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Business History
142 Results
- 28 Jul 2015
- Working Papers
The Re-Emergence of an Institutional Field: Swiss Watchmaking
Focusing on Swiss watchmaking from 1970 to 2008, this study demonstrates key factors that contribute to, and influence, the re-emergence of market demand for a legacy technology in a mature institutional field. This paper shows how processes of preservation and transformation serve as necessary counterweights that encourage retaining some valued elements of the old institutional order alongside new elements that allow for change and survival. Read More
- 20 Nov 2014
- Working Papers
Entrepreneurship and Business Groups: An Evolutionary Perspective on the Growth of the Ko� Group in Turkey
This working paper examines the emergence and growth of diversified business groups in Turkey, where such groups played a critical role in the creation of modern industries and remain dominant in the economy even today. Specifically, the authors focus on the origins of the Ko� Group, which grew to be the largest business group in Turkey. They explore the dynamics of its growth from its foundation in 1917 until the late 1980s. Overall, this research supports prevailing explanations of business groups which identify the role of institutional voids, government policies, and contact capabilities. However, the authors also stress that entrepreneurship needs to be incorporated into the determinants of business group growth, especially to account for why particular entrepreneurs built such groups while others, faced with similar conditions, did not. Read More
- 27 Jun 2014
- Working Papers
Positive and Normative Judgments Implicit in US Tax Policy and the Costs of Unequal Growth and Recessions
What does United States tax policy reveal about Americans' values and beliefs, and about how those values and beliefs have changed over time? In this paper, the researchers use theory and data to back out the implicit priorities and judgments in US tax policy over the last several decades. They find a dramatic shift in the mid-1980s that persisted, and even continued, over the next 25 years and that cannot be reconciled with conventional assumptions about these values and beliefs. They explore evidence on a number of possible explanations for this shift, including a link between economic and political inequality. They also attempt to use their results to estimate the welfare costs of two key phenomena—rising inequality and recessions—and find that these estimates are highly sensitive to the explanation one adopts for the evolution of US policy. Overall, the researchers argue, uncovering the judgments implicit in policy provides a promising path toward both a better understanding of policy priorities and more objective comparisons for policy evaluation. Read More
- 20 Mar 2014
- Working Papers
Waste, Recycling and Entrepreneurship in Central and Northern Europe, 1870-1940
The efficient and appropriate collection and disposal of solid waste has been recognized as essential to the hygiene and health of urban societies since the nineteenth century. Over the course of the first half of the twentieth century, sanitary engineers and the broader public also came to understand that the inappropriate treatment of waste could cause major environmental degradation, while recycling could contribute significantly to environmental sustainability. A key question for this industry, therefore, has been whether such social value could be combined with the pursuit of profitable opportunities. In this paper the authors focus on the late nineteenth century through the 1940s, a crucial period for the emergence of firms concerned with waste disposal in industrialized central and northern Europe. The authors show that German, Danish, and other European entrepreneurs built substantial businesses which aimed to achieve "shared value" by making positive social and environmental contributions to their societies. Some of these entrepreneurs had strikingly modern views of environmental challenges and they prefigured many later twentieth-century recycling processes. At the same time, the profit motive encouraged technological innovation, a major ideal of capitalist enterprise, and left a legacy of scientific and engineering knowledge of waste materials and their processing and utilization which benefited later recyclers. Although post-1970 non-profit community recycling centers, municipal collection programs, and recycling divisions of waste management companies provide the terminology and the ideology behind modern recycling, they owe their technological and organizational foundations to an earlier generation of profit-seeking engineers, scientists, and entrepreneurs. Read More
- 12 Mar 2014
- Research & Ideas
Entrepreneurship and Multinationals Drive Globalization
Why is the firm overlooked as a contributor when we identify the drivers of globalization? Geoffrey Jones discusses his new book, Entrepreneurship and Multinationals: Global Business and the Making of the Modern World. Open for comment; 1 Comment posted.
- 23 Jan 2014
- Working Papers
Tommy Koh: Background and Major Accomplishments of the 'Great Negotiator, 2014
Tommy Koh is a diplomat, professor, and international lawyer currently serving as Ambassador-at-Large for the Government of Singapore. He will be the 2014 recipient of the Harvard Program on Negotiation's "Great Negotiator Award." In this paper, the authors discuss Koh's life, career, and major accomplishments as a negotiator. They summarize several of his most significant negotiations to date, exploring his successes at forging creative, lasting solutions to complex challenges and disputes. The authors discuss Koh's leadership in establishing the United States-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (USSFTA), developing and ratifying a charter for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), resolving territorial and humanitarian disputes in the Baltics and Asia, and successfully leading two unprecedented global megaconferences: the Third U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea and the U.N. Conference on the Environment and Development, also known as the Earth Summit. As part of the 2014 Great Negotiator Awards program, negotiation faculty and students will analyze several of these experiences in much greater depth in order to extract their most valuable lessons for theory and practice. Read More
- 20 Sep 2013
- Working Papers
Historical Origins of Environmental Sustainability in the German Chemical Industry, 1950s-1980s
This paper examines the emergence of environmental strategies in the chemical industry between the 1950s and the 1980s. German chemical firms have been hailed as "eco-pioneers" in this regard, but this study demonstrates that initially the leading chemical companies of both Germany and the United States followed a similar approach to societal concerns about environmental pollution. Both German and American firms suggested that pollution incidents and complaints were a matter for local responses, tailored to specific settings, and should be considered primarily as nuisances rather than as environmental or health hazards. By the 1970s, however, the evolution of environmental strategies in the German chemical industry diverged greatly from that of the United States. This working paper explores how and why by examining the strategies of two prominent German chemical companies, Bayer and Henkel. The German firms diverged from their American counterparts in using public relations strategies not only to contain fallout from criticism of their pollution impact, but also to create opportunities for changes in corporate culture to encourage sustainability. While the US chemical industry remained defensive and focused on legal compliance, there was a greater proactivity among the German firms. The study stresses the importance of the regional embeddedness of Bayer and Henkel in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, which made their reputations especially vulnerable to criticism. A new generation of corporate leaders also perceived that more reactive strategies were needed to fulfill societal expectations. They were savvy enough to understand that investing in environmental sustainability could provide an opportunity to create value for the firm, and that self-identifying as eco-pioneers had commercial as well as reputational benefits, provided that the image reflected genuine policies and processes. Read More
- 07 Aug 2013
- Working Papers
Debating the Responsibility of Capitalism in Historical and Global Perspective
The concept of corporate responsibility is often assumed to be recent in origin. This is far from accurate. Indeed, a recent study has traced the long history of corporate responsibility concepts in the United States back to the eighteenth century. This working paper puts this United States evidence in a wider comparative and global perspective. The paper proceeds chronologically, beginning with the era of the first global economy during the nineteenth and early twentieth century, and going forward to the present day. Overall, the author demonstrates that from the nineteenth century, American, European, Japanese, Indian, and other business leaders discussed the responsibilities of business beyond making profits, although until recently such views have not been mainstream. Read More
- 29 Mar 2013
- Working Papers
Entrepreneurs, Firms, and Global Wealth since 1850
This paper examines the historical causes of the wealth gaps between the West and "the Rest." It integrates the business history literature into the current dominant explanations of global wealth and poverty which focus on deficient institutions, poor human capital development, geography, and culture. It argues that there is a "missing gap" between these factors, and the entrepreneurs and firms which create wealth and drive innovation. The paper examines why entrepreneurial catch-up was so challenging in the Rest in the nineteenth century. It shows that nonetheless productive business enterprises were emerging in Asia, Latin America, and Africa by the first half of the twentieth century. However, these were often crippled by the subsequent era of Communism and state intervention. The second global economy from the 1980s provided new opportunities for firms from the Rest to catch up, including easier access to knowledge and capital through returning diaspora, business schools and management consultancies, and smarter state capitalism. (A revised version of this working paper is forthcoming in Entrepreneurship and Multinationals: Global Business and the Making of the Modern World, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, fall 2013). Read More
- 27 Feb 2013
- Working Papers
In Strange Company: The Puzzle of Private Investment in State-Controlled Firms
Why do "mixed corporations" exist? In which conditions could they become efficient organizational forms? In this paper, the authors argue that the effectiveness of mixed enterprise depends on a hybrid governance structure combining elements of private ownership with public checks-and- balances against uncertain governmental interference. This is a delicate equilibrium to obtain and one not without challenges. Exploring the promise and perils of this approach by looking at the recent experience of a sample of national oil companies (NOCs)-Brazil's Petrobras, Norway's Statoil, and Mexico's Pemex-the authors suggest that from the perspective of a social planner, the coexistence of minority private investors with state actors can generate improvements in operational and financial performance. From the perspective of private shareholders, there are risks that can be outweighed by some of the advantages of state-owned enterprises. Three different factors explain private investor interest. These are 1) the existence of countervailing privileges from partnering with the government, 2) the resort to improved corporate governance and legal constraints that limit the opportunity for political abuse, and 3) ex ante price discounting. Read More
- 30 Jan 2013
- Working Papers
These Are the Good Old Days: Foreign Entry and the Mexican Banking System
In this paper, the authors take on an aspect of contract design that is fundamental to explain economic development and financial stability. They study the incentives contained in the "partnership" contract between bankers, the government, depositors, and bank shareholders, and examine how the incentives that come out of that contract explain the volatility of the banking system. The main insight is that bankers in developing countries with weak property rights demand rents (such as high barriers to entry) and lax regulation, as a way to compensate them for the political risk they face of being expropriated by the government or used for policy objectives (for example, if the government forces banks to buy its debt). Depositors, on the other hand, demand deposit insurance in case bankers are reckless, while minority shareholders demand high returns to compensate for the risk of insider lending or reckless behavior on the part of bankers. Then, the combination of high barriers to entry, lax regulation, and deposit insurance induces bankers to take on more risks to try to maximize their rents, and does not encourage depositors and minority shareholders to monitor bankers either (as the government limits downside risk for them). This dynamic, in the case of Mexico, led to frequent banking crises between the 1970s and the 1990s. This was the case until 1997, when the government allowed foreign bankers take over the largest domestic commercial banks and improved the monitoring of banks. This increased the stability of the system. There has not been a crisis since then, partly because of improvements in regulation and partly because foreign bankers have been more conservative, not only because they have standardized procedures to deal with risk but also because they are closely monitored by their parent banks abroad. Read More
- 11 Jan 2013
- Working Papers
The Spatial Diffusion of Technology
Technology disparities are critical for explaining cross-country differences in per capita income. Despite being non-rival in nature and involving no direct transport costs, technology diffuses slowly both across and within countries. Even when a technology has arrived in a country, it takes years and even decades before it has diffused to the point of having a significant impact on productivity. Why does technology diffuse slowly? How do we explain cross-country differences in its speed of diffusion? In this paper, the authors study the diffusion over time and space of 20 major technologies in 161 countries over the last 140 years. The spatial effects they identify for technologies vanish over time. For most technologies, this implies that the effect of geography is initially strong, decays over time, and eventually disappears. This is the first paper to document these patterns in adoption rates for a large number of technologies and countries. Estimates provided of structural parameters can be used to inform spatial theories of growth. Closed for comment; 0 Comments posted.
