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A wavefront sensor includes an afocal relay stage for magnifying an incoming wavefront reflected from a source plane. In an exemplary application, a retina of an eye reflects an impinging light beam thereon to form a series of wavefronts. A lenslet array is positioned at a reference plane of the afocal relay stage to receive the magnified wavefront. Further downstream is positioned a means for imaging and demagnifying a focal plane image of the lenslet array at a final image plane. This demagnified image then serves as input to an analyzer, such as a charge-coupled-device (CCD) camera.
1. A wavefront sensor comprising:
an afocal relay stage for magnifying an incoming wavefront reflected from a source plane;
a lenslet array positioned at a reference plane of the afocal relay stage for receiving the magnified wavefront; and
means for imaging and demagnifying a focal plane image of the lenslet array at a final image plane, for serving as input to an analyzer.
2. The wavefront sensor recited in
3. The wavefront sensor recited in
4. The wavefront sensor recited in
5. The wavefront sensor recited in
6. A system for determining refractive aberrations of an eye comprising:
means for directing a beam of light onto a cornea of an eye;
an afocal relay stage for magnifying wavefronts of light reflected from a retina of the eye;
a lenslet array positioned at a reference plane of the afocal relay stage for receiving the magnified wavefront;
means for demagnifying a focal plane image of the lenslet array at a final image plane; and
means for imaging the final image plane for determining aberrations from planarity of the reflected wavefronts.
7. The system recited in
8. The system recited in
9. The system recited in
10. The system recited in
11. The system recited in
12. The system recited in
13. A method of measuring refractive aberrations in an eye comprising the steps of:
directing a beam of light onto a cornea of an eye;
magnifying wavefronts of light reflected from a retina of the eye;
directing the magnified wavefronts to a lenslet array positioned at a reference plane of the magnified wavefronts;
demagnifying a focal plane image of the lenslet array at a final image plane; and
imaging the final image plane for determining aberrations from planarity of the reflected wavefronts.
14. The method recited in
15. The method recited in
16. The method recited in
17. The method recited in
18. The method recited in
19. The method recited in
20. A method for constructing a system for measuring refractive aberrations in an eye comprising the steps of:
providing means for directing a beam of light onto a cornea of an eye;
providing means for magnifying wavefronts of light reflected from a retina of the eye;
providing a lenslet array positioned at a reference plane of the magnified wavefronts;
providing means for demagnifying a focal plane image of the lenslet array at a final image plane; and
providing means for imaging the final image plane; and
providing means for determining aberrations from planarity of the reflected wavefronts.
This application claims priority from provisional application Ser. No. 60/198,536, filed Apr. 19, 2000, "Wavefront Sensor with an Extended Dynamic Range and a Small-Format CCD Detector."
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to optical measurement systems and methods, and, more particularly, to such systems and methods for objective measurement of an eye.
2. Description of Related Art
Optical systems having a real image focus can receive collimated light and focus it at a point. Such optical systems can be found in nature, e.g., human and animal eyes, or can be manmade, e.g., laboratory systems, guidance systems, and the like. In either case, aberrations in the optical system can affect the system's performance. By way of example, the human eye will be used to explain this problem.
A perfect or ideal eye diffusely reflects an impinging light beam from its retina through the optics of the eye, which includes a lens and a cornea. For such an ideal eye in a relaxed state, i.e., not accommodating to provide near-field focus, reflected light exits the eye as a sequence of plane waves. However, an eye typically has aberrations that cause deformation or distortion of reflected light waves exiting the eye. An aberrated eye diffusely reflects an impinging light beam from its retina through its lens and cornea as a sequence of distorted wavefronts.
There are a number of technologies that attempt to provide the patient with improved visual acuity. Examples of such technologies include remodeling of the cornea using refractive laser surgery or intra-corneal implants, adding synthetic lenses to the optical system using intra-ocular lens implants, and precision-ground spectacles. In each case, the amount of corrective treatment is typically determined by placing spherical and/or cylindrical lenses of known refractive power at the spectacle plane (approximately 1.0-1.5 cms anterior to the cornea) and literally asking the patient which lens or lens combination provides the clearest vision. This is an imprecise measurement of true distortions in the reflected wavefront because (1) a single spherocylindrical compensation is applied across the entire wavefront; (2) vision is tested at discrete intervals (i.e., diopter units) of refractive correction; and (3) subjective determination by the patient is made in order to determine the optical correction. Thus conventional methodology for determining refractive errors in the eye is substantially less accurate than the techniques now available for correcting ocular aberrations.
One method of measuring ocular refractive errors is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,258,791 to Penney et al. for "Spatially Resolved Objective Autorefractometer," which teaches the use of an autorefractometer to measure the refraction of the eye at numerous discrete locations across the corneal surface. Penney '791 further teaches the use of autorefractometer measurements in determining an appropriate corneal surface reshaping to provide emmetropia, a condition of a normal eye when parallel beams or rays of light are focused exactly on the retina and vision is perfect.
By way of example, one method and system known in the art are disclosed by Junzhong Liang et al. in "Objective Measurement Of Wave Aberrations of the Human Eye with the Use of a Hartmann-Shack Wave-Front Sensor"[J. Opt. Soc. Am. 11(7), July 1994, pp 1949-57]. Liang et al. teach the use of a Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor to measure ocular aberrations by measuring the wavefront emerging from the eye by the retinal reflection of a focused laser light spot on the retina's fovea. The actual wavefront is reconstructed using wavefront estimation with Zernike polynomials. A parallel beam of laser light passes through beam splitters and a lens pair, which brings the beam to a focus point on the retina by the optics of the eye. Possible myopia or hyperopia of the tested eye is corrected by movement of a lens within the lens pair. The focused light on the fovea is then assumed to be diffusely reflected and acts as a point source located on the retina. The reflected light passes through the eye and forms a distorted wavefront in front of the eye that results from the ocular aberrations. The aberrated wavefront is then directed to the wavefront sensor.
The Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor disclosed by Liang et al. includes two identical layers of cylindrical lenses with the layers arranged so that lenses in each layer are perpendicular to one another, as further disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,062,702 to Bille. In this way, the two layers operate as a two-dimensional array of spherical lenslets that divide the incoming light wave into subapertures. The light through each subaperture is brought to focus in the focal plane of the lens array where a charge-coupled-device (CCD) image module resides.
The system of Liang et al. is calibrated by impinging an ideal plane wave of light on the lenslet array so that a reference or calibrating pattern of focus spots is imaged on the CCD. Since the ideal wavefront is planar, each spot related to the ideal wavefront is located on the optical axis of the corresponding lenslet. When a distorted wavefront passes through the lenslet array, the image spots on the CCD are shifted with respect to a reference pattern generated by the ideal wavefront. Each shift is proportional to a local slope, i.e., partial derivatives of the distorted wavefront, which partial derivatives are used to reconstruct the distorted wavefront, by means of modal wavefront estimation using Zernike polynomials.
However, the system disclosed by Liang et al. is effective only for eyes having fairly good vision. Eyes that exhibit considerable myopia (near-sightedness) cause the focus spots to overlap on the CCD, thereby making local slope determination practically impossible for eyes having this condition. Similarly, eyes that exhibit considerable hyperopia (farsightedness) deflect the focus spots such that they do not impinge on the CCD, thereby again making local slope determination practically impossible for eyes having this condition.
Various embodiments of a method and system for objectively measuring aberrations of optical systems by wavefront analysis have been disclosed in commonly owned application Ser. No. 09/566,668, "Apparatus and Method for Objective Measurement and Correction of Optical Systems Using Wavefront Analysis," filed May 8, 2000, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. In this invention, an energy source generates a beam of radiation. Optics, disposed in the path of the beam, direct the beam through a focusing optical system (e.g., the eye) that has a rear portion (e.g., the retina) that provides a diffuse reflector. The beam is diffusely reflected back from the rear portion as a wavefront of radiation that passes through the focusing optical system to impinge on the optics. The optics project the wavefront to a wavefront analyzer in direct correspondence with the wavefront as it emerges from the focusing optical system. A wavefront analyzer is disposed in the path of the wavefront projected from the optics and calculates distortions of the wavefront as an estimate of ocular aberrations of the focusing optical system. The wavefront analyzer includes a wavefront sensor coupled to a processor that analyzes the sensor data to reconstruct the wavefront to include the distortions thereof.
A perfectly collimated light beam (i.e., a bundle of parallel light rays, here a small-diameter, eye-safe laser beam) incident on a perfect, ideal emmetropic eye, focuses to a diffraction-limited small spot on the retina. This perfect focusing is true for all light rays passing through the entrance pupil, regardless of position. From the wavefront perspective, the collimated light represents a series of perfect plane waves striking the eye. The light emanates from an illuminated spot on the retina as wavefronts exiting as a series of perfect plane waves, which are directed onto a wavefront analyzer for measuring distortions from ideality.
