, following it up with equally fatal blows with each and every consecutive leap.
Because of the innovation and development of Mr. Cabalza, Mr. Abad and Mr. Eddie Sioson the Local Fighting Cock Arena has been transformed, once dominated by birds with unecessary moves, now exhibiting mostly birds with direct and deliberate blows.
Bloodlines Such as Lemons and Roundheads, Greys and bloodlines with similar game techniques are proliferated in the Farm, raised and trained under the direct supervision of Mr. Bombit Abad, these birds have now become what the avid Cockers call "Quick Death".
"Doc TJ Tantiangco of Thunder bird and Mr. Bombit Abad Modern Day Sabong Masters, Students of the Late and Great Jesse Cabalza."
Mr. Abad is a Well known Cocking Guru in his own right, learned from the Legendary Cocking Masters from the 1970s to the present, an innovative and eye opening Lecturer of Cock Fighting, he is often invited by Thunder Bird and TJT academy to work hand in hand with Doc Teddy in Lectures in BREEDING, TRAINING, FEEDING and Most Especially CONDITIONING.
We would like to give you, the Budding Cocker, a chance to be as successful in the Cock Fighting ring as the Big Timers are now, who says being a Big Time Cocker needs Millions, we can give you quality for every penny you spend.
Mr. Abad will provide you with a Win Guarantee Agreement with each and every quality Cock you buy that you will use as your Champion in the Battle Arena. Plus a free 10,000 peso worth of training in any field you wish to excel from, whether it be BREEDING, FEEDING, CONDITIONING OR TRAINING.
Choose from our Rookery your next Champion, and start you Cock Fighting career now!!


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Hello Rod !
Your article was right on target !
Is this the program you mentioned when we met late last year ?
What a great idea !
I suspect that Bellevue University not only will get a lot of good press on "Make It Happen Now" but also will enjoy a large influx of new students !
Lee Mayhan


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Personal Bests
1 mile - 4:41
3,200 meters- 10:00
5,000 meters - 16:09
8,000 meters- 26:40
10,000 meters- 34:16
2014 Outdoor: Suited up for one race and clocked a 16:26 5k at the Kip Janvrin Open at Simpson College.
2014 Indoor: Did not compete.
2013 Cross Country: Ran a personal best in the 8k at the Briar Cliff Invitational with a time of 26:40. Competed at the Conference Meet and placed 48th with a time of 27:06. Competed in the Midwest Regional Meet and was the second Bluejay finisher with a time of 34:16.
High School: 4-time Minnesota State Meet qualifier and 2-time All-State runner. Qualified for the Minnesota State Track Meet in 2013 in the 3200m.
Personal: Born June 19, 1995 in Rochester, MN… Son of Karen and David Reinschmidt.
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And so came the fall of Camelot, the city of ruin.
The place of a forbidden romance.
The home of a desperate son.
The kingdom of a just king, a betrayed king.
The object of a god's jealousy.
Submitted:Apr 19, 2012 Reads: 7 Comments: 0 Likes: 0
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Other writing by Eponine Love and Hate The Truth Accept Me Neverland by Heather Killough Walden Sanctuary Eurydice: A Retelling of the Greek Myth of Orpheus
Fiction, Science, Adventure, Romance, Space, War, Aliens, Future, Fantasy, Sci-fi, Thriller, World, New, Time, Werewolf, Zombies, Suspense, Travel, Super, Story


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Dear customers, we are announce you we have opened Roua Voronetului Inn!
We decided to invite you to our inn where to feast according to the ancestral tradition with chosen dishes, near heat of the fireplace.
Dear customer, we would like to let you know that you have honored us greatly when you decided to visit us! You should also know that we will treat you very well no matter if you are alone or with your spouse or with your whole family and friends. Because this is what we live for, to take care of everything so that in the end you will be very happy with the decision to come to visit us. Therefore we are sure that you will come back again another day.
Also you should know, dear customer that we welcome you everyday with special food, carefully prepared, with exquisite rooms so that they will make you feel incredible in the house of soul!
But be ware! Leave all your troubles and worries behind; do not come in with your stress because it will not do you any good.
Roua Voronetului waits for you with … Hospitality and dainties from Bukovina
Roua Voronetului Pension is the ideal place to spend your holidays, it is placed in a remote place, in the heart of Bukovina, far away from the urban rush, offering you 14 double rooms, a restaurant for 50 people, terrace.
The rooms of the pension are spacious, completely furnished and with laminate flooring, thermo pane windows and each room has got private bathroom and a balcony with a view to the mountains which surround the pension.


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Grinnell College is committed to establishing and maintaining a safe and nondiscriminatory educational environment for all College community members. It is committed to a policy of nondiscrimination in matters of admission, employment, and housing, and in access to and participation in its education programs, services, and activities. The College does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, ethnicity, national origin, age, sex, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, marital status, veteran status, pregnancy, childbirth, religion, disability, creed or any other protected class. Discrimination and sexual harassment on any of the bases covered by state or federal antidiscrimination statutes is unlawful and a violation of Grinnell College policy.
This policy prohibits sexual harassment, sexual violence, sexual assault, and intimate partner violence against Grinnell College community members of any gender, gender identity, gender expression, or sexual orientation. This policy also prohibits gender-based harassment that does not involve conduct of a sexual nature.
The College has grievance procedures for any individual who has experienced harassment or discrimination and wishes to pursue resolution. Inquiries or complaints concerning discrimination may be referred to the College's Title IX Coordinator and/or to the United States Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights:
Angela Voos, Title IX Coordinator
Nollen House
1121 Park St.
Office for Civil Rights
Regional #5 Office
500 West Madison, Suite 1475
Chicago, IL 60661