- 08 Jan 2013
- Working Papers
Leading Amidst Competing Technical and Institutional Demands: Revisiting Selznick's Conception of Leadership
Leadership can be greatly enriched by the insights of Philip Selznick (1919-2010), the author of landmark studies in organizational theory, the sociology of law, and public administration. His work on the Tennessee Valley Authority, for example, showed that the combination of technical and institutional pressures compels even well-intentioned leaders to concede to external demands that threaten an organization's character. He further conceptualized how leaders can overcome these pressures and uphold the integrity of their organization and the institutional values it embodies. In this paper, Besharov and Khurana join with other scholars to highlight how a "Selznickian" approach contributes to contemporary research on leadership: first, by directing our attention to the role of values even in avowedly utilitarian organizations and, second, by suggesting that the protection and promotion of values is an essential task of leadership. Besharov and Khurana also focus on fundamental dualities and tensions between the institutional realm of values, culture, and politics, and the technical realm of efficiency, rationality, and administration. This paper explains how these two realms are interrelated, and articulates how leaders can uphold institutional values while simultaneously meeting technical imperatives. The authors hope the paper provides a starting point for new research on how leaders uphold institutional values in the face of often conflicting technical demands. Read More
- 08 Oct 2012
- Research & Ideas
The Immigrants Who Built America's Financial System
In The Founders and Finance, Harvard Business School business historian Thomas McCraw lays out in fascinating detail how immigrants Alexander Hamilton and Albert Gallatin became essential to the nation's survival. Open for comment; 6 Comments posted.
- 13 Sep 2012
- Working Papers
Entrepreneurship in the Natural Food and Beauty Categories Before 2000: Global Visions and Local Expressions
How do entrepreneurs create a market? Geoffrey Jones takes a historical approach and focuses on influential figures who created new categories of natural and organic food, agriculture, and beauty products over the course of the twentieth century. At first these pioneering entrepreneurs, often motivated by ideological or religious convictions, faced little consumer demand for "green" products and little consumer knowledge of what they entailed. The creation of new categories thus involved a lengthy process with three overlapping waves of entrepreneurship. First, the diffusion of ideas through publishing, and promotion of research and education, engaged many entrepreneurs. They were, in effect, making the ideological case for natural products, and providing the basis for them to be made available. Second, entrepreneurs engaged in the creation of industry associations which could advocate, as well as give the nascent industry credibility and create standards. Finally, entrepreneurial ventures established retail stores, supply and distribution networks, and created brands. Read More
- 29 Aug 2012
- Working Papers
Entrepreneurship and Urban Growth: An Empirical Assessment with Historical Mines
Does entrepreneurship cause urban growth? Economists and policymakers often argue yes, but it is remarkable how little is known about what lies behind this relationship. This paper investigates the connection more closely using a link between historical mineral and coal deposits and modern entrepreneurship observed in US cities today. Because the process of bringing ores out of the earth is a capital-intensive operation that often benefits from large-scale operations, cities with a historical abundance of nearby mineral and coal mines developed industrial structures with systematically larger establishments and less entrepreneurship. These early industrial traits persisted long after the initial conditions faded through intergenerational transmissions, path dependency, and similar. Using this variation, the study finds the strong connection between a city's initial entrepreneurship and subsequent economic growth is still observed after removing the most worrisome endogeneity. This connection works primarily through lower employment growth of startups in cities that are closer to mines. Read More
- 14 Jun 2012
- Working Papers
"Power from Sunshine": A Business History of Solar Energy
In each generation, the concept of getting "power from sunshine" has attracted entrepreneurial visionaries who encountered a perennial problem: Solar energy was expensive compared to conventional fuels that were not priced to incorporate wider environmental costs. This paper by Geoffrey Jones and Loubna Bouamane provides a business history of solar energy between the nineteenth century and the present day. Its covers early attempts to develop solar energy, the use of passive solar in architecture before World War II, the subsequent growth of the modern photovoltaic (PV) industry, and alternative non-PV technologies such as parabolic collectors. As the authors argue, building viable business models proved crucially dependent on two factors: the prices of alternative conventional fuels and public policy. Read More
- 24 Jan 2012
- Working Papers
What Do Development Banks Do? Evidence from Brazil, 2002-2009
Private firms in developed and developing markets find themselves competing with the so-called "national champions"—private and state-owned enterprises that receive entitlements, mostly trade protections and/or subsidized credit from the government. Most of these national champions get support by proposing long-term projects with large capital investment that would usually not be easy to fund using private capital. This paper, written by Research by Sergio G. Lazzarini, Aldo Musacchio, Rodrigo Bandeira-de-Mello, and Rosilene Marcon, uses evidence from Brazil to look at what happens to firm performance, investment, and financial expenditures when companies get subsidized credit from the Brazilian National Bank of Economic and Social Development, known as BNDES. Read More
- 21 Nov 2011
- Working Papers
Caste and Entrepreneurship in India
Has India's political revolution been accompanied by corresponding changes in the economic sphere? This paper argues that for the most vulnerable, whether in villages or cities, the social structure has not changed. While Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and traditionally "middle-level" castes have made significant progress at the level of political representation in independent India, their progress in entrepreneurship has been uneven. By looking at the ownership of enterprises across the country, this paper sheds light on two larger narratives about India's emerging political economy: first, that the rich have benefitted more than the poor, the towns and cities more than the villages, and the upper castes more than the lower castes has acquired salience in several quarters. And second, that "Dalit entrepreneurship," a category conspicuous by its absence in India's business history, has become a significant trend. Findings by Lakshmi Iyer, Tarun Khanna, and Ashutosh Varshney show that while the "middle-level" castes have made progress in entrepreneurship, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are considerably under-represented in the entrepreneurial sphere. That is, for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, political gains have not manifested themselves in greater entrepreneurial prowess. Read More
- 18 Oct 2011
- Working Papers
Historical Trajectories and Corporate Competences in Wind Energy
Analyzing developments in the wind turbine business over more than a century, Geoffrey Jones and Loubna Bouamane argue that public policy has been a key variable in the spread of wind energy since the 1980s, but that public policy was more of a problem than a facilitator in the earlier history of the industry. Geography has mattered to some extent, also: Both in the United States and Denmark, the existence of rural areas not supplied by electricity provided the initial stimulus to entrepreneurs and innovators. Building firm-level capabilities has been essential in an industry which has been both technically difficult and vulnerable to policy shifts. Read More
- 16 Aug 2011
- Working Papers
Managing Political Risk in Global Business: Beiersdorf 1914-1990
After the outbreak of World War 1, management of political risk became a central concern for firms, especially those operating internationally. These risks were on many levels, from expropriation to exchange controls and other economic policies. German firms, which had flourished during the second industrial revolution of the late nineteenth century, and enthusiastically expanded internationally, found themselves especially exposed to such risks. Focusing on one such firm, Beiersdorf, a German-based pharmaceutical and skin care company (and, during the Nazi years, a so-called Jewish business), the authors examine corporate strategies of political risk management during the twentieth century, especially the volatile years of Nazi Germany. The history of Beiersdorf highlights areas of managerial discretion. Faced by the worst of all worlds, the firm survived and was able, albeit at great cost, to rebuild its business. Read More
- 07 Apr 2011
- Working Papers
The Consequences of Financial Innovation: A Counterfactual Research Agenda
While financial innovation is often praised as a positive force for societal growth, it also takes much of the blame for the recent global financial crisis. In this paper, Harvard Business School professors Josh Lerner and Peter Tufano explore financial innovation and discuss how it differs from other types of innovation. Read More
- 04 Mar 2011
- Working Papers
From Social Control to Financial Economics: The Linked Ecologies of Economics and Business in Twentieth Century America
No transformation looks more consequential for the history of American higher education than the extraordinary rise of business schools and business degrees in the twentieth century. Marion Fourcade (UC Berkeley) and Rakesh Khurana (HBS) analyze the changing place of economics in American business education as reflected in the teaching of three elite business schools over the course of the twentieth century: the Wharton School (1900-1930), the Carnegie Tech Graduate School of Industrial Administration (post World War II), and the Graduate School of Business at the University of Chicago (1960s-present). Read More
- 01 Mar 2011
- Working Papers
How Foundations Think: The Ford Foundation as a Dominating Institution in the Field of American Business Schools
What causes institutions to change? This paper adds organizational and exogenous perspective to existing theories by looking at the idea of "dominating institutions"—a class of formal organizations purposively designed to change other institutions. HBS professor Rakesh Khurana and colleagues look at the Ford Foundation and its work reshaping America's graduate schools of management between 1952 and 1965 through funding of "centers of excellence" at a number of schools, including Harvard Business School. Read More
- 27 Jan 2011
- Working Papers
A Brief Postwar History of US Consumer Finance
The growth of the consumer finance sector after World War II provided a bevy of new financial options for Americans. These options led to a "do-it-yourself" approach to consumer finance, and an increase in household risk taking. In this paper, Harvard Business School professors Gunnar Trumbull and Peter Tufano, along with former HBS research associate Andrea Ryan, discuss the major themes that dominated the expansive postwar sector, including some of the factors that set the stage for the recent subprime mortgage crisis. Read More
- 20 Dec 2010
- Research & Ideas
Panama Canal: Troubled History, Astounding Turnaround
In their new book, The Big Ditch, Harvard Business School professor Noel Maurer and economic historian Carlos Yu discuss the complicated history of the Panama Canal and its remarkable turnaround after Panama took control in 1999. Q&A with Maurer, plus book excerpt. Closed for comment; 5 Comments posted.