In one embodiment, the radiation is optical radiation and the wavefront sensor is implemented using a plate and a planar array of light-sensitive cells. The plate is generally opaque but has an array of light-transmissive apertures that selectively let impinging light therethrough. The plate is disposed in the path of the wavefront so that portions of the wavefront pass through the light-transmissive apertures. The planar array of cells is arranged parallel to and spaced apart from the plate by a selected distance. Each portion of the wavefront passing through one of the light-transmissive apertures illuminates a geometric shape covering a unique plurality of cells.
The wavefront optical path relays the re-emitted wavefront from the corneal plane to an entrance face of a Hartman-Shack wavefront sensor. The wavefront incident on the sensor is received by a sensitive charged-coupled-device (CCD) camera and an optical plate containing an array of lenslets. The lenslet array is parallel to the CCD detector face, with a distance therebetween approximately equal to the focal length of each lens in the lenslet array. The lenslet array divides the incoming wavefront into a matching array of "wavelets," each of which focuses to a small spot on the CCD detector plane. The constellation of wavelet spots in the CCD is used to reconstruct the shape of the incident wavefront. Collimated light striking the lenslet at normal (perpendicular) incidence would focus to the spot on the CCD face where this optical axis intersects. The optics of the apparatus provides such collimated light to the wavefront sensor using a calibration optical path.
In the case of a reflected aberrated wavefront, light focuses to a spot displaced from the collimated reference point by a distance Dx. The distance from the lenslet face to the CCD surface, Dz, is precisely known. Therefore, dividing the measured displacement, Dx, by the known propagation distance, Dz, the slope of the wavefront at the location of this lens element is determined. The same calculation is applied in the y direction within the plane, and the entire process applied to every lenslet element irradiated by the wavefront. A mathematical algorithm is then applied to reconstruct the wavefront shape consistent with the calculated Dx/Dz and Dy/Dz slope data. Regardless of which wavefront sensor is used, the distance between the planar array of cells and the opaque plate, or the array of lenslets, can be varied to adjust the slope measurement gain of the wavefront sensor and thereby improve the dynamic range of the system.
Another measure of dynamic range enhancement is provided by the focusing optics. The focusing optics includes first and second lenses maintained in fixed positions in the path of the beam and wavefront. An arrangement of optical elements is disposed between the lenses in the path of the beam and the wavefront. The optical elements are adjustable to change the optical path length between the lenses. If an optical correction is desired, the distortions are converted to an optical correction, which, if placed in the path of the wavefront, causes the wavefront to appear approximately as a plane wave. The optical correction can be in the form of a lens or an amount of corneal material ablated from the eye.
One method for determining aberrations of an eye, herein described by way of example, includes directing a probe beam along a probe beam path toward an eye, directing a fixation image along a fixation image path toward the eye, directing a light source along a video image path toward the eye, generating a video image of the eye, directing a wavefront originating from the eye along a wavefront path, wherein the probe beam path, the fixation image path, the video image path, and the wavefront path are coincident at least along a portion of their respective paths, the probe beam path terminating at the retina of the eye and the probe beam reflecting from the retina of the eye as a wavefront, aligning the eye with the probe beam path based at least in part on the video image of the eye generated by the light source directed along the video image path, measuring the wavefront, and generating data representative of the aberrations of the eye based on the measurement of the wavefront. Further, the aligning of the eye with the probe beam path based at least in part on the video image of the eye generated by the light source directed along the video image path, may have the wavefront pass through a single microlens array.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a system and method for objectively measuring ocular aberrations using a wavefront analyzer of simple and inexpensive design.
It is a further object to provide such an apparatus and method that can employ a small-format camera.
It is an additional object to provide a method for constructing such a system.
These and other objects are achieved by the present invention, a wavefront sensor that comprises an afocal relay stage for magnifying an incoming wavefront reflected from a source plane. In an exemplary application, a retina of an eye reflects an impinging light beam thereon to form a series of wavefronts.
A lenslet array is positioned at a reference plane of the afocal relay stage to receive the magnified wavefront. Further downstream is positioned a means for imaging and demagnifying a focal plane image of the lenslet array at a final image plane. This demagnified image then serves as input to an analyzer, such as, but not intended to be limited to, a charge-coupled-device (CCD) camera.
The features that characterize the invention, both as to organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, will be better understood from the following description used in conjunction with the accompanying drawing. It is to be expressly understood that the drawing is for the purpose of illustration and description and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the invention. These and other objects attained, and advantages offered, by the present invention will become more fully apparent as the description that now follows is read in conjunction with the accompanying drawing.
FIG. 1 (prior art) is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for wavefront sensing.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the apparatus of the present invention for wavefront sensing.
A description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be presented with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.
The prior art apparatus 10 (FIG. 1) includes a first 11 and a second 12 afocal relay stage within the optical axis 13. The optical path through the first afocal relay stage 11 results in an image of the corneal plane 14 at a first image plane 15, which serves as an insertion point for a spherical trial lens, as described in application Ser. No. 09/566,668.
The wavefront sensor comprises a microlens array plate and a charge-coupled-device (CCD) camera at the second image plane 16 separated by a fixed distance. The optical path 13 thus creates an image of the corneal plane 14 at the lenslet array, that is, at the entrance face of the actual wavefront sensor, which could be accomplished by a single afocal relay stage. Placing a spherical lens into the optical axis 13 at the first image plane 15, in theory, could be used to remove the defocus wavefront error. This would potentially expand the dynamic range of the apparatus 10. However, the trial lens approach is a moving mechanism that can position lenses at the first image plane 15 with tremendous accuracy and repeatability. It was therefore highly desirable that alternative means be developed to address dynamic range.
The present invention 20 (FIG. 2) accomplishes this by magnifying the corneal plane 14 image with the first afocal stage 21. Magnification of the wavefront reduces the wavefront slope, so that the displacement of the focused lights spots on the CCD is decreased. The prior art design 10 does include some magnification in the second afocal stage 12 for this reason. The chosen magnification factor used with that apparatus 10 at the second afocal stage 12 is approximately 1.2, which is insufficient to cover the desired range in refractive errors. A magnification factor in excess of 1.5 is desirable for expanding the use of the apparatus 10. However, simply magnifying the corneal plane 14 has a drawback in that it necessitate a large-aperture wavefront sensor. That is, both the lens array and the CCD camera would preferably have large cross-sectional areas to encompass the magnified image of the point of plane. This is not a significant issue for the lens array plate; however, a large-format CCD camera is quite expensive, and such cameras are only available from a limited number of vendors.
The apparatus 20 of the present invention solves this difficulty. The corneal plane 14 is imaged at a reference plane 22 by the first afocal relay stage 21. The first afocal relay stage 21 magnifies the corneal plane 14 by a predetermined amount. A lenslet array plate 23 is placed at reference plane 22. Focused spots of light from an eye are produced at the lenslet array 23 focal plane 24.
A second afocal relay stage 25 images the array focal plane 24 at a camera plane 26, where the CCD is located. The second stage 25 may be other than an afocal design, but preferably should provide demagnification of the array focal plane 24. This feature permits a small-active-area camera to be used as the light-recording element in the wavefront sensor. Specifics of the optical design are adjustable as desired to maximize performance for given camera and lenslet array specifications.
It may be appreciated by one skilled in the art that additional embodiments may be contemplated, including alternate optical elements to achieve similar functions.
In the foregoing description, certain terms have been used for brevity, clarity, and understanding, but no unnecessary limitations are to be implied therefrom beyond the requirements of the prior art, because such words are used for description purposes herein and are intended to be broadly construed. Moreover, the embodiments of the apparatus illustrated and described herein are by way of example, and the scope of the invention is not limited to the exact details of construction.
Having now described the invention, the construction, the operation and use of preferred embodiment thereof, and the advantageous new and useful results obtained thereby, the new and useful constructions, and reasonable mechanical equivalents thereof obvious to those skilled in the art, are set forth in the appended claims.
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The daily challenges of life–jobs, kids, activities, and errands–have a way of overwhelming a marriage. Before you know it, other things are taking more priority above what's most important: your spouse and family. FamilyLife's Weekend to Remember marriage getaway is your chance to make a change.
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- 4
- people in the U.S. have this name View April Grondahl on Whitepages
Meaning & Origins
From the month (Latin (mensis) aprilis, probably a derivative of aperire 'to open', as the month when buds open and flowers appear). It forms part of a series with May and June, all names taken from months associated with the spring, a time of new birth and growth, and may originally have been intended as an English version of the supposedly French name Avril.
|205th in the U.S.
Swedish (Gröndahl): ornamental name composed of the elements grön 'green' + dahl, an ornamental (old) spelling of dal 'valley'.
|41,466th in the U.S.
Nicknames & variations
Aprille, Aprile, Aprill, Apriel, Aprial, Aprielle, Aprilla, Aprila, Aprilee, Aprili
Grimsley, Grondin, Grindle, Groner, Gronewold, Gronau, Gronlund, Groninger, Gronski, Gronowski