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Alex Ingold's first season under center at Bay Port was a stellar one. The former running back turned QB quickly started generating college offers and over the weekend the dual-threat verbally committed to Northern Illinois.
"Offense definitely is a great fit for me, we have a lot of their offensive plays in our system and we're definitely working to kinda mimic them. So I feel like it would be an easy transition for me," said Ingold.
The Huskies are a mid-major MAC school, which Ingold describes as the "best of both worlds". You get to play division one, without getting lost in the shuffle.
"They're getting the exposure on ESPN, the Orange Bowl two years ago so they're playing big games and they're also being able to be asmall, family organized type of deal where the coaches have defintiely worked to get to the position that they're at. They're definitely willing to put in the extra time for you," Ingold explains.
Ingold isn't the only FRCC quarterback headed to the MAC. Over the weekend, Ashwaubenon's James Morgan also decided on his college destination. The Jaguar signal caller verbally committed to Bowling Green State.
"I had a really good relationship with their coaches, their coaches really seemed like they wanted me. Obviously they've produced some really great kids with Jimmy Garoppolo I think they also have a history with Kevin Kolb," said Morgan.
Morgan's referring to Bowling Green's new Head Coach Dino Babers, who was previously H.C. at Eastern Illinois -- his qb there, Jimmy Garoppolo was a second-round draft selection by the Patriots a few months ago. Babers also worked with RG3 as an assistant at Baylor.
"They do have the potential to take qbs to that next level and I think that's definitely something that's very important in the decision making," explained Morgan.
These two aren't your stereotypical jocks, both were just as concerned with academics. Ingold had a good chat with the Dean of the college of Engineering at NIU and Morgan, who turned down an offer from Yale, is interested in pre-law.
"That was one of the main things I was looking for in a college is high academics, winning culture, a fit with the coaches and the style of play which all was a fit for Bowling Green," said Morgan.
And if you want to see the future division one qbs in action, you can watch them square off against each other at Bay Port on October 3rd.


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Suave spotlight: Active clothes by Patagonia
Patagonia is one of the most renowned names offering active clothing. The company offers high quality apparel line for skiing, snowboarding, surfing, fly fishing, paddling and trail running. It's line extends to clothes and accessories for hiking, rock climbing and yoga. The company's clothes are mostly made of recycled polyester and organic cotton, making them environmental friendly. The apparel line offered by Patagonia are very comfortable and durable. They are perfect choice to wear for outdoors and also for regular workouts.
Here are some recommendations for extremely comfortable and voguish mens active clothing by Patagonia.
Patagonia shirt
Patagonia shirt is good to wear for your daily workouts like walking, running, cycling and even in the gym. These shirts are made of 100 percent recyclable Capilene 2 polyester and can be comfortably be used in warm to moderate temperatures. This ultra-soft shirt offers maximum breath-ability, moisture management and eliminates chaffing.
Patagonia jacket
If you are looking for lightweight and flexible jacket for your outdoor activities then this Knit Fleece Patogonia jacket is for you. This fleece jacket is soft, comfortable and keeps you warm during cold weathers. Patagonia jackets are perfect for casual use as well as for outdoors and other adventurous activities. These jackets are available in black, brown and blue color. The black Patagonia jacket is my personal favorite as it goes well with most color combination.
Patagonia shoes
Patagonia offers amazing range of top-notch quality shoes for sports, leisure, work and casual wear. Patagonia shoes are waterproof, durable and they look extremely sporty and trendy. Whether it is for running or hiking or for casual use, Patagonia has one for every occasion.
Wear Patagonia for the quality and durability they offer.
Guest blogger: Bhargavi


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Chic All-White Bedroom
Bring furniture to life with simple vignettes.
Despite the near-total absence of colour, jewelry designer Maryam Keyhani's principal bedroom still radiates plenty of elegance and drama, thanks to the classical shapes of the bow-front dresser and paper chandelier, and fashion motifs that give it a Parisian-apartment feel.
Comment Guidelines
We welcome your feedback on Houseandhome.com. H&H reserves the right to remove any unsuitable personal remarks made about the bloggers, hosts, homeowners and/or guests we feature. Please keep your comments focused on decorating, design, cooking and other lifestyle topics. Adopt a tone you would be willing to use in person and do not make slanderous remarks or use denigrating language. If you see a comment that you believe violates any of the guidelines outlined above, please click "Flag as inappropriate." Thank you.


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Team Building
A Margaret River Corporate Retreat with natural style
Whether it be team building or incentive this is the Margaret River venue to getaway for your next retreat.
Ring Merribrook today 0897 555 599 for a quote for your next Margaret River Team building event. Please visit our Merribrook Corporate site for more information and ideas.
Winner of the 2009 MEA award for Meeting and Events Support Services
Merribrook Retreat and Lodge, a majestic 160 acre natural estate in the heart of the Margaret River Wine region – the perfect setting for a truly inspirational corporate retreat, or incentive event / team building with memorable outcomes.
We offer a refreshing and relaxed, yet professional approach to Margaret River corporate retreats.
Team Activities and Team Games
Merribrook Corporate Outdoors offers team activities, incentives and team building events on site at Merribrook Retreat. Enjoy custom built team activities around this 160 acre Margaret River property
At Merribrook Corporate Outdoors we have 30 years of international and local, incentive management and team building experience, plus the advantage of local connnections and knowledge.
Merribrook Corporate Outdoors is directed by Richard Firth
Richard has a well earned reputation as a leader in the field of corporate training and team building. His flair in developing programs with just the right combination of challenge and encouragement enhance delegates' enjoyment while developing skills they can take back to the workplace
Western Australian Busniess News