- 14 Dec 2010
- Working Papers
Regulating for Legitimacy: Consumer Credit Access in France and America
Why have American households consistently borrowed so heavily? And why have their counterparts in France borrowed so little? This comparative historical analysis by HBS professor Gunnar Trumbull traces the roots of these different attitudes. In the United States, early welfare reformers embraced credit "on a business-like basis" as an alternative to expansive welfare states of the sort that were emerging in Europe. In France, early social planners saw consumer credit as a drain on savings that threatened to crowd out industrial investment. Regulatory regimes that emerged in the postwar period in the two countries reflected these different interpretations of the economic and social role of credit in society. Read More
- 09 Aug 2010
- Research & Ideas
How to Speed Up Energy Innovation
We know the grand challenge posed by shifting away from dirty energy sources. The good news, says Harvard Business School professor Rebecca Henderson, is that we have seen such change before in fields including agriculture and biotech, giving us a clearer pathway to what it will take. Read More
- 02 Aug 2010
- Research & Ideas
Modern Indian Art: The Birth of a Market
Before 1995, there was little market for twentieth-century Indian fine art. That's when artists, auction houses, critics, and others defined a new product category—modern Indian fine art—resulting in worldwide demand and soaring prices. Professor Mukti Khaire explains the dynamics behind new market categories. Read More
- 21 Jul 2010
- Working Papers
Foreign Entry and the Mexican Banking System, 1997-2007
What are the effects of foreign bank entry in developing economies? In recent years, governments around the world have been opening up their banking systems to foreign competition. In Mexico, for example, the market share of foreign ownership of banks increased fivefold between 1997 and 2007. In this paper, Stanford professor Stephen Haber and HBS professor Aldo Musacchio describe their detailed study of the impact of foreign entry in Mexico during that period. Overall, results suggest that while foreign entry in Mexico is associated with greater stability of the banking system, it has not increased the availability of credit, and foreign entry is not a solution to a property rights environment that makes contract enforcement costly. Read More
- 14 Jul 2010
- Working Papers
From Russia with Love: The Impact of Relocated Firms on Incumbent Survival
The relocation of the machine tool industry from the Soviet-occupied zone of postwar Germany to western regions is a unique laboratory for studying the impact of industrial structures on incumbent survival. Typically, geographic agglomerations of similar firms offer benefits to each member firm by reducing the transportation costs for material goods, specialized workers, and industry knowledge among the firms. Of course, tight geographic concentration comes with countervailing costs as firms compete for local inputs. In this paper, HBS professor William R. Kerr and coauthors study the impact of increased local concentration on incumbent firms by considering postwar Germany, when the fear of expropriation (or worse) in the wake of World War II prompted many machine tool firm owners to flee to western Germany, where they reestablished their firms. Read More
- 30 Jun 2010
- Working Papers
The Empire Struck Back: The Mexican Oil Expropriation of 1938 Reconsidered
The Mexican petroleum expropriation of 1938 looms large as the beginning of Latin American resource nationalism and the apogee of America's "Good Neighbor" policy. In Mexico, the expropriation is viewed as a patriotic triumph, in which the federal government seized control of the country's most valuable natural resource. In the U.S., the temperate reaction of the Roosevelt Administration is seen as the decisive break with Washington's imperial relationship towards Latin America. Washington "curbed its finance capital," it is said, and downgraded the protection of American overseas private investments. In this paper, HBS professor Noel Maurer explains how the actual historical record diverges substantially from the accepted view. Read More
- 17 May 2010
- Research & Ideas
What Brazil Teaches About Investor Protection
When Brazil entered the 20th century, its companies were a model of transparency and offered investor protections that government did not. Can our financial regulators learn a lesson from history? HBS professor Aldo Musacchio shares insights from his new book. Read More
- 29 Apr 2010
- Working Papers
The Great Leap Forward: The Political Economy of Education in Brazil, 1889-1930
In 1890, with only 15 percent of the population literate, Brazil had the lowest literacy rate among the large economies in the Americas. Yet between 1890 and 1940, Brazil had the most rapid increase in literacy rates in the Americas, catching up with and even surpassing some of its more educated peers such as Mexico, Colombia, and Venezuela. This jump in literacy was simultaneously accompanied by a brisk increase in the number of teachers, number of public schools, and enrollment rates. Why were political elites in Brazil willing to finance this expansion of public education for all? Andr� Mart�nez-Fritscher of Banco de M�xico, Aldo Musacchio of HBS, and Martina Viarengo of the London School of Economics explain how state governments secured funds to pay for education and examine the incentives of politicians to spend on education. They conclude that the progress made in education during these decades had mixed results in the long run. Read More
- 19 Apr 2010
- Research & Ideas
The History of Beauty
Fragrance, eyeliner, toothpaste—the beauty business has permeated our lives like few other industries. But surprisingly little is known about its history, which over time has been shrouded in competitive secrecy. HBS history professor Geoffrey Jones offers one of the first authoritative accounts in Beauty Imagined: A History of the Global Beauty Industry. Read More
- 08 Apr 2010
- Working Papers
Multinational Strategies and Developing Countries in Historical Perspective
HBS professor Geoffrey Jones offers a historical analysis of the strategies of multinationals from developed countries in developing countries. His central argument, that strategies were shaped by the trade-off between opportunity and risk, highlights how three broad environmental factors determined the trade-off. The first was the prevailing political economy, including the policies of both host and home governments, and the international legal framework. The second was the market and resources of the host country. The third was competition from local firms. Jones explores the impact of these factors on corporate strategies during the three eras in the modern history of globalization from the nineteenth century until the present day. He argues that the performance of specific multinationals depended on the extent to which their internal capabilities enabled them to respond to these external opportunities and threats. The paper highlights in particular the changing nature of political risk faced by multinationals. The era of expropriation has, for the moment, largely passed, but multinationals now experience new kinds of policy risk, and new forms of home country political risk also, such as the Alien Tort Claims Act in the United States. Read More
- 29 Mar 2010
- Research & Ideas
Ruthlessly Realistic: How CEOs Must Overcome Denial
Even the best leaders can be in denial—about trouble inside the organization, about onrushing competitors, about changing consumer behavior. Harvard Business School professor Richard S. Tedlow looks at history and discusses how executives can acknowledge and deal with reality. Plus: Book excerpt. Read More
- 16 Dec 2009
- Working Papers
The End of Chimerica
For the better part of the past decade, the world economy has been dominated by a unique geoeconomic constellation that the authors call "Chimerica": a world economic order that combined Chinese export-led development with U.S. overconsumption on the basis of a financial marriage between the world's sole superpower and its most likely future rival. For China, the key attraction of the relationship was its potential to propel the Chinese economy forward by means of export-led growth. For the United States, Chimerica meant being able to consume more, save less, and still maintain low interest rates and a stable rate of investment. Yet, like many another marriage between a saver and a spender, Chimerica was not destined to last. In this paper, economic historians Niall Ferguson of HBS and Moritz Schularick of Freie Universit�t Berlin consider the problem of global imbalances and try to set events in a longer-term perspective. Read More
- 14 Dec 2009
- Research & Ideas
Can Entrepreneurs Drive People Movers to Success?