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Local schools receive $80,000 grants
Community Learning Centers are designed to improve student achievement, attendance, and behavior by providing enriching activities for youth during out-of-school hours. The funds can be used to support before-and-after-school, weekend, and summer activities.
Funding for this latest round of grants was awarded to programs that serve schools with at least 40 percent or more of enrolled students at or below poverty level and a high percentage of students struggling academically.
The first-time grants were awarded to Cunningham Intermediate School in Beloit, and Jefferson Elementary School in Janesville.


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The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) has released a report claiming that search engines are a significant contributor to piracy.
Contradicting Google Google's recent claims that its moves to fight piracy are working, the MPAA concludes that 82 percent of search-derived traffic to the infringing sites it examined came via Google Search. Overall, it says, search engines influenced one in five of the sessions in which consumers accessed infringing TV or film content online between 2010 and 2012. This translates to over four billion visits per year.
Changes that Google made to its algorithm last year, taking into account the number of take-down notices a site has received, haven't affected the amount of traffic infringing sites receive through search, it says.
"This study reaffirms the significant responsibility that search engines share with all of us in the Internet ecosystem to help prevent the theft of movies and TV shows online," says MPAA chairman Senator Chris Dodd. "Search engines bear responsibility for introducing people to infringing content – even people who aren't actively looking for it."
This is one of the MPAA's biggest beefs with Google. It claims that most search queries leading to the viewing of illegal content don't contain the sort of keywords you'd expect to see if the searcher were specifically looking for it. Instead, says the MPAA, 58 percent of the keywords that were used immediately before infringing content was viewed were generic, or referred only to the title of the content.
"For years, I have been making the case that responsible players in the internet ecosystem – from payment processors to advertisers to ISPs – have a responsibility and a self-interest to take voluntary, good faith steps against rampant online piracy," says Rep. Adam Schiff, who has called for more government action against piracy. "This study shows that there is much more that search engines must do when it comes to pointing consumers towards legal outlets."
The figures support the findings of another recent study, this time commissioned by NBC Universal, which found that nearly a quarter of current internet bandwidth is taken up by traffic that infringes copyright. "The absolute amount of bandwidth being used for infringing content grew by 160 percent over the period between 2010 and 2012," says David Price, director of piracy analysis for NetNames, which produced the report.
In the light of these and other similar reports, Google is getting increasingly defensive about its anti-piracy initiatives. Last week, it produced its own report, detailing its anti-piracy initiatives and that most queries now do only return legitimate pages, rather than infringing sites.


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ACHICA > Crocs
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Crocs is a world leader in innovative casual footwear, having sold more than 200 million pairs of shoes in more than 90 countries internationally. All Crocs shoes feature 'Croslite' material, a revolutionary technology that gives each pair of shoes the soft, comfortable, lightweight and odour-resistant qualities the brand has become famous for. These Crocs kids' shoes are so comfortable, your children won't want to take them off.