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Clean and Pure Water
Water Filter Systems
Water Softener Systems
We stock a number of brands such as the GE water softener series and Autotrol water softener, now owned by Pentair. We have metered water softener and even units the use salt so effectively that even less water is consumed during a regeneration. Don't wait on buying a water softener, give us a call at 403-999-7262 to find out more on how you can have softened water in your home and still protect the environment.
Water Treatment Systems
When you have a surface water or well water source, you need more than just a under counter water filter or a home water softener or both. If that is the case we offer, free of charge, a water consultation based on the chemical analysis of your water which can be obtained from Alberta Environment, also free of charge. The kinds of water treatment vary greatly between each analysis, but rest assured we will design the most efficient surface or well water treatment system, with the least amount of maintenance, for the best price. Call now 403-999-7262.


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Gallery: EXCLUSIVE PICS: Shipping Container Home Pops Up in NY
12 Comments
March 30, 2011 at 9:37 pm
I love this idea! People could live in affordable, safe and comfortable housing–housing that stands against the elements. Also, I've seen some nicely made exteriors to eliminate that usual container look.
Businesses can keep much more of its profits; safer schools can be made. (Upstate NY lost kids who were in the cafeteria when their school was hit by a horrendous hurricane.) Schools would save money and TEACHERS' JOBS WOULD BE SAVED!!!! States would then have surpluses instead of blaming educators for money problems.
I see so much potential here. These containers could also be nicely made for the old fashioned alternative schools (boot camps for tough kids; reform schools for the difficultly behaved kids; boarding schools for various reasons; fine arts schools; etc.) and for kids' safe, fun places. President Obama should seriously consider these containers' potentials. The potentials are endless; jobs would be vast; savings will take place; etc. The US would do very well.
I'm just hyped about these things. BTW, where in lower county NY can these be used? NYC has so many eye-sores; open lots. Other NY areas have open lots, etc. where these containers can be artfully used. Sorry, but a building of containers with various outer paint colors doesn't do it for me. NYC chic–now we're talkin'.
December 14, 2010 at 11:38 am
Container homes really do perform well and have an excellent ROI. I wanted to so much that I built my own and now build them for other people (www.leedcabins.com). Cost per sq/ft can be palatable, option unlimted and the results outstanding. THE PROBLEM? Local zoning and planning boards.
Daniel Sokol, Leed Cabins
November 22, 2010 at 1:39 pm
If you are considering modular or prefab home, building with recycled shipping containers is worth taking a look at. There are many considerations that have contributed to the appeal of building with intermodal shipping containers – availability, standardization, the recycled/green factor, economy and speed of construction, their durability, and even their "elegance/grace".
Good resource is the Residential Shipping Container Primer website. A SHOWCASE OF SHIPPING CONTAINER HOMES AND BUILDINGDS, AND A DO IT YOURSELF (DIY) REFERENCE FOR CONVERTING RECYCLED INTERMODAL CARGO SHIPPING CONTAINERS INTO BUILDINGS AND ARCHITECTURE.
Lots of great example buildings, details, facts, and links to other articles. They have something new that you can setup your own project wiki to get help with your project if you are considering a design build project.
November 21, 2010 at 12:01 pm
[…] READ MORE> 0 email thisemail facebookfacebook diggdigg tweetmeme_url = "http://inhabitat.com/2010/11/21/photos-meka-shipping-container-prefab-home-pops-up-in-nyc/"; tweetmeme_style = "compact"; […]
November 18, 2010 at 11:41 pm
Yes, I greed with Matthew about the estimated expenses will be charged you on reasonable construction factors.
One of the best ideas to get priced out from modular manufacturer is tell us your "Floor Plan" for probably estimate cost.
Founder and CEO
Lifesbox Modular Buildings Thailand.
November 18, 2010 at 4:55 pm
Agreed, whats included and not included in costs per square foot can make a difference of 100% or more. Factors to consider are Utilities, transport,installation, engineering, Architectural fees, permits etc.
Depending on where Modules are sited they can be no less expensive or up to 25% less expensive.
Matthew Stannard
Founder and CEO
Stillwater Dwellings
November 17, 2010 at 2:45 pm
I certainly love the concept and look of this modular home. But, I have lots of doubt about how "affordable" it really is. Everytime I look into these types of "low-cost" modular homes it turns out that the land, foundation and building permits are not included in the square foot calculations. I'm sure $100 sf seems like a great deal on the surface, but with all the other necessary costs this unit could be well above $500 sf. That still might be great in NYC and SF, but everywhere else that might be very expensive.
Keep these great ideas coming though. We love it.