Call them next-generation driverless taxis or people movers, the age of personal rapid transport is just around the bend. Could PRT change the face of public transportation in cities and smaller communities? HBS professor Benjamin G. Edelman weighs the benefits and opportunities for entrepreneurs and for society. "Right now, the field is wide open," he says. Read More
- 18 Nov 2009
- Working Papers
India Transformed? Insights from the Firm Level 1988-2005
Between 1986 and 2005, Indian growth put to rest the concern that there was something about the "nature of India" that made rapid growth difficult. Following broad-ranging reforms in the mid-1980s and early 1990s, the state deregulated entry, both domestic and foreign, in many industries, and also hugely reduced barriers to trade. Laura Alfaro of Harvard Business School and Anusha Chari of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill analyze the evolution of India's industrial structure at the firm level following the reforms. Despite the substantial increase in the number of private and foreign firms, the overall pattern that emerges is one of continued incumbent dominance in terms of assets, sales, and profits in both state-owned and traditional private firms. Read More
- 16 Nov 2009
- Research & Ideas
The Times Captures History of American Business
"We are not the first to face what seem like overwhelming challenges," says HBS professor and business historian Nancy F. Koehn. A new volume edited and narrated by Koehn, The Story of American Business: From the Pages of The New York Times, presents more than a hundred timely articles from the 1850s to today. Q&A and book excerpt. Read More
- 10 Nov 2009
- Working Papers
Endowments, Fiscal Federalism, and the Cost of Capital for States: Evidence from Brazil, 1891-1930
Do endowments matter in determining the cost of capital for a country or state? Endowments, according to Banco de M�xico's Andr� C. Mart�nez Fritscher and HBS professor Aldo Musacchio, are the conditions that determine what kind of commodities can be produced and exported in a determined geographical region. Studying the determinants of the risk premium of the bonds issued by Brazilian states between 1891 and 1930—a period of extreme decentralization of fiscal revenues and expenditures in Brazil—the researchers find that risk premia are highly correlated with state public revenue per capita. Because these revenues came, to a large extent, from the taxes states levied on commodity exports, the researchers argue that endowments mattered to determine the cost of capital for states. Read More
- 09 Nov 2009
- Research & Ideas
Come Fly with Me: A History of Airline Leadership
A new book looks at the history of the U.S. aviation industry through the eyes of its entrepreneurs, managers, and leaders—men like Pan Am's Juan Trippe and Southwest Airlines' Herb Kelleher—each emerging at different stages of the industry's evolution from start-up to rebirth. Who comes next? An interview with coauthor Anthony J. Mayo. Read More
- 06 Aug 2009
- Working Papers
Buy Local? The Geography of Successful and Unsuccessful Venture Capital Expansion
From Silicon Valley to Herzliya, Israel, venture capital firms are concentrated in very few locations. More than half of the 1,000 venture capital offices listed in Pratt's Guide to Private Equity and Venture Capital Sources are located in just three metropolitan areas: San Francisco, Boston, and New York. More than 49 percent of the U.S.-based companies financed by venture capital firms are located in these three cities. This paper examines the location decisions of venture capital firms and the impact that venture capital firm geography has on investments and outcomes. Findings are informative both to researchers in economic geography and to policymakers who seek to attract venture capital. Read More
- 08 Jun 2009
- History Teaches
The Return of the Salesman
Salesmen have received a bad rap over the years, but increasingly the profession is drawing scholarly interest. Business History Review coeditor Walter A. Friedman discusses the publication's recent themed issue on salesmanship. Read More
- 13 Apr 2009
- Research & Ideas
Kind of Blue: Pushing Boundaries with Miles Davis
Since it hit the airwaves half a century ago, Kind of Blue by Miles Davis has influenced the hearts and minds of jazz fans everywhere. Its songs became instant classics, and it has also converted many a nonfan to appreciate the music's subtlety and complexity. In a new business case, HBS professor Robert D. Austin and Carl Størmer highlight the takeaways for thoughtful managers and executives from this story of creation and innovation. Read More
- 01 Apr 2009
- Working Papers
The Contingent Nature of Public Policy and Growth Strategies in the Early Twentieth-Century U.S. Banking Industry
The effects of public policy on organizations and economic activities have been widely observed. This line of research has contributed to organizational theory by showing the importance of state action for constructing economic systems, as well as firm structures and strategies. But there are a number of reasons why this perspective may in fact overemphasize the importance of public policy. This working paper, forthcoming as an article in the Academy of Management Journal, more fully investigates the contingent nature of the effects of policy on organizations, with the orienting premise that policy is just one of the external conditions that organizations face, and policy effects are more or less powerful to the extent that they are interactive with other elements of the environment. Specifically, the authors focus on how policy that regulated bank branching and other environmental factors affected—independently as well as interactively—the emergence and growth of large-scale firms in U.S. commercial banking from 1896 to 1978. Read More
- 23 Feb 2009
- Research & Ideas
Creative Entrepreneurship in a Downturn
Entrepreneurs, take heart. True, the global economic malaise removes opportunities and precious resources—but also adds them in new and interesting ways, argues HBS senior lecturer Bhaskar Chakravorti. In this Q&A he identifies reasons for optimism, and shows how entrepreneurs can think differently about bad news. Read More
- 20 Nov 2008
- Working Papers
Was the Wealth of Nations Determined in 1000 B.C.?
To the extent that history is discussed at all in economic development, it is usually either the divergence associated with the Industrial Revolution or the effects of colonial regimes. Is it possible that precolonial, preindustrial history also matters significantly for today's national economic development? The authors find that technology adoption circa 1500 A.D., prior to the era of colonization and extensive European contacts, predicts approximately 50 percent of cross-country differences in both current per capita income and technology in a large cross-section of countries. When exploring the causes of this extreme persistence in technology, they find evidence in favor of the importance of the effect of current adoption on subsequent adoption as the main driver. This leaves a limited role to country-specific factors such as institutions, geography, or genes to explain the persistence of technology. Read More
- 25 Sep 2008
- Working Papers
The Cost of Property Rights: Establishing Institutions on the Philippine Frontier Under American Rule, 1898-1918
Economists generally agree that a system of transparent and secure property rights is beneficial for growth and development. A large literature emphasizes the role of property rights in spurring long-term investments, improving productivity, changing labor allocations, and increasing access to formal sources of credit. This paper describes U.S. attempts to implement property rights reforms in the Philippines in the early twentieth century. Iyer and Maurer document that, two decades after the arrival of the Americans, property rights in the Philippines had become unambiguously less secure, and that political and budgetary constraints played a large role in inhibiting the progress of reforms. Read More
- 14 Aug 2008
- Working Papers
The Agglomeration of U.S. Ethnic Inventors
The higher concentration of immigrants in certain cities and occupations has long been noted. There has been very little theoretical or empirical work to date, however, on the particular agglomeration of U.S. immigrant scientists and engineers. This scarcity is disappointing given the scale of these ethnic contributions and the importance of innovation to regional economic growth. William R. Kerr's study contributes to our empirical understanding of agglomeration and innovation by documenting patterns in the city-level agglomeration of ethnic inventors (e.g., Chinese, Indian) within the United States from 1975 through 2007. It is hoped that the empirical platform developed in this study provides a foothold for furthering such analyses. Read More
- 13 Aug 2008
- Research & Ideas
The Inner Life of Leaders
"Even when leaders try to hide and disguise their character, their traits are recognizable to others," says HBS professor emeritus Abraham Zaleznik. His new book, Hedgehogs and Foxes: Character, Leadership, and Command in Organizations, explores the internal complexities of people in control. Plus: Book excerpt. Read More
- 07 Jul 2008
- Research & Ideas
Innovation Corrupted: How Managers Can Avoid Another Enron
The train wreck that was Enron provides key insights for improving corporate governance and financial incentives as well as organizational processes that strengthen ethical discipline, says HBS professor emeritus Malcolm S. Salter. His new book, Innovation Corrupted: The Origins and Legacy of Enron's Collapse, is a deep reflection on the present and future of business. Read More
- 04 Jun 2008
- Working Papers
Accountability and Inequality in Single-Party Regimes: A Comparative Analysis of Vietnam and China
While both China and Vietnam have experienced rapid annual growth over the past two decades, income inequality has risen more rapidly in China than in Vietnam during the same period. Structural and socio-cultural determinants fail to account for these divergent paths, as nearly every variable predicts higher inequality in Vietnam. This paper by Regina Abrami and colleagues focuses on differences in political institutions to explain these divergent paths. In so doing, it contributes to a growing body of literature describing variation in authoritarian regimes, but focuses on variation within one authoritarian regime type. Read More
- 24 Apr 2008
- Working Papers
Bank Accounting Standards in Mexico: A Layman's Guide to Changes 10 Years after the 1995 Bank Crisis
Mexico was the first emerging market compelled to reformulate the financial reporting of its banks as a result of a financial crisis. In the last decade, Mexico has undergone a process of internationalization of its banking industry. Today, more than 80 percent of the equity of Mexican banks belongs to internationally active bank corporations. This internationalization demands more transparent regulation, including standardized accounting rules and better disclosure of information. The case of Mexico can therefore serve as an example of the relevance of these changes, as well as of their scope and limitations. This paper attempts to clarify the nature and structure of the new accounting standards, and explains how they have affected financial statements and their interpretation. Read More
- 17 Mar 2008
- Research & Ideas
The Lessons of Business History: A Handbook
Compiling a handbook on the current thinking in any area of study seems daunting enough, but the just-published Oxford Handbook of Business History carries an even larger mission: bring the lessons of business history to current research in other disciplines and to the practice of business management itself. A Q&A with coeditor Geoffrey Jones. Read More
- 28 Feb 2008
- Working Papers
Colonial Land Tenure, Electoral Competition and Public Goods in India
How is the impact of historical institutions felt today? This comparative analysis by Banerjee and Iyer highlights the impact of a specific historical institution on long-term development, specifically the land tenure systems instituted during British colonial rule. The paper compares the long-term development outcomes between areas where controls rights in land were historically given to a few landlords and areas where such rights were more broadly distributed. The paper also documents the impact of these differing historical institutions on political participation and electoral competition in the post-colonial period. Read More
- 21 Feb 2008
- Working Papers
Do Legal Origins Have Persistent Effects Over Time? A Look at Law and Finance around the World c. 1900
A significant number of recent papers find legal origins to be strongly correlated with current indices of rule of law, financial development, the regulation of entry and labor, and the concentration of ownership, among other things. Few studies, however, have explored whether correlations between institutions and economic and financial outcomes hold in the past. For this reason, we cannot be certain that the alleged persistence of the effects of these institutions passes the scrutiny of history. This paper examines specifically the relationship between legal origins and financial development by analyzing countries' legal traditions and the extent of investor protections and financial development over time. Read More
- 14 Feb 2008
- Working Papers
Laws vs. Contracts: Legal Origins, Shareholder Protections, and Ownership Concentration in Brazil, 1890-1950
The early development of large multidivisional corporations in Latin America required much more than capable managers, new technologies, and large markets. Behind such corporations was a market for capital in which entrepreneurs had to attract investors to buy either debt or equity. This paper examines the investor protections included in corporate bylaws that enabled corporations in Brazil to attract investors in large numbers, thus generating a relatively low concentration of ownership and control in large firms before 1910. The case of Brazil is particularly interesting because, in Latin America before World War I, it boasted the second-largest equity market and largest number of traded companies. As HBS professor Aldo Musacchio shows, the considerable variation of investor protections over time at the country level, and even at the company level, urges cautions against notions about the persistency of institutions, especially of legal traditions. Read More
- 07 May 2007
- Research & Ideas
Rediscovering Schumpeter: The Power of Capitalism
Economist Joseph Schumpeter was perhaps the most powerful thinker ever on innovation, entrepreneurship, and capitalism. He was also one of the most unusual personalities of the 20th century, as Harvard Business School professor emeritus Thomas K. McCraw shows in a new biography. Read our interview and book excerpt. Read More
- 08 Jan 2007
- Research & Ideas
Who Rises to Power in American Business?