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Canadian aerostructures specialist Avcorp Industries says it has dropped a nearly three-year-old lawsuit against Bombardier and is seeking to participate in several of the Canadian airframer's new aircraft programmes.
Avcorp also says that it has agreed that Bombardier will not pay any "consideration" to Avcorp as a result of dropping the lawsuit.
Avcorp filed a lawsuit against Bombardier in 2010 in the Superior Court of Quebec after its work on the CRJ700 regional jet programme was terminated.
The Vancouver-based supplier also builds components for several Bombardier programmes, including the Challenger 605 and 850, and composite floorboards for Learjets, CRJs and Q400s. Avcorp does not list any participation in the CSeries or Global 7000 and 8000 programmes, which are all currently in development.
"The company looks forward to continuing its valued relationship as a supplier to Bombardier," Avcorp says.
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Lyons scores 20 in No. 8 Arizona's win over Clemson
CLEMSON — Mark Lyons scored a season-high 20 points and No. 8 Arizona used a late second-half run to improve to 7-0 for the first time in 14 years with a 66-54 victory over Clemson on Saturday night.
The Wildcats squandered a 14-point lead and were down 42-36 after Rod Hall's 3-pointer with 12:07 remaining.
Clemson (5-3) scored just two field goals in the final 8:45. Milton Jennings led the Tigers with 15 points in his return.
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The ritual of kaparot [lit. atonement], which is usually done just prior to Yom Kippur (usually the day before), where one waves a chicken or an [unspecified] amount of money over one's head in a circular motion three times while chanting a text, and then gives the ritually used object to charity, seems difficult to understand. If charity can atone for sin, why does one need to wave it around one's head? Can this ritual be performed any time of year? Where did the idea of chickens come from, and why a chicken more so than any other animal?
Kitzur Shulchan Aruch (131:1) states:
Nitei Gavriel Yom Kippur 10:2:4 says that a chicken was selected for the following reasons.
A: It is not too expensive.
B: It should not seem like a Korbon (Makriv Kodoshim BaChutz). And a chicken is not used as a Korbon.
Nitei Gavriel Yom Kippur 10:17 says that it can be done also with live fish and money, and you also wave the money around your head.
Nitei Gavriel Yom Kippur 10:7 says that if it was not done during the Aseres Yemei Teshuva it may be done on Hoshana Raba. It seems from here that it is specific for this time of the year.


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SCRANTON — More than 30 residents of a high-rise apartment building in Scranton have been out of their homes, after flames swept through the place Sunday.
The fire at the United House Apartments chased from their homes many elderly residents, as well as some others with physical and mental disabilities.
A manager for United House Apartments told Newswatch 16 electricity had to be shut off in half of the building, but that power should be back by Monday night.
In the aftermath of Sunday's fire, residents said they'll be looking at the building's safety procedures just in case something like this ever happens again.
From the outside, the damage at the apartment building in Scranton looks pretty superficial. The eighth floor apartment where firefighters say it all started is missing its windows. But, residents said the water damage got to just about every floor below.
Then, there was the logistics of it all. Residents who didn't have damage to their own apartments were still shaken up. About 90 residents, many of them disabled, had to leave when the fire broke out.
"Before the firefighters got here, people who are able to walk better were helping them come down because a lot of them didn't know what to do, when the alarm started rolling they were just wandering," said resident Cesar Rossi.
The fire started Sunday morning. Fire investigators say it was sparked by some kind of electrical problem. The entire building had to be evacuated. Some residents needed help from firefighters.
Most of the residents were let back in. But, 36 of them had to spend the night someplace else while crews cleaned up and got the power back on. Managers said a shelter was set up nearby, but it wasn't needed. Those 36 people stayed with neighbors or with family.
In the aftermath, Rossi and other residents say they plan to meet with management to see if there's a safer way to evacuate if this ever happens again.
"It was pretty crazy, this is my first time experiencing something like this. But, everyone did good work the fire department, they were very friendly," Rossi said.
Residents told Newswatch 16 they're supposed to have a meeting this week to talk about building safety. No one was hurt during the ordeal Sunday.


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text:
Back to Faculty and Staff Affairs
|University of Arkansas at Little Rock
|Policy Name: Responsibility for Holding Classes
|Policy Number: 404.17
|Effective Date: March 27, 1994
"Each faculty member meets classes at the regular or announced scheduled time and location unless a change is approved in advance by the department chairperson or unless an emergency occurs. Each faculty member is properly prepared for all classes and meets them punctually." (Faculty Handbook, section 7, p. 1)
UALR has a written inclement weather policy that guides decisions on closing classes.
Source: UALR Faculty Handbook & Provost's website
Approved By:
Custodian: Provost


text:
Funeral Tuesday for W.Va. student slain at game
Nov. 05, 2012 @ 04:21 PM
VALLEY BEND, W.Va. (AP) — Services are scheduled in Randolph County on Tuesday for a high school student who died in an altercation last month.
WDTV-TV reports the funeral for Dustin White will be held at 11 a.m. Tuesday at the Randolph Funeral Home in Valley Bend.
The 17-year-old was a student at Tygarts Valley High School. Police said he died following the altercation with another student at a Tygarts Valley football game on Oct. 26.


text:
Mandatory Access Control with SELinux
SELinux provides a comprehensive Mandatory Access Control system for Linux, if you are ready for all the details.
SELinux is a security-enhanced adaptation of the Linux kernel developed under the auspices of the US National Security Agency (NSA). According to the NSA, SELinux works by enforcing "access control policies that confine user programs and system servers to the minimum amount of privilege they need to do their job." The security of an ordinary Linux system is based on a concept known as Discretionary Access Control (DAC). In a DAC system, a user is granted access to a resource (such as a file or directory) based on the user's credentials, and users have the discretion to modify permissions for any resources they happen to control. This design gives attackers a means for gaining entry to a system. If root launches the Adobe Reader to access a PDF from an untrusted source, an attacker could exploit a vulnerability to start a root shell, even though root shells have nothing to do with what Adobe Reader is supposed to be doing.
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Lenovo and Canonical Announce Laptop Deal
PC vendor will pre-install Ubuntu on portables in India.
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More embarrassment for Adobe's embattled multimedia tool
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text:
"They come to the line of scrimmage and the first thing they do is start looking for me....I know, and they know. When theyd find me theyd start screaming: 56 left ! 56 left!....So theres this thing I did. After the play was over Id come up behind them and whisper: dont worry where I am. Ill tell you when I get there."
- Lawrence Taylor
PF still needs to stop this "bend dont break" BS. Three-and-outs give us the ball just like interceptions do...
Eli Manning knows how phones and football go together
You wouldn't say that the Gmen or Pats have a dominant defense by any means. But they're clearly giving their teams a chance to win, even if it is frustrating to watch opposing QBs dink-and-dunk on you every game. It's a tradeoff and it's worked more times than not.
"Measure Twice......Cut Once"
You couldn't be more full of **** if you were break dancing in a Port-a-Potty.......Kruunch
However the problem with the BDB defense is that highly efficient teams can usually pick it apart. If you look at the games we lost this season, it was with the other team making few or no mistakes during the game. Those kinds of mistakes also go down in the playoffs. It also depends on turnovers and keeps the defense on the field longer. Not a good combination.
It's an effective defense ... just not the kind of defense I prefer and it's complex enough (in assignments) to make it an ongoing challenge for our players.
But for all the yapping, you do make a good point ... it's worked more times than not this year.
Last edited by Kruunch; 12-11-2012 at 04:25 PM.