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Ryanair, the World's most hated airline, have been voted the "LEAST FAVOURITE AIRLINE" in a UK based survey proving that the Irish carrier are completely deluded in their opinions of themselves.
Virgin Atlantic topped the poll leaving British Airways trailing in second place.
The TripAdvisor survey polled 2,868 Europeans about their flying habits, and found that competing carriers Virgin and BA were the most-loved airlines, while Ryanair, unsurprisingly, was the least loved.
Singapore Airlines was the third most-popular airline, followed by Dubai-based Emirates and Thomson Airways in the survey of 936 UK travellers by the TripAdvisor company.
The survey also revealed:
* Passengers who recline seats in a rough manner were the biggest in-flight annoyance followed by badly-behaved children;
* 69% felt overweight passengers should have to pay for two airline seats;
* 84% were opposed to mobile phones on planes;
* 80% backed the introduction of full-body scanners at UK airports;
* 3% have joined the "mile-high club", with 30% admitting they would like to but 67% saying they would not even consider it.


text: October 8, 2013 – Smutty Shout-Outs October 8, 2013 13:08:17 Posted at October 8, 2013 13:08:17 Posted by Lainey facebook twitter google+ email Kara! Happy Birthday from Jen, by tradition. And am I joining in on the genie wishes that your kids will get married one day? Have you seen Gen? Please, if you have any information, please see the attachment. Previous Article Next Article Related on LaineyGossip No Related Articles Around the Web