Business leaders in the United States have usually been white men who were blessed with the right religion, family, or education. But "outsiders" have also created their own paths to leadership, a trend on the rise today. Paths to Power is the first book in fifty years to exhaustively analyze the demographics of leadership and access in business in the U.S., and how the face of American leadership might be changing. A Q&A with Anthony J. Mayo. Read More
- 03 Jan 2007
- Working Papers
Banking Deregulation, Financing Constraints and Entrepreneurship
What effect does an increase in banking competition have on the entry of start-ups? In particular, does an increase in banking competition have a differential effect on the entry of start-ups relative to the opening of new establishments by existing firms? The U.S. branch banking deregulations provide a useful laboratory for studying how banking competition affects small businesses. Prior to 1970, all but twelve states had stringent restrictions on the ability of banks to open new branches or to acquire the branches of other banks within the state; beginning in the 1970s and until 1994, all but two states removed these restrictions. In this research, Kerr and Nanda studied the entry of newly incorporated businesses between 1976 and 1999 using detailed data collected by the U.S. Census Bureau. Their findings matter for understanding how reforms that affect the financing environment may improve the real economy through the reallocation of resources in the non-financial sectors. Read More
- 30 Oct 2006
- Research & Ideas
The History and Influence of Andy Grove
In a soon-to-be-released biography, Harvard Business School professor Richard S. Tedlow profiles one of the most influential business leaders of our time—Intel's Andy Grove. Tedlow discusses his research on the Silicon Valley legend and how Grove altered much more than the chip industry. Read More
- 03 Oct 2006
- Working Papers
Cartels and Competition: Neither Markets nor Hierarchies
Before 1945, many thinkers believed cartels brought widespread benefits. But following the spread of antitrust ideas after 1945, Adam Smith's verdict on cartels as "conspiracies against the public" prevailed. The cartel question highlights important issues about the benefits and risks of competition. This working paper maintains that, for better or worse, cartels have shaped economic and business history since the late nineteenth century. Big business must recognize how, up until the 1980s, the activities and influence of cartels affected technological development, corporate strategy, and organizational change. Read More
- 21 Aug 2006
- Research & Ideas
How Europe Wrote the Rules of Global Finance
Following decades of liberalization, controls on cross-border capital movements are again being discussed by financial institutions, governments, and policymakers around the globe. Professor Rawi Abdelal discusses implications and the historical roles of Europe and the United States in promoting the flow of capital across national borders. Read More
- 17 Aug 2006
- Working Papers
Corporate Governance and Networks: Bankers in the Corporate Networks of Brazil, Mexico, and the United States circa 1910
Brazil today looks like a typical case in which business groups and close relations between companies and banks play an important role to overcome information and monitoring problems. This was not always the case. To study how the development of financial markets can change the interaction between banks and corporations, Musacchio compared the importance of interlocking boards of directors between corporations and banks in Brazil, Mexico, and the United States at the turn of the twentieth century. This paper and previous research support Musacchio's hypothesis that financial markets in Brazil were sustained by an institutional framework that protected investors, enforced credit contracts, and promoted regular financial disclosure of company accounts. The development of bond and stock markets, and the relatively good corporate governance practices in Brazil before 1930, made connections with bankers less necessary. Read More
- 08 Aug 2006
- Working Papers
Managing Governments: Unilever in India and Turkey, 1950–1980
During the postwar decades, consumer-products giant Unilever survived and even thrived in developing countries such as India and Turkey even as business conditions discouraged or drove away peer companies. Why? At least five factors explain Unilever's ability and willingness to persist in such developing countries. These factors may also explain why foreign direct investment shrank to low levels in these countries, and has remained low. Read More
- 08 Aug 2006
- Working Papers
Entrepreneurship and Business History: Renewing the Research Agenda
This paper identifies major opportunities to raise entrepreneurship as a central research issue in business history and to build on the strong roots that are already in place in that discipline. Historical research on entrepreneurship began in the 1940s and 1950s, much of it at Harvard Business School, but then lost momentum. Nevertheless the paper shows the major achievements in exploring how context shaped the structure of entrepreneurship, and identifying the wide variation in organizational form and entrepreneurial behavior. It concludes with the main contributions of business history to the study of entrepreneurship, and proposes a renewed research agenda. Read More
- 11 Jul 2006
- Working Papers
Globalizing the Beauty Business Before 1980
Even six-month-old infants may understand what makes faces "attractive," regardless of ethnicity, but adults vary considerably in how they present themselves through clothes, hairstyles, and physical appearance. Studying the period from 1945 to 1980, this paper examines the drivers of the globalization of beauty; the strategies that firms employed to overcome challenges to globalization; and the outcomes, including the level to which globalization has brought about a homogenization of beauty ideals and practices. Read More
- 10 Jul 2006
- Working Papers
Nationality and Multinationals in Historical Perspective
Many people believe that globalization has caused companies to lose their national identity. This study traces the history of corporations and nationality and finds that multinational companies have always had ambiguities, particularly before World War I. National subsidiaries became stronger in the twentieth century, and companies like Ford, for example, would feel very American in the United States, but have a more local identity in another part of the world. In the twenty-first century, globalization has caused a reemergence of issues concerning corporate nationality. However, this research shows that in many ways corporate affiliation with a country may matter more than ever. Read More
- 05 Jul 2006
- Working Papers
What Roosevelt Took: The Economic Impact of the Panama Canal, 1903-29
The Panama Canal was expected to bring great economic benefits to the people of Panama. Instead, the United States received most of the benefits. This was a deliberate act on the part of the U.S. The U.S. didn't allow Panamanian businesses to sell goods or services in the Canal Zone, it avoided the employment of Panamanian workers, and it used its military leverage to force Panama into accepting a low payment for the Canal territory. Read More
- 05 Jul 2006
- Working Papers
Bankers, Industrialists, and Their Cliques: Elite Networks in Mexico and Brazil During Early Industrialization
Mexico and Brazil had different institutional structures in the early 20th century. Did entrepreneurs in these two countries organize their business networks differently to deal with the different institutional settings? And, how can we compare the impact of the institutional structure of Mexico and Brazil on the networks of entrepreneurial finance and entrepreneurship in general? In this research, Musacchio and Read look at the networks of interlocking boards of directors of major joint stock companies in two large Latin American societies in 1909. Read More
- 05 Jul 2006
- Working Papers
Schumpeter's Plea: Rediscovering History and Relevance in the Study of Entrepreneurship
Academic studies of entrepreneurship have focused on people and firms but ignored the context of history. The result is an over-reliance in the experiences of high-tech start-ups in the U.S., leading to generalizations using empirical evidence from an exceptional and atypical industry and location. Economist Joseph Schumpeter believed the study of entrepreneurial behavior made little sense without the equal study of the broader industrial, social, and economic setting in which they operated. An exchange between historical and social scientific approaches will yield far richer understanding. Read More
- 16 Jan 2006
- Research & Ideas
Adam Smith, Behavioral Economist?