text:
A new program, the National Security track in International Studies offers focused study
addressing the U.S. approach to a rapidly evolving range of security issues. Students gain
a deep understanding of security in an increasingly globalized 21st century.
Learn more
National Security Grad Elise Wallis '13, Lauded for Success
Wallis, who graduated from Baldwin Wallace on May 12, has accrued impressive experiences while at the University.
Last summer she was among 631 students selected from more than 5,200 student applicants for a 2012 U.S. Department of State Critical Language Scholarship. The fully funded scholarship provided Wallis with two months of intensive language instruction and structured cultural enrichment.
"Being chosen for this competitive program was a wonderful honor and opportunity," said Judy Krutky, Ph.D., professor of political science and international studies. "Studying in Tunisia, she learned the language and culture and can now better understand the thinking of the people."
While there, Wallis had Arabic lessons four hours each day, which included three hours of Modern Standard Arabic and one hour Tunisian dialect.
"While the academic facet of the program was quite demanding," said Wallis, "the CLS faculty and staff made it both engaging and enjoyable."
Updated May 2013


text:
Calvary Baptist Temple is located at 4625 Waters Avenue on 22.6 acres of land in the middle of Savannah, Georgia, across from Memorial Health University Medical Center. The campus includes a worship center, two gymnasiums, a youth building, a football field, and several educational buildings. These facilities are used jointly with Calvary Day School and Calvary Early Learning Center.
Pastor Kenny Grant oversees the ministries of Calvary Baptist Temple, including Calvary Day School and Calvary Early Learning Center. Calvary Day School is a private, non-denominational Christian school (Pre-K through high school), with a competitive sports program. Calvary Early Learning Center provides childcare education for children ages six weeks to three years old.
We invite you to join us at Calvary Baptist Temple! Come and connect with other believers through one of our Connect Classes on Sunday mornings at 9 AM. Then join us for the Sunday Worship Services at 10:15 AM and 5 PM. And don't forget to get your midweek reminder of God's goodness in our Wednesday Word and Worship Service at 6:30 PM. We look forward to seeing you!
We believe that the voices of our society that try to distract and confuse us are challenged and quieted by the concrete principles and precepts found in Scripture. The preaching/teaching endeavors of our church are intentionally designed to demonstrate how the Bible intersects with the everyday occurrences of life. For counsel that is as challenging as it is comforting, and as relevant as it is reassuring, Calvary is the place.
We believe that worship is meant to be a magnificent encounter in which the Divine and the human meet – an event that facilitates a personal interaction between God and those who seek Him. For a worship experience that is exciting, vibrant, and uplifting, Calvary is the place.
We believe that caring for others is a vital part of congregational life. Those who are active here find that their joys are doubled while their sorrows are halved. For friendship that encourages the heart and lightens the load, Calvary is the place.
We believe that the Christian church has the most important mission on earth, and that the church, with its message of life in Christ, is the hope of the world. Indeed, all who follow Christ are ministers and play a significant role in our reaching/teaching/caring initiatives. For service opportunities that make a real difference, Calvary is the place.
Kenny Grant has served as Senior Pastor since November 2012. A former Marine Drill Instructor, Kenny has a unique style of teaching and preaching. He communicates with insight, clarity, passion, and humor. His impactful messages always leave his audiences informed, inspired, and equipped to apply God's Word to their daily lives. Kenny's wife, Shirley "completes him." They are the parents of Kenetha, Gina, KJ, Kameron, and the grandparents to Keara.
Jody has served since December, 2010 with his family-Miriam (the wonderful wife) and Hannah and Josiah (the fantastic kids). He is in his 19th year of youth ministry and loves to see students grow into what God has called them to be. Jody's favorite verse is Hebrews 4:12, "For the word of God is living and active, sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing to the division of soul and of spirit, of joints and of marrow, and discerning the thoughts and intentions of the heart."
Natalie Lee began her ministry at Calvary Baptist Temple in Feburary 2014. Natalie is excited to be working with the Children's Ministries here at Calvary which includes all children in grades K-5. Natalie has also been a coach for five years at Calvary Day School. She is married to her husband, Phillip Lee. Natalie is inspired by Jeremiah 29:11. This verse states, "For I know the plans I have for you declares the Lord, Plans to prosper you and not harm you, Plans to give you hope and a future."
Laura Carr was named Director of Preschool Ministries at Calvary Baptist Temple in June of 2014. After graduating from Savannah Christian, Laura attended Brewton-Parker College and received her Bachelors in Psychology. She is married to John Carr, the Middle School science teacher and assistant baseball coach at Calvary. Laura is very excited about the Preschool Ministry, and is anxious for God to move in the children's lives through her and all of the wonderful volunteers.
Derward has served with his wife, Suzanne, and daughters, Tiffany and Ashley, since May 2000 in both the church and school ministries. He is a native of Savannah and has been in ministry since 1985. Derward considers it a great blessing and privilege to serve the church and school families. A prominent verse for his ministry would be Colossians 3:17, "Whatever you do in word or deed, do it all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks through Him to God the Father."
Patrick has attended Calvary since June 2006 with his beautiful wife, Mary Ann, and his sons, Cameron and Cooper. He has served as the Pastor of Worship since January 2013. God has blessed Patrick and Mary Ann with two amazing little boys and they just can't get enough of their joyful smiles and addictive cuddles. Patrick loves music, exploring technology of all kinds, and leading worship at Calvary each week. His life verse is John 3:30 and believes that "Worship isn't a job, it's my passion."
Rich and his wife Anna came to Calvary Baptist Temple in July of 2013 with their son, Dan, and daughter, Talia, all the way from north central Pennsylvania, where they served in youth ministry for several years. Rich has a B.A. in Theatre and a Master of Ministry. He is glad to be combining these two disciplines as he serves both at the church, as the Pastor of Drama, and as a chorus and drama teacher at Calvary Day School. Rich enjoys presenting God's truth through the arts.
Dr. James Taylor has served at Calvary since July 2005. His greatest joy is to see the truth of Christ take root in the lives of young people as he challenges his students to live deliberately in the pattern of 1 Timothy 4:12, "Let no one despise you for your youth, but set the believers an example in speech, in conduct, in love, in faith, in purity." James loves bicycling (mountain biking and road), and kayaking. His wife and two children are the absolute loves of his life.