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Mr. Bacon: Good afternoon.
I just want to take a few minutes to bring you up to date on what's happening.
Air actions are underway. There's not much I can say about the details of those actions now, but they are ongoing.
The United States is sending some new assets into the theater as part of the NATO plan to augment the air force.
In that regard we have deployed -- Secretary Cohen today signed an order to deploy five B-1B Lancer bombers to Europe from Ellsworth Air Force Base in South Dakota, and we are also in the process of sending five additional EA-6Bs to the theater to help with the defense suppression, at which they're so good. There will be additional tankers going as well, probably about ten additional tankers.
In addition, yesterday we sent over four additional B-52s. That's a temporary augmentation because they flew over on a resupply mission, and ultimately they or others will come back, so we'll stay at a steady state of around eight B-52s. But there's been a temporary augmentation Royal Air Force Base, Fairford.
With those announcements, I'll take your questions.
Q: Ken, where are the B-1s going to be based?
A: I don't have anything for you on that, but by tomorrow I'll probably have something.
Q: Do you know what caused the F-117 to go down?
A: We do not. We have not completed the investigation on that yet. I don't know when it will be completed. It's not just a simple issue of determining what happened. It's an issue of determining how it happened.
So if the determination were to be that it was in fact shot down by an SA-3 or any other surface-to-air missile, the next question is how did that happen, and what does it mean for the future operations.
It's precisely because of that reason, because it's very operationally sensitive, obviously, that one, we want to be very careful in pulling together as much information as we can about how it happened, and two, I must tell you that there's a chance that even when we complete this, we won't talk about it for precisely the reason that I've given you.
Q: Ken, a follow-up question, please.
We have been told within this building by, as we say, usually reliable sources, that the F-117 probably was brought down by an SA-3. And yet your concern about the technology -- we're told the F-117s are still flying missions and have been unabated. I'd like to know if that's true.
And two, when reporters were taken by the Serbs out to the wreckage, some noticed what appeared to be bullet holes in what appeared to be the top of the wing. Can you in any way give us any kind of guidance on that?
A: I cannot.
Q: What about are they operational still and have been?
A: They are still an integral part of Operation ALLIED FORCE. They are flying as appropriate. This reinforces the fact that this is an extraordinary aircraft. It has performed brilliantly over Iraq, and it's performing brilliantly today over Yugoslavia. We obviously will make every reasonable effort to protect the planes and the pilots, but that applies not only to F-117s, it applies to every plane in the inventory under use today.
Q: The Secretary addressed the technology loss issue yesterday, but is the Pentagon concerned now that the loss of this aircraft could lead to more effective countermeasures against it in the future?
A: We have a galaxy of concerns every time a plane goes down, and obviously, the first concern is the safety of the pilot, and we addressed that concern, or our combat search and rescue team addressed that concern brilliantly on Saturday.
We obviously have concerns about vulnerability, and that term transcends just technology. It applies to flight tactics; it applies to routes; it applies to a whole variety of things. And these are all among the issues that have to be determined in deciding, figuring out exactly why a plane goes down.
Q: As a result of that, though, have you altered any of the operating methods for this aircraft?
A: Well, if we had, this would not be the place to discuss it.
Q: Is the pilot returning to flying duty?
Q: Can you comment on the report today that A-10s took off? And can you just confirm that this was the first day that A-10s have been involved in action?
And a second question is -- there have been a lot of complaints that there's not been a lot of information forthcoming from here, from yourself. Most of the information we're getting is from Serb TV. Do you think it's really good for us to get most of our information from the Serbs?
A: I don't know whether you'd call it information or misinformation. I try to give you information such as it is and not misinformation. I think the Serbs frequently concentrate on misinformation. You're free to do with that what you will.
In terms of A-10s, look, we have planes taking off and landing at airports all over the world all the time. And it's not good for me or for the pilots to get into the business of telling you what planes are involved in what operations when.
The Serbs monitor TV very closely. We know that for a fact. They are very aware of reports on TV of when planes take off from where -- and they are trying to use that information to make various defensive calculations. I think that's clear. We don't have to make it easier for them to talk about what planes might be doing once they take off.
Q: Is the pilot of the F-117 returning to flying missions?
A: I'll get to you in a minute.
Q: Given the assertion that the air defenses are being degraded, why do we need to send additional EA-6Bs?
A: First of all, the degradation of air defenses involves a number of elements. It involves outright destruction of air defenses with radars and missile installations as well as the communication, nervous system that links them together. It involves the suppression of air defenses through electronic means. It also involves flight tactics. To talk about suppression of air defense you really have to consider all three things.
It is clear that suppression has been a very important part of this mission and it is one that we want to continue, and in some places augment.
Q: Does it suggest, though, that suppression is increasingly important because eradication is not happening at the pace which you expected it to happen?
A: I don't think that it pays to get into questions of expectations here. The issue is whether we are able to achieve tactical air maneuverability at acceptable risk, and I think we've shown that we're able to do that. But it requires constant effort. The air defense threat is changing all the time, and therefore, we have to change our methods all the time, and we're doing that. This is not a static situation.
Q: The B-1 bomber. What kind of weapons capabilities is it going to bring in? The last time it was used was for area bombing. Does that suggest something about a change in the desire to avoid collateral damage, that a potential area bombing weapon is being brought into the theater?
A: Well, I think you saw pictures of the B-1 bombs dropped during DESERT FOX on a barracks facility, as I recall, where they laid down a line of bombs quite accurately on a series of barracks. They have a very precise bomb drop capability. Although technically they drop what are called gravity bombs, dumb bombs, they are not precision-guided munitions. But they have a system that allows the drops to be very precise.
They can carry a load of up to 84 Mark 82 conventional 500 pound bombs, and they can also carry, as well, in addition to that, 30 anti-armor or artillery Cluster Bomb Unit munitions. So I think you can imagine when we get into talking about anti-armor or anti-artillery, some of the possible uses that the B-1 could be put to.
Q: Ken, that's 20 tons, just for the...
A: You're a whiz. Thanks. (Laughter)
Q: A two-part question, please.
Has the pilot of the F-117 returned to flying missions, or will he soon? And two, Sir David this morning said the airstrikes are now 24 hours a day, day and night. Are we flying daylight missions now?
A: There have been daylight strikes, certainly. We have said from the very beginning that we reserve the right to strike any time in any way. I think we have demonstrated that right.
Q: Has the pilot returned or will he return to...
A: I don't know whether he's returned to flight yet, but it's certainly his desire to return as quickly as possible to flying status.