Adam Smith is best known for The Wealth of Nations, but professor Nava Ashraf believes another of his works, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, presaged contemporary behavioral economics. Read More
- 05 Jul 2006
- Working Papers
Bringing History into International Business
International Business scholars often talk about history, but rarely take it seriously. The first generation of International Business scholars placed a high priority on evolutionary and historical perspectives and methodology, but little work these days grapples with the history of International Business or uses historical data to explore an issue. Jones and Khanna discuss new avenues for researching business groups in history and in contemporary emerging markets, resource-based and path-dependent theories of the firm, and foreign direct investment and development over time. Read More
- 03 May 2004
- Research & Ideas
Business History around the World
One way to understand management trends and ideas today is to look at yesterday. HBS entrepreneurship professor Geoffrey G. Jones and co-editor Franco Amatori have done just that with their new book, Business History around the World. Read More
- 19 Apr 2004
- Research & Ideas
Birth of the American Salesman
Modern sales management is a uniquely American story, says Harvard Business School's Walter A. Friedman, author of Birth of a Salesman. PLUS: Book excerpt. Read More
- 12 Apr 2004
- Research & Ideas
What Great American Leaders Teach Us
A new database on great American leaders offers surprising insights on the nature of leadership. A Q&A with Tony Mayo, executive director of the Harvard Business School Leadership Initiative. Read More
- 04 Aug 2003
- Research & Ideas
Shackleton: An Entrepreneur of Survival
Polar explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton is the subject of a new HBS case study. Professor Nancy F. Koehn discusses lessons for leaders from the voyage of the Endurance. Read More
- 23 Jun 2003
- Research & Ideas
Historically Speaking: A Roundtable at HBS
Harvard Business School faculty Richard S. Tedlow, Alfred D. Chandler, Nancy F. Koehn, and Debora L. Spar discuss the different research paths they took leading to their most recent publications. Read More
- 23 Dec 2002
- Research & Ideas
Setting the Stage: A Young Scholar at HBS
Rohit Daniel Wadhwani, the Harvard-Newcomen Fellow in Business History for the 2002-03 academic year, discusses his research work and his experiences as a Fellow at Harvard Business School in this interview with Laura Linard. Read More
- 02 Sep 2002
- Research & Ideas
The Role of Government When All Else Fails
A new book by Harvard Business School professor David A. Moss explores government's under-appreciated role as risk manager in everything from disaster relief to Social Security. How did this role evolve into something today that touches on almost every aspect of economic life? Read More


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What can parents do to rear a teen who is well-behaved, happy and respectful?
A tactic that doesn't work is broadly called harsh verbal discipline, whether that's shouting at teens, yelling, screaming, swearing, insulting or calling them names, says a study out today. In fact, those parenting actions increase the risk that the adolescent will misbehave and suffer symptoms of depression.
Shouting and yelling are ineffective and can be harmful, says study's author Ming-Te Wang, assistant professor in the department of psychology and the school of education at the University of Pittsburgh. "This may explain why so many parents say that no matter how loud they shout, their teenagers don't listen."
Wang and colleagues studied 967 two-parent families and their teens in Pennsylvania.
Thirteen-year-olds who received a lot of harsh verbal discipline from their parents were more likely to have symptoms of depression at age 14, according to the findings published in the journal Child Development. They were also more likely to exhibit problem behaviors such as anger, aggression, vandalism and misconduct, Wang says.
Ongoing harsh verbal discipline and criticism can fuel difficulties and rebellion in kids, says Neil Bernstein, an adolescent psychologist in Washington, D.C., and author of How to Keep Your Teenager Out of Trouble and What to Do if You Can't. "Extremes of parenting don't work. The put-down parent is no more effective than the laissez-faire parent who is totally chill and sets no limits on their children's behavior," said Bernstein.
Source: USA Today
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Faculty Senate Minutes
Western Oregon University
Tuesday, February 24th, 2009 @ 3:30
Columbia Room, Werner University Center
I. Call to order and roll call 3:30
In Attendance: Scott Beaver, Roy Bennett, Mark Perlman for Susan Daniel, Sue Dauer, Cheryl Davis, Bryan Dutton, David Foster, Mark Girod, Bob Hautala, Shaun Huston, Elaina Jamieson, Klay Kruczek, Elisa Maroney, David Murphy, Kent Neely, Joe Peng, Dana Ulveland, Jason Waite, Peggy Pedersen, Katherine Schmidt, Joe Harchenko
II. Corrections and approval of minutes from February 10th, 2009 meeting
Action: Minutes approved with minor corrections.
III. Reports of the presidents
Faculty Senate President, Mark Girod's Report
In executive session,
I. Approved course description changes to MUS 418 and MUS 518.
II. Chair of curriculum committee, Lorie Burton, has suggested that we re-examine the description of what qualifies a course for a "D" designation. Executive committee will bring a proposal to the Senate as to how this might unfold.
III. Emily Plec will convene the members of the Faculty Senate Awards Committee in an attempt to ensure that we are best meeting the wishes of contributing families and faculty senate.
President's report, Provost Neely for John Minahan:
Senator Hass has introduced Senate Bill 442 to the legislature, a bill that is meant to investigate the possibility of consolidating the regional institutions of higher education with other existing state universities. President Minahan took the initiative of contacting senator Hass last week and personally delivered a letter to the office of Senator Hass. The principal point in the letter was that Western Oregon University has distinguished itself as a unique university within the Oregon University System (by overcoming considerable financial challenges and continuing to demonstrate momentum in fulfilling a unique mission) and is distinct from the other universities that have been identified as being regional. Because of our success, we should not be looked at as part of the problem nor should we be looked at as part of the solution for other campuses.
WOU continues to do very well in attracting students and admitting students. Compared to last year, we have improved by over 14% in the number of students who have applied for admission at Western. Of those who have applied, we have had 33% who are admitted. We have also had tremendous success in increasing our Hispanic student applications by 36% and increasing our admissions by 65%. We have also had great success in retaining students transitioning from freshman to sophomore.
We have maximized revenue through our retention efforts, through additional recruitment of traditional students, through our new minority recruitment plan, and the continuing recruitment of international students.
Regarding program changes: Program changes should only be brought forward if there is a very clear and persuasive case that can be made regarding retention, recruitment, access, or minimizing expenses.
David McDonald gave a brief summary of yesterday's reading: The panel is aware that we are dealing with a $3 plus billion deficit in terms of the next biennium. The committee is looking for the university system to be part of the solution. Our failure to do so will empower them to make decisions on our behalf. It will be necessary to consider what is best for students.
Mark Weiss also stated: On February 19th, the governor announced furloughs, salary freezes, and some salary rollbacks for state government, Chancellor's office, and the offices of the university presidents. This will be discussed at the next board meeting.
The expected financial impact is a $9 million reduction this year for OUS--$443,000 of that is directly attributable to Western. Consequently, we reduced our appropriation by $443,000. With the additional reduction of about $800 million of revenue shortfall this year, the Oregon university system is being asked to take another $37 million reduction, translating to approximately $1.8 million for WOU. Our expected fund balance for the end of this year is about 12%. We expect the reductions for next biennium to be $4 million per year--that represents 20 % less than the funding level we got from the state in the 07-09 biennium and approx 30% below what we consider to be our essential budget level.
We're in the process now of beginning to put together our next year's budget. We expect our enrollment to remain even. We think a 7% to 9% increase in tuition for the new cohort of students entering the university next year may be necessary. We will have an increase in remission levels. A salary freeze will likely be essential for the next biennium, as will some reduction in S and S budgets.
Staff Senate, Jennifer Hansen's Report
No report
ASWOU, Max Beach's Report
No report
Provost Kent Neely's Report
No report. Provosts' Council will meet next week.
IV. Old Business
Request to establish 800 course numbers: JoNan LeRoy Director for DEP
It was proposed that WOU define 800 Professional Development numbers.
Action: Senate unanimously approved to endorse the establishment of 800-level Professional Development course numbers.
Graduate Studies: Linda Stonecipher, Director of Graduate Studies
Proposed: a conditional admission proposal for graduate language requirement. The main intent of this policy is to create an educational environment that emphasizes English language development that will provide international students with the necessary foundation for graduate-level coursework.
Changes to the proposal:
Page 2, Policy Log;
IELTS log will be 6.0 rather than 6.5;
Page 3 part C "During the year of conditional admission" is changed to "During conditional admission";
Page 3 part C #2, "receive at least a B- on all coursework" will be made more explicit by indicating that "all coursework" means "each course"
Action: Senate unanimously approved the proposal with the corrections as noted.
Military Science: Colonel Susuico
Proposal for MS 118 designated as an LACC class.
Action: Senate unanimously agreed to table action on this proposal until the March 10th meeting.
Revised Sports Leadership Minor: Marita Cardinal
Three changes are proposed:
1) Change in language for the elective course options from: "Choose three credits
total from coaching classes and /or practicum" to "Choose six credits of sport- or
coaching-related courses and/or coaching practicum, with advisor approval."
2) Increase the credit hours from 2 to 3 for PE 361.
3) Add PE 420: Motor Learning for Coaches as an alternative to Regular Motor Learning.
Action: Senate unanimously approved the proposed Sports Leadership Minor changes.