Lyn has served as the Director of Calvary Learning Center since July 2013. She is married to her husband Steve and has a beautiful daughter, Alicia, who teaches at Calvary along with her husband, Brian Evans. Stephen Avery Evans, her beloved grandson, attends the Learning Center. Lyn finds great joy in having the opportunity to begin a foundation in Christ in young children. An inspiring verse for Lyn is Psalm 46:10, "Be still, and know that I am God."
Fred has served Calvary Baptist Temple for 7 years as the Church Administrator. He has also served in various ministries of the church including Discipleship Training, Brotherhood, and Royal Ambassadors. He and his lovely wife Shari, who also serves Calvary, have been blessed with two wonderful children, Taylor and Rachel, who are in college. Fred loves serving the church, spending time with family, the outdoors, and the study of history.
Gary has been on our staff for over 30 years and the Supervisor of Operations for the past 25 years. His work is his way of serving the Lord and furthering His kingdom. Gary is a true servant and uses any job he does to witness and demonstrate the love of the Lord. He service is encouraged by his wife of 30 years, Jackie. They have been blessed by their children Misty and Austin, their spouses Shannon and Lacy, and of course the grandchildren Jada, Jami and Carter.
Phillip has served as the Director of Recreation Ministries since June 2013. He attends Calvary with his wife, Natalie. This ministry includes the Summer Camp and Recreation Basketball programs. Phillip is also the Calvary Day School Middle School Dean of Students and a coach. A verse in the Bible that inspires and challenges Phillip is Colossians 3:23. This verse states, "Whatever you do, work at it with all your heart as if working for the Lord and not for man."
The members of Calvary Baptist Temple believe that true ministry begins by building the body spiritually, physically, and emotionally. We have many ministries that help us to accomplish this task.
Our mission is to ignite a passion for Christ in the youth and children of Calvary Baptist Temple through worship, prayer, and Scripture. The Calvary Kidz ministry strives to help each boy and girl to learn of God's love and plan for his/her life. A team of faithful and dedicated leaders nurtures and teaches our children biblical truths in a safe environment with age appropriate activities. Calvary Youth Ministry (also known as The Edge) exists to serve and to equip the church to be the church. We have monthly events to promote fellowship, weekly Bible studies to connect students to the Word of God, and retreats to encourage students and to grow them spiritually. We participate in mission opportunities to serve; an exciting summer ministry that includes weekly activities, summer camp, and Edge Week (similar to VBS); and worship services that help our relationship with Christ to grow.
Our Connect Classes are the foundational strategy for the study of the Word of God in a small group setting. The intent of these classes is to actively engage people in purposeful and in-depth study of God's Word. These studies produce spiritual growth, discipleship, fellowship, ministry, worship, and foster personal evangelism. There are a variety of classes offered for everyone from nursery through senior adults. Our desire is to help people of all ages to grow in their relationship with Christ.
The purpose of the Senior Adult Ministry is to offer opportunities for spiritual development, learning, socialization, recreation, and service for people ages 55 and above who attend Calvary Baptist Temple as well as for those who don't attend Calvary but live in the community. For the debt of gratitude owed to senior adults, it is our purpose and desire to present creative ways of engaging and involving this age group in every aspect of church life. Jesus is our model of a balanced person who grew spiritually, mentally, relationally, and physically. All of life is to be dedicated to God and to be used to bring Him glory. Senior adults continue to be growing individuals with a wide range of interests and abilities. A balanced program for seniors is achieved through broad-based offerings that reflect their diversity in age, lifestyle, and need.
There are numerous references to worship in Scripture. Did you know there are 363 references in the Old Testament and 99 in the New Testament that speak directly to worship? In fact, there are 19 recorded times that Jesus referenced this topic in the Gospels as well as 15 instances in the Book of Revelation alone. That is almost 500 times that God speaks to us through His Word about worship. Apparently God must view worship as important for us. The worshipers at Calvary Baptist Temple take this emphasis to heart. We are devoting ourselves to the promotion, the practice, and the performance of true worship to God as described by Jesus in John 4, "…true worshipers will worship the Father in spirit and truth…"
We are committed to reaching beyond our walls and serving the community, country, and world in which we live. Many of our ministries focus on sharing the gospel and meeting the physical needs of those who need to hear the good news.
Evangelism is one of the most exciting ways that we as believers can fulfill Christ's call to be His witnesses (Acts 1:8). When we participate in evangelism, we are reaching out to unbelievers to share the gospel, the good news of Christ's finished work. God's intention is not that we rest in our own salvation, but that we receive from Him the urgent desire to reach the lost, whom He loves just like He loves us. At Calvary Baptist Temple we are forming a team of servant-leaders for this exciting and critical ministry.
As Southern Baptists, missions stands at the heart of all that we do. We actively support mission work both locally and abroad by giving a percentage of every week's offering to both the Southern Baptist Convention and the Georgia Baptist Convention, which support well over 5,000 missionaries around the world. We also have a Missions Committee that leads in various mission projects throughout the year as well as various youth mission trips, both local and abroad.
Calvary Baptist Temple has been broadcasting live and tape-delayed services for 30+ years in Savannah and the Low Country. This ministry reaches far beyond the property lines of Calvary Baptist Temple. Hundreds of homes each week tune in to Calvary's worship services on Comcast channel 7 at 9 PM. We also stream our services live on the Internet at Livestream.
Those familiar with Calvary Day School know that something special is transpiring here. It is a privilege to be a part of a Christian institution providing excellence to families and students every day. Since our founding in 1961, our mission has not changed. At Calvary, we aim to develop the whole student. That means preparing students for today, college, and beyond. By focusing on academics, social skills, spiritual life, and physical well-being, we give students a solid foundation for life – one that will help them face any challenge.
4625 Waters Avenue, Savannah, GA 31404