Q: The Brits said they've only dropped two or three or so laser-guided bombs during this campaign, largely because of weather. Can you give us a sense of how many of the manned aircraft sorties have been weathered out?
A: I'm afraid I cannot do that because I don't know. But weather right now is in fact a factor. We, of course, have all weather capability in a number of respects. One is the JDAMs being dropped by the B-2 bombers, the second are the CALCMs being launched by the B-52s, and the third are the Tomahawk sea-launched cruise missiles, the TLAMs, coming from our fleet in the Adriatic and elsewhere.
So we can surmount some of the weather problems. But clearly, as we said from the beginning, there are three very real challenges to fighting in this environment. One is weather, one is air defenses, and one is terrain.
Q: Might this slow your ability to prosecute your target set? And to what extent?
A: Bad weather will slow our ability, but as I say, we do have some all weather capability, and we just try to shift the emphasis to that where possible.
Q: Two questions. First, can you give us some sense of what percentage of the targets you have hit or tried to hit that you have in fact hit? You obviously have had a couple of days at least to go back and look at some BDA from the first couple of nights. Can you give us at least a percentage of the accuracy?
The second question, can you tell us whether or not any tank formations or Serb forces within Kosovo have yet been struck? Any confirmed hits?
A: We are beginning to turn to hitting staging areas. There have been reports of NATO attacks against a vehicle column within Kosovo. I can't give you bomb damage assessment on that, it wasn't done by our planes.
And to answer your first question, I cannot give you percentage figures at this stage.
Q: You said that one of the goals of this operation was to diminish and deter Serb forces. Can you say, are you making progress in that regard? If so, what the evidence is?
A: Certainly we are making progress against military infrastructure, and we are reducing the Yugoslav ability to sustain operations. But the impact of choking off supply lines and eliminating ammo facilities and fuel supplies of course is a delayed impact. And it may take some time to see that. But we are making progress in choking off the ability to operate.
Q: The other week you said you saw some initial evidence of Milosevic pulling a Saddam Hussein and putting critical assets that he wants to save in urban, civilian type areas. Have you seen any more of that? Has that increased a bit as we've gone into phase two?
A: There are signs of doing things like transporting refugees in military vehicles and taking other steps that would make attacks more complicated. Yes.
Q: Shea said this morning that they've attacked the Serb's 243rd Combat Group. Can you say anything in addition to that about special police units that have been...
A: We have attacked special police and army barracks in Pristina, Prizren, Mitrovica, Urosevac, Dakovica and several others.
Q: Can you spell it? (Laughter)
A: No. you're going to find them on a map. I can spell them, but we have attacked barracks and headquarters facilities in a number of places in and around Kosovo. The Chairman showed some imagery yesterday of an attack on some facilities in Nis, N-I-S, that supported operations in Kosovo. We are doing this, but this is not attacking individual tanks and artillery. That's going to take more time and better weather than we have right now.
Q: ...formations, any of those been hit?
A: We are increasingly going after staging areas and we would anticipate there will be troops in those.
Q: ...troops themselves?
A: Well, we don't actually have in Kosovo, as I think you can appreciate, divisions of soldiers marching or driving down roads. The troops and the special police are widely dispersed throughout the area. They're operating in small groups; they're attacking villages from different directions in small groups. So there aren't huge concentrations of troops in the sense of massed armies that we encountered say in World War II in battles 50 or 60 years ago. It's a much different situation. It's more like small groups trying to either destroy and pillage villages on the one hand, or small groups going after concentrations of the Kosovar Liberation Army. So that is a complicating factor.
Q: Do you think it's a race against time to some degree? By the time you get a chance to do the things you need to do militarily, there will be few if anybody left alive in Kosovo?
A: I don't know that I'd call it a race against time. From the very beginning it's been a race against Milosevic who is the person responsible for this.
From the very beginning we've realized that that was the problem. Last year there were 2,000 people killed in Kosovo and more than 250,000 people displaced from their homes. Many of them were able to come back to their homes after the October agreement, but within several months after the October agreement the pace of violence picked up again. There was the Racak massacre in January, as you recall; there were other massacres in January. Even before the Rambouillet talks recessed, Milosevic began stationing more tanks and troops either in or close to Kosovo, and he began a series of attacks the day after the talks were suspended.
There were reports, and they were widely reported probably at the AP and elsewhere of soldiers in white snowsuits and black masks attacking Albanians in the village of Srebica and other places as well. There were summary executions. So there's no doubt as to where the responsibility for these attacks lie, and it is a race against Milosevic's murderous ways.
Q: We understand you have no plans now for the usage of ground troops. Are there any circumstances where you might consider the usage? The bombardment, while it might have some successes against Milosevic forces, it has led to a great number of people being driven out, escaping from Kosovo. There might not be any Kosovarians left by the time you finish in 30 days or three weeks or four weeks. Are there any circumstances that might lead you to consider use of ground troops?
A: As the President said, we have no intention of using ground troops except after the signing of a peacekeeping agreement.
But on the question of ground troops, let me say there is no magic military bullet here. We could not, even if a decision by some NATO countries was made to deploy ground troops from parts of Europe into Kosovo -- it would take a long while. They would not be there tomorrow. It would probably be a matter of weeks or more than a month before these troops were on the ground in Kosovo doing a job.
You have to remember, this is very heavily defended area. There are now 40,000 Yugoslav army troops with over 400 tanks, over 300 armored personnel carriers, and over 400 artillery pieces either massed in Kosovo or nearby Kosovo. There are heavy concentrations of artillery along the border between Kosovo and Macedonia. There are only 14 roads into Kosovo, two from Macedonia. These roads are mined. The bridges are mined. There are built-in, as I said, tank and artillery positions along lines of communication. No one would mount a light attack against this. It would have to be an extremely heavy and determined attack. It would take time to organize such an attack.
So there is no magic military bullet. There is not a quick solution. The question, solution, and the most acceptable solution is for Milosevic to stop his murdering today. That would end the problem. That would allow people to come back to their homes even if they're burned out, and start rebuilding their lives.
Q: ...something that would be a surprise, and you have said previously that the military, that NATO has actually done contingency planning for everything including ground troops, so why would it take two or three weeks if the plans are already on the table, granted you don't intend to use them, but they're there.
A: First of all, Dana, I have never said that NATO did contingency planning for the use of ground troops. I have never used that word about ground troops. And I don't believe...
Q: You said they plan for all contingencies.