Theater Arts: Michael Philips
Proposed: a number of small curricular changes and corrections to theater degree programs. Additional classes are added to fill curricular holes and to better align the program with the National Association of Schools of Theater (NAST). Changes do not alter the total number of required credits for each degree.
Action: Senate unanimously approved the Theater Arts proposed changes.
Graphic Design: Diane Tarter
Proposed title changes for some of the existing courses and three new courses. The
three added courses (Digital Design A423, A424, A425) will run parallel to the
Print Design sequence. The new courses provide more options for graphic design
students. Students may choose to take one or both of the 400 level sequences after
completing all prerequisites in art foundations, introductory 200 level courses, and
the 300 level year-long sequence. This flexible choice option fits within the 84
credits required in the art major. This addition is proposed in order to align WOU's
art program with current practices and university offerings in the state, our region,
and the nation.
Action: Senate unanimously approved the proposed changes to the Graphic Design program.
Music: Joe Harchenko
New course proposal: MUS 404 Junior Seminar. In order for us to be more in line with other institutions, a zero credit-hour requirement that would be passed upon successful completion of the capstone project.
Action: Senate unanimously approved the new course proposal.
V. New Business
No new business
VI. Additional Reports and Items
Office of Institutional Research and Sponsored Projects (OIRSP) report
Action: Senate agreed to table this report and discussion until our March meeting.
VII. Meeting Adjourned


text:
Hang tight!
Recipe by Lenni
"This recipe is from my best friend, Delayne who got it from her sister. We usually triple the recipe and make 48 large cookies."
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1/2 cup
1/2 cup
white sugar
1/2 cup
packed brown sugar
1/2 cup
peanut butter
1/2 teaspoon
vanilla extract
1 1/4 cups
all-purpose flour
2/3 teaspoon
baking soda
1/4 teaspoon
miniature chocolate covered peanut butter cups, unwrapped
This recipe is absolutely fabulous!! The only thing that was wrong, is that the instructions did not tell when to add the peanut butter, not that it was hard to figure out but I did all the wet ingredients and I was like, what about the peanut butter??!! But so delicious, great consistency, loved using the muffin tin, they look like little mini tarts!
Delicious! I used 1 tsp. vanilla, 3/4 tsp. baking soda and no salt. Adding more vanilla offsets some of the peanut flavor. Definitely need a mini muffin baking pan for this one. With a regular sized muffin baking pan, the cookies are too big for the miniature peanut butter cups. Of course, you could always buy the regular size peanut butter cups instead! This recipe makes about 24 cookies in the mini muffin pans. I fill each muffin space to the top. They are slightly dry so next time I might use a little less flour.
80 Ratings
Wonderful....melt in your mouth! Everyone loved. It's been added to my favorites
i love these cookies!! the peanut butter and chocolate together is just perfect! i only made half, 8 cookies, and they turned out really good. the hardest part was waiting for them to cool, so we could eat them!! i highly recomend this. it would be fun for to make too. i was looking at other peanut butter cup cookie recipes and they all called for a mini muffin tin, and i don't have one. so i just used a noemal sized one and they aren't too big, and they cooked just fine. you should definatly try these if you like peanut butter and chocolate, you won't regret it!! :)
I make these all the the time but I use a box of chocolate brownie mix. I follow the directions on the box. Fill mini muffin tins 1/2 to 3/4 full and bake 8 to 10 minutes. Remove from oven and press peanut butter cup into the brownies right away... let cool for a few minutes and remove from pan. They are very rich but everyone loves them.
Absolutely my favourite cookie recipe out there! When I make these, I make sure to make an absolute TON of them because they go fast! Every time I bring them to any event or gathering people always want the recipe, so if you plan on sharing these with people, make sure to have a few copies of the recipe on hand because people will be asking!
My hubby- who HATES peanut butter cookies loved these! I will be making over and over again. I highly recommend you use the mini muffin pan- they came out great and were so easy to do. To save time I had the kids unwrap the peanut butter cups for me!
I made this for an event at our apt complex, and everyone LOVED them! We did put them in the fridge right after we added the peanut butter cups. And I had to cook them a little longer but they tasted awesome!
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Peanut Butter Cup Cookies II
Serving Size: 1/7 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 7
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 518
Calories from Fat: 256
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Green Line Parks and Commons
The Trust for Public Land is leading a collaborative effort to integrate new parks and green space into the communities along the Green Line, an 11-mile light-rail corridor that will run between Minneapolis and Saint Paul.
New development along the Green Line is projected to include 17,000 new households over the next 20 years, along with new retail, commercial, and industrial development. We are working with the Green Line Parks and Commons group that includes businesses, nonprofits, developers, governmental representatives, and others in identifying opportunities to create parks and common public gathering spaces in tandem with these new developments. Our first phase of work resulted in a collaboratively developed report that includes recommended approaches and guidance for new parks and open space development in this fast-changing area.
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Since 1972, The Trust for Public Land has protected more than 3 million acres and completed more than 5,200 park and conservation projects.


text:
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It's Hotter in Southern California: Kyle Majors Cocky Boys! The Men are hotter in Southern California: COCKYBOYS.COM
I thought it was time for the Phenix to rise again so I paired him up with that hot piece of ass, Cameron Adams. Cameron walks in on Phenix shining up his car and decides it's Phenix's hot cock that needs the spit shine so he drops to his knees and starts sucking on that dick for all it's worth. Phenix returns the favor, working on Cameron's shaft and balls with his tongue as he brings Cameron right to the edge. Before he lets Cameron blow his load though Phenix decides he wants some ass so he lays Cameron down on the trunk of the car and has his way with his hot tight hole. Next he bends Cameron over in the back seat so he can fuck him doggie style for a while. The two end up fucking on their side on the garage floor. Phenix is banging him so hard you can hear their flesh slapping together with each hard thrust. Almost completely spent, the guys finish up jerking off side by side. Cameron blows his load first all over his tight stomach an d then Phenix busts a nut all over himself. Ga
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Wednesday, July 27, 2011
© Copyright 2015 Albany Herald
ALBANY, Ga. -- The Dougherty County School System's College and Career Academy Steering Committee held its first full meeting at the DCSS administration building Tuesday.
The meeting, held before some of the city's most prominent business leaders, was a pitch for support from the community.
The proposed new charter school will be set up to fit the needs and wishes of the area and will target all the children in the Dougherty County School System. The goal is to provide regional employers with work-ready employees.
DCSS school board member Velvet Riggins said, "Right now we are working with a blank board. What appears on that board will be up to the community."
LRA Constructors President Ben Barrow then asked what the committee wanted from the county's business community.
"We don't want your money, we want your support," board member Darrel Ealum replied.
"Well, that's refreshing," Barrow said as the room erupted in laughter.
Consulting with the committee members was Russ Moore, CEO of Seamless Education Associates Inc. of Newnan. Moore, who has worked with 21 career academies, said he believes that "within a decade" every high school student in Georgia will be served by one of the academies.
"The curriculum will be designed around CTAE (Career Tech and Ag Education) and is meant to have kids ready for immediate employment after graduation," Moore said. "Plus, this will be a charter schoo,l so it can be designed and set up according to feedback from the community and local businesses."
Moore added that 2012 will be the "push" year for the academy, laying out this rough timeline:
-- Feb. 2012: Need to have curriculum and marketing assessments finished.
-- Spring 2012: Write the charter.
-- Fall 2012: Write grant applications.
More like this story
- Career Academy steering officers to be elected soon ( August 23, 2011 )
- College and Career Academy names volunteer committee ( September 28, 2011 )
- College and Career Academy seeks steering committee members ( August 16, 2011 )
- Committee makes final push ( September 20, 2011 )
- Academy names officers ( October 12, 2011 )


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This profile is for my daughter Sonal. Firstly, I would like you to know that she is an undergrad. Sonal has been born and brought up in Mumbai. Currently she is working as a producer at an Advertising Agency.
She's been lucky to have worked in every category like: airlines, events, play schools, TV channels etc. She has also earned her self a diploma in Early Childhood Care and Education and also one in Event Management.
She is confident, charming and highly ambitious, she has great respect and values for family ties. I am her mother, a maharashtrian married to a manglorian and have been in the teaching profession for over 22 years.Her father is self employed, elder brother is at a Manager post in the Hospitality Industry.
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Full detailed profile on John Brogno Played by Jordan Clarke on Venice The Series Daytime Soap Opera.
Jordan Clarke
Birthday: July 21 1950
Gina covers a sleeping John with a blanket at home and reads a love letter to Ani she wrote – aloud. She admits she was frightened to give herself to Ani and if she was available, she'd want her. She pours out her heart and cries. She probably won't give the letter to Ani but needed for her feelings to be said. She loves Ani and always has. She slips the letter into an envelope and kisses it, then puts it into her bag. From the sofa, John watches, sadly.
Gina returns home and makes John lunch. She tells him his friend's death was an accident. She had an aneurysm. John's thankful.
At John's place, he complains about eating boring old oatmeal. He'd prefer scotch or even a beer. Gina listens and takes a call from Owen, who is checking up on their dad. They hang up and John makes a snide comment about Owen not dropping by. Gina reminds him Owen's working and this is important to him. Later, Gina wants to take him for a walk but John doesn't want to. They argue. John wonders why she's always there. She's got a job and a love life. Gina doesn't really want to discuss her love life but with some encouragement, she tells him she is in love with somebody who is with somebody else. She'll have to love her from a distance. John's surprised she's going to lie down and accept it!