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Sarah Parkes and her daughter, 16-month-old South, at home. Photo: Ken Irwin
Macrame once meant limp, stringy things supporting equally limp, stringy pot plants.
This old craft of knotting cord to make fancy patterns has, however, been turned into a designer must-have by Sarah Parkes. Her creations are in casinos, bars, restaurants, shops and homes.
And, says Parkes, retro macrame and ''vintage'' pot hangers are fetching prices those of us who remember them from first time around find laughable.
Working from her Collingwood studio, Parkes makes lampshades, wall and ceiling hangings. She even has an updated macrame pot collection. Her designs evolve ''organically'' from the coloured and black rope she uses. ''There's something physical and nice about rope. If it's black, it's quite gothic,'' she says.
Parkes came to macrame via graphic design, illustration work and her own fashion and jewellery labels. ''I tried everything,'' she says, ''and nothing really clicked. But I always wanted to make something with my hands.''
She experimented with macrame in her jewellery. Then she devised a large hanging supporting a clothing rack for a friend's shop, Claude Maus. ''It was about seven metres long with big rope and I got an incredible response,'' she says. ''That was about five years ago. It's taken a while to get going.''
This is partly because Parkes is often juggling child-minding with macrame work - she and her partner, Scott McCormack, have a daughter, South, 16 months.
It also took her a while to source materials. ''I didn't want natural fibres. I wanted to get away from the earth-mother look. I wanted to use synthetic rope for a stylish and sleek look. Changing the material changes the look.''
She now sources her rope from a local manufacturer. ''Good rope in good colours is hard to find and it's expensive,'' she says. ''I'm hoping to get it made in different colours.'' But she does have a local dyer who will produce the colours she wants. ''They think it's funny,'' she says.
She has ruled out importing her own rope because it's expensive and heavy and she doesn't want to buy huge quantities. ''Even though my work is handmade and original, I still have to meet certain price points,'' she says.
Parkes works mostly with yachting rope and black rope, which is traditionally used for horse halters. ''I work organically,'' she says. ''Often people reference previous works or give me the dimensions or a rough shape, or just say make whatever you want. Sometimes I do a small 'mock' in thin rope.''
She's also learnt as she has gone along. ''I have tricks and formulas that I use. I know what knots will push the rope in certain ways. I really only use two or three knots. It's about how I assemble it.
''I've taught myself from books and now I have my own techniques and I understand a lot more.'' Her work is mainly commercial but more and more people are commissioning pieces for their homes. When they order lights they tend to buy several and hang them in groups for effect.
Parkes recently finished 15 knotted, black, 80-centimetre-high egg lights for the Perth Casino. ''There was a lot of knotting involved,'' she says. ''It's hard on your hands and it's muscular.
''Scott helps with the physical stuff. He does the installations, helps me work things out and carries the heavy pieces. Rope is heavy.'' But the commissions keep coming and she is working on custom lights for a hotel in India, which came through a London design office, one of many overseas inquiries.
She also works with local architects and designers on custom lighting.
Sarah Parkes' design tips
Rope wall hangings and lights can cast interesting shadows. To make the most of them, it's a good idea to hang a light close to a wall so you get the shadow effect there as well as on the ceiling.
Or hang a series of smaller lights in a cluster to maximise the effect.
Egg lights, in a globular shape, come in a range of colours including black, white, red, cream, purple, yellow and blue.
Small lights are about $240 and bigger ones about $520.
Sarah Parkes says that for maximum effect in a modern setting she makes oversized plant hangings in blindingly bright colours.
She recommends using pots with built-in drainage, a glass terrarium or planting them with succulents, which need minimal water.
''Macrame is very textural, so if you have a plain, sleek room my pieces add texture and interest and another dimension.''


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Altvater: U.S. Women's Open field includes 22 teenagers at PinehurstWritten by Fred Altvater | | email@example.com
The U.S. Women's Open will start on June 19 at Pinehurst with 22 teenagers in the 156-woman field.
Lexi Thompson is 19 years old and has been a member of the LPGA since 2012. She has four wins on the LPGA Tour including her first major championship win at the 2014 Kraft Nabisco Championship in March.
Lydia Ko turned professional in October of last year, but is not your average rookie. She won two LPGA Tour events while still an amateur and won the Swinging Skirts LPGA Classic just three days after her 17th birthday in April.
Ko is ranked No. 3 in the world behind only Toledo-born Stacy Lewis and Inbee Park. She has hired Jim Furyk's caddie Mike "Fluff" Cowan to help her navigate the perils of Pinehurst this week.
The third teenager to earn an automatic bid into the U.S. Women's Open is 2013 LPGA Rookie of the Year Moriya Jutanugarn.
She has not had a strong start in 2014 and will be looking to turn her season around. Jutanugarn has six missed cuts in 14 starts this year and has yet to post a top-10 finish.
The rest of the 19 teenagers had to earn their spots into the U.S. Women's Open through sectional qualifiers around the world.
The most notable of the youngsters that will tee it up this week at Pinehurst is 18-year-old Minjee Lee from Australia. She is the No. 1 ranked women's amateur in the world and won the 2012 U.S. Junior Girls' Championship.
In February she won the Oates Victorian Open on the Australian Ladies Professional Golf Tour and has won consecutive Australian Women's Amateur Championships in 2013 and 2014.
The field even has one young lady that will not become a teenager for two more years. Eleven-year-old Lucy Li of California became the youngest person to ever qualify for a U.S. Women's Open.
Among all of this youth, former U.S. Women's Open Champion Dame Laura Davies is the oldest qualifier in the field and at 50 years old could be these girls' grandmother.
She has 45 Ladies European Tour career wins and 20 LPGA Tour wins, including four major titles. Davies is a past USGA champion as she won the 1987 U.S. Women's Open.
The field at Pinehurst this week will have a youthful tone with the amount of young talent under the age of 20.
The women's game is filled with young ladies ready to challenge the established veterans for major championship titles and the rewards that go along with it.
Fred Altvater offers golf tips and videos at www.toledoohiogolflessons.com. Email him at BackNine@toledofree press.com or follow him on Twitter @tolohgolfr.
Tags: Dame Laura Davies, Fred Altvater, Laura Davies, Lexi Thompson, LPGA, LPGA Tour, Lucy Li, Lydia Ko, Minjee Lee, Moriya Jutanugarn, Pinehurst, The Back Nine, U.S. Women's Open


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My interest in your paper centers around its editorial content. I have often remarked that you attempt to present both sides to a topic. In doing so we may be offered a chance to form a balanced opinion.
I have in the past thought that it takes an extreme opinion that when weighed against an opposing view, results in an acceptable solution. Such leads to compromise, which is a rare commodity these days.
This brings me to a recent column by Dennis Prager under the headline, "Midas touch and liberal touch."
Admittedly, I lean toward a "progressive" (or liberal) thought process, but even so I do feel that the other side should be heard.
Prager's column, however, is blasphemy toward logic, if not sanity.
Is he any kin to Rush Limbaugh? He opens mouth and inserts foot.
Why not replace him with someone willing to engage in a thoughtful conversation?
Johnson City


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Ba Ba Lu New Year's Eve
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Be safe when you celebrate. Our New Years Eve safety tips are always worth repeating.