A: What I have said -- and we discussed this yesterday at considerable length -- what I have said is that NATO looked at a number of possible options for the use of force last fall, and these options range from putting forces on the border between Albania and Kosovo on the one hand and Macedonia and Kosovo on the other, but mainly Albania and Kosovo on the one hand, to putting -- that's sort of the low end -- to putting in a peacekeeping force, to what it would take if there were to be an invasion. This is similar to what any news organization might do in deciding how to cover a campaign. Whether you assign a dozen people to cover a campaign or six people or one person. What's it going to take in terms of money; what's it going to take in terms of support. That's what NATO looked at. It was not planning for contingencies. It was merely trying to get a sense of what resource demands would be in the event of various outcomes.
There was no support within NATO for a massive ground operation. It was determined it would [require] 200,000 troops to invade and occupy Kosovo. It was never a contingency plan. It was done in the context of looking at what various outcomes might require in terms of resources.
Q: I think that was a good explanation for newspaper bean counters, but are we putting in a lot more air resources? I thought you told us a week ago we had 350, 400 aircraft, more than enough to do the job. Now we've got more B-2s, B-1s, the British are sending in more planes, and is that carrier, do you have a carrier enroute to the area with a carrier wing as well?
A: We do have the THEODORE ROOSEVELT enroute to the area, but it's ultimate destination is the Gulf. And whether or not the TR just transports through the Med or spends a couple of days there hasn't been determined, but I don't think there's been any decision to use the THEODORE ROOSEVELT battle group in this contingency now.
Q: What about the other planes? It sounds like you're really building up for, to increase the momentum.
A: We did, as I think we showed, and have shown consistently, have enough airplanes there to do the initial strikes called for in the NATO plan. The NATO plan has always been called a phased air option and it always assumed there would be an augmentation of strikes as the program went along. Now we've moved from the early phases to the middle phase and that requires more air.
So the NATO allies have agreed, as was announced over the weekend, first by the British but then also at NATO headquarters, to put more planes in, and we're in the process of doing that.
Q: Earlier you talked about the weather was impeding going after individual tanks and pieces of artillery. And then you rattled off a number of statistics of tanks and...
A: Excuse me a sec. Excuse me.
Who's doing the talking here? Excuse me. Are you on the telephone someplace? Can we stop that? Thanks.
Sorry, go ahead. I couldn't hear your question, and I felt I should concentrate totally on your question.
Q: You mentioned earlier that weather was impeding going after individual tanks and pieces of artillery, and then you rattled off a number of 300 tanks, 300 APCs, 400 pieces of artillery in Kosovo. Over the next week will the campaign gradually concentrate on that cat-and-mouse game of tank busting quite discreetly?
A: I don't want to get into specifics like that. Our goal from the very beginning has been to degrade the forces in Kosovo that are being used to throw people out of their homes and to basically impose a reign of terror and death in Kosovo. And that's what we will attempt to do.
We've started first with the infrastructure and the supply lines and will move as quickly as we can to actual forces. The problem is that although we are going to hit increasingly staging areas where we find them, as I tried to indicate, there aren't large concentrations of troops at this stage. There are things we can do and will do. We will do them as soon as weather permits.
Q: You've got JSTARS over there and the Predator drone at some point. Will those help peer through the clouds and help target, give targets to NATO pilots?
A: The Predator is now ready to go. It was weathered out yesterday. There will be a couple of days of training, then the Predator will be on the case if the weather permits. We are also in the process of sending eight Hunter UAVs over to the theater to operate, to give us more unmanned surveillance.
Q: JSTARS, is that being used?
A: Yes.
Q: We've talked to U.S. troops in Bosnia. There have been some threats against them. Is there anything recent that happened on that front? And are you all planning to do anything different in terms of...
A: Well, we've already taken a number of steps to improve force protection in Bosnia. It's always been at a high level. The commander has the right to do whatever he thinks is necessary to meet the current threat of the day. We've done that. We've shown that we do have very alert and aggressive air CAPs flying over Bosnia, and those of course will continue.
Q: Two simple questions. Was the F-117 tracked on radar, and is the B-1 going to be dropping my favorite in the arsenal, the sensor-fuzed weapon?
A: The answer to the first question is those are all the types of questions that will be answered in the course of the report. And the answer to the second question is, I don't know.
Q: When do you estimate the B-1s will be on the ground ready to fly sorties over there? The second question is, things like the B-1s, the Predators and now the Hunters, why were these not put in place earlier, given the weeks of planning that went into this?
A: The B-1s should be flying by the end of this week, probably before the end of this week. And in terms of your second question, I'm not sure I can answer that beyond what I said earlier. When we started this, we had what we needed to do the job that NATO had called for. That job has changed, so we are augmenting the assets available to do that.
Q: With regard to UAVs, for instance. Is the fact that they weren't in place in the beginning suggest that it was not foreseen that it would be this difficult to get the information about what's happening there?
A: No, I don't think that's it at all. The Predator generally has been, in fact, every year has been used aggressively in Bosnia except during the winter. The Predator and I suspect the Hunter as well, although I don't know, can be susceptible to icing in the winter which makes it impossible to fly. So the Predator has not flown in Bosnia during the winter. The weather is pretty much the same, maybe even worse in Kosovo. So there are times during the year when they can't fly. We're now on the cusp of spring. Things are warming up, although as you can see from television reports, there's been snow over there recently, and they believe that the weather is reaching the time when they can fly.
Q: Both Macedonia and Albania are getting very nervous over the situation in Kosovo, and I believe Macedonia has asked for NATO guarantees. Are we doing anything about that? Possibly putting token troops into Albania as a show of our support?
A: First of all, as you know there are already about 10,000 NATO troops in Macedonia, and clearly we would consider any attack against Macedonia an attack against NATO troops and would respond appropriately.
Secretary Cohen has been in touch with his counterparts in Albania and Macedonia. We're very aware of their concerns, and we're addressing them.
Q: To follow up on Tony's question, can you talk about Joint Stars? Are there any over there in Europe, and are they participating? And a second question, is there any thought of bringing in some Apaches for that tank busting phase?
A: Apaches certainly are an option and it's one we're considering.
Q: Joint Stars?
A: Joint Stars I said is over there. I can't say too much more about it.
Q: Two questions. Can you estimate the percentage of missions being flown against targets in and around Kosovo? And the second question is, can you discuss -- there's a report on the wires of a possible cooperation between Iraq and Yugoslav air defense officers sharing intelligence information, maybe even spare parts.
A: First of all, [the] percentage of targets in Kosovo, as I said earlier, has started out at about 20 percent and has risen to as high as 50 percent on any given day. It varies, of course, from day to day depending on the weather, depending on commanders targeting choices, etc. But it has ranged from 20 percent in the early stages to 50 percent in the current stage. Whether it will stay at 50 every single day remains to be seen. It could drop back, it could be higher on some days.