Gina heads downstairs at the house and asks John if he's ready to go for a walk. He refuses so she blackmails him by threatening to kick his prized signed football that he keeps under glass. She jogs outside with it and he slowly makes his way after her. She threatens to kick the ball and he has a fit, but ends up outside. She grins wildly seeing him outside. He takes the ball and heads back in and Gina does a little victory dance!
Gina finishes watering the flowers outside John's house and heads inside, upset John hasn't eaten. He says nothing so she takes out some old photos and tries to get him to reminisce. When that doesn't work, she says once she returns from her beach party, he's going to exercise with her. Once she leaves, John gazes at a photo of Katie and mutters that it was taken on their fifth anniversary. He starts to squeeze the exercise ball and later tackles a bowl of cereal.
At John's, Gina tries to encourage John to exercise but he's not interested. She offers to give him a salty snack if he goes on the bike for fifteen minutes but he'd prefer a burger. She refuses him and wonders exasperatedly if he'll get on the bike if she goes out with a man. He won't so she stalks off in a fit of frustration.
Gina arrives at John's house and tells herself the old man isn't going to break her. She goes into the house and makes him soup. She wants to work on the mobility of his fingers. He doesn't want to. She thinks he should be excited because he'll be able to flip her off. He's only interested in eating a burger but Gina warns him the doctors want him to eat healthy. He does as he's told which makes Gina grin.
Gina takes a call from Ani, and tells her she has to move in with her father. They laugh and think that it could be a good reality show. Ani's making Lara Gina's favorite dish and agrees to save her some. They hang up.
Gina heads into the Colonel's place and tells Michelle on the phone that she'll be in the office soon. Colonel learns she's moving in and Gina asks him to do some hand exercises with her. He doesn't want to.
At John's place, Guya tries to get him to be nicer to the nurses. John complains the woman tried to wash him. Guya playfully asks if he'd rather she wash him and gives him some herbs to help oxygenate the blood, and provide balance. He snarls that it's bull. Later, Gina bumps into the nurse on her way in. The woman's quitting. Gina tempts her to stay with a free house design but it's not worth it to the nurse. She leaves so Gina heads in and cleans up an upturned tray as she rants to John that they've gone through three nursing companies. He'll get better if he just does what needs to be done.
Gina gazes in disgust at the body covered in a blanket, festooned with handcuffs, lying in John's garage. Gina makes a mad dash for the door as the Colonel tries to explain that while he was having kinky sex with the prostitute she just up and died. He needs her help but Gina's not interested and refuses him. He reminds her he's a decorated man and this can't get out but Gina doesn't care. He plays the family card, knowing it'll get to her but she moves toward the door. John has a heart attack and falls to the floor so Gina calls 911 and makes one more call for somebody to clean the place up.
Later, Jamie's busy at work cleaning up any prints and belongings of the prostitute. He wonders solemnly what he has gotten himself into and leaves.
Meanwhile, Gina's outside, crying, looking at old photos of her childhood.


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Glenn Mroz
- firstname.lastname@example.com
- 906-487-2200
- Administration Building 500
- PhD, Forestry, North Carolina State University
- BS, MS, Forestry, Michigan Technological University
Dr. Glenn D. Mroz became the ninth president of Michigan Technological University in 2004 after serving as Dean of the School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science for four years. He served as a faculty member in the School since 1980. Dr. Mroz earned his BS and MS degrees in Forestry from Michigan Technological University and earned his PhD in forestry from North Carolina State University in 1983.
Mroz is a member of the Citizens Research Council of Michigan, Chair of the Michigan Universities Presidents Council, and Chair of the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Council of Presidents. At the national level, he is one of thirty members of the Association of Governing Boards Council of Presidents, a member of the Science Coalition, and a former member of the American Council on Education Commission on Lifelong Learning. He is also a member of the Society of American Foresters, Xi Sigma Pi, Forestry Honor Society, and Soils Science Society of America.


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1-year limited warranty
List Price $19.99 Save $7.00 (35%)
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Average Customer Review4.5 (2 reviews)
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Things I liked:Fits airforce tank well.
Things I would have changed:Make holes just a bit smaller
What others should know:Got mine in .20 cal. Pellets fell out easily when bumped or brushed when inserted head first. Problem was easily fixed by inserting pellets scirt first.
A .250" pad is very thin. It will hold roundnose and wadcutter pellets ONLY. A.325 " pad is needed for pointed and "longer" pellets.
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My Town: Steve Stricker's Madison
A true Wisconsinite, this tour veteran loves the area's "down-home" vibe
Steve Stricker
A former All-American at Illinois, Stricker turned pro in 1990 and earned his PGA Tour card in 1993. During his 19 seasons on tour, he has won 12 tournament titles, nine coming since turning 40 in 2007, and earned more than $33 million. He has posted top-10 finishes in all four majors and has played on winning Ryder Cup (2008) and Presidents Cup (1996, 2007, 2009, 2011) teams. He and his wife, Nicki, have two daughters.
Steve Stricker has lived in the Madison, Wis., area his entire life, growing up in nearby Edgerton and calling the state capital home throughout his 22-year pro career. He has remained true to his roots, and there has been no reason to leave, frankly, when you can rise as high as No. 2 in the World Ranking staying in this climate, even throughout harsh winters when all you can do is blast balls into snow banks.
"It's just a real down-home kind of place where you can bring up your kids and enjoy a lot of great outdoor activities," said the 45-year-old.
Home to the University of Wisconsin, Madison has a true college-town atmosphere. The capitol building is located on an isthmus between Lakes Mendota and Monona, with two other large lakes nearby, so watersports are a prominent recreational component.
Golf has its place in the state too, hosting an annual PGA Tour stop in Milwaukee for many years and more recently several majors, including the U.S. Women's Open next month at Blackwolf Run in Kohler.
Madison's golf choices aren't what you'd call prolific, just solid, like the citizenry.
What comes to mind first, especially for public courses, is University Ridge, the University of Wisconsin course. Robert Trent Jones Jr. designed it. It's challenging and beautiful. The front nine is more open than the back, which runs through woodlands. You have to drive it well.
The Legend at Bergamont is a new place south of the city in Oregon, Wis. Another Madison guy, Andy North, designed it. The course has quite a few bunkers (75) and water hazards on half the holes. It's a pretty place with tall fescue grasses on mounds that separate fairways. ... Odana Hills is a municipal course the city manages. It's inexpensive and pretty good, scenic but not too hard, with the back tees only about 6,600 yards. It gets a lot of play.
Finally, there's my home course, Cherokee CC, which I'm partial to. It has very tight driving areas, but big, flat greens that are fun to putt. It's always in great shape. It hasn't hurt my game over the years.
The Tornado Steakhouse is probably one of the best choices when you're coming off the course. It doesn't look that great on the outside, but is very cool on the inside with its decorations and atmosphere. It's known for its great steaks and good seafood choices. ... Marsh Shapiro's Nitty Gritty is a neat sports bar. It's next to the Kohl Center, the venue for Badgers' basketball. People really pack in there, especially on game nights, and it's the place to go for birthdays, too. You get free drinks, soda or beer, all day on your birthday. It's known as Madison's Official Birthday Bar.
Staying downtown is the best option, and there are some nice places. Probably one of the better choices is the Edgewater Hotel, which has a nice atmosphere overlooking Lake Mendota.
Something more offbeat but very good is the Mansion Hill Inn, which features some cool architecture. The building was originally constructed in the Victorian Era by Alexander McDonnell, who built Madison's second capitol building. It's now a boutique hotel with about a dozen rooms.
If you're with your family, the Madison Children's Museum is a great place. My kids like it because it has a lot of interactive exhibits. ... The other spot my kids like is the Henry Vilas Zoo, which is free to the public. They have done a lot of work with that over the last few years, and they continuously upgrade it.
If you come in the fall, a great weekend option is to take in a Badgers' football game. Come get the college-town experience. Madison is a great sports town, which is another thing I enjoy about it.
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text:
Faculty Spotlights
Steve Ziebarth
Art and Art History
Grand Rapids, MI
M.F.A. University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
B.F.A. Kendall College of Art and Design, Grand Rapids, MI
Questions and answers
Why did you choose to teach at BW?
I appreciate the intellectual rigor that the liberal arts tradition offers to the young artist. The breadth of knowledge obtained in the core curriculum often informs the artistic decisions our students make about their own work with regards to form, content and concept.
What characteristics distinguish BW from other colleges/universities?
There is a rich and meaningful environment in which to develop here. Within the Art Department, we have been able to maintain a strong sense of community while preparing students for acceptance into some of the top graduate programs in the country.
How do you mentor students?
By getting to know them as individuals through conversations in the studios. Discussions occur on just about every topic: from the hopes and fears of life, to pop culture, to career goals. These life-affirming (and sometimes life-altering) conversations are one of the great advantages of a smaller college and department like ours. We get to know our students and they get to know us.
What do students like best about your class?
That I push them to become their personal best while maintaining a sense of humor about it all. To make art is to be involved in the best possible combination of work and play I know of.
If you weren't teaching what would you be doing?
Painting- all day, every day. Sundays and evening hours would be reserved for family, reading, gardening and bonsai formation.


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As the nation mourned the Connecticut victims, New York City remembered another murdered principal.
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