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Tunes of Glory (tour)
Editorial Staff • West End • 18 Jan 2006
Set in a regimental barracks in 1950, Major Jock Sinclair (Stuart McGugan) is a man who has worked his way through the ranks but his love of the bottle and his laissez-faire approach to management is about to come to an abrupt end. In comes Colonel Basil Burrow (Patrick Ryecart), a stickler for the rules and completely at odds with Jock's laid back attitude to life.
With a premise like this you may expect fireworks, powerhouse performances and gripping subplots to keep you glued to your seat. Alas, this not so as the narrative crawls at a snail's pace and this is not helped by constant set changes which remove the audience from the action. The music, although beautiful, is too loud and repetitive to have the desired effect of moving people to tears.
Film projections are used during many scenes. Some of the video footage simply repeats what can be seen on stage. One clumsily inserted moving image highlights Colonel Burrow's fragile state of mind. This feels patronizing as the audience again feels robbed of an imagination.
Of the actors, McGugan is more than adequate; but even he cannot stop the play from descending into unintentional comedy. As Jock leaves the stage crying "Take Me Home" you may end up wanting to join him. Ryecart fares even less well as he is simply not as authoritative, scary or believable as he should be. You do not feel for him at all, yet the whole plot hinges on the plight of this broken man.
Michael Lunney is the set designer, director, producer and actor. This is a major problem as this piece feels like a vanity project based on his love of a film. Rose-tinted affection is not enough to save this mind-numbing epic from being a complete waste of time.
With gripping explorations of war such as Journey's End wowing audiences with its raw emotion, there is no place for a misguided mess such as this. Even fans of the film will go home wondering what the point was.
- Glenn Meads (reviewed at The Lowry, Salford)


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Girls did phenomenal job, all running personal best with Vanessa finishing in the top 15! We are very excited to see what she can do next week at the conference meet.
Girls ran 4k
Vanessa Delacruz. 12th 16:51
Janelyn Nichols. 18:55
Ruth Palacios. 20:14
Stephanie Frayre. 25:43
Men ran 5k
Woody Patrick. 18:09
Eric Klotz 18:18
Ray Garcia. 18:31
Christian Navarrete. 19:33
Anthony Carmona ran injured 19:37
Cody Theis. 19:47


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The Committee on the Global Financial System (CGFS) – a group affiliated with the Bank for International Settlements that monitors developments in financial markets for the G10 countries – released on July 4 its findings on failures in structured finance ratings.The report – called 'Ratings in structured finance: what went wrong and what can be done to address shortcomings' – was put together by a CGFS study group chaired by Nigel Jenkinson, executive director of financial stability at the Bank of England.
The group described how deteriorating performance of subprime mortgages led to a re-pricing of asset-backed securities, undermining confidence in the ratings of structured finance products. "The turmoil has raised questions about the effectiveness of credit rating agencies' (CRAs') assessments of risks in rating complex financial products," the report stated.
Furthermore, the study group highlighted the "overdependence on ratings as well as other weaknesses in investors' risk management".
Three factors were cited as the main contributors to poor ratings performance. First, the CGFS said CRAs underestimated the severity of the housing market downturn in the US. Specifically, CRAs failed to spot a widespread deterioration in underwriting standards, which led to them not fully appreciating the level and correlation of defaults. CRAs, the group reported, assumed a low probability of a nationwide decline in house prices on the basis that such a phenomenon had not occurred since the 1930s.
The second contributory factor concerned limited historical data, which added to model risk. In particular, data on subprime mortgages was largely confined to a period of benign economic conditions, with little information on how loans would perform during times of steep house price declines. Additionally, the assumption that geographical diversification in the underlying asset pool would lessen the probability of a large number of defaults proved incorrect.
Third, the study group claimed, CRAs underestimated the originator risk factor. With little diversification in terms of originators, issuers and services, this left investors vulnerable to correlation risk. As well as pointing out weaknesses in the practices of CRAs, the report set out five lessons that could be learned. First and foremost, ratings should support, not replace, due diligence done by investors. The four other lessons were related to the agencies themselves, with the CGFS advocating that CRAs improve information on their underlying ratings; provide better data on key risk factors; and also take system-wide risks into account.
The CGFS also advised that structured finance ratings should be more clearly differentiated from single-name credit ratings - an idea that has gained support from investors and regulators in recent months. Possible ways to do this include having a separate rating scale (ie, structured finance deals could be rated on a numerical rather than letters-based scale) or have an asset class suffix, so that a triple-A residential mortgage-backed securitisation, for example, would be rated AAA.sf instead of AAA.
A number of other ways to distinguish structured finance ratings were suggested, including attaching multi-dimensional measurements to the standard AAA version so that a rating would include information on volatility, rating confidence and quality of input parameters.
In addition to the five lessons, the CGFS outlined 10 recommendations – with separate proposals for CRAs and institutional investors – to address weaknesses. Investors, for example, are urged to review internal procedures on how ratings are used for investment decisions; while improving transparency should be the main focus for CRAs.
Staying on the transparency theme, a group of nine European and global trade associations, including the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association, released on July 2 a list of 10 industry initiatives to increase transparency in the European securitisation market. The move came as a response to calls for improvements from the likes of the European Council of Finance Ministers and the Financial Stability Forum.
The two main objectives of the group are to increase transparency in the reporting of securitisation exposures under the capital requirements directive, which are set to be finalised in October, and to aggregate key data on European and US securitisation transactions on a quarterly basis, while also releasing monthly updates on spread and price data.
See also: Fitch unveils new structured product ratings
Restoring ratings
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Posted by annonymous on 12/28/2013
Guys if you haven't tried bklyn pizza you should diffenetly go in and try there pizza ! they have a large selection and every one is so delicious . I cant decide which is my favorite .prices are great and staff is super friendly.
Posted by Mathias N. Zillich on 11/06/2011
Great restaurant. The employees are very friendly and serve great pizza and pastas. Also the area is so relaxful, with two plasmas to watch whatever you want and listen to music. Whenever I pass by I enter to say hi because the people who work there are really great.
Posted by Michail Gaivoronsky on 04/01/2011
The food is good , the staff is VERY friendly, that makes me always want to order from them , they address you by your first name, know your address and always nice and kind, and throw a slice or two on the house !!
Posted by TR from Dyker Heights on 03/31/2010
Called for a delivery. I ordered a special that they had in the mail sent to my home. Large Pie, 12 Garlic Knots, 6 Mozzarella sticks and a 2 Litre Soda, I also ordered an Antipasto. The young lady on the phone said 30 minutes, it was there in 30 minutes exactly. Great thin crust pizza, small, but very flavorfull garlic knots, crispy not greasy mozzarella sticks and antipasto loaded with all fresh goodies. Oh yes the soda was ice cold.
Posted by anonymous on 03/01/2010
After repeated lousy service I avoided this place until I was taken back by someone insisting we eat there. The servers are attentive and friendly versus their previous staff. The food has always been good but the service has definitely changed for the better.
Posted by Lady in red on 01/15/2010
Since the new mangement bklyns pizza joint has really come around. The pizza And the food is excellent the serivce is great a more friendly staff . Great smiles. You should deff come by and try a slice you dont want to miss the pink shirts!!
Posted by anonymous on 11/11/2009
We thought we'd grab a bite here with the kids after the AZ Science Center....not a good idea! Space is tight (don't expect to take a stroller in), staff not friendly, NO ice was available in the soft drinks dispenser..we were told "it's coming" (not sure where from, but for 40 mins. that was the only answer we got), chairs and tables are high, so kids could fall off, they had a highchair, but it was too low for the table, we asked for a to-go box for our left over Pizza and were told "only if you clean up your table"....maybe that's their schtick, to be rude, but we couldn't wait to get out of there!