The second question was you asked about a recent AP story about discussions between Iraqi and Yugoslav officials. That cited intelligence sources. I can't comment on intelligence. But it certainly would not be surprising if they talked. These are two countries both subject to attack by forces within NATO. They both have primarily Soviet-built or purchased air defense systems. And they are both subject to international embargoes, which limit their ability [to] purchase weapons and spare part, so they might obviously look for ways to work together to complement or supplement each other's systems.
In addition, I'm sure the Yugoslavs believe that the Iraqis have learned a thing or two over the last seven years in dealing with Western aircraft. What they've learned is that they haven't been able to deal with them very successfully, and I hope they imparted that information to the Yugoslavs.
Q: Ken, there have been very few reports from either here or Brussels on SAMs being fired, and I've seen no reports of HARM shootings or any strikes on the mobile SAM batteries. Are the Serbs still not using their SAMs, and they're not using their radars enough that we can get decent targets?
A: I know that Air Commodore Wilby, the NATO briefer, has mentioned on several occasions when SAMs have been used and several occasions when they haven't been used. They do not fire SAMs every day. It seems to be episodic, and the number they fire varies.
We have -- although we're not in the business and don't plan to get into the business of talking about specific ordnance expended on specific days -- we have fired HARMs.
Q: If inclement weather persists, do we run the risk here of being a U.S. only operation, given that the cruise missiles and the GPS-guided bombs are primarily the domain of the U.S.?
A: As you know, the HMS Splendid, a British submarine, has been participating in the operation. Weather is not always uniformly bad, and sometimes there are pockets of good weather that can be exploited. So this will always be an allied operation.
Q: Is there any problem with the supply of U.S. cruise missiles? For instance, I had seen a report that it was dropping down to 150 and that the Air Force might be considering converting nuclear cruise missiles to conventional because of the dwindling supply.
A: There is no problem with sea-launched cruise missiles. The stocks of air-launched cruise missiles are limited, and it's something we're addressing.
Q: Is that a problem? Is that a concern?
A: I wouldn't say it's a problem right now, no.
Q: Is there a risk if a lot of the roads into Kosovo are mined, that the refugees are going to walk across them and be blown up at any point?
A: These, of course, are Yugoslav mines that have been planted there and that is a risk. My sense is that, from what I've read in the press, that many of the bridges have been set with explosive charges that can be manually detonated. I suspect that many of the roads are mined with anti-tank mines that should allow civilians to cross over. But I haven't heard reports of mined roads preventing refugees from getting out.
Q: Are there any plans afoot to start running flights from bases other than those in Italy as the weather gets better, to take the pressure off of Aviano to a certain extent?
A: I'm not aware that that's the plan right now. Obviously, there are options, but we're using a variety of bases now in Europe, not all in Italy.
Q: What kind of Serb military activity, you touched on this earlier, but what kinds of things are you seeing in Kosovo? And do you have any estimates on the number of Kosovar Albanians that have been killed since the bombing started?
A: We do not have good estimates of that. That's very difficult for us to estimate without people on the ground there to verify that.
Let me just give you one example of what's happening in Kosovo. This is a report from OSCE channels about a lawyer named Kelmendi who was a prominent lawyer in Kosovo and represented many Albanians accused of terrorism by the Yugoslav authorities. His son, Kacho Kelmendi, who worked for the OSCE, the Organization for Security in Europe, the KVM monitors, he worked for them as a translator and security person when the KVM was in Kosovo.
He would check in occasionally with his former OSCE supervisor and called his supervisor regularly up until March 25th. On March 26th his uncle, the uncle of Kacho Kelmendi, called the supervisor to say that he was in trouble, that he'd been taken in by the police and his fate was unknown.
A friend called later in the day to say that the lawyer, Kelmendi, Kacho's father, had also been taken into custody by the police. He said the police had come to his house at night and beaten the attorney, Kelmendi, in front of his family, and after that the attorney Kelmendi, his son Kacho and the brother of Kelmendi, the uncle, were taken away. Kacho, when he was taken away was told to kiss his wife and children goodbye because he would not see them again.
They were taken out and shot. Their bodies were found by the road and identified by Kacho Kelmendi's wife. That's the type of activity that's taking place in Kosovo today.
Q: Air Commodore Wilby today mentioned that the 243rd Combat Group was hit today. He left unsaid whether it was troops, armor, or the headquarters. He mentioned that they were responsible for some of the worst ethnic cleansing in southern Kosovo, kind of like what you're talking about. Can you give us a sense of what was hit among that group?
A: I'm afraid I don't have more details on that than what the Air Commodore mentioned this morning. I'll try to get some.
Q: Ken, you said there were about 40,000 troops in and around Kosovo. Can you tell whether any of the air campaign stopped either them coming into Kosovo or other troops coming down from the south?
A: As I said, we think we have had an impact on cutting their supply lines and making it more difficult to sustain them.
It's hard to know whether the bombing attacks to date have stopped the flow in. We do know that there has not been much of a flow into Kosovo over the last week or so. About half the troops in terms of people are poised outside of Kosovo, and that percentage has remained true for the last week or so. There hasn't been a new movement of troops into Kosovo. The other half, approximately 16,000 to 20,000 -- 17,000 to 20,000 people are already in Kosovo. Those numbers haven't changed appreciably from what we can tell over the last several weeks. So it does appear that they're not moving new troops in.
We are trying to attack troops, their infrastructure, and where possible their equipment, both in and near Kosovo.
Q: Can you tell whether they are still in the process of sending troops from the north to the south of the country? As reinforcements.
A: I do not have any sense that the [number of] troops marshaled outside of Kosovo but near Kosovo has changed much in the last week. The numbers have remained pretty much...
Q: Jamie Shea said this morning that air defense stuff has been provided to Macedonia. Is that AAA or something else?
A: I don't know exactly what is there. There are British, French, German and other European troops there, and I assume that they have their own air defense capability that travels with them. That may be what he's talking about, but I don't have any details on that.
Q: It's all quiet on the Iraqi front?
A: Yes. I don't believe there's been a violation of the no-fly zone since March 19th.
Press: Thank you.


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text: In terms of goal scoring, I think Dawkins was one of the most productive attacking mid in the league, if not actually the most productive attacking mid in the league. The Quakes really need a guy who can attack on the ground, in traffic, and throw the defense off balance. That's what Dawkins gives you. Salinas and Chavez can attack 1v1 when there is space, but only Dawkins has the ability to do it centrally, in traffic. If they can't sign Dawkins with a reasonable contract, then they will need to look for an alternative for this kind of player. Otherwise, the Quakes will be too predictable - it will be all attack down the wing and cross in. Ideally it would be someone that they would feel comfortable with playing centrally - someone who also has a significant 2-way aspect to his game and plays good D. But easier said than done - there are very few players like that - a DeRo type.